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Which musical instrument was found in Bonnie & Clyde's car after they were shot?

Saxophone found in Bonnie & Clyde "Death Car" C Melody Soprano, Contralto & Tenor Saxophone found in Bonnie & Clyde "Death Car" If this is your first visit, be sure to check out the FAQ by clicking the link above. You may have to register before you can post: click the register link above to proceed. To start viewing messages, select the forum that you want to visit from the selection below. Results 1 to 16 of 16 0 Thread(s) Saxophone found in Bonnie & Clyde "Death Car" Legendary outlaw Clyde Barrow is remembered for his love of the Ford V-8, peach ice cream, and a certain female firearms enthusiast. Now, some 7 decades after they met their end in a fusillade of police bullets, their famous Death Car is revealed to have contained a C-melody saxophone among its arsenal. http://cgi.ebay.com/ws/eBayISAPI.dll...tem=3621102166 The silver-plated Buescher-stencil Supertone is heavily tarnished, but miraculously free of bullet holes. Includes a contour shaped case, ideal for those who double on "Chicago fiddle." Opening bid is $12,250. $14,000 takes it away. For that much money you could probably get a restorable '34 Ford V-8... Tagged 0 Thread(s) Hmmm, I think I'd rather buy an undocumented beater and hang it on the wall with a certificate that states "Similar to the Buescher TrueTone owned by..." and save myself $13,850. Go for The Tone, Tagged 0 Thread(s) C melodies were known to be bullet proof. Now the F saxophone, well that's a different story. :A-Run: maybe the c melody oughta have a couple bullet holes in it for 'documentary evidence'... little BLOOD on it wouldn't hurt, either Re: Saxophone found in Bonnie & Clyde "Death Car&am Originally Posted by paulwl their famous Death Car is revealed to have contained a C-melody saxophone among its arsenal. They used a C-melody as a weapon ? Wow, imagine being bludgeoned to death by one of those I wish I could have heard some of the conversations between Bonnie and Clyde in deciding what weapon to use? "Honey, shall I use the machine gun or play them a few bars of St. Louis Blues ?" ! Billy The Fish 0 Thread(s) C melodies were once classified by the League of Nations as "weapons of mass distraction"... Apparently Clyde really did play while on the lam. A quick web search reveals he was "obsessed" with the horn and carried "reams of music" around with him. Some dedicated model maker has even created a diorama of the ambushed Ford, right down to the bloodstained corpses AND the sax case. Tagged 0 Thread(s) If this piece is real (and I'm not convinced - when I was a kid, there were no fewer than hundreds of 'Bonnie and Clyde death cars' touring small midwestern towns - just old jalopies that someone shot full of holes to make money from), I would worry about the legality. According to the website, it comes from the estate of a police officer - but it belonged to the Barrow estate. A smart lawyer would realize that such a piece is not free of legal claims from other, as yet unspecified, people. Tagged 0 Thread(s) SaxDuck...a smart lawyer wouldn't take the case...maybe the horn...but not the case. And the retainer? 80 year old cork grease? And watch those smart lawyers, they will "pad" their bills. I wonder which reeds he used? Probably hollow tips. We'll have to wait for ballistics. Tagged 0 Thread(s) You have to wonder if he only played hits. Anyone heard the rare recording of Clyde doing "Killing Me Softly"? 0 Thread(s) Saxduck wrote According to the website, it comes from the estate of a police officer - but it belonged to the Barrow estate. A smart lawyer would realize that such a piece is not free of legal claims from other, as yet unspecified, people. I don't like to malign a man who can't answer back but does anybody think that Clyde actually bought that horn? Maybe the descendents of musical instrument sellers of the time might like to start checking for missing stock. Of course it may have been a gift from his folks before he made a career change. I expect he needed to carry a lot of reeds for those days when it just wasn't convenient to pop down to the store. Imagine it, you're holed up, the cops are combing the state, you really want to practice those long tones and phut goes your last reed. We've all been there. You may not post new threads You may not post replies You may not post attachments You may not edit your posts  

Saxophone

Which album was said to have reflected the end of Bob Dylan's marriage?

Saxophone found in Bonnie & Clyde "Death Car" [Archive] - Sax on the Web Forum paulwl 08-11-2003, 10:39 PM Legendary outlaw Clyde Barrow is remembered for his love of the Ford V-8, peach ice cream, and a certain female firearms enthusiast. Now, some 7 decades after they met their end in a fusillade of police bullets, their famous Death Car is revealed to have contained a C-melody saxophone among its arsenal. http://cgi.ebay.com/ws/eBayISAPI.dll?ViewItem&item=3621102166 The silver-plated Buescher-stencil Supertone is heavily tarnished, but miraculously free of bullet holes. Includes a contour shaped case, ideal for those who double on "Chicago fiddle." Opening bid is $12,250. $14,000 takes it away. For that much money you could probably get a restorable '34 Ford V-8... Dr G 08-11-2003, 11:56 PM Hmmm, I think I'd rather buy an undocumented beater and hang it on the wall with a certificate that states "Similar to the Buescher TrueTone owned by..." and save myself $13,850. Spencer 08-12-2003, 04:38 AM C melodies were known to be bullet proof. Now the F saxophone, well that's a different story. :A-Run: AMASAX maybe the c melody oughta have a couple bullet holes in it for 'documentary evidence'... little BLOOD on it wouldn't hurt, either :twisted: Billy The Fish 08-12-2003, 07:10 AM their famous Death Car is revealed to have contained a C-melody saxophone among its arsenal. They used a C-melody as a weapon ? Wow, imagine being bludgeoned to death by one of those :shock: I wish I could have heard some of the conversations between Bonnie and Clyde in deciding what weapon to use? "Honey, shall I use the machine gun or play them a few bars of St. Louis Blues ?" ! Billy The Fish paulwl 08-12-2003, 12:57 PM C melodies were once classified by the League of Nations as "weapons of mass distraction"... :wink: Apparently Clyde really did play while on the lam. A quick web search reveals he was "obsessed" with the horn and carried "reams of music" around with him. Some dedicated model maker has even created a diorama of the ambushed Ford, right down to the bloodstained corpses AND the sax case. http://texashideout.tripod.com/bpdc2.jpg "Hand over the money or Clyde plays 'Swanee' again." saxduck 08-13-2003, 08:41 PM If this piece is real (and I'm not convinced - when I was a kid, there were no fewer than hundreds of 'Bonnie and Clyde death cars' touring small midwestern towns - just old jalopies that someone shot full of holes to make money from), I would worry about the legality. According to the website, it comes from the estate of a police officer - but it belonged to the Barrow estate. A smart lawyer would realize that such a piece is not free of legal claims from other, as yet unspecified, people. JimD I wonder which reeds he used? steve 08-19-2003, 02:11 PM SaxDuck...a smart lawyer wouldn't take the case...maybe the horn...but not the case. And the retainer? 80 year old cork grease? And watch those smart lawyers, they will "pad" their bills. Spencer I wonder which reeds he used? Probably hollow tips. We'll have to wait for ballistics. SopranoSue larry 08-20-2003, 12:41 PM You have to wonder if he only played hits. Anyone heard the rare recording of Clyde doing "Killing Me Softly"? JimD 08-20-2003, 02:09 PM Saxduck wrote According to the website, it comes from the estate of a police officer - but it belonged to the Barrow estate. A smart lawyer would realize that such a piece is not free of legal claims from other, as yet unspecified, people. I don't like to malign a man who can't answer back but does anybody think that Clyde actually bought that horn? Maybe the descendents of musical instrument sellers of the time might like to start checking for missing stock. Of course it may have been a gift from his folks before he made a career change. I expect he needed to carry a lot of reeds for those days when it just wasn't convenient to pop down to the store. Imagine it, you're holed up, the cops are combing the state, you really want to practice those long tones and phut goes your last reed. We've all been there. Thomas

i don't know

What was the only Fleetwood Mac track to top the singles charts in the 70s?

1977 - Everything Fleetwood Mac 1977 Apr 09, 2008 at 06:33 PM 1977 Yesterday's Gone The first output from 1976's recording sessions hit the stores at the end of December and immediately began charging up the charts. "Go Your Own Way" and its flip side "Silver Springs" were but a taste of what was to come, and a fine taste they are. "Go Your Own Way" is certainly the strongest rocker the band produced since 1970's "Green Manalishi", featuring Lindsey Buckingham flawless playing which builds to a fever-pitch as the song progresses--and one of the coolest air-guitar songs for many a teenager of that era (including the author)! It's B-side, the beautiful "Silver Springs", is one of Stevie Nicks' finest efforts, with her unerring sense of melody and word-imagery featured throughout. The theme of the lyrics for both songs is one of relationships on the rocks, a fitting theme since that is exactly what the two composers were going through. And they weren't alone. The new album, Rumours , which finally came out in February, followed this theme. Not only was Nicks' and Buckingham's relationship (they were never married) at an end, but also the McVies were splitting up and Mick Fleetwood, who had reunited with his wife Jenny after the Bob Weston debacle, was also on the verge of divorce. To complicate matters further, the actual recording of the album was plagued with technical difficulties throughout. For example, one of the tape machines at one point chewed up a significant amount of material, earning it the nickname "Jaws" and necessitating rerecording the destroyed tape. Situations like this, plus the continued success of the previous album, pushed the release date for Rumours further and further back. It was the first Mac album released on the Warner Bros. label, perhaps indicating the band had been long overdue for a promotion. It debuted in the Billboard charts at number 10, and very quickly made it to Number One where it stayed for six months (May through all of November, a record at the time), and was either Number One or Two for a total of ten months (March 1977 to January 1978). Eventually the album would sell over 25 million copies, becoming one of the top four or five sellers in the whole history of recorded music! There were four Top Ten singles spawned from Rumours . "Silver Springs" was also originally intended for the album, but was dropped at the last minute, ostensibly because there wasn't enough room on the disc. But that explanation sounded alot like a cop-out to its composer, and this issue remained a sore-spot for Stevie Nicks (who was justifiably proud of the song) for a long time to come. The second single, Stevie's ethereal ballad "Dreams", may have eased whatever anxiety she felt, however. It was, after all, the first (and, as of this writing, the only) Fleetwood Mac single to top the Billboard US Hot 100 charts! It was backed by Christine's excellent "Songbird", a piano- solo ode to her breakup with John. "Songbird" was not actually recorded in the studio, but rather it was recorded in the cavernlike emptiness of Zellerback Auditorium (University of California, Berkeley), which very much enhanced the emotionality of the track. The third single was Christine McVie's "Don't Stop", a bouncy song full of hope for the future. So hopeful, in fact, that fifteen years later, in 1992, Bill Clinton chose this song as the theme song for his successful presidential campaign! The U.S. single came dressed in a nice picture sleeve--the first US single so honored--that was essentially a reprint of the album cover photo. The final Rumours single was Christine's "You Make Loving Fun", itself a sort of postscript to 1975's "Say You Love Me". The British and American releases of the "Don't Stop" and "You Make Loving Fun" singles switched B-sides "Gold Dust Woman" and "Never Going Back Again". The album was so chock-full of potential singles that really any one of them could have been hits, prompting one critic to remark that if they had chosen to release the hole in the middle that that too would have gone double-platinum! One especially fine track is "The Chain", a complex, multilayered track that seemed to, in one line, underscore the entire album: "Damn your love/Damn your lies". It's also the first group composition (in which all band memebers are credited) since 1971's "What A Shame". By fall, Warner Bros. had rereleased the first two A-sides as part of their "Back-to-Back Hits" series, which of course caused the price of the original "Go Your Own Way" single (with its non-LP B-side "Silver Springs") to leap in value on the secondary market. The UK record buying public was slower to warm up to the Mac, but by November 1977, Rumours had made it to Number Three, and while all four singles made it into the Top 40 in Britain, none climbed any higher than "Dreams" at Number 24. The interpersonal struggles within the band served as fodder for the tabloids, the music press, and "celebrity" magazines like People...all of which helped carry the buzz for the new album and kept the musicians in the public eye. And of course the nearly constant worldwide touring didn't hurt, either. In the summer of 1977, Warner Brothers purchased Sire Records from ABC. This brought the old back catalog finally under the WB umbrella in America, just in time to cash in on the new popularity of the band stateside. This promising scenario resulted in autumn rereleases for Fleetwood Mac In Chicago , The Legendary Christine Perfect Album and, for the first time in the United States, The Original Fleetwood Mac . However, other opportunites were lost. Rather than do a good reissue job of the old Peter Green's Fleetwood Mac and Mr. Wonderful albums, with perhaps another album to cover the uncollected singles, B-sides, etc., they opted for reissuing Vintage Years. In Britain, however, the old Blue Horizon catalog was still controlled by CBS Records. They cashed in on the success of Rumours in the summer with a somewhat bizarre collection entitled Albatross . In this record, they combined one side of the LP with various tracks from the first two Fleetwood Mac albums and some singles with another side consisting of excerpts from The Legendary Christine Perfect Album . The former members of the band were also busy in 1977. In addition to the Danny Kirwan album already mentioned, Bob Weston was also active. He appeared on Sandy Denny's (formerly with the UK folk/rock band Fairport Convention) album Rendezvous . And in The Best of Savoy Brown , released in January, Dave Walker is also represented, if only by way of reissue. But the big success story for 1977 was Bob Welch. After Paris folded up shop late in 1976, a disappointed Bob decided that he would concentrate on creating a hit record no matter what. He joined John and Mick's Seedy Management and recruited new musicians (and some old friends) and veteran producer (John) Carter and got down to work. By the end of the summer, the product of this outburst hit the stores. French Kiss , as the new album was called, was a triumph. It was a collection of very commercial yet also artisically pleasing songs filled with hit potential. Welch considered carefully what the first single would be...and he chose to give his old Bare Trees track "Sentimental Lady" a new lease on life with the assistance of old friends Mick Fleetwood and Christine McVie and new friend Lindsey Buckingham. It was a strategy that paid off--"Sentimental Lady" made it to Number 8. Many of the other songs on French Kiss leaned strongly on the disco sound so common to the American music scene in the late '70s, but here too, the huge excesses of that particular genre of popular music were avoided. Welch could still rock, and nowhere is that more evident than on the second single, "Ebony Eyes", which also scored another hit for him. There was also a third single, "Hot Love, Cold World" which was originally the B-side of "Sentimental Lady", indicating that no one could have forseen this kind of success! It also was a hit, making it to the #31 slot. The 45 came dressed in a picture sleeve that was a miniature version of the LP cover. All-in-all, Welch achieved his goal: three hit singles and a platinum album ( French Kiss made it to Number 12)--not shabby for a debut! And speaking of debuts, Stevie and Lindsey, despite all their relationship difficulties, also found time to coproduce an album by a friend of theirs, Walter Egan. Egan's debut, Fundamental Role , hit the stores in the spring and made it as high as 137. Greater success would be forthcoming for Egan, however. With all the fresh activity and the band's (and Bob Welch's) new-found, second chance at success, one wonders what happened to Peter Green. Sadly, the news is not good. In the years since the end of his recording career, Green wandered from job to job, worked as a grave digger, jammed in local pubs with various people, slept on the floors of assorted friends and acquaintences. He was once nearly married. His mental state was still unstable, and he was for a time institutionalized. He underwent electroconvulsive (ECT) shock therapy. In short, he drifted while trying to put his previous life behind him. But at the beginning of 1977, Peter Green had slipped to a new low: he was arrested for threatening accountant Clifford Adams with a rifle (though the weapon in question was not in his hands at the time). This regretable incident occurred because Mr. Adams was trying to pay Green a royalty check! Peter wanted no part of it--he wanted his royalty payments (estimated at around 30,000 a year at that time) stopped. He was sentenced to Horton hospital, a psychiatric institution in London, and was later moved to The Priory, a private mental health clinic. But, as things turned out, it may have been just what he needed...by autumn he was back in the studio!    

Dream

Who was the defending champion when Billie Jean King first won Wimbledon singles?

Fleetwood Mac — Listen for free on Spotify Fleetwood Mac Play on Spotify While most bands undergo a number of changes over the course of their careers, few groups experienced such radical stylistic changes as Fleetwood Mac. Initially conceived as a hard-edged British blues combo in the late '60s, the band gradually evolved into a polished pop/rock act over the course of a decade. Throughout all of their incarnations, the only consistent members of Fleetwood Mac were drummer Mick Fleetwood and bassist John McVie -- the rhythm section that provided the band with its name. Ironically, they had the least influence over the musical direction of the band. Originally, guitarists Peter Green and Jeremy Spencer provided the band with its gutsy, neo-psychedelic blues-rock sound, but as both guitarists descended into mental illness, the group began moving toward pop/rock with the songwriting of pianist Christine McVie . By the mid-'70s, Fleetwood Mac had relocated to California, where they added the soft rock duo of Lindsey Buckingham and Stevie Nicks to their lineup. Obsessed with the meticulously arranged pop of the Beach Boys and the Beatles , Buckingham helped the band become one of the most popular groups of the late '70s. Combining soft rock with the confessional introspection of singer/songwriters, Fleetwood Mac created a slick but emotional sound that helped 1977's Rumours become one of the biggest-selling albums of all time. The band retained its popularity through the early '80s, when Buckingham , Nicks , and Christine McVie all began pursuing solo careers. The band reunited for one album, 1987's Tango in the Night, before splintering in the late '80s. Buckingham left the group initially, but the band decided to soldier on, releasing one other album before Nicks and McVie left the band in the early '90s, hastening the group's commercial decline. The roots of Fleetwood Mac lie in John Mayall 's legendary British blues outfit, the Bluesbreakers . Bassist John McVie was one of the charter members of the Bluesbreakers , joining the group in 1963. In 1966 Peter Green replaced Eric Clapton , and a year later drummer Mick Fleetwood joined. Inspired by the success of Cream , the Yardbirds , and Jimi Hendrix , the trio decided to break away from Mayall in 1967. At their debut at the British Jazz and Blues Festival in August, Bob Brunning was playing bass in the group, since McVie was still under contract to Mayall . He joined the band a few weeks after their debut; by that time, slide guitarist Jeremy Spencer had joined the band. Fleetwood Mac soon signed with Blue Horizon , releasing their eponymous debut the following year. Fleetwood Mac was an enormous hit in the U.K., spending over a year in the Top Ten. Despite its British success, the album was virtually ignored in America. During 1968, the band added guitarist Danny Kirwan. The following year, they recorded Fleetwood Mac in Chicago with a variety of bluesmen, including Willie Dixon and Otis Spann . The set was released later that year, after the band had left Blue Horizon for a one-album deal with Immediate Records ; in the U.S., they signed with Reprise/Warner Bros. , and by 1970, Warner began releasing the band's British records as well. Fleetwood Mac released English Rose and Then Play On during 1969, which both indicated that the band was expanding its music, moving away from its blues purist roots. That year, Peter Green 's "Man of the World" and "Oh Well" were number two hits. Though his music was providing the backbone of the group, Green was growing increasingly disturbed due to his large ingestion of hallucinogenic drugs. After announcing that he was planning to give all of his earnings away, Green suddenly left the band in the spring of 1970; he released two solo albums over the course of the '70s, but he rarely performed after leaving Fleetwood Mac. The band replaced him with Christine Perfect , a vocalist/pianist who had earned a small but loyal following in the U.K. by singing with Spencer Davis and the Chicken Shack . She had already performed uncredited on Then Play On. Contractual difficulties prevented her from becoming a full-fledged member of Fleetwood Mac until 1971; by that time she had married John McVie. Christine McVie didn't appear on 1970's Kiln House, the first album the band recorded without Peter Green . For that album, Jeremy Spencer dominated the band's musical direction, but he had also been undergoing mental problems due to heavy drug use. During the band's American tour in early 1971, Spencer disappeared; it was later discovered that he left the band to join the religious cult the Children of God. Fleetwood Mac had already been trying to determine the direction of their music, but Spencer 's departure sent the band into disarray. Christine McVie and Danny Kirwan began to move the band towards mainstream rock on 1971's Future Games, but new guitarist Bob Welch exerted a heavy influence on 1972's Bare Trees. Kirwan was fired after Bare Trees and was replaced by guitarists Bob Weston and Dave Walker , who appeared on 1973's Penguin. Walker left after that album, and Weston departed after making its follow-up, Mystery to Me (1973). In 1974, the group's manager, Clifford Davis, formed a bogus Fleetwood Mac and had the band tour the U.S. The real Fleetwood Mac filed and won a lawsuit against the imposters -- after losing, they began performing under the name Stretch -- but the lawsuit kept the band off the road for most of the year. In the interim, they released Heroes Are Hard to Find. Late in 1974, Fleetwood Mac moved to California, with hopes of restarting their career. Welch left the band shortly after the move to form Paris. Early in 1975, Fleetwood and McVie were auditioning engineers for the band's new album when they heard Buckingham-Nicks, an album recorded by the soft rock duo Lindsey Buckingham and Stevie Nicks . The pair were asked to join the group and their addition revived the band's musical and commercial fortunes. Not only did Buckingham and Nicks write songs, but they brought distinctive talents the band had been lacking. Buckingham was a skilled pop craftsman, capable of arranging a commercial song while keeping it musically adventurous. Nicks had a husky voice and a sexy, hippie gypsy stage persona that gave the band a charismatic frontwoman. The new lineup of Fleetwood Mac released their eponymous debut in 1975 and it slowly became a huge hit, reaching number one in 1976 on the strength of the singles "Over My Head," "Rhiannon," and "Say You Love Me." The album would eventually sell over five million copies in the U.S. alone. While Fleetwood Mac had finally attained their long-desired commercial success, the band was fraying apart behind the scenes. The McVies divorced in 1976, and Buckingham and Nicks ' romance ended shortly afterward. The internal tensions formed the basis for the songs on their next album, Rumours. Released in the spring of 1977, Rumours became a blockbuster success, topping the American and British charts and generating the Top Ten singles "Go Your Own Way," "Dreams," "Don't Stop," and "You Make Loving Fun." It would eventually sell over 17 million copies in the U.S. alone, making it the second biggest-selling album of all time. Fleetwood Mac supported the album with an exhaustive, lucrative tour and then retired to the studio to record their follow-up to Rumours. A wildly experimental double album conceived largely by Buckingham , 1979's Tusk didn't duplicate the enormous success of Rumours, yet it did go multi-platinum and featured the Top Ten singles "Sara" and "Tusk." In 1980, they released the double album Live. Following the Tusk tour, Fleetwood , Buckingham , and Nicks all recorded solo albums. Of the solo projects, Stevie Nicks ' Bella Donna (1981) was the most successful, peaking at number one and featuring the hit singles "Stop Draggin' My Heart Around," "Leather and Lace," and "Edge of Seventeen." Buckingham 's Law and Order (1981) was a moderate success, spawning the Top Ten "Trouble." Fleetwood , for his part, made a world music album called The Visitor. Fleetwood Mac reconvened in 1982 for Mirage. More conventional and accessible than Tusk, Mirage reached number one and featured the hit singles "Hold Me" and "Gypsy." After Mirage, Buckingham , Nicks , and Christine McVie all worked on solo albums. The hiatus was due to a variety of reasons. Each member had his or her own manager, Nicks was becoming the group's breakaway star, Buckingham was obsessive in the studio, and each member was suffering from various substance addictions. Nicks was able to maintain her popularity, with The Wild Heart (1983) and Rock a Little (1985) both reaching the Top 15. Christine McVie also had a Top Ten hit with "Got a Hold on Me" in 1984. Buckingham received the strongest reviews of all, but his 1984 album Go Insane failed to generate a hit. Fleetwood Mac reunited to record a new album in 1985. Buckingham , who had grown increasingly frustrated with the musical limitations of the band, decided to make it his last Fleetwood Mac project. When the resulting album, Tango in the Night, was finally released in 1987, it was greeted with mixed reviews but strong sales, reaching the Top Ten and generating the Top 20 hits "Little Lies," "Seven Wonders," and "Everywhere." Buckingham decided to leave Fleetwood Mac after completing Tango in the Night, and the group replaced him with guitarists Billy Burnette and Rick Vito . The new lineup of the band recorded their first album, Behind the Mask, in 1990. It became the band's first album since 1975 to not go gold. Following its supporting tour, Nicks and Christine McVie announced they would continue to record with the group, but not tour. Vito left the band in 1991, and the group released the box set 25 Years -- The Chain the following year. The classic Fleetwood Mac lineup of Fleetwood , the McVies, Buckingham , and Nicks reunited to play President Bill Clinton's inauguration in early 1993, but the concert did not lead to a full-fledged reunion. Later that year, Nicks left the band and was replaced by Bekka Bramlett and Dave Mason ; Christine McVie left the group shortly afterward. The new lineup of Fleetwood Mac began touring in 1994, releasing Time the following year to little attention. While the new version of Fleetwood Mac wasn't commercially successful, neither were the solo careers of Buckingham , Nicks , and McVie, prompting speculation of a full-fledged reunion in 1997. Soon these whispers proved to be true, as the classic Rumours quintet reunited for a live performance that became the 1997 album The Dance. The album performed well, debuting at number one on Billboard and generating an adult contemporary hit in the new version of "Landslide." Fleetwood Mac supported The Dance with a tour that lasted throughout the year and, early in 1998, the band was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. Not long afterward, Christine McVie announced she was leaving the band. Her departure may have slowed the speed of Fleetwood Mac's reunion, but the remaining quartet set to work writing and recording a new album. The resulting Say You Will appeared in April of 2003; it was their first studio album in eight years and the first in 16 to feature Buckingham and Nicks . Say You Will performed well -- it went gold in the U.S., U.K., and Canada, with the singles "Peacekeeper" and "Say You Will" reaching the U.S. Adult Contemporary Top 20 -- and the accompanying international tour was a success. After a few quiet years where Buckingham resumed his solo career and the group unsuccessfully courted Sheryl Crow as a replacement for Christine McVie , they reconvened for a tour in 2009. Four years later, the group celebrated the 35th anniversary of Rumours with a new deluxe box reissue accompanied by a tour. As the tour got underway in April, the band unexpectedly released a four-track Extended Play of new material; it received good notices and entered the U.S. charts at 48. During a three-night stint at London's O2 in September 2013, Christine McVie appeared with Fleetwood Mac for the first time in 15 years. In January of 2014, the band announced that Christine was rejoining the group and they started recording a new album. The progress on the new album was slow and steady, partially due to individual solo projects, partially due to interruptions caused by the band's ongoing world tour; they played international dates in both 2014 and 2015. As the group continued to chip away at their new record, they released a super deluxe reissue of Tusk in time for the holidays of 2015, which was followed the subsequent fall by a deluxe reissue of Mirage. ~ Stephen Thomas Erlewine, Rovi Read More Show less

i don't know

In which country did Argentina first win soccer's World Cup?

World Cup winners list: A complete history - SBNation.com World Cup winners list: A complete history Rec Dean Mouhtaropoulos In 1930, thirteen teams participated in the first World Cup held in Uruguay. Since then, the countries of the world have come together every four years (except in the 1940's-yes Germany, looking at you here) to play in the tournament, with 77 countries having participated in 20 tournaments as of 2014. Despite, the large number of countries to participate, only eight of them have enjoyed the glory of actually winning it. Brazil are on the top with five (don't mention this to Brazilians right now, though), and Germany are next on the list with four, their most recent having been secured against Argentina on Sunday. Here's a quick tour of each winning nation. Brazil 2014: Germany Germany became the first ever European team to win a World Cup in South America, and lifted the trophy for the first time since reunification. Fittingly, in a tournament in which nothing was predictable, Germany didn't look completely convincing en route to their final against Argentina, and notably needed extra time to get past the unfavoured Algeria in the first knockout round. However, Die Mannschaft grew into the tournament, and inflicted a historic 7-1 thrashing on tournament hosts Brazil in the semis before Mario Götze's last-gasp extra time strike settled a close final. Argentina captain Lionel Messi earned the Golden Ball as a consolation which was really none at all. South Africa 2010: Spain The Spanish team in 2010 was special, which makes its early exit in Brazil even more of a mystery. In South Africa, Andrés Iniesta scored in the 116th minute agaist the Netherlands to give Spain their first World Cup. Six members of the team, along with their coach Vincente del Bosque, were voted onto the team of the tournament. Iker Casillas, the goalkeeper, won the Golden Glove award (previously the Yashin Award), shutting out his opponents in five of the seven matches. The team also won the FIFA Fair Play Trophy. Germany 2006: Italy Italy's victory over France in the final was one for the memories. Not only did Italy win 5-3 on penalty kicks, but France's captain Zinedine Zidane was red-carded for head-butting Marco Materazzi in extra-time.  Italy's goalkeeper, Gianluigi Buffon won the Yashin Award given to the best goalkeeper, and was one of seven Italian players voted to the All-Star team. The victory gave Italy their fourth World Cup title, then second only to Brazil's five, but matched by Germany this year. Korea-Japan 2002: Brazil This World Cup was Ronaldo's World Cup. The old one. The Brazilian striker won the Golden Boot award (highest scoring player), scoring eight goals in the tournament. Two of those came in the final, as Brazil shut out Germany 2-0 and won their record fifth World Cup. Ronaldo was voted to the team of the tournament along with teammates Rivaldo, Ronaldinho, and Roberto Carlos finished with a 7-0-0 record and a plus-14 goal differential. France 1998: France If you think the header is a typo, you are mistaken! When France won the tournament in France they became the sixth country to win the tournament on home soil. France's goalkeeper won the inaugural Yashin Award, letting in only two goals, and eight French players scored in the tournament. Zinedine Zidane headlined the French attack, as France ended with a plus-13 goal differential. They were also given the FIFA Fair Play Trophy and voted the Most Entertaining Team. USA 1994: Brazil When Brazil faced Italy in the '94 final both teams were looking for their record fourth title. Brazil defeated Italy 3-2 on penalty kicks, becoming the first country to win the final via a shootout. Romário scored five goals and won the Golden Ball award (best player), and Brazil won the FIFA Fair Play Trophy and was voted the Most Entertaining Team. On a side note, the US chose this as the the mascot for the tournament. #Fifa #WorldCup World Cup In honor of this amazing month of soccer, #tbt World Cup '94 with the mascot Striker #b ... pic.twitter.com/ri1nVPC4iT — FIFA World Cup 2014 (@iFifaWorIdCup) July 3, 2014 In my opinion, we could have done better. A dog? A live bald eagle painted red, white, and blue would have been perfect. Italy 1990: West Germany The 1990 World Cup is widely considered to be one of the worst and the final was no different. West Germany (now Germany) beat Argentina 1-0 on a penalty kick in the 85th minute to win their then-record third World Cup. The victory also served as revenge for their loss to Argentina in the '86 final, but the most exciting part of the game were the two red cards handed out, the first dismissals in a final. Mexico 1986: Argentina Diego Maradona was the most heralded star going into the '86 tournament, and he delivered, scoring five goals and winning the Golden Ball award. Though Argentina beat West Germany 3-2 in the final for their second title, the most memorable moments from the tournament come from Maradona's goals against England in a quarterfinal match. For his second goal of the match, Maradona took the ball by himself all the way from inside his own half and scored, in what was voted the  goal of the century . His first goal, which has been dubbed the "Hand of God", was a bit more controversial. England's players quickly argued for a handball and after the game Maradona referenced the goal saying it was scored "A bit with the head of Maradona and another bit with the hand of God." Cut to 40 seconds and decide for yourself. Spain 1982: Italy Italy beat West Germany 3-1in the final to win their record third World Cup title. The Italian side was led by striker Paolo Rossi, who won the Gold Boot award with six goals and the inaugural Golden Ball Award. He is one of three players to win a World Cup while also being the top scorer and being voted the best player. Italy's Dino Zoff was voted the tournament's best keeper. Argentina 1978: Argentina Argentina became the fifth country to win the World Cup at home when they beat the Netherlands 3-1 in the final. Maradona was not yet a part of team, but the team was not lacking in star power. Striker Mario Kempes won the Golden Boot award with six goals and was voted the best player of the tournament. Argentina's Ubaldo Fillol was voted the best goalkeeper. West Germany 1974: West Germany Playing in its own country, West Germany beat the Netherlands 2-1 to win its second World Cup. West Germany became the fourth country to win at home, and after losing to East Germany in the group stage, they didn't lose again. The team's Sepp Maier was voted the tournaments best goalkeeper. Seven players scored at least one goal and one of them was a guy named Wolfgang. Wolfgang! This was the first World Cup to feature the current design of the World Cup trophy. Mexico 1970: Brazil Brazil topped Italy 4-1 to win its third World Cup. The team finished with a perfect 6-0-0 record and a plus-12 goal differential, while averaging just over three goals per game. Seven members of the team scored at least one goal, with Jairzinho scoring seven and Pelé adding four. Pelé was voted as the best player of the tournament. Captain Carlos Alberto scored a goal in the championship game that many consider to be one of the  finest goals in the history of the World Cup. England 1966: England Perhaps sick of seeing Brazil win two straight World Cups, England won on home soil, becoming the third country to do so. Geoff Hurst had the first and only hattrick in a World Cup final, and England went on to beat West Germany 4-2 in extra time. Midfielder Bobby Charlton scored three goals in the tournament and was voted the best player, and Gordon Banks was voted the best keeper. Chile 1962: Brazil Brazil defeated Czechoslovakia 3-1 to successfully defend their World Cup title. Though Pelé was injured early on didn't play after the second game, Brazil would not go away. Garrincha and Vavá were two of the top scorers of the tournament with four apiece, both tying for the Golden Boot, and were two of five Brazilians named to the All-Star team. Garrincha was also voted the best player of the tournament. Sweden 1958: Brazil Brazil beat Sweden 5-2 in Sweden to win its first World Cup. Pelé scored two goals in the final (six overall) at just 17 years old and Vava added two as well (five overall), to help Brazil win the final. Midfielder Didi was voted the best player and Pelé was voted the best young player, and were joined by four teammates voted to the All-Star team. One of Pelé's goals in the final is widely hailed as one of the finest scoring sequences ever. Switzerland 1954: West Germany West Germany beat Hungary 3-2 to win its first World Cup. The final still stands as one of the greatest upsets in soccer history, and as one of the greatest achievements in German soccer history. The Hungarians, who played professional football, had beaten the Germans, who were all amateurs, 8-3 in the group stage, and finished the tournament with a plus 17 goal differential. Nevertheless, the Germans, were led by Helmut Rahn's two goals and found a way to win. Over the whole tournament, Germany had four players with at least four goals. Brazil 1950: Uruguay Uruguay won the first World Cup in 12 years, after the  '42 and '46 World Cups were cancelled due to WWII, by beating Brazil 2-1 in the final match of the second group stage. The 1950 World Cup featured the only time the tournament was decided by group play and points. Leading Uruguay by one point, all Brazil needed was a tie to win the tournament, but they could not hold on to their one goal lead. Brazil pushed the change in format because two group stages guaranteed more games and thus more ticket revenue than a group stage and a knock-out round did. FIFA initially resisted, but acquiesced when Brazil threatened to withdrawal. Uruguay's Roque Máspoli was voted the tournaments best goalkeeper, and he along with five of his teammates were voted to the All-Star team. France 1938: Italy Italy successfully defended its title in the third World Cup by defeating Hungary 4-2. Italy was led by strikers Silvio Piola and Gino Colaussi, who scored five and four goals, respectively. Both scored twice in the final, and were two of the six Italians voted to the All-Star team. During WWII, the Italian vice president of FIFA, hid the World Cup trophy under his bed in a shoe-box so that occupying troops would not steal it. Italy 1934: Italy In the second rendition of the World Cup, Italy beat out Czechoslovakia 2-1 to win its first World Cup title, also becoming the second team to win it at home. Italy was led by Giuseppe Meazza, who was voted the best player and voted to the All-Star team with five of his teammates. Uruguay 1930: Uruguay Uruguay won the first ever World Cup in the same year that they were celebrating the 100 year anniversary of their constitution. Uruguay had four different scorers in its 4-2 victory over Argentina, but were led from behind by the tournament's best player José Nasazzi, and Enrique Ballestrero, the tournament's best goalkeeper. Back in 1930, your grandparents weren't born yet, there were no ballpoint pens, and Batman and Superman did not yet exist. This is the tournament in which the US progressed the furthest: third place. 84 years later, we have not come close. Also, soccer balls looked like this: and referees looked like this: Yep. It's fair to say we've come a long way. Next Up In Soccer

1978 FIFA World Cup

To the nearest million, what was the population of the USA in 1910?

World Cup winners list: A complete history - SBNation.com World Cup winners list: A complete history Rec Dean Mouhtaropoulos In 1930, thirteen teams participated in the first World Cup held in Uruguay. Since then, the countries of the world have come together every four years (except in the 1940's-yes Germany, looking at you here) to play in the tournament, with 77 countries having participated in 20 tournaments as of 2014. Despite, the large number of countries to participate, only eight of them have enjoyed the glory of actually winning it. Brazil are on the top with five (don't mention this to Brazilians right now, though), and Germany are next on the list with four, their most recent having been secured against Argentina on Sunday. Here's a quick tour of each winning nation. Brazil 2014: Germany Germany became the first ever European team to win a World Cup in South America, and lifted the trophy for the first time since reunification. Fittingly, in a tournament in which nothing was predictable, Germany didn't look completely convincing en route to their final against Argentina, and notably needed extra time to get past the unfavoured Algeria in the first knockout round. However, Die Mannschaft grew into the tournament, and inflicted a historic 7-1 thrashing on tournament hosts Brazil in the semis before Mario Götze's last-gasp extra time strike settled a close final. Argentina captain Lionel Messi earned the Golden Ball as a consolation which was really none at all. South Africa 2010: Spain The Spanish team in 2010 was special, which makes its early exit in Brazil even more of a mystery. In South Africa, Andrés Iniesta scored in the 116th minute agaist the Netherlands to give Spain their first World Cup. Six members of the team, along with their coach Vincente del Bosque, were voted onto the team of the tournament. Iker Casillas, the goalkeeper, won the Golden Glove award (previously the Yashin Award), shutting out his opponents in five of the seven matches. The team also won the FIFA Fair Play Trophy. Germany 2006: Italy Italy's victory over France in the final was one for the memories. Not only did Italy win 5-3 on penalty kicks, but France's captain Zinedine Zidane was red-carded for head-butting Marco Materazzi in extra-time.  Italy's goalkeeper, Gianluigi Buffon won the Yashin Award given to the best goalkeeper, and was one of seven Italian players voted to the All-Star team. The victory gave Italy their fourth World Cup title, then second only to Brazil's five, but matched by Germany this year. Korea-Japan 2002: Brazil This World Cup was Ronaldo's World Cup. The old one. The Brazilian striker won the Golden Boot award (highest scoring player), scoring eight goals in the tournament. Two of those came in the final, as Brazil shut out Germany 2-0 and won their record fifth World Cup. Ronaldo was voted to the team of the tournament along with teammates Rivaldo, Ronaldinho, and Roberto Carlos finished with a 7-0-0 record and a plus-14 goal differential. France 1998: France If you think the header is a typo, you are mistaken! When France won the tournament in France they became the sixth country to win the tournament on home soil. France's goalkeeper won the inaugural Yashin Award, letting in only two goals, and eight French players scored in the tournament. Zinedine Zidane headlined the French attack, as France ended with a plus-13 goal differential. They were also given the FIFA Fair Play Trophy and voted the Most Entertaining Team. USA 1994: Brazil When Brazil faced Italy in the '94 final both teams were looking for their record fourth title. Brazil defeated Italy 3-2 on penalty kicks, becoming the first country to win the final via a shootout. Romário scored five goals and won the Golden Ball award (best player), and Brazil won the FIFA Fair Play Trophy and was voted the Most Entertaining Team. On a side note, the US chose this as the the mascot for the tournament. #Fifa #WorldCup World Cup In honor of this amazing month of soccer, #tbt World Cup '94 with the mascot Striker #b ... pic.twitter.com/ri1nVPC4iT — FIFA World Cup 2014 (@iFifaWorIdCup) July 3, 2014 In my opinion, we could have done better. A dog? A live bald eagle painted red, white, and blue would have been perfect. Italy 1990: West Germany The 1990 World Cup is widely considered to be one of the worst and the final was no different. West Germany (now Germany) beat Argentina 1-0 on a penalty kick in the 85th minute to win their then-record third World Cup. The victory also served as revenge for their loss to Argentina in the '86 final, but the most exciting part of the game were the two red cards handed out, the first dismissals in a final. Mexico 1986: Argentina Diego Maradona was the most heralded star going into the '86 tournament, and he delivered, scoring five goals and winning the Golden Ball award. Though Argentina beat West Germany 3-2 in the final for their second title, the most memorable moments from the tournament come from Maradona's goals against England in a quarterfinal match. For his second goal of the match, Maradona took the ball by himself all the way from inside his own half and scored, in what was voted the  goal of the century . His first goal, which has been dubbed the "Hand of God", was a bit more controversial. England's players quickly argued for a handball and after the game Maradona referenced the goal saying it was scored "A bit with the head of Maradona and another bit with the hand of God." Cut to 40 seconds and decide for yourself. Spain 1982: Italy Italy beat West Germany 3-1in the final to win their record third World Cup title. The Italian side was led by striker Paolo Rossi, who won the Gold Boot award with six goals and the inaugural Golden Ball Award. He is one of three players to win a World Cup while also being the top scorer and being voted the best player. Italy's Dino Zoff was voted the tournament's best keeper. Argentina 1978: Argentina Argentina became the fifth country to win the World Cup at home when they beat the Netherlands 3-1 in the final. Maradona was not yet a part of team, but the team was not lacking in star power. Striker Mario Kempes won the Golden Boot award with six goals and was voted the best player of the tournament. Argentina's Ubaldo Fillol was voted the best goalkeeper. West Germany 1974: West Germany Playing in its own country, West Germany beat the Netherlands 2-1 to win its second World Cup. West Germany became the fourth country to win at home, and after losing to East Germany in the group stage, they didn't lose again. The team's Sepp Maier was voted the tournaments best goalkeeper. Seven players scored at least one goal and one of them was a guy named Wolfgang. Wolfgang! This was the first World Cup to feature the current design of the World Cup trophy. Mexico 1970: Brazil Brazil topped Italy 4-1 to win its third World Cup. The team finished with a perfect 6-0-0 record and a plus-12 goal differential, while averaging just over three goals per game. Seven members of the team scored at least one goal, with Jairzinho scoring seven and Pelé adding four. Pelé was voted as the best player of the tournament. Captain Carlos Alberto scored a goal in the championship game that many consider to be one of the  finest goals in the history of the World Cup. England 1966: England Perhaps sick of seeing Brazil win two straight World Cups, England won on home soil, becoming the third country to do so. Geoff Hurst had the first and only hattrick in a World Cup final, and England went on to beat West Germany 4-2 in extra time. Midfielder Bobby Charlton scored three goals in the tournament and was voted the best player, and Gordon Banks was voted the best keeper. Chile 1962: Brazil Brazil defeated Czechoslovakia 3-1 to successfully defend their World Cup title. Though Pelé was injured early on didn't play after the second game, Brazil would not go away. Garrincha and Vavá were two of the top scorers of the tournament with four apiece, both tying for the Golden Boot, and were two of five Brazilians named to the All-Star team. Garrincha was also voted the best player of the tournament. Sweden 1958: Brazil Brazil beat Sweden 5-2 in Sweden to win its first World Cup. Pelé scored two goals in the final (six overall) at just 17 years old and Vava added two as well (five overall), to help Brazil win the final. Midfielder Didi was voted the best player and Pelé was voted the best young player, and were joined by four teammates voted to the All-Star team. One of Pelé's goals in the final is widely hailed as one of the finest scoring sequences ever. Switzerland 1954: West Germany West Germany beat Hungary 3-2 to win its first World Cup. The final still stands as one of the greatest upsets in soccer history, and as one of the greatest achievements in German soccer history. The Hungarians, who played professional football, had beaten the Germans, who were all amateurs, 8-3 in the group stage, and finished the tournament with a plus 17 goal differential. Nevertheless, the Germans, were led by Helmut Rahn's two goals and found a way to win. Over the whole tournament, Germany had four players with at least four goals. Brazil 1950: Uruguay Uruguay won the first World Cup in 12 years, after the  '42 and '46 World Cups were cancelled due to WWII, by beating Brazil 2-1 in the final match of the second group stage. The 1950 World Cup featured the only time the tournament was decided by group play and points. Leading Uruguay by one point, all Brazil needed was a tie to win the tournament, but they could not hold on to their one goal lead. Brazil pushed the change in format because two group stages guaranteed more games and thus more ticket revenue than a group stage and a knock-out round did. FIFA initially resisted, but acquiesced when Brazil threatened to withdrawal. Uruguay's Roque Máspoli was voted the tournaments best goalkeeper, and he along with five of his teammates were voted to the All-Star team. France 1938: Italy Italy successfully defended its title in the third World Cup by defeating Hungary 4-2. Italy was led by strikers Silvio Piola and Gino Colaussi, who scored five and four goals, respectively. Both scored twice in the final, and were two of the six Italians voted to the All-Star team. During WWII, the Italian vice president of FIFA, hid the World Cup trophy under his bed in a shoe-box so that occupying troops would not steal it. Italy 1934: Italy In the second rendition of the World Cup, Italy beat out Czechoslovakia 2-1 to win its first World Cup title, also becoming the second team to win it at home. Italy was led by Giuseppe Meazza, who was voted the best player and voted to the All-Star team with five of his teammates. Uruguay 1930: Uruguay Uruguay won the first ever World Cup in the same year that they were celebrating the 100 year anniversary of their constitution. Uruguay had four different scorers in its 4-2 victory over Argentina, but were led from behind by the tournament's best player José Nasazzi, and Enrique Ballestrero, the tournament's best goalkeeper. Back in 1930, your grandparents weren't born yet, there were no ballpoint pens, and Batman and Superman did not yet exist. This is the tournament in which the US progressed the furthest: third place. 84 years later, we have not come close. Also, soccer balls looked like this: and referees looked like this: Yep. It's fair to say we've come a long way. Next Up In Soccer

i don't know

In Chaplin's The Great Dictator, which country did the dictator rule?

Charlie Chaplin : The Final Speech from The Great Dictator The Final Speech from The Great Dictator Transcript of Charlie Chaplin’s Final Speech in The Great Dictator I’m sorry, but I don’t want to be an emperor. That’s not my business. I don’t want to rule or conquer anyone. I should like to help everyone - if possible - Jew, Gentile - black man - white. We all want to help one another. Human beings are like that. We want to live by each other’s happiness - not by each other’s misery. We don’t want to hate and despise one another. In this world there is room for everyone. And the good earth is rich and can provide for everyone. The way of life can be free and beautiful, but we have lost the way. Greed has poisoned men’s souls, has barricaded the world with hate, has goose-stepped us into misery and bloodshed. We have developed speed, but we have shut ourselves in. Machinery that gives abundance has left us in want. Our knowledge has made us cynical. Our cleverness, hard and unkind. We think too much and feel too little. More than machinery we need humanity. More than cleverness we need kindness and gentleness. Without these qualities, life will be violent and all will be lost…. The aeroplane and the radio have brought us closer together. The very nature of these inventions cries out for the goodness in men - cries out for universal brotherhood - for the unity of us all. Even now my voice is reaching millions throughout the world - millions of despairing men, women, and little children - victims of a system that makes men torture and imprison innocent people. To those who can hear me, I say - do not despair. The misery that is now upon us is but the passing of greed - the bitterness of men who fear the way of human progress. The hate of men will pass, and dictators die, and the power they took from the people will return to the people. And so long as men die, liberty will never perish. ….. Soldiers! don’t give yourselves to brutes - men who despise you - enslave you - who regiment your lives - tell you what to do - what to think and what to feel! Who drill you - diet you - treat you like cattle, use you as cannon fodder. Don’t give yourselves to these unnatural men - machine men with machine minds and machine hearts! You are not machines! You are not cattle! You are men! You have the love of humanity in your hearts! You don’t hate! Only the unloved hate - the unloved and the unnatural! Soldiers! Don’t fight for slavery! Fight for liberty! In the 17th Chapter of St Luke it is written: “the Kingdom of God is within man” - not one man nor a group of men, but in all men! In you! You, the people have the power - the power to create machines. The power to create happiness! You, the people, have the power to make this life free and beautiful, to make this life a wonderful adventure. Then - in the name of democracy - let us use that power - let us all unite. Let us fight for a new world - a decent world that will give men a chance to work - that will give youth a future and old age a security. By the promise of these things, brutes have risen to power. But they lie! They do not fulfil that promise. They never will! Dictators free themselves but they enslave the people! Now let us fight to fulfil that promise! Let us fight to free the world - to do away with national barriers - to do away with greed, with hate and intolerance. Let us fight for a world of reason, a world where science and progress will lead to all men’s happiness. Soldiers! in the name of democracy, let us all unite! Final speech from The Great Dictator Copyright © Roy Export S.A.S. All rights reserved You might also want to read...

The Great Dictator

What is Joan Collin's middle name?

Charlie Chaplin final speech in The Great Dictator (1940) - Democratic Underground Charlie Chaplin final speech in The Great Dictator (1940) Charlie Chaplin final speech in The Great Dictator (1940) Edited on Tue Jul-12-11 07:08 PM by joshcryer Charlie Chaplin final speech in The Great Dictator I'm sorry but I don't want to be an emperor. That's not my business. I don't want to rule or conquer anyone. I should like to help everyone if possible; Jew, Gentile, black men, white. We all want to help one another. Human beings are like that. We want to live by each others' happiness, not by each other's misery. We don't want to hate and despise one another. In this world there is room for everyone. And the good earth is rich and can provide for everyone. The way of life can be free and beautiful, but we have lost the way. Greed has poisoned men's souls; has barricaded the world with hate; has goose-stepped us into misery and bloodshed. We have developed speed, but we have shut ourselves in. Machinery that gives abundance has left us in want. Our knowledge as made us cynical; our cleverness, hard and unkind. We think too much and feel too little. More than machinery we need humanity. More than cleverness, we need kindness and gentleness. Without these qualities, life will be violent and all will be lost. The aeroplane and the radio have brought us closer together. The very nature of these inventions cries out for the goodness in man; cries out for universal brotherhood; for the unity of us all. Even now my voice is reaching millions throughout the world, millions of despairing men, women, and little children, victims of a system that makes men torture and imprison innocent people. To those who can hear me, I say "Do not despair." The misery that is now upon us is but the passing of greed, the bitterness of men who fear the way of human progress. The hate of men will pass, and dictators die, and the power they took from the people will return to the people. And so long as men die, liberty will never perish. Soldiers! Don't give yourselves to brutes, men who despise you and enslave you; who regiment your lives, tell you what to do, what to think and what to feel! Who drill you, diet you, treat you like cattle, use you as cannon fodder! Don't give yourselves to these unnatural men---machine men with machine minds and machine hearts! You are not machines! You are not cattle! You are men! You have a love of humanity in your hearts! You don't hate! Only the unloved hate; the unloved and the unnatural. Soldiers! Don't fight for slavery! Fight for liberty! In the seventeenth chapter of St. Luke, it�s written �the kingdom of God is within man�, not one man nor a group of men, but in all men! In you! You, the people, have the power, the power to create machines, the power to create happiness! You, the people, have the power to make this life free and beautiful, to make this life a wonderful adventure. Then in the name of democracy, let us use that power. Let us all unite. Let us fight for a new world, a decent world that will give men a chance to work, that will give youth a future and old age a security. By the promise of these things, brutes have risen to power. But they lie! They do not fulfill their promise. They never will! Dictators free themselves but they enslave the people! Now let us fight to fulfill that promise! Let us fight to free the world! To do away with national barriers! To do away with greed, with hate and intolerance! Let us fight for a world of reason, a world where science and progress will lead to all men�s happiness. Soldiers, in the name of democracy, let us all unite! Thought about this all day today... 1. Thanks for posting that Nice to read it as text. He was such a genius. Response to Reply #1 2. It was racing through my mind all day today for some reason. Had to post it as soon as I got on, some DUers may not have seen it or heard of it. 3. This has always struck me as quite possibly one of the most eloquent... ...soliloquies to Freedom and Progressivism in the English language. PB Response to Original message 5. Wow! What an incredible speech! Thank you so much for posting this! I don't think I've ever seen the movie, except possibly on TV when I was a little kid -- too young to have any idea what I was seeing. I'm very grateful you followed your impulse to post this. I feel richer for having read those words. sw Response to Reply #5 6. Meet John Doe, Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, It's a Wonderful Life, all highly progressive ideas... ...back in the day. It's a shame that modern times look far right to those days, days when we didn't have civil rights or days when we didn't have feminism. The country has been on a slow spiral downward except for those points in our history, since the 50s. 7. Wow! That was great! Thank you for posting! Is it true that he was a communist? Response to Reply #7 9. Nah, he famously called himself a "non-conformist." He refused to hate communists... ...but almost everyone in the media was very left-leaning, practically socialist back then. They believed in things like charity, government assistance, the rule of law, honor, justice, equality, stuff like that. He said in his autobiography, "My prodigious sin was, and still is, being a non-conformist. Although I am not a Communist I refused to fall in line by hating them." Wikiquote has some amazing lines by him: http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin When he made "A King in New York" he was last accused of being a communist. Good movie, really gets down to the spectacle that is our society. Meet John Doe: speech scene If anybody should ask you what the average John Doe is like, you couldn't tell him because he's a million and one things. He's Mr. Big and Mr. Small. He's simple and he's wise. He's inherently honest, but he's got a streak of larceny in his heart. He seldom walks up to a public telephone without shoving his finger into the slot to see if somebody left a nickel there. He's the man the ads are written for. He's the fella everybody sells things to. He's Joe Doakes, the world's greatest stooge and the world's greatest strength. Yes, sir -- Yes, sir, we're a great family, the John Does. We are the meek who are -- who are supposed to inherit the earth. You'll find us everywhere. We raise the crops; we dig the mines, work the factories, keep the books, fly the planes and drive the busses. And when a cop yells: "Stand back there, you!" He means us, the John Does! We have existed since time began. We built the pyramids. We saw Christ crucified, pulled the oars for Roman emperors, sailed the boats for Columbus, retreated from Moscow with Napoleon and froze with Washington at Valley Forge. Yes, sir. We've been in there dodging left hooks since before history began to walk. In our struggle for freedom we've hit the canvas many a time, but we always bounced back! Because we're the people -- and we're tough. They've started a lot of talk about free people going soft -- that we can't take it. That's a lot of hooey! A free people can beat the world at anything, from war to tiddle-de-winks, if we all pull in the same direction. I know a lot of you are saying "What can I do? I'm just a little punk. I don't count." Well, you're dead wrong! The little punks have always counted because in the long run the character of a country is the sum total of the character of its little punks. But, we've all got to get in there and pitch. We can't win the old ballgame unless we have teamwork. And that's where every John Doe comes in. It's up to him to get together with his teammates. And your teammate, my friend, is the guy next door to you. Your neighbor -- he's a terribly important guy that guy next door. You're gonna need him and he's gonna need you, so look him up. If he's sick, call on him. If he's hungry, feed him. If he's out of a job, find him one. To most of you, your neighbor is a stranger, a guy with a barkin' dog and high fence around him. Now, you can't be a stranger to any guy that's on your own team. So tear down the fence that separates you. Tear down the fence and you'll tear down a lot of hates and prejudices. Tear down all the fences in the country and you'll really have teamwork. I know a lot of you are saying to yourselves, "He's askin' for a miracle to happen. He's expectin' people to change all of a sudden." Well, you're wrong. It's no miracle. It's no miracle because I see it happen once every year. And and so do you -- at Christmas time. There's somethin' swell about the spirit of Christmas, to see what it does to people, all kinds of people. Now, why can't that spirit, that same, warm Christmas spirit last the whole year around? Gosh, if it ever did, if each and every John Doe would make that spirit last 365 days out of the year, we'd develop such strength, we'd create such a tidal wave of good will that no human force could stand against it. Yes sir, my friends, the meek can only inherit the earth when the John Doe's start lovin' their neighbors. You better start right now. Don't wait till the game is called on account of darkness. Wake up, John Doe. You're the hope of the world.

i don't know

What was the Aristocrat record label renamed?

The Aristocrat Label The Aristocrat Label © Robert L. Campbell, Robert Pruter, George R. White, Tom Kelly, and George Paulus Last Revised: November 8, 2016 What Was Aristocrat? Revision note.We have adjusted the release schedule for the early months of 1950, to reflect the company's decision to rush out Aristocrat 412 by Muddy Waters and the second Aristocrat 410 by Penny Smith, both of which came out in March 1950. Also Aristocrat 407 by the Blues Rockers was first advertised in December 1949. We have updated our entry on pop bandleader Sherman Hayes. We have updated our entries on the Blues Bockers, and slightly updated our entry on Country guitarist and singer Dick Hiorns. We have also added more information on Forrest Sykes, the boogie-woogie pianist from Kansas City whom no other label recorded. We have added details on the Four-A Melody Men, the gospel group from Saint Louis that recorded for Aristocrat as the Seven Melody Men. We now have a bio for the singer then known as Penny Smith, who had a much longer and more complex career than we'd realized: Penny Smith was her third stage name, and in 2016 she is known to most who know her at all by her fifth name, Debbie Dean. We have also added a bio on Bill Walker, whose combo accompanied her on the second Aristocrat 410. Walker gained his lasting fame as a composer of music for commercials. We have also added some details about Lee Monti's activities after he finished recording for Aristocrat in December 1947. The Aristocrat label was the forerunner to Chess Records , the mighty Chicago independent. But it was different from the label it evolved into, and should not be assimilated to it. A test pressing from Aristocrat's first recording session. From the collection of Robert L. Campbell Aristocrat was officially formed on April 10, 1947 by Charles Aron (who was born in Romania in 1907, and died in Miami, Florida in 1974) and his wife Evelyn (formerly Evelyn Marks, she was born in Chicago in 1919 and died in Boulder, Colorado in 1997). Initially, their partners were Fred and Mildred Brount and Art Spiegel, none of whom took a leadership role in the business. In June, the company became more interested in signing rhythm and blues artists, and took the crucial step of hiring talent scout Sammy Goldberg. By September 1947, Leonard Chess, the proprietor of a neighborhood bar and after-hours joint called the Macomba Lounge (3905 South Cottage Grove), had invested in the company and become involved in the sales end of Aristocrat's operations. Leonard Chess's name was first associated with the company in an item that appeared in Billboard on October 11, 1947; he was identified as a new addition to "the sales staff." By then he was already wholesaling Aristocrat product out of the trunk of his Buick. Aristocrat had first drawn Leonard Chess's attention in June when Sammy Goldberg recruited Tom Archia , the tenor saxophonist who was working in the house trio at the Macomba, for a session led by drummer Jump Jackson. The company liked Archia's work and promptly brought him back for two more sessions as a leader. In late August or early September, Goldberg was responsible for signing Andrew Tibbs, who sang around the corner from the Macomba at Jimmy's Palm Garden, and became accustomed to dropping into the Macomba at intermission. Leonard Chess was also interested in recording an artist he believed would be a big success. As it turned out, Sunnyland Slim, who had been recruited by Sammy Goldberg, and Muddy Waters, who had gotten a call from Sunnyland Slim, were recording the same day. Andrew Tibbs. From the collection of Billy Vera. Sammy Goldberg's tenure at the company lasted only a few months; he moved on after the flurry of recording in the final quarter of 1947. Over time, Leonard Chess increased his share in the firm by buying the Brounts out. As he became more involved in the record business, he increasingly left the day-to-day operation of the Macomba to his brother Phil. After the Arons separated in 1948, Leonard Chess and Evelyn Aron ran the firm. In December 1949, Evelyn Aron married Art Sheridan and left to form American Distributing. The Chess brothers bought out her remaining share and became the sole owners; only at this point did Phil Chess become involved in the record company's operations. On June 3, 1950, the brothers changed the name of the company to Chess, and adopted a new numbering system starting at 1425, the address of their childhood home on South Karlov Street in Chicago. (In 1957, they would also begin the Chess LP series at 1425.) Aristocrat thus survived in its original form a little over three years. For a small, undercapitalized company it was quite prolific. It appears that 264 titles were recorded by Aristocrat for release, and another 28 tracks recorded by others were purchased and released during the lifetime of the label, for a total of 292. In all, 92 releases are known (which adds up to 183 sides, since "Dedicated to You" by the 5 Blazes was used twice). 18 more sides recorded during the Aristocrat era got their initial release on Chess singles during the first year after the name change. Further Aristocrat releases may lie undocumented: continuing suspects for this shadowy honor are Aristocrat 507, 1002, 1502, 1601, 1602, and 417. We've developed a highly conjectural list of possible Aristocrats, which are indicated in square brackets in the appropriate locations in the discographical tables. Some of these bracketed items may have been scheduled for release, then withheld; some may never have made it to the planning stage. We really really doubt that any bracketed 1300 series items—this means Muddy Waters recordings—were actually released; collectors have been too vigilant to let anything of the sort slip by. But other items could still turn up. In earlier editions of this discography, Aristocrat 503 was listed as a conjectural item; so was Aristocrat 416. A Mysterious Release Numbering System Had it behaved like most companies, and numbered its releases consecutively, the mysteries might have been dispelled years ago. But Aristocrat had, well, its own way of doing things. Up through the end of 1948, the company was in the habit of creating a new number series for each new artist, in the order that the material was recorded: 101, 201, 301... all the way to 2101. (The initial recordings in each of these series were cut, or purchased from other sources, during the busy year of 1947.) In 1949, the artist series extended its range in great arbitrary jumps: 2301, 3001, 3101, 3301, 3500, 7001, 8001, 10001, 11001 (these series were assigned roughly in order of first release, not recording—and just one of them lasted beyond the first release). In other cases during 1949, new artists were inserted into old artists' series: AR-711, 811, 905, 906, 1234. By the end of 1949, the system had crumbled under its accumulated inconsistencies, and the Chess brothers (who now had exclusive control of the label) slotted all new releases until the name change into the old 400 series: 404 through 418. Except that not every number in this segment were used—408, 414, and 417 are missing, and 409, 410, and 413 were all used twice! Scant Documentation in the Company Files Another reason Aristocrat has resisted the efforts of discographers is that discographers prefer to work with record company files, if they can get access to them. Up to now, discographies of Aristocrat have been based on the work of Michel Ruppli, a Swiss researcher whose string of discographical publications (The Aladdin/Imperial Discography, The Blue Note Discography, The Chess Discography, etc.) have all used this modus operandi. Company files are easier to work with than scratchy bits of shellac and vinyl long since dispersed or lost. If properly kept, they hold out the prospect of reliable recording dates and personnel information. If properly kept... Problem is, Aristocrat's business practices were strictly seat-of-the-pants. Leonard Chess was hired to wholesale records; he spent weeks on the road distributing 78s out of the trunk of his Buick. The company made written contracts with its artists, but it is doubtful that most of these were preserved. There was no organized effort to copyright every tune. The company had no in-house music publisher (in fact, the Chess brothers would not open a publishing arm, Arc Music, until August 1953). And some of the composer credits on Aristocrat labels are demonstrably bogus. For instance, "Bilbo Is Dead" was co-written by Andrew Tibbs and Tom Archia. But the label claimed credit for Chess-Aleta-Archia—whoever Aleta was. Meanwhile the copyright records at the Library of Congress give Evelyn Aron and Mildred Brount as the copyright owners! "Dawn Mist," a number that Sonny Blount wrote for Eugene Wright and the Dukes of Swing, was credited on the label to one "Crawfish." The only documentation that Aristocrat kept of its recording sessions was a master book. This listed matrix numbers, artists, and titles. No dates were included on surviving recording sheets before October 12, 1948—by which time Aristocrat had cut over 130 sides! Because the "recording ban" ordered by American Federation of Musicians President James C. Petrillo was not officially lifted until December 13, only the mastering dates were documented for the rest of 1948. Michel Ruppli obtained the information for his Chess Discography from Bob Porter, who worked for Westbound Records (distributed by Chess) in 1972 and 1973. In his spare time, Porter copied the master books for Ruppli; all that remained out of the Aristocrat years were a few typed pages (loaded with errors and misspellings) specifying the tapes on which copies of the Aristocrat material could be found. There were matrix numbers and artists' names, but no dates, no information about issues, no personnel. In fact, it was impossible to tell from these pages what had been released and what hadn't. Some tracks that the company had released (for instance, Aristocrat 3301, 7001, and 8001) were left out entirely. No serious vault research had ever taken place at Chess Records until shortly before Leonard and Phil Chess sold the company to GRT in 1969, at which point Ralph Bass was faced with the task of sorting and identifying piles of unlabeled tapes that Chess had been storing at Universal Recording. Porter's verdict: "I've been around tape vaults at Prestige, Savoy, Verve, and Atlantic as well as Chess (I was hired to work with Bass to set up the Chess vault in Nashville when the Chicago office was closed) and Chess was far and away the worst organized in terms of data. Just a mess." In his notes to a 1975 2-LP set that collected all of Gene Ammons' known work for Aristocrat and Chess from 1948 to 1951 (despite his efforts to make it complete, the set skipped five released sides on which Ammons played), Porter complained that most of the session sheets were missing. Matrix numbers were sometimes assigned well after the sessions were recorded, and some sessions were entered out of chronological order. Benny Cotton and Cornell Wiley of the Dozier Boys recall making U7160-U7163 with Andrew Tibbs before U7156-U7159 with Sax Mallard. Adding insult, the master books left out their next session (UB9545-UB9548 with Gene Wright and Dukes of Swing) altogether. Nearly everything that is known about the personnel on Aristocrat dates has had to come from other sources: contemporary writeups of the combos and interviews with musicians. Just three Aristocrat 78s (201, 202, and AR-711) name all of the musicians on the label. See our Tom Archia , Sax Mallard , and Dozier Boys discographies for examples of what's been required to identify personnel. We do have have reliable release dates for most Aristocrats, thanks primarily to the work of Bill Daniels and Galen Gart. Most of the release dates included here were presented in George R. White, The Aristocrat of Records, Blues and Rhythm, no. 124 (November 1997), pp. 4-8. (The reader should be aware, however, that the Aristocrat artist and title list included in the article is not by White, and was compiled from inadequate, out-of-date sources.) We can also take advantage of our knowledge of the studios that Aristocrat used, and their matrix series. Universal Recording Aristocrat did most of its sessions at Universal Recording Corp. in Chicago. In early April 1947 the very first sesssion, by Sherman Hayes, was given numbers starting at U675-V, in a common series that went back just a few months to the founding of the studio. The V suffix points to Vitacoustic , a distinct record company that was founded around the same time and that operated right out of Universal Recording. In fact, Vitacoustic 5, by Mel Henke, has matrix numbers U668-V and U669-V. Once it become clear that Aristocrat planned to be around for a while, Universal assigned the label a separate U7000 matrix series. The Sherman Hayes sides were renumbered (though we have seen the U7000 series numbers only on Aristocrat 104), so U675 became U7001. The V suffix was attached to a few more Aristocrat masters; the last case we know of is U7017V. The U7000 series—often shorn of its U in later years, when the recording was often done at other studios—would be the main matrix series over the entire lifetime of Chess Records. It needs to be kept in mind that the matrix numbers were assigned by Aristocrat, not by the studio and that sometimes the assignments were made well after the sessions were recorded. Occasionally U7000 series numbers were attached to material that Aristocrat had purchased (later on, the Chess brothers would get bolder, and stick U7000 numbers onto such things as Howlin' Wolf sides recorded in Memphis...). There were lapses: after giving U7001-7007 to Sherman Hayes & his Orchestra, and U7008-7011 to The Five Blazes, Aristocrat had to allot U7012 to the last of the Sherman Hayes sides. You can almost hear the "Oops!" Items from a live session recorded in the first half of 1948, when the recording ban was being enforced, were deliberately given misleading numbers like U7048S and U7128A to keep the Musicians Union off the trail. Despite their assorted faults, the U7000 numbers are the best indication we have of when the material was recorded. In 1947 at least, artist series were assigned in alignment with the U numbers: 1301 had a higher U numbers than 1201, which had higher U numbers than 1101, etc.; the only apparent exception is 1601, but we still don't know whether it was actually released. United Broadcasting Studios Aristocrat also made a few recordings at United Broadcasting Studios. Located at 301 East Erie Street on the near North Side, United Broadcasting was the former World Broadcasting Studio, which had been bought in early 1946 by radio station owner Egmont Sonderling (1906 - 1997). Fortunately for those with a discographical bent, United Broadcasting normally assigned its own matrix numbers to material recorded there, instead of dedicating special series to different labels. The system was a little quirky, but it appears that all material recorded in 1946-1947 was in a UB 2000 series (this series turned over from UB2999 to UB 21000 [i.e., 2-1000] around the beginning of 1947 and would overshoot UB22500 during the recording frenzy at year's end). Material recorded in 1948 and 1949 went into the UB 9000 series (when the meter turned over at UB 9999, they continued with UB9-1000 through approximately UB9-1500). However, the UB 9000 series has some irregularities in it, perhaps the result of a policy of preassigning blocks of matrix numbers to the different small companies that used the studio. Material recorded in 1950 was in the UB50-000 series. For many more examples, see our Miracle discography, and the Old Swing-Master discography—Sonderling was the principal owner of that label. Smaller outfits like Sunbeam and Hy-Tone also used Sonderling's studio. So we can attach approximate dates to most of material that Aristocrat laid down at United Broadcasting. Further help comes from the Board minutes for Musicians Union Local 208, which document a complaint Floyd Smith brought against United Broadcasting Studio for not paying him for a session that was subsequently sold to Aristocrat. From the collection of Robert L. Campbell 1947 Aristocrat has also frustrated music historians because it is hard to pigeonhole stylistically. The company took only a mild interest in downhome blues until the second half of 1948, when strong sales of Aristocrat 1305 ("I Can't Be Satisfied" by Muddy Waters) told Evelyn Aron and Leonard Chess that they ought to be paying more attention. Well into 1949, the company's flagship artist was not Muddy Waters but the uptown blues singer Andrew Tibbs. A lot of what went on 1947 was frankly experimental. The proprietors of Aristocrat tried their hands at: nightclub R&B, jazz, country and western, piano trios in the manner of Nat King Cole, lounge ballads, gospel, pop crooning in the manner of Bing Crosby, and polkas. And the polka band was the one that laid down the most tracks. The first Aristocrat ad: Cash Box, May 5, 1947 From the collection of Tom Kelly Courtesy of Han Enderman From the collection of Robert L. Campbell An early example of Sherman Hayes' crooning. From the collection of Robert L. Campbell. The very first sides to appear on the new label were made by Sherman Hayes. Originally from California, Hayes had recorded in 1939 and 1940 with Del Courtney's "sweet" band. He subsequently started his own orchestra, which first recorded (in Chicago) for the New York-based Cosmo label in July 1946, after several months in the Walnut Room of the Bismarck Hotel (Billboard, July 27, 1946, p. 22). After it had released just one single on Hayes—the company saw more commercial potential in Hal McIntyre and Tony Pastor—the lights dimmed at Cosmo in January 1947, leaving him without a record deal (the company filed for bankruptcy in July, after several months of inactivity; see Cash Box, July 7, 1947, p. 13). When Aristocrat picked Hayes up, he was leading one of the most popular "Mickey Mouse" bands in Chicago. From the collection of Robert L. Campbell Sherman Hayes writes to a fan. From the collection of Robert L. Campbell For a time, the band got good publicity in Billboard and Cash Box. In 1946 and 1947, with big bands shutting down left and right, Hayes' outfit was continuously booked at Chicago-area rooms like the Martinique and the Blackhawk. In the summer of 1949 Hayes was still working regularly in town (Down Beat's "Chicago Band Briefs" for July 15, 1949, p. 4, remarks that his band was coming off "10 days at the Martinique"). Sherman Hayes played the tenor sax, soloing with vibrato as wide as a barn door. His band included a steel guitar. While the Hayes sax section often sounds Lombardo-worthy, the baritone sax lines on his records are light and fleet, obviously the work of a virtuoso. And when the sax section goes over to clarinets and bass clarinet, as they often do in Hayes' arrangements, they lose their Lombardo quiver and play tastily. Only one of the the Hayes sides is an instrumental. One features a girl singer who went as Wyoma (according to one source, she was actually Sherman's wife Wanda), and the rest include crooning vocals by the leader. From the collection of Tom Kelly Courtesy of Han Enderman Not one of Phil Chess's favorites... From the collection of Dan Kochakian. Phil Chess, who was not really involved with Aristocrat until the end of 1949, described the outfit as a "White label" that recorded only White musicians before his brother Leonard got involved. In later years, he cast particular derision on one of Sherman Hayes' tunes, "Get on the Ball Paul." (Perhaps he remembered the big ad that Aristocrat put in Cash Box for 104.) But despite Hayes' slick vocalizing, this was actually the band's heppest number, and its composer, Cliff Parman, would enjoy a long career in pop music. It's the ballads that inflict real pain on today's ears. From the collection of Robert L. Campbell The first Sherman Hayes release was advertised (in Cash Box, May 5, 1947; then in Billboard, May 10, 1947) as belonging to a 1000 series. But the Hayes 78s were actually numbered Aristocrat 101 through 104 (and in the fall, a 1000 series would be created for Clarence Samuels). To confuse matters further, Ruppli has claimed alternative couplings for Aristocrat 101 ("Chi Baba Chi Baba" b/w "The Better to Love You") and for 102 ("Say No More" b/w "You Don't Learn That in School"). There is a test pressing of the second pairing, now in Robert Campbell's collection—but we have yet to encounter the coupling on a released 78. The first ad in the trade papers gives the coupling as "Chi Baba Chi Baba" and "Say No More," and that is what we have seen on copies of Aristocrat 101. "Chi Baba Chi Baba" is a novelty number that purports to be an Italian lullaby ; besides Hayes' rather unctuous crooning, his version includes a pleasant clarinet ensemble, a dreadful sax ensemble, some switching from piano to celeste, and lots of opportunities for the steel guitar player. Although Aristocrat got its version out quicker, it was the RCA Victor release by Perry Como that hit number 1 on the pop charts in June. "Say No More," Wyoma's only number on the session, is a square, sentimental ballad. On May 31, 1947, Billboard ran an ad for Aristocrat 101, with the same coupling, also mentioning Aristocrat 102: "The Better to Love You" ("great new ballad") b/w "You Don't Learn That in School." "You Don't Learn That in School" involves a lot of vocal exchanges between Hayes and the rest of the band. The ballad side was also a vocal vehicle for the leader. Han Enderman has identified two different label styles for Aristocrat 102 (with small differences in typeface and layout), suggesting that the release was pressed in non-trivial quantities. From the collection of Robert L. Campbell Although we have not seen any ads for Aristocrat 103, we believe it also came out in May 1947, because 101 through 103 carry the original matrix numbers assigned by Universal Recording, U675-U680, instead of their counterparts in the new series that Universal soon assigned to the label, U7001-U7006. 103 included the Hayes band's theme song, "Cuddle Up a Little Closer" as well as a somewhat stiffly played instrumental, "12th Street Rag." The first advertisement for Aristocrat 104, which coupled the now-notorious "Get on the Ball Paul" with a schmaltzy rendition of a superior ballad, "There Is No Greater Love," appeared on June 28, 1947, and copies of this single show the new numbers, U7007 and U7012. From the collection of Dan Kochakian The Aristocrat releases didn't hurt Hayes' ballroom bookings, but, if we may assume he was on a one-year contract, he was up for renewal in April 1948 while a Union recording ban was being enforced in Chicago. By the end of the year, when recording was safely resuming, Aristocrat had lost interest. Hayes got another shot in 1949 when James H. Martin, who had distributed his Aristocrats, started his Sharp label; he recorded one session in 1949 and another in 1950. Among the other artists Martin signed were Lee Monti and the Tu-Tones, who had also been dropped by Aristocrat. But while Monti's group got out a slew of sides out on Sharp, we know of just one Hayes single actually being released. In March 1950, Hayes' band was once again at the Blackhawk (4 weeks starting March 15; Cash Box, March 25, 1950, p. 11), though by this time Al Trace seemed to be leading the sweet band of choice at the Martinique In August, the Hayes band moved into the Oriental Theater, where Hayes also served as the MC (Cash Box, August 26, 1950, p. 7). In January 1951, Hayes was working the Oriental again, now apparently without a recording contract (Cash Box, January 20, 1951, p. 9). In the early 1950s the Hayes band made broadcasts from the Hotel Roosevelt in New Orleans . Sherman Hayes died in 1969 . From the collection of Tom Kelly Belying Phil Chess's version of history, Chuck and Evelyn Aron next put together a session by the Five Blazes , a black vocal/string ensemble. The Blazes' involvement with Aristocrat was announced in Billboardon May 24, 1947 (as usual, this meant that they had already recorded). The brief item also announced the signing of "promising Swing chirp" Jackie Cain, who would be responsible for the label's next session. An agent named Joe Callan, of Frederick Brothers, was given credit for bringing both acts to the label. The Five Blazes grew out of a quartet founded in 1940 by drummer Paul Lindsley "Jelly" Holt, who had previously played in other hot string groups. William "Shorty" Hill (guitar, tipple, ukulele, mandolin) and Prentice Butler (bass) were also charter members. In 1941, Floyd McDaniel, already a veteran musician on the Swing scene, switched from acoustic to electric guitar and replaced lead guitarist Jimmy Bennett. According to the Chicago Defender for December 20, 1941, the 4 Blazes were holding down a gig at Martin's Corner, 1900 West Lake. The ad notes that the group was "formerly the Four Dusty Demons." The Blazes also used Duke Groner on bass at some point between 1943 and 1946, though Butler was back when they got their opportunity to record. From the collection of Tom Kelly The Four Blazes expanded to Five in 1945, when they picked up Ernie Harper, a piano player and vocalist from Pittsburgh. Harper is, in fact, responsible for three of the vocal leads on the group's Aristocrat session. The ebullient "Chicago Boogie" and "All My Geets Are Gone" are deftly handled uptempo numbers. The boogie, on which Harper's piano dominates, was successfully featured on The Aristocrat of the Blues CD in 1997. The other three sides have so far been reissued only on Document. The first Blazes single, on Aristocrat 201, was reviewed in Billboard on July 26, 1947 (our thanks to Dan Kochakian for locating this item). This Negro quintet is technically poorly presented in its debut with the instrumental offering sounding like it has been cut in a big barn with the instruments miles from the pick-up mike. Group shows plenty of fire in their 'Boogie,' which boasts good lyrics and some standout piano work. Flipover is the pretty oldie, which merits re-discovery. Both sides show versatile voice of Ernie Palmer [sic], who turns it torrid for the 'Boogie,' while his tonsils go soft and mellow for the reverse. Added note to vendors: 'Chicago Boogie' will grab jazz fans' ears while 'Dedicated' is good for all locations.' Complaints of poor sound quality showed up in more than one review of the early Aristocrats. The sides had been recorded at Universal; reissues from the masters have always sounded good. The fault must have lain with some of the pressings, which in those days were all being done on old-fashioned shellac and ground limestone. We haven't found any reviews of the follow-up single on Aristocrat 202. From the collection of Tom Kelly Ernie Harper left the group in 1948 to work as a single; by July of that year the Blazes were back to being Four (using the group name instead of their usual practice of rotating the leadership, the Four Blazes filed a contract on July 15 for 10 nights at Club Silhouette). Although the group's contract was long expired by this time, a strange delayed reissue of "Dedicated to You" appeared in February 1949 on the B side of Aristocrat 2003 (with a previously unissued number by Sax Mallard for an A side). On the reissue Ernie Harper got top billing; could the company have been trying to get something out of his visibility around town as a solo performer? Harper would get regular work in Chicago as a pianist and singer through the mid-1950s—for instance, in 1951 he was garnering admiring reviews in Down Beat while working the Streamliner with organist Les Strand and singers Lucy Reed and Lurlean Hunter . But the favorable ink got nothing shaking in the record biz. The only session we know he appeared on was with a later edition of the vocal/instrumental group, the Four Shades of Rhythm, done for Chance in 1952. (We still don't know whether Harper had anything to do with the Four Shades' session for Mad in 1957.) Was Aristocrat hoping to benefit from Ernie Harper's decision to go solo? From the collection of Dan Kochakian. For several years the Four Blazes worked Chicago clubs and toured regularly without landing another record deal. In 1951, the group sustained a further blow when Prentice Butler died. But in January 1952 the Four Blazes, featuring a new bassist named Tommy Braden, recorded for Bill Putnam of Universal Recording, who sold the sides to Leonard Allen's United label. "Mary Jo," on which Braden sang lead, became a #1 R&B hit, and the group ended up recording several more times for United between 1952 and 1955, when it broke up for good. Several of the Four Blazes' other singles charted. Braden went off on his own, but his solo career was short; he died in 1957. Holt ran a bar and started a new vocal/instrumental group called the Four Whims, who were active from 1955 to 1957. Floyd McDaniel remained active on the Chicago scene until shortly before his death in 1995. From the collection of Tom Kelly From the collection of Robert L. Campbell Jump Town advertisement from the Chicago Tribune, June 15, 1947 The next session was cut by jazz singer Jackie Cain with the George Davis quartet. William H. Korst, who was an active jazz fan in Chicago at that time, says: The George Davis quartet with Jackie Cain worked at a place on South Western Avenue in Chicago called 'Jump Town' with her then boy-friend Roy Kral on piano. I am sure the gig was at the same time they made the Aristocrat titles...and shortly afterwards Jackie and Roy joined the Charlie Ventura group at the Sherman Hotel in the Loop (just west of the Garrick Show Lounge). From the collection of Robert L. Campbell Cain was born Jacqueline Ruth Cain in Milwaukee, on May 22, 1928, and arrived in Chicago in late 1946. Roy Kral, a native Chicagoan, was born October 10, 1921. Although Cain and Kral have said they began working together as Jackie & Roy in 1946, that is definitely too early. She had recorded for Aristocrat by June 30, when Cash Box's "Around the Wax Circle" (p. 15) described her as "a potential paleface Billie Holiday" with a first release imminent. An article by Don C. Haynes on "gal singers" in Chicago (Down Beat,August 27, 1947) covers Cain as a solo act. Just 19, she showed a "wonderful conception" at times but had been rather erratic in performance. In Haynes' opinion, she was "off form" at the Panther Room in the Sherman Hotel compared to her earlier performances at Jump Town, and "four poor sides on Aristocrat just released will do her no good." She does sound rather thin on "Jubilee," which sports the already renowned Universal Recording studio echo; besides Roy Kral on piano, the group included guitar and bass and a bebopper (we're assuming this was George Davis himself) on alto sax. Amazingly, her Aristocrat sides went unlisted in jazz discographies for many years. From the collection of Robert L. Campbell Whatever difficulties Jackie Cain was having at the time she soon transcended; she would go on to fame as a jazz vocalist. From 1948 through April 1949, Jackie Cain and Roy Kral were billed as a duo with the Charlie Ventura Orchestra. They were married in June 1949, whereupon they formed a sextet and began a long career on their own. According to Leonard Feather they were "best known for light, humorous bop unison vocals." An early appearance by Jackie and Roy with the Charlie Ventura group, at the Blue Note in Chicago. Chicago Daily Tribune, March 11, 1948, p. A6. In the early 1950s, Jackie & Roy had their own television show in Chicago. During 1957-60 the pair worked in Las Vegas, and in 1963 they moved to New York. They made many albums for a variety of labels, and performed together until Kral's death in August 2002. From the collection of Armin Büttner Sammy Goldberg arrives. From the collection of Robert L. Campbell. Most like in June 1947, Sammy Goldberg brought R&B bandleaderJump Jackson to the fledging label. A studio band called the Chicago All Stars , also an expanded version of Jackson's combo but with somewhat different players, recorded for Columbia on June 27. On August 25 "Around the Wax Circle," the record industry gossip column in Cash Box, cited a letter from Evelyn Aron announcing that Aristocrat had signed Jump Jackson and his band, along with "Melrose Colbert, sepia torch." According to the letter, "The enthusiastic reception given The Five Blazes had decided Aristocrat to expand their race line" (p. 14). It wasn't all "Get on the Ball, Paul." The complete lineup at this session was Johnny Morton (trumpet), Sax Mallard (alto sax), Eddie "Sugarman" Penigar (tenor), Tom Archia (tenor), Bill Owens (piano), Hurley Ramey (electric guitar), Dallas Bartley (bass), and Jackson on drums. Female vocalist Melrose Colbert, who had previously worked with Earl Hines, sang the two ballad tracks, "My Greatest Mistake" and "Sweet Thing." Benny Kelly was entrusted with the jump numbers. Perhaps because of the variety of styles represented, Aristocrat was willing to pay for 6 sides instead of the usual 4. A "sepia torch" sings a ballad. From the collection of Robert L. Campbell. From the collection of Armin Büttner Drummer Armand "Jump" Jackson was born 25 March 1917, in New Orleans. He was playing in Chicago as early as 1941, when his band was booked at the 308 Club (his contract was filed with Musicians Union Local 208 on July 31, 1941). In 1942, Jackson was performing at the Sky Club (contract filed May 7, 1942). He led the house band for Martin's Corner from the latter part of 1943 on through much of 1944 and 1945. He also played at the Circle Inn in July 1944 (contract filed July 6, 1944). In January 1946, he put together a quartet with Johnny Morton (trumpet), Oett "Sax" Mallard (alto sax) and an unidentified pianist and went into the Garrick Theater Lounge in the Loop, for what turned out to be an 8-month stay. In February 1946, Jackson and members of his band started showing up on blues sessions that the Melrose brothers were organizing for RCA Victor and Columbia. And in March 1946, Bill Owens came on board as the band's pianist. From the collection of Armin Büttner Jackson first recorded as a leader on 13 September 1946 for Columbia, cutting four sides. St. Louis Jimmy Oden was the vocalist on three of them. On that session Bill Casimir (tenor sax) and Ransom Knowling (bass) joined Jackson's quartet, which around this time begain a 6-month residency at the Blue Heaven Lounge (742 East 63rd). On September 26 and October 4, 1946, Jackson laid down ten tracks for the West Coast label, Specialty, which was making a rare foray into Chicago. Between March and June 1947, Jackson divided his efforts between the Blue Heaven and the Argyle Lounge or the Zanzibar Lounge. By the middle of June 1947, when he got the call from Aristocrat, Jackson's band was being featured at the Morocco Lounge, in the same neighborhood as Leonard Chess's Macomba Lounge, where Tom Archia led the house trio. Jackson had not been on a recording session since he finished his work for Specialty, so he must have welcomed the opportunity. A promotional photo plus blurb for Jump Jackson's band at the Morocco Lounge, as it ran in the Chicago Bee, June 22, 1947. (The same item appeared in the Defender on June 15.) From left: Sax Mallard, Bill Owens (holding clarinet in an effort at misdirection), Johnny Morton, and Jump Jackson. In the end, 5 of the 6 sides recorded at this session saw release. Aristocrat 401 and 402 each paired a Melrose Colbert ballad with a Benny Kelly blues; they were released in September and November 1947. One of the two Benny Kelly numbers remaining, "Choo Choo Blues," was somewhat oddly paired on Aristocrat 403 with a track left over from Clarence Samuel's September session. Our previous information on 403 has suggested a December 1947 release date, but this can't be right: the only copy we have seen has the green label that Aristocrat didn't start using till March 1949. It appears that the much-delayed 403 appeared at some point during 1949, when it served as a bridge to the final Aristocrat release series, 404 through 418. Aristocrat released just one other 78 with sides by two different artists. This was Aristocrat 2003, which came out in February 1949 and consisted of a Sax Mallard track on one side and one by the Four Blazes on the other; both sides were actually recorded in 1947. And 2003 also emphasized the names of the singers on the labels, in a way that earlier releases by the same groups had not. Our guess is that 403 probably didn't wait too long to go on sale after the new label design was adopted. From the collection of Dan Kochakian Jackson would do just one session as a leader for Aristocrat, though he appears to be the drummer on the first session under Tom Archia's name as well. His combo worked the Brown Derby (July) and the Bee Hive (August 1947); the group broke up in October when Sax Mallard went out on his own and Bill Owens temporarily became the new bandleader at the Macomba Lounge. Jackson seems to have joined a new combo led by tenor saxophonist Epp James; by June 1948 he had resurfaced as a leader, filing an indefinite contract on June 3 for a gig at the Old Rock Cellar. In 1949, Jackson was again leading the house band at the West Side establishment Martin's Corner (temporarily known then as The Corner). During the 1950s, Jackson both toured and continued to play in Chicago clubs, and cut a single for the Gateway label. Beginning in 1949, when he undertook to do booking and promotion for a new tenor player on the scene named Lucius Washington , Jackson also did considerable business as a booking agent. In 1958 Jackson opened the LaSalle label, recording such artists as Eddie Clearwater, Eddie Boyd, Sunnyland Slim, and Little Mack Simmons. He also recorded himself on a single. Jump Jackson continued to perform until his death in Chicago on 31 January 1985. Small record labels were pretty cagey when it came to letting competitors know who they had signed. Aristocrat's custom was to refrain from announcing names until the recording was done and something was ready to release. So on August 16, 1947, Billboard got around to announcing that Aristocrat was "expanding in the race field adding two blues singers and Jump Jackson's negro combo." An announcement about Jackson next appeared in Cash Box, on August 25. Most likely the blues singers included Jo Jo Adams (who we think recorded a little before the announcement came out), and Melrose Colbert, who sang on the Jackson session, may have been lumped in. We don't know whether any reference was intended to Sunnyland Slim, Andrew Tibbs, or Clarence Samuels, all of whom would be recording for the label within the next month. By the time of the first Lee Monti release, Aristocrat had built up a solid network of distributors. From Billboard, September 27, 1947, courtesy of Dan Kochakian. Lee Monti and the Tu Tones in 1948 From the collection of Tom Kelly From the collection of Tom Kelly Although Sammy Goldberg was in charge of finding rhythm and blues artists for the label, he wasn't the only person in the company out looking for talent. In June, Aristocrat decided to sign Lee Monti . Monti led a band called the Tu Tones that featured two accordions, and performed polkas, country tunes, and standards. The other members of his band played guitar and string bass. Besides the fact that Monti played lead accordion, we know from vocal credits on the records that two of the other guys were named Jimmy Adams and Mario Lozer—but we don't know which instruments they played. Whoever made the decision—perhaps it was Evelyn Aron—correctly estimated that Monti would sell some records for the company. All four sides from the first session were released: Aristocrat 501, which came out in September, is easy to find today; Aristocrat 502, which probably followed in November, is much less common. From the collection of Tom Kelly From the collection of Tom Kelly According to the August 2, 1947 issue of Billboard, Aristocrat had recently signed Don Moreland. Identified via his radio network affiliation as an "MBS vocalist," Moreland was a white pop singer. His signing was also mentioned in Cash Box, but no Moreland release would ever emerge on Aristocrat. Moreland ended up appearing as the vocalist on a session that Ralph Marterie, the society band leader, did for the Universal label. This was no doubt recorded during the pre-ban rush in the last quarter of 1947, though the release was held till early in the new year. Bill Putnam, co-owner of Universal Recording, launched his label of the same name in September 1947, after falling out with the principals at Vitacoustic . Moreland sang "I Love You" on Universal U-20, which has to have been one of Marterie's first releases (in fact, the bandleader's name is misspelled on the label). The timing suggests that Aristocrat let Putnam take over Moreland's contract. Tom Archia had distinguished himself as a soloist on the Jump Jackson session (on "Not Now Baby" he was the only horn player). Aristocrat promptly brought him back to make a session of his own. For their first outing, Tom Archia and his All Stars appear to have used the same rhythm section of Bill Owens on piano, Hurley Ramey on guitar, Dallas Bartley on bass, and Jump Jackson on drums. Archia was playing 6 nights a week at the Macomba Lounge with Wendell Owens on piano and Glenn Brooks at the drums, but while this session was being recorded, Leonard Chess was in the midst of a battle with the Local 208 leadership— on account of his desire to get rid of the pianist and the drummer and hire new musicians to play with Archia. So it is unlikely that either of them would be on a recording session for Aristocrat. On August 10, the Local 208 Board finally allowed Archia to remain at the Macomba after a new pianist and drummer were hired, but only under the condition that someone else be the leader. Archia, who had been on the outs with Local 208 President Harry Gray since 1944, did not officially become the leader at the Macomba until the spring of 1949. Because Archia was known for participating in tenor battles, Buster Bennett , then a big draw in the South Side clubs, was brought in as his dueling partner. But because Bennett was under contract to Columbia, he was credited with vocals only. Both saxophonists were maximally inspired that day, and Tom's throaty tenor sound with the strong Lester Young influence contrasted perfectly with Buster's rasp and his all-around gutbucket attitude. Tom Archia was born Ernest Alvin Archia Jr. in Groveton, Texas, on November 26, 1919. (His father had decided to respell the family name, which is usually rendered "Archie"; it continued to be spelled that way by his relatives, and by many of the people Tom Archia came into contact with.) His childhood was spent in Baytown, Texas, and he graduated in 1935 from Phyllis Wheatley High School in Houston, where Percy McDavid (Houston's counterpart to Captain Walter Dyett) taught band, and his classmates included Illinois Jacquet, Calvin Boze, and Arnett Cobb. Archia graduated from Prairie View A and M in 1939 and taught school for a year in a small town before joining Milt Larkin's Swing band. On joining the band he adopted "Texas Tom" as a marquee name. Archia arrived in Chicago in August 1942, when the Larkin band was hired to back T-Bone Walker in a high-profile engagement at the Rhumboogie Café . After Larkin was drafted and his band broke up in the fall of 1943, Tom Archia was briefly a member of Roy Eldridge's band, with which he made his first recording session for World Transcriptions. He then took a spot in the "Dream Band" that owner Charlie Glenn was assembling at the Rhumboogie. The Dream Band included some of the best young musicians in Chicago, but many of them were chafing at big-band discipline, and Tom Archia and an alto saxophonist from Kansas City named Charlie Parker were the worst offenders. In June 1944, the band was reorganized under the direction of Marl Young, whose first official act was to fire Archia and Parker. In the summer of 1945, Tom Archia moved to Los Angeles, where his sister Richie Dell was living, and joined Howard McGhee's combo. He did not record with McGhee but did get onto a session for ARA led by Illinois and Russell Jacquet, and a session for Philo (later Aladdin) accompanying Helen Humes. Returning to Chicago in the spring of 1946, he hooked up with Roy Eldridge and recorded with Little Jazz's big band for Decca. At some point later in the year, he served as music director for an up and coming singer named Dinah Washington . The house trio at the Macomba, in May 1947. The only advertisement that Leonard Chess ever took out for his club, it ran for several weeks in the Chicago Bee. In February 1947, Tom Archia joined the house trio at the Macomba Lounge, which was nominally led by pianist Wendell Owens. (He may have been in the house band for a time in the Fall of 1946, but this is not confirmed.) Except for a brief period on the road in April, when Archia performed at a Jazz at the Philharmonic concert in Detroit, he would remain at the Macomba for 8 months that year. Although Union politics prevented him from being the leader (see above), he was the main draw at the Macomba from Leonard Chess's point of view. From the collection of Tom Kelly At the time of this session, Buster Bennett was one of the most sought-after entertainers on the South Side of Chicago. He was born James Joseph Bennett in Pensacola, Florida, on March 19, 1914. We know nothing of his early days, but he obviously began early as a musician; even in the mid-1940s his rough-hewn saxophone playing was still reminiscent of the 1920s. Around 1930 Duke Groner encountered Bennett on the road in Texas; after that we lose sight of him until he arrived in Chicago in August 1938. Bennett immediately found work in the clubs. He also accompanied blues singers in the studio, appearing on sessions by Big Bill Broonzy, Washboard Sam (he is on Sam's big hit, "Digging My Potatoes"), and the Yas Yas Girl, as well as others less famous today. His gutbucket alto and soprano saxophone stylings were a good fit musically, and his skill at extracting advances out of Lester Melrose meant that Buster would have to participate in further sessions or Melrose wouldn't get his money back. In 1941, Buster Bennett began leading his own band at the Manchester Grill, though he had to leave the gig in October because he was suffering from tuberculosis (when respiratory problems were plaguing him, Bennett would take engagements playing the piano or the string bass). After a more serious bout of ill health at the end of 1942, Buster Bennett resurfaced in February 1943, leading a popular trio at a series of South Side night spots: Millie's Cocktail Lounge, Square's Steak House, the Circle Inn, and the Cabin in the Sky. With the added publicity he got from recording, Buster worked steadily at such establishments as the Tradesmen's Lounge, the Circle Inn, the Hurricane Show Lounge. From the collection of Robert L. Campbell In February 1945, Buster landed a recording contract with Columbia. Lester Melrose saw Buster as a blues singer, and Buster obliged with midtempo blues enunciated in a gruff, sardonic manner. Although Bennett also sang standards in the clubs, only one of his Columbia sides included any. Columbia always added a drummer to Buster's working trio, and some of the sessions included other horn players; depending on Buster's mood and the other personnel, the musical content varied from boogie-woogie to Swing to incipient bebop. Known for years as an alto (and soprano) saxophonist, Buster began recording on the tenor sax in 1946. On the strength of his recordings, Buster was able to appear in Loop nightspots as well as his usual haunts on the South Side. Other record labels also sought his services; before appearing on Aristocrat he had recorded a session for Rhumboogie under the name of his trumpet player, Charles Gray, and made an uncredited appearance on a Red Saunders session for Sultan . From the collection of Robert L. Campbell On "Mean and Evil Baby," a blues sung in the Helen Humes manner by Sheba Griffin, the tenor saxes jump and surge over the rhythm section as though defying the studio to keep them contained. "Ice Man Blues" features some sly double entendres by George Kirby, a comedian who was a regular participant in the shows at the Club DeLisa. Best known for doing impressions, Kirby was a gifted vocalist who could have been commercially successful as a blues singer, had he chosen to go that route. Sheba Griffin's second blues, "Cherry," has lyrics too labored to be effectively salacious, and the band gets a little sloppy. But they're back on their best form on the phallocentric "Fishin' Pole," gruffly delivered in Buster Bennett's customary manner (the number is almost certainly a remake of "Let's Go Fishin'," cut for Columbia in September 1946 but never issued). Aristocrat 601, "Mean and Evil Baby" b/w "Fishin' Pole," was released in November 1947, and 602, "Ice Man Blues" b/w "Cherry" followed probably in 1948. They left no doubt about Tom Archia's ability to deliver in a rhythm and blues context. Comedian George Kirby could have had a career as a blues singer. From the collection of Tom Kelly Tom Archia would continue with Aristocrat; Buster Bennett would not. And while Bennett was riding high at the time of this session, his fortunes would diminish as soon as his contract with Columbia ran out at the end of 1947. In 1948, Bennett was owing more people money, having more trouble finding gigs, and having to spend more time on the road. He would not make his final departure from the Chicago scene until 1954, but heavy drinking and chronic health problems were taking their toll, and for longer and longer periods he was either sidelined by illness or working out of town. In 1956, he was permanently "erased" from the rolls of Local 208; by then he had probably moved to Texas and dropped out of music entirely. He died in complete obscurity in Houston, Texas, on July 3, 1980. From the collection of Robert L. Campbell The Hollywood Tri Tones, whose signing was announced in a Billboard item on October 11 (p. 39), were White musicians from Southern California. Robert G. Wirtshafter, who was born on March 25, 1923, was the younger brother of Joe Wirtshafter (1912-2002), a songwriter who changed his name to Bobby Worth. With "Bobby" already taken, Robert Wirtshafter became Buddy Worth. Buddy Worth played piano and sang. When the Tri-Tones recorded, Worth was married to singer and drummer Carol Mitchum , the sister of actor Robert Mitchum. Hal Wetherwax played bass and sang, which was typical in such groups; a musician we have yet to identify played clarinet, which wasn't. The Tri Tones' one record (Aristocrat 701) appears to have been recorded in Los Angeles and dealt to Aristocrat, whose principals made an awkward retroactive effort to slot it into the U7000 matrix series, It was held for release till November (on account of the title "Christmas Kiss") but then sold almost nothing. Test pressings of Aristocrat 701 (one spotted at an auction by Dan Kochakian, the other in the collection of Steve Powers) attach U7024 to "Exactly like You" on the label and U7029 in the vinyl; "Christmas Kiss" is U7024 [again] on the label but U7026 in the vinyl. On the 78 as released, the numbers are U7029 and U7026. All of these matrix numbers are bogus: U7024-U7027 were assigned to the first Lee Monti session, released on Aristocrat 501 and 502; U7028-U7031 ended up attached to the first Tom Archia session, which was released on Aristocrat 601 and 602. There is an Aristocrat test pressing of two more titles by the Tri-Tones. These were never released, so far as we know. From the collection of Robert L. Campbell Aristocrat 701 was reportedly reissued, probably in the 1950s, as Derby 701. The Tri Tones broke up in the summer of 1948. A nightclub review in Billboard (September 10, 1949, p. 44) covered a performance at the Oasis in Los Angeles by Buddy Worth's new trio, with the more conventional guitar and bass lineup (Milt Morring and Dick "Bunky" Jones, respectively), and Carol Mitchum handling many of the vocals. Hal Wetherwax continued to play the bass professionally, most notably in Red Norvo's groups, and to teach music for many years. Buddy Worth would enjoy an extremely long career working the piano bars in the San Fernando Valley. He also played Tuesday nights for many years at Leon's Steak House in North Hollywood. Worth died in Newhall, California, on December 10, 2011. From the collection of Dan Kochakian The signing of standup blues singer Doctor Jo Jo Adams was announced in Billboard well after the fact, in the October 11 issue. In fact, Sammy Goldberg brought Adams to Universal Recording in July or August. Tom Archia was in charge of the accompaniment, this time with a different band whose personnel isn't fully known to us. The front line includes a trumpet player and an alto saxophonist who sound to us like Johnny Morton and Goon Gardner from Dave Young's Ritz Lounge band. There is a loudly amplified guitarist, who treads heavily in the rhythm section, but we don't know who he was; the same goes for the piano, bass, and drums. From the collection of Robert L. Campbell Born in Alabama on August 18 of an unknown year (Dave Penny has estimated it was around 1918), Jo Jo Adams was among the most flamboyant denizens of the South Side. Having once sung in a gospel quartet, and more recently in a manner strongly influenced by Cab Calloway, Adams by this point in his career typified the more urbane style of blues singing that prevailed in the 1940s. He also danced, told dirty jokes, and showed off his wardrobe of loudly colored formal wear with extra-long coattails. More often than not he doubled as MC at the clubs he played. He headed a revue at the Hurricane Lounge in December of 1945, and in 1946 was appearing at the Ritz Lounge and the Club DeLisa. Adams made his first recordings in January or February 1946 for Freddie Williams' Melody Lane Record Shop, with a studio band led by Williams. When Williams took on jukebox distributor Nathan Rothner as a partner, the company's name was changed to Hy-Tone and both of Adams's 78s were promptly reissued on the new label. Adams spent the summer of 1946 in Los Angeles, where he performed at Club Hideaway and recorded 6 excellent sides for Aladdin in June (because recording companies usually wanted Adams to shout the blues, "When I'm in My Tea" is his only recording to show his roots in Cab Calloway). In December he returned to Hy-Tone, singing on 5 of the 6 sides made by guitarist Floyd Smith's group. Smith had just put together a trio with Bill Huff on piano and Booker Collins on bass; they would remain at the DuSable Lounge until well into 1950. They were joined on the second Hy-Tone session by altoist Nat Jones and drummer Curtis "Geronimo" Walker. From March 14 through May 18, 1947, Adams sang at the Club DeLisa with Fletcther Henderson's last big band. From the collection of Robert L. Campbell All four songs from the July/August session are medium-tempo blues of the sort Adams favored. Jointly responsible for "Drinkin' Blues" was Senabelle Richie Fenner, later mentioned in the Chicago Defender on February 23, 1952 as a "writer, poet, and song-stylist, whose compositions have been recorded by numerous artists." The song frankly describes how much whiskey, cocaine, and reefer the singer has been putting away since his girlfriend left him. Tom Archia aptly launches his solo by quoting "I Got Plenty o' Nothin'." From the collection of Dan Kochakian The same October 11 item that announced Adams' arrival went on to claim that R&B singer Annie Laurie, who was a regular with Paul Gayten's New Orleans-based combo, had been signed by Aristocrat. We know that Sammy Goldberg made a trip to New Orleans, where he signed Clarence Samuels (see below), so there's nothing anomalous in the reference to another New Orleans-based performer. But Aristocrat never released anything on Annie Laurie, and we have no evidence of any recordings. She remained with Gayten and continued to record with him for DeLuxe; in the early 1950s she would also record with him for OKeh. Either Sammy Goldberg failed to close the deal, or he thought he had signed Annie Laurie but then discovered that she was actually a party to Gayten's contract with DeLuxe. A small possibility remains that her sides once occupied the gap in Aristocrat's matrix series, from U7066 through 7069, that we have thought might belong to Billy Orr. From the Big Joe Louis collection Unmentioned in the trade papers, but added to the roster around the same time, was a gospel group that Aristocrat billed as the Seven Melody Men. They recorded four sides for the label (all of which were released). There's been a lot of confusion about them because when it performed live the ensemble was always called the Four-A Melody Men—not an indication of the number of personnel. Only on recordings were different names employed. The Four-A's were based in Saint Louis, where they had been active since at least 1935. Their first recordings were made in Chicago for Decca, on February 25, 1935; Mayo Williams brought them to the company. On this occasion, the Four-A's were a quartet (Rudolph Allen, Frank Bass, Ernest Golden, and James Taylor), singing a capella. They cut four sides, which Decca released—but under the name of the Mound City Jubilee Quartette, a different group that recorded the same day (Robert M. Marovich, A City Called Heaven: Chicago and the Birth of Gospel Music, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2015, p. 121). The Four-A's were also doing radio work. The earliest reference we have found to them is for a 15-minute broadcast on WEW, from July 1935 (St. Louis Daily Dispatch, July 10, 1935, p. 5D). The advertisements that we have found for their appearances in the 1930s do not give the size of the group. For example, across the Mississippi in Alton, Illinois, "The Four-A Melody Men, St. Louis organization of negroes, will give a musical program at the Tabernacle Church on Amelia street" (Alton Evening Telegraph, November 11, 1937, p. 9). This was also the case for their first appearance in Indianapolis, which took place in 1945. From the Indianapolis Recorder, October 20, 1945 When they were picked up by Aristocrat, there were definitely seven of them, and the lineup was probably what we see in an undated photo, unfortunately damaged but with names written in, that Armin Büttner found on ebay in 2014. Aristocrat decided to call them the Seven Melody Men. An undated photo of the Seven Melody Men. From the collection of Armin Büttner. The Four A name would, however, be used on the Chess reissue of their second Aristocrat single, and it was retrospectively applied to some copies of their Aristocrat 78s with a red rubber stamp. Just when the stamping was done, we have no way to know (Aristocrat 78s were distributed until January 1951). From the Indianapolis Recorder, February 6, 1954 From the Big Joe Louis collection A stamped copy of Aristocrat 901, from the collection of Armin Büttner The Four A's may not have been in much demand for recordings, but they were on radio through at least 1950 and continued to perform in the same style, with no or minimal accompaniment, for many more years. The latest advertisement we've seen for one of their appearances is from 1967. From the collection of Tom Kelly From the collection of Tom Kelly Before their first single had even hit the racks, Lee Monti and the Tu Tones were called right back for a second session in August. Four more sides were cut—all instrumentals this time—and all four were released, on Aristocrat 503 and 504. Both 78s are fairly scarce today. From the collection of Armin Büttner In late August or early September, the company sprang for a series of sessions that took most of a day at Universal Recording. Blues singers Clarence Samuels and Andrew Tibbs each made their debut on record, and after Prince Cooper's piano trio a long day was apparently closed out by down-home pianist Sunnyland Slim and a guitarist named Muddy Waters who had been recurited to accompany him. We know the approximate date because the formidable racist politician Theodore Bilbo, who was so ironically commemorated on the Andrew Tibbs number "Bilbo Is Dead," died on August 21, 1947. There was no great hurry with the music publishing side of the operation; Clarence Samuels didn't get around to copyrighting "Boogie Woogie Blues" and "Lolly Pop Mama" until November. From the collection of Tom Kelly Clarence Samuels was born in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, on 30 October 1923. He began his career singing in his father's band in Baton Rouge. In 1943, he moved to New Orleans, and began singing in local bands. By 1947, he was the manager and house singer at the Down Beat club. At this time, Sammy Goldberg, who described himself as a "black Jew," was working as a talent scout for Aristocrat. He discovered Samuels at the Down Beat, and lured him to Chicago, where Samuels began performing at the Macomba Lounge and made his first recordings for Aristocrat. From the collection of Tom Kelly Two sides by Samuels were released on Aristocrat 1001 in December 1947; "Boogie Woogie Blues" and "Lolly Pop Mama" both feature his declamatory basso profondo to advantage. Another side, "I Don't Love You Mamie," didn't appear until well into 1949, long after Samuels had left the label; it was oddly paired on Aristocrat 403 with a previously unreleased Benny Kelly vocal from the Jump Jackson session back in June. Both sides of Aristocrat 1001, as well as the still unreleased "Special Lesson Number 1" (could the lyrics have been deemed too salacious?) illustrate Samuels' obvious debt to Roy Brown, who was recording the same tunes for Deluxe that year. When Samuels returned for his second session, the repertoire was more original. From the collection of Dan Kochakian Andrew Tibbs was born Melvin Andrew Grayson on 2 February 1929 in Columbus, Ohio. His father was the prominent Chicago Baptist minister, Reverend S. A. Grayson, and Tibbs got his start singing in church choirs. His brother Robert for a time was married to Dinah Washington. When he surreptitiously began singing blues in clubs, he used his middle name and his mother's maiden name, becoming "Andrew Tibbs." His route to Aristocrat began when in 1947 he was singing at Jimmy's Palm Garden. At intermission, he would go around the corner to the Macomba Lounge and sing during that club's intermissions. Sammy Goldberg saw him at the club and signed him to Aristocrat; Leonard Chess saw commercial potential in recording Tibbs, and decided to invest in the company, which was already recording Tom Archia. Tibbs' debut session has always been said to be the first one that Leonard Chess attended. When interviewed by Jim O'Neal in Living Blues (1982), Tibbs explained how he just got up and sang traditional blues verses in the clubs, so he had never needed to come up with any compositions. Two numbers were hastily concocted for the recording date: Tibbs and Tom Archia worked out "Bilbo Is Dead" in the back seat of a cab on the way to the session, and Tibbs brought the lyrics into the session inscribed on a paper bag. Tibbs and his mother put together "Union Man Blues." "Toothless Woman Blues" was provided by John E. Coppage, a Chicago-based songwriter and occasional freelance producer. Finally, "Drinking Ink Splink" was purloined from Buddy Banks, a bandleader in Los Angeles. Banks and his sextet had released the number as "Ink Splink" on the Melodisc label the year before, with Marion "Blues Woman" Abernathy as their lead vocalist. Quite possibly Tom Archia had heard Banks perform the number live while he was working in California during 1945 and 1946. From the collection of Dr. Robert Stallworth Aristocrat 1101 was not played on the radio in some parts of the South because of its A side, a Black man's crocodilic lamentation on the death of a notorious White racist. Russian artists who were compelled to praise Josef Stalin would fully understand lines like "Since Mr. Bilbo is dead, I feel like a fatherless child." Nadine Cohodas has shown that Marshall Chess's old story about the 78 being destroyed in quantity by union truckers on account of Side B is completely apocryphal. Aristocrat didn't use trucking companies to ship its product, because it couldn't afford them; and if anyone came after Leonard Chess with a crowbar as he was wholesaling the record out of the trunk of his Buick, the incident remains undocumented. Besides, there is nothing that would annoy Teamsters on the record: the number talks about how an unnamed union is really powerful, so no one should mess with Tibbs now that he is a member. Apocryphal dramatics aside, the single seems to have sold well locally upon its release in November. The followup, Aristocrat 1102, hit the racks around March 1948; surviving copies are a good deal harder to find. From the collection of Dr. Robert Stallworth The first Andrew Tibbs and the first Clarence Samuels singles are reviewed in Billboard, December 27, 1947. Courtesy of Dan Kochakian. The horn players in the Ritz Lounge band. From left, Pee Wee Jackson, trumpet; Goon Gardner, alto sax; Dave Young, tenor sax. Courtesy of Charles Walton. Both singers were accompanied by a band led by tenor saxophonist Dave Young, whose band was enjoying a long residency at the Ritz Lounge. Young's contract with the Ritz had been accepted and filed by Local 208 back on September 5, 1946. Working steadily 6 nights a week with few changes of personnel, Young's band had become an extremely polished unit with three good jazz soloists in the front line. Less than a month earlier, on August 5, Mercury had used the Young band to back Dinah Washington, who was headlining at the club. The same sextet appeared here: Harry "Pee Wee" Jackson (trumpet), Andrew "Goon" Gardner (alto saxophone), Young (tenor sax), Rudy Martin (piano), Bill Settles (bass), and Curtis D. "Geronimo" Walker (drums). Pee Wee Jackson's rasping attack can be heard on "Drinking Ink Splink." Goon Gardner, who was Charlie Parker's bandmate in a King Kolax combo back in 1939, had long since converted to Ornithology, as can be heard from his solos on "Bilbo Is Dead" and "Toothless Woman Blues" as well as "Ink Splink." To complicate matters, two musicians who did not belong to Young's band—Tom Archia and Sax Mallard—were present at one of the sessions. After Aristocrat hid Tibbs out in a hotel under the Mallard's wise guidance, so other labels couldn't steal him, Archia and Tibbs worked out "Bilbo Is Dead" in the back seat of a cab on the way to the session, and Tibbs brought the lyrics into the session inscribed on a paper bag. So it is distinctly possible that Tom Archia is lending a little thickness to the ensemble on Andrew Tibbs' numbers. But the rather courtly tenor sax solos on "Union Man Blues" and "Drinking Ink Splink" were taken by Young. David A. Young was born on January 14, 1912 in Nashville, Tennessee. His family moved to Chicago when he was a boy; he was a member of the Chicago Defender Newsboy Band under the direction of Major N. Clark-Smith. He began working professionally in 1932. Among the bands he played in were Frankie "Half Pint" Jaxon's, with which he made his first recordings (1933), and Carroll Dickerson's (1936). From 1936 to 1938 he was a member of Roy Eldridge's combo, moving on to the big bands of Fletcher Henderson (1938-1939) and Horace Henderson (1939-1940). Subsequently he worked with Walter Fuller, returned to Eldridge for a time, and recorded in 1942 with Lucky Millinder and Sammy Price. During the first half of 1942 he also spent some time in King Kolax 's band. In 1943 he got a significant gig as a leader, taking charge of the off-night band at the Rhumboogie Café on August 2 (the contract was filed on August 19). His contract was renewed on October 21. In November, however, he went back on the road with King Kolax, while Charles Stewart took over the Monday night slot at the Rhumboogie (contract filed November 18). Young served in the Navy in 1944 and 1945; on returning to Chicago he vowed never to go on the road again (not even to Gary, Indiana, or so he told Charles Walton). He found work as a leader at the Entertainers Cafe (indefinite contract filed on March 21, 1946; another indefinite contract for 4 days a week followed on April 18) before landing the Ritz Lounge gig; in an interview with Dempsey Travis, Young aslso mentioned working at the Cabin in the Sky during that period. He may have appeared on a January 1946 session backing Dinah Washington under Gus Chappelle's direction; the personnel is still not known with certainty. Young was definitely on two sessions that trumpeter and singer Bill Martin did with a studio band for Hy-Tone ; these were recorded around May and September of 1946. The October 5, 1947, issue of the Defender indicated that Rudy Martin had been replaced at the piano bench by Prentice McCarey; otherwise the Ritz Lounge band was carrying on with the same personnel. In late November Young's band (with Sax Mallard, who was now leading the off-night band at the Ritz, sitting in for Goon Gardner) accompanied Dinah Washington on a session for Mercury. (Members of Young's rhythm section accompanied her in sessions in September and on November 13.) On December 2, Young led a studio quintet, with Settles on bass and Walker on drums, that backed Lil Green on her last session for RCA Victor. Dave Young continued in the music business for another four years, but as a Swing saxophonist who neither made the transition to bebop nor adopted the honk, he must have found the changing musical environment less and less congenial. His gig at the Ritz ended in January 1949 (the last Defender ad mentioning his band ran on January 15); his sextet gave way to a quintet led by King Kolax . According to Young's interview with Charles Walton (unfortunately not available online at the present time), by 1950 he was working primarily in the strip joints of Calumet City. Young made a couple of appearances on Al Benson's TV show (which ran from April through July 1950; see our Sax Mallard page for details), but quit after Benson got into a fistfight with Stuff Smith. In November 1951 Young became an advertising salesman for the Chicago Defender; he was promoted to assistant advertising manager in February 1970, and retired from his job with the newspaper in May 1990. Dave Young died in Chicago on December 25, 1992. (He should not be confused with a much younger musician who played trumpet in Sun Ra's Arkestra in 1955 and 1956, and is said to have left music to become a car salesman.) From the collection of Robert L. Campbell One of the most common combo lineups on the South Side was the piano-guitar-bass trio with a lead vocalist, which had been popularized in the late 1930s by Chicago native Nat "King" Cole. During the late 1940s, nightclub goers could take in the sounds of trios led by Prince Cooper, Duke Groner, Jimmie Bell, Bob Carter, Jimmy Binkley, Ernest Ashley, Floyd Smith, Loumell Morgan, and Calvin Bostick, as well as the cooperative unit called the Big Three. When Aristocrat began to take notice of these groups, the first to be signed was Prince Cooper's. Later in the year the company would pick up Groner and Bell's ensembles. From the collection of Tom Kelly Prince Cooper was born Robert L. Cooper on October 14, 1921. He attended Tilden Tech high school in Chicago. In his youth he took up concert violin, but his interests eventually drifted toward jazz, and he began playing the piano in 1937. He served in the Army in World War II. On returning to Chicago in 1944, he found work first in the the stockyards and then at International Harvester. He got his first professional job in February 1946, as the pianist for Marvin Cates and His Earls of Rhythm, who were performing at Jack's Club Showboat (6109 South Parkway). Another up-and-comer in that band was tenor saxophonist Eddie Chamblee. With the Cates band Cooper developed a knack for singing. Jack Ellis, the owner of the club and former band columnist for the Chicago Defender, was particularly impressed with Cooper, and had him form a trio to replace the Cates band. Cooper recruited Hurley Ramey on guitar and Jimmy Cosby on bass, and the Robert "Prince" Cooper Trio started a long residency at the club in June 1946 (Cooper posted a 5-month contract with Jack's Showboat on May 16 and extended it for 8 months on September 16). When Aristocrat signed him, he was still going strong at Jack's Showboat, posting an extension for another 6 weeks on June 19, 1947, 6 more months on July 17, and 6 months on October 2. The engagement didn't come to an end until January of 1948, when Prince Cooper moved to the Music Box (408 East 63rd Street; indefinite contract posted on January 22). From the collection of Tom Kelly From the collection of Victor Pearlin The Prince Cooper Trio patterned its sound very closely after the Nat King Cole Trio; Jack's Club Showboat advertised Cooper as "King Cole's Double." The group cut its first sides for Exclusive in Los Angeles in 1946 (two were released). On the Exclusive session, the bassist was probably Jimmy Cosby. But by the time the trio recorded for Aristocrat, Charles "Truck" Parham was responsible for the bass work. Both "Night Fall" and "It's a Hit Baby," which came out on Aristocrat 1201, show just how close to King Cole Cooper could get at the time. The remaining two sides from this session, "My Fate" and Throw It Out Your Mind," were released on Aristocrat 1202 in January 1948 (Billboard announced that they would be out around January 13). From the collection of Victor Pearlin The first public mention of Andrew Tibbs' employment by the label appeared in Billboard on October 11, 1947. Billboard got around to three of the participants in this block of sessions on November 29, 1947, when it cited Clarence Samuels, Andrew Tibbs (redundantly), and Prince Cooper as newly "inked" by Aristocrat. The real point of the item: they were all about to return to the studio for their second sessions. From the collection of Tom Kelly During the same marathon, Sunnyland Slim and "Muddy Water" (as he was billed on his first release) made their debut for Aristocrat. Blues pianist and singer Sunnyland Slim was born Albert Luandrew in Vance, Mississippi, September 5, 1906 (most sources say 1907, but the Social Security Death Index and 1920 census data give the date as 1906). He was the son of Tom and Mary Luandrew (spelled "Loeandrew" by the census taker, but not in other documents that we have seen). We do not know exactly when Slim arrived in Chicago. He was playing semi-regularly at the Flame Lounge on 39th Street in the summer of 1947. He first recorded as a leader for the Hy-Tone label, probably just before this session for Aristocrat. From the collection of Tom Kelly Either Slim did not sign long-term contracts with record companies, or did not believe he had, because after obtaining this session for Aristocrat in September, and even getting called back for a followup in December, he would do a second one for Hy-Tone and a session for RCA Victor that same month. In any event, Slim needed accompaniment on his outing for Aristocrat, so he phoned a guitarist that he knew. Muddy Waters was driving a delivery truck for a Venetian blind company; after coming up with a creative excuse to leave work, he headed straight to Universal Recording and cut his first sides for Aristocrat. From the collection of Tom Kelly Muddy Waters was born McKinley A. Morganfield, on 4 April 1913, in Rolling Fork, Mississippi. He was raised on Stovall's Plantation, just outside of Clarksdale. His voice and guitar were first heard on Library of Congress field recordings, cut in 1941 and 1942 by folk music researcher Alan Lomax. In 1943 Waters moved up to Chicago, working mainly at house parties, as there was virtually no market at this time for country blues in the clubs. In 1944 he switched from acoustic guitar to electric. As the migration of southern blacks increased after World War II, a market for his style of blues began to develop. To be able to play in the clubs, Waters joined Musicians Union Local 208 in September 1945; in November of that year he filed his first contracts (with the West Side Chicken Shack on November 1, and the Cotton Club on November 15). From the collection of Tom Kelly But after the Cotton Club engagement Waters had a lot of trouble finding work, and his first commercial recordings went absolutely nowhere. Early in 1946, he cut "Mean Red Spider" for J. Mayo Williams. Williams had been a talent scout for Paramount and Decca, and while he still knew talent when he saw it, he had lost his sense of what the record-buying public might want. Because his tiny Harlem and Chicago labels lacked distribution, he dealt this side to 20th Century, a Philadelphia-based outfit. Unfortunately for Waters, who split a 20th Century 78 with James "Sweet Lucy" Carter, Carter's name ended up appearing on both sides. On September 27, 1946, Waters got what looked like a much better opportunity when he recorded a session for Columbia records under the aegis of veteran producer Lester Melrose. But the company was unimpressed and left everything in the can; none of the sides would see issue for 20 years, when they finally appeared on a Testament LP. So Waters continued to make his rounds of the clubs—picking up occasional gigs as a sideman—while working a day job full-time. Feelings about the September session appear to have been mixed at the company. The two sides featuring Sunnyland Slim (good but not great examples of his work) were held until early March 1948, when Aristocrat 1301 was released to no great effect (Billboard placed its release date around March 7). Muddy's two numbers, which came out on Aristocrat 1302 that same month, drew even less interest. And legend has it that Leonard Chess complained about not understanding a word that Muddy was singing. Of course, he was attending his first recording sessions that day, and Sunnyland Slim and Muddy Waters were simply not part of the world of the Macomba Lounge. From the collection of Robert L. Campbell From the collection of Robert L. Campbell The first session after the September marathon once again involved Lee Monti's Tu Tones. Probably in October, they cut six sides. We know of two releases from the session, on Aristocrat 505 and 506; we suspect that the remaining two were intended for release on Aristocrat 507, but we have yet to see a copy of that disk. From Billboard, January 24, 1948, courtesy of Dan Kochakian From the collection of Dr. Robert Stallworth From the collection of Dr. Robert Stallworth From the collection of Robert L. Campbell Next, the company called on someone whose music Leonard Chess did understand. Tom Archia was called back in October for a straightahead jazz session. It consisted of four sides done with what we think is a working rhythm section from the Macomba: Bill Searcy (piano), Lowell Pointer (bass), and Robert "Hendu" Henderson (drums), with Leo Blevins (a frequent guest) added on guitar. The little that we know about the Milt Larkin Orchestra suggests that it often took Count Basie as its model, and Tom Archia was definitely attentive to Lester Young's role in that band. It didn't hurt that Bill Searcy was originally from Kansas City. So "Jam for Sam" has a definite Basie small-group feel to it. "Macomba Jump" is a bopper's jubilant romp over "I Got Rhythm" changes. "Slumber," a minor blues, could be Tom Archia's masterpiece; "Downfall Blues" is the only one of Archia's records to preserve his rowdy vocalizing. Compare what Tom Archia laid down on this session with the sides that Dexter Gordon was making at the time—or for that matter, with recordings from the same period by Lester himself—and we don't think Tom Archia will come out on the short end. From the collection of Dr. Robert Stallworth Aristocrat was obviously high on Andrew Tibbs, because in October, the singer was called back into the studio even though his first single hadn't been released yet. This time Tibbs was accompanied by with a band led by his erstwhile songwriting partner, Tom Archia. Archia added a trumpet player (probably Johnny Morton) and an altoist (definitely Sax Mallard ) to the quartet that he had just recorded with. Now more used to composing, Tibbs contributed "I Feel like Crying" and "Same Old Story" to the date, while Sax Mallard wrote "Going Down Fast" and "Married Man Blues." Mallard also contributed his arranging skills. "Married Woman Blues," released on Aristocrat 1103, would become Tibbs' most famous number. Junior Parker much later recorded a version called "Driving Me Mad," and Johnny Copeland did it as "I Wish I Was Single." Toward the end of October, Tom Archia went on the road with an 8-piece band led by trumpeter Hot Lips Page (he spent a good chunk of December recording with the band in Cincinnati, on a series of sessions for King); he would not return until early January. So he was unavailable for the December madness, when Aristocrat, like so many other labels, stockpiled sides in anticipation of the recording ban. However, Sax Mallard remained in town. From the collection of Robert L. Campbell Aristocrat made a unique venture into boogie-woogie when it signed pulverizing piano soloist Forrest C. Sykes and recorded him in October. Here is a pianist who passed so thoroughly into oblivion that the compilers of the 1997 reissue package, The Aristocrat of the Blues, had no idea who he was. Forrest Sykes during his affiliation with Lionel Hampton Forrest Sykes (not related to Roosevelt Sykes) was originally from Kansas City. As the late Roy Searcy told Jim O'Neal: I knew some fantastic Kansas City musicians. The greatest boogie and blues piano man who ever lived was Forrest Sykes. Forrest Sykes was a radical son of a bitch. He outplayed Pete [Johnson]. He could put "Stardust" into a boogie woogie and make it good. Forrest Sykes, yeah, I knew him well. From Kansas. He'd get up on the bandstand and Charlie Parker and everybody'd leave! Shit. Even the damn drummer quit and that son of bitch keep on playin'! He'd come in and drink a half pint of gin. Just turn it up and drink it down. He said he was ready to play then. When he got done, they didn't have to tune the piano, they had to rebuild it—that dude would break strings, knock off keys and leave the piano a mess. Oh, a key would out and jump over his shoulder any minute. Forrest died, I think. And he was makin' it big, he'd go to New York and different places, but he couldn't stay because of his attitude. It wasn't because he couldn't play! He'd walk around with a tuxedo on, tan shoes, all that kinda shit. Goin' to work like that at night, drunk. Other Kansas City musicians told O'Neal that Sykes was gay; some added that he was flamboyantly so. At 6 feet 1 inch, occasionially billed as "Madcap," he might be considered a forerunner to Esquerita. On August 15, 1943, Forrest Sykes appeared at a boogie-woogie concert, "A Midsummer Night's Jam," that was put on at the Saddle and Cycle Club in Chicago to raise money for Poetry magazine. He claimed he had only been playing for 3 years. He nonetheless led off the event, wearing white shoes and plaing "Sykes Boogie." He was followed by Meade "Lux" Lewis, Roosevelt Sykes, Robert Crum, and Dorothy Donegan. Commentary was provided by classical pianist Rudolph Ganz, the president of Chicago Musical College (Edward Ellis, "Boogie-Woogie Goes Highbrow but Bach Wins by an Eyebrow: Dour Dowagers Jump with Joy," Louisville Courier Journal, August 16, 1943, section 2, p. 21). In 1944 and 1945, Sykes was busy on the nightclub circuit, frequently on the East Coast. In May 1944, he was featured at The Moose in Lock Haven, Pennsylvania (The Express, May 20, 1944, p. 2). In January 1945, he was at Chez Cherie Musical Lounge in Philadelphia (Billboard, January 6, 1945, p. 24). In August, he was playing intermission piano at the Harlem Club in Atlantic City, New Jersey (Billboard, August 11, 1945, p. 23). In November 1945, he was at Betty's Musical Bar in Gloucester Heights, New Jersey, sharing the bill with the Three Queens of Rhythm (Billboard, November 10, 1945, p. 32). Sykes enjoyed a brief run as an added attraction in Lionel Hampton's band—playing the piano while standing, he is pictured in Hamp's 1946 Swing Book. In September 1946, his "pianology" was featured at the Swan Club in Philadelphia (Billboard, September 9, 1946, p. 22), and a couple of weeks later he was back at Orsatti's, a Philadelphia club he had played several times in the past (Billboard, September 21, 1946, p. 34). From 1947 through 1952 he worked frequently in Chicago and may have been based there. On January 16, 1947, Sykes' contract for 30 weeks at the Bar o' Music (a joint that featured solo pianists or trios) was accepted and filed by Musicians Union Local 208. In April 1950, he landed a two-week gig at the Bee Hive Lounge, when it was still emphasizing blues and traditional jazz (contract accepted and filed with Musicians Union Local 208 on April 20). He also got into trouble with Local 208 for joining Claude McLin in a jam session with Tom Archia 's combo at the Macomba Lounge on April 11, 1950; obviously he was still on good terms with Leonard and Phil Chess, or he wouldn't have been welcome on that occasion. If he was showing up for his nightly work loaded, as Roy Searcy claimed, it's surprising that Sykes hadn't already been in trouble with Harry Gray and his deputies. An advertisement from Critelli's Stage Sho and Restaurant in Des Moines, Iowa, compares Forrest Sykes with Robert Crum (Des Moines Register, October 14, 1947, p. 16). Of course, Critelli's had booked Crum before, probably on more than one occasion, and it appears Sykes was new to the establishment. Sykes was more commonly compared to Maurice Rockhold (name later changed to Maurice Rocco, 1915-1976), who played flashy boogies while standing up. We see this in a blurb ("Styling his playing in Maurice Rocco manner") for a Sykes appearance at the Flame Show Bar in Detroit ("After Dark," Detroit Free Press, December 9, 1949, p. 34). For his gig at Club Flamingo in La Crosse, Wisconsin, which opened on November 12, 1951, Sykes was billed as "The Junior Maurice Rocco" (La Crosse Tribune, November 10, 1951, p. 8). The classically trained Rocco, who appeared in two short films, getting chances to record for Decca in 1940 and 1941 and for Guild and Musicraft in 1946, was sometimes criticized for lacking boogie-woogie tone coloring. That was a charge no one would level at Forrest Sykes. The compilers of the 1997 collection did see fit to include an unreleased item from this session, "Forrest Sykes Plays the Boogie," a 5-minute unaccompanied tour de force that would have had to be split between two sides of a 78. The sides originally released on Aristocrat 1401 include accompaniment by an unidentified guitarist and bassist. As for the two titles that remain unreleased, we've been told that Forrest Sykes and "Blue Danube" didn't go together—but if the cat could make a credible boogie out of "Stardust," we'd like to be able to to judge that for ourselves. And how can anyone pass up on a title like "Blitzkrieg Blues"? From the collection of Robert L. Campbell The last advertisement we have found for Forrest Sykes included him in a special event (with singer Johnny Hartman and others) on September 6, 1953 at Wells Musical Bar and Restaurant in Harlem (New York Age, September 5, 1953, p. 6). From the collection of Tom Kelly Danny Knight was a singer, known for his blues and ballads. He had worked with King Kolax in 1945, again with Kolax's last big band, which made two ridiculously obscure records for Ace in Los Angeles in February 1947; he was the vocalist on two sides. He stayed with Kolax until the band broke up in Oklahoma, in the summer of 1947. While in Los Angeles, he worked with Howard McGhee and Charlie Parker in March 1947 and was apparently caught on one of the legendary Dean Benedetti recordings. When Aristocrat signed him, he was doing lush ballads in the manner of Kolax's one-time employer Billy Eckstine. According to the Chicago Defender's ad for the Club DeLisa on November 8, 1947, Knight was performing there along with the comedy ensemble the 3 Chocolateers, Bessie Jackson, and others. Obviously Aristocrat recorded him during his stand at the club, because the DeLisa house band is on his records; accompaniment was provided by the " Red Saunders Orch." While Red picked up a lot of work backing vocalists in the studio, he was nearly always asked to bring a smaller unit. Here his entire band is indeed present, though the arrangements on the two sides thsat we have heard unfortunately leave no room for instrumental solos. The company sat on Danny Knight's sides for a long time. Aristocrat 1501 is very rare, and its exact release date is still unknown, but the copies we have seen have the green label with a script Aristocrat logo in black that the company adopted in March 1949. Whether there was an Aristocrat 1502 remains unsettled. In 1949, Danny Knight was singing with George Hudson's band out of Saint Louis. When Hudson and his "Modern Music" recorded for King, Danny Knight was responsible for a ballad side, "No One No Sweeter than You," credited to house songwriter Henry Glover and released on King 4285. We lose track of Knight's movements after that. From the collection of Tom Kelly Also unsettled is the mystery posed by Billy Orr, who definitely recorded four sides for Aristocrat, with a 1600 release series supposedly reserved for him. Billboard announced back on May 17, 1947 that "Negro organist Billy Orr" had been "inked by Aristocrat." But a release on Aristocrat 1601 would suggest a recording date in the fall of the year, and there is just one unexplained gap in the U7000 matrix series, from U7066 to U7069. (The master books list the titles that Orr recorded, but not the matrix numbers.) Other possibilities: Orr recorded at Universal in the early going, before the U7000 series was adopted; Orr had to record elsewhere because Universal didn't have the right instrument for him to play. Actually finding a copy of Aristocrat 1601—even 1602, if there ever was such a thing—would definitely help! Billy Orr came on the scene as a gospel organist. He first appears in the Board minutes of Musicians Union Local 208 on January 18, 1945, when his contract to work a Sunday gospel show with the Reverend C. F. Kyle on radio station WSBC was accepted and filed. On April 19, 1945, Local 208 accepted and filed his indefinite-period contract with the Evangelical Temple. On July 5, he posted a new contract with Reverend Kyle; on July 19, he filed another contract with Reverend Reed. On May 2, 1946, he posted an indefinite contract with Reverend O. W. Williams, and on May 16, his indefinite contract for Sundays and Wednesdays at the Evangelist Temple was accepted and filed. On July 18, he posted two indefinite contracts with Reverend Kyle. Toward the end of 1946, Orr made a move to secular employment: on December 5, he posted a 2 week contract with Club Laurel and another for 3 months with options. On March 6, 1947, he posted another "indefinite" contract with the same establishment. He was almost certainly spotted at the Club Laurel by someone connected with Aristocrat. He probably remained there until he moved to the Savoy Ballroom (indefinite contract posted October 2). Local 208 documents continue to put Orr on the Chicago scene into 1949. We don't know what happened to him after that. From the collection of Tom Kelly As the pace of recording activity picked up (because of the looming recording ban, which James C. Petrillo had announced would hit on January 1), Aristocrat showed it hadn't lost interest in White pop music just yet; the company picked up crooner Jerry Abbott, whose signing was duly announced in Billboard on November 15, 1947. Abbott seems to have been strictly a local artist. John Sippel, Billboard's regular Chicago night club reviewer, was none too impressed with him when he appeared at the Rio Cobana along with headliners Frances Faye and Lenny Kent: "Singer Jerry Abbott, who looks and sings quite a bit like The Groaner [i.e., Bing Crosby], gets just a mild hand for his crooning. Guy should evince more sparkle to warm up the customers" (May 19, 1945, p. 30). Abbott cut four sides in fervent emulation of The Groaner, complete with strings led by conductor Bob Trendler and a girl chorus. We know that two were released on Aristocrat 1701; both are creditable pop performances of standards, with nice work by some of the accompanying musicians (notably the clarinet soloist). Abbott apparently stayed on the Chicago scene, as a singer and a director of hotel bands, well into the 1960s. From the collection of Tom Kelly From the collection of Mike Kredinac By the time his piano trio recorded for Aristocrat, Duke Groner was a veteran of the music scene. He was born Edward Groner in Ardmore, Oklahoma, on March 24, 1908. In the earlier part of his career he was a vocalist who sang ballads in a high tenor voice, though he also played a little piano. From 1935 to 1940 he sang with the Nat Towles band, staying on after that particular edition of the band was taken over by Horace Henderson. He subsequently worked as the house singer at Minton's Playhouse in Harlem and replaced Jimmy Grissom for a few months in the Jimmie Lunceford band. In 1943, he married and settled in Chicago, where he learned how to play the string bass so he would have another way to get work. From early 1944 through the end of 1945, Groner spent most of his time in the trio led by saxophonist Buster Bennett . Groner's first appearances on record were with Columbia as a member of Buster's band, in February and October 1945. In December 1945 Groner left Bennett and went out on his own with a piano trio. The initial lineup included Ernest Ashby on guitar and Robert Montgomery on piano; after a while, Jimmy Bowman replaced Montgomery. In the early fall of 1947, the trio made its first sides for J. Mayo Williams, who dealt two of them ("I Love You, Yes I Do" and "New Blowtop Blues") to the Philadelphia-based 20th Century label; there may have been others, but if so we don't know what happened to them. By this time Groner was working with Emmett Spicer on guitar and Horace Palm on piano. The same trio recorded for Aristocrat around November 1947. We presume four sides were cut, but only the two released on Aristocrat 1801 are documented. "Dragging My Heart Around," with Horace Palm's vocal lead, seems typical of the material that the trio was performing in the clubs. "Dizzy the Bebop Man" is a novelty number written by the ubiquitous Sax Mallard and sung in unison by the trio; bop rhythms are merely hinted at, but, hey, the leader was born in 1908, and the composer was a Swing musician himself. Put alongside some more substantial contributions (like the Red Saunders' band's solid performance of Charlie Ventura's "Synthesis"), the number reminds us that many of the older Chicago-based musicians were perfectly content to try bebop the same way they would be trying mambos and cha-chas a few years later. It was the latest thing their audience might like to hear. From the collection of Mike Kredinac From the collection of Tom Kelly Boogie-woogie pianist and singer Jimmie Bell led one of the many piano trios which were so popular in South Side clubs. (Aristocrat hedged its bets by calling him Jimmy and Jimmie on the same label, but he spelled his name with the "ie.") At the time of his lone session for Aristocrat, in December 1947, his trio partners were Leo Blevins on electric guitar and Andrew Harris on bass. (Our source for the personnel is Bell's 1978 interview in Living Blues.) Bell's wry vocalizing on "Just about Easter Time" (a song written by Tom Archia)) may have missed its seasonal window in 1948. Aristocrat 1901 was apparently released in March 1949. (It was probably the first Aristocrat 78 to carry the new green label; however, a copy with the older white label has turned up.) The other two sides from this session were finally released on the new Chess label, in June 1950. From the collection of Tom Kelly Bell was born on 29 August 1910, in Peoria, Illinois. After graduating from high school in St. Louis in 1928, he pursued a career in music. Starting out with a carnival band, he spent the 1930s in local Swing bands like Earl Van Dyke's Plantation Cotton Pickers, Al Williams' St. Louis Syncopators, and Cecil Scott's Salt and Pepper Shakers. Near the end of the decade he headed his own band, before joining the great Jeter-Pillars band in 1940 (where he played trumpet!). During the 1940s, leading his own bands, he worked out of St. Louis, Detroit, and New York. He was discovered by Leonard Chess working with his trio. After Aristocrat, Bell did a session in Shreveport in 1949 that remained unreleased until JSP put out an LP of his work in 1979. In 1950, he recorded two sides for the Texas-based Royalty label and another two for Premium in Chicago; a final session on Chance in 1954 led to one obscure release that the company put in its pop series. During his last decades, Bell worked in Peoria playing piano bars. He died on 31 December 1987 in Peoria. Sources Used: Mike Foster, "Swing, Boogie & Blues: Jimmie Bell, Peoria Piano Man," Living Blues 41 (November-December 1978): 12-17; Jean Budd Wright, "Jimmie Bell’ [obit], Living Blues 79 (March/April 1988): 50-51. From the collection of Tom Kelly Sax Mallard had already recorded twice for Aristocrat (on the Jump Jackson session and the second Andrew Tibbs session) before he got a chance to record as a leader. Oett M. Mallard was born in Chicago on September 2, 1915. He got his first saxophone when he was 16, studying band at Wendell Phillips High School under the redoubtable Captain Walter Dyett. Before graduating he had already landed a gig accompanying singer Frankie "Half-Pint" Jaxon on the radio. From 1935 to 1937 he toured the US and Canada for two and a half years with one of his classmates, Nat "King" Cole, in a show called "Shuffle Along." After returning to Chicago in August 1937 he worked extensively as a sideman with Fats Waller, the Deep River Boys, the Original Ink Spots, the Andy Kirk Band, the Mary Lou Williams Quartet, and many others. In 1942, he was a member of a 12-piece band led by drummer Floyd Campbell. In April and May 1943, Sax Mallard was called to New York City as a temporary replacement for Otto Hardwick in the Duke Ellington band; he appeared on 5 broadcasts that have been preserved. From mid-1943 to the beginning of 1946, Sax Mallard served in the Navy, where he finished up his Bachelor's degree in Music. On returning home in January 1946, Mallard joined Jump Jackson's longstanding quartet with Johnny Morton and Bill Owens (see above), and was soon in demand for alto sax and clarinet work on blues sessions. He also wrote Ellingtonian arrangements when these were needed. Mallard composed and arranged a ballad, "The Greatest Mistake," for Jump Jackson's June 1947 session for Aristocrat, and arranged "Sweet Thing," the other ballad number. In the fall of 1947, as Columbia and RCA Victor were stockpiling sides in anticipation of the record ban, he appeared on sessions with Big Bill Broonzy, Eddie Boyd, Arbee Stidham, Roosevelt Sykes, Washboard Sam, and Tampa Red. At the end of October, he left Jump Jackson's combo and opened at the New Harlem Cafe as a leader; by mid-November, he was dividing his time between the New Harlem and the Ritz Lounge, where he led the off-night band. On a late November session for Mercury he was called to substitute in Dave Young's Ritz Lounge band when it backed Dinah Washington. From the collection of Dan Kochakian In December, Aristocrat offered the busy musician a six-tune session as a leader. Mallard assembled a band with a trumpet player, a second alto saxophonist who doubled on clarinet and tenor sax, a tenor player, and a rhythm section of piano, guitar, bass, and drums. We are hampered because we don't know the personnel of his working group at the time, but we know that Jimmy Bowman was the pianist on the date, and Mallard's regular drummer "Sleepy" Nelson may have been on hand. Likely candidates Johnny Morton on trumpet and Bill Casimir on tenor sax had been doing a lot of session work with Mallard. The Mallard session was done in the same kind of variety-show format as Jump Jackson's had been: Jimmy Bowman crooned two ballads and shouter Clarence "Pro" McClam was on hand for a couple of blues. From the collection of Tom Kelly Aristocrat 2001, released in March 1948, coupled a Bowman ballad number ("Let's Love Again") with a Latin-flavored instrumental featuring the leader's alto sax. "The Mojo" was heard on a lot of jukeboxes in Los Angeles; in April and May, it spent five weeks on "Hot on Central Avenue," a regional chart published in Cash Box. Aristocrat 2002 followed in October 1948; it coupled a slow blues number for Pro McClam ("Rolling Tears") with Mallard's clarinet showcase, an excellent rendition of the Artie Shaw number "Summit Ridge Drive." The last release, Aristocrat 2003, was held till February 1949 and from this session only "Evelyn," a ballad feature for Jimmy Bowman featuring Mallard's alto sax and dedicated to you-know-who, was included. Apparently the company was unhappy with McClam's "Insurance Man Blues" (which remains unissued to this day) so it reused "Dedicated to You" by the 5 Blazes! ("Dedicated to You" has the distinction, if you want to call it that, of being the only side that Aristocrat issued twice. On Aristocrat 2003, top billing goes to pianist Ernie Harper, who also handled the lead vocal.) From the collection of Dan Kochakian As the year wound up, Sax Mallard moved his combo to George's Cocktail Lounge and finished out a rather frantic December with three more sessions for Columbia: one by Big Bill Broonzy, one by Rosetta Howard, and a reunion of the Chicago All Stars. Pro McClam sang two blues on the All Stars session. He would resurface a few years later, making two sessions under his own name for the fledgling Vee-Jay label in 1953 and 1954. Courtesy of George Paulus Prince Cooper and his trio-mates Hurley Ramey and Truck Parham returned Universal to cut four more sides. This time the company released two of them, on Aristocrat 1203. An Aristocrat 1204 may have been planned but we have no confirmation of this. Toward the end of 1948 the company began to lose interest in piano trios, and Cooper was dropped from the roster. From the collection of Tom Kelly Not that this made a dent in his trio's busy schedule. In June 1948 they were working Kennedy's Honeydripper Lounge at 5910 South State (indefinite contract accepted and filed on June 3). In April 1950 they made a stop at Don's Den (461 East 61st; 10 week contract accepted and filed on April 20) and in November 1950 they were working Fuller's Lounge at 4700 South Wentworth (according to an "indefinite" contract filed with Musicians Union Local 208 on November 16, 1950). In October 1951 Cooper formed a new trio with Wilbur Wynne and Jimmy Cosby and played for two years at the Avenue Lounge (64th and Parkway), owned by Joseph DeJohnette. (Cooper's contract with the Avenue Lounge, another "indefinite," was accepted and filed by Musicians Union Local 208 on October 4.) When Wynne dropped out to work with Ahmad Jamal's trio, Cooper used Emmett Spicer, formerly with Duke Groner's trio, on guitar instead; when the trio played the Luther Rawlings Cocktail Lounge (4711 South Cottage Grove), the Defender for May 9, 1953 gave the lineup as Cooper, Cosby, and Spicer. The trio subsequently returned to the Avenue Lounge, where their indefinite contract was accepted and filed on July 16, 1953, and in October 1953 Wynne rejoined the group. DeJohnette planned to start "new recording company" that would record them (we're getting this from the Chicago Defender of October 1, 1953), but nothing happened on the recording front and the group's run at the Avenue soon came to an end. In the mid-1950s Cooper could be found playing such nightspots as the 411 Lounge, the Strand Lounge, and the Kitty Kat Club. His trio was working on the North Side at the Club Laurel (1733 West Lawrence) in March 1955 when he made one more session as a leader, for Jimmie Davis's Club 51 label. Added in the studio were Harold Ashby on tenor sax and James Slaughter on drums. Cooper's pianistics had changed by this time, but his vocals were still firmly modeled after King Cole. Cooper then accompanied blues singer and guitarist Rudy Greene, singer Bobbie James, and the vocal group The Four Buddies on two more 1955 sessions for Club 51; these would be his last known recordings. In later years he moved to Elgin, Illinois, about 30 miles west of Chicago, and played regularly in the lounges in Elgin and other towns along the Fox River. Prince Cooper died in Elgin on January 4, 1998. From the collection of Tom Kelly From the Big Joe Louis collection It appears that three of the December sessions (Prince Cooper, Sunnyland Slim-Muddy Waters, and Clarence Samuels) also took place back-to-back. Like Prince Cooper and Clarence Samuels, Sunnyland Slim and Muddy Waters were back for a second session in December, which would be Muddy's breakthrough. Sunnyland Slim, on the other hand, became expendable. He would appear on the Nighthawks and St. Louis Jimmy sessions from 1948, but would not be invited back as a leader. Many sources have placed this session in April 1948, after Muddy's first single had been released on Aristocrat 1302. Some haven't even noticed a link between Slim's sides and Muddy's. In fact, the evidence of the matrix numbers puts the session firmly in December 1947. That in turn means that Sammy Goldberg (who was with the company through the end of year) actually thought pretty well of Muddy, and persuaded the Aristocrat management to take another chance on him, because they recorded him for a second time before they had released anything on him. But it also makes clear once again that they weren't rushing anything out; in fact, the company would release Slim's single, on Aristocrat 1304, a month before Muddy's, on Aristocrat 1305. Muddy Waters' breakthrough single; autograph added in St. Louis in 1959. From the collection of Tom Kelly. The full band on the session included bassist Big Crawford and alto saxophonist Alex Atkins. (At the time Atkins was a regular member of Memphis Slim's House Rockers, recording multiple sessions with them for Miracle ). The first two numbers were sung by Sunnyland Slim with the full band. Then Muddy took over for two of his own with the full band, "Good Lookin' Woman" and "Mean Disposition." All indications are that these sides were originally intended to hit the stores on Aristocrat 1303. But in a bid for a more down-home sound, Muddy cut two more at the end of the session, with just his vocals and guitar and Crawford's string-popping bass. "I Can't Be Satisfied" was actually a remake of one of his 1941 recordings for the Library of Congress (the first version was titled "I Be's Troubled"). We don't know whether Muddy suggested this, or somebody in the recording booth did. What we do know is that in June 1948, the company decided to release "I Can't Be Satisfied" and "I Feel like Going Home" on Aristocrat 1305, and the 78 was an immediate hit on the South Side. The full-band sides were a lot closer to the way Muddy sounded in a club back then, but they were put away, not to be unearthed for another 30 years. From the collection of Tom Kelly As so often happens, the real story is more interesting than the legends that grew up to encrust the event. After leaving Aristocrat, Sunnyland Slim would record prolifically for many years. That same December as record labels were stocking up for the recording ban, Slim did a second session for Hy-Tone and a session for RCA Victor, using the pseudonym Doctor Clayton's Buddy. Later he recorded for such labels as Opera (later reissued on Chance ), Mercury Tempo-Tone , Apollo, JOB , his own Sunny label, Regal, Mercury again, Blue Lake , Club 51 , Cobra, LaSalle, and Miss. In 1960, he made an LP for Prestige; he appeared on many revivalist blues labels thereafter. In his later years, he was revered as an elder statesman of the Chicago blues. Sunnyland Slim died in Chicago on 17 March 1995. During its first year of operation, Aristocrat was a long way from being a "Chicago blues" label. The only music to fit that description came out of the two Sunnyland Slim/Muddy Waters sessions, in September and December. Between them, they were responsible for just 10 sides out of the 135 that the label recorded or acquired. From the Big Joe Louis collection Lee Monti came back in December for a fourth session. Obviously, someone kept buying his records, because no one else on the company roster rated more than 3 sessions as a leader in 1947. And the Tu Tones cut another 6 sides this time. Indeed, when the company rolled out the first release from this session, "Pin Up Polka," Aristocrat 508, it was considered worthy of a full-page ad in Cash Box (March 6, 1948). Besides a studio photo of the band, the ad included a shot of "Myra Keck, A Thornton Pin-Up," and endorsements from 6 disc jockeys—all, of course, from radio stations with White audiences. Lee Monti does a show at the State-Lake Theater. From the Chicago Daily Tribune, March 11, 1948, p. A6. Not long after the ad, Monti was working a high-profile gig at the State-Lake Theater. As it was described in the Chicago Daily Tribune (March 21, 1948, p. F13), the show was headlined by Chicago native Mel Tormé, already known as the "velvet fog." Several prominent DJs appeared in the show, along with Ella Fitzgerald, saxophonist Herbie Fields and his jazz quintet, and "Lee Monti's accordian [sic] quartet," as well as the house orchestra under Henry Brandon's direction. In all, Lee Monti enjoyed 9 releases on Aristocrat (10 if 507 ever saw the light of day, as we think is likely). But he was finished recording for the company, and his releases ended with Aristocrat 510, which came out in November 1948. We suspect his market was seen as regional rather than national, and he no longer fit the direction that Leonard Chess wanted to take. However, James Martin, who had been Aristocrat's Chicago distributor for white record buyers, knew how much demand there was for Monti and the Tu Tones. When he started a new company called Sharp to cater to regional demand (it officially opened on May 1, 1949), the Tu-Tones were one of the first four acts he signed (Billboard, April 30, 1949, p. 17). A few months later, Sharp made a deal with London, a label with far wider distribution, so many of Monti's sides appeared on it, and in 1953 Sharp made a comparable deal with MGM. Monti's last known record was a 45-rpm single done in 1959 for the Wedgwood label. From the collection of Tom Kelly Clarence Samuels returned to Aristocrat for a second session in December. We are sure of this because the session by country guitarist Dick Hiorns, which obviously took place before the end of 1947, carries even higher matrix numbers in the U7000 series. (We will also see how Aristocrat went to tremendous lengths to hide the origins of 6 masters that really were recorded while the ban was still being strictly enforced in Chicago.) By this time, Aristocrat was no longer using Dave Young's Ritz Lounge band, and Tom Archia was out of town, so Samuels was accompanied by a band led by alto saxophonist Porter Kilbert. Kilbert's name was occasionally mangled by record companies; on this occasion it came out as "Kilmer." Porter Kilbert almost certainly knew Clarence Samuels from back home. After all, he was born in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, on June 10, 1921. He attended Southern University in his home town, but was lured away in September 1942, when he replaced Preston Love as lead alto saxophonist in the celebrated Nat Towles band. From 1943 to 1945, he was a member of Benny Carter's band; in 1945 he was briefly a member of Roy Eldridge's band. He joined Red Saunders' combo in September 1946 while that ensemble was (very unusually) working in New York City; at the time of these recordings, he was the lead alto in Saunders ' big show band at the Club DeLisa. His band sounds to us like Red's celebrated saxophone section accompanied by his rhythm section. At the time Red was carrying four saxes (Kilbert on alto; McKinley Easton on alto and baritone; Everett Gaines on tenor sax; and Leon Washington on tenor) and the section work sounds like those four with Easton restricted to alto. As a Benny Carter alumnus, Kilbert might have been drawn to the ensemble sound of two altos and two tenors... Unfortunately, the drums are not well recorded, but the safest guess is that Red was present, along with his regular pianist and bassist, Earl Washington and Jimmy Richardson. Porter Kilbert would remain with the Saunders band until January 1952, when he left the Club DeLisa to form his own combo. His Hodges-style alto sax can be heard on many of the recordings that Saunders made during the period. In the summer of 1954, Kilbert worked in a Horace Henderson big band that had the good fortune to be recorded. In November 1954, he recorded four sides for Vee-Jay in a bop quintet led by bassist Dave Shipp; on these Kilbert played a much more modern sounding tenor sax. In 1955 and 1956, he could often be found at the C&C Lounge where a "battle of the saxes" format prevailed; Tom Archia was his regular dueling partner. During 1956 and 1957, he served as the house bandleader at Roberts Show Lounge for several stretches; after being displaced by his old employer Red Saunders' band in 1958, Kilbert's crew played weekends at Cadillac Bob's Budland during the latter part of 1958 and the beginning of 1959. Kilbert's only other recording as a leader would be a single done for Ping in 1957 featuring an excellent mid-size ensemble playing arrangements by Hobart Dotson; by now his alto work showed a pronounced Charlie Parker influence. Kilbert picked up a few opportunities to record on blues sessions (he played tenor sax on these), then in the summer of 1960 he went on a tour of Europe in a big band led by Quincy Jones (he played alto in the Jones band, getting little solo space because he was sitting next to Phil Woods). Porter Kilbert suffered a stroke and died in Chicago on October 23, 1960. From the collection of Tom Kelly When interviewed by Dan Kochakian in Blues & Rhythm in 2002, Samuels claimed that Howard McGhee and Charlie Parker were on his session with the Kilbert band, but their names could not be used for contractual reasons. While Howard McGhee was in Chicago in the second half of December 1947, recording for Vitacoustic , no trumpet is audible on Samuels' two released sides with the Kilbert band. And if Charlie Parker was on hand, why wasn't he asked to solo? Samuels also said the session took place in 1948, a lesser inaccuracy. What Samuels actually did in 1948 was rejoin Sammy Goldberg and move to the West Coast to cut two singles for Down Beat (which later became Swing Time). The recordings he made for Down Beat in Los Angeles were "black market," because the Musicians Union ban was still in effect at the time. Subsequently Samuels made sessions for Freedom (1949), DeLuxe (1949), Lamp (1954), Excello (1956), Apt (1958), and Sharon (1966). His biggest seller was "Chicken Hearted Woman" for Excello, which featured Johnny Copeland's "chicken sounds" on the guitar. Samuels retired from the music business during the 1970s and 1980s, but resumed his career in New Orleans in the mid-1990s. He died in New Orleans on 20 May 2002. Sources on Clarence Samuels: Dan Kochakian, "The Legend Returns to New Orleans: The Clarence Samuels Story," Blues & Rhythm: The Gospel Truth 166 (February 2002): 4-9; Jeff Hannusch, "Clarence Samuels" [obit], Juke Blues 51 (Summer 2002): 57-58. From the collection of Tom Kelly The addition of Dick Hiorns' "Western Combo" was reported in Billboard on January 17, 1948, though the leader's name was misspelled "Hirons". A copy of Aristocrat 2101, on which the artist's name is spelled correctly, turned up in Tom Kelly's collection, and several others have since been located. Aristocrat 2101 is an important discovery, discographically, because it proves that items as high in the matrix numbers series as 7126 were recorded before the end of 1947. A lineup of steel guitar, accordion, guitar, and string bass, and titles like "They're Burning Down the House I Was Brung Up In" leave no doubt as to the orientation of the music, though Hiorns' guitar work tells us that he'd been listening to his Django records. An even more recent discovery is Hiorns' second and less common release, on Aristocrat 2102, which contains the other two titles from his session; this was brought to our attention by Dave Sax. From the collection of Dave Sax Richard E. Hiorns was born in Chicago (some sources say Mount Greenwood, Illinois) on January 29, 1922. He played guitar and mandolin. In the early 1950s, Hiorns moved to Wausau, Wisconsin, where he owned a bar and continued to work as a musician. According to Gary Myers, author of Do You Hear That Beat — Wisconsin Pop/Rock in the 50's and 60's,, Hiorns released several other records after making his two 78s for Aristocrat. In 1954 he cut a single for a tiny Wisconsin-based label called Potter; Potter 1006 was credited to Dick Hiorns (vocal) and Bob Martins [sic] Blue Bonnet Buckaroos. From the collection of Dave Sax Following the trend as rockabilly broke out, Hiorns made a rockabilly single with a band called Jimmy Sun and the Radiants. In 1961 they recorded an excellent version of Hank Snow's "I'm Movin' On," which appeared on Cuca J. 1047 (Cuca was based in Sauk City, Wisconsin). Hiorns also worked at various times worked with Spade Cooley and Larry Lee Phillipson. In his later years, Hiorns often worked in California and was billed as a Nashville recording artist. Dick Hiorns died in Yucaipa, California on February 28, 2002. (We got our information on his birth and death from the Social Security Death Index and a published obituary.) From the collection of Tom Kelly The most prolific artists for the label in number of releases, were Lee Monti, Tom Archia , and Andrew Tibbs. Archia kept pulling them in nightly at the Macomba; Tibbs was expected to do great things, and was the best seller for the label before Muddy Waters began to hit. It is worth noting that in a thank-you to distributors that ran in Cash Box on December 25, 1948, Aristocrat listed two in Chicago: James H. Martin ("white records only") and Aristocrat Distributing Company ("race only"). Their distributors in other cities did not adhere to such a segregated arrangement. But then, maybe Sherman Hayes and Lee Monti were not expected to sell outside the immediate vicinity of Chicago. There was lots of R&B of the sort then popular at the Macomba and other small clubs (Jump Jackson, Tom Archia, Dr. Jo Jo Adams, Clarence Samuels, Andrew Tibbs, and Jimmy Bell). But lounge ballads were also on offer (Jump Jackson again, Duke Groner, Sax Mallard), a little gospel was to be had (the Seven Melody Men) and Prince Cooper did a pretty fair Nat King Cole emulation. Finally, Tom Archia and Sax Mallard both played some unadulterated jazz. Aristocrat in its first year is best described as an eclectic label. Maybe they didn't record classical, or Cajun fiddling, or corridas. But they tried nearly everything else. No fewer than twenty-one artist series in their peculiar numbering system (101 through 2101) were launched with recordings made in 1947. Given Aristocrat's finances, 1947 must have been a nail-biter. Had the recordings made that year not sold well enough to cover expenses, the label would have sunk like a stone. Assuming that there was a track for each matrix number in the series, just 27 sides out of 136—or 20% of the total recorded—were left unissued. The List The U7000 series is used as the framework for this discography; UB 9000 items are inserted in their approximate chronological locations. Therefore, sessions for Aristocrat appear roughly in order by recording date. Matrix numbers that have been verified from actual Aristocrat 78s (or from later Chess singles) are indicated in bold. Many Aristocrat matrix numbers are followed by an R in the wax (some even show a 1R or 2R). These seem to indicate a remastering job (or,specifically, a first or second remastering) and, being rather common and not otherwise informative, are not included here. The purchased material was sometimes acquired by Aristocrat well after it was recorded (and, in one case, after it had been issued on another label). Since purchased material does not always bear U matrix numbers, we have slotted it in around the estimated date of the purchase (which we presume was not too long before its first release). The source for each purchased session is indicated, where known, in square brackets after the matrix number. For items not initially released on Aristocrat, first releases are shown in parentheses. The Chess numbering series began in June 1950 with Chess 1425; Chess releases from June through September 1950, immediately after the transition, are given dates in parentheses. Sessions recorded or purchased for Aristocrat: 1947 Matrix Above 1949 By the end of 1948, Aristocrat could boast of three "Great Hits" (which the label celebrated in a Christmas Day advertisement in Cash Box). These were Aristocrat 1305, by Muddy Waters; Aristocrat 1103, "I Feel like Crying" by Andrew Tibbs; "And the Outstanding HIT of This Season," Aristocrat 606, "Swinging for Christmas" by Tom Archia. OK, the last was more wish than reality—but the first two were genuine. As the year opened, the label wanted it known who was on its roster. A brief item in the Chicago Defender threw together acts long associated with the company (Muddy Waters, Andrew Tibbs, Tom Archia, Dr. Jo Jo Adams, Sax Mallard, and Prince Cooper), with those who had recorded in 1948 and were just now being mentioned (Forest City Joe, Skeets Van, and the Dozier Boys). Aspirationally, the blurb mentioned Claude McLin, who was indeed about to record for Aristocrat, and Tiny Davis and the Kats on the Kick, who so far as we know never did ("Aristocrt [sic] Signs Stars," January 22, 1949, p. 16). Among the jazz contingent, Gene Ammons made as many as 8 tracks, on his own and backing singers. There is no longer any doubt of the central role that Leonard Chess was playing at Aristocrat. He had arranged for Ammons to headline at the Macomba Lounge during the month of February, while Tom Archia worked Ammons' usual precinct over at the Congo Club—and the session was cut on February 28. Although Jug was still under contract to Mercury—in fact, had just done a session for Mercury on February 5—Aristocrat took the risk of mentioning him on the label, albeit as a sideman and not the leader. He is credited as a featured player on the Christine Chatman single, Aristocrat 8001. The two instrumentals, which came out on Aristocrat AR-711, were packaged as the "Three O'Clock Jam Session," with all of the participants named on the label (though guitarist Leo Blevins' name was misspelled "Blivers"). This would be the third and last Aristocrat to list all of the musicians on the label (the other two were by the Five Blazes, way back at the beginning of the company's history). Two more vocal sides would eventually be issued under Ammons' name, but only after the company's name changed in June 1950. From the collection of Armin Büttner The Ammons/Chatman session is the only studio outing by the legendary Chicago drummer Ike Day, who had previously appeared on the live sessions that Al Benson recorded during the first half of 1948. "Once in a While" and "Stuffy" are straightahead jazz (the latter an uptempo bop number that gives Day the most exposure). "Hey Mr. Freddy" is peppy R&B, while "Do You Really Mean It" approximates a lounge trio, with tenor, piano, and guitar; the bass and drums are nearly inaudible. Day lays out completely on the similarly lounge-oriented "Bless You." "Bless You" was the work of Mary Frances Graham, who may have been from Jackson, Tennesse. In a brief piece (datelined to that Tennessee town), the Chicago Defender announced that the label had signed "the little girl who made critics rave when she played a limited engagement at Club Harlem, Alantic City, last summer" ("Aristocrat Signs Graham," February 19, 1949, p. 15). At some point, the company lost its enthusiasm for the singer, whose only released side came out after it changed its name. A track that waited a mere 54 years to see reissue. From the collection of Robert L. Campbell Christine Chatman featured on accordion with her band, mid-1940s. From the collection of Dan Kochakian. The session is also the only Aristocrat recording to feature Christine Chatman, a pianist and singer who came from Indiana. (She also played accordion, an instrument that doesn't show up on any of her recordings so far as we know). For a time, she led a 7-piece band out of Indianapolis (two trumpets, two saxes, piano/accordion, bass, and drums); it was heavily promoted by the Ferguson brothers, on an early version of what became known as the chitlin' circuit. She recorded four numbers with a 6-piece ensemble for Decca in New York City in April 1944. On the first release, one side was titled "Naptown Boogie"; the other, "Hurry Hurry," was the recording debut of Big Maybelle, who had been singing in her band. Decca held back the other two sides for more than 5 years. Chatman spent a couple of months in Chicago later in the year, playing the DuSable Lounge (her contract for 2 weeks there, with options, was filed by Local 208 on November 2, 1944), then moving on in December to Club El Fay (indefinite contract filed December 21). But she promptly got into some kind of beef with Local 208 (probably involving failure to pay members of her band) and on January 4, 1945, she was booted out: Member Christine Chatman failed to appear as notified to show cause why she should not be penalized for violation of Sec. XI, C-1 of the Local By-Laws. Accordingly, she lost her case by default. ON MOTION, THE BOARD RULED THAT MEMBER CHRISTINE CHATMAN'S PARTIAL MEMBERSHIP SHALL BE TERMINATED, AND HER ENTIRE INDEBTEDNESS TO LOCAL 208 AND ITS MEMBERS SHALL BE HELD AGAINST HER. (Local 25, A. F. of M. to be so notified) Local 25 was based in Terre Haute, Indiana. The tenor saxophone soloist in Christine Chatman's band. She is seated at the piano, back right. From the collection of Dan Kochakian. Christine Chatman is the vocalist on "Hey Mr. Freddy," "When Your Hair Has Turned to Silver" and "Do You Really Mean It." Because she was mentioned on the labels to Aristocrat AR-711, discographers have often put her on other sessions that Gene Ammons did for the label—even on some of Tom Archia 's. These were all the work of other pianists. In fact, there is no reason to think that Christine Chatman was in Chicago when they were done. After getting kicked out of Local 208, she had little reason to spend time there. A Christine Chatman recording from her Los Angeles days. From the collection of John Tefteller and Blues Images ( http://www.bluesimages.com ). At some point in the early 1950s, Christine Chatman moved to Los Angeles. She appeared on a single in 1954 ("Run Gal Run" b/w "Wino's Lament") on the Million Dollar label, as the featured vocalist with Peppy Prince and his Orchestra. In 1955, she played piano and organ on an Oscar McLollie single ("Convicted" b/w "Roll Hot Rod Roll") for the Modern label. And around this time, she recorded "All by Myself" (her composition) and "Who Put the Lights Out" with the Peppy Prince Orchestra for A Personality Pre-Release; Little Willie Jackson also sang on the record. She is also said to have played on a studio session by Hank Ballard and the Midnighters for King. We lose track of Christine Chatman after that. (Our thanks to Bob Eagle for information about this woefully underdocumented artist.) Because the Aristocrat and Chess masters were so poorly organized, no one realized for years that the Christine Chatman sides came from the same session as "Stuffy" and "Once in a While"—or even that they had been released. They were first included in a reissue package in 2003, when Classics put them on the second volume of its chronological Gene Ammons series. Shortly after completing this session, Gene Ammons joined Woody Herman's big band as a featured soloist, spending most of the period between March and September on the road. On returning to Chicago, he did his last 4 sides for Mercury on October 4, 1949. He would return to Aristocrat in January 1950 after his Mercury contract expired. Leonard Chess continued his tenor saxophonist exchange program for another round, bringing Claude McLin in to headline at the Macomba in the second half of March. McLin would have been well known to him because he had enjoyed a long run at Ciro's Theater Lounge and made frequent appearances at the Macomba's jam sessions. A session was scheduled for March 22, on which McLin backed singer and pianist Laura Rucker; the group was rounded out with McLin's regular sidemen: guitarist Rudy Mason, bassist Walter Spratley and drummer James King. (McLin would return to record as a leader for the Chess label, cutting three more sessions in 1950 and 1951.) From the collection of Tom Kelly Born at a date unknown to us (our guess is just before 1910), Laura Rucker may have been from Kansas City originally; reportedly she worked there with trumpet player Big Ed Lewis in 1926. Her first recordings were made for Paramount in Grafton, Wisconsin, in 1931; she sang "St. Louis Blues" and "Little Joe" while pianist Cassino Simpson accompanied her (both of these sides were reissued on John Steiner's S D label in the mid-1940s). She cut three more blues for Paramount around the same time: a duet with Emmet Mathews, a duet with Blind Blake, and a duet with "George Ramsey" (generally though to be Georgia Tom Dorsey). By this time, she appears to have been based in Chicago. She next recorded in Chicago as a leader for Vocalion (1935) and Decca (1936). These were small-group jazz sides on which she played piano. In fact her 1935 version of "I'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter" went unreleased at the time, probably because she was emulating Fats Waller too fervently. One of her specialties during the mid-1930s, a perky number called "Something's Wrong"—"If there's too much tenor in his talk, something's wrong"—would not sit well with gay activists today. In 1939 Laura Rucker also made an appearance on Bluebird as a vocalist with the Earl Hines band. In 1934, Rucker played the 65 Club (65 East Garfield). From 1935 to 1940 she was a regular at Warren Larue's New Deal Tavern (located at Garfield and the "L"), getting frequent exposure in the Defender. The March 18, 1939 issue, for example, ran a photo (she was a rather regal looking lady) and reported on her engagement at LaRue's, saying she was known for her renditions of "I Can Get along Very Well without You" and "Deep Purple." Many of the items advertised her willingness to play and sing requests of the popular songs of the day. In 1940-41 she performed at the New Harlem Café (350 East 51st). During the war years, Rucker often got work in Loop nighteries. On January 15, 1942, her contract with Tin Pan Alley was accepted and filed by Musicians Union Local 208. On February 5, her contract was posted with entrepreneur Sam Beer (we're not sure which club he operated). On July 2, 1942 she filed another "indefinite" contract with Tin Pan Alley. On September 16, 1943, her "indefinite" contract with the 2530 Club was accepted and filed. On October 21, 1943, her contract with Tin Pan Alley was posted by Local 208. On June 1, 1944, her contract with the Three Deuces (407 South Wabash) was accepted and filed. This Week in Chicago, an entertainment guide aimed at White audiences and focused on entertainment in the Loop, mentions Laura Rucker ("Decca's Sensational Recording Artist") in its December 9, 1944 issue; she was still resident at the Three Deuces. Peggy Lee said she used to go listen to Rucker sing with drummer Baby Dodds on Rush Street, claiming she got her style for Cole Porter's "Let's Do It" from Rucker. On January 3, 1946, Rucker filed an indefinite contract with Tin Pan Alley under a married name, Laura Rucker Wills. From 1946 through 1949 Rucker continued to work Chicago nighteries regularly. Not too long after her Aristocrat session she was playing the No. 10 at Madison and Crawford ("Chicago Band Briefs," Down Beat, July 1, 1949, p. 4). The numbers she sang for Aristocrat—two ballads (one of them her own composition) and two blues—-we assume were typical of her repertoire during the period. She was in good form vocally on her own composition, "I Need You When," but the song is of indifferent quality, and Claude McLin did not play on it. "Again" is a better-written sentimental ballad on which McLin's sensitive accompaniment complements her singing. "Cryin' the Blues" is suavely sung and well played by the entire band, inlcuding Rucker herself; Aristocrat may have passed on releasing it because it was deemed old-fashioned in style. Laura Rucker did not record again for Aristocrat—or for any other label, so far as we know. She continued to be active on the Chicago scene during the first half of the 1950s; we don't know what happened to her after that. From the collection of Tom Kelly Claude McLin was born Claude Johnson McLin Jr. in Chicago, on December 27, 1925; he attended DuSable High School, gradating in August 1944. In April 1944, he played in a Chicago-area "baby band," led by Levi Sayles and probably sponsored by Captain Walter Dyett; he sat next to an even younger tenor saxophonist named Johnny Griffin. On graduating from high school, he was inducted into the Army. On returning to Chicago in late July 1946, he picked up occasional work in the clubs and a regular spot on the Sunday matinee dances that McKie Fitzhugh was promoting at the Pershing Ballroom. On several occasions, these would put him on the same bill as his idol Lester Young. He also got regular publicity in the Defender for his tenor battles with Gene Ammons, Von Freeman, Tom Archia, Johnny Griffin, Jay Peters, and others. Beginning in February 1947, he also picked up regular club gigs, at places like Jimmy's Palm Garden and the Hollywood Lounge. From June through December 1947, Claude McLin and his 2 Kings and a Queen, with Wanda Chevonry, piano, Walter Spratley, bass, and James King, drums, were in residence at Ciro's Theater Bar, 820 East 39th Street. McLin sat in frequently at the Macomba Lounge during this period, which is probably when he came to the attention of Leonard Chess. In January 1948, McLin's combo worked the New Savoy Ballroom, moving to George's Cocktail Loung and then back to Ciro's in February. At some point during the spring, he was probably included in some of the live tracks from the Pershing Ballroom that Al Benson taped and later sold to Aristocrat—but the tenor soloing on these was all by Tom Archia and Gene Ammons. During the remainder of the year, he worked at El Casino, the Quality Lounge, the Q Lounge, the H&A Lounge, and Leo's Lounge. When Wanda Shevonry left town to attend college, her replacement was Wild Bill Davis. In March 1949, Leonard Chess brought Claude McLin into the Macomba for two weeks before Tom Archia returned from working the Congo Club. The recording session took place not long after McLin started at the Macomba (his last day there was April 3). In May, McLin's combo was at the Boulevard Lounge, and from June through November 1949 his quartet (with Clarence "Sleepy" Anderson on piano and Gene Wright on bass for part of the run) was in residence at El Morocco Lounge, another establishment in the immediate neighborhood of the Macomba. McLin would run into trouble finding work in 1950 (outside of the ongoing Sunday matinees at the Pershing Ballroom), and a Parkway session that he did behind trombonist Bennie Green was shelved. But Leonard Chess remembered him and brought him back for three sessions as a leader on the new Chess label. The July 1950 session produced a hit version of "Mona Lisa"; it was followed up in November 1950 and August 1951. Claude McLin was also caught on a fan's tape recorder when he and members of Von Freeman's combo accompanied Charlie Parker at a Pershing Ballroom concert in October 1950; the tracks were later issued on Savoy. But work in the clubs dried up in 1951, and around the beginning of 1952, Claude McLin and his wife Jacqueline (who was expecting their first child) packed up the family car and drove to Los Angeles. In LA, he became quite prosperous as a working musician, adopting a growl on his instrument that was useful for R&B work, and taking up the organ trio format in 1956 or 1957; he also made eight 45 rpm singles as a leader for small labels, including a couple that he owned a share in. But after 1965, his musical career evaporated and he went to work for Avis Rent-a-Car, driving a bus at the Los Angeles Airport. Suffering from heart disease, he retired from Avis in 1993 or 1994 and died in Los Angeles on July 21, 1995. Working with an extremely tight advertising budget, Aristocrat nonetheless placed an advertisement in the Pittsburgh Courier for March 26, 1949. Perhaps expanded distribution was in the offing. The ad gives a fair sense of what the company deemed important at this point in its development—except it mentions Sunnyland Slim but not Muddy Waters. Sherman Hayes is nowhere to be seen, nor are any gospel acts. A rare newspaper advertisement for Aristocrat, Pittsburgh Courier, March 26, 1949, p. A3. From the collection of Tom Kelly St. Louis Jimmy was born James Burke Oden, June 26, 1903, in Nashville, Tennessee. He moved to St. Louis in 1917, where he performed and picked up his name. He arrived in Chicago in 1932 along with Roosevelt Sykes, who accompanied him on many of his earlier records. Oden recorded regularly during the 1930s and 1940s, scoring a big blues hit with "Going Down Slow" for Bluebird in 1941. Although he played piano himself, Oden usually just sang on his records, leaving the keyboard chores to more proficient performers. After World War II he began appearing on sessions with Sunnyland Slim. Probably in December 1947, he made two sides on a Slim session for Hy-Tone ; when it became clear that Hy-Tone wasn't going to release them, he took them to Joe Brown's Opera label. Probably in the early fall of 1948, he cut two sides at United Broadcasting Studios for Miracle , using a band that included tenor saxophonist Eddie Chamblee and his old friend Roosevelt Sykes. A few weeks later, he returned to the studio for Miracle with a Sunnyland Slim-led ensemble that included Muddy Waters on guitar, Oliver Alcorn on tenor sax, and Big Crawford on bass. Muddy's stinging slide guitar can be hearly prominently on "So Nice and Kind" and "Florida Hurricane." Leonard Chess and Evelyn Aron were consequently motivated to buy at least these two sides and put them out on Aristocrat 7001—and to bill the band as "Muddy Waters and His Blues Combo." What happened to the other two tracks from this session (those would be UB 9291 and 9292) remains a mystery. From the collection of Tom Kelly Not long after his Aristocrat sides were released, St. Louis Jimmy became Joe Brown's business partner in launching the new JOB label. He recorded a session in August 1949 with another Sunnyland Slim-led combo (this time, Sam Casimir was the guitarist); after one JOB release that got no distribution, most of the session was unloaded to Apollo. St. Louis Jimmy apparently dumped his share in JOB in 1950 and did not share in that operation's subsequent ups and downs. Mercury, Regal, and Savoy also put out material that he had recorded in 1948 and 1949. St. Louis Jimmy recorded for Duke around 1953. His last commercial single was done for Parrot in 1956, with a Red Saunders unit. But as the blues revival picked up he recorded for Bluesville, Delmark, and Spivey, also making a memorable guest appearance on a 1960 Otis Spann album for Candid. During his declining years, St. Louis Jimmy lived in the basement of Muddy Waters' house; he died in 1977. In the spring of 1949, Leonard Chess and Evelyn Aron decided to get back into gospel music (which up to now had been represented only by the Seven Melody Men). They acquired two sides by the Blue Jay Singers, then followed with new sessions by the Reverend Gatemouth Moore and the Norfolk Singers. Gospel historian Doug Seroff has described the six 1946 recordings by the Famous Blue Jay Singers—featuring the switch-off leads of Silas Steele and Charles Bridges—as the work of "the most powerful quartet that ever recorded." The sides were recorded in Chicago under the auspices of J. Mayo Williams, who had been a legendary talent scout for Paramount and later for Decca. In the mid-40s, Williams was still finding and recording talented singers and musicians, but he had no longer had a sense of what would appeal to most record buyers, and his tiny boutique labels lacked publicity and distribution. Four of the Blue Jay Singers' sides were released on Williams' Harlem label and two on Ivan Ballin's 20th Century label, which was headquartered in Philadelphia. In March 1949, Aristocrat picked up and reissued two of the most compelling sides that had been released on Harlem: "I'm Bound For Canaan Land" and "In the Upper Room." Aristocrat 3500 would be the last 78 to be issued with the original white label. From the collection of Tom Kelly The Famous Blue Jay Singers of Birmingham, Alabama—to use their full name—had a long history. They were formed in 1926 and recorded a multi-day session for the Paramount label in January 1932. At that time the group consisted of Silas Steele (lead), Charles Beal (baritone), Jimmie Hollingsworth (tenor), and Clarence Parnell (bass). They cut twelve sides, but Paramount would shut down a few months later, and the Depression put a serious crimp on recording everywhere. After World War II, Silas Steele augmented his powerful voice by bringing into the group another great veteran lead, commanding baritone Charles Bridges. He was a Birmingham native who had earlier achieved fame as founder and lead of the Birmingham Jubilee Singers, who recorded from 1926 to 1930. After the 1946 session, Steele left the Famous Blue Jay Singers, and Bridges took over. The group subsequently recorded for Sittin' in With (1949), Bluebonnet (1949), Decca (1950), and Trumpet (1952). From the collection of Tom Kelly Gatemouth Moore in his blues singing days. From the Chicago Defender, February 3, 1945, p. 10. From the collection of Tom Kelly Originally a blues shouter, Reverend Gatemouth Moore was born Arnold Dwight Moore, on 8 November 1913, in Topeka, Kansas. When he was in his teens, he moved to Kansas City and sang with the bands of Bennie Moten, Tommy Douglas, and Walter Barnes. He was one of the survivors of the Rhythm Club fire that took place in Natchez, Mississippi, in April 1940 and claimed the lives of more than 150 people, including Barnes and most of his band. He made his first recordings for Kansas City-based Gilmore's Chez Paree label in 1945, which included his signature song, "I Ain't Mad at You Pretty Baby." He then recorded four sessions for National during 1946 1947, three in New York City and one in Chicago. Moore joined King in 1947, and recorded three sessions, the third a marathon done in Chicago at the end of the year to stock up before the recording ban. He performed extensively in Chicago during the late 1940s, with engagements at the Club DeLisa in 1946 and 1947, at the Ritz Show Lounge in 1947, and at the Club DeLisa again in 1948 and 1949. The Reverend Gatemouth Moore as a gospel DJ at WDIA in Memphis. From Color magazine, March 1950; courtesy of Dan Kochakian. Moore brought his blues career to a dramatic end on stage at the Club DeLisa in January 1949, when he switched from "I Ain't Mad at You Pretty Baby" right into a gospel song. (The last Defender ad including him on the bill there appeared on January 8.) A few months later, there was a notice in the May 14 Chicago Defender to the effect that he was now a minister and that week had signed with Aristocrat to record "his favorite gospel songs." By that time he was working as a religious DJ in Memphis. Moore would not record blues again until 1972, when he made an LP for Al Smith on ABC Bluesway. In 1977, he followed up with an LP on Blues Spectrum, done with Johnny Otis. Moore died on 19 May 2004, in Yazoo City, Mississippi. From the collection of Tom Kelly Moore's four sides for Aristocrat bear UB numbers adjacent to those the company used for the Eugene Wright session, which we know was done in December 1948 (it can't have been any later, because the Wright band broke up just before Christmas of that year). But the most plausible date for this session is April 1949. In any event, Rev. Moore would have needed some time to find a church and train a choir. Apparently some of United Broadcasting Studio's UB9000 series numbers were assigned to material recorded in 1948, in such a way as to throw off anyone from the Union who might be looking for sessions conducted while the ban was still on. One of two Aristocrat 409s, by Floyd Smith. From the collection of Tom Kelly There is an anomaly in the latter-day 400 series: two records, both released in February 1950, and both purporting to be Aristocrat 409. One is by guitarist Floyd Smith from a session of June 8, 1949, done by John Coppage at United Broadcasting Studios and later sold to Leonard Chess; the other is by the Dozier Boys , recorded for Aristocrat in December. Meanwhile, there is no Aristocrat 408. So which release was originally intended to bear this number? Floyd Smith was born in St. Louis, on January 25, 1917. Originally a banjoist, he became one of the earliest adopters of the electric guitar and was influenced by Django Reinhardt. He first recorded with the Jeter-Pillars Orchestra in 1937. In 1937 the first electric guitar, the Gibson ES-150, became widely available; Eddie Durham took up the instrument and in turn converted Smith and Charlie Christian. Smith's reputation was made by his debut session with Andy Kirk and His Clouds of Joy, on March 16, 1939. This produced his Decca recording of "Floyd's Guitar Blues", which exhibited slide playing on the Gibson ES-150 electric guitar. Smith continued to work and record regularly with Andy Kirk until the recording ban hit in July 1942. He served in the army during World War II, participating in the D-Day landings and, under less harrowing circumstances, jamming with Django Reinhardt in Paris. On finishing his military service in 1945 he returned to Kirk's band, cutting four more sessions with them between November 27, 1945 and December 2, 1946. He arrived in Chicago with Andy Kirk and His Clouds of Joy in August 1946 (ads ran in the Chicago Defender for Kirk at the Pershing Ballroom on August 29, and for Kirk's "2nd Smash week" at the Band Box. Both prominently mentioned Smith). On December 7, 1946, Floyd Smith opened at the DuSable Circular Bar and Lounge (764 Oakwood Boulevard). The other members of his trio were Bill Huff at the piano and Booker Collins on bass. Hy-Tone took an immediate interest, recording six sides that same month with an expanded unit that included Nat Jones on alto sax and Curtis "Geronimo" Walker on drums. One side was a remake of "Floyd's Guitar Blues" and the other 5 featured vocals by Jo Jo Adams. The trio would continue at the DuSable until July 1950. Smith guested on sessions by Earl Hines for MGM (1948) and Dizzy Gillespie for Capitol (1950); he also recorded for Lyric in 1949 (nothing was released) and appeared on two freelance sessions organized by John Coppage (we don't know what happened to the sides recorded on May 20). In any event, the Floyd Smith 409—two blues by his regular trio (they are said on the label to include vocals by Floyd himself)—didn't circulate much. Even though he held down steady gigs in Chicago in 1949 and 1950, Floyd Smith didn't realize that his sides had been released until somebody told him, in November 1950, that the Chess reissue was being played on the radio. And finding out that his record had been released twice when Coppage had never paid him for doing the session didn't leave him well disposed toward future work with the Chess brothers. Smith's trio held together through the end of the DuSable engagement, and probably beyond; on August 3, 1950, Floyd Smith posted a contract for an indefinite period at Strode's Lounge, and on December 7 he posted a contract for a week at Harry's Lounge. After his trio broke up, Smith recorded in Chicago for Decca (October 1951 and February and April 1952) as a member of a combo led by Horace Henderson; his vocals were featured on some of the sides. He left town in 1952 and toured until 1957 as a member of Wild Bill Davis's highly successful organ trio. After an obscure session for Mark in 1956, he made an valedictory LP in France for Black & Blue in 1972, with Will Bill Davis on organ. Smith died in Indianapolis on March 29, 1982. From the collection of Tom Kelly From the collection of Dr. Robert Stallworth An addition to the company's nightclub R&B roster was a combo called the Duke Jenkins Aristocrats. We have had no success turning up references to this group in the Chicago Defender—for the excellent reason that they were from out of town, and never performed on the South or West Side. It looks as though they worked in Chicago for a total of 5 or 6 months in 1949. On June 2, 1949, Musicians Union Local 208 accepted and filed Duke Jenkins' contract for 2 weeks at the Argyle Show Lounge. His band was first mentioned in Pat Harris's "Chicago Band Briefs" column on July 1, 1949: "Duke Jenkins' six making the Argyle jump" (Down Beat, July 1, 1949, p. 4). Two weeks later they rated more detail from Harris, who was not terribly fond of R&B (Down Beat, July 15, 1949, p. 4): Duke Jenkins' six-piecer from Canton, Ohio, recently stirring things at the Argyle. Lots of sound and movement, not much meaning. Canton cats are Leroy Clark, trumpet; Waymon Atkinson, tenor; Freddie Jenkins, alto; William Evans, drums; Wallick Dean, bass; and Jenkins, piano. Made their first records, for Aristocrat, in Chicago. Some sources add that Duke Jenkins' given name was Earl, and that Duke and Freddie were brothers. From the collection of Dr. Robert Stallworth The one Aristocrat side that we have heard, "Baby I'm Sick of You," is a slick, snarky parody of King Cole, sung by the leader. Freddie Jenkins takes a well-groomed alto sax solo in the Louis Jordan manner. The flip was a "Jenkins adaption" [sic] of "Berceuse." In any event, nightclub patrons liked what Duke Jenkins was up to, because on July 7, he posted a 4-week contract with the Brass Rail, a prominent spot in the Loop, and on September 1, the same club held him over with an "indefinite" contract. On November 3, 1949, he posted a contract for 4 weeks "with mutual options" with a joint called the Midnight Sun. After that, Jenkins drops off the Local 208 contract lists, never to return. He worked regularly in Cleveland, which yielded few recording opportunities, but did record in Chicago on one further occasion: Duke Jenkins would be responsible for two releases on the Cobra label that were recorded in 1956. We formerly placed the Duke Jenkins session in April 1949, but there is no evidence that his group was in town before the end of May. And the next items with matrix numbers in the U7000 series and a firm recording date come from the Nighthawks' session of July 12, 1949. What's more, the group was mentioned in Down Beat on July 1, 1949 but its session for Aristocrat didn't get covered until the next issue, two weeks later. Late June or early July 1949 is our best current estimate. Evelyn Aron had a least a test pressing ready in early August, when she was promoting "Berceuse" to Cash Box's Chicago writer (August 6, 1949, p. 9). Mike Rowe's Chicago Breakdown and Leadbitter and Slaven's second edition (Blues Records 1943-1970 A-K,1987) mention a session by guitarist and vocalist Elijah C. Jones (aka Kid Slim), which were "originally recorded" for Aristocrat but were not released until they appeared on an LP years later. The date given by LS is "c. 1949." However, George Paulus, who owns the acetates from the Kid Slim session and released them on his St. George label, says that they carry no matrix numbers. Most likely, the Kid Slim material was obtained from another source. From the collection of Tom Kelly The company sought to solidify its commitment to gospel music by recording an ensemble called the Norfolk Singers, about whom we unfortunately know nothing. Two sides of theirs, cut at United Broadcasting Studios in July, appeared on Aristocrat 906. From the collection of Tom Kelly From the collection of Tom Kelly Although disappointed in the results of their first session, Leonard Chess and Evelyn Aron knew there was a market for downhome blues. So they brought back the Nighthawks back for a session on July 12. Ernest Lane (piano) and Willie Dixon (bass) provided the accompaniment. When it was done, Robert McCollum (as Local 208 spelled his name) had just settled in at the H&T Tavern (contract for an indefinite period filed on July 7; he probably stayed till October, when he was replaced by John Brim). As far as we know, this was Willie Dixon's first appearance on a recording session for the company. By 1954, Dixon would be occupying an important role at Chess , but in 1949, he was still a member of the Big Three trio, which was under contract to Columbia. One of the sides cut on July 12, "Return Mail Blues," was a remake of a number cut the previous year; so far as we can determine, all releases of the title have used the remake. The best of the five tracks were "Black Angel Blues" and "Anna Lee Blues," both blues classics that feature outstanding slide work; they were released in November on Aristocrat 2301. "Black Angel Blues" reportedly was a good seller. Meanwhile, "She Knows How to Love a Man" offers a sterling example of Robert Nighthawk's picking. From the collection of Tom Kelly With Andy Tibbs, as he was now billed, Aristocrat decided to go for a lounge trio sound. But no lounge trios were still under contract, so on two sides that the company cut in July at United Broadcasting, Tibbs sang with "Leo's Trio," which actually conisted of guitarist Leo Blevins, pianist Bill Searcy, bassist Lowell Pointer, and discreet drummer Andrew Duncan. Searcy and Pointer had been in Tom Archia 's combo at the Macomba Lounge, and Leo Blevins, a frequent guest there, had been on the Jimmie Bell session and the Gene Ammons/Christine Chatman session. Tibbs turns in an elegantly haunting rendition of Leroy Carr's "How Long," almost making it into a Charles Brown number. And what's a lounge trio record without a lounge ballad? Although Tibbs had recorded nothing but blues up to this point, "I Know" demonstrated his skills with one of the better ballad performances that Aristocrat put on wax. Up to now Tibbs had been Aristocrat's best selling artist nationwide, but Muddy Waters was moving up quickly on him. Tibbs would record a final session for the Chess brothers in July 1950, after Aristocrat had morphed into Chess records. He was accompanied by another band led by Sax Mallard . Not long after that, Andrew Tibbs went to Lexington, Kentucky, to be treated for heroin addiction. When he emerged, he had kicked the heroin habit, only to take up the bottle. In subsequent years, Tibbs' opportunities to record became increasingly infrequent. He cut sides for Peacock (1951), Savoy (1951—these are still unissued), Mercury (1951-1952; he was reunited with Sax Mallard on those), Atco (1956, with his older brother Kenneth), and m-Pac! (1965). He remained active in the clubs during the 1950s, usually being billed as the "Crown Prince of the Blues." By the mid-1960s he had moved into a day job in the computer industry, where he remained for the rest of his life, though he still sang at parties and occasional engagements. Tibbs died in Chicago on May 5, 1991. From the collection of Tom Kelly Meanwhile Muddy Waters cut a session later in July, his first out of two on the year. At the time, he was working the Dew Drop Inn (10-week contract posted with Local 208 on July 7). Reverting to the formula employed on his July 1948 session, Leonard Chess recorded Muddy with just his slide guitar and Big Crawford's bass. (Meanwhile, Muddy had made a clandestine appearance in May on the short-lived Tempo-Tone label, on a session that included Little Walter, Jimmy Rogers, and Baby Face Leroy Foster from his working band. The sides were credited to Sunnyland Slim and Muddy did not sing lead on any of them.) Of the four sides, "Little Geneva" (named in honor of Muddy's wife) and "Canary Bird" (which had been in his repertoire since at least 1941) were released on Aristocrat 1311. The other two tracks were held back; eventually Chess decided to redo the titles in late July 1950, with a trio that included Little Walter's harmonica. The 1949 versions would lie unreleased until the 1990s. From the collection of Tom Kelly Here's one reason so little company documentation survives: a fire damaged the Aristocrat offices in August 1949. One wonders whether the perpetrators were really burglars who couldn't crack the safe (the official story) or people the company had gotten on the wrong side of. Chicago was, after all, a mobbed-up town. Leonard Chess could not have operated liquor stores or an after-hours club without having minor-league dealings with organized crime. And the Musicians Union, in keeping with the prevailing mores, was in the habit of sending armed "representatives" to close down non-Union sessions. From the Big Joe Louis collection Courtesy of Han Enderman Aristocrat's fourth and final addition to the gospel roster was the Reverend Sammy Lewis. He was usually billed as Singing Sammy Lewis, though not on the records he made for the label (which misspelled his last name for good measure). Born in 1921, Lewis was a long-time star on Chicago's gospel circuit. As a boy he was a member of the Roberta Martin singers. The session he did for Aristocrat around August 1949 was the first under his own name. Four tracks were cut and two were released on Aristocrat 404, which is quite the rare record today. On two slow, rhapsodic performances, Lewis is accompanied by spare piano; on "God Shall Wipe All Tears" a wordless female background vocal is added. Ruppli's discography was unable to provide details of the other two sides, but an acetate from Universal Recording containing two previously unknown sides by Sammy "Louis" (the same misspelling that Aristocrat used on the label to 404) is now in the Big Joe Louis collection. In April and October 1954 Lewis appeared on two sessions for the growing Vee-Jay operation. In his liner notes to Working the Road: The Golden Age of Chicago Gospel (Delmark), Anthony Heibut points up the influence of Mahalia Jackson in Lewis's singing, with his "bluesy runs and impassioned interjections." His last session, shared with the Lucy Smith Singers, was done for United in June 1956. Sammy Lewis died in 1994. Singing Sammy Lewis. From the Chicago Defender, July 24, 1954. From the Big Joe Louis collection From the collection of George Paulus From the collection of Tom Kelly Aristocrat made a truly inspired A&R decision when it decided to include Little Johnny Jones on Muddy Waters' second session of the year, which took place in September, around the time the Dew Drop Inn decided to hold him over (contract for 2 months posted on September 15). Baby Face Leroy Foster played guitar with his hands and bass drum and hi-hat with his feet; Muddy calls out to him on "Where's My Woman Been." Neither Jimmy Rogers nor Little Walter from Muddy's working group had been invited to record with him in the studio yet. Thanks to Jones' rolling piano, "Screaming and Crying" achieves a tone of gentle nostalgia that Muddy never quite matched on any of his other records. Listening to entire session straight through, as is now possible on The Aristocrat of the Blues, shows a lot of activity on the part of Leonard Chess and the engineer, as the balance among the instruments is shoved around from one number to the next. From the collection of Tom Kelly From the collection of George Paulus Johnny Jones was born on November 1, 1924, in Jackson, Mississippi. He followed the Southern migration to Chicago in 1946, and quickly became ensconced in the blues scene. In the Tampa Red band, he replaced Big Maceo Merriweather, who had suffered a disabling stroke. Backing Tampa Red on all of his subsequent RCA sides, he soon found himself in high demand. His rock-solid piano accompaniment can also be heard on records by Howlin' Wolf and Elmore James (where his work is especially notable); Jones also played a significant role in the success of Big Joe Turner's "TV Mama" session, which was recorded in Chicago with Elmore James and members of the Red Saunders band. Of Jones' solos work, blues maven Bill Dahl has opined, "when he got the chance to sit behind a microphone, Jones' insinuating vocal delivery was equally enthralling." "Big Town Playboy" is the same song that Eddie Taylor later did for Vee-Jay . Jones would subsequently record extraordinary sides for Flair and Atlantic. He died in Chicago on 19 November 1964. From the collection of Tom Kelly The Blues Rockers were an ensemble that consisted of James Watts (vocals), Willie Mabon (piano and vocals), Eddie El and a second electric guitarist, and Earl Dranes (bass). Watts appears to be the lead singer on "Trouble in My Home" while "Times Are Getting Hard" obviously features Willie Mabon. It should be added that "Trouble in My Home" is a legitimate candidate for the notional honor of "first rock-and-roll record." That's quite a feat, considering it was recorded without drums! From the collection of Tom Kelly The Blues Rockers sides were recorded by DJ Al Benson as a free-lance production and later sold to Aristocrat, which assigned the matrix numbers after the fact. Since January 1949, Benson had been the front man for Egmont Sonderling's Old Swing-Master label, but that label's main release series sputtered out in the fall. So the sides may originally have been intended for release on the other label. What's more, Willie Mabon's name appears regularly on the Local 208 contract lists during this period, but most of the time he was working as a single, or with his own trio, so we don't know just when the Blues Rockers were working together in the clubs. Mabon also appeared on a big session in August 1949 that was meant to launch the JOB label (with Sunnyland Slim, St. Louis Jimmy, Jimmy Rogers, and others), but nearly all of it was quickly dealt to Apollo, which didn't bother with Mabon's two sides till 1953, after he had scored a couple of big hits. ("Earley Drane" shows up on the contract list just once, on August 3, 1950, when he filed one for 6 weeks at the Ebony Lounge. But that was after the Blues Rockers already had a release out from their second session—and Willie Mabon had left the group.) Consequently, we can't date the session beyond saying that it took place before the end of 1949. From the collection of Tom Kelly Aristocrat finished up for the year when the Dozier Boys returned to cut 3 tracks in December. They had been pretty successful with club bookings over the past year. They worked the Beige Room a couple of times after the Dukes of Swing left. In March 1949 they were at the Capitol Lounge in the Loop. In October they were back at The Corner Lounge (formerly Martin's Corner) on a bill with Jump Jackson and others. They were probably still working at The Corner when they went into the studio. By this point, the company was no longer hesitant about letting Messrs. Teague, Wiley, Minor, and Cotton accompany themselves; just a session pianist was added, though no one seems to remember who. Two sides were issued on a second Aristocrat 409, which does not appear to have sold well, as copies are very rare today. The unissued side, "Hey Jack," was remade for OKeh when the Doziers made a stop there in 1951. But it did no better under its new title, "Suffer, No Better for You"; neither version would see release. From the collection of George Paulus The Doziers were back at The New Martin's Corner in April 1950; later that month, Cornell Wiley also landed a job playing bass on Al Benson's TV show, which ran for about three months of Saturday nights on WBKB. In August, the group cut two titles for Chess ; after that they were dropped from the roster. They were signed by OKeh when Columbia decided to revive that imprint, but the sides they recorded in 1951 were left in the vault, ironically because some executive thought they sounded "too White." In 1952, however, they were picked up by United . They ended up recording tracks in September 1952 and remaking some of them in January 1953, but in the end the company released two singles featuring overdubbed alto sax work by Tab Smith. The Dozier Boys went through a number of personnel changes, but continued to record for various companies until 1964 (when they issued a single on the WHAC label); the group finally broke up in 1970. In the matrix numbers for 1949 the reader will spot a hiatus from U7190 through U7193, and a slightly bigger one between U7203 and U7208. We still have no idea whether there are unreleased Aristocrat sides bearing those numbers. In late November, Aristocrat made a foray into Saint Louis, attending a battle of the bands in search of talent to sign. An announcement in the Chicago Defender declared that the label was soon to record "Freddie Blott, local blues and jump sensation" with the Ditty Bo Hill combo (the inevitable title: "Aristocrat Inks Blott," December 3, 1949, p. 26). But nothing came of these plans; over the next year, the Chess brothers spent sparingly on trips to the studio. As Barrel House Blott, the vocalist did eventually make one session, for Chance in 1953; he was accompanied by a Tommy Dean combo. Sessions recorded or purchased for Aristocrat: 1949 Matrix December 12, 1949 1950 1950 opened very quietly. Leonard and Phil Chess, who now owned Aristocrat outright, were extremely conservative about booking new recording sessions; just 7 took place during the first half of the year. From the collection of Tom Kelly Although the label hadn't recorded any White pop artists since December 1947, the Chess brothers were sufficiently interested to record two sides by Penny Smith and release them on Aristocrat 410. This extremely rare 78 remained unknown to discography until Tom Kelly turned up a copy. The first Penny Smith session featured two sentimental songs, with syrupy accompaniment by accordion, guitar, and string bass. Who was in the band we do not know. Neither side featured the vocalist to advantage; "Somewhere in a Dream" made her sound girlish. Now that we know who Penny Smith was, and how she may have gotten her opportunity to record for Aristocrat, we are able to make a little more sense of what happened next—the first Aristocrat 410 was withdrawn, and replaced a new Aristocrat 410 with two sides from a session done shortly before Aristocrat changed its name. Penny Smith was the third in a long series stage names employed by Reba Jeanette Smith, who was born on February 1, 1928, in Corbin, Kentucky. In 1948, using the name Reba Penny Smith, she was Miss Plug Horse Derby in Lexington, Kentucky, then placed second in the Miss Kentucky State Fair contest. Going as Debbie Smith, she moved to Nashville and tried to break in as a singer. While doing a radio show there, she met Jim Lounsbury (1923-2006), who had recently become a DJ on WIND in Chicago. She was headed to Chicago to get publicity photos made, and he was flying back in a rented plane, so she hitched a ride with him. Not long after her arrival in Chicago, they were married. It's a reasonable guess that Lounsbury talked the Chess brothers into recording her, but preferred to keep his role quiet. From the collection of Tom Kelly From the Big Joe Louis collection The Chess brothers brought back the Nighthawks for a third and final session on January 5. Accompaniment was provided by Pinetop Perkins (piano) and again by Willie Dixon (bass); Ethel Mae sang on just one side. Aristocrat released two of the four tracks, "Jackson Town Gal" and "Six Three O," on Aristocrat 413, which featured Robert Nighthawk's outstanding singing and slide guitar work. But the single did not sell well enough to keep the Chess brothers interested. During an extended stay in Chicago in 1951 Robert Nighthawk performed at the Quincy Club (Local 208 posted his indefinite contract on March 1) and the famous 708 Club (indefinite contract posted on March 15), then signed with Leonard Allen's brand-new United label. He was one of the participants in the company's opening day recording session on July 12, 1951. After a followup session for United's sister label States, in October 1952, Nighthawk returned to his nomadic ways, wandering the South and for a time hosting the King Biscuit radio show. He resumed recording in 1964, when he cut one single for the English Decca label, as well as live and studio recordings for Testament; the live recordings of his group that were made on the street at the Maxwell Street Market prove that he was still at the height of his powers. His last recording opportunity came just months prior to his death, playing bass on four Houston Stackhouse sides for Arhoolie, in August 1967. Nighthawk died of heart disease on 5 November 1967, in Helena, Arkansas. From the Big Joe Louis collection From the collection of Dr. Robert Stallworth From the collection of Dr. Robert Stallworth On January 8, the Chess brothers got another opportunity to record Gene Ammons— legally this time. His contract with Mercury had expired after a session in the fall. Ammons brought a working band into the studio: Bill Massey (trumpet); Matthew Gee (trombone); Julian "Junior" Mance (piano); LeRoy Jackson (bass); and Wes Landers (drums). Ammons liked the support he got from Jackson and Landers (who had been his session mates on the Tom Archia session of October 1948) so much that in the fall of 1949 he pried them away from the Macomba Lounge. Because Ammons had been working with Woody Herman, the January date took up where his last Mercury date (arranged by Jimmy Mundy) left off. It featured a lot of arrangements. "Pennies from Heaven" was his spotlight with Herman, though it was not recorded commercially while he was in the band. "More Moon" (another bopper's paraphrase of "How High the Moon," due in this case to composer/arranger Shorty Rogers) had been recorded. (For some reason, Aristocrat changed the title to "Full Moon," but still credited Rogers for writing it.) The arrangement stays pretty close to the Herman version, but Bob Porter notes significant differences in the solo. The session was rounded out with two jumps, "Chabootie" and "The Last Mile," which make further prominent use of the horn ensemble. "Chabootie" was composed by Jimmy Mundy, who was responsible for most of the Ammons band's arrangements during this period. Ammons would record it again for Prestige, in a New York session on April 26; on that occasion, the band's manager, Richard Carpenter, would filch the composer credit. Oddly, "The Last Mile" was advertised in Billboard (April 1950) as "Rockin' Rocker." A change of mind obviously took place before the single was released, as we have never seen a label with that title. From the collection of Dr. Robert Stallworth From the collection of Dr. Robert Stallworth From the collection of Tom Kelly Muddy Waters entered the studio in February 1950 to clean up after some moonlighting. He had been involved as a sideman for a session recorded in late January by Monroe Passis and George and Ernie Leaner for their Parkway label. The sessions used his working band with Jimmy Rogers on guitar, Little Walter on harmonica, and Baby Face Leroy Foster on drums; Walter had not recorded with him before. (At the time the band was working the Dew Drop Inn; Muddy filed another indefinite contract with the establishment on January 19). The eight sides released under Baby Face Leroy Foster and Little Walter's names included the extraordinary blues classic, "Rollin' and Tumblin'," which took up both sides of a 78. Though the piece was credited to the Baby Face Leroy Trio, Muddy Waters' guitar could be heard prominently, he was given composer credit, and his voice jumped right out of the primally moaning ensemble. Leonard Chess was not pleased, resolving to kill sales on the Parkway single by releasing a rival vesion. Whatever the motive behind it, the Aristocrat session, which would be the last to use only Big Crawford's bass for accompaniment, was superb. It produced a new two-part "Rollin' and Tumblin'," released on Aristocrat 1412. For the second part, Muddy recycled lyrics from two 1948 sides that Aristocrat had left in the vault: "Kind Hearted Woman" and "Down South Blues." "Rollin' Stone" (on which Muddy starkly performed solo; it would later be the inspiration for a certain English rock group) and "Walkin' Blues" (which harks back to Robert Johnson and Son House) would be paired for Waters' first release on Chess. From the collection of Tom Kelly Muddy Waters stayed with the company after Aristocrat changed its name to Chess in June. In fact, he would become the company's longest-running artist. He outlasted the Chess brothers, who sold their operation to GRT in 1969; outlasted Leonard Chess, who died later that same year; and would still be on the roster when the Chess label quit making new recordings in 1975. The following year he signed with CBS, recording for that corporation's Blue Sky imprint, where Texas blues musician Johnny Winter produced his last four albums. By now the audience for his music had changed decisively: Waters' last gig at a black club took place in 1971. Muddy Waters died on 30 April 1983, in Westmont, Illinois. Until November 2010, there was an unexplained gap in the Aristocrat matrix series for 1950: U7243-U7246, suspciously the right size for a regular recording session. A clue to the missing sides, first pointed out by Dan Kochakian, was contained in a brief item from Billboard (March 4, 1950, p. 22): "Bill Walker and his Swingcats cut four sides for Aristocrat. Walker is the WIND, Chicago, pianist who penned 'Half a Heart.'" Cash Box took a while to catch up, running virtually the same announcement on March 25 (p. 11). From the collection of Robert L. Campbell Bill Walker led a quartet, with a guitarist, a bassist, and a trumpet player (who kept his mute in on the two sides we that were released). Walker was fleet and slick at the piano and his bandmates were solid instrumentalists. The combo's main fault was a tendency toward the herky at brigher tempos. It turns out that Aristocrat did release two of their sides. It's just that Walker and combo were accompanying Penny Smith, and the record was given the same catalog number as her previous effort. "Here I Am" is a much better than average lounge ballad, and her performance on "Lover Come Back to Me" is pretty hip. We learn from Cash Box, March 25, 1950, of "Deejays Sir Oliver Edwards, Jim Lundsbury [sic] and Eddie Hubbard giving a grand ride to Penny Smith's first disk on Aristocrat label, 'Here I Am'" (p. 11). Despite the large display ad Aristocrat took out for the record in the same issue, whoever jotted this down for the trade paper didn't realize that Penny Smith was backed by Bill Walker's group (mentioned in a different note on the same page), or that there had been a previous Aristocrat 410 (which Penny Smith, Jim Lounsbury, and the Chess brothers had all agreed to forget). In all, the new record is considerably stronger than the one it replaced, and "Come Back to Me" sounds like the Penny Smith we hear on many of her later recordings. But Aristocrat, even with three DJs giving the single a grand ride, and "Sir" Oliver Edwards endorsing it in an ad, couldn't find any more of a market for the second 410 than for the first one. When Aristocrat signed him, Walker was working for WIND (he soon moved to WGN, where he was the staff pianist until 1954). Jim Lounsbury, who worked at WIND from 1949 to 1952 as a DJ, was in a good position to put Penny Smith, who most likely had already sung with Walker on the air, on this session. After that, their careers diverged. Bill Walker was born William Stearns Walker, in River Forest, Illinois, in 1917. He graduated from Oak Park-River Forest High School and Amherst College, and served 4 years in the military during World War II, meeting his wife June, who was from Australia. He studied at the Chicago Conservatory of Music from 1945 to 1948, working on the side as a pianist and arranger for Wayne King and Ted Weems. In 1948, his band began appearing at the Pump Room at the Ambassador East Hotel; despite the venue's high profile there are probably no display advertisements, because David Le Winter was the usual headliner during this period and Walker's was the relief band (playing Monday or Monday and Tuesday nights). Walker's bands also did country club dances for a number of years. "Half a Heart" was not his only venture into songwriting; he composed around 50 pop and Country numbers during this phase of his career. Walker made a few other commercial recordings after his fleeting appearance on Aristocrat—we know of a 1951 session for Rondo —but they would never be an important source of income for him. In 1953, he started Bill Walker Musical Productions, Inc., which did jingles, music for commercials, and music for films. His music could be heard in spots for Green Giant frozen vegetables, Chevrolet, HFC finance, Commonwealth Edison, and A&W root beer. Continental Airlines put an extended version of his "Proud Bird with the Golden Tail" on a limited-edition 33 rpm record in 1966, and in 1969, a rendition of it was being played on the air. A suite of music that he wrote for Bergstrom Paper Company, Impressions of Color, was released on an LP in 1967. A trade paper article noted that Walker operated his own recording studio with a full-time engineer (though final versions were generally done at Universal Recording), did a lot of unusual scoring for his commercial sound tracks, had recently employed a Moog synthesizer for a children's feature, and had 88 half-hour programs of fully orchestrated recorded original music on file (Earl Paige, "Walker Scores Double Notes in Continental's 'Bird' Spot," Billboard, August 2, 1969, p. 21). In the mid-1950s, he bought a Frank Lloyd Wright house in River Forest and lived in it for the rest of his life. Bill Walker died in River Forest on March 27, 1994 (see https://www.discogs.com/artist/3910574-William-S-Walker and Kenan Heise, "William Walker: Wrote Music for Jingles," Chicago Tribune, March 30, 1994, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1994-03-30/news/9403300187_1_william-walker-jingles-and-commercials-river-forest . Penny Smith continued to perform on the radio and in public while raising two young children, Steve and Debbie, who were born in 1951 and 1952. For a few weeks in 1953, she worked on the air with her husband, who was subbing for another DJ on WGN; he then worked a little longer at WJJD before landing a long-term gig at WGN. In 1954, Jim Lounsbury started his Bandstand Matinee show on WGN-TV. By the time she got another chance to record, with the KaHill label out of Des Plaines, Illinois, it was the summer of 1955, her husband was featuring rock and roll on his shows, and she wanted to try her hand at it. From late August through the end of October 1955, while she waited for her first KaHill to come out, she sang with Joe Daley's jazz trio at Geno's Dance Lounge (formerly Ziggy's Gridiron Lounge, on East 83rd Street). She got two KaHill releases, one in October 1955 and one in December 1956. Both were done with studio bands directed by one Carmen Dello, featuring big-band orchestration along with the guitar soloing, but each had one side that could fairly be described as rock and roll. In November or December 1957, she cut a doo-wop record for Argo (the Chess brothers remembered her), the last time she went as Penny Smith on a record label. Argo 5295, released in January 1958, was credited to "Penny and the Eko's." Berry Gordy wrote both of the songs with Roquel Davis, and was present for the session. She went professionally as Debbie Stevens for the next year and a half. (While making appearances with her husband at local venues, she was still "pretty Penny Smith.") She sang uncredited but widely recognized leads on Roulette 4081, with a white Chicago doowop group called the Deltones; it was released in June 1958, with "Smith" as the fifth composer credited on one side, and Colo Music as the publisher (Jim Lounsbury was born in Colo, Iowa). She then signed with ABC-Paramount, getting one single on the parent label, and one on the APT subsidiary. "If You Can't Rock Me," on APT, was 100% rock and roll. With some rock and roll records to her name and prior experience with a rock and roll package tour in the summer of 1958, she was tapped for the Winter Dance Tour, a package show now mostly remembered because Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and the Big Bopper got tired of the long bus rides and took a private plane that crashed in Iowa. "If You Can't Rock Me" was released during the tour. And photos are extant of her with Jim Lounsbury, the Big Bopper, and Buddy Holly in Kenosha, Wisconsin, on January 24, 1959, not long before the fatal event. In 1960, she signed with Motown, where she would be known (supposedly with Berry Gordy's encouragement) as Debbie Dean. A 33-year-old white woman did not fit the image that Motown soon decided it wanted to project. Her first release, in August 1961, was quickly pulled back in September in favor of her second, an answer record to "Shop Around." This was her best seller for the label, reaching number 92 in the Hot 100. Her third release, in March 1962, went nowhere. Motown cut her from the roster in 1963, after 3 singles and no albums, and that same year she and Jim Lounsbury divorced. She moved to Los Angeles, where, in 1964, possibly after Ike and Tina Turner put in a word, she put a single out on Sue, as Debra Dion. In 1965, she met Dennis Lussier (aka Deke Richards, 1944-2013), whose band was opening for Ike and Tina Turner at the time; he became her boyfriend and her songwriting partner. In late 1966, Motown hired Deke Richards, and rehired her, to write songs; she also got one last Debbie Dean single released on the Berry Gordy's V. I. P. label, produced by Deke Richards, while a followup was planned but scrapped. By 1969, Debbie Dean had sung pop, jazz, doowop, rock and roll, and soul on records, written or cowritten a bunch of songs, gotten bit parts in several movies, and used six different names. But her ability to reinvent herself was failing her. Her health broke down, she experienced episodes of frank psychosis, she was too depressed to write songs, she and Richards broke up, and she was out of money. Returning to Nashville, she wrote a Country song about her life, titled "Cumberland Gap" (Cumberland Falls isn't far from Corbin) or "My Soul Is Free," but the recording she made, for a small indie, was lost when the company folded before it could be released. During one of her stays in Nashville, in 1976, she took a seventh name, Krisha Electra Rigel, and published a book titled New Names for the Age of Aquarius. (The copyright entry for the book states that the name was an alias for Debbie Dean.) She told a reporter that she had been born in Louisville and was 27 years old, which made it imprudent to mention her records—but the movie and songwriting credits that she gave were accurate. "I started looking for a new name when I was about 8 years old." Returning to California, she dropped out of music entirely, becoming a strict vegan, then undergoing several further health crises. The former Penny Smith died in Ojai, California, on February 17, 2001. When she had last visited Corbin, Kentucky, we have no idea, but a memorial service was held for her there in April of that year. We are indebted to the Debbie Dean website at https://debbdean.wordpress.com/debbie-dean-soul-free/ as well as a Billboard capsule bio ( http://www.billboard.com/artist/300619/debbie-dean/biography ) and a discographical sketch at Soulful Kinda Music: Debbie Dean . It should be noted that the Billboard bio and the Soulful Kinda Music entry add a 1966 release by one "Debbie Deane" on a Southern California label called Treva—we would like confirmation it was by the same person. The Billboard sketch also does not mention the Penny Smith KaHills or the Argo, and none of these sources have recognized the two Aristocrat 410s as her work. But then they are by far the most obscure records by a singer who mostly specialized in obscure records. From the collection of Robert L. Campbell From the collection of Tom Ball From the collection of George Paulus Now signed directly to the label, the Blues Rockers, returned for a four-tune session in March. Retaining James Watts, Willie Mabon, Eddie El, and Earl Dranes, the group had shed its second guitarist and added a drummer (either Dizzy Pitts or Duke Tide). The first release from the session was advertised as being on Aristocrat 415, but one copy that we know of (formerly in the collection of Tom Ball) shows Aristocrat 413 on the label, whereas George Paulus's copy shows the intended 415. The sides were advertised as "When Times Get Better" and "Blues Rocker's Hop," but each title came out somewhat differently on the labels. We have not yet heard Aristocrat 415, which must have been expected to do something, after the repsonse to Aristocrat 407, but by all indications sold very poorly. The second release from this session may have been on Aristocrat 417, but there is still no confirmation. Later on, the same two sides were advertised as being on Chess 1483, but the Chess single was apparently cancelled after being advertised and the actual first release must have been in a reissue package. On "Little Boy," the vocals are handled by Willie Mabon (as the little boy) and James Watts, or someone else, singing falsetto (as the little girl). In all, very few sales were generated off this outing, which still awaits a comprehensive reissue after all these years. Not long after the second session, the Blues Rockers apparently signed with Monroe Passis' Parkway label—there was some publicity about i in the trade papers, in which the group was referred to as the "Rhythm Rockers." But any recording Parkway did after April 1950 was strictly as a feeder to Regal, the East Coast label with which Passis had multiple business connections, and so far as we know the Blues Rockers were not included in it. From the collection of Tom Ball From the collection of George Paulus The Chicago Defender ran a photo of the Blues Rockers in August 1950, when the group was performing at Sam Evans' Ebony Lounge (444 West Chicago). No sign of Willie Mabon in the photo; the pianist had apparently resumed his solo career. In October 1952, Al Benson would record Mabon's "I Don't Know," which was far too big a hit for his fledgling Parrot label to handle; a month or so later, he sold the single to the Chess brothers, for whom Willie Mabon would record regularly through 1956. Meanwhile, Earl Dranes was responsible for a release on J. Mayo Williams' Ebony label, a much lower-circulation affair. A later edition of the Blues Rockers—in which only "Earley" Dranes remained from 1949-1950—recorded in Nashville in 1955, for the Excello label. The 1955 Blues Rockers were responsible for one single ("Calling All Cows" b/w "Johnny Mae"), which was released as Excello 2062. From the collection of George Paulus Country bluesman Big Charley Bradix, whose release on Aristocrat 418 was the label's very last and one of its rarest, was born in Texas, on 31 March 1911. Leadbitter and Slaven list his first session as taking place in Dallas in 1948, for the Blue Bonnet label. The company released two sides ("Dollar Digging Woman" b/w "Boogie like You Wanna") on its own imprint, then leased or sold them to Modern, which put them out on its Colonial subsidiary. The other two sides were leased or sold to Aristocrat. This wouldn't have been too hard to arrange, as Blue Bonnet was Aristocrat's distributor in Dallas. In 1966, Mike Leadbitter said, "aurally these tracks are from the same session and all are good crude blues...."Wee Wee" is an excellent slow blues, though an imitation of Leroy Carr. A good singer, a limited pianist, he uses the piano for emphasis leaving the rhythm to the guitarist." However, Leadbitter and Slaven (1987) split the Colonial and Aristocrat items into separate sessions, giving the exact date of 17 October 1948 to the Aristocrats. Bradix was subsequently signed by Modern, which did a four-song session in 1951 in Dallas, but left it unreleased, unimpressed with his newly acquired Charles Brown stylings. Charles Bradix died in Dallas on 21 August 1981. From the collection of George Paulus Bradix source: Jim O’Neal [liner notes essay] The Modern Downhome Blues Sessions Volume 4: Southern Country Blues Guitarists 1948-1952, Ace CD 1057 [UK], May 2005. Gene Ammons (third from left) and his combo at Birdland in New York City, 1950. The Chess brothers continued to record Gene Ammons when he came through town. Ammons was spending a lot of time in New York during this period, usually including alto and tenor saxophonist Sonny Stitt in his ensemble. But Stitt was not along for his session on May 2, which employed the lineup, scarcely changed from January, of Bill Massey (trumpet); Matthew Gee (trombone); Junior Mance (piano); Gene Wright (bass); and Wes Landers (drums). By now Ammons had recorded for the short-lived Birdland Records, then begun recording for a more durable New York-based label called Prestige, though he was probably not yet signed to a long-term contract. The May session proved to be a classic. "Tenor Eleven" is an amiable swinger with a nice burry solo from Matthew Gee as well as excellent work by the leader. The other three items are all ballads, recorded with a lot of the famous Universal Recording reverb. "Goodbye" is rendered with tremendous pathos, and "My Foolish Heart" remains to this day the best-known jazz performance of a superior ballad. "You Go to My Head," with the "Country Gardens" tag that Jug borrowed from Charlie Parker, is just as good, but was held back from release so it wouldn't compete with the other two. As it turned out, this was the last session for Aristocrat, coming so late in the game that nothing from it ever appeared on that label. "My Foolish Heart," was featured on the very first Chess single; the Chess brothers' business strategy proved sound when the record became a big hit. "Goodbye" would follow very quickly on Chess 1428; in fact, 4 of the first 7 Chess singles would be by Gene Ammons. Ammons would keep recording for Chess , in August 1950 (with Sonny Stitt on baritone sax this time) and May 1951 (with a rhythm section only). Why he quit recording for the Chess brothers is not entirely clear. He recorded for Prestige again in November 1951, but was apparently under no contractual obligation after that. Ammons and Stitt cut one session for Decca in 1952. Shortly afterward, they broke up their combo (though the duels would continue for years, whenever both saxophonists were working the same town). Ammons moved back to Chicago, where in 1952 and 1953 he would cut some sides for United using his touring group plus baritonist Mac Easton from the Red Saunders band. Gene Ammons returned to Prestige in November 1954; he remained under contract to the label and retained a wide popular following for the rest of his life. The Chess brothers recorded two quick Ammons LPs for their Argo subsidiary in 1961 and 1962. Prestige sued them, however, and took over the rights to the masters along with a monetary award. Heroin addiction and anti-drug laws led to many wasted years in jail, from 1958 to 1960 and then (incredibly) from 1962 to 1969. Despite it all, Ammons was able to become a standard-bearer for soul jazz. The combo that he led after being released from prison for the second time (1969-1970) included his one-time employer King Kolax . Gene Ammons died of cancer in Chicago on August 6, 1974. The mix remained roughly the same during the first half of 1950: sessions by Muddy Waters, the Nighthawks, and the Blues Rockers, counterbalanced by two more Gene Ammons sessions and a quickly abandoned effort at pop that involved Penny Smith and Bill Walker. In addition, cuts by blues singer Big Charley Bradix were bought from Blue Bonnet Records, which was Aristocrat's distributor in Dallas. For some reason, however, the Chess brothers did no gospel recording in 1950, even though they would return to gospel in future years. The Chess brothers kept selling Aristocrat singles until January 1951. Several from the first half of 1950 were quickly reissued on Chess . Other tracks recorded during the first half of the year saw their first release on the new label. Consequently we are still not sure that we have documented every Aristocrat release in the final 400 series. In a previous version of this discography, we speculated that the missing Aristocrat 416 would be the second release from the Gene Ammons session of January 8, 1950. A copy of 416 turned up for sale on ebay in January 2004. We have no confirmation of a second Blues Rockers release on Aristocrat 417, but we continue to encourage collectors to look for it. By the time the Chess brothers were ready to change the company name, the Aristocrat 400 series had become completely dysfunctiona. There was no 408, no 414, no 415, no 417 (so far as we know), but there were two 409s, two 410s, and two 413s! Sessions recorded or purchased for Aristocrat: 1950 Matrix

Chess

Which President wrote Why England Slept about the rise of Fascism?

The Chess Label Part I (1950-1952) [Shreveport] October 1950 After a few commercial successes in 1950, Leonard and Phil Chess felt they could afford to step up their recording activity in the new year. 1951 would also see them dip a toe in the growing market for 7-inch 45s. These had been brought to the market by RCA Victor, with much fanfare, in the fall of 1949, and some small labels (such as Rondo ) had accepted RCA's introductory offer of cheap mastering and pressing. Aristocrat had not, however, and during its first full year of operation, Chess hadn't either. One suspects that the gradual spread of 45-rpm jukeboxes had something to do with this decision. From the collection of Tom Kelly The very first session (by Sax Mallard ) was held for release for more than a year, when two sides were used to open the new Checker subsidiary. Checker 750 was advertised in Cash Box on April 5, 1952 and reviewed in Billboard on April 26, 1952 (p. 27). Perhaps the tunes were held back because Mallard had followed the pattern of so many Aristocrat sessions, contrasting R&B jump numbers with lounge ballads. One of the released sides featured ballad singing by drummer Osie Johnson—so, apparently, did two further tracks that are still unreleased. A blues-based instrumental like "Slow Caboose" held a lot more commercial promise in 1952. Lounge ballads like this one were losing favor with Chess's clientele. From the collection of Tom Kelly. On release, "Slow Caboose" carried composer credits to Alan Freed, the influential Cleveland-based disk jockey, and to one Carl Germany. Although the Chess brothers did not engage in the wholesale production of bogus composing credits that was standard operating procedure for some of their competitors, in 1952 they did toss occasional writing credits in Freed's direction as an enticement to play their records. Just who Carl Germany was, and why it was important to toss him anything, is yet to be revealed, but his name shows up on several more labels from 1951 and 1952. A big gap in the U7000 series comes right after the Mallard session—no known sides between U7288 and U7299. Not counting the missing items (which could simply have been skipped in the master book) 94 new cuts were recorded for Chess during the year, nearly all at Universal Recording. Apparently Calvin Bostick's first release was doing well enough to warrant a second session. In mid-January, Bostick and trio laid down four sides, two of which appeared on Chess 1451. Blessedly, the company now took a hiatus from studio gimmickry (no speeded up piano lines this time). The released sides were a relaxed blues, sung in a style influenced by Nat King Cole but not blatantly imitative, and a better than average lounge ballad. Bostick sang both in a smooth baritone. The gentility quotient was high, but the solid musicianship made Bostick's trio one of the very best plying its trade in Chicago during the period. Next, the Chess brothers brought Muddy Waters and Jimmy Rogers back into the studio on January 23. This time, Muddy and band recorded a full session, followed by Jimmy Rogers with his own band for three sides. Then Rogers' pianist, Eddie Ware, got to do five more of his own. Three of the the four sides laid down by Muddy (with Little Walter, harmonica, and Big Crawford, bass) were promptly released. On "Honey Bee," Little Walter played second guitar, as he had previously done on the Parkway session. A fourth side was of comparable quality, but once the Chess brothers added a certain Memphis-based performer to their roster later in the year promoting a number titled "Howlin' Wolf" wouldn't have made for the best marketing procedure. From the Big Joe Louis collection Rogers used Ernest Cotton, tenor sax, and Eddie Ware, piano, along with Crawford for his three sides. They were joined by Muddy's regular drummer, Elga Edmonds (still not recording on Muddy's own tracks). (It seems odd that Rogers would use a different tenor saxophonist from Eddie Ware, when all of the sides were done in succession, but discographies usually credit Ernest Cotton, a veteran of Memphis Slim's House Rockers who also worked with Sunnyland Slim. And the sax work does sound like Cotton's.) From the Big Joe Louis collection From the collection of Tom Kelly From the collection of Tom Kelly Finally, Eddie Ware made five cuts of his own, three of which were released. Former Miracle and Premium headliner Eddie Chamblee played tenor sax on these cuts. Chamblee was responsible for the vocal on "Lima Beans," which may have been incorrectly credited for fear of unexpired contractual obligations, either to Premium, which was still extant when the session was cut, or to Decca/Coral, where Chamblee may have been in May 1951, when the record was released. Little Walter, who had stuck around from Muddy's session, ended up playing second guitar on some of the numbers. Chess 1561 would also appear on 45 rpm, making it the company's oldest single recorded in Chicago to appear in that format in the first half of the 1950s. But this would not happen until 1954, judging from the different type font, and the placement of "Record" and "Corp." in the company logo. From the collection of Tom Kelly John Lee Hooker. From the collection of Billy Vera. From the collection of Tom Kelly From the collection of Tom Kelly After testing the water with two sides that they bought from Joe Von Battle (see below, under purchased sessions), the Chess brothers decided to bring John Lee Hooker to Chicago for their own session at Universal. The session of April 26 was previously said (for instance, in Michel Ruppli's Chess Discography) to have been done in Detroit and sold to Chess, but the latest research (by Dave Sax and others) indicates otherwise. The outing was highly productive, leading to three singles on Chess. Because Hooker was still under contract to Bernie Besman in Detroit, the pseudonym "John Lee Booker" was applied, fooling precisely no one. Particularly when the company didn't even bother to carry the "Booker" handle over to the composer credits... From the collection of Tom Kelly On May 3, Chess got a final opportunity to record Gene Ammons and his combo. This time Jug's tenor sax was accompanied by his regular rhythm section: Junior Mance (piano), Gene Wright (bass), and Teddy Stewart (drums). Two sides from May 3 were promptly released on Chess 1464. The other two would gather dust until the company put them on an LP. (See below for two sides by Gene's old front-line partner Sonny Stitt, which have been incorrectly associated with this session; they were recorded around the same time, but by Premium rather than Chess.) Considering Ammons' importance to the company (he practically kept Chess afloat in 1950) and his continuing commercial potential (the company was in a hurry to put his music on LP once it adopted that medium), we are not sure why and how he fell off the roster. Ammons may have had some lingering obligation to Prestige, but that presumably expired after his November 1951 session with that label. During 1952 and 1953, he recorded in New York for Decca, then in Chicago for United . Could Leonard Chess have made a bid and lost out to Lew Simpkins and Leonard Allen, or had his interest in Ammons simply diminished? In November 1954, Ammons resumed recording for Prestige, remaining under long-term contract to the company for the rest of his life. The Chess brothers would learn about this the hard way; in 1961 and 1962 they made a couple of quickie Ammons LPs for their Argo subsidiary, only to be compelled to hand over the masters, along with monetary damages, after Presige sued them. U7339 and U7340 by tenor saxophonist Robert Caffery and his combo were recorded in New Orleans, some time later in May; just to confuse matters, two of the same matrix numbers has already been used on the last Gene Ammons session. The Caffery release is among the least common from this period. The next session in Chicago featured a singer named Lou Blackwell. The rest of the lineup remains unknown, as the sides have never been released. The Chess brothers could have found Blackwell's suave baritone too uptown for their tastes. Blackwell would turn in some respectable stand-up blues singing with Tab Smith's combo, on an October 1951 session for United , but he had no better luck getting those sides released. His third and last session, for Chance in November or December 1952, finally produced a single, though Art Sheridan may have intended it for his new pop series (but it was released after all in the label's blues and R&B series). From the collection of Tom Kelly In June, John Peek and his band made their only session for the company. The single that was released, Chess 1471, featured the vocals of Erline Harris. The itinerant singer had been active on the recording scene for a couple of years. She made her debut with "Rock and Roll Blues," recorded in New York City for DeLuxe in April 1949. She next surfaced in New Orleans, recording for Regal with Plas and Ray Johnson's combo in July of that year. In April 1950 she cut four sides for DeLuxe in Cincinnati, with backing from a band led by jazz saxophonist Joe Thomas. When she joined the Chess roster, Harris had been featured in Chicago clubs for more than a year; during a run at Ralph's Club (2159 West Madison) from April through June 1950 she was duly billed as "Erline (Rockin and Rollin) Harris." At Ralph's Harris had been accompanied by tenor saxophonist Epp James and his band; who Peek was and why he was selected for this record date instead of James, or one of the company's house tenor saxoponists, we don't really know. We also don't know why the session for Chess was her last. From the collection of Tom Kelly From the collection of Hubi Horst July would prove to be a busy month in the studio. First Chess welcomed baritone saxophonist Leo Parker to Universal Recording. Parker had first attracted attention as a member of Billy Eckstine's band in 1944. By this time, he had recorded for several labels, and become as well known on the R&B scene as in the jazz world; he had also acquired a drug habit, and a corresponding reputation for unreliability. Parker was accompanied by a group of Chicago-based musicians: Eddie Johnson on tenor sax, Claude Jones at the piano (and an auxiliary doodad called the Lowrey Organo), Johnny Pate on bass, and Al Williams on the drum stool. Except for Williams, all had previously appeared on an Eddie South session recorded by Al Benson back in March (see below) and subsequently purchased by the company. From the collection of Hubi Horst From the collection of Tom Kelly From the collection of Tom Kelly Next Leonard Chess brought Muddy Waters in for a powerhouse session on July 11. The four tunes laid down that day are instantly recognizable from the heavy tread of the bass drum, played by Leonard Chess himself. Elga Edmonds, finally asked to appea with Muddy, wasn't getting the backbeat that Chess wanted, so he chased Edmonds off and applied himself to the foot pedal. We doubt that he advertised his presence on the records to Local 208... "My Own Fault" and "Still a Fool" appeared on Chess 1480, in October; within a year, the other two sides were on Chess 1490 and Chess 1509 (1509 being the first Muddy Waters item to garner a release on 45 rpm). From the collection of Tom Kelly From the collection of Dr. Robert Stallworth From the Big Joe Louis collection Muddy's session was immediately followed by a four-tune outing for Jimmy Rogers. Two sides were promptly released on Chess 1476. From the Big Joe Louis collection The Felix Gross tracks were reportedly recorded in Los Angeles (Gross, a pianist and bandleader, had previously recorded for Exclusive and for Down Beat / Swing Time in LA; he had been with Regent in 1950). We had thought these were purchased from some outfit in LA, because we didn't know of the Chess brothers were recording anything in California at this early date. However, Billboard announced on January 20, 1951 (p. 14) that "Chess label has inked Felix Gross, ex-Down Beat blues warbler." Meanwhile, Gross's second session for for Chess may have originated in Dallas. On August 4, the company tried one last time with Claude McLin and his combo. This time the band laid down four jazz originals; no violins added, no pop hits covered. Unfortunately from the company's perspective, the tenor saxophonist moved his family to Los Angeles early in 1952, before anything had been released from the session. Now that he was off the Chicago scene, the Chess brothers apparently concluded that McLin's sides would not get the sales push they needed. Two were finally released on an LP in 1972; the other two still repose in the vaults. Chess goes for a hit instrumental on a popular tune. From the collection of Tom Kelly. From the collection of Dr. Robert Stallworth Besides, the brothers had found a new jazz tenor saxophonist who they believed had major jukebox potential. Eddie Johnson had been on the Chicago scene since the late 1930s, and Leonard and Phil had surely crossed paths with him at some point during the previous decade. But the brothers' attention was apparently piqued by the March 1951 Eddie South session (see below), which they'd acquired from Al Benson. In October 1951, they gave Johnson and his combo another hit song to work with (in this case, "Cold Cold Heart" by Hank Williams); Chess 1488 was rushed into release (78 and 45 rpm formats) and given a strong advertising push, including a mention of Leonard's new and improved sewer-pipe method. The Ellingtonian "Walk Softly," on the flip side, is what jazz fans today would notice. The single didn't quite meet the elevated sales targets that such activity implied, but the brothers persevered with Johnson, who would be their standard-bearer on tenor sax for the next year or so. Ad for Eddie Johnson's first single, from Billboard, November 1951. More jazz content on the B side. From the collection of Tom Kelly. From the collection of Dr. Robert Stallworth Also in October, Chess invited Eddie Boyd in for a session with his working trio (piano, guitar, and bass). Boyd had a feeling the company was more interested in obtaining songs for its established blues artists than in adding him to the roster, even though he had been on the Chicago scene since the early 1940s and had recorded several sessions as a leader, going back to 1947. Boyd was fully justified in his suspicions: there was no effort to release anything from the session. But after his second session for JOB in May 1952 produced a massive hit in "Five Long Years," the Chess brothers rethought their decision. However, the fact that "Five Long Years" as released used a larger combo with tenor sax (the sax was actually overdubbed) and drums discouraged any delayed releases from the October 1951 outing. The sides had to sit until the 1970s reissue programs kicked in. Cbess also returned to studio recordings of gospel music, as a group generically referred to as Gospel Singers laid down six sides. We can say nothing further, as none have ever been released. From the collection of Tom Kelly Later in October (well, maybe it was November), the Chess brothers waxed four tracks by a vocal group called Two Honeys and a Cone. Even though the brothers were investing more in 45s, and Chess 1500 was among those picked for release in the format, the response to the single obviously did not encourage further explorations of this particular market. The composer credits to "Randolph" point to trumpeter and bandleader Zilner T. Randolph (1899-1994) might be involved. Sure enough, a brief Chicago item in the March 1, 1952 issue of Billboard declared that "Elaine [Randolph], daughter of cleffer [Zilner Randolph], debuts on the new Chess Records release, "Twenty Robbers," singing as a member of Two Honeys and a Cone group and soloing" (p. 40). The writer unfortunately garbled their names into "Elaine Zilner" and "Randolph Zilner." Around the beginning of 1949, Two Honeys and a Cone had cut a (very low circulation) single for Zilner Randolph's own Blue House label. Blue House 1 consists of "So Worried," with a lead vocal by Hattie Randolph and a trumpet solo by Lucious Randolph, who was 13 or 14, and "Blue Be Bop," with a lead by Regina "Genie" Randolph, who was all of 10 years old at the time. Accompaniment was by Zilner Randolph on piano, Ike Perkins on guitar, and Ransom Knowling on bass. Zilner Randolph had seven children, all of whom received musical training, so the Randolph family band underwent some turnover. By 1952, Hattie Randolph was already performing on her own, and the vocal trio on Chess 1500 probably consisted of Elaine, Genie, and Lucious. "Twenty Robbers" is a pure big band vocal number; "Love My Mom" ranges into R&B. Zilner played piano (he takes a very short solo on "Love"), while several uncredited buddies filled out the ensemble on trumpet, trombone, alto sax, tenor sax, baritone sax, bass, and drums. Lucious Randolph later recorded with Sun Ra 's Arkestra and did occasional session work, not to mention a tour or two with Jerry Butler. Hattie Randolph went on to record a single for Drexel (one side was composed by her father); she sang on two sessions with Sun Ra, producing a latter-day jazz classic with "'Round Midnight." Regina Randolph became a schoolteacher and later went into acting. From the collection of Tom Kelly From the collection of Billy Vera From the collection of Robert L. Campbell. Another composer credit for the mysterious "Carl Germany." From the collection of Robert L. Campbell In mid-December, Chess sought to follow up on the success of "Rocket 88" (see below, under purchased recordings) by bringing Jackie Brenston up to Chicago to record his own session. Much was obviously expected, as the singer and baritone saxophonist laid down no fewer than 8 sides. But just four were released, and the sales of Chess 1496 and 1532 must not have been up to expectations. Chess 1496 (78 and 45 rpm) has shown up in quite a few collections; 1532 (78 only) was Brenston's last release on Chess, and is less often seen. The full band personnel for the session is not known, but two Memphis stalwarts were on hand: Phineas Newborn Jr. at the piano and his brother Calvin Newborn on guitar (Calvin is also credited as the composer on "Starvation," a solid jazz instrumental). The band was rounded out with an alto sax, a tenor sax, bass, drums, and guest singer Edna McRaney (who appeared on "88 Boogie" and "Lovin' Time Blues" as well as "Hi, Ho Baby"). From the collection of Robert L. Campbell From the collection of Robert L. Campbell The final session of the year took place on December 29. The main attraction was Muddy Waters. Despite the session's high productivity, however, just one of Muddy's sides was released—a stark, eerie rendition of "All Night Long" that put Leonard Chess's new and improved sewer-pipe reverb to good use. Two other takes of the same piece survive, noticeably different in ambience from the issued version. It is easy to understand why the Chess brothers passed on a number titled "Howlin' Wolf," since they'd added an artist by that name to the roster. But nothing else from the session seemed to interest the company, not even a masterpiece on the order of "They Call Me Muddy Waters." The neglected tracks would prove a treasure trove for reissuers, starting in the early 1970s. From the collection of Tom Kelly The December 29 session included no follow-on for Jimmy Rogers; instead the Chess brothers brought in Floyd Jones to make another four numbers with the band. This was a bit of a reunion, as Floyd Jones, Little Walter, and Jimmy Rogers, had all worked on the Tempo-Tone sessions back in May 1949. We will take the word of the discographers who put one Willie Coven on the drums here; the drummer doesn't sound like Elga Edmonds, who was definitely on Muddy's sides. From the collection of Tom Kelly Despite the apparent lack of continuity, F1006 and F1007, versions of "Dark Road" and "Big World" by Floyd Jones, were cut at the same session as U7417 and U7418, "Playhouse" and "Overseas." Some misdirection may been have been involved in the decision to put these two items in a series previously reserved for material recorded elsewhere. In fact, as Dave Sax and George Paulus have recently been able to show, Chess actually put out two versions of its first Floyd Jones single. Jones had done "Dark Road" and "Big World" on March 22, 1951 with a Sunnyland Slim unit, results duly released on JOB 1001. The ensuing single was the JOB's label's best seller up to that time. Some copies of Chess 1498 are straight reissues of JOB 1001. Others, however—and these are more common—feature the remakes from December 29, 1951. The remakes, done with Muddy Waters' band, were as stark and eerie as their session-mate "All Night Long." Highly esteemed by blues fans today, they probably outsold the JOBs on the strength of superior distribution. Chess's decision to put out a second version of 1498 killed all prospects of cooperation with Joe Brown until 1958. Meanwhile Floyd Jones' "Playhouse" and "Overseas," nearly as good as the two that were released, stayed in the vaults until the early 1970s. Sides newly recorded for Chess in 1951 Matrix March 22, 1951 January 1952 As 1952 began, Leonard Chess had obviously made some commitments about musical direction. Now that the company had two of the top-selling down-home blues artists in its catalog (Muddy Waters and Howlin' Wolf) Chess continued its efforts in this genre. There was the inconvenience, however, of The Wolf's continuing to record for the Bihari brothers in Memphis as well as Sam Phillips; this was eventually resolved in a deal that committed the Wolf exclusively to Chess while the Biharis got Roscoe Gordon. Meanwhile, jazz was not getting much emphasis. Early in the year, Chess lost interest in Claude McLin when he left town for Los Angeles. The label would presumably have liked to record Gene Ammons, but he moved first to Decca and then to the company's new Chicago-based rival, United . The most significant jazz artist that Chess recorded in 1952 was Eddie Johnson ; clearly the hope was that numbers like "Twin Rock" would appeal to the R&B-consuming public. And Sax Mallard recorded another session for the label, but this was definitely an R&B effort; in the future, he would be restricted to accompanying singers and doo-wop groups. During January 1952, the company undertook no new recording. Apparently the Chess brothers were too busy digesting the remains of Premium—around this time they were affixing new matrix numbers to two sides by tenor saxophonist Lynn Hope and alto saxophonist Tab Smith. Activity resumed at Universal on February 11, with a session split between Jimmy Rogers and Eddie Ware. The company had expanded far enough to justify opening a subsidiary. (Disc jockeys, even when handsomely compensated for featuring the company's product, were reluctant to play too many items on the same label in a row.) The first releases on the Checker label, 750 and 751, were advertised in Cash Box on April 5, 1952, and reviewed in Billboard on April 26 (p. 27). From the collection of Tom Kelly Checker 751 appears to have been Arbee Stidham's debut as a guitarist (he had been a regular on RCA Victor from 1947 to 1950, strictly as a singer). Stidham, who was born in DeValls Bluff, Arkansas, on February 9, 1917, was the son of Luddie Stidham, who played in Jimmie Lunceford's big band. Arbee had been a professional musician since he was 12 or 13 years old. He originally played the alto saxophone, but had to give up the instrument for health reasons. His singing voice was a strangely portentous, quavery baritone that made him seem much older than he really was. During his RCA years, when he enjoyed a big hit with "My Heart Belongs to You," Stidham often recorded with Sax Mallard . On his first session for Checker, he was accompanied by Andrew "Goon" Gardner (alto sax); Tommy "Mad Man" Jones (tenor sax); Eddie Ware (piano); Ransom Knowling (bass); and Judge Riley (drums). (Some sources put Willie Lacey on the guitar instead of the leader.) Goon Gardner would appear on another blues session or two for Chess, but the label unfortunately made no further use of Tommy Jones' bar-walking skills (frustrated by his lack of exposure on recordings, Jones would eventually launch his own Mad label). At least today's listeners can enjoy Jones' little explosion in the middle of "Mr. Commissioner," a plea to the Chicago police hierarchy to suspend their crackdown on "policy" (aka the numbers). From the collection of Tom Kelly From the collection of Tom Kelly The company had more studio time booked on March 13, for a down-home blues artist who at the time was calling himself Rocky Fuller. Born Iverson Minter in Bessemer, Alabama, on March 23, 1932, he had been orphaned at the age of five and was already an experienced performer on guitar, harmonica, and vocals when the Chess brothers decided to record him. The session produced a large number of takes, partly because "Fuller"'s tunes, like his occasional duet partner John Lee Hooker's, evolved as they were repeated. The company tried one release on Fuller: Checker 753 paired two typically dramatic blues sides. Retail sales eluded it, however, and it is a major collector's item today. From the collection of Tom Kelly The artist next showed up on a self-produced single for Fuller Records, made in Detroit in 1953; on that occasion, he went as Playboy Fuller. But when he cut a duet with John Lee Hooker, in Detroit later that same year, he'd metamorphosed into Rockin' Red. By 1960, he'd settled on the name Lousiana Red, by which he is still known today, making a single in New York for Atlas. He recorded prolifically in the 1960s, making singles for Glover and Laurie and LPs for Roulette and Atco, and continuing in the 1970s and 1980s for such labels as L & R and Tomato. From the collection of Tom Kelly Stylistically quite different were the two other sides laid down that same day in March, by down-home blueman Arthur "Big Boy" Spires. Born in Natchez, Mississippi on February 25, 1912, Spires played guitar and sang with the deep sonority of Charlie Patton and Son House. But without help from accompanists, his time tended to wander. During this period he was working Chicago clubs with his Rocket Four, which included Eddie El on second guitar. On his Checker outing, which was his first appearance on record, he further benefited from the contributions of guitarist Earl Dranes. On "Murmur Low," a tribute to a "big fat mama, with meat shakin' on her bones," Willie Smith, who often played drums in Spires' working group, does the shaking on maracas. Both sides are considered classics today, but when released on Checker 752 they stirred little sales action, and the Chess brothers quickly dropped Spires from their roster. From the collection of Tom Kelly Spires would record again under the joint auspices of JOB and Chance in January 1953 He would do another in December 1954 in Al Smith's basement for United (this was left unreleased till years later). Spires, who continued to play the clubs with the Rocket Four during the remainder of the 1950s, made an still largely unreleased session for Testament in 1965, subsequently being forced to give up the guitar by advancing arthritis; he died in Chicago on October 22, 1990. At some point during March or April, the company recorded a veteran gospel singer, the Reverend W. M. Chambers, who had made records before World War II. The Reverend was accompanied on his only Chess release by a female vocal group, organ, and guitar. Chess 1511 appears to have been his last recording. An artist who seems to have gotten away was one Bill Bailey, who, according to a brief item in Billboard (March 22, 1952) "will cut four sides, country style, for Chess Records next week" (p. 23). These tracks, if ever recorded, have disappeared without a trace. The Chess brothers would not really get involved in country music until 1954, when they started the Chess 4858 series in collaboration with Stan Lewis, their distributor in Shreveport, Louisiana. From the collection of Tom Kelly On a trip southward in May, Leonard Chess indulged in a little extracurricular recording, taping two sides by bluesman Arthur "Big Boy" Crudup in Jackson, Mississippi. Crudup was under contract to RCA Victor at the time, so, in a move that fooled no one, the two sides were attributed to one Percy Lee Crudup on release. Checker 754 remains a curiosity, as Chess wouldn't get another opportunity to record the durable bluesman. From the collection of Tom Kelly After an early string of musically interesting releases that all sold rather poorly and in some cases remain obscure today, Checker justified its separate status in August 1952, when Checker 758 (Little Walter's "Juke") was released. "Juke" grew into a tremendous hit, so quickly that Walter left Muddy Waters' band while it was still on the road in Louisiana, so he could to return to Chicago and organize his own combo. "Juke" came out of a regular Muddy Waters session, which took place on May 12, 1952. To round out the session, Little Walter was asked to record an instrumental that he often performed with the band. From the collection of Robert L. Campbell Calvin Bostick and his trio were still holding down their gig at the 411 Club when they returned for another session on May 27. This time just two tracks were laid down. "411 Boogie" is a gimmicky instrumental that moves a good way from the Nat King Cole mold with its addition of a second, sped-up piano line via overdubbing. The side was held till late in the year for a Christmas release, then, after Bostick was drafted into the army, was re-paired with its session-mate "Bang Bang Blues" for a mid-1954 issue, which would be the pianist's last for the company. From the Cleveland Call and Post, 1955; courtesy of John Richmond. From the collection of Robert L. Campbell A performer who managed to escape being swept up Checker's wave of success was Al Fats Thomas, whose only release for the company would appear on Checker 759. Allen Thomas was a showbiz personality from Cleveland, Ohio. He had been on the scene since at least 1935, in a number of roles. Thomas sang and acted as master of ceremonies. Occasionally he led a band. Thomas was even credited, once in a while, with playing an instrument: "congo drums," in an ad from 1950; trombone, in 1954. His axe in 1949, when he was a member of Smitty Al's trio, was a Victrola horn bent into the approximate shape of a tenor saxophone, with a kazoo for a mouthpiece (Tom Ehrbar, "A Nostalgic Glimpse at a Big Band Musician," Cleveland Call and Post, December 25, 1971, p. 17 A). Thomas, who was sometimes billed as "the big man with the big voice," had a heavy bass/baritone equally well suited to shouting the blues and intoning lounge ballads. He recorded four sides for a small company called Lissen in 1947, backed the band of one Lee Norman; these were released on two singles (which were announced in the Chicago Defender, October 18, 1947, p. 18). In 1949, he cut four sides for National, leading to just one single. On National Thomas rated the services of a top-grade studio band (featuring such high-profile musicans as Lockjaw Davis on tenor sax and George Duvivier on bass). Both of these earlier outings took place in New York City. In 1952, Thomas was tight with Alan Freed, who spun R&B platters at Cleveland's radio station WJW. When he was impressed by a vocal group called the Crazy Sounds that was performing at a club called the Loop, Thomas phoned Freed and let him listen to the group. Freed took the group under his wing and renamed them the Moonglows, after his on-the-air persona. Freed sponsored a massive "Moondog Maytime Ball" at the Cleveland Arena, with three shows on May 17 and 18, 1952; headlined by the Dominoes, the bill included H-Bomb Ferguson, Little Jimmy Scott, the bands of Todd Rhodes, Freddy Mitchell, and Morris Lane, and "Sensational Singing Entertainer" Fats Thomas. Not mentioned in the original Call and Post display advertisement, which ran on May 10, were "Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats direct from Memphis plus Arbee Stidham and his great orchestra direct from Chicago" (Call and Post, May 17, 1952, p. 5 D); obviously Freed had made some kind of last-minute deal with the Chess brothers to add them to the bill. "Big Fat" Thomas reappeared as the MC of the Dawn Dance at the Paradise on May 30, 1952 (Cleveland Call and Post, May 31, 1952, p. 3 D). In July he was featured with Live Mackay and The Three Naturals at Jack's Musical Bar (Cleveland Call and Post, July 26, 1952, p. 6 D) Thomas's appearance on Checker is the first concrete indication that talent was being sent the Chess brothers' way by Alan Freed. (The Moonglows would end up recording for them, but not for another two years: first the group cut one single for a label run by Freed himself, then Freed arranged for them to sign with one of the Chess brothers' rivals, Chance , where they would remain until owner Art Sheridan decided to close the label. The Coronets, another group under Freed's sponsorship, would end up on Chess much sooner.) From the Cleveland Call and Post, July 1954. Courtesy of Joe Mosbrook. On June 13, 1952—or a little before if the date is for mastering—Fats Thomas cut his two sides for Checker. These were obviously made in Cleveland; there is no evidence Thomas ever performed in the Windy City. While Thomas got exclusive composer credit on both sides, it's not hard to figure out who the mastermind behind Moon Music was. The single that resulted was, well, eccentric. "Baby Please No No" is a funereal ensemble chant begging forgiveness; only the rhythm section, with some help from Thomas on the "congo drums," plays on it. The flip is a jazz instrumental, titled "Dog Days" on account of the scheduled release date in August. Far from torpid or listless, it is a lively bop number played by an excellent sextet of trumpet, tenor sax, electric violin, piano, bass, and drums. Thomas had been working, earlier in 1952, in a trio with trumpeter Herbie Francis. Pianist Maceo Owens, then playing in a group called the Four Tones, told the Cleveland Call and Post (August 9, 1952, p. 4 D), that he had played on this session. Owens later joined the Nation of Islam, changed his name to Sheikh Al-Hajj Hazziez, published The Book of Muslim Names in 1976, and eventually became the secretary of Muhammad's Mosque #7 in New York City. The bassist, who is addressed as "Baker" as he gets a well-deserved solo on "Dog Days," is in the league of Wilbur Ware and Charles Mingus. The violinist, whom Anthony Barnett has now identified as Jimmy Lane, had obviously heard of Stuff Smith. Not where you'd look for Cleveland beboppers laying down an instrumental... From the collection of Robert L. Campbell. Thomas recorded just one more time that we know of, around a year later for a very small Cleveland-based label called Hawk , which was owned by another DJ. He did an uptempto blues ("Blowing My Horn") on Hawk 72053 and a lounge ballad ("I Thought I Found Love," also featuring Jimmy Lane) on Hawk 72054. These were explicitly credited to pianist Nate Spencer and his Orchestra with vocalist "Allen" Thomas. These sides were mentioned, with highly approximate titles, in an announcement for a New Year's Eve Show at the Cedar Gardens, where Thomas was appearing in a revue (Cleveland Call and Post, January 2, 1954, p. 7 B). The other two sides on these Hawk releases were credited to "Kitty Kaye and the Cats"; they appear to be the work of the Spencer crew at a different session backing a female vocalist. On January 26, 1953, Thomas took up an engagement for a week at Club Ebony. The Call and Post referred to him as "local boy who made good when he made the 'Moondoggers' howl" (January 24, 1953, p. 6 B). On February 7, 1953, the Cleveland Call and Post (p. 6 B) ran an item about a charity event at the Pla Mor Ballroom featuring such performers as singer Terry Timmons, a group of boys called "The Hamboners" imitating a recent Red Saunders hit, and a band led by Fats Thomas. Thomas worked Club Congo in Cleveland in 1954, as part of a song and dance duo. After being involved in some amateur shows at Club Congo in the early months of 1955, he landed a gig as MC at the Flame Lounge (not related to the Chicago establishments with the same name). He remained active in the clubs through the end of the decade. In June 1958 he was the featured vocalist at the Lake Glen Country Club (Cleveland Call and Post, June 21, 1958, p. 7 C). In July 1958 he was back with his old song and dance partner, Merritt Stepp, for the Steppettess Social Club gathering at the Wheel Lounge (Cleveland Call and Post, August 2, 1948, p. 7 C). In March 1960 was hosting his own TV show, the Fats Thomas Revue, which ran on Saturday nights on local station WEWS (Cleveland Call and Post, March 12, 1960, p. 6 C). Our thanks go to Anthony Barnett, Howard Rye, Joe Mosbrook, and John Richmond for tracking down Al Thomas, Nate Spencer, and Maceo Owens, to Barnett for identifying Jimmy Lane—and to George Paulus for locating Hawk 72054. From the collection of Dr. Robert Stallworth On July 11, the company undertook a marathon blues session featuring Memphis Minnie and Blue Smitty. Born Lizzie Douglas in Algiers, Louisiana, in 1897, singer and guitarist Memphis Minnie was by this time a veteran of the blues recording industry; she had made her first records in 1929 and adopted Chicago as her home base in the early 1930s. As the Melrose combine faded, her long association with Columbia Records came to an end in 1949. She recorded for the short-lived Parkway label in 1950, but the company folded before any of her sides could be released and the remnants were snapped up by Regal. For her Checker session, she was joined by her husband and long-time duet partner, Ernest "Little Son Joe" Lawlars on second guitar, an unidentified drummer, and (on three of the four sides), Little Walter on harmonica. The resulting peformances are highly valued by blues fans today, but the company was hesitant about their commercial potential. Checker 771 included a remake of her early 1940s hit "Me and My Chauffeur," and it didn't hit any shelves until nearly a year after the sides were recorded, when Little Walter had become red-hot commercially. Although it was re-pressed more than once (there are copies with the later, maroon Checker label as well as the original red) and the single was still in the company catalogue in the early 1960s, it is hard to find today. When her contract was not renewed, Memphis Minnie moved on to JOB , laying down what turned out to be her last commercial session in October 1953. In the late 1950s, she and Little Son Joe returned to Memphis. She had to give up performing after suffering a stroke in the early 1960s, and died in Memphis in 1973. From the collection of Dr. Robert Stallworth The remaining sides recorded that day were the work of Claude Smith, a guitarist who went in the clubs as Blue Smitty. Muddy Waters, who had worked with Smitty in the mid-1940s, acknowledged him as an influence, but Smitty kept his day job at a radio repair shop, and his session for Chess would be his only opportunity to record. Accompanied by pianist Malron Jett, drummer Ike Smith, and a bassist whose last name was Stewart, Smitty laid down two intense slow blues, which were pretty promptly released on Chess 1522. This, however, is much scarcer today than Memphis Minnie's single on Checker. The other two sides from the session—one of which, "Date Bait," is positively perky—would remain in the vaults until the early 1970s; an alternate take of "Crying" was also unearthed and released on LP. An unintended consequence: the fierce master take of "Crying" is much harder to find today, though it can be heard on a Top Notch CD titled More Ugly Guitar from the Kings of Distortion. The advent of Checker seems to have thrown some confusion into the matrix number series. Chess kept using the U7000 series from Universal Recording (though items not recorded at that venue were sometimes thrown into the series with no apparent consistency). Early in the year a 1000 series was opened for purchased material (most of it from the prolific Sam Phillips in Memphis); then the 1000s acquired a C prefix, and the series came to be used for material intended for the new Checker label—even though much of it was recorded back home at Universal in Chicago. (Adding to the overall messiness, the matrix numbers on both releases from the July 11 session were bumped up in error from the 1000s to the 1100s.) Finally, a U4300 ledger was opened at Universal for the freelance recording operations of Al Benson, who was reguarly dealing material to Chess during the second half of 1952. During the first half of 1953, many native Chess sessions would be given U4300 series matrix numbers... A week later, the company brought Arbee Stidham back for four more sides. On the occasion, he was accompanied by tenor sax, piano, electric guitar, bass, and drums. The saxophonist has been identified as J. T. Brown, but the performer who can be heard on two of the tracks, though loud enough, is too crude and blowsy to be J. T. Brown. Sugarman Penigar is a better bet. The bassist hasn't been identified as Wille Dixon, but he was around at the time and t the work sounds like his. Two of the tunes were tried in versions with a male vocal group (which can now be heard) and versions without (which are still in the can). Apparently Leonard Chess was displeased with the day's output, with or without the doowoppers, for he would try again with Stidham, while nothing from this session would be released for many years. Just two tracks have appeared—on a bootleg LP, Doo Woppin' the Blues, that was clandestinely compiled from Aristocrat and Chess material. From the collection of Tom Kelly On August 12, Jimmy Rogers dropped in for four tunes of his own. Unusually, he was not accompanied by Muddy Waters, who was on the road on the time. Rogers' combo consisted of Henry Gray (piano), Po' Bob Woodfork (guitar), Willie Dixon (bass), and A. J. Gladney (drums). "The Last Time" and "Out on the Road" were promptly released on Chess 1519. (Fancourt and McGrath claim that Muddy provided backing vocals on "The Last Time," but the company was merely experimenting with vocal overdubs. Joe Williams ' infamously double-tracked vocal on "Every Day I Have the Blues," covered below under Purchased Sessions, had been cut at Universal Recording in July.) From the collection of Tom Kelly The next month was uncharacteristially slack, producing four unreleased gospel sides by one Reverend Green and another four pop or jazz sides by an artist who remains unidentified. In early September, the company tried two sides by Eddie Johnson, but they were deemed unsatisfactory. Nothing has since been heard of them. From the collection of Robert L. Campbell Next, the Chess brothers made a most unusual early foray into comedy. Dickie Goodman (abbreviating his name to Dick Good) recorded two versions of a monologue in which he deconstructed "Bo Peep." In Part I, he spoke posh; Part II consisted of the same material done in a heavy Yiddish accent. Both monologues appear to have been recorded in the studio, with canned laughter spliced in to create the illusion of an audience. The resulting release on Chess 1524, though funny, apparently didn't sell at all and was forgotten for many years; a copy turned up at an auction in 2009. In company files, the comedian's first name turned into "Deck" and the titles were rendered as "Bo Beep (English)" and "Bo Beep (Jewish)." Chess would not return to comedy until the company was regularly releasing LPs. In 1956, Dickie Goodman teamed up with comedian Bill Buchanan and record impresario George Goldner, starting the New York-based Luniverse label, in operation from 1956 to 1958. Their first release, "The Flying Saucer," full of clips from current rock and roll and R&B hits, including a couple lifted from Chess sides by Chuck Berry and Bobby Charles, was a commercial access. Chess got back on track with the Eddie Johnson session of September 12, which produced one of the greatest jukebox jazz singles, a coupling the boogie "Tiptoe" with the swinger "Twin Rock" on Chess 1544. From the collection of Robert L. Campbell The company promptly followed with another classic Muddy Waters session, which took place on September 17. Little Walter was off leading his own band, so the red-hot amplified harmonica on these sides belongs to Amos "Junior" Wells, who was now working for Muddy even though he wouldn't turn 18 until December. Jimmy Rogers remained on second guitar, and Elga Edmonds on the drum stool. After four numbers had been concluded, Muddy turned over the lead guitar and vocal duties to Floyd Jones: note the close similarity between Floyd's "You Can't Live Long" and Muddy's "Standing Around Crying," both impassioned blues that creep at a funereal pace. While Muddy's first release from the session (Chess 1526, on 78 and 45) was a hit, and Chess used a third side later on, sales of Floyd's release were disappointing (Chess 1527, a 78-only, is much harder to find today than Chess 1498) and the company quickly dropped him from its roster. He would return to his former label, JOB , in January 1953, moving to Vee-Jay in 1954. From the collection of Tom Kelly Later in September, the Chess brothers tried a vocal group called the Bayou Boys, about whom we still know little. Two of the sides were released on Checker 765, both 78 and 45; the other two are still languishing. From the four-tune entry, we're inferring that the Bayou Boys were recorded in Chicago at Universal; the publisher identifications on the labels give us no further clue, as both sides of Checker 765 were standards. From the collection of Tom Kelly From the collection of Robert L. Campbell On October 10, Eddie Boyd returned to Chess after his excursion to JOB and a single outing for Al Benson (the latter is listed below, under Purchased Sessions). On this occasion, the songwriter-pianist was accompanied by Robert "Little Sax" Crowder (tenor sax), Robert Jr. Lockwood (guitar), Willie Dixon (bass), and Percy Walker (drums). "24 Hours," a classic complaint, and the ebullient instrumental "The Tickler" were coupled on Chess 1533, to considerable commercial success on both 78 and 45. From the collection of Robert L. Campbell From the collection of Tom Kelly Next up was a 2-tune outing by Morris Pejoe. Checker issued a second single on him, on 78 and 45 rpm, but Checker 766 did not sell well, and it would be his last for the Chess brothers. From the collection of Tom Kelly Fresh off a tour with his new band, Little Walter was brought back for the first session that he would do on his own. From the collection of Robert L. Campbell The company seems to have taken an extended holiday from Universal Recording at the end of the year. Calvin Bostick had joined forces with McKie Fitzhugh, the DJ, putting together a Christmas song. This was probably committed to tape in November, accompanied by strings; apparently it had no session mates. When released it was paired with a tune from his previous session. From Jet, January 1, 1953; courtesy of Simon Evans. Bostick's association with Chess would end when he was drafted by the U.S. Army in 1953. He served two years in the Special Services Branch in Korea. Returning to Chicago, Bostick began a long residency at the 411 Club, which ran from October 1955 through much of 1957. He was now largely accompanying himself on organ. In June 1957, Bostick completed his formal music education, getting a degree from the Chicago Conservatory of Music. On June 12, 1958, he posted an indefinite contract at the Nocturne. He continued to perform throughout the Midwest, and reportedly recorded for Fraternity, RCA, and "Canadian" (probably Canadian-American) Records. He composed songs for Sammy Davis Jr. and his old inspiration Nat King Cole, among others. Beginning in 1963, Bostick began an 11-year career as a lounge act for the Holiday Inn circuit. Around 1970, he settled in Erie, Pennsylvania, where he died on April 9, 1974. Sources on Calvin Bostick: “Calvin Cuts 2 New Sides,” Chicago Defender, 14 October 1950; “Calvin T. Bostick, 45, Musican, Songwriter,” Erie Times, 11 April 1974; Chicago Public Library's Musician Death Files. The Chess brothers also tried a session with guitarist and singer Danny Overbea, which must not have turned out well, as nothing from it has ever surfaced. They would have better luck in the future. Although Chess continued to keep its issue numbers in reasonably good order, the company dropped the ball in November 1952, when it put out two different 1525s. (It was long believed that there was no Chess 1524, but this turns out to have been the comedy record by Dick Good.) One Chess 1525 was a country recording by Guy Blakeman and His Blue Grass Serenaders (recorded in Shreveport, Louisiana, most likely a couple of years earlier); the other was a jazz recording (one side reissued from 1949; the other in the vault since 1950) by Gene Ammons. In all, there are 106 known sides newly recorded for Chess in 1952 (if we count known alternate takes, but do not include some unexplained gaps in the series, such as U7452 through U7456 and U7472 through U7475). Three sides were cut in Jackson, Mississippi, where Leonard Chess made a clandestine session with Big Boy Crudup (C1022 and C1023 plus an alternate; in a move that fooled no one, these were attributed to "Percy Lee" Crudup). With the likely exception of the two Fats Thomas sides, the rest all seem to be from Universal Recording in Chicago. Sides newly recorded for Chess in 1952 Matrix

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Where was the first H bomb exploded in 1952?

United States tests first hydrogen bomb - Nov 01, 1952 - HISTORY.com United States tests first hydrogen bomb Share this: United States tests first hydrogen bomb Author United States tests first hydrogen bomb URL Publisher A+E Networks The United States detonates the world’s first thermonuclear weapon, the hydrogen bomb, on Eniwetok atoll in the Pacific. The test gave the United States a short-lived advantage in the nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union. Following the successful Soviet detonation of an atomic device in September 1949, the United States accelerated its program to develop the next stage in atomic weaponry, a thermonuclear bomb. Popularly known as the hydrogen bomb, this new weapon was approximately 1,000 times more powerful than conventional nuclear devices. Opponents of development of the hydrogen bomb included J. Robert Oppenheimer, one of the fathers of the atomic bomb. He and others argued that little would be accomplished except the speeding up of the arms race, since it was assumed that the Soviets would quickly follow suit.The opponents were correct in their assumptions. The Soviet Union exploded a thermonuclear device the following year and by the late 1970s, seven nations had constructed hydrogen bombs. The nuclear arms race had taken a fearful step forward. Related Videos

Enewetak Atoll

Queen Alia international airport is in which country?

The 1950s and the Hydrogen Bomb - How the Nuclear Arms Race Works | HowStuffWorks The 1950s and the Hydrogen Bomb   Prev Next   Los Alamos National Laboratory/Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images With the Soviets successfully testing their own nuclear weapons, the race was officially on. Little more than a month after the "Joe 1" test, the United States began expanding its production of uranium and plutonium. By the start of 1950, President Harry S. Truman announced the U.S. would continue research and development on "all forms of atomic weapons." This "all forms" part was important. Initially, scientists working for the Manhattan Project considered two possible designs for an atomic bomb . They eventually chose to create a fission bomb, in which neutrons fired toward the nuclei of uranium or plutonium set off a massive chain reaction. This type of bomb was used on Hiroshima , Nagasaki and Bikini Atoll. A physicist at Los Alamos, Edward Teller, suggested a thermonuclear fusion bomb, or hydrogen bomb. A fusion bomb operates by forcing together deuterium and tritium, two light isotopes of hydrogen. The resulting explosion would be theoretically many times more than that of a fission device, and almost without limit. Time didn't permit the completion of a fusion bomb, but Teller pushed for a chance to complete the device in order to keep one step ahead of the Russians. Up Next Where do they get the particles for accelerators? On Nov. 1, 1952, the U.S. detonated the world's first hydrogen bomb, code-named "Mike," on the Enewetak Atoll of the Marshall Islands . The resulting explosion was about the same as 10 million tons of TNT, or 700 times greater than the fission bomb dropped on Hiroshima. The cloud produced by the explosion was 25 miles high and 100 miles wide, and the island on which it exploded simply disappeared, leaving nothing but a gaping crater. Again, Klaus Fuchs had delivered early information on the hydrogen bomb designs along with the fission bomb information, and by late 1955 the Soviets tested their own design. Michael Rougier/Time Life Pictures/Getty Images One of the more distressing events of the 1950s was another Soviet development -- the launch of Sputnik 1 on Oct. 4, 1957. The satellite was the first object to be launched into space by an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), and the achievement caused a great scare in the U.S. If the Soviets could put a satellite into space, they could do the same thing with a nuclear warhead. Now, instead of having sufficient warning time for a nuclear attack by monitoring incoming airplanes , a missile could hit a target in less than an hour. The 1950s also included the expansion of the nuclear "club," or the group of nations with tested nuclear weapons. England had worked together with the U.S. on the nuclear bomb design, but because of limited funds during the war, their contributions were mainly theoretical. This changed on Oct. 3, 1952, when the English tested their first nuclear bomb off the coast of Australia . The race during the '50s started off quickly, but the real dangers didn't become evident until the next decade. To learn about nuclear weapons in the '60s, read the next page.

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"Which hairdresser said, """"The only place where success comes before work is in the dictionary?"""

The Dictionary Is the Only Place Where Success Comes Before Work | Quote Investigator The Dictionary Is the Only Place Where Success Comes Before Work Vince Lombardi? Mark Twain? Arthur Brisbane? Vidal Sassoon? Stubby Currence? Anonymous? Dear Quote Investigator: There is an astute saying about gaining achievements through effort that deftly refers to the alphabetical order of a dictionary. Here are two versions: 1) Success comes before work only in the dictionary. 2) The dictionary is the only place where success comes before work. This expression has been attributed to football coach Vince Lombardi, humorist Mark Twain, newspaper editor Arthur Brisbane, hair stylist Vidal Sassoon, and others. Would you please explore its origin? Quote Investigator: QI has found no substantive evidence that Mark Twain made this statement. It is not listed on Barbara Schmidt’s TwainQuotes.com website, an important reference tool for checking expressions ascribed to the luminary. Also, it does not appear in the large compilation “Mark Twain at Your Fingertips”. The earliest strong match for this saying located by QI was published in 1935 by a newspaper columnist named Stubby Currence. The details are given further below. QI conjectures that the expression emerged from a precursor statement that was in circulation by the 1920s. The following was printed in a New Castle, Pennsylvania newspaper in 1925, and the same statement with the words “for it” deleted was printed in a Humboldt, Iowa newspaper in 1926: 1 One way to find success without working for it is to look it up in the dictionary. Three key vocabulary items were shared with the saying under investigation: “success”, “working”, and “dictionary”. But the meaning here was somewhat different. The reader might find the word “success” simply by looking it up in a dictionary, but this action was distinct from actually obtaining worldly success. The wordplay and joke structure here were distinguishable, but there were multiple points of similarity with the phrase being traced. In 1932 “The News-Herald” newspaper of Franklin, Pennsylvania printed another version of the precursor quip. This instance semantically matched the 1925 citation, but syntactically it was closer to the next citation in 1935: 2 In a dictionary is the only place one can find success without working for it. In 1935 an expression solidly matching the one given by the questioner was published in the “Bluefield Daily Telegraph” of Bluefield, West Virginia. The words appeared in a column called “The Press Box” by Stubby Currence who covered sports for the paper. QI does not know whether Currence was the crafter of the jape or simply the transmitter: 3 BUFF SAYS: “The dictionary is the only place where you come to SUCCESS before you get to WORK.” Here are additional selected citations in chronological order. In 1941 “The Pampa News” of Pampa, Texas printed a column titled “Just between Us Girls” containing an unattributed instance of the saying that used dialectical spelling: 4 Dictionary am de only place where you come to success befor’ you git to work. In 1953 “The Echo” newspaper of Richardson, Texas published an unattributed instance together with a miscellaneous set of unrelated items under the title “Moments”: 5 Only in the dictionary will you find success coming before work. In 1954 the saying was incorporated in a classified advertisement in a Syracuse, New York paper: 6 “THE DICTIONARY IS THE ONLY place where success comes before work.” SEE US FOR THE BEST JOBS National Vocational Ser. In 1957 the energetic quotation collector and widely-syndicated columnist Bennett Cerf ascribed the saying to Arthur Brisbane who was a famous newspaper editor based in New York who died in 1936. QI has not found any earlier support for this interesting attribution; hence, its status remains uncertain: 7 Arthur Brisbane liked to point out that the dictionary is the only place where success comes before work. In 1980 “The Penguin Dictionary of Modern Quotations” included an entry for the saying with a linkage to hairdresser and businessman Vidal Sassoon who credited an unnamed teacher: 8 The only place where success comes before work is in a dictionary. [On BBC radio, quoting one of his teachers] In 1994 the adage was ascribed to Vince Lombardi in a sports column of “The Seattle Times” in Washington. Lombardi died in 1970: 9 QUOTE ‘The dictionary is the only place where success comes before work. Hard work is the price we must all pay for success.’ Vince Lombardi In conclusion, QI would tentatively credit Stubby Currence based on the 1935 citation. The attributions to Arthur Brisbane and Vince Lombardi were only weakly supported by very late citations. The citation for Vidal Sassoon was substantive, but the saying was already in circulation. This entry represents a snapshot of what QI has discovered and additional data in the future may shift the ascription. Image Notes: Open book from PublicDomainPictures at Pixabay. Excerpts from the 1817 edition of “A Dictionary of the English Language: Compiled for the Use of Common Schools in the United States” by Noah Webster published by George Goodwin. (Great thanks to David Barnhart, Ben Zimmer, and wikicitas whose inquiries led QI to formulate this question and perform this exploration. Special thanks to Barry Popik who also fruitfully examined this saying , and to “The Dictionary of Modern Proverbs” which has a valuable entry on this topic.) Notes: 1925 July 27, New Castle News, Hints and Dints, Quote Page 4, Column 3, New Castle, Pennsylvania. (NewspaperArchive) 10 1926 February 12, The Humboldt Republican (Humboldt Independent), Office Dog Barks, Quote Page 2, Column 3, Humboldt, Iowa. (NewspaperArchive) ↩ 1932 May 5, The News-Herald, Looking at the News of Today by William J. Crawford, Quote Page 4, Column 4, Franklin, Pennsylvania. (Newspapers_com) ↩ 1935 February 17, Bluefield Daily Telegraph, Fodder For Sports From: The Press Box by Stubby Currence, Section 2, Quote Page 1, Column 6, Bluefield, West Virginia. (Newspapers_com) ↩ 1941 August 24, Pampa Daily News, Just Between Us Girls by Johnnie Davis, Quote Page 7, Column 1, Pampa, Texas. (Newspapers_com) ↩ 1953 July 31, The Echo (Richardson Echo), Moments, (Collection of short unrelated items), Quote Page 2, Column 4, Richardson, Texas. (GenealogyBank) ↩ 1954 March 19, The Post-Standard, (Classified Advertisement for National Vocational Ser.), Quote Page 37, Column 2, Syracuse, New York. (Newspapers_com) ↩ 1957 July 23, State Times Advocate, Try and Stop Me by Bennett Cerf, Quote Page 2-B, Column 3, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. (GenealogyBank) ↩ 1980, The Penguin Dictionary of Modern Quotations, Edited by J. M. Cohen and M. J. Cohen, Second edition, (Reprint dated 1983), Section: Vidal Sassoon, Page 298, Penguin Books, New York. (Verified on paper) ↩ 1994 February 4, The Seattle Times, Section: Sports, Column: Sideline Chatter, It Stop, Let It Stop, Let It Stop!, Compiled by Chuck Ashmun, Quote Page C2, Seattle, Washington. (NewsBank Access World News) ↩

Vidal Sassoon

Which space probe sent pictures from Mars in 1965?

The Dictionary Is the Only Place Where Success Comes Before Work | Quote Investigator The Dictionary Is the Only Place Where Success Comes Before Work Vince Lombardi? Mark Twain? Arthur Brisbane? Vidal Sassoon? Stubby Currence? Anonymous? Dear Quote Investigator: There is an astute saying about gaining achievements through effort that deftly refers to the alphabetical order of a dictionary. Here are two versions: 1) Success comes before work only in the dictionary. 2) The dictionary is the only place where success comes before work. This expression has been attributed to football coach Vince Lombardi, humorist Mark Twain, newspaper editor Arthur Brisbane, hair stylist Vidal Sassoon, and others. Would you please explore its origin? Quote Investigator: QI has found no substantive evidence that Mark Twain made this statement. It is not listed on Barbara Schmidt’s TwainQuotes.com website, an important reference tool for checking expressions ascribed to the luminary. Also, it does not appear in the large compilation “Mark Twain at Your Fingertips”. The earliest strong match for this saying located by QI was published in 1935 by a newspaper columnist named Stubby Currence. The details are given further below. QI conjectures that the expression emerged from a precursor statement that was in circulation by the 1920s. The following was printed in a New Castle, Pennsylvania newspaper in 1925, and the same statement with the words “for it” deleted was printed in a Humboldt, Iowa newspaper in 1926: 1 One way to find success without working for it is to look it up in the dictionary. Three key vocabulary items were shared with the saying under investigation: “success”, “working”, and “dictionary”. But the meaning here was somewhat different. The reader might find the word “success” simply by looking it up in a dictionary, but this action was distinct from actually obtaining worldly success. The wordplay and joke structure here were distinguishable, but there were multiple points of similarity with the phrase being traced. In 1932 “The News-Herald” newspaper of Franklin, Pennsylvania printed another version of the precursor quip. This instance semantically matched the 1925 citation, but syntactically it was closer to the next citation in 1935: 2 In a dictionary is the only place one can find success without working for it. In 1935 an expression solidly matching the one given by the questioner was published in the “Bluefield Daily Telegraph” of Bluefield, West Virginia. The words appeared in a column called “The Press Box” by Stubby Currence who covered sports for the paper. QI does not know whether Currence was the crafter of the jape or simply the transmitter: 3 BUFF SAYS: “The dictionary is the only place where you come to SUCCESS before you get to WORK.” Here are additional selected citations in chronological order. In 1941 “The Pampa News” of Pampa, Texas printed a column titled “Just between Us Girls” containing an unattributed instance of the saying that used dialectical spelling: 4 Dictionary am de only place where you come to success befor’ you git to work. In 1953 “The Echo” newspaper of Richardson, Texas published an unattributed instance together with a miscellaneous set of unrelated items under the title “Moments”: 5 Only in the dictionary will you find success coming before work. In 1954 the saying was incorporated in a classified advertisement in a Syracuse, New York paper: 6 “THE DICTIONARY IS THE ONLY place where success comes before work.” SEE US FOR THE BEST JOBS National Vocational Ser. In 1957 the energetic quotation collector and widely-syndicated columnist Bennett Cerf ascribed the saying to Arthur Brisbane who was a famous newspaper editor based in New York who died in 1936. QI has not found any earlier support for this interesting attribution; hence, its status remains uncertain: 7 Arthur Brisbane liked to point out that the dictionary is the only place where success comes before work. In 1980 “The Penguin Dictionary of Modern Quotations” included an entry for the saying with a linkage to hairdresser and businessman Vidal Sassoon who credited an unnamed teacher: 8 The only place where success comes before work is in a dictionary. [On BBC radio, quoting one of his teachers] In 1994 the adage was ascribed to Vince Lombardi in a sports column of “The Seattle Times” in Washington. Lombardi died in 1970: 9 QUOTE ‘The dictionary is the only place where success comes before work. Hard work is the price we must all pay for success.’ Vince Lombardi In conclusion, QI would tentatively credit Stubby Currence based on the 1935 citation. The attributions to Arthur Brisbane and Vince Lombardi were only weakly supported by very late citations. The citation for Vidal Sassoon was substantive, but the saying was already in circulation. This entry represents a snapshot of what QI has discovered and additional data in the future may shift the ascription. Image Notes: Open book from PublicDomainPictures at Pixabay. Excerpts from the 1817 edition of “A Dictionary of the English Language: Compiled for the Use of Common Schools in the United States” by Noah Webster published by George Goodwin. (Great thanks to David Barnhart, Ben Zimmer, and wikicitas whose inquiries led QI to formulate this question and perform this exploration. Special thanks to Barry Popik who also fruitfully examined this saying , and to “The Dictionary of Modern Proverbs” which has a valuable entry on this topic.) Notes: 1925 July 27, New Castle News, Hints and Dints, Quote Page 4, Column 3, New Castle, Pennsylvania. (NewspaperArchive) 10 1926 February 12, The Humboldt Republican (Humboldt Independent), Office Dog Barks, Quote Page 2, Column 3, Humboldt, Iowa. (NewspaperArchive) ↩ 1932 May 5, The News-Herald, Looking at the News of Today by William J. Crawford, Quote Page 4, Column 4, Franklin, Pennsylvania. (Newspapers_com) ↩ 1935 February 17, Bluefield Daily Telegraph, Fodder For Sports From: The Press Box by Stubby Currence, Section 2, Quote Page 1, Column 6, Bluefield, West Virginia. (Newspapers_com) ↩ 1941 August 24, Pampa Daily News, Just Between Us Girls by Johnnie Davis, Quote Page 7, Column 1, Pampa, Texas. (Newspapers_com) ↩ 1953 July 31, The Echo (Richardson Echo), Moments, (Collection of short unrelated items), Quote Page 2, Column 4, Richardson, Texas. (GenealogyBank) ↩ 1954 March 19, The Post-Standard, (Classified Advertisement for National Vocational Ser.), Quote Page 37, Column 2, Syracuse, New York. (Newspapers_com) ↩ 1957 July 23, State Times Advocate, Try and Stop Me by Bennett Cerf, Quote Page 2-B, Column 3, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. (GenealogyBank) ↩ 1980, The Penguin Dictionary of Modern Quotations, Edited by J. M. Cohen and M. J. Cohen, Second edition, (Reprint dated 1983), Section: Vidal Sassoon, Page 298, Penguin Books, New York. (Verified on paper) ↩ 1994 February 4, The Seattle Times, Section: Sports, Column: Sideline Chatter, It Stop, Let It Stop, Let It Stop!, Compiled by Chuck Ashmun, Quote Page C2, Seattle, Washington. (NewsBank Access World News) ↩

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Which villain was played by Burgess Meredith in the 1960s Batman TV series?

A Visual Guide to All 37 Villains in the 'Batman' TV Series | Mental Floss A Visual Guide to All 37 Villains in the 'Batman' TV Series Here they all are with a little extra Bam! Pow! Zap! for good measure.  1. THE RIDDLER (FRANK GORSHIN) SEASON 1 (EPISODES 1, 2, 11, 12, 23, 24, 31, 32), SEASON 3 (EPISODE 2)  The quintessential (and first) Batman villain to star in the ’66 series, Frank Gorshin would end up playing The Riddler in all of the character’s appearances in the series except for a two episode span during season two when John Astin stepped into the green tights. 2. THE RIDDLER (JOHN ASTIN) SEASON 2 (EPISODES 45, 46) Perhaps best known for playing Gomez Addams in ABC’s 1964 TV series The Addams Family, John Astin donned The Riddler’s costume for a short two-episode arc during Batman’s second season. 3. THE PENGUIN (BURGESS MEREDITH) SEASON 1 (EPISODES 3, 4, 21, 22, 33, 34), SEASON 2 (EPISODES 17, 18, 27, 28, 37, 38, 39, 42, 43, 44), SEASON 3 (EPISODES 1, 4, 5, 20) Burgess Meredith’s portrayal of The Penguin may be the most iconic (at least in appearance) of the entire series. With his purple top hat, monocle, and long cigarette, Meredith’s Penguin would appear in more Batman episodes (20) than any other villain.  4. THE JOKER (CESAR ROMERO) SEASON 1 (EPISODES 5, 6, 15, 16, 25, 26), SEASON 2 (EPISODES 21, 22, 37, 38, 39, 47, 48, 57, 58), SEASON 3 (EPISODES 10, 16, 17, 24) Second only to Burgess Meredith as The Penguin, Cesar Romero appears in Batman as The Joker in 19 episodes in total. Known for his bright green hair, stark white makeup, and wide smile, Romero’s Joker would become one of the show’s most memorable villains. The actor famously refused to shave his signature mustache and you can see it under the white face paint particularly well on the high-definition transfers included on this Blu-ray box set.  5. MR. FREEZE (GEORGE SANDERS) SEASON 1 (EPISODES 7, 8)  Appearing as Mr. Freeze for only two episodes during the show’s first season, George Sander’s Mr. Freeze is quite low tech compared to the getups that Otto Preminger and Eli Wallach would wear during season two. When he does eventually don his signature suit, Sanders looks more like an astronaut than a villain with super freezy powers.  6. MR. FREEZE (OTTO PREMINGER) SEASON 2 (EPISODES 19, 20) Legendary, groundbreaking director Otto Preminger (Laura) took over the role of Mr. Freeze for two episodes during Batman’s second season and gives perhaps the most bizarre (and cool) performance of the three actors that would play the character. 7. MR. FREEZE (ELI WALLACH) SEASON 2 (EPISODES 59, 60) Eli Wallach (who passed away in June 2014 at the age of 98) played the frigid villain for the final two episodes of season two. His Mr. Freeze, who discovers an instant ice formula, is easily the most mustache-twirlingly and villainous of the three versions. It is also likely to be the most memorable. 8. ZELDA THE GREAT (ANNE BAXTER) SEASON 1 (EPISODES 9, 10) The great Anne Baxter (All About Eve, The Razor’s Edge, The Ten Commandments) plays Zelda the Great in a two-episode arc that includes the kidnapping of poor Aunt Harriet. This isn’t, however, the last time fans would see Baxter on the series...  9. MAD HATTER (DAVID WAYNE) SEASON 1 (EPISODES 13, 14), SEASON 2 (EPISODES 35, 36) Screen and stage veteran David Wayne plays The Mad Hatter in four episodes spread over two seasons of Batman. The villain, obsessed with getting his hands on Batman’s cowl, conceals a Super Instant Mesmerizer in one of his many hats in an attempt to get the job done. The Dynamic Duo, of course, has other plans.  10. FALSE FACE (MALACHI THRONE) SEASON 1 (EPISODES 17, 18) Malachi Throne was a staple of geek TV throughout his career: He made appearances in Star Trek: The Original Series, Star Trek: The Next Generation, Lost in Space, The Six Million Dollar Man, Babylon 5, and many more nerd-centric shows. We don’t even really get to see his recognizable face in Batman, however, as he plays a villain named False Face, who looks different nearly every time we see him. 11. CATWOMAN (JULIE NEWMAR) SEASON 1 (EPISODES 19, 20), SEASON 2 (EPISODES 3, 4, 10, 29, 30, 33, 34, 40, 41, 49, 50) Appearing in 13 Batman episodes over the show’s first two seasons, Julie Newmar’s Catwoman tussles with The Dynamic Duo more than any other female villain in the series. Not only did her appearance on the show make her the object of many a young man's affections, but it also helped establish the general look of the character on screen for years to come. 12. CATWOMAN (EARTHA KITT) SEASON 3 (EPISODES 14, 16, 17) Julie Newmar left some mighty big paws to fill when she didn’t return to the role of Catwoman for Batman’s third season. But, if you’re going to try to fill them, you might as well do it with a legend like Eartha Kitt. The singer, actress, and all-around dynamo donned the cat suit and purred her way into the hearts of Batman fans everywhere. I don’t know about you, but we can’t help but think of Catwoman every time we hear “Santa Baby” (which Kitt famously recorded) come on the radio during the holiday season. Lee Meriwether played Catwoman in the 1966 movie . 13. KING TUT (VICTOR BUONO) SEASON 1 (EPISODES 27, 28), SEASON 2 (7, 8, 53, 54), SEASON 3 (6, 23) Ever the performer, Victor Buono’s over-the-top performance as Batman original villain King Tut earned him appearances in eight separate episodes over the show’s three seasons. The actor reportedly loved playing the character because it allowed him the opportunity to overact, one of the aspects of the character that makes King Tut so beloved (and if there’s ever a place to overact, the Batman series seems like a great place to do it).  14. BOOKWORM (RODDY MCDOWALL) SEASON 1 (EPISODES 29, 30) Between film, TV, and theater, Planet of the Apes star Roddy McDowall’s resume is a mile long—so it should come as no surprise that he was able to sneak in two episodes as an original villain named Bookworm on Batman. Committing crimes inspired by literary works, Bookworm was created for the show, but would later come to figure in the Batman comic books as well.  15. THE ARCHER (ART CARNEY) SEASON 2 (EPISODES 1, 2) Once you realize that The Honeymooners veteran Art Carney is playing Batman villain The Archer in the first two episodes of the show’s second season, you should immediately know that the character is mostly going to be played for laughs. Based on the classic Robin Hood character, The Archer does his own brand of robbing the rich to feed the poor along with two henchmen (and one henchwoman) cleverly named Maid Marilyn, Big John, and Crier Tuck.  16. MINSTREL (VAN JOHNSON) SEASON 2 (EPISODES 5,6) Minstrel only appears in two season-two Batman episodes, but he’s a tough one to forget because Van Johnson’s performance is so mesmerizing. The villain is about as milquetoast as one gets—he abhors violence and sings songs about the crimes he’s committed (or is about to commit)—but it’s still hard to get Minstrel out of your head. 17. MA PARKER (SHELLEY WINTERS) SEASON 2 (EPISODES 9, 10) Season two villain Ma Parker is all about Shelley Winters' hilariously evil performance. Full of bravado and a pun a minute, the character is a simple country mother who has an affinity for powerful guns. Along with her three sons Pretty Boy Parker, Machine Gun Parker, and Mad Dog Parker, and one daughter named Legs Parker (that Ma really can’t stand), they give The Dynamic Duo a run for their money. 18. CLOCK KING (WALTER SLEZAK) SEASON 2 (EPISODES 11, 12) Tony Award-winning actor Walter Slezak suits up as Clock King for two season-two episodes of Batman using an antique clock to loot a jewelry store before Batman and Robin are on his tail. Though Clock King actually has pretty deep roots in the DC Comics universe, this version is a wonder all its own with Slezak’s trademark expressions and villainy leading the way. Oh, and one really big hourglass. 19. EGGHEAD (VINCENT PRICE) SEASON 2 (EPISODES 13, 14), SEASON 3 (EPISODES 8, 9, 15) It’s hard not to love Vincent Price’s hilariously campy portrayal of Egghead during five episodes in Batman’s run. With his signature white and yellow suit and enormous bald head, Price overacts to perfection as the extremely intelligent, eggcentric (get it?) villain. The character has a lair decked out with bacon and egg drawings on the wall and tosses laughing and tear gas eggs at his foes. Egghead is, quite possibly, the most lovable of all Batman villains. 20. CHANDELL (LIBERACE) SEASON 2 (EPISODES 15, 16) For two episodes, the piano virtuoso plays both Chandell (the piano player) and his twin brother Harry (who, it turns out, is the real villain here), and the results are a lot of fun. If only we could have seen Liberace play more villains throughout his career, TV would have been a far more interesting place.  21. MARSHA, QUEEN OF DIAMONDS (CAROLYN JONES) SEASON 2 (EPISODES 23, 24, 42, 43, 44) Here’s a bit of cool trivia for you: Carolyn Jones, who plays the diamond-loving villainess Marsha, Queen of Diamonds in five season-two Batman episodes, also played Morticia Addams in ABC’s The Addams Family. We already told you about John Astin’s connection to that series, but there’s also a brief appearance by Ted Cassidy (who played Lurch in that show) during one of Batman’s iconic Batclimbs. How’s that for synergy! 22. SHAME (CLIFF ROBERTSON) SEASON 2 (EPISODES 25, 26), SEASON 3 (EPISODES 21, 22) Clearly a spoof of the classic 1953 Western movie character Shane (from the movie of the same name), Cliff Robertson’s villain Shame appears in four Batman episodes with two different posses. In the first, he’s joined by Okie Annie (Joan Staley)—an obvious riff on Annie Oakley—and, in the second, he’s got Calamity Jan (Dina Merrill) by his side. 23. PUZZLER (MAURICE EVANS) SEASON 2 (EPISODES 31, 32) Not to be confused with The Riddler, Maurice Evans as Puzzler also likes to keep Batman and Robin confused with his clever puzzles, word games, and tricks. He’s often seen reciting Shakespeare and has a thing for aviation. According to Wikia , Puzzler’s appearance only came about because Frank Gorshin no longer wanted to play The Riddler during season two, so the show slotted Puzzler into these two episodes instead. Of course, John Astin would play The Riddler later in season two and Gorshin would return to the green tights in season three. 24. SANDMAN (MICHAEL RENNIE) SEASON 2 (EPISODES 33, 34) Portrayed by veteran actor Michael Rennie, Sandman’s two-episode appearance during Batman’s second season is often overshadowed by the fact that he’s working alongside the beautiful Julie Newmar as Catwoman. But fans should give the shifty Dr. Somnambular his due—the guy does have sleep powers after all! 25. COLONEL GUMM (ROGER C. CARMEL) SEASON 2 (EPISODES 51, 52) Roger C. Carmel’s performance as Colonel Gumm is mostly remembered for the villain’s penchant for wearing pink, being surround by pink, and being obsessed with stamps. The real memorable thing about Colonel Gumm’s two-episode arc, however, is the fact that the episodes feature crossover appearances by Green Hornet (Van Williams) and Kato (Bruce Lee). 26. BLACK WIDOW (TALLULAH BANKHEAD) SEASON 2 (EPISODES 55, 56) The most tragic thing about the great Tallulah Bankhead’s fantastic performance as season two villainess Black Widow in Batman is the fact that this would be her final on-screen role. Decked out in her signature black and red outfits, the character is unforgettable, whether it’s stealing from a bank or hanging out in her stunning spider-themed lair.  27. SIREN (JOAN COLLINS) SEASON 3 (EPISODES 2, 3) Siren, played by Joan Collins, begins her entrance into the world of Batman as a bit of a sidekick in The Riddler’s devious plan to take over Gotham City’s boxing game. By her second episode, however, the singing Siren makes a plan to uncover Batman’s true identity all by herself. Memorable for her beauty, luxurious outfits, and her ability to mesmerize men with her high-octave tunes, Siren makes an indelible mark on the series in the span of only two episodes.  28. LOLA LASAGNE (ETHEL MERMAN) SEASON 3 (EPISODES 4, 5) Despite the charming and talented Ethel Merman’s performance, Lola Lasagne is one of Batman’s least interesting and memorable villains. For one, her weapon of choice is the parasol. Secondly, she mostly plays in the shadows of one of the show’s most memorable villains, The Penguin. If it weren’t for Ethel Merman, we might not remember Lola at all. 29. LOUIE THE LILAC (MILTON BERLE) SEASON 3 (EPISODES 7, 18) Louie the Lilac, on the other hand, makes a huge mark on Batman by being such a bright, colorful character (with such a recognizable face behind it) that two episodes are more than enough to make fans remember him. There’s a whole lot of Milton Berle himself in Louie’s demeanor, even down to the actor’s signature cigar, which is part of what makes the character (created specifically for the show) work. Louie the Lilac also went on to appear in five episodes of the animated series Batman: The Brave and the Bold.  30. OLGA, QUEEN OF THE COSSACKS (ANNE BAXTER) SEASON 3 (EPISODES 8, 15) Remember how we told you that Zelda the Great would not be the last you’d see of Anne Baxter in Batman? That’s because she’s the show’s only guest villain to ever return to play a different villain on the show later. This time around, she portrays Egghead’s main squeeze Olga, Queen of the Cossacks. The showy villainess mostly sits back while Egghead and his henchmen take care of business, but she’s a memorable character nonetheless.  31. LORD MARMADUKE FFOGG (RUDY VALLEE) SEASON 3 (EPISODES 11, 12, 13) The coolest thing about Lord Marmaduke Ffogg (who appears in three episodes as the co-villain alongside his sister Lady Penelope Peasoup) is easily his Pipe of Fog. All the venerable lord has to do is light that thing up and the room starts filling with a white, puffy smoke—perfect to conceal his getaway. Played by Rudy Vallee, the villain also wore a special cast on his foot to make people think he had the gout and was, therefore, incapable of pulling off his crimes. Clever man. 32. LADY PENELOPE PEASOUP (GLYNIS JOHNS) SEASON 3 (EPISODES 11, 12, 13) Though Lord Marmaduke Ffogg appears to be the main villain in this three-episode arc, his sister Lady Penelope Peasoup actually comes across as more interesting and charismatic. Despite being relegated to mostly taking charge of the female criminals in their charge, Lady Penelope (played by Glynis Johns) makes her mark on the series. 33. NORA CLAVICLE (BARBARA RUSH) SEASON 3 (EPISODE 19) It’s almost a shame that someone as talented as Barbara Rush (It Came from Outer Space) was saddled with another of Batman’s least memorable villains. In her one appearance on the show, Nora Clavicle uses her wits and charm to convince Mayor Linseed to give her the Commissioner job, which is all part of a devious plan to destroy Gotham City and collect on an insurance claim. How does she plan to do it, though? With mechanical mice. Since she replaced the police force with housewives, they’re all afraid of mice. Pretty sexist, right? Ahh, those crazy 1960s.  34. CALAMITY JAN (DINA MERRILL) SEASON 3 (EPISODES 21, 22) It’s a shame that Batman doesn’t really let Dina Merrill’s Calamity Jan be much more than arm candy for their western spoof villain Shame, but at least the actress does the best she can with the material she’s got. Calamity Jan comes across as adorable and silly, but just smart enough to probably be able to ditch Shame and bring Batman and Robin to their knees. Sadly, we’ll never know if that’s true since she’s mostly playing second fiddle to Cliff Roberston’s Shame.  35. DR. CASSANDRA SPELLCRAFT (IDA LUPINO) SEASON 3 (EPISODE 25) Ida Lupino helped pave the way for female directors of our time, so it should come as no surprise that she’s very much the leading power in the villainous duo that headlines Batman’s penultimate episode. Dr. Cassandra Spellcraft comes from a long line of female alchemists, but she’s determined to be the only successful one. So she uses her power to bring down the Bat. Or tries, at least. She’s a bright, colorful character in many ways, but the way she puts her silly husband Cabala in his place is the very best thing about her. 36. CABALA (HOWARD DUFF) SEASON 3 (EPISODE 25) After a few episodes that feature female villains mostly relegated to storylines dominated by male power (Nora Clavicle and Calamity Jan), it’s great to see one where the man completely and utterly does anything he can to make his wife happy, right? Played by Howard Duff, Cabala is less a villain and more a sidekick to Dr. Cassandra Spellcraft. He’ll do anything to please her, calls her “Doccy Baby,” and can often be caught checking himself out in the mirror rather than plotting villainous schemes. 37. MINERVA (ZSA ZSA GABOR) SEASON 3 (EPISODE 26) Batman’s final villain is also one of its most glamorous. Played by Zsa Zsa Gabor, Minerva opens a health spa in Gotham City and uses her Deepest Secret Extractor to run amok. She’s pulling off robberies left and right, and even Alfred gets involved going undercover to help The Dynamic Duo. What makes Minerva so memorable, however, is the star power of Gabor. Sure, she’s mostly just saying “Darlings…” a lot, but her appearance as the platinum-dressed villainess will likely never be forgotten. 

Penguin (comics)

What was the name of the US army airplane which flew a record 150 hours non-stop in 1929?

Batman (TV Series 1966–1968) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error The Caped Crusader battles evildoers in Gotham City in a bombastic 1960s parody of the comic book hero's exploits. Creators: Batman agrees to let the Catwoman drug him. But he appears to have a headache and the Catwoman permits him to take an aspirin. After the drug is administered, Batman appears to assist Catwoman on her... 8.7 The Catwoman manages to drug Robin. The junior member of the Dynamic Duo is now the Catwoman's mindless slave. Batman is on the trail of the sultry villain, but he's hampered by the fact he can't ... 8.7 The Green Hornet and Kato are in Gotham City to bust a counterfeiting stamp ring. Believed to be arch-criminals by nearly everyone, their midnight visit to Colonel Gumm at the Pink Chip Stamps ... 8.6 a list of 25 titles created 24 Dec 2010 a list of 44 titles created 04 Jul 2011 a list of 26 titles created 17 Apr 2012 a list of 48 titles created 06 Jul 2014 a list of 30 titles created 30 Nov 2014 Search for " Batman " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for 3 Primetime Emmys. Another 4 wins & 2 nominations. See more awards  » Videos The Dynamic Duo faces four supervillains who plan to hold the world for ransom with the help of a secret invention that instantly dehydrates people. Director: Leslie H. Martinson The adventures of the greatest of the female superheroes. Stars: Lynda Carter, Lyle Waggoner, Tom Kratochvil The Dynamic Duo battles crime in Gotham City. Stars: Casey Kasem, Ted Knight, Olan Soule The Man of Steel fights crime with help from his friends at the Daily Planet. Stars: George Reeves, Noel Neill, John Hamilton A family of friendly monsters have misadventures, never quite understanding why people react to them so strangely. Stars: Fred Gwynne, Al Lewis, Yvonne De Carlo The misadventures of a blissfully macabre but extremely loving family. Stars: John Astin, Carolyn Jones, Jackie Coogan A witch married to an ordinary man cannot resist using her magic powers to solve the problems her family faces. Stars: Elizabeth Montgomery, Dick York, Dick Sargent A space colony family struggles to survive when a spy/accidental stowaway throws their ship hopelessly off course. Stars: Guy Williams, June Lockhart, Mark Goddard A United States astronaut finds his life vastly complicated when he stumbles on to a bottle containing a female genie. Stars: Barbara Eden, Larry Hagman, Bill Daily The Dark Knight battles crime in Gotham City with occasional help from Robin and Batgirl. Stars: Kevin Conroy, Loren Lester, Efrem Zimbalist Jr. The Cunningham family live through the 1950s with help and guidance from the lovable and almost superhuman greaser, Fonzie. Stars: Ron Howard, Henry Winkler, Marion Ross A team of the greatest DC Comics superheroes protects Earth with the help of a pair of alien sibling apprentices. Stars: Norman Alden, Michael Bell, Danny Dark Edit Storyline Wealthy entrepreneur Bruce Wayne and his ward Dick Grayson lead a double life: they are actually the crime-fighting duo Batman and Robin. A secret Batpole in the Wayne mansion leads to the Batcave, where Police Commissioner Gordon summons the Dynamic Duo on the Batphone with the latest emergency threatening Gotham City. Racing to the scene of the crime in the jet-powered Batmobile, Batman and Robin must (with the help of their trusty utility-belts) thwart the efforts of a rogues gallery of flamboyant arch-villains, including the Joker, the Penguin, the Riddler and the Catwoman. Written by Murray Chapman <[email protected]> See All (72)  » Taglines: Batman comes to life tonight! Watch master criminals like The Riddler try to outwit those legendary crime fighters Batman and Robin in TWO spine-tingling episodes each week! (season 1) Genres: 12 January 1966 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: Did You Know? Trivia Adam West (Bruce Wayne / Batman), Burt Ward (Dick Grayson / Robin) and Neil Hamilton (Commissioner Gordon) are the only actors to appear in all 120 episodes of the series. See more » Goofs Gotham City is supposed to be its own fictional city. But often in rear-projected Batmobile footage, Jack Dempsey's Restaurant, a popular New York landmark of the day, can be seen. See more » Quotes Crazy Credits The actor who played the villain would always be credited as the "Special Guest Villain" See more » Connections See more » Frequently Asked Questions (Portland, Oregon, USA) – See all my reviews From the moment that you hear "Na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na Batman!", you always know that you're in for something good. This "Batman" was in a way more interesting than the later movies, mainly because of the graphics that appear whenever someone gets hit. Of course, the premise needs no explanation, but Batman (Adam West) and Robin (Burt Ward) are truly a cross between old-style superheroes and the 1960s. Like many other '60s TV shows (think "Bewitched", "Gilligan's Island" and "I Dream of Jeannie"), "Batman" was as zany as possible and a laugh riot every step of the way. And the villains? The perfidious Penguin (Burgess Meredith), conniving Catwoman (Julie Newmar, later Eartha Kitt), the jackknife Joker (Cesar Romero) and the ruckus-causing Riddler (Frank Gorshin) are exactly what anyone could ask for. And Vincent Price had a great line that one time when he appeared. So, I will pose this final question: Can this really be happening? Is "Batman" still a great show? Will the villains continue to engage in their evil, egregious and extraneous acts? Will the Dynamic Duo clobber, confound and confuse the villains? Find out next week, same Bat time, same Bat channel! 40 of 45 people found this review helpful.  Was this review helpful to you? Yes

i don't know

In what year did regular Boeing 707 flights begin across he Atlantic?

Air Transportation: The Opening of the Commercial Jet Era The De Havilland Comet was the world�s first jet airliner. Pan Am inaugurated its New York-London route with a Boeing 707 on October 26, 1958. America's first ever non-stop transcontinental service began with flights by American Airlines using DC-7 aircraft. Aeroflot began the world's first sustained jet airline service using Tupolev Tu-104 'Camel' jets on an extensive internal route network from the summer of 1955. The Tu-104 saw service until the mid-1970s. The Opening of the Commercial Jet Era Like perhaps no other single technology, the jet engine revolutionized air travel around the world. Unlike the old propeller-driven planes that were powered by piston engines , jet planes could fly at tremendous speeds, thus cutting down travel time. Jet-equipped airplanes also could climb faster and fly higher. Both the U.S. Air Force and civil aircraft builders found these capabilities attractive in the years after World War II when international contacts stretched across the globe. There were, however, major concerns about transferring jet engine technology to the commercial aviation sector. Airline executives in the postwar era were aware that, although jet engines were simpler than the old piston engines, they also had high operating temperatures that required very expensive metal alloy components that ultimately would affect an aircraft's longevity and reliability. Moreover, jet engines used far greater amounts of fuel. The initially low takeoff speed would also require longer runways. All of this added up to increased costs. As a result, U.S. passenger air carriers did not support the building of jet airliners in the immediate postwar years, and adopted a �wait-and-see� approach before embarking on this risky path. The British Overseas Aircraft Corporation (BOAC), the national British carrier, first introduced a commercial jet airliner into service. The 36-seat Comet 1, built by De Havilland , flew for the first time on July 27, 1949. BOAC inaugurated the world's first commercial jet service on May 2, 1952. Initial flights took passengers from London to Johannesburg in South Africa, with stops in Rome, Beirut, Khartoum (in Sudan), Entebbe (in Kenya), and Livingstone, near Victoria Falls. At the time, the top cruising speed of the most well known piston-engine aircraft, the DC-3 , was about 180 miles per hour (290 kilometers per hour). With the Comet, passengers could travel comfortably at 480 miles per hour (772 kilometers per hour), making it a revolutionary leap in air travel. The Comet also provided conditions that contrasted sharply to piston-engine planes: the planes were vibration-free and relatively quiet. Unfortunately, the Comet was the victim of a number of tragic accidents, and BOAC suspended flights within two years. Engineers found that the planes suffered from metal fatigue, especially around rivet holes, due to the need to repeatedly pressurize and depressurize the aircraft. In 1952, Pan American Airways had already put in an order for the new 76-seat Comet 3, but the crashes of the earlier Comet put the contract into doubt. By this time, domestic U.S. companies had begun their own programs to build jet airliners. Several factors, such as improved jet engines, now convinced these companies to reconsider their initial reluctance to build commercial jet planes. Of all the airlines in the United States, Pan American, which the U.S. government considered its �chosen instrument� to represent the American commercial air fleet abroad, was undoubtedly a pioneer in embracing jet aviation. Juan Trippe , the airlines' legendary chief executive officer, had early on expressed a keen interest in operating a passenger jet service capable of flying nonstop across the North Atlantic. Having seen the bright promise of the British Comet fade, Trippe played off two of the biggest domestic airplane builders, Boeing and Douglas . Both companies vied to appeal to Pan American's needs and offered the Boeing 707 and DC-8, respectively. In October 1955, Trippe signed contracts with both companies to buy 45 of these jets (20 707s and 25 DC-8s). Exactly two years later, Boeing rolled out the first operational 707, a Boeing 707-120, and on October 26, 1958, amid much fanfare, Pan American inaugurated its New York-London route, ushering in a new era in the history of passenger aviation. On the very first flight, which made a stopover in Newfoundland, there were 111 passengers, the largest number ever to board a single regularly scheduled flight. Coach fares were $272, about the same as one would expect to pay for a piston-engine flight across the Atlantic. At first, BOAC competed hard with Pan American. In fact, in order to preempt the Americans, BOAC had rushed ahead and inaugurated its own transatlantic service on October 4, 1958, just three weeks ahead of Pan American. BOAC used the new De Havilland Comet 4, which incorporated improvements to remedy the problems with the older Comet 1. Although BOAC fared quite well, its success was nothing compared to Pan American's. With its rapidly expanding use of the Boeing 707, especially on the transatlantic route, Pan American began a period of almost unchallenged success in the international airline industry. The airline, for example, was the first to recognize the importance to passengers of nonstop flights on long trips; it negotiated with Boeing for a version of the 707 that could fly for a longer time without refueling, known as the 707-320.This allowed the airline to introduce true intercontinental service with nonstop London-to-New York flights on August 26, 1959. This was a perfect case of a dominant air carrier playing the lead role in defining the characteristics of a new class of jets that the industry would produce. The 707-320 was eventually adopted by as many as eleven other airlines within a year. Within the United States, National Airlines became the first to begin jet service, using leased Boeing 707s, on December 10, 1958. American Airlines offered the first domestic jet service using its own aircraft on January 25, 1959 with a flight from New York to Los Angeles. With this coast-to-coast service, American had a big competitive coup; the two other major domestic U.S. airlines, Trans World Airlines (TWA) and United Airlines, had not anticipated the imminent use of jets for domestic service. TWA quickly scrambled to catch up, and using a single Boeing 707, it joined the coast-to-coast flight market in March 1959. The last minute move helped keep TWA afloat through a difficult period of economic loss. Not all airlines pinned their hopes on the Boeing 707, however. Douglas had unmatched experience in building the best passenger airliners of the world. United Airlines and Delta both began flying the DC-8 passenger jets in September 1959—latecomers to the domestic jet market precisely because they had depended on Douglas, which introduced jets after Boeing. Eastern Airlines joined them in domestic jet services in January 1960. One of the more unusual aspects of the coming of the jet era was the speed with which airlines internationally adopted these new aircraft. Partly because of Pan American's example, airlines from all over the world replaced piston-engine aircraft with jets at an unprecedented pace. The Soviet national airline Aeroflot was part of this explosion. In fact, Aeroflot held the distinction of offering the world's first regularly scheduled and sustained passenger jet service with its Tupolev Tu-104 aircraft. Aeroflot opened service from Moscow to Irkutsk (in the Soviet far east) in September 1956. Elsewhere, by 1961, just three years after Pan Am's first jet flight, jets were flying routes over the North and South Atlantic and the Pacific; in the domestic United States, Europe, and East Asia; North-to-South America routes; Europe-to-Africa routes; Europe-to-Australia routes; and even to the Arctic regions. International airlines such as Air France, Lufthansa (Germany), KLM (Netherlands), Iberia (Spain), QANTAS (Australia), SABENA (Belgium), Air India, SAS (Scandinavia), Swissair, El Al (Israel), and JAL (Japan) were all using the Boeing 707, the DC-8, or in lesser numbers, the Corvair CV-880 jet on major international routes. Although many other airlines were the first to offer regular services on various international routes, it was Pan American Airways that set the standards for service in the new jet era. Pan American's pioneering partnership with Boeing, its ambitious routes—such as its round-the-world jet service inaugurated in October 1959, its flashy advertising campaigns, and its reputation for good service, all made the company a leader and a trendsetter. Jet travel revolutionized air travel throughout the world. For the airlines, jet travel forced them to establish much higher standards of maintenance that required better facilities on the ground and highly trained employees. For passengers, flights meant more comfort, less noise, and most important, less travel time. Once again, as with the introduction of piston engines into civil aviation in the 1920s, a new revolution in technology made the world an even smaller place. —Asif Siddiqi References: Bilstein, Roger. Flight in America: From the Wrights to the Astronauts, Rev. ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994. Boyne, Walter J. and Donald S. Lopez, eds. The Jet Age: Forty Years of Jet Aviation. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979. Davies, R. E. G. Airlines of the United States Since 1914. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1972. Heppenheimer, T. A. Turbulent Skies: The History of Commercial Aviation. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1995. Leary, William M. Editor. Encyclopedia of American Business History and Biography: The Air Industry. New York: Facts on File, 1992. On-Line References:

1958

Who became Queen of the Netherlands in 1980?

Timeline of Commercial Aviation | 2011 | Aviation Special Report | Insights & News | Burns & McDonnell Timeline of Commercial Aviation First passenger flight: Wilbur Wright takes an employee along for a ride 1909 Army Airfield established at College Park, Md., by Wilbur Wright, making it the longest continuously operating airport in the world today 1910 Orville Wright opens the first commercial flight school in Montgomery, Ala. 1911 Burgess Co. becomes the first licensed commercial aircraft manufacturer 1913 Silas Christofferson carries passengers by hydroplane between San Francisco and Oakland harbors 1918 National Air Mail service inaugurated 1919 KLM begins operation, making it the oldest carrier in the world still operating under its original name 1920 Sydney Airport opens for commercial service 1920 Minneapolis-St.Paul International Airport opens for commercial service 1920 International air service is offered by Aeromarine West Indies Airways between Key West, Fla., and Havana, Cuba 1922 First permanent airport and commercial terminal used solely for commercial flights opens at Flughafen Devau near Konigsberg, East Prussia 1922 Aeromarine Airways of Cleveland, Ohio, is established as the first airline ticketing agency 1923 First transcontinental non-stop flight 1926 Congress adopts the Air Commerce Act of 1926, which authorized the Secretary of Commerce to designate air routes, develop air navigation systems, and license pilots and aircraft 1926 Deutsche Luft Hansa (now known as Lufthansa) begins scheduled service in Germany 1926 First flight lands at Candler Field, today's busiest U.S. airport - Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport 1929 Pan American Airlines inaugurates its first passenger flight from Miami to San Juan by way of Belize and Managua 1930 First female flight attendant, Ellen Church, is hired by Boeing Air Transport (now United Airlines) 1933 United Airlines begins flying coast to coast with a Boeing 247 flight lasting nearly 20 hours 1935 Boeing designs the 307 Stratoliner, the first commercial aircraft with a pressurized cabin 1935 Amelia Earhart dedicates the Newark Airport Administration Building, North America's first commercial airline terminal 1936 Pan American inaugurates passenger flights across the Pacific Ocean 1939 Pan American begins transatlantic passenger service 1939 New York Municipal Airport opens, later renamed LaGuardia Airport after New York Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia, who refused to deplane at Newark, N.J., because his ticket read "New York" 1940s Many commercial airlines and airports go offline to commercial traffic to support World War II military efforts 1950 Transatlantic route is the world's most traveled air route 1952 De Havilland Comet becomes the world's first commercial jet airliner 1958 Pan American initiates its New York to London route with the Boeing 707 1958 Today's second busiest airport internationally, Beijing Capital International Airport, opens 1959 American Airlines offers first domestic jetliner flights with routes from New York to Los Angeles 1962 Attorney General Robert Kennedy swears in the first FAA peace officers, who act as air marshals on requested flights 1967 The modern-day FAA is established as part of the U.S. Department of Transportation 1973 The first female airline pilot, Emily Warner, flies as second officer for Frontier Airlines 1976 Concorde jet flies first supersonic passenger flight 1978 Airline Deregulation Act is signed into law, removing government control over fares, routes and market entry 1979 First frequent flier program introduced 1980 Almost half of total flights worldwide took place in the U.S. 1981 11,400 air traffic controllers are fired by President Reagan after walking off the job on strike when labor negotiations fail 1993 First ticketless travel becomes available 1995 Boeing produces twin-engine 777, the first aircraft produced via computer-aided design and engineering 1995 First airline tickets are sold via the Internet 1998 Smoking is banned on all domestic flights 1999 First web-based passenger check-in and online boarding passes 2001 Transportation Security Administration established in response to September 11 attacks 2007 Airbus A380 enters commercial service capable of carrying 850 passengers 2009 Transportation Security Administration formally accepts airport scanners as the primary method of pre-flight screening 2009 Branson Airport opens; designed by Burns & McDonnell, it is the only privately owned and operated commercial service airport in the U.S. 2011 Airbus announces signing of the largest aircraft deal in history based on aircraft ordered: 200 planes ordered by AirAsia

i don't know

How many Billboard solo NO 1's did ex-Beatle Ringo Starr have?

Ringo Starr's Top 10 Billboard Hot 100 Hits | Billboard Ringo Starr's Top 10 Billboard Hot 100 Hits Michael Ochs Archives/Getty Images Ringo Starr circa 1970 Ringo Starr rose to international fame as a member of the Beatles, but he's always been more than just a drummer. As this special look at his biggest Billboard Hot 100 songs illustrates, once Starr got a chance to step into the spotlight solo in the '70s, he showed he was a hitmaker in his own right. In honor of his 75th birthday (he was born July 7, 1940), it's a perfect time to honor Starr's work as a solo ... well, star. So turn up your speakers and scroll down as we roll through Ringo's top 10 Billboard Hot 100 hits. The Beatles' 50 Biggest Billboard Hits This chart of Ringo Starr's 10 Biggest Billboard Hot 100 Hits is based on actual performance on the weekly Billboard Hot 100, through the chart dated July 11, 2015. Songs are ranked using an inverse point system, with weeks at No. 1 earning the greatest value and weeks at No. 100 earning the least. 1 "You’re Sixteen" Hot 100 Peak: 1 (1 week), Peak Date: 1/26/74 2 "Photograph" Hot 100 Peak: 1 (1 week), Peak Date: 11/24/73 3 "No No Song/Snookeroo" Hot 100 Peak: 3, Peak Date: 4/5/75 4 "It Don’t Come Easy" Hot 100 Peak: 4, Peak Date: 6/5/71 5 "Oh My My" Hot 100 Peak: 5, Peak Date: 4/27/74 6 "Only You" Hot 100 Peak: 6, Peak Date: 1/11/75 7 "Back Off Boogaloo" Hot 100 Peak: 9, Peak Date: 5/13/72 8 "A Dose Of Rock ‘N’ Roll" Hot 100 Peak: 26, Peak Date: 11/6/76 9 "Wrack My Brain" Hot 100 Peak: 38, Peak Date: 12/12/81 10

two

Which country does the airline Aero Lloyd come from?

1 (One) | The Beatles Bible DISC ONE 1. LOVE ME DO Newly edited clip, featuring material from BBC TV's The Mersey Sound, with performance footage filmed on 27 August 1963 at the Little Theatre, Southport. 2. FROM ME TO YOU A live performance at the 1963 Royal Variety Show, filmed at The Prince Of Wales Theatre, London, on 4 November 1963. 3. SHE LOVES YOU A live performance from the Swedish Television show Drop In, recorded on 30 October 1963 during a short Scandinavian tour. 4. I WANT TO HOLD YOUR HAND From the Granada TV programme Late Scene Extra filmed on 25 November 1963. 5. CAN'T BUY ME LOVE First broadcast in the TV show Around The Beatles, filmed on 28 April 1964 and broadcast the following month. It features a different audio track to that of hit single, recorded by The Beatles on 19 April 1964. 6. A HARD DAY'S NIGHT Live performance at the Palais des Sports, Paris on 20 June 1965, while on a short European tour. 7. I FEEL FINE Filmed at Twickenham Film Studios on 23 November 1965. One of ten films shot that day to satisfy global TV demand for broadcast material to accompany The Beatles' hit records. 8. EIGHT DAYS A WEEK A brand new clip edited from material filmed at the Shea Stadium concert in New York City on 15 August 1965, during which the band performed twelve songs, but ‘Eight Days A Week' was not among them. The clip says so much about the band's frenetic lifestyle in 1965, at the height of Beatlemania. 9. TICKET TO RIDE Filmed at Twickenham Film Studios on 23 November 1965. 10. HELP! The less frequently seen clip of those filmed at Twickenham Film Studios on 23 November 1965. 11. YESTERDAY Paul performing on The Ed Sullivan Show, videotaped in New York City on 14 August 1965 and broadcast the following month, the day before the single was released in America. 12. DAY TRIPPER Three versions of this clip were filmed at Twickenham Film Studios on 23 November 1965. This is version 2, in which all of the group are wearing polo neck sweaters, except for Paul, who wears a black shirt. 13. WE CAN WORK IT OUT There were three versions of the ‘We Can Work It Out' video filmed atat Twickenham Film Studios on 23 November 1965. This is version 2 in which all four Beatles are wearing black polo neck sweaters. 14. PAPERBACK WRITER Filmed in 35mm, and in colour, in Chiswick Park, West London, by director Michael Lindsay-Hogg. 15. YELLOW SUBMARINE This clip is newly created from original Yellow Submarine footage. 16. ELEANOR RIGBY This clip is taken directly from the Yellow Submarine movie. 17. PENNY LANE A ground-breaking clip by Swedish director Peter Goldmann that captures The Beatles in Stratford, London, and at Knole Park in Kent, with additional material shot in Liverpool. 18. ALL YOU NEED IS LOVE Filmed in Studio One at Abbey Road, on 25 June 1967, and beamed around the globe as a part of the TV programme Our World. This colourised version was created for The Beatles Anthology TV programme in 1995. 19. HELLO, GOODBYE London's Saville Theatre was the location for this promo film, shot on 10 November 1967; The Beatles wear their Sgt. Pepper outfits. 20. LADY MADONNA Just prior to leaving for India, The Beatles met up in Studio Three at Abbey Road, on 11 February 1968. They were filmed while recording ‘Hey Bulldog'. 21. HEY JUDE Filmed at Twickenham Film Studios on 4 September, for broadcast on David Frost's TV show, Frost On Sunday. The introduction by David Frost is different from that on disc 2. 22. GET BACK The promo clip made available at the time of the original release of the single featured performances from the Apple rooftop synched to the record. This new clip has been rebuilt to replicate the original but with improved picture quality. 23. THE BALLAD OF JOHN AND YOKO This original promo clip features outtakes from the Let It Be movie, with other private footage shot in Amsterdam, London, Paris and Vienna. 24. SOMETHING The video features George and Pattie, John and Yoko, Paul and Linda, and Ringo and Maureen. and was filmed at locations in Berkshire, Surrey, and the Mull of Kintyre. 25. COME TOGETHER The clip was created in 2000 by Melon Dezign for the launch of thebeatles.com and the original Beatles 1 album. 26. LET IT BE A 1970 promo clip was made available to support the release of the single and it was different to the one featured in the Let It Be movie; this clip has been rebuilt from the original footage. 27. THE LONG AND WINDING ROAD This clip is taken straight from the Let It Be movie. DISC TWO From the Granada Television programme Scene At 6.30, which was videotaped on 14 August 1963. 2. BABY IT'S YOU One of two clips used to promote the single taken from the 1995 Live At The BBC album. The clip is enhanced by the inclusion of unique colour footage of The Beatles filmed outside the BBC's Paris Studio on Lower Regent Street, London. 3. WORDS OF LOVE When On Air – Live At The BBC Volume 2 was released in 2013, it included ‘Words Of Love', a Buddy Holly composition that the band recorded for radio. This new clip is a mix of existing footage and innovative animation. 4. PLEASE PLEASE ME A live performance videotaped on 9 February for The Ed Sullivan Show, which was screened on 23 February 1964. 5. I FEEL FINE Filmed at Twickenham Film Studios on 23 November 1965, this clip shows The Beatles eating fish and chips during their lunch break. 6. DAY TRIPPER From the TV special The Music Of Lennon & McCartney that first broadcast in mid-December 1965. 7. DAY TRIPPER Filmed at Twickenham Film Studios on 23 November 1965, with the group wearing their Shea Stadium Jackets with the ‘Nehru' collars. 8. WE CAN WORK IT OUT Filmed at Twickenham Film Studios on 23 November 1965 – showing The Beatles wearing the Shea Stadium jackets. 9. PAPERBACK WRITER Shot on videotape at Abbey Road, on 19 May 1966, this studio version is prefaced by a short introduction by Ringo. It was broadcast on The Ed Sullivan Show in America. 10. RAIN ‘Rain', the B-side of ‘Paperback Writer', was filmed in colour at Chiswick House, West London, on 20 May 1966. 11. RAIN This black and white clip is a new edit from several takes of ‘Rain' videotaped at Abbey Road on 19 May 1966. 12. STRAWBERRY FIELDS FOREVER Directed by Peter Goldmann and with newly restored footage, this was filmed at Knole Park, Kent on 30 and 31 January 1967. 13. WITHIN YOU WITHOUT YOU/TOMORROW NEVER KNOWS The merging of these two tracks, one from Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, the other from Revolver, was created for The Beatles Love show by Cirque du Soleil, which opened in June 2006 in Las Vegas. This video was created to promote the Love album released later that year. 14. A DAY IN THE LIFE Filmed in Studio One at Abbey Road on 10 February 1967, this includes classical musicians, who were asked to wear evening dress, fake noses and funny hats for the recording session. 15. HELLO, GOODBYE This clip is another shot at London's Saville Theatre on 10 November 1967; The Beatles wear their ‘street clothes'. 16. HELLO, GOODBYE This third version was also shot at London's Saville Theatre on 10 November 1967; it includes elements from the first two films but with additional footage unique to this edit. 17. HEY BULLDOG The original footage from a 1968 shoot for the ‘Lady Madonna' promo film was unearthed in the mid-1990s. It was revealed that The Beatles were recording ‘Hey Bulldog' and is an edit done to promote the reissue of the Yellow Submarine movie in 1999. 18. HEY JUDE This is an edit of the two other takes filmed on 4 September 1968 for the Frost On Sunday TV show. This has a different David Frost intro to the clip on disc 1. 19. REVOLUTION One of two versions, this was shot the same day as ‘Hey Jude'. John's lead vocal is completely live, as are most of Paul and George's backing vocals. The instrumentation, including Nicky Hopkins' electric piano, is from the master tape. 20. GET BACK This clip was assembled in 2003 to support the release of the album Let It Be…Naked and utilises studio footage from the famous Get Back/Let It Be sessions. 21. DON'T LET ME DOWN This was the B-side of ‘Get Back' and this clip is a composite of two live performances from the Apple rooftop in 1969. It was made available to support the release of Let It Be…Naked in 2003. 22. FREE AS A BIRD The 1995 video is a work of art by director Joe Pytka, who used the concept of a bird's-eye view to pay homage to many Beatles songs and images. 23. REAL LOVE This video directed by Geoff Wonfor and ex-10cc and leading pop promo-maker Kevin Godley, this video was made in 1996 to support the release of the single. thomas Friday 9 April 2010 Naturally. Expert opines always cite “mom,” then label her opinion “BS” !! Jude was the Beatles biggest single (i.e., biggest seller and longest time at no. 1.) It was also considered by some as something of a comeback for them after their Magical Mystery Tour television flop (although the album went straight to No. 1.) However, no one anywhere ever said Hey Jude was their “most essential” song and you really just made that up to support your own argument/criticism. In logic that’s called a circular argument and invalidates any conclusion. BTW, the Beatles had no “leader”; they were equal opportunity show offs. They always maintained this, as Lennon himself often confirmed at press conferences where he was frequently known as the witty show off 🙂 Lennon and McCartney were a partnership, a point Lennon again repeatedly made (that from the earliest days going back to the Quarrymen, Lennon chose Paul as his song writing partner.) This is why many Beatle singles were in fact double A sides, with a song from Paul and a song from John. Not always but the best singles (such as Hey Jude/Revolution) were symbolic of that partnership. Real Beatles fans and critics always think of their albums and singles in those terms, not some silly “my mommy said” pissing match between Lennon and McCartney.

i don't know

In which decade was the Benjamin Franklin suspension bridge opened?

Benjamin Franklin Bridge (I-676 and US 30) Toll schedule for all vehicles EARLY PLANS FOR A DELAWARE RIVER CROSSING: Like New York City, Philadelphia waited more than a century for a fixed crossing to New Jersey. The first plan for a Delaware River bridge between Philadelphia and Camden was developed in 1818, when the proposed "Farrand and Sharp's Bridge" called for a low-level, multi-span structure with several openings to permit passage by tall ships. This early plan was followed in the 1840s by two separate plans for suspension bridges. However, none of the nineteenth-century proposals attracted serious interest. It took the introduction of the automobile to resurrect interest in the proposed Delaware River bridge. In 1913, the city of Philadelphia formed the Penn Memorial Bridge Committee to study a possible fixed crossing. The desire for a bridge over the Delaware River was long held not only by Philadelphians, but also by New Jersey farmers who wished to transport their produce to Pennsylvania markets. Between 1908 and 1911, the state of New Jersey passed laws stipulating that three or more counties could join to initiate a bridge study if all three counties were contiguous, and at least one bordered the river to be crossed. Influenced by the agricultural interests, Gloucester, Camden, and Burlington counties eventually came up with the funds to study the proposed Delaware River Bridge. In 1918, the states of Pennsylvania and New Jersey established commissions for a Delaware River span, and hired the firm of Waddell and Son to make a consulting-engineering study. The report recommended that a suspension span be constructed from Vine Street and Race Street in Philadelphia, to Linden Street in Camden. It also recommended helical incline approaches because of the high cost of land. On December 12, 1919, the Delaware River Bridge Joint Commission was established. The Joint Commission appointed Rudolphe Modjeski, the chief engineer who oversaw the completion of the Manhattan Bridge, as chief bridge engineer. The Commission adopted the location proposed by Waddell and Son, but rejected the helical approach design in favor of a more conventional one. The next major decision concerned the construction of either a suspension or a cantilever span across the Delaware River. For the suspension bridge design, the main span was to be 1,750 feet, flanked by side spans of 719� feet. For the cantilever bridge design, the main span was also to be 1,750 feet, but was to be flanked by shorter side spans of 500 feet. Both bridges were to have mid-span clearances of 135 feet over mean high water. By 1922, Modjeski's suspension design was approved by the Delaware River Bridge Joint Commission. CONSTRUCTING THE BRIDGE: Physical construction of the Delaware River Bridge began on January 6, 1922, but "in lieu of the traditional digging of the first spadeful of dirt, a plank was torn loose" from a pier that the bridge would replace. For his Delaware River Bridge design, Modjeski employed a practical application of "deflection theory" similar to the design found on the Manhattan Bridge. Developed by Leon Moisseiff, a former design engineer with the New York City Bridge Department who offered his services for the new Philadelphia span, deflection theory stated that there are three opposing forces on the deck and suspension cables as follows: one downward force caused by the load of the roadway one force in one part of the cable, pulling up and to the left one force in the other part of the cable, pulling up and to the right As was common with bridges of the day, deep stiffening trusses were incorporated into the design of the bridge. These trusses were placed above the main roadway deck. Together with the two main cables, the stiffened deck could support a load of 60,000 tons. The main roadway originally accommodated six lanes for vehicular traffic and two streetcar tracks. (The streetcar tracks were soon converted into two additional vehicular lanes.) Two rapid transit tracks were constructed on outboard structures on either side of the roadway, but were left unused when the bridge opened. Above the rapid transit tracks were two pedestrian walkways. Modjeski also designed two 385-foot-high steel towers, the design of which was derided by fellow bridge designed Gustav Lindenthal. Lindenthal said that the steel towers were crafted "too much on the utilitarian principle of braced telephone poles or derricks, holding up ropes." However, he acknowledged that these towers were lighter and cheaper than comparable stone towers, thereby requiring not only less costly and time-consuming foundations, but also less capital investment. The anchorages on either side give the bridge an appearance of massiveness. Each of the granite anchorages to which the steel cables are attached covers three-quarters of an acre. The two anchorages, which together required 216,000 tons of masonry, rise 175 feet above the ground. Their "toeholds" sink into the earth 65 feet into the Philadelphia side, and 105 feet into the Camden side. On the western anchorage are carved the seals of the state of Pennsylvania and the city of Philadelphia, and on the eastern anchorage are carved the seals of the state of New Jersey and the city of Camden. The entrances to the bridge also exhibited grandeur. Four bronze "winged victory" statues - two statues adorning the Philadelphia and Camden plaza portals - were erected. LEFT: This 1924 photo shows the towers of the Benjamin Franklin Bridge under construction from the Philadelphia shoreline. (Photo by Delaware River Port Authority.) RIGHT: This 1925 photo shows the initial construction of the suspenders and roadway on the bridge. (Photo by George Wonfor via AAA Mid-Atlantic.) TOLL CONTROVERSY DIVIDES PENNSYLVANIA AND NEW JERSEY: Just before the Delaware River Bridge opened, a controversy erupted between the states of New Jersey and Pennsylvania over the issue of charging tolls on the bridge. Pennsylvania officials wanted a free bridge paid for by taxes. On the other hand, officials in New Jersey wanted tolls on the new bridge, citing that while it would cost motorists to cross the Holland Tunnel (which was also under construction at the time) into New York City, it would cost nothing to cross the new bridge into Philadelphia. The crisis became so severe that there were even proposals to tear down the bridge until the toll controversy was resolved. Work on the bridge stopped for some time until the matter was settled. Unfortunately, the work stopped just before the covering of the cables. In late 1925, the U.S. Supreme Court granted permission for Pennsylvania to sue New Jersey over this issue. The U.S. Supreme Court told both states that they would have six months to settle the problem on their own. However, sentiment among Pennsylvania officials soon shifted after the following comments appeared in Engineering News-Record: Under the pressure of postwar costs and overdue public needs, taxation has largely ceased to be an attractive means of financing large public improvements� If the outcome of Pennsylvania's attempt to outwit the New Jersey taxpayer succeeds, future public toll-bridge proposals will not have an easy time of it. Ultimately, the toll controversy was not resolved through the courts, the press or the public. Rather, information had been leaked from Philadelphia City Hall that money that was appropriated for the project by the commonwealth of Pennsylvania was being skimmed by the powerful Vare political organization. Long after the contracts went out, the oldest brother in the Vare family had offered contracts to his friends and family. When this information had been disclosed, the Pennsylvania State Legislature immediately removed the Vare organization from the contracts, and compromise with the state of New Jersey to construct tollbooths. One week after the story broke, work resumed to complete the bridge. THE BRIDGE OPENS, AND SPAWNS A NEW ERA: When the Delaware River Bridge opened to traffic on July 1, 1926, in time for the nation's sesquicentennial, it claimed the longest main suspension span. It was an instant success, attracting the 35,000 vehicles a day that paid 25 cents to cross the Delaware River. During its first three moths in operation, the bridge carried two million vehicles, twice the amount of vehicles forecast for that period. With traffic volumes continuing to grow through the late 1920s, officials suggested adding two additional traffic lanes in each direction by utilizing the then-unused outboard structures. The proposal, which would have brought vehicular capacity to ten lanes, never made it past the discussion stage. While it lost its main span title to the George Washington Bridge in 1931, the Benjamin Franklin Bridge spawned a new era of long-span suspension bridge construction that lasted through the late 1930s. Original cross-section of the roadway on the Benjamin Franklin Bridge. (Figure by Paul Phillipe Cret and Rudolphe Modjeski.) ADAPTING TO THE INTERSTATE ERA: In 1951, the Delaware River Port Authority (DRPA) was established by the states of Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The new bi-state commission was to oversee improvements to the Delaware River Bridge (now renamed the Benjamin Franklin Bridge, after one of the "Founding Fathers") and construct new crossings over the Delaware River. One of the first projects that the agency oversaw was a reconfiguration of the deck. To accommodate the wider vehicles of the postwar era, an undivided seven-lane roadway was opened to traffic. By the mid-1950s, as daily traffic counts exceeded 75,000 vehicles per day, the DRPA authorized construction of a new suspension span four miles to the south between South Philadelphia and Gloucester City, New Jersey. In 1956, the Benjamin Franklin Bridge, which kept the US 30 designation, became part of the Interstate highway system. The bridge changed Interstate designations several times during the ensuing years: June 1958: I-895; Pennsylvania officials proposed this designation to correspond with the commonwealth's proposed Interstate segments. October 1958: I-380; New Jersey officials suggested this designation to correspond with that state's proposed Interstate segments. November 1958-early 1964: I-80S; this was the final designation given by the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO). 1964-1973: I-76; approved by AASHO upon the re-designation of the Vine Street Expressway, Schuylkill Expressway and the Pennsylvania Turnpike from I-80S to I-76. 1973-present: I-676; upon re-designation of the Vine Street Expressway from I-76 to I-676. The bridge, which was tied to the North-South Freeway (I-676) in 1980 and the Vine Street Expressway (I-676) in 1991, underwent substantial rehabilitation and modernization during the 1980's. However, is the Benjamin Franklin Bridge really an Interstate? Both the DRPA and the New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT) consider the bridge part of I-676, but the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) does not. Chris Blaney, New Jersey contributor to phillyroads.com and misc.transport.road , made the argument that the bridge is not up to Interstate standards as follows: The Ben Franklin Bridge is not Interstate standard at all. The bridge has seven undivided lanes, without even cones to separate opposing traffic flows as there are on other undivided bridges. The approaches are not even Interstate standard. On the Philadelphia side, there are traffic lights at the approaches, while the non-stop ramps from the Vine Street Expressway (I-676) to only to the Delaware Expressway (I-95), not to the bridge itself. In the eyes of PennDOT, you have to exit I-676 itself to get onto the bridge. On the New Jersey side, there are cross streets at the approach, but unlike on the Holland Tunnel Approach (I-78), there are no traffic lights. The official Pennsylvania highway map shows the Benjamin Franklin Bridge as US 30 only, not as I-676. (They do not use the blue Interstate color as the highway line.) For its maps, Rand McNally uses their thick orange line denoting a "four-lane divided highway" for the New Jersey approach, not the freeway blue color. (The bridge itself is shown as the green toll highway color on the maps.) In order to justify full Interstate status on the Ben Franklin Bridge, the approaches would have to be brought up to full Interstate standards. With the way things are in that area, that is not likely to happen. However, I would not object to the DRPA using "TO I-676" signs all over the place since the bridge does serve to make I-676 a continuous route, although US 30 also does the same thing. For the sake of continuity, PennDOT and the NJDOT show both I-676 and US 30 shields on guide signs leading to the Benjamin Franklin Bridge. This 2002 photo shows a close-up of the Philadelphia anchorage on the Benjamin Franklin Bridge. (Photo by Jim K. Georges.) RAIL SERVICE ON THE BEN FRANKLIN BRIDGE: Sandy Smith, Philadelphia contributor to phillyroads.com and misc.transport.road , submitted the following about the original mass transit scheme on the Benjamin Franklin Bridge: The two tracks inboard of the bridge's deck trusses were intended to carry the cars of the Public Service-Camden system across the river to an underground terminal beneath the west entrance plaza. One poster on the phl.transportation newsgroup claimed that there were to be two intermediate car stops on the bridge itself, with elevators built into anchorages to serve them. The tracks were apparently never used, and by 1932, the Public Service-Camden system abandoned its streetcar system in favor of buses. For years after the Benjamin Franklin Bridge opened, the outboard structures that were to be used for rail service sat unused. Rail service between Philadelphia and Camden became a reality in 1936, when new service began over the bridge under the auspices of the Delaware River Joint Commission. The new service ran from 8th and Market streets in Center City Philadelphia to the Broadway station in downtown Camden. Through service from Girard Avenue via the Broad Street Spur / Ridge Avenue subway line began soon thereafter. Soon after the DRPA was organized in 1951, numerous studies were conducted on implementing rail service between the Philadelphia-Camden area and the South Jersey suburbs. By the early 1960's, the DRPA had narrowed its selection to the following two proposals: The engineering firm Parsons Brinckerhoff recommended the construction of a three-corridor system that would proceed through a new tunnel under the Delaware River. The northern corridor would extend to Moorestown, the central corridor to Lindenwold, and the southern corridor to Glassboro. The estimated cost for this system was $242 million. The engineering firm Louis T. Klauder and Associates recommended utilizing the existing rail line on the Benjamin Franklin Bridge and subway connections to Philadelphia instead of building a new tunnel, at a cost of $94 million. Since the highest concentration of riders would be in the central corridor, the Klauder report recommended that this line be constructed first. The DRPA finally selected the Klauder alternative in 1963. One year later, the agency broke ground for the new PATCO rail system, and on February 15, 1969, the first trains rolled on the 14.2-mile-long system between Center City Philadelphia and Lindenwold, New Jersey. The underground terminal at Franklin Square, beneath the west entrance plaza, had been open and closed several times since the 1930s, but was permanently closed and sealed in 1979 due to low patronage and concerns about crime and homelessness.  STANDING UP TO THE WORST: During the past decade, the structural integrity of the Benjamin Franklin Bridge was put to the test. In December 1992, the steeple of historic St. Augustine's Church blew onto the main roadway of the bridge during a nor'easter, closing the span for three days. In September 1998, a worker's carelessly discarded cigarette ignited a fire in the south suspension cable, closing the span for four hours in the height of the evening rush. In both cases, no one was hurt, and no significant structural damage was found. This 2002 photo shows the Benjamin Franklin Bridge (I-676 and US 30) looking east from Penn's Landing toward Camden. (Photo by Jim K. Georges.) BRINGING A LANDMARK SPAN INTO THE FUTURE: The Benjamin Franklin Bridge, whose main suspension span is the 34th longest in the world, today carries an average of 100,000 vehicles (AADT), and more than 40,000 rail commuters (via the PATCO system) across the Delaware River each day. To commemorate the bicentennial of the signing of the Constitution, a new lighting system was unveiled on in 1987. Designed by Venturi, Scott Brown and Associates, the new lighting system employs an innovative technology that allows the lights on the main suspension cables to be switched on and off rapidly in sequence. This sequence is triggered by the passage of the PATCO commuter trains over the bridge. Later, the DRPA added a new decorative lighting system to illuminate the 385-foot-tall steel towers and the stone anchorages. In recent years, the DRPA has embarked on the following capital improvements to the Benjamin Franklin Bridge: In October 1992, one-way toll collection began on the westbound lanes, leaving the eastbound direction toll-free. On December 18, 1999, the Benjamin Franklin Bridge joined the EZ-Pass regional toll collection network. To improve safety, the DRPA installed a movable concrete "zipper" barrier on the bridge roadway during the fall of 2000. The barrier, which is hinged every three feet, enables a machine called a "barrier carrier" to shift the divider from one lane to another. With the barrier, roadway capacity can be optimized: four lanes in the peak direction, three lanes in the off-peak direction. The barrier can shift when a lane is taken out of service for maintenance. Beginning in 2000, the DRPA began a seven-year, $92 million project to strip nearly 75 years of paint from the bridge and repaint the span in its trademark "Benjamin Franklin Blue." In the past, workers simply painted over previous coats on the bridge's five million square feet of steel structure. In recent years, however, the layers have become so thick that they have pulled away from the original surface. During the ongoing project, the DRPA is keeping either the north walkway or the south walkway - but not both - open to pedestrians and cyclists each day from 6:00 AM to 7:00 PM. (At the present time, only the north walkway is open.) THE BRIDGE CELEBRATES 75 YEARS: On July 1, 2001, the DRPA celebrated the 75th anniversary of the Benjamin Franklin Bridge by closing the span to all but pedestrian traffic. Tens of thousands of people - some in 1920s attire - crossed the span to the diamond anniversary ceremonies. Len Pundt, frequent contributor to phillyroads.com, recalled the ceremonies as follows: I arrived at the bridge at about 6:00 AM. I thought I'd be one of maybe a few hundred there that early, but there were already thousands. The wait for the anchorage tours was already an hour and 15 minutes. From the Camden approach, I walked up the bridge's north walkway to the line for the anchorage tours. As you know the anchorages were designed to contain trolley stations, but were never used for that purpose. We entered the anchorage from the walkway level. Above the doorways for stairs and elevators were terra cotta panels depicting the progress of transportation. All the interiors are decorated with three-inch-wide blue-and-cream terra cotta tiles, with a "wavy water" motif where the walls meet the ceiling. We descended a stairway (passing outboard of the rail line) to one level below the roadway. On that level is a passageway that passes beneath the rail line and roadway from one side of the anchorage to the other. Stairs descend from an area beside the roadway (inboard of the pylons) to this level. (The area beside the roadway was intended as the trolley stop.) Also on this level, below the roadway, is where there are stalls intended for merchants. (As you know, the trains are, and were, on the roadway level outboard of the pylons; the trolleys would have been on the outer edge of the roadway, just inboard of the pylons.) Travelers would have entered via the walkway, descended two levels (passing outboard of, then under the train tracks), walk inboard a short distance (where they would encounter the vendors), then walk up one level to the trolley. From the level beneath the roadway, where the vendors would have been, the tourists entered a doorway on either side of the bridge where we could view the cables coming down and splaying apart into the actual anchorages. Going back to the roadway level, we were directed up the stairs on the south side to the once-intended trolley stop at the level of the roadway. This area is outboard of the edge of the roadway (where the trolley tracks would have been) between the main part of the anchorage and the point where the main cable descends below the roadway level (between the train tracks and the area for trolley tracks). On the roadway, there were antique vehicles (about thirty cars and trucks) and antique fire engines. On the de-energized south tracks, at mid-span, there were two of the original rail cars that ran in the 1930s. On the roadway, the John Coltrane jazz band played all morning. After the bridge walk and anchorage tour, officials re-dedicated the four "winged victory" statues that prior to 1949 adorned the Philadelphia and Camden plazas. (The statues were placed into underground storage prior to the widening of the bridge.) The four statues will become part of the DRPA Delaware River aerial tram now under construction that will connect Penn's Landing with the revitalized Camden waterfront. This 2007 photo shows the westbound Benjamin Franklin Bridge at the Camden anchorage. The granite portals rise above the roadway, giving the bridge an appearance of massiveness. (Photo by Steve Anderson.) The design of the Benjamin Franklin Bridge is similar to that of the Manhattan Bridge in that both crossings were designed using "deflection theory." Over the years, heavy subway traffic on the outboard structures has caused twisting of the deck and stress on the main cables. Maximum torsion occurs when subway trains start to cross opposite sides of the bridge at the same time. To maintain the structural integrity of the Benjamin Franklin Bridge, the PATCO tracks should be removed. New tunnels should be constructed under the Delaware River to better handle not only the existing PATCO Lindenwold service, but also new trains from the proposed PATCO Moorestown and Glassboro lines. SOURCES: "Camden Bridge Ready for Work," The New York Times (7/01/1926); "Traffic Volume on the Delaware Bridge," The Philadelphia Inquirer (10/13/1926); "Four More Traffic Lanes Asked for River Bridge," The Philadelphia Inquirer (12/21/1929); "Schuylkill Expressway, Roosevelt Boulevard Expressway and Vine Street Expressway," Philadelphia City Planning Commission (1950); "New Roads with New Numbers Will Parallel Old U.S. Routes" by George Cable Wright, The New York Times (9/19/1958); "Interstate 676: Administrative Action Final Environmental Impact Statement and Section 4(f) Statement," Federal Highway Administration and New Jersey Department of Transportation (1976); "Interstate 676, Vine Street Expressway: Administrative Action Draft Environmental Impact Statement and Section 4(f) Statement," Federal Highway Administration and Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (1977); Great American Bridges and Dams by Donald C. Jackson, Preservation Press-John Wiley and Sons (1988);"A Green Light for Highway" by Laurie Hollman, The Philadelphia Inquirer (1/06/1991); Engineers of Dreams by Henry Petroski, Vintage Books-Random House (1995); "Fire Shuts Benjamin Franklin Bridge" by Thomas J. Gibbons Jr. and Larry Fish, The Philadelphia Inquirer (9/30/1998); "Agency Approves Benjamin Franklin Bridge Repainting" by Joseph A. Gambardello, The Philadelphia Inquirer (1/27/2000); "'Winged Victory' Makes a Comeback," Philadelphia Business Journal (9/08/2000); "It's a Grand Old Bridge" by Joseph A. Gambardello, The Philadelphia Inquirer (6/29/2001); "A Twice in a Lifetime Experience" by Marc Schogol, The Philadelphia Inquirer (7/02/2001); "Thousands Celebrate Ben Franklin Bridge's 75th" by Ed Sholinsky, The Salem County Record (7/06/2001); "The Subways, Railways and Stations of Philly" by Harry Kyriakodis (2001); Delaware River Port Authority; Independence Hall Association; New Jersey Department of Transportation; Philadelphia Interactive; Venturi, Scott Brown and Associates; Chris Blaney; Rich Cionci; Peggy Darlington; Tom Fekete; Nick Klissas; Scott Kozel; Raymond C. Martin; Alex Nitzman; Scott Oglesby; Len Pundt; Sandy Smith; Christof Spieler; Stephen Summers; Jeff Taylor; St�phane Theroux; Rush Wickes. I-676 and US 30 shields by Ralph Herman. Benjamin Franklin Bridge shield by Delaware River Port Authority. Lightposts by Millerbernd Manufacturing Company. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN BRIDGE LINKS:

1920s

How many prisoners were left in Alcatraz just before it closed?

Ben Franklin Bridge Ben Franklin Bridge Looking south from Penn Treaty Park (2007). Benjamin Franklin Bridge, 1926 Vine Street across the Delaware River to Camden, New Jersey � Helene Schenck & Michael Parrington, Workshop of the World (Oliver Evans Press, 1990). A bridge linking Philadelphia and Camden, New Jersey was proposed as early as 1818.  This plan utilized Windmill Island, which was located midway between the two cities until 1891-97 when it was removed by the Federal Government to improve navigation. A further design for a suspension bridge was produced in 1831 by John C. Troutwine; and in 1868 yet another design for a "double draw" suspension bridge was proposed.  None of these proposals came to anything, and the first real move toward linking Philadelphia and Camden occurred in 1919 with the formation of the Delaware River Bridge Joint Commission. In 1920, a Board of Engineers was formed and Dr. Paul P. Cret was appointed as architect, assisted by Leon S. Moiseff, Engineer of Design, and Clement E. Chase, Assistant Engineer. In 1921, an Act of the United States Congress authorizing the bridge was passed and the Board of Engineers produced an estimate for the construction cost of $28,871,000.  Work on the bridge commenced on January 6, 1922, and the bridge was formally opened to traffic on July 1, 1926, on schedule. When completed, the almost two-mile expanse was the longest suspension bridge in the world. The total length of the bridge is 9,570 feet, and the length of the main span is 1,750 feet. The towers soar 380 feet above the water level; clearance for shipping is 135 feet, and the deepest foundations extend 105 feet below high water. The total weight of the bridge is 720,000 tons. The main piers contain 59,000 cubic yards of masonry and concrete, and the anchorages 216,000 cubic yards.  Bethlehem Steel, American Bridge Company, and the Keystone State Construction Company were among the main contractors for the project. 1 In its over 60-year history, the bridge has seen many changes to the Philadelphia and Camden skylines. The bridge itself was adapted in the late 1960s to carry the tracks of the PATCO high speed line, a commuter rail line running from 16th Street in Philadelphia to Lindenwold, New Jersey. The bridge was completely redecked in 1988, ensuring its survival for many years to come. 1  Delaware River Bridge Joint Commission, The Bridge over the Delaware River Connecting Philadelphia, PA and Camden, NJ.  Final Report of the Board of Engineers submitted June 1, 1927, by Ralph Modjeski, George S. Webster, and Laurence A. Ball. Update May 2007 (by Harry Kyriakodis): Still standing. The Delaware River Port Authority celebrated the 75th anniversary of the Benjamin Franklin Bridge by closing the span to all but pedestrian traffic on July 1, 2001. Thousands of people, some in 1920s attire, crossed the bridge. Antique cars, trucks, and fire engines were displayed on the deck, and two of the original rail cars that ran in the 1930s were on display at mid-span on the southern tracks. Since then, the bridge has undergone an extensive repainting process involving bead-blasting off many coats of old paint to bare metal. Only the Philadelphia approach remains to be done, but this has been delayed for years due to a complicated political dispute between Pennsylvania and New Jersey involving the dredging of the Delaware River. See also: J�sef Głomb, A Man Who Spanned Two Eras—The Story of Bridge Engineer Ralph Modjeski (Philadelphia Chapter of the Kosciusko Foundation, 2002), translated by Peter J. Obst. Photographer James B. Abbott has produced marvelous interior and exterior photos of the Ben Franklin Bridge. Abbott's studio is in the shadow of the bridge, in the former Wilbur Chocolate factory. Winged Victories in Bridge Plaza, 1998, Ilforchrome print, 20" x 24". � James B. Abbott Anchorage Bridge Cable Bend, 2000, Ilforchrome, 20" x 24". � James B. Abbott Untitled, Ben Franklin Bridge from Water and Race street, 2001, Iris print mounted on museum board, 31" x 38". � James B. Abbott

i don't know

What was the name of the first weather satellite?

NOAASIS - NOAA Satellite Information System for NOAA Meteorological / Weather Satellites   April 1, 1960 -- TIROS I is Launched The launch of TIROS I (Television and InfraRed Observation Satellite) on April 1, 1960 marked the first day it became possible to observe the Earth's weather conditions on a regular basis, over most of the world from the vantage point of outer space . The satellite designed to obtain cloud pictures was rocketed into space aboard a Thor-Able launch vehicle, in the early hours of April 1, 1960, from Cape Canaveral, Florida. The satellite was basically a cylinder with 18 flattened sides to mount solar power cells. The satellite was approximately 42 inches (1.07m) in diameter, 22 inches (0.56m) high (including the projecting television camera lense), and had a launch weight of approximately 283 pounds (128.4kg) including fuel for small solid rockets to control the satellite's spin over time. For comparison, the latest generation NOAA-15 satellite is 74 inches (1.88m) in diameter, and 165 inches (4.2m) high in its "folded" launch configuration, and weighs 4,920 pounds (2231.7kg) at liftoff. The main sensors that provided the cloud pictures were television cameras. The TIROS cameras were slow-scan devices that take snapshots of the scene below; one "snapshot" was taken every ten seconds. These were rugged, lightweight devices weighing only about 4.5 pounds (2 kg) including the camera lense. TIROS I was equipped with two cameras. One had a wide angle lense providing views that were approximately 750 miles (1207 km) on a side (with the satellite looking straight down), and a narrow angle camera with a view that was about 80 miles (129 km) on a side. When the satellite was within range of a ground station, the cameras could be commanded to take a picture every 10, or every 30 seconds. But each camera was also connected to a clock controlled tape recorder to record images when the satellite was beyond the range of a ground station. Each recorder contained 400 feet (122 m) of tape, and could record up to 32 pictures for playback the next time the satellite was in range. There were two Command and Data Acquisition (CDA) stations used for TIROS I. These were located at the Army Signal Corps laboratory in Belmar, New Jersey and the U.S. Air Force facility a Kaena Point, Hawaii. A third station, used for engineering and back-up was located the the RCA plant where the TIROS was built, in Hightstown, New Jersey . . When the satellite data was read out at either of the CDA stations, it was recorded on 35-mm film for making prints and large projections. From these, a hand-drawn cloud analysis (nephanalysis) was made then transmitted by facsimile to the U.S. Weather Bureau National Meteorological Center (NMC) near Washington, D.C. It was not until 1962 (TIROS IV, TIROS V) that some of the actual gridded satellite pictures were sent via facsimile to NMC and some other large Weather Bureau offices   TIROS I ceased operating in mid-June 1960 due to an electrical failure. During the 77 days it operated, the satellite sent back 19,389 usable pictures that were used in weather operations. TIROS II was launched on November 23, 1960.

Tiros

Who directed the movie Trading Places?

America's First Weather Satellite - Farmers' Almanac “Why Can’t I Get That Song Out of My Head?” Solving The Mystery of Earworms This week, we celebrate fiftieth anniversary of the world’s first successful weather satellite launch. NASA used a Thor Able rocket to launch TIROS-1 (Television Infrared Observation Satellite), from Cape Canaveral, Fl., on April 1, 1960, at 6:40 a.m., EST. The satellite sent the first TV images to the Earth from space, changing forever the way meteorologists predicted the weather. Though the term “satellite” may conjure up images of a complicated piece of space age wizardly, TIROS-1 was made from a simple aluminum and stainless steel drum. It measured only 42 inches across and 19 inches high, and weighed 270 pounds. It contained two TV cameras, which sent images back to the ground station at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, and was powered by 9,200 solar cells mounted on the outside of the drum. Five antennas were needed to communicate with the ground station, one to receive control signals from the ground, and another four to transmit images back to Earth. The first pictures it transmitted showed the Atlantic Coast, from New England to the Canadian Maritime Provinces. The images clearly showed cloud patterns forming and moving through the Earth’s atmosphere, proving the theory that satellites could survey the weather from space. TIROS-1 functioned for only 78 days — it had been designed to remain operational for 93 days — and could only operate during daylight hours. In that time, though, it sent thousands of useful pictures. Over the following five years, NASA continued to launch successive TIROS weather satellites — ten in all — into orbit. Though none of them remain functional, nine out of the 10 TIROS series satellites are still in orbit today. One weather satellite model was launched more than a year earlier than TIROS-1. The Vanguard 2, was sent into orbit on February 17, 1959, but unlike TIROS-1, it failed to collect much usable weather data. Today, weather satellites are one of the primary ways meteorologists predict the weather. Satellite images from space are the source of those moving cloud animations you see on televised weather reports. We’ve come a long way since TIROS-1, though. Today’s weather satellites are designed to last for many years, and use special instruments, instead of TV cameras, to record infrared, microwave or other kinds of radiation. This more sophisticated technology allows them to operate around the clock, and to transmit more accurate information than TIROS could. Jaime McLeod is a longtime journalist who has written for a wide variety of newspapers, magazines, and websites, including MTV.com. She enjoys the outdoors, growing and eating organic food, and is interested in all aspects of natural wellness. Articles you might also like... Current Moon Phase

i don't know

Where in Australia was swashbuckling Errol Flynn born?

Biography - Errol Leslie Flynn - Australian Dictionary of Biography Australian Dictionary of Biography Tip: searches only the name field Tip: Use double quotes to search for a phrase This is a shared entry with Theodore Thomson Flynn Errol Leslie Flynn (1909-1959), by unknown photographer, 1940s National Library of Australia, nla.pic-an13384126 Theodore Thomson Flynn (1883-1968), zoologist, and Errol Leslie Flynn (1909-1959), film actor, were father and son. Theodore was born on 11 October 1883 at Coraki, New South Wales, son of John Thompson Flynn, cordial manufacturer, and his wife Jessie, née Thomson. He received his education at Fort Street High School, Sydney, the Sydney Training College for Teachers and the University of Sydney (B.Sc., 1907) where he gained the university medal and the Johns Coutts scholarship in biology. His first teaching post was as science master at Newcastle and Maitland High schools in 1907; later he was appointed to the Newcastle and West Maitland Technical colleges, lecturing in chemistry and physics. His main interest remained in the natural sciences and in 1909 he became lecturer in biology at the University of Tasmania. On 23 January of that year at St John's Church of England, Balmain North, Sydney, he married Lily Mary (Marelle) Young, a descendant of one of the Bounty mutineers. Flynn's lectureship was initially temporary, but he soon showed his worth, and in 1911 withdrew from an appointment as Macleay research fellow of the Linnean Society of New South Wales to accept the first chair of biology in Hobart as the Ralston professor. The terms of his appointment included liberal provision for research and he pursued a vigorous study of the marsupials of Tasmania and also did original work on megapodes. The Australian Antarctic Expedition of 1912 attracted his interest and he took charge of some research during the Aurora's summer cruise. He also devoted considerable time to fishery research and in 1915 was appointed royal commissioner to enquire into Tasmanian fisheries. He was a fellow of the Royal Society of Tasmania (1909) and in 1913-19 a trustee of the Tasmanian Museum and Botanical Gardens. He gained his D.Sc. at the University of Sydney in 1921 for work on marsupial embryology. In September 1930 Flynn left Hobart for London to continue his research on marsupial embryology, and also to seek funds on behalf of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science for scientific and economic exploration of the south-west coast of Tasmania. Next January he was awarded a Rockefeller Foundation grant to carry out research with his former mentor, Professor J. P. Hill , on the development of monotreme ovum. In June he took up the chair of zoology at Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland; he also became director of the marine station at Portaferry. Flynn, who held attention during his lectures by a theatrical manner as well as by his subject matter, liked to take part in community affairs—debating, theatre and adult education. He was appointed M.B.E. in 1945. A fellow of the Linnean and Zoological societies, London, he was also a fellow of the International Institute of Embryology, Utrecht, and a member of the Royal Irish Academy. After his retirement in 1948, as emeritus professor, he resided in Surrey, England. He died in a nursing home at Liss, Hampshire, on 23 October 1968, survived by a daughter. His estate was valued for probate at £519. Errol was born on 20 June 1909 in Hobart. During a rebellious childhood he attended several Hobart schools, in none of which he lasted long, as well as South Western London College, while in London with his father, and Sydney Church of England Grammar School (Shore), from which he was expelled. In 1927, after a short period of office work with a Sydney shipping company, he began training as a district officer in New Guinea, but moved on to become in rapid succession copra plantation overseer, partner in a charter schooner business and gold prospector. He purchased the cutter Sirocco in Sydney in 1930; his seven-month journey back to New Guinea, where as manager of a tobacco plantation at Laloki he wrote columns on New Guinea life for the Sydney Bulletin, became the subject of his first book Beam Ends (1937). Sailing remained a lifelong hobby. In 1932, back in Sydney and notorious for unpaid debts in New Guinea, he played the part of Fletcher Christian in the film In the Wake of the Bounty directed by Charles Chauvel . Next year he went to England where he acted with the Northampton Repertory Company until signing a contract with Warner Bros. After Murder at Monte Carlo, made at the Teddington studio, he moved to California, where in 1935 he shot to stardom as the swashbuckling hero in Captain Blood. He proceeded to make some sixty films, his heyday as one of Hollywood's most handsome and agile actors being 1936-42. The Adventures of Robin Hood, The Dawn Patrol and The Sea Hawk date from this period. Granted American citizenship in 1942 he never returned to either New Guinea or Australia. In his later years he was a wanderer aboard his schooner Zaca and addicted to drink and narcotics. On 19 June 1935 at Yuma, Arizona, Flynn married actress Lilliane Marie Madeleine Carré (Lili Damita). Divorced in 1942 he married Nora Eddington in 1943 or 1944 at Acapulco, Mexico. Nora divorced him in 1949 after which, on 23 October 1950 at Monte Carlo, Monaco, he married Patrice Wymore. He died on 14 October 1959 at Vancouver, Canada, survived by his wife, a son of his first marriage and two daughters of his second. His novel Showdown was published in 1946 and his autobiography My Wicked, Wicked Ways, ghosted by Earl Conrad, in 1960. Select Bibliography T. Thomas, R. Behlmer and C. McCarthy, The Films of Errol Flynn (NY, 1969) J. H. Moore, The Young Errol (Syd, 1975) C. Higham, Errol Flynn (NY, 1980) Industrial Australian and Mining Standard, 4 Sept 1930 Who Was Who, 1961-70 Weekly Courier (Launceston), 4 Feb 1931 New York Times, 21 July 1946, 15 Oct 1959 'Obituary: Mr. Errol Flynn', Times (London), 16 Oct 1959, p 15 Sydney Morning Herald, 16 Oct 1959 North Shore Times (Sydney), 25 Aug 1976 Sun-Herald, 15 Apr 1979, 6 Jan 1980 Canberra Times, 6 Jan 1980 MS 55, J. P. Hill papers (Australian Academy of Science Library) private information.

Hobart

Vehicles from which country use the international registration letters KWT?

Errol Flynn Biography (Actor) Birthplace: Hobart, Tasmania, Australia Best known as: The swashbuckling star of Captain Blood and Robin Hood Errol Flynn was one of Hollywood's biggest stars in the 1930s and '40s, famous for his boundless devil-may-care energy in the rousing adventures known as swashbucklers. Errol Flynn spent his youth in Australia and England, and his young adult years mining and running plantations in New Guinea, before appearing in his first movie in 1933, the Australian feature The Wake of the Bounty. From there he went to England briefly before making his way to Hollywood and the movies. In robust features like Captain Blood (1935) and The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938), Flynn was the dashing hero whose winning smile and flashy swordplay made the ladies whimper with longing. Offscreen, Flynn had a reputation as a freewheeling boozer, womanizer and all-around bad boy. Tongues wagged in 1942 when he was tried for statutory rape (and acquitted), but the scandal didn't diminish his celebrity or his popularity. Flynn starred mostly in westerns, sea adventures and war movies, including The Charge of the Light Brigade (1935), They Died With Their Boots On (1941) and The Adventures of Don Juan (1948). He lost favor in Hollywood in the early 1950s, but we in the midst of a comeback at age 50 when he died suddenly in 1959. Extra credit: Errol Flynn worked frequently with director Michael Curtiz and actress Olivia de Havilland … Errol Flynn’s autobiography is titled My Wicked, Wicked Ways… The phrase “in like Flynn” became popular in the U.S. in the 1940s and is generally acknowledged as a reference to Flynn’s success with women. Copyright © 1998-2017 by Who2?, LLC. All rights reserved. Advertisement Advertisement

i don't know

At what weight did boxer Chris Eubank win the WBO title in 1990?

Chris Eubank vs Reginaldo Dos Santos 22.9.1990 - YouTube Chris Eubank vs Reginaldo Dos Santos 22.9.1990 Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Dec 29, 2015 WBC International Middleweight champion, Chris Eubank, takes on the Brazilian Super Middleweight champion, Reginaldo Dos Santos, in a warm up bout before his world title fight with Nigel Benn. More info below... Chris Eubank at this point in his career was 23-0. He was the current WBC International Middleweight champion and although he had fought a few experienced fighters he had not fought anybody of note. He had earned himself however a WBO World Title shot against Nigel Benn for November 1990. Reginaldo was 11-3 and was the reigning Brazilian Super Middleweight Champion. Since the beginning of his career, Reginaldo had boxed as various weights, anywhere from 159lbs all the way up to 175lbs. He had challenged for the Brazilian Middleweight title in 1987 and even the Brazilian Light Heavyweight title in 1988 but failed to win either, losing both on points. The fight as you can see was over almost as quick as it began. With one counter overhand right, Reginaldo went down and couldn't get up. A very unexpected knock out from a boxer not known for his KO power. Chris Eubank went on to beat Nigel Benn and win the WBO World Middleweight title, marking the beginning of a great era for British middleweights and super middleweights. In 1991 Eubank would win the vacant WBO World Super Middleweight title. He would remain undefeated until 1995. In 1998, Eubank twice challenged Carl Thompson for the WBO World Cruiserweight title but came up short on both occasions. He retired following these losses with a 45-5-2 record. Reginaldo Dos Santos would lose his next 8 fights, 7 by way of KO. He lost his Brazilian Super Middleweight title in 1991 and unsuccessfully challenged for the Brazilian Cruiser Weight title in 1993. He took a 2 year hiatus from boxing and returned in 1995 to win four fights in a row, albeit against opponents with very little skill or experience. He retired in 1996 with a 15-12 record. Category

Middleweight

Who featured with Bobby Brown on the No 1 She Ain't Worth It?

Andy Lee victorious after landing historic blow against Matt Korobov to win WBO middleweight title - Telegraph Andy Lee victorious after landing historic blow against Matt Korobov to win WBO middleweight title Andy Lee lauded after becoming first Irishman to win world title in US since 1934 Packing a punch: Andy Lee lands a left-hander on Matt Korobov Photo: GETTY IMAGES By Gareth A Davies , Boxing Correspondent 7:56PM GMT 17 Dec 2014 Follow Andy Lee snuck under the radar winning the World Boxing Organisation middleweight title when he knocked out Matt Korobov in Las Vegas last weekend, but there was no hiding as he returned to his home town of Limerick on Wednesday as thousands turned out at the civic reception to celebrate his “gift-from-God right hook”. “It’s the stuff of dreams. You couldn’t write it really,” Lee told Telegraph Sport. “I’m the first Irish boxer to win a world title on US soil since 1934. That’s amazing.” An hour before Amir Khan displayed a growing maturity in shutting out his rival Devon Alexander at welterweight, calling out Floyd Mayweather afterwards, a mile away in Sin City, Lee had knocked out the previously unbeaten Russian, Korobov, in the sixth round to cap a fine year for British and Irish fighters. Lee dedicated the fight to the late, great Emanuel Steward, the Hall of Fame trainer who had shown such faith in the Irish traveller. Steward’s widow, Marie, was even at ringside for the fight, but it has been trainer Adam Booth, investing his own money in Lee, who has taken him, finally, to world honours at the age of 30. Related Articles Khan outclasses Alexander 14 Dec 2014 Southpaw Lee was up against a favourite in former amateur world star Korobov, who had been unbeaten in 24 fights. “It was a tough fight. In reality, I was the underdog,” said Lee. “But I knew in myself, and I had Adam Booth with me, and I knew the plan he set out for me meant I had a good chance of winning the fight. I was quite confident going into it. “A lot of it has been developed and honed by Adam and Emanuel before him. Me and Adam were both jetlagged last night, so we were up at 2am and we watched the fight again. We slowed down the knockdown and the technique and the timing...” Lee looked back on a career honed at the start by Steward. “He first signed me as an amateur when I beat one of his guys in the world junior competition. That was the first time he saw me. We made contact with each other.” “One of Emanuel’s greatest gifts as a trainer was the confidence he bred in his fighters. I’m not sure if it was just an American thing, but he had a great way of being able to talk to his fighters and put confidence into them. He said I’d be world champion and it was great to win on Saturday in his honour. Even though he’s gone, his words have come true. It was good for me to repay him in some small way.” Lee, indeed, is the first Irishman from the traveller community to win a world title. “This is the first time it’s really been mentioned. I’ve always been a traveller, obviously, but I’ve never made an issue about it or championed the cause. “I’m a boxer first and foremost. That’s really what I am. But it does mean a lot to me and it is a nice thing. It doesn’t separate me from anybody, though. “I don’t want to become known as the traveller boxer or become a spokesperson for travellers. It makes me proud, it’s great for my dad and my family, but they’re happy anyway.” His entire family turned out in Limerick yesterday. “I’m one of six – four boys and two girls,” he said. “All the boys boxed. My two older brothers represented England as schoolboys and me and my younger brother represented Ireland as schoolboys. Our family moved back to Ireland when I was 14. We boxed as schoolboys in Ireland. We grew up in a boxing family.” One fan had even posted ‘The Ballad of Andy Lee’ on the internet, to celebrate his homecoming. “It was such an honour to be received in my home town, with such a big turn out,” he said. “It was great to see everyone. I’ve often thought of stepping off the plane in Shannon a world champion and that dream has come true. Adam Booth and Richard Towers [the British heavyweight] travelled with me and we got a police escort from the airport. It was a great day.” Lee believes that he could not have fulfilled his dream without Booth, and promotionally, they are in a powerful position, with Frank Warren’s star middleweight Billy Joe Saunders – who defeated Chris Eubank Jnr in November – lined up as the WBO’s mandated challenger. “It’s immeasurable how much Adam has improved me. It’s one thing for Adam to do what he did with David Haye and George Groves – turning two physically gifted guys into champions. But he then did it with me, a guy who a lot of people had lost hope in and given up on,” Lee said. “I lost to [Julio Cesar] Chavez and people thought the best days were behind me. Adam didn’t see it that way. He was inspirational in the corner. He did a great job. “I started this year with no options at all really. Adam got me a fight in Denmark on the Sauerland show and Adam paid for the opponent. He paid for the whole fight. And here I am ending the year with the WBO title.” Lee now wants to secure his future. “I’m not sure whether Billy Joe is the next fight or whether I get a voluntary [defence], but I’m happy either way. Billy Joe is a very good boxer and I was very impressed with him against Eubank. But I’d be happy to fight him if that’s the way it’s going to be. After my last two performances, and beating Korobov, I should be the favourite. I’d like to fight in Dublin or Limerick. In Ireland, me versus Billy Joe would sell out any arena.” Lee would like to defend the world title in the first quarter of 2015. “March time would be nice, around St Patrick’s Day. I’m going to enjoy Christmas with my family in Ireland and then I’ll be back training in the New Year. The dream now is several defences of the title.” Five upsets on US soil Jimmy McLarnin v Barney Ross: September 1934 Irishman McLarnin took the world welterweight title at the second attempt against Barney Ross at Madison Square Garden Bowl, New York City. Max Schmeling vs Joe Louis: June 1936 At Yankee Stadium, Louis was a huge favourite on a 27-fight winning streak – 23 by KO – but was down in the fourth and stopped in the 12th by the huge German. Lloyd Honeyghan v Donald Curry: September 1986 Seen as one of boxing’s greatest ever upsets, Honeyghan forced the seemingly invincible American to quit after six rounds. Danny Williams v Mike Tyson: July 2004 Williams beat Tyson by knockout in the fourth round in Louisville. Tyson was past his best, but it was Williams who looked beaten for two rounds before staging a comeback to win. Nigel Benn v Iran Barkley: August 1990 Benn won by first-round KO, but it was an exhilarating, thrilling 2min 57sec. They exchanged ferociously, Barkley downed three times in that single round.  

i don't know

What was Elvis Presley's first album which did not have his name in the title?

Elvis Presley - Biography - IMDb Elvis Presley Biography Showing all 302 items Jump to: Overview  (5) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (1) | Trade Mark  (10) | Trivia  (225) | Personal Quotes  (36) | Salary  (24) Overview (5) The King of Rock 'n' Roll Height 5' 11¾" (1.82 m) Mini Bio (1) Elvis Aaron Presley was born on January 8, 1935 in East Tupelo, Mississippi, to Gladys Presley (née Gladys Love Smith) and Vernon Presley (Vernon Elvis Presley). He had a twin brother who was stillborn. In September 1948, Elvis and his parents moved to Memphis, Tennessee where he attended Humes High School. In 1953, he attended the senior prom with the current girl he was courting, Regis Wilson. After graduating from high school in Memphis, Elvis took odd jobs working as a movie theater usher and a truck driver for Crown Electric Company. He began singing locally as "The Hillbilly Cat", then signed with a local recording company, and then with RCA in 1955. Elvis did much to establish early rock and roll music. He began his career as a performer of rockabilly, an up-tempo fusion of country music and rhythm and blues, with a strong backbeat. His novel versions of existing songs, mixing 'black' and 'white' sounds, made him popular - and controversial - as did his uninhibited stage and television performances. He recorded songs in the rock and roll genre, with tracks like "Jailhouse Rock" and "Hound Dog" later embodying the style. Presley had a versatile voice and had unusually wide success encompassing other genres, including gospel, blues, ballads and pop music. Teenage girls became hysterical over his blatantly sexual gyrations, particularly the one that got him nicknamed "Elvis the Pelvis" (television cameras were not permitted to film below his waist). In 1956, following his six television appearances on The Dorsey Brothers' "Stage Show", Elvis was cast in his first acting role, in a supporting part in Love Me Tender (1956), the first of 33 movies he starred in. In 1958, Elvis was drafted into the military, and relocated to Bad Nauheim, Germany. There he met and fell in love with 14-year old army damsel Priscilla Ann Wagner ( Priscilla Presley ), whom he would eventually marry after an eight-year courtship, and with whom he had his only child, Lisa Marie Presley . Elvis' military service and the "British Invasion" of the 1960s reduced his concerts, though not his movie/recording income. Through the 1960s, Elvis settled in Hollywood, where he starred in the majority of his thirty-three movies, mainly musicals, acting alongside some of the most well known actors in Hollywood. Critics panned most of his films, but they did very well at the box office, earning upwards of $150 million total. His last fiction film, Change of Habit (1969), deals with several social issues; romance within the clergy, an autistic child, almost unheard of in 1969, rape, and mob violence. It has recently received critical acclaim. Elvis made a comeback in the 1970s with live concert appearances starting in early 1970 in Las Vegas with over 57 sold-out shows. He toured throughout the United States, appearing on-stage in over 500 live appearances, many of them sold out shows. His marriage ended in divorce, and the stress of constantly traveling as well as his increasing weight gain and dependence upon stimulants and depressants took their toll. Elvis Presley died at age 42 on August 16, 1977 at his mansion in Graceland, near Memphis, shocking his fans worldwide. At the time of his death, he had sold more than 600 million singles and albums. Since his death, Graceland has become a shrine for millions of followers worldwide. Elvis impersonators and purported sightings have become stock subjects for humorists. To date, Elvis Presley is the only performer to have been inducted into three separate music 'Halls of Fame'. Throughout his career, he set records for concert attendance, television ratings and recordings sales, and remains one of the best-selling and most influential artists in the history of popular music. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Ed Stephan and Chris Holland Spouse (1) Trade Mark (10) The famous left-sided grin His movements, with his pelvis, that gave him the nickname, "Elvis, the pelvis", which he strongly disliked Longer and slightly deeper sideburns White sequined jumpsuits with rhinestones Onstage karate moves Peanut butter and banana sandwiches (with bacon) Two trademark phrases were "Thank ya!" and "Thank ya' very much!" Deep husky voice with southern accent Black hair often greased back Known to friends and fans for his extremely kind-hearted and generous personality Trivia (225) The home address of Vernon Presley and Gladys Presley , as they became parents, on Tuesday, January 8, 1935, was 306 Old Saltillo Road, East Tupelo, Mississippi (there was no ZIP code, as they weren't created until the (1960s). His twin brother, Jesse Garon Presley, died at birth. Elvis was successfully delivered, approximately 35 minutes later. Earned a black belt in karate in 1960. Won three Grammy Awards, all for his gospel music. His hair color was blonde until his early teens. As he got older his hair became darker. By the time he had his hair cut for the army at age 22 its natural color was dark chestnut (according to Charlie Hodge , who served with him in the army). Was originally considered for the Kris Kristofferson role in A Star Is Born (1976), but Elvis turned it down because his manager, Tom Parker , refused him permission to act in a movie where he wouldn't have top billing. Also, he didn't like the fact that the producer, Jon Peters , was completely unknown. Owned a pet chimpanzee called "Scatter". Has more multi-platinum album sales than any other performer, with 12 albums selling over two million copies. Father of Lisa Marie Presley (birthdate, Thursday, February 1st, 1968). Interred at Graceland Estate, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. His autopsy detected ten different drugs in his bloodstream. Is a direct descendant of Abraham Lincoln 's great-great grandfather, Isaiah Harrison. Had 18 Billboard #1 songs, the first being "Heartbreak Hotel" in March of 1956. His 18th and final #1, "Suspicious Minds", was released in September 1969. When The Beatles came to America in 1965 there was only one person they wanted to meet: Elvis. On Friday, August 27, 1965, they got their wish and, according to John Lennon , spent an entirely enjoyable evening at the Presley home in Bel Air, California, talking, singing and laughing with each other. He bought Graceland mansion on Tuesday, March 19, 1957, from Mrs. Ruth Brown Moore for $102,500. The mansion, built of tan Tennessee limestone, consists of 23 rooms and 13.7 surrounding acres. The Music Gates were installed in April of 1957. The name "Graceland" came with the mansion, from the days when it was originally used as a church. His television debut was on the regionally telecast Louisiana Hayride (1955), Saturday, March 5th, 1955 in Shreveport, Louisiana. In September 1955, "Country Song Roundup" magazine was the first to feature an article on Elvis, calling him a "folk music fireball". In April of 1955 Elvis auditioned for a spot on Arthur Godfrey 's Talent Scouts (1948) and was turned down. Elvis' body was placed in a family crypt in Memphis on Thursday, August 18, 1977. Eleven days later, however, an attempt was made to steal his body but the plan failed and three men were charged with trespassing and released on bond. Because of this incident, Vernon Presley , received approval from the Memphis Adjustment Board to allow re-interment of the bodies of Elvis and his mother, Gladys Presley to the Meditation Garden behind Graceland, which took place, on Sunday, October 2, 1977. The book he was reading at the time of his death was "The Scientific Search for the Face of Jesus" by Frank O. Adams, (Psychical Aid Foundation, USA, 1972). From the time they met up until his death, Elvis always sent a roomful of flowers to Ann-Margret whenever she opened up a show in Las Vegas. Was one of the performers featured on a set of stamps of rock and blues legends issued by the U.S. Postal Service in June 1993. His mother, Gladys Presley , gave him his first guitar in 1947, when he was 12 years old, as a birthday present. He was a 1953 graduate of Humes High School, in Memphis, Tennessee. Was one of the first people in the U.S. to own a "Betamax" system VCR Honorary Member of Tau Kappa Epsilon Fraternity. After seeing him in concert, Liberace suggested adding flashy costumes to his act. Elvis took the advice, and became famous for his gold lame jackets and jeweled white jumpsuits. He later reserved a seat for Liberace at a majority of his concerts, as his way of saying thanks. One of only a handful of artists inducted into both The Rock & Roll Hall Of Fame and The Country Music Hall of Fame. Others include Johnny Cash and Hank Williams . Died with about $5 million in his bank account. Elvis did not like confrontation. He wanted to fire his manager, Tom Parker , many times. He would tell his friends "Tell Parker, he's fired." His friends would go tell him, then Parker would say "Tell Elvis to tell me personally". Elvis never did. "Heartbreak Hotel", which spent 17 weeks at #1 on Billboard's country chart (and 10 weeks on Billboard's Hot 100) was the #1 country song of 1956. Inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1998. His 1977 country hit, "Way Down," was the #1 song on Billboard magazine's country singles chart the week of Elvis' death. Nine other songs would go to #1 on Billboard's country charts between 1956 and 1981: "I Forgot to Remember to Forget," "Heartbreak Hotel," "I Want You, I Need You, I Love You," and the two-sided #1 hit "Hound Dog/Don't Be Cruel" (all 1956); "All Shook Up," "(Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear" and "Jailhouse Rock" (all 1957); "Moody Blue" (1977); and "Guitar Man" (1981, a remixed version released more than three years after his death). Most of his 1950s #1 country hits were also #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 as well. In Sam Lovullo 's book "Life in the Kornfield", which recalled his years as producer of 1969's country music TV series Hee Haw (1969), he remarked that Elvis was a big fan of the show and had always wanted to perform on it. However, according to Lovullo, Elvis remarked they'd have to tape his spots in the middle of the night, knowing that if manager Tom Parker had found out, he'd never clear his appearance. Several months after Elvis' death, his father, Vernon Presley , appeared on "Hee Haw" and spoke about how the world would always love him and remember his music. Hysteria over "Elvis sightings" after his death were lampooned in the Mojo Nixon song "Elvis Is Everywhere" and "Elvis Is Dead" by Living Colour . His personal entourage were known as the "Memphis Mafia", and were given matching rings by Elvis. The diamond and gold rings sported a thunderbolt and the letters "TCB" (reportedly standing for "Take Care of Business"). Elvis was buried wearing one of the rings. Pictured on a 29¢ US commemorative postage stamp issued on Friday, January 8th, 1993, 58 years after his birthdate. This was the inaugural issue in the Legends of American Music series. In 2002 a re-mixed version of one his more obscure recordings, "A Little Less Conversation", became a dance club hit, and topped the charts in the United Kingdom. The lightest Elvis ever weighed, as an adult, was 170 pounds in 1960, following his discharge from the U.S. Army. The heaviest was at the time of his death, which was 260 pounds. He gained 90 pounds in his final 17 years of life. Was always known to be generous to a fault with family, friends and even total strangers. Anyone who admired any posession of his, from one of his many Cadillacs to any bit of bric-a-brac in his home, often found themselves the new owners of that posession. Inducted into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame (sponsored by the Gospel Music Association) in 2001. Made the first ever musical video of all time: Jailhouse Rock (1957). When Ed Sullivan finally allowed him to appear on The Ed Sullivan Show (1948), he was filmed from the waist upwards only once, on his third and final appearance on Sunday, January 6th, 1957. His 1960 single "It's Now Or Never" is one of the best selling singles of all time--if not the all-time best selling single--with sales estimated to have been between 25 and 30 million copies. He is responsible for the best selling single of the 1950s ("Hound Dog/Don't Be Cruel", 1956) and that of the 1960s ("It's Now Or Never", 1960). His 29¢ commemorative postage stamp issued in 1993, sold more copies than any other postage stamp in U.S. Postal Service history. A remix of his song "A Little Less Conversation" was featured on the soundtrack to the film Ocean's Eleven (2001) and became a Billboard #1 hit single, over 20 years after his death. The Beatles were admirers of his work and, although John Lennon said they enjoyed his company very much, Elvis himself, ironically, thought that they were a bad influence on America's youth. Elvis was descended from a woman named Morning White Dove (she was his maternal great-great-great-grandmother two times over). Morning White Dove is believed by some to have been a Cherokee Native American, although it is not clear if documentary evidence exists that she was a Native American. Elvis' character in G.I. Blues (1960) has a Cherokee background. He was allegedly offered roles in The Rainmaker (1956), The Defiant Ones (1958), Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958), West Side Story (1961), Sweet Bird of Youth (1962), The Fastest Guitar Alive (1967), Midnight Cowboy (1969), True Grit (1969), Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971), A Star Is Born (1976) and Grease (1978). He said that his favorite of all his films was King Creole (1958). He also said his film that he disliked the most was Clambake (1967). During his third and final appearance on Ed Sullivan 's The Ed Sullivan Show (1948) weekly program, on Sunday, January 6, 1957, he angered Sullivan by singing the gospel song "Peace In The Valley" on his show, after Sullivan asked him not to. He was a distant cousin of former US President Jimmy Carter (1977-81). When Elvis died on Tuesday, August 16, 1977, Carter said the next day, "Elvis Presley's death deprived our country of a part of itself. He was unique and irreplaceable". He was temporarily a Shelby County (Tennessee) deputy sheriff. Hal B. Wallis , producer of eight of his films, wanted to make a western with Elvis and John Wayne , but it never came about. In 1973 he met with Led Zeppelin members Robert Plant and John Paul Jones in Los Angeles. An idol to the members of Led Zeppelin, Elvis wanted to meet "who was outselling him" at concerts (Zeppelin was in the midst of a record-breaking tour that year). A meeting was arranged with Plant and Jones. Plant was so awestruck at meeting his idol in person that he could barely speak to him. Jones, nearly as awestruck as Plant, made small talk with the "King," and mentioned what a beautiful watch Elvis wore. Elvis, always the generous one, instantly traded his $5,000 gold and diamond watch for Jones' $10 Mickey Mouse watch. This broke the ice with all of them, and they became fast friends. Throughout the early 1970s members of Led Zeppelin even attended a few of Elvis' concerts, and were granted the privilege of sitting in the front row by the King himself. He named his four personal favorite films as: Rebel Without a Cause (1955), A Streetcar Named Desire (1951), Dirty Harry (1971) and Bullitt (1968). He was drafted into the US Army in 1958, stationed in West Germany and discharged in 1960, achieving the rank of sergeant. His being in the army was a public relations headache, according to army documents released by the Pentagon on Thursday, June 9, 2005. "Elvis Presley will not be released in a manner different from any other inductee serving overseas," the Army's adjutant general wrote to citizens who complained following reports that the rock icon would get an early "good behavior" discharge. When he entered the army at Memphis, Tennessee, on March 24, 1958, there was a public outcry from his fans, and protests flowed to Washington, including a hand-written plea released by the National Archives and Records Administration. "Dear Mamie," one correspondent wrote to then First Lady Mamie Eisenhower . "Will you please, please be so sweet and kind as to ask Ike [President Dwight D. Eisenhower ] to please bring Elvis Presley back to us from the Army? We need him in our entertainment world to make us all laugh." A 1959 Army memo set out the Presley problem: "When Private First Class Presley was first inducted, there was considerable adverse public reaction . . . alleging that he would receive preferential treatment in the Army. This impression has been largely replaced by a public impression of a good soldier serving his military obligation . . . Many teenagers who look up to and emulate Private First Class Presley will . . . follow his example in the performance of their military service". On Monday, December 21, 1970, he paid a visit to President Richard Nixon at the White House in Washington, D.C. The meeting was initiated by Presley, who wrote Nixon a six-page letter requesting a visit with the President and suggesting that he be made a "Federal Agent-at-Large" in the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs. More people watched Elvis: Aloha from Hawaii (1973) (live via satellite TV broadcast)--the first of its kind--than watched astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin as they landed and then walked on the moon on July 20, 1969. Interestingly, the US audience didn't view this concert event live. It was seen by much of the world on January 14, 1973. The US audience had to wait almost three months, as it was telecast for the first time in the US on April 14, 1973. Several songs recorded by Elvis in a studio while he was in Hawaii were added. The concert was preceded, on NBC, by an Ann-Margret special. He only performed two concerts outside of the United States of America. Both of them were in Canada. Therefore, all of his concerts were in North America. Recorded 33 takes of "Hound Dog". His favorite sports were racquetball and football. He temporarily passed out from exhaustion, after recording "If I Can Dream". After production of his 1968 NBC television special he told producer Steve Binder he would never make another movie or song he didn't believe in. Once sent $1,000,000 to Buford Pusser , the crimefighting Tennessee sheriff who was the subject of the 1973 film Walking Tall (1973). Once gave a robe to Muhammad Ali . On the back of the robe was stitched "The Peoples Champion", which was Presley's nickname for Ali. His favorite actors were Marlon Brando and James Dean . In a 1956 interview he said that he considered Dean an acting genius. His two favorite books were "The Holy Bible" and "The Impersonal Life". His favorite class in high school was wood shop. His mansion, Graceland, is the second most-visited place in United States of America. The first is the White House. Elia Kazan had expressed interest several times in casting Elvis in his films, Elvis' manager Tom Parker refused to allow it. Last film he saw in a theater was The Spy Who Loved Me (1977). He tried to get a print of Star Wars: Episode IV - A New Hope (1977) to show his daughter, Lisa Marie Presley , his last full day of life, on Monday, August 15th, 1977. He is referenced in the work of other music artists. He is mentioned in the songs "That Don't Impress Me Much" by Shania Twain , "Without Me" by Eminem (as well as spoofed in the music video) and "Three Minute Boy" by Marillion . He was on the school boxing team while attending Humes High School in Memphis, TN. Loved football and often had three TVs set up at Graceland to watch all of the games in progress at the same time. He used to play touch football at Whitehaven High School during the '60s and early '70s with kids around the neighborhood. Helped to support an All-Negro Day at the Memphis Zoo in 1956. In 1975 he purchased a poor black East Memphis woman an electric wheelchair and picked her up and personally sat her in it. The woman's teenage daughter told Elvis she liked his car. He gave it to her and even gave her boyfriend a job. He was a fervent admirer of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King and had hoped to meet him in 1966, but the meeting never occurred. Many observers believed that was because his manager, Tom Parker , didn't want to alienate Elvis' fans in the South, many of whom saw King as an "outside agitator" because of his civil-rights work among Southern blacks. Was a huge fan of the television shows The Jeffersons (1975), Good Times (1974), Happy Days (1974) and Flip (1970). Once an opera singer attended one of his 1950s concerts and met him backstage. The singer told Elvis that he sang like a hillbilly and needed singing lessons. Elvis replied, "Thanks for the advice, but how many of the thousands of people out there tonight came to hear you sing?". One set of genealogical research states that his surname was Anglicized from the German "Pressler" during the Civil War, and that his ancestor was Johann Valentin Pressler, who emigrated to North America in 1710. Pressler first settled in New York but later moved to the South. Jaime Pressly is also descended from him. Elvis also had English, Scottish, distant French, Dutch, Danish and--possible but unverified--Native American ancestry (through his descent from Morning White Dove, who was Elvis' great-great-great-grandmother twice over). Shown on a 5.50 kr postage stamp issued by Sweden in 2004. He was the #1 touring act in America for 1977; the year he died. This, despite the fact that he was well below par and only toured until July, is quite an achievement. Held the world indoor attendance record for a concert. At the Pontiac Silverdome in Detroit on December 31, 1975, 62,500 fans attended. The show also set a record for the biggest box-office take for a single show: $850,000. Held a single day's attendance record for his March 1974 shows at the Houston Astrodome--89,000 fans for two shows. According to a show on the A&E Biography channel, he once attended a concert for singer Connie Francis and had to leave for emotional reasons once he heard her sing the old Italian song "Mama", as his mother, Gladys Presley had recently died. Lived with Linda Thompson for 4-1/2 years, from 1972-6. She was a former "Miss Tennessee," actress and songwriter. Other than Priscilla Presley , Thompson was the most significant romantic relationship Elvis ever had. When he was an infant a tornado struck his hometown of Tupelo, Mississippi. He and his family survived uninjured, but 233 people in the city were killed and hundreds were injured. Suffered from chronic insomnia. His tombstone gives his name as "Elvis Aaron Presley", whereas he was in fact named "Elvis Aron Presley". Although this fueled conspiracy theories that he had faked his death, it is generally believed he changed his middle name so it would be the same as Biblical person, Aaron, (brother of Moses). Had glaucoma in the 1970s. At the time of his death in 1977, he was the second best-selling recording artist of all time, second only to longtime successful crooner, Bing Crosby . He was a born-again Christian who loved to sing gospel music. None of his 33 films, 31 features and two musical documentaries were ever nominated for an Academy Award. Of his 31 feature films only one, Wild in the Country (1961), lost money. He had two full face-lifts and rhinoplasty during the mid-1970s. On one of these visits to hospital he was accompanied by Linda Thompson . He worked with legendary guitar player Hank Garland from 1957-61. Nephew of Vester Presley . Most of the films he starred in were not critically acclaimed, although he received good reviews for Flaming Star (1960) and King Creole (1958). In the month following his final concert, at Indianapolis, Indiana, on Sunday, June 26, 1977, he was reported to have gained an extra 50 pounds. Is portrayed by Val Kilmer in True Romance (1993). Like Presley, Kilmer is also said to have possible Cherokee heritage. Of his many numerous impersonators, his personal favorite was Andy Kaufman . Prior to being signed by RCA in November 1955, Elvis was known as "The Hillbilly Cat" in his hometown of Memphis, Tennessee. Is portrayed by Michael St. Gerard in Great Balls of Fire! (1989) His song "Heartbreak Hotel" is based on a note left by a man who committed suicide in a Florida hotel suite. When Elvis first performed the song on Stage Show (1954) in 1956, he sang the words "They're so lonely they pray to die". This was changed in later performances from "pray to die" to "they could die" so as not to offend the religious establishment with a reference for a prayer for death. Elvis topped the Forbes Magazine list of deceased highest earners for the fourth consecutive year, with earnings of $45 million in 2004. In 1977 alone his personal physician, Dr. George Nichopoulos (usually referred to as "Dr. Nick"), had prescribed at least 10,000 hits of amphetamines, barbiturates, narcotics, tranquilizers, sleeping pills, laxatives and hormones for Presley. His medical license was later revoked for prescribing such huge amounts of drugs. Barbra Streisand originally wanted Elvis to play the role of John Norman Howard in A Star Is Born (1976), but the studio couldn't meet Tom Parker 's demands ($1 million plus equal billing with Streisand). Elvis dreamed of playing Don Vito Corleone in The Godfather (1972), but when he asked to audition for the part he was turned down. One of his biggest hit songs, "Are You Lonesome Tonight?", was written in 1926 by Lou Handman and Roy Turk and first recorded by Lou's sister Edith Handman with Lou at the piano. Vaughn Deleath and The Colonial Club Orchestra released a version of the song in 1927 that became a hit. 'The Carter Family' recorded a bluegrass version with additional verses in 1936. The first charted version was by Blue Barron in 1950 (#16 US Pop), which introduced the spoken portion, modeled after Jacques' "All The World's A Stage" speech in William Shakespeare 's "As You Like It". Al Jolson recorded that version several weeks later. Additionaly, it was singer Jaye P. Morgan 's 1959 (#65 US Pop) version of the song, as well as Blue Barron's earlier 1950 version, that Elvis heard while in Germany that influenced him to record the song shortly after his discharge from the army. Elvis' 1960 version of "Are You Lonesome Tonight" is closest to the 1950 Blue Barron recording. He was an avid collector of guns and badges. In 1981, Kirsty MacColl had a number 14 single in the UK with the song "There's a Guy Works Down the Chip Shop Swears He's Elvis". He also inspired the song "Elvis Ate America" on the album "Original Soundtracks 1" by Passengers , which was a U2 and Brian Eno side project in 1995. Once claimed Robert Mitchum was the inspiration for his famous hairstyle. Presley met Mitchum to discuss the possibility of starring together in Thunder Road (1958), but unfortunately Tom Parker 's demands for Presley's salary could not be met. He was portrayed by Peter Dobson in Forrest Gump (1994). Along with Jerry Lee Lewis , Johnny Cash and Carl Perkins , Elvis was a member of the celebrated "Million Dollar Quartet", so named because they were money-makers for Sam Phillips ' Sun Records label. Newspaper reports indicated that Sammy Davis Jr. , Farrah Fawcett , Burt Reynolds and John Wayne were supposed to attend Presley's funeral, but they did not turn up. Ann-Margret , James Brown and George Hamilton were the only celebrities in attendance. He was seriously considered for the role of the Texas Ranger in True Grit (1969) starring John Wayne . Unfortunately, Tom Parker 's demand that Presley receive top billing could not be met, so the part went to Glen Campbell instead. He was offered a role in the animation film, Gay Purr-ee (1962), but disliked the roles of off-screen voice acting. His autopsy detected 14 different drugs in his bloodstream, ten in significant quantity. His home Graceland in Memphis is the second most popular private tourist attraction in the United States after the White House, and is estimated to bring in $150 million to the city itself each year. Named the highest earning deceased celebrity for the sixth consecutive year in 2006 by Forbes.com. He was considered for Ricky Nelson 's role in Rio Bravo (1959) starring John Wayne and Dean Martin . However, by the time filming began in May 1958 Presley was stationed with the US army in Germany. He is credited as a co-writer of "(I'll) You'll Be Gone" (1965). This was the B side of the hit from his film Girl Happy (1965), "Do The Clam". It is found in his five-CD box set of '60s recordings. Elvis composed the lyrics and brought the song to a recording session. In 1973 he was the biggest taxpayer in the US. It was estimated that he earned earned $4.5 billion in his lifetime. With a lot of entertainers making a living mimicking Elvis, Jimmy Buffett wrote a song called "Elvis Imitators" making mention of a few of Elvis' films, song titles, and mannerisms. Has sold 1.8 billion records worldwide, more than any other artist or music group. He was discovered by Sun Records owner Sam Phillips . On Thursday, November 11th, 2004, he was inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame for his outstanding contribution to British music and integral part of British music culture. His parents Vernon Presley and Gladys Presley were unemployed during the Great Depression of the 1930s and lived on welfare and then on Social Security after it was created during the administration of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt . In 1970 he wrote to J. Edgar Hoover requesting to join the FBI at the height of its campaign against political protests in the United States. Met President Lyndon Johnson at the White House in 1965. Has been portrayed by Val Kilmer , Harvey Keitel , Jonathan Rhys Meyers , Kurt Russell , Don Johnson , Bruce Campbell , David Keith , Rob Youngblood , Peter Dobson and Scott Bakula . The very last song he sang in public was "Can't Help Falling In Love", at The Market Square Arena in Indianapolis, Indiana, on Sunday, June 26, 1977. He did an early '60s concert in Hawaii, and donated the proceeds to help build the USS Arizona memorial. Turned down the leading role in The Fastest Guitar Alive (1967), which went to his friend Roy Orbison . In 2007 the National Rifle Association (NRA) released an Elvis Presley Tribute Revolver, officially authorized by his estate. After his concert in Hawaii in 1961, Presley concentrated on making movies and did not perform before a live audience again for seven years until his 1968 TV special and subsequent return to Las Vegas in 1969. He was ranked #2 on VH1's 100 Sexiest Artists and #8 on VH1's 100 Greatest Artists of Rock & Roll. He was voted best singer of all time by Q Magazine. He was voted the 3rd Greatest Rock 'n' Roll Artist of all time by Rolling Stone magazine. As a young man, Elvis idolized a gospel group called The Statesmen. According to Elvis' backup singer and lifelong friend Joe Moscheo , Elvis' leg-twitching dance moves were inspired by The Statesmen's bass singer, "Big Chief" Wetherington, who was famous for his leg twitching. Between 1957-69 he performed only two concerts and made just two television appearances. In 1962 he ceased almost completely to record non-soundtrack songs until his 1969 album "From Elvis in Memphis". In July of 2005, Presley was named one of the top 100 "Greatest Americans," following a vote organized by Discovery Channel. In the vote, Presley ranked ahead of all entertainers and in 8th place behind Presidents Ronald Reagan , Abraham Lincoln , George Washington , Bill Clinton , and George W. Bush , plus Martin Luther King and Benjamin Franklin . His records have spent a total of 79 weeks at the #1 position on the US charts. His records have spent 2,574 weeks in both the UK singles and album charts, were and still are way ahead of his closest competitors Cliff Richard (1,982), Queen (1,755), The Beatles (1,749) and Madonna (1,660). He was planning his first ever European tour in 1978. In Alexandria, Louisiana, early in 1977 a local journalist complained that the singer was on stage for less than an hour and "was impossible to understand." In Baton Rouge, Presley didn't go on stage at all. He was unable to get out of his hotel bed and the rest of the tour was canceled. Investor CKX paid $100 million for an 85% interest in Presley's income in February 2005. Robbie Williams dedicated his song "Advertising Space" to him. He is credited as a co-writer of "(I'll) You'll Be Gone" (1965). This was the B side of the hit from his film Girl Happy (1965), "Do The Clam". It is found in his five-CD box set of '60s recordings. Elvis composed the lyrics and brought the song to a recording session. He is also listed in the writer's credits to "Heartbreak Hotel". His favorite actors were James Dean , John Wayne , Clint Eastwood , Steve McQueen and Marlon Brando . Brando personally strongly disliked Presley. He was mentioned in Walter Kirn 's novel, "Thumbsucker". Was a fan of actors Peter Sellers and Tony Curtis . On seeing Elvis in rehearsal for Stage Show (1954) Jackie Gleason --the show's producer--described Elvis as " Marlon Brando with a guitar". Was the first entertainer to introduce karate in an American motion picture ( Flaming Star (1960)). While he never joined any political party, his political views were somewhat mixed. During the early 1960s he was an outspoken admirer of liberal President John F. Kennedy . He later confessed to "weeping openly" at the news of Kennedy's death. Later in life, however, he made a more conservative move on the political spectrum. He began singing the praises of President Richard Nixon , and his right-wing streak culminated in a visit to the White House in December 1970. During the visit, Presley was photographed giving the President a handgun, which was (for security reasons) presented but not given. Presley spoke of his admiration for Nixon, revealed his disgust at the hippie counterculture, spoke disparagingly of The Beatles (he said that having earned their money in America, they had then left for England to promote "anti-American" feelings), fervently expressed his patriotism, offered to infiltrate and go undercover in left-wing hippie groups, asked to be appointed a federal narcotics agent, and even hugged the president twice. Nixon, for his part, was not sure if Presley was serious or not, but granted his request and made him an honorary federal agent. Nixon said he was equally parts bewildered and amused by the encounter, thanked Presley for his support, and the picture of the duo has become one of the most famous photos taken in the White House. On Presley's death in 1977, the former president asked Americans to lower their flags all over the country as a mark of respect. Elvis was a good friend of Johnny Cash , going back to their Sun Records' days recordings, after being discovered by Sam Phillips . Voted the third greatest singer of the rock era in a Rolling Stone magazine poll in 2008. Elvis' original combo (Elvis, Scotty Moore and Bill Black ) were nicknamed and known as "The Blue Moon Boys featuring that Hillbilly Cat" after their popular rendition of Bill Monroe 's "Blue Moon Of Kentucky". Moore acted as Elvis' first manager. Black in the late '40s was a member of Gene Krupa 's band and later had a successful recording career with Bill Black's Combo . The last song he sang was "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain", at home, and playing the piano, to family and friends, Monday evening, August 15th, 1977. According to Elvis and his manager Tom Parker , Elvis' return to TV in 1968 was in part due to NBC (Universal Pictures) agreeing to finance the remaining movies he was scheduled to make. In 1953 while working as an usher in a local Memphis movie theater he sang, by request, "That's Amore" on stage. He unsuccessfully auditioned for CBS' Talent Scouts (1948) nine months before his successful debut on Stage Show (1954). The trip to New York City for the audition was not a complete loss for Elvis. That same day he went uptown to see Bo Diddley , who was appearing at The Apollo. In 1955 he appeared in a rock documentary, The Pied Piper of Cleveland: A Day in the Life of a Famous Disc Jockey (1955), about Cleveland DJ Bill Randle , filmed in various locations in the Cleveland, Ohio, area (mainly Brooklyn High School). The film headlined many top acts of the day including Bill Haley and the Comets , Pat Boone , The Four Lads and others. This film has yet to be released. It is still reportedly the property of Polygram International and in the Universal vault. He was awarded a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6777 Hollywood Boulevard for Recording in Hollywood, California. His funeral procession on August 18, 1977, consisted of 49 cars led by 11 white Cadillacs--Cadillac was his favorite car. His live performance of "My Way" done early in his 1977 tour and featured on his October 1977 TV special was a million-selling single following his death. Many Elvis fans and historians agree that his 1969 recording sessions at American International Studios in Memphis were among his greatest work--it contained songs in a variety of musical genres, from pop to country/western to R&B to standards, in addition to new material. Four grandchildren: Riley Keough (b. May 29, 1989), Benjamin Keough (b. October 21, 1992) and twin girls Harper Vivienne Ann & Finley Aaron Love Lockwood (b. October 7, 2008). During his 21-year association with RCA Records (1956-77), the only year he failed to have a single in the Billboard Top Pop 20 was 1967. He is not related to Reg Presley (b: Reginald Maurice Ball), the lead singer of the popular British rock band The Troggs , which had 2 million sellers of their own, "Wild Thing" (1966) and "Love Is All Around" (1968). Owned a collection of Andy Kaufman tapes. During the 1970s he had 28 singles reach the top 40 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Posthumously, he had a #1 single on the Hot 100 in 2002 with the remix of "A Little Less Conversation". Both his father Vernon Presley and grandmother Minnie Mae outlived him. Vernon died in 1979 at age 63 and Minnie Mae died in 1980 at age 90. Former wife Priscilla Presley opened up their home Graceland to the public on June 7, 1982. Elvis' Aunt Delta remained living on the estate until her death in 1993. Bought former US President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's yacht "Potomac" for $55,000 in January 1964. According to Tommy Steele , Presley did visit London once in 1958. However, this has not been substantiated. He asked his father Vernon Presley to pick TV evangelist Rex Humbard to officiate at his funeral. His death on August 16, 1977, was 29 years after baseball athlete and first home-run king, Babe Ruth 's death, August 16, 1948 and 21 years after actor, Bela Lugosi , August 16, 1956. Reports of the last words spoken by Elvis vary. He ended his last press conference with the words: "I hope I haven't bored you." Other reports say his last words were: "Okay, I won't" (The last words spoken to Ginger Alden , his girlfriend at the time of his death, who told him on the way to the bathroom not to "fall asleep in there."). Elvis owned one of the world's first mobile phones. He had to have one after seeing Sean Connery use a car phone in the James Bond movie From Russia with Love (1963). Elvis's phone was contained in a suitcase-size carrying case with his name in black letters on a gold label on the front. He would use it to talk from his limousine. Was a huge fan of professional wrestling. His last film, Change of Habit (1969), had him as a doctor in an urban clinic, reflecting his attempt to be "relevant" to the social activism of the youth of the '60s. Additionally, this film dealt with what was then considered to be medical treatment of an "autistic" child, a topic almost unheard of in 1969. After not having a Top 20 hit single since 1966, Elvis' Nov. 68 "comeback" TV Special spawned the now standard "If I Can Dream", (#13 US Pop). This was followed in 1969 by "Memories" (#35 US Pop), which was also performed on the Special, "In The Ghetto" (#3 US Pop), "Suspicious Minds" (#1 US Pop), and "Don't Cry Daddy" (#6 US Pop). On his first appearance on Stage Show (1954) on Jan. 28, 1956, he sang a medley of "Shake Rattle and Roll" / "Flip Flop and Fly" and later performed "I Got A Woman". That breakthrough performance of "I Got A Woman", to a startled 1956 audience, had not been seen for years, but as of 2010 it is available on YouTube. He and Andy Griffith debuted together, but at different times, on Steve Allen 's weekly program The Steve Allen Plymouth Show (1956), on July 1, 1956. It was Steve Allen 's second show and Elvis' appearance skyrocketed it in popularity. While Elvis appeared on NBC's The Steve Allen Plymouth Show (1956), on Sunday, July 1, 1956. his manager Colonel Tom Parker was contacted by Ed Sullivan about Elvis appearing on Sullivan's weekly CBS variety show, The Ed Sullivan Show (1948), on CBS. Elvis was signed for a then staggering $50,000 for three appearances. This was quite an accomplishment--or lack of foresight--as Sullivan and Allen were broadcast in the same Sunday-evening time slot and had an ongoing "ratings war" against each other. Even more amazing was that Elvis' prestigious record label, RCA Victor, was a subsidiary of the corporation that owned NBC. The NBC logo at that time was the famous RCA Color (TV) Peacock. Elvis already had sold at least five million records for RCA. Allen would later state that his reason for "giving away" Elvis was that he ran strictly a comedy show. Ironically. the following summer Allen hosted Jerry Lee Lewis twice. After this, Sullivan was not as interested in biding for Lewis as he was for Elvis. Lewis did not appear on Sullivan's show until 1969. An earlier take of Elvis' 1956 hit "I Want You, I Need You,I Love You" is titled "I Need You, I Want You, I Love You". This earlier version of the song appeared on some copies of his debut album titled "Elvis" and was later issued in a 1977 compilation package.. The media coverage of his death overshadowed that of the 86-year-old comedian and film star Groucho Marx , which occurred three days later. In the mid-'70s he was approached to help finance a karate movie called "New Gladiators" in which he would narrate and make a cameo appearance at the climax. The film was never completed in his lifetime. Stage: "All Shook Up", a show based on his work, debuted on Broadway in 2004. During the days following Elvis' death, Philadelphia Phillies' pitcher Tug McGraw (father of Tim McGraw ), with guitar in hand, played a medley of Elvis' songs on the team bus. In the 1981 documentary This Is Elvis (1981), in previously unseen footage, Elvis sang "Always On My Mind", a #16 hit from 1972 written for him by Mark James. Just months later, in 1981, Willie Nelson covered the song and it became a Grammy winner and one of Nelson's all-time signature hits. As the song was not written specifically for the film, it could not qualify for an Academy Award nomination. The Academy Award-winning song for 1981 was "The Theme from "Arthur". Reportedly, in 1969 he received a death threat, just prior to his opening in Las Vegas. Though he had FBI agents providing security for him, for added protection he carried a Derringer pistol on stage, in his shoe. During rehearsal for his June 5, 1956, appearance on Texaco Star Theatre (1948), Berle reportedly said to Elvis. "Let's see what you can do without the guitar". What resulted was a captivating extended televised performance by Elvis of the not yet recorded "Hound Dog"; enjoyable to his fans, though shocking to others including the news media, it was a song that he had been performing, up to that point, with guitar in hand. By the time of his second appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show (1948), later in 1956, Elvis sang without his guitar, with The Jordanaires as his back-up vocal group and his back-up combo. For the most part this format would be followed for all of Elvis' stage performances for the remainder of his career. In 1969, when he returned to Las Vegas, a full orchestra was added. It was after his appearance on Texaco Star Theatre: Episode #8.13 (1956) that Presley inadvertently earned the nickname "Elvis the Pelvis". While performing his classic "Hound Dog", Presley switched tempo in the middle of the song and began gyrating his hips suggestively. The performance caused such a furor that Berle received a reported 30,000 letters decrying his decision to allow such "lewd behavior" on national television. During the show Presley was backed by Scotty Moore (guitar), Bill Black (bass) and D.J. Fontana (drums). Prior to marrying Priscilla Presley , Elvis proposed marriage to legendary cult actress Tura Satana , who turned him down. It is believed that Priscilla copied her hairstyle after that. One set of genealogical research states that Elvis' surname leads back to Irish ancestors, who hailed from the village of Hacketstown in County Carlow. William Presley was forced to leave Ireland for America after a local dispute over land. He later moved to Carolina, where he had a son called Dunnan, and then moved on to Tennessee. Dunnan's granddaughter Rosella was born in 1863 and, though she never married, she had several children including one called Jessie. He named his son Vernon Elvis, and Vernon Presley later named his son Elvis Aaron Presley, the man who went on to become The King. Curiously, cut from the 2009 issue of his critically acclaimed film King Creole (1958) was his performance of "Hard Headed Woman" a #1 hit for Elvis at the time of the film's release. A rare occurrence, possibly, the only time in film history that an essential musical number has been cut from a film, over a half-century after the film's release. Added in its place in 2009 is the then previously unseen stripper's sequence with the song "Banana". In 1958 the "Banana" scene, complete with female stripper, with its obvious phallic reference, would have been "too much" for the censors and mainstream America. Of Terry Stafford 's 1964 cover of Elvis' recording of "Suspicion", a back-up group was added to sing the word "suspicion". This addition proved successful for Stafford, though many listeners still think they are listening to Elvis. Stafford's version of the song received considerable airplay and rose to #3 on the US pop charts. Many rock singers mimicked Elvis' singing style, early in their careers, before adopting their own style for which they are most remembered. The most successful, in that area, was Conway Twitty with his (1958-61) hit recordings of "It's Only Make Believe", "The Story Of My Love" and "Lonely Blue Boy", originally recorded by Elvis as "Danny" for King Creole (1958) but later cut from the film. Twitty later crossed over to the country field. Charlie Rich 's initial hit, "Lonely Weekend" (1960), followed the same pattern, long before he was known as country music's "Silver Fox". One of Johnny Rivers ' first recordings, "You're The One" (1958), and a 1956 recording of "That'll Be The Day" by Buddy Holly --not the 1957 million selling version that is most played--sounded like Elvis behind the mike. There were also "one-hit wonders" like Ral Donner , the narrative voice of Elvis in This Is Elvis (1981), who had a million seller with "You Don't Know What You Got Until You Lose It" (1961). Of course, there's Terry Stafford 's successful 1964 cover of Elvis' recording of "Suspicion". During the rehearsal for his 1968 TV Special Elvis (1968), he reportedly gave an impromptu performance of "MacArthur Park,, a big hit of the day for Richard Harris . Unfortunately, that performance was not recorded. "I'll Be Home For Christmas", was the original closing number for Elvis' special, Elvis (1968). On previous occasions he headlined Christmas specials that were aired on radio stations throughout the Southern US. Producer Steve Binder and Elvis decided that a song that reflected the turbulence of the 1960s, and at the same time gave a plea for hope and understanding, would be more appropriate than a Christmas ballad to end the show. Earl Brown , the show's Musical Director, was asked by Binder to go home and write such a song. He did just that and composed, on short notice, "If I Can Dream", with its reference to Martin Luther King 's 1963 "I Have A Dream" speech, given in Washington, DC. Brown's newly composed song contained the lyrics, "If I can dream of a better land, where all my brothers walk hand in hand". With minimal rehearsing and no demo to work with, Elvis' spontaneous live performance of the new closing song was released as his next million-selling single, peaking at #13 on the US pop charts. The success of "If I Can Dream" led the way for Elvis to record other songs with social issues, such as "In the Ghetto", "Clean Up Your Own Backyard" and "Don't Cry Daddy". His 1st big performance was at the Oventon Park Shell in Memphis in 1954. He was discharged from the army on March 24, 1960. Eight days later, on April 1, he began filming G.I. Blues (1960). His 1972 live album recorded at Madison Square Garden featured many celebrities in the audience, including George Harrison , Art Garfunkel , David Bowie , all the members of Ten Years After and Led Zeppelin , Paul Simon and Bob Dylan . It was reported that John Lennon was secretly in the audience, but Lennon insisted in a 1975 interview that he had never seen Elvis live. Bruce Springsteen was in the audience, having signed with Columbia Records about a month prior. The album was also the inspiration for a young Eddie Murphy , who would play it loud and lip-sync to it in front of the mirror. Murphy has gone on to say that it was Elvis who inspired him to become an entertainer. Although Bob Dylan enormously admired him, Elvis was disparaging of Dylan, especially in terms of his singing voice. Once he was said to privately quip, "My mouth's so dry, feels like Bob Dylan slept in it". Later, however, he recorded a cover of Dylan's song, "Tomorrow is a Long Time". Elvis reportedly disliked much of the 1960s popular music, including The Beatles , because he associated it with the "drug culture", although he did freely cover songs by many such bands. In early March of 1960, Elvis was on his way back to America from military duty in Germany. The plane Elvis was boarding on made a brief stop in the town of Prestwick, Scotland, where he was greeted and embraced by hundreds of British fans. This would be his first and only visit in the United Kingdom. Was one of the many dozen of celebrities like John Agar , John Russell and Sabu who visited renowned animal trainer and Hollywood animal behaviorist Ralph Helfer 's Africa U.S.A. Exotic Animal Ranch in Soledad Canyon, California on weekends to play with the animals and pitch in with the chores. Elvis' favorite animal was a chimp named Coffee, who once belonged to Mae West . Pictured on a USA 'forever' commemorative postage stamp in the Music Icons series, issued 12 August 2015. Price on day of issue was 49¢. Childhood friend of Wink Martindale . Had a twin brother, Jesse Caron, who died in infancy. His all-time favorite horror movie was Black Christmas (1974). He made it a tradition to watch the film every Christmas and to this day his family honors his memory by watching the film every Christmas. Received his first ever screen kiss from co-star Jana Lund in Loving You (1957). Former brother-in-law of Michelle Beaulieu Hovey . He was widely known to be a very private man. "The All American Boy" is a 1958 'talking blues' song written by Bobby Bare, but credited by Fraternity Records to Bill Parsons, with songwriting credit to Bill Parsons and Orville Lunsford. The song reached #2 on the Billboard charts and was inspired by the success and then conscription of Elvis Presley. Double first cousin of Patsy Presley Geranen . Though Elvis is famed for the "I don't sound like nobody". He did have idols, and one of these, was dubbed 'the greatest entertainer of them all' it seems a fitting tribute to think that the King was in awe of Al Jolson. Former father-in-law of Michael Jackson and Nicolas Cage . Personal Quotes (36) [asked who he sounded like] I don't sound like nobody. [asked what kind of music he sings] I sing all kinds. I don't like being called Elvis The Pelvis. That's gotta be one of the most childish expressions I've ever heard coming from an adult. Some people tap their feet, some people snap their fingers, and some people sway back and forth. I just sorta do 'em all together, I guess. [his acceptance speech from the 1970 Ten Outstanding Young Men of the Nation Awards] When I was a child, ladies and gentlemen, I was a dreamer. I read comic books, and I was the hero of the comic book. I saw movies, and I was the hero in the movie. So every dream I ever dreamed has come true a hundred times . . . I learned very early in life that "Without a song, the day would never end; without a song, a man ain't got a friend; without a song, the road would never bend - without a song". So I keep singing a song. Goodnight. Thank you. There's been a big change in the music field in the last 10 or 12 years. I think everything has improved--the sounds have improved, the musicians have improved, the engineers have definitely improved. I like a lot of the new groups, y'know, The Beatles and The Byrds and the . . . whoever, but I really like a lot of the new music, but a lot of it is basically, our music is basically, rock 'n roll music is basically gospel or rhythm and blues. People have been adding to it, adding instruments to it, experimenting with it. I just fell into it, really. My daddy and I were laughing about it the other day. He looked at me and said, "What happened, El? The last thing I remember is I was working in a can factory and you were driving a truck". We all feel the same way about it. Still, it just caught us up. [on performing] It's like a surge of electricity going through you. It's almost like making love, but it's even stronger than that . . . sometimes I think my heart is going to explode. My daddy had seen a lot of people who played guitars and stuff and didn't work, so he said, "You should make up your mind either about being an electrician or playing a guitar, and I never saw a guitar player that was worth a damn". The image is one thing and the human being is another, it's very hard to live up to an image. A live concert to me is exciting because of all the electricity that is generated in the crowd and on stage. It's my favorite part of the business - live concerts. I've never gotten over what they call stage fright. I go through it every show. I'm pretty concerned, I'm pretty much thinking about the show. I never get completely comfortable with it, and I don't let the people around me get comfortable with it, in that I remind them that it's a new crowd out there, it's a new audience, and they haven't seen us before. So it's got to be like the first time we go on. [at a 1972 press conference in Madison Square Garden] Man, I was tame compared to what they do now, are you kidding? All that I ever did was just jiggle. I want to entertain people. That's my whole life. To my last breath. The police filmed a show one time in Florida because of the PGA, YMCA, or somebody. They thought that I was . . . something. They said, "Man, he's got to be crazy". So they, the police, came out and filmed the show. I couldn't move. I had to stand still. The only thing I could move was my little finger like that. "You ain't nothing but a hound dog crying all the time", y'know, for the whole show. Take care of the fans and they will sure as hell take care of you. I don't know anything about music. In my line you don't have to. I wiggle my shoulders, I shake my legs, I walk up and down the stage, I hop around on one foot. But I never bump and grind. Why, that's vulgar. I'd never do anything vulgar before an audience. My mother would never allow it. Roy Orbison is the greatest singer in the world. [in 1956] The colored folks been singing it and playing it just like I'm doin' now, man, for more years than I know. They played it like that in their shanties and in their juke joints and nobody paid it no mind 'til I goosed it up. I got it from them. Down in Tupelo, Mississippi, I used to hear old Arthur Crudup bang his box the way I do now and I said if I ever got to a place I could feel all old Arthur felt, I'd be a music man like nobody ever saw. I get tired of playing a guy who gets into a fight, then starts singing to the guy he's just beat up. I am not the King. Jesus Christ is the King. I'm just an entertainer. Since I was two years old, all I knew was gospel music. That music became such a part of my life it was as natural as dancing. A way to escape from my problems, an my way of release. [on Blue Hawaii (1961)] In the movie we did a song called the "Hawaiian Wedding Song". And it was so real that it took me ten years before I realized I wasn't married to the chick. Truth is like the sun. You can shut it out for a time, but it ain't goin' away. I sure lost my musical direction in Hollywood. My songs were the same conveyor belt mass production, just like most of my movies were. Just because you look good, don't mean you feel good. I knew by heart all the dialogue of James Dean 's films; I could watch Rebel Without a Cause (1955) a hundred times over. Only thing worse than watching a bad movie is being in one. Rhythm is something you either have or don't have, but when you have it, you have it all over. Ambition is a dream with a V8 engine. I can never forget the longing to be someone. I guess if you are poor you always think bigger and want more than those who have everything. [asked by a reporter in 1972 about his opinion of war protesters] Honey, I'd just as soon keep my own personal views about that to myself. I'm just an entertainer, and I'd rather not say. The image is one thing and the human being is another. I try very hard to live up to an image, I'll put it that way. It's your baby, you rock it. [from a letter delivered to President Nixon's office on December 21, 1970] Sir, I can and will be of any I service that I can to help the country out. I have no concern or motive other than helping the country out, so I wish not to be given a title or an appointed position. I can and will do more good if I were made a Federal Agent at Large, and I will help best by doing it my way through my communications with people of all ages. First and foremost I am an entertainer, but all I need is the Federal Credentials..I have done an in depth study of Drug Abuse and Brainwashing Techniques and I am right in the middle of the whole thing.. Salary (24)

King Creole

Where was golf's 1977 US Open held?

Early Elvis Songs - Elvis Recording Sessions - Elvis from 1954-1957 Elvis signs a contract with Bob Neal, who now becomes his manager. January 15, 1955 During his association with the Hayride, Elvis meets “Colonel” Tom Parker, a promoter and manager connected with various acts and the ”Louisiana Hayride.” Parker is also the manager for country star Hank Snow. A previous Parker client is country star Eddy Arnold. 1955 Elvis, Scotty and Bill continue touring on their own and in package shows with various country stars, including package tours of artists from the Hayride. Colonel Parker is involved. This includes touring with Hank Snow. The regular Hayride appearances continue. Drummer D.J. Fontana joins Elvis’ band. In the spring, Elvis fails to be accepted on “Arthur Godfrey’s Talent Scouts,” a network television show. As always, Elvis’ live appearances have special appeal for the teenagers, especially the females. His original and unusual style, sexy moves, and good looks start to cause more and more excitement wherever he plays. Sometimes the crowds break through the barricades in near-riot behavior. Elvis gains more and more popularity and begins to receive national attention. Colonel Parker becomes more involved in Elvis’ career. August 15, 1955 Elvis signs an official management contract with Hank Snow Attractions, which is owned equally by Snow and Colonel Tom Parker. Bob Neal remains involved as an advisor. Colonel Parker is to be Elvis’ exclusive manager from this time on and Snow is soon no longer connected to Elvis. November 20, 1955 Elvis signs his first contract with RCA Records. Colonel Parker negotiates the sale of Elvis’ Sun contract to RCA, which includes his five Sun singles and other early Elvis songs that are unreleased Sun material. The price is an unprecedented $35,000, with a $5,000 bonus for Elvis. RCA soon re-releases the five Sun singles on the RCA label. At the same time, Elvis signs a contract with Hill and Range Publishing Company, which is to set up a separate firm called Elvis Presley Music, Inc. Elvis will share with Hill and Range the publishing ownership of songs bought by Hill and Range for him to record. Elvis is the hottest new star in the music business. January 10, 1956 Two days after his twenty-first birthday, RCA holds the first of many Elvis recording sessions at their studio in Nashville. Among the early Elvis songs laid to tape during this studio session is "Heartbreak Hotel." January 27, 1956 "Heartbreak Hotel" b/w "I Was the One" is released on vinyl by RCA and sells over 300,000 copies in its first three weeks on the market. It is soon to go to #1 on Billboard’s pop singles chart for eight weeks and hits #1 on the country chart and #5 on the R&B chart. It becomes the first Elvis single to sell over one million copies, thus earning Elvis his very first gold record award. January 28, 1956 Elvis appears with Scotty, Bill and D.J. on the Jackie Gleason-produced “Stage Show,” starring Tommy and Jimmy Dorsey, on CBS. This is Elvis’ first network television appearance. He appears five more nights on “Stage Show” over the weeks ahead and makes minor waves nationally. The last of these six appearances is March 24. Traveling and personal appearances continue during this time, including the “Louisiana Hayride” appearances for which he is still under contract. February 1956 As "Heartbreak Hotel" makes its climb up the charts on its way to #1, "I Forgot to Remember to Forget" b/w "Mystery Train," Elvis' fifth and last single to be released on the Sun label, hits #1 on Billboard’s national country singles chart. His first #1 hit on a national chart. March 23, 1956 RCA ships “Elvis Presley,” the first album in Elvis’ discography. This album full of early Elvis songs soon goes to #1 on Billboard’s pop album chart for 10 weeks. It is the first Elvis album to reach over $1 million in sales, thus earning Elvis his first gold album award. March 25, 1956 Elvis arrives in Los Angeles to begin a two-part screen test for Paramount Studios in Hollywood on the 26th and 27th. He lip syncs "Blue Suede Shoes" and performs a scene from the as yet unmade film, “The Rainmaker.” April 3, 1956 Elvis appears on “The Milton Berle Show” on NBC. This particular broadcast of the show originates from the deck of the aircraft carrier the USS Hancock. April 2 - 6, 1956 Elvis signs a one-picture movie contract with Hal Wallis and Paramount Pictures. The contract includes options for six more pictures. April 23 - May 9, 1956 Compared to the usual hysteria, Elvis has lukewarm acceptance for his two-week engagement at the New Frontier Hotel in Las Vegas. He is not exactly what the adult audience of Vegas gamblers relates to very well. During these two weeks, the single “Heartbreak Hotel,” and the album “Elvis Presley,” both hit number one on the Billboard pop charts. Through all of this, the travel and personal appearances around the country and new Elvis recording sessions and releases continue. The crowds get bigger and bigger, wilder and wilder. Elvis’ fame grows dramatically. Some of these shows have to end early due to fans’ storming the stage. Elvis creates pandemonium wherever he goes. June 5, 1956 Elvis appears again on “The Milton Berle Show,” this time in the studio where the show usually originates, backed by The Jordanaires, Scotty, Bill and D.J. Among his selections is a playfully sensuous performance of "Hound Dog" that drives the kids in the audience wild and disgusts the press and some of the adult viewers. It is one of his most controversial performances. This merely serves to fuel his seemingly unstoppable popularity even more. Traveling, personal appearances and new record releases continue. By this time, his sexy moves and black-influenced sound is being condemned by certain factions of the “morally concerned” establishment and the religious community. But the kids love it. July 1, 1956 Elvis appears on “The Steve Allen Show” on NBC. Among his performances this night is a much toned down version of "Hound Dog." Allen has Elvis dress in white tie and black tux with tails and has him sing the song to a live Basset Hound, a tongue-in-cheek response to all controversy created by the Berle appearance the month before. Elvis good-nature goes along with it, but is not too happy about it. Elvis also appears in a cowboy comedy sketch with Allen, Imogene Coca and Andy Griffith. The Elvis recording sessions, record releases and touring continue. The condemnation and controversy continues as well, along with the ever-growing popularity. Ed Sullivan, who had said that he would never have the likes of Elvis Presley on his show, changes his tune when he sees the big ratings that Elvis attracts to the Berle and Allen shows. A three-appearance deal is worked out for $50,000 and is the highest amount ever paid to a performer, up to that time, for appearing on a variety show. July 2, 1956 The Jordanaires, a gospel quartet and popular country back-up group, begin working with Elvis in the studio during his fourth RCA session and soon begin touring with him. They will also appear with him in several films and remain his main back-up group until the late sixties. August 1956 Elvis begins shooting his first movie, “Love Me Tender,” on loan-out from Paramount to Twentieth Century Fox. It is originally titled “The Reno Brothers,” but is re-titled before its release to capitalize on Elvis’ sure-to-be-a-hit single from the soundtrack. September 9, 1956 Elvis makes the first of three appearances on “The Ed Sullivan Show,” the top television program of the era. Elvis attracts the highest ratings ever for any television variety show, receiving 80% of the national viewing audience. Character actor Charles Laughton hosts in place of Sullivan, who is recuperating from a car accident. September 26, 1956 Elvis Presley Day is proclaimed in Tupelo, Mississippi. Elvis’ parents join him as he returns to the town of his birth as a big star. He performs two shows at the Mississippi-Alabama Fair and Dairy Show, the same fair at which he had performed at age 10. This time there are a hundred National Guardsmen surrounding the stage to control the crowds of excited fans. By this time, souvenir merchandising using Elvis’ name, image and likeness has become a big part of the Elvis phenomenon. Licensees will soon be producing as many as thirty different products including hats, t-shirts, jeans, kerchiefs, sneakers, shirts, blouses, belts, purses, billfolds, wallets, charm bracelets, necklaces, magazines, gloves, bookends, a statue, lipstick, cologne, stuffed hound dogs, stationery, sweaters, crockery, and more. Elvis and the Colonel are to blaze new trails in the area of celebrity merchandising. This is to be forever a part of the marketing of Elvis Presley, feeding a never-ending demand. October 28, 1956 Elvis makes his second of three appearances on “The Ed Sullivan Show. November 15, 1956 Elvis’ first movie, “Love Me Tender,” premieres at the Paramount Theater in New York City, opening nationwide in the days following. It becomes a smash hit and the critics’ reviews aren’t bad for his acting in this melodrama, which is set in the American South of the 1800’s Civil War era. The film has Elvis performing several songs. December 31, 1956 The front page of The Wall Street Journal reports that in the past few months, Elvis merchandise has grossed $22 million in sales. Elvis ends the pivotal year of his career, when regional popularity gave way to unprecedented national and international fame. The year of 1956 has seen the beginning of Elvis souvenir merchandising, the beginning of a successful movie career, huge record sales (five number one singles on the pop chart, two number one albums on the pop chart, and other hits), history-making television appearances, record-breaking personal appearances and more. Elvis has become the primary symbol of the new youth culture in America. He has also become one of society’s most controversial figures. His unique blending of white country and gospel music, black R&B and gospel, white pop music, his particular brand of charisma and talent, and the resulting success and controversy, have helped him greatly to begin, without premeditation, a cycle of change in music and pop culture and the mores of American society. Nothing will ever be the same for Elvis Presley or for the world. January 6, 1957 Elvis makes his third and final appearance on “The Ed Sullivan Show.” It is for this appearance, that Elvis is seen only from the waist up. It’s funny that after all of his television appearances the previous year, such censorship comes at this time. It is particularly amusing that this guideline remains in place during Elvis’ performance of the gospel standard, “Peace in the Valley,” one of five songs he performs on this Sullivan appearance. Ed Sullivan himself helps diffuse some of the controversy surrounding Elvis when he comes out on stage to thank Elvis and tells the studio audience and millions of American television viewers that “this is a decent, fine boy” and what a delight he has been to work with when appearing on the show. Ed Sullivan is the most influential person on television and one of the most powerful people in the television industry at the time. Personal appearances, recording sessions, record releases, controversy and publicity continue. January 1957 Elvis begins production of his second movie, “Loving You.” Elvis also begins dying his hair black. February 3, 1957 The New York Times runs a story entitled, "Presley Records a Craze in Soviet Union." Elvis records are not legally available in the Soviet Union. The article tells of bootleg recordings being cut on discarded X-ray plates and being sold in Leningrad on the black market for fifty rubles (about twelve and a half dollars) each, a lot of money at the time. March 1957 Elvis buys Graceland Mansion for himself, his parents, and his paternal grandmother to live in for $102,500. It will be ready for them to move into on May 16th, 1957. Elvis doesn't spend his first night in Graceland until June 26th, 1957. April 1957 While touring with his show, Elvis performs outside the U.S. for the first time when he appears in Canada. Two shows are in Toronto on April 2 and two shows are in Ottawa on April 3. May 1957 Elvis begins work on his third motion picture, “Jailhouse Rock,” for MGM. July 9, 1957 Elvis' second motion picture, “Loving You,” premieres in Memphis. It opens nationwide on July 30 and is on the Variety’s National Box Office Survey for four weeks, peaking at #7. Elvis skips the premiere, but takes Anita and his parents to see a private midnight screening. Hit records include early Elvis songs such as the title track and classic smash "Teddy Bear." Traveling, touring, record releases and personal appearances continue. August 31, 1957 Elvis performs in Vancouver. This is the third Canadian city he has performed in and marks the last time he will perform a concert outside the United States. September 27, 1957 Elvis returns once more to the town of his birth to perform. This time it is a benefit for the proposed Elvis Presley Youth Recreation Center in Tupelo, Mississippi. The grounds include Elvis’ birthplace home. He will donate regularly to the center for the rest of his life. October 17, 1957 “Jailhouse Rock,” Elvis’ third motion picture, premieres in Memphis. “Jailhouse Rock” opens nationally on November 8 and peaks at #3. It ends up being #14 for the year. By 1969, its earnings in the U.S. and Canada were roughly comparable with those of “The Wizard of Oz.” The title song is a smash hit. Years later, this film will be considered one of Elvis’ best acting performances, surpassed only by “King Creole,” which is to follow in 1958. “Jailhouse Rock” will come to be considered the ultimate classic of all “rock opera” movies. The "Jailhouse Rock" production number in the film is to be recognized as the grandfather of pop/rock music videos, a music format to become widely popular by the 1980’s. November 10 – 11, 1957 Elvis performs shows in Hawaii for the first time. This would also be his last public appearance before entering the Army. December 1957 Elvis and family enjoy their first Christmas at Graceland . Elvis also officially receives his draft notice, a day he has known would be coming soon.

i don't know

Who shared world amateur baseball championship with USA in1973?

Jump to: navigation , search The 1973 Amateur World Series run by FIBA is listed in the history books as "Amateur World Series XXI" or "Baseball World Cup XXI" even though the event numbered "XXII" actually had begun and finished earlier - the 1973 Amateur World Series run by rival group FEMBA . Once the two organizations reconciled later in the decade, the current numbering system was put into place. The FIBA 1973 Amateur World Series was held in Havana , Cuba from November 25 through December 9 , 1973 .   Cuba , as usual, won Gold, going 14-0 for manager Servio Borges . With the reduced field, they allowed only 5 runs in the tournament while scoring 119. Agustín Marquetti took home MVP honors after leading the tourney in RBI (21) and hits (25); he batted .417. Félix Isasi (.327) led in runs (20) and tied for the most homers (3), even with teammates Evelio Hernández (.524 in 21 AB) and Armando Capiró (.368). Wilfredo Sánchez (.364) led in steals (9). Luis Barreiro (3-0, 0.00) led in strikeouts (34) and tied for the win lead. Julio Romero (3-0, 0.00) led in ERA and tied for the most wins. Juan Pérez Pérez no-hit Venezuela, the first no-hitter for a Cuban in Amateur World Series history; ironically, he allowed Cuba's lone earned run(s) of the tournament with a 0.95 ERA.   Puerto Rico won Silver at 10-3 and only lost 3-2 to Cuba one game (their other game against Cuba was a 10-0 defeat). Juan Fontánez led in average (.432). They were managed by Vic Power .   Venezuela claimed Bronze with a 10-4 record. Evelio Ovalles led in innings (27) and tied for the most wins (3-0). Osvaldo Castellanos was their skipper.

Cuba

Who lost the first Super Bowl of the 70s?

Final Season in 2017 - GoStanford.com | Stanford Athletics Final Season in 2017 Mark Marquess , Stanford's Clarke and Elizabeth Nelson Director of Baseball, announced on Monday that the 2017 campaign will be his final season as head coach. One of the premier coaches in college baseball history and a man whose uniform number – 9 – is synonymous with the Stanford baseball program, Marquess' upcoming final season will represent his 41st overall on The Farm as head coach. “I have been blessed to have such a long and fulfilling association with Stanford University, a university that I deeply love,” said Marquess, who guided the Cardinal to back-to-back NCAA championships in 1987-88. “It's time for the University to implement a succession plan for our program and the 2017 season will be my last as head coach, but my time at Stanford has been beyond special and I will leave with incredible memories of our program and what we have accomplished.” “I would like to thank the entire Stanford community for allowing me to spend my coaching career at our world-class university. Throughout my years at Stanford, I have been honored to teach and coach phenomenal student-athletes and incredible teams. I am grateful to the assistant coaches who have been a part of our program throughout my tenure – their partnership was invaluable to me in developing our players and our program. I would also like to thank families, friends and fans that have supported me and Stanford Baseball throughout the years – and most importantly, the many parents who entrusted their sons to me and our program. And last but certainly not least, I would like to thank my wife, Susan, and our three daughters, Bridget, Anne and Maureen, and our eight grandchildren, for loving Stanford baseball as much as I have and all of their support through the years.” “I want to thank Mark for all he has done to develop our baseball program into one of the most successful in the country,” said Jaquish & Kenninger Director of Athletics Bernard Muir . “Not only is Mark an exemplary representative of Stanford University and well respected by his peers, Mark has made an unforgettable impact on the lives of numerous student-athletes spanning four decades. Mark's tireless dedication and passion for mentoring young men proved instrumental in positioning our program for long-lasting success. I am extremely appreciative of his contributions and we both remain committed to ensuring the future success of Stanford baseball.” Since arriving on campus as a two-sport athlete in baseball and football in the fall of 1965, Marquess' impact upon Stanford baseball is beyond measure, even by the benchmark of his long list of academic and athletic accomplishments. During his five-decade association with Stanford, Marquess has been the architect of a program that is nationally recognized as one of winning baseball and consummate student-athletes. A member of the American Baseball Coaches Hall of Fame, Marquess will open the 2017 season as the nation's second-winningest active head coach with a career record of 1,585-862-7 (.647). A three-time NCAA Coach of the Year recipient and nine-time Pac-10 Coach of the Year honoree, Marquess has also guided the Cardinal to 29 NCAA Tournament appearances, 14 College World Series (CWS) berths, six NCAA Super Regional crowns and 12 Pac-10 regular-season championships. On Feb. 9, 2001, Marquess became the 23rd NCAA Division I baseball coach to reach the 1,000-win plateau with a victory over Florida State. Marquess owns a 131-64 career record in postseason play, including an 82-27 mark in NCAA Regionals, a 13-10 ledger in the NCAA Super Regionals and a 36-25 record in CWS competition. Marquess' clubs have advanced to postseason play in 29 of a possible 40 seasons, including a school-record 13 straight campaigns from 1994-2006. A culture of winning baseball has been successfully developed under Marquess, with 38 of his 40 teams finishing at .500 or better. Additionally, Marquess has presided over 20 teams that have won at least 40 games, including a school-record stretch of 10 consecutive 40-win campaigns from 1995-2004. Six of Marquess' teams reached the 50-win mark. Stanford has traditionally excelled in conference play under Marquess, who has guided the Cardinal to a 639-467 record in league action. During his tenure, the Cardinal captured 12 conference titles and finished either first or second a total of 23 times (including Southern Division finishes) while most recently winning back-to-back championships in 2003-04. The Cardinal has also achieved at a high level in the classroom under Marquess. In seven of the last 10 years, the baseball program has produced a 100 percent Graduation Success Rate (GSR), and in no year has the GSR been less than 93 percent. Additionally, of the 60 former student-athletes who have reached the majors under his leadership, 52 earned their degrees. Stanford's success under Marquess has paid dividends at the next level as well, as his players are normally very visible on the radar screens of professional baseball scouts. Over 200 Cardinal players have been chosen in the draft since 1977, including 25 first round or compensation picks since Jack McDowell in 1987. Marquess has also developed several fine young coaches who were either former assistants or players on The Farm, including current skippers in California head coach David Esquer, Gonzaga head coach Mark Machtolf and San Jose State head coach Mark O'Brien . Marquess has also been a well-known coach on the international level. In 1988, he won International Coach of the Year honors after leading the United States to a gold medal at the Olympic Games in Seoul, South Korea. Marquess guided his club to a 4-1 record, defeating Japan, 5-3, to capture the first gold medal in baseball for the United States. As head coach of the USA National Team, Marquess skippered the club to a silver medal at the 1987 Intercontinental Cup Tournament in Cuba. In the summer of 1984, he served as an assistant coach on the USA squad that competed at the World Amateur Championships that were also played in Cuba. Serving as head coach of USA Baseball in 1981, Marquess guided the U.S. collegiate team to a gold medal at the World Games in Santa Clara. Following that accomplishment, he led the club to the gold medal at the Intercontinental Cup in Edmonton, Canada. Marquess' squad edged Cuba, 5-4, in the finals to mark the first time since 1970 that the United States had beaten the Cubans in international competition. In addition, Marquess became the first to post victories over the Cuban team as both a player and a coach. From 1989-98, Marquess served as president of USA Baseball, an organization that handles all aspects of amateur baseball - from the youth level through the college-aged player and the Olympic squad. Marquess' success as a coach can be traced to his days as a player. A three-year starter at first base for Stanford (1967-69), he earned All-America first-team honors in 1967 and garnered second-team All-America recognition in 1968. He was also named first-team All-Pac-8 and All-District-8 in both 1967 and 1968. Marquess' name remains etched in the school's record book, as his .404 batting average in 1967 ranks fifth all-time on the school's single-season list and his 15 career triples are tied for fifth. Marquess competed on the 1967 USA Pan American Games team that captured the gold medal. One of the greatest two-sport athletes ever on The Farm, Marquess completed his collegiate baseball career with three seasons on the Stanford football squad as a quarterback, split end, defensive back and punt returner. A member of the American Baseball Coaches' Association Hall of Fame, Marquess is also a member of the Stanford Athletics Hall of Fame. After graduation, Marquess signed with the Chicago White Sox organization in 1969 and spent four seasons as a professional baseball player before getting a taste of coaching as a player and coach with Des Moines' Triple-A team in 1973. Marquess was an assistant coach on the Boulder Collegians squad that captured the 1975 National Semi-Pro championship. The following year, his Boulder team placed third at the national tournament. Prior to his appointment as head coach at Stanford in 1977, Marquess spent five seasons (1972-76) on The Farm as an assistant under Ray Young. Marquess' Clarke and Elizabeth Nelson Director of Baseball title was made possible through a large gift to the baseball program from the Nelsons, who endowed the position in 1987. Marquess earned his bachelor's degree in political science from Stanford in 1969. He completed his master's degree in political science at San Jose State in 1976.

i don't know

How many times did the New York Yankees win the World Series in the 1970s?

Red Sox Rout Cardinals to Win World Series - The New York Times The New York Times Baseball |Red Sox Rout Cardinals to Win World Series Search Baseball | World Series Game 6: Red Sox 6, Cardinals 1 Red Sox Rout Cardinals to Win World Series By DAVID WALDSTEIN Continue reading the main story BOSTON — For much of the 20th century, the Boston Red Sox were a symbol of frustration and pain for an entire region. As popular as they were in their corner of the nation, either they were good enough to lose in agonizing fashion on baseball’s grandest stage, or they were just plain bad. But that all changed in 2004 when the Red Sox ended an 86-year championship drought, and now their fortunes have shifted so dramatically that winning titles has become commonplace. The latest victory came Wednesday night, when the Red Sox beat the St. Louis Cardinals , 6-1 , in Game 6 of the World Series and earned the third jewel in their championship crown over the last 10 years, their eighth over all. The Red Sox also captured titles by beating the Cardinals in 2004 and the Colorado Rockies in 2007. But for the first time since 1918, Boston was able to celebrate the victory at home, winning in front of an announced crowd of 38,447 at Fenway Park. Many thousands more crammed the city’s streets and bars to proclaim those formerly scarce words that are now often repeated: The Boston Red Sox won the World Series. “Winning this World Series is special,” David Ortiz said. “I think it might be the most special out of all the World Series that I have been a part of.” Advertisement Continue reading the main story Ortiz, whose contributions to all three of the Red Sox’ recent championships cannot be overstated, was named the most valuable player of the series. He hit two home runs, knocked in six runs, scored seven more, batted .688 and had a staggering .760 on-base percentage. The Cardinals finally wised up in Game 6, walking him four times, three times intentionally: it was the only way to prevent him from doing damage. But Ortiz gladly accepted his walks, and he scored twice in the clinching game. “I’ve been around superstars in this game,” Red Sox catcher David Ross said. “I’ve never been around a superstar who cares more about winning than he does. If he goes 0 for 4 and we win, he’s happy. That says a lot about his character.” Although Ortiz carried the offense in the first five games of the series, two players with little success of late came through in Game 6 instead. Shane Victorino drove in four runs, with a bases-clearing double in the third inning and a run-scoring single his next time up. That inning, the fourth, began with a home run by Stephen Drew off Michael Wacha. Drew had batted .080 this postseason entering the game. Photo Stephen Drew homering in the fourth to give Boston a 4-0 lead. Drew entered the game batting .080 in the postseason. Credit Rhona Wise/European Pressphoto Agency Wacha, a 22-year-old rookie, had not been beaten in the playoffs and had not even allowed a hit with runners in scoring position. But he was charged with six runs in only three and two-thirds innings Wednesday as the Red Sox finally found a way to hit against him. “It’s very disappointing,” Wacha said. “Everyone on this club wants that ring. I didn’t want to win it for myself. I wanted to win it for these guys in this clubhouse. They’ve been working their tails off all year. Whenever I have a poor outing like that, it hurts me even worse. I feel like I just let the team down. It’s not a very good feeling, that’s for sure.” Red Sox starter John Lackey, who missed all of last season after he had Tommy John surgery, scrapped and battled his way through six and two-thirds inning to earn the win. The victory was his second in a World Series clincher. He also won Game 7 of the 2002 World Series, for the Anaheim Angels. Lackey prevented any runs until the seventh inning, which provided the game’s only tense moment. The Cardinals, trailing by 6-0, scored a run in that inning and then had runners at first and third with two outs with Matt Holliday coming to the plate. Red Sox Manager John Farrell emerged from the dugout, and as he strolled to the mound, Lackey gave him a stern look and appeared to say, “This is my guy,” as well as a few more words hidden by his glove. Advertisement Continue reading the main story Farrell left him in, but Lackey walked Holliday, so Junichi Tazawa was summoned from the bullpen. Tazawa got Allen Craig to ground to first, eliciting a roar from the fans. Victorino, who had missed the previous two games because of back spasms, gave the Red Sox an early 3-0 lead with his double, pounding his chest just as he did in the Red Sox’ pennant-clinching game against the Detroit Tigers, in which he hit a decisive grand slam. From there, the Red Sox were simply too good for St. Louis once again. In 2004, the Red Sox swept the Cardinals, winning Game 4 in St. Louis, and in 2007, they swept the Rockies, taking the final game in Denver. The Red Sox had lost in excruciating fashion in their four previous World Series appearances, in 1946 and 1967 to the Cardinals, in 1975 to the Cincinnati Reds and in 1986 to the Mets, each time in seven games, each one more painful than the last. For decades it seemed as if 1918 would remain their last title, especially with the mighty Yankees putting up road blocks in their league and division. But along came Ortiz, who helped erase the Red Sox’ jinx against the Yankees in 2004 and carry Boston over a barrier it had been unable to cross for 86 years. What made this year’s title even more notable was that the Red Sox completed a worst-to-first transformation, rebounding from a last-place finish in the American League East in 2012, shedding a negative reputation and replacing it with scruffy beards to signify team unity. Photo Shane Victorino hitting a three-run double off the Green Monster. Victorino, who had missed Games 4 and 5 with back spasms, added a run-scoring single. Credit Jason Szenes/European Pressphoto Agency The team brought in Farrell to replace Bobby Valentine and several new players, including Victorino, Drew, Mike Napoli, Jonny Gomes and closer Koji Uehara, to change the toxic culture of the clubhouse. Second baseman Dustin Pedroia said the Red Sox bonded in spring training and then were motivated after the Boston Marathon bombings to use baseball to help the city heal. Advertisement Continue reading the main story “Because of what happened to this city,” he said, “we wanted to do something special and make everybody happy and proud.” The Red Sox’ roster also featured four key players from the 2007 team: Jacoby Ellsbury; Jon Lester, who went 2-0 in the World Series; Ortiz; and Pedroia. Ortiz said that this team was not as talented as the others but that the players had the heart and the rapport to win. “And when you win with a ball club like that,” he said, “it’s special.” Even after the team’s horrendous late-season collapse in 2011 and the letdown of 2012, Red Sox fans have become so accustomed to winning that, once their scruffy team had won Game 5, Game 6 had an air of inevitability. By the time Boston had taken a 6-0 lead in the fourth, the damp air at Fenway Park vibrated in anticipation of the party that would soon follow. Uehara struck out Matt Carpenter swinging for the final out, and the Red Sox poured out of the dugout for their final on-field celebration of a remarkable season. “They did it by sheer force of will,” said the owner John Henry, who headed the group that bought the Red Sox in 2002 and set the team on the path to a dynasty. “The fans give us great resources to spend, and we’ve had some great general managers who have spent it wisely. But I think a lot of it is these fans.” Lester, 29, who may have been the M.V.P. had it not been for Ortiz’s sensational numbers, took a moment from swilling celebratory drinks to say that the impact of winning two World Series had not yet sunk in. “This is so incredible,” he said. “All year, this team has done a great job of thinking about today and not worrying about yesterday or tomorrow or next year. It brought us to this point. And as soon as spring training starts, we’re going to turn the page on this one and try to win the World Series again.” For 86 years, that goal was unattainable in these parts. Now it is almost routine. A version of this article appears in print on October 31, 2013, on Page B13 of the New York edition with the headline: Monster Achievement. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe

Twice

Which team in the 80s won the Super Bowl by the biggest margin?

Fall Classics: The 11 World Series showdowns between the Yankees and Dodgers | SI.com Fall Classics: The 11 World Series showdowns between the Yankees and Dodgers Share Cliff Corcoran Tuesday June 18th, 2013 Jackie Robinson's Dodgers and Yogi Berra's Yankees met in the World Series six times from 1947-1956. (Mark Kauffman/SI/Getty Images) It took 17 years, but the Dodgers are finally coming to the Bronx for an interleague matchup against the Yankees. It’s inexplicable that it took this long for the game’s greatest interleague rivalry to visit its ancestral home, and now that it is finally happening, we’re getting a mid-week two-game series rather than a proper three-game or, ideally, weekend set. Still, even that can't dampen the enthusiasm for fans who have not seen these two iconic franchises face off in the Bronx since the Dodgers clinched the 1981 World Series across the street from the House That George Built. The Yankees have traveled to Dodger Stadium twice for an interleague matchup, once in 2004 and once in 2010. Prior to that, they had only met in the World Series, where they have squared off a record 11 times (next on the list: Yankees- Giants , seven times, and Yankees- Cardinals , five) for a total of 66 games, including some of the most famous in baseball history. Here is a quick look at those 11 Fall Classics, many of which truly lived up to the name. VERDUCCI: Yankees, Dodgers bring rare spice back to interleague play 1941: Yankees 4, Dodgers 1 Coming into the 1941 World Series, the Yankees had won 11 pennants and Brooklyn just two, one in 1916 and the other in 1920. In ’41, however, the Dodgers completed their climb out of the second division under third-year player/manager -- and former Yankee infielder -- Leo Durocher. Both teams reached 100 wins that season, and the Series started off as a tight, see-saw affair with the first three games each being decided by one run. The fourth game nearly continued the pattern as the Dodgers held a 4-3 lead with two outs in the top of the ninth inning at Ebbets Field, needing just one more strike to tie the Series at two games apiece. Brooklyn reliever Hugh Casey broke off a nasty curveball to strike out Yankee rightfielder Tommy Henrich for the apparent final out, but Dodgers catcher Mickey Owen couldn’t handle the pitch and it went to the backstop, allowing Henrich to reach base. That brought up the 1941 version of Murderer’s Row, and the Yankees took full advantage of the opportunity. Joe DiMaggio singled. Leftfielder Charlie Keller doubled off the right-field wall to score both runners and give the Yankees a 5-4 lead. Bill Dickey walked, and Joe Gordon doubled home Dickey and Keller to give the Yankees a 7-4 advantage that they preserved in the bottom of the ninth. With that, the Dodgers went from tying the series to trailing 3-games-to-1, and they were the walking dead in Game 5. New York took the lead in the top of the second and never relinquished it, winning the Series behind a complete game gem from sophomore righthander Tiny Bonham. Gordon (7-for-14, 2B, 3B, HR, 7 BB, 0 K) and Keller (7-for-18, 2 2B, 3 BB) were the stars of the Series for the Yankees, while the Dodgers hit just .182/.249/.270 in a Series that will always be remembered for Owen’s dropped final strike in Game 4. 1947: Yankees 4, Dodgers 3 The next time the Dodgers reached the World Series, the Yankees were waiting for them again, as would be the case for seven consecutive Dodger pennants from 1941 to 1956. Once again the signature contest of the Series was Game 4 The first three games of the series were fairly lopsided. The Yankees won Game 1 on the strength of a five-run fifth inning and Game 2 by a final of 10-3. The Series then moved to Brooklyn where the Dodgers scored six runs in the second inning of Game 3 and never trailed. Game 4 was another matter. The Yankees got a quick run in the top of the first and another in the fourth, but the Dodgers scratched out a tally in the fifth to make it 2-1. That score held until the ninth, and so did the fact that Yankee starter Bill Bevens had not yet allowed a hit, despite walking nine and throwing a wild pitch over the first eight innings. With one out in the ninth, Bevens issued another walk, this one to Brooklyn centerfielder Carl Furillo. With two outs, Dodgers skipper Burt Shotton, who replaced the suspended Durocher that season, sent up lefty Pete Reiser to hit for his pitcher (none other than Hugh Casey), and replaced Furillo with pinch-runner Al Gionfriddo, who promptly stole second. With first base open and a 3-1 count on Reiser, Yankee skipper Bucky Harris had Bevens issue an intentional ball four despite the fact that doing so put the winning run on base. Shotton then pinch-ran Eddie Miksis for Reiser and sent up veteran Cookie Lavagetto to hit for Eddie Stanky. Lavagetto connected for Brooklyn's first and only hit of the game, a double high off the rightfield wall that plated both pinch runners and gave the Dodgers a 3-2 win that evened the series. The Yankees won a close Game 5 behind a strong outing from rookie righthander Spec Shea, who drove in as many runs at the plate (1) as he allowed on the mound, but Game 6, back in the Bronx, was a wild one in which neither starter survived the third inning. The Dodgers took early leads of 2-0 and 4-0, but New York tied the game in the bottom of the third and took a one-run lead in the fourth only to have the Dodgers storm back and go up 8-5 in the top of the sixth. The Yankees got a pair of men on base in the bottom of the sixth to bring DiMaggio to the plate as the tying run. Joltin' Joe connected for a deep drive to leftfield off Brooklyn reliever Dan Bankhead, but Gionfriddo, who had just been installed as a defensive replacement that inning, raced back and caught DiMaggio's drive in front of the short bullpen fence to end the inning. It has been said that when DiMaggio kicked the dirt near second base in disappointment, it was the only time in his career he showed that much emotion on the field. The Dodgers won that game 8-6 to even the Series, but they couldn't break through for their first world championship the next day. Bevens and relief ace Joe Page combined for 7 2/3 scoreless innings of relief and the Yankees won Game 7 5-2 to take the title. 1949: Yankees 4, Dodgers 1 Much like in 1941, the first three games of the 1949 World Series between the Yankees and Dodgers were tight, one-run games. Game 1 was a pitchers' duel between Yankees fireballer Allie Reynolds and Brooklyn's Don Newcombe, the National League Rookie of the Year. Those two combined to strike out 20 men in the game and hold their opponents scoreless until Henrich led off the bottom of the ninth with the first walk-off home run in World Series history . The Dodgers' Preacher Roe beat Yankees rookie Vic Raschi with a 1-0 shutout in Game 2, and Game 3 in Brooklyn was knotted at 1-1 until New York broke out for three runs in the top of the ninth, a tally the Dodgers nearly answered with a pair of home runs in the bottom half only to fall one run short. The Yankees jumped to a 6-0 lead in Game 4 and held on for a 6-4 win and then routed Brooklyn 10-6 in Game 5 after leading 10-1 at one point. It was the first of a record five consecutive World Series victories for New York under new manager Casey Stengel. 1952: Yankees 4, Dodgers 3 DiMaggio was gone, having retired after the 1951 season, but the Yankees were back in the World Series anyway. The Dodgers won Game 1 behind a complete game from Rookie of the Year righty Joe Black, kickstarting a back-and-forth series in which the teams alternated wins through the first six games. Game 7 was similarly tit-for-tat. The two teams exchanged single tallies in the fourth and fifth but when the Yankees scored again in the top of the sixth on Mickey Mantle's home run, the Dodgers were unable to counter in the bottom half.  New York tacked on another run in the top of the seventh but Brooklyn loaded the bases in their half of the inning, needing just a well-placed hit to tie the game. The Bums almost got it in the unlikeliest of places when Jackie Robinson's two-out infield pop-up very nearly landed safely just off the mound, but Yankees second baseman Billy Martin raced in and caught the ball below his knees at the last second. After that, New York lefthander Bob Kuzava secured the final six outs to seal the Yankees' fourth straight championship. 1953: Yankees 4, Dodgers 2 The Yankees won the first two games at home, tying Game 2 on a Billy Martin home run in the seventh and scoring the winning runs on a two-run Mantle homer in the eighth. The Dodgers then answered with a pair of wins in Brooklyn, taking Game 3 thanks to a tie-breaking Roy Campanella home run in the eighth inning and making quick work of New York's Whitey Ford in Game 4. Game 5 was an all-out slugfest. The very first batter of the game, Yankees leftfielder Gene Woodling, went deep for the first of six home runs on the day, the biggest of which was a grand slam by Mantle in the third inning, two batters after a Gil Hodges error on what would have been the final out. That blast gave the Yankees a lead they'd never relinquish, though that was not true of their early 3-0 lead in Game 6 back in the Bronx. The Dodgers had closed to within 3-1 but New York was two outs from the title before a walk and a home run from Carl Furillo tied the game. New York won it anyway in the bottom of the ninth when Martin singled home Hank Bauer with the Series-clinching run. It was Martin's 12th hit of the series, during which he batted .500 with two home runs and eight RBIs.. 1955: Dodgers 4, Yankees 3 Coming into the 1955 World Series, the Dodgers had never won a Fall Classic, a fact that was particularly difficult for their loyal fans to accept given the quality of their teams over the previous six seasons. Brooklyn lost the World Series to the Yankees in 1947, 1949, 1952, and 1953, twice losing a Game 7. In 1950, the Bums were eliminated on the final day of the regular season by the pennant-winning Phillies , and in 1951 they were two outs away from the pennant when they blew a 4-1 lead in the bottom of the ninth to the rival Giants on Bobby Thompson's Shot Heard 'Round the World. In 1954, they lost the pennant by five games to the Giants, and some believed that the Boys of Summer were over the hill by the time they got back to the World series in 1955. Robinson and Pee Wee Reese were 36.  Campanella and Furillo were 33. Hodges was 31. However, NL MVP Duke Snider, who hit .320 with four home runs on the series, was in his prime, and 22-year-old lefty Johnny Podres was just coming into his own. The most famous play in the 1955 World Series was Jackie Robinson's steal of home in Game 1. That steal, which came with two outs in the eighth inning, brought the Dodgers within one run, but New York held on to win 6-5 and took a two-games-to-none lead in Game 2 behind a complete game by veteran lefty Tommy Byrne. Again, the Dodgers stormed back when the Series moved to Brooklyn, but this time they didn't just tie the Series, they swept the three games at Ebbets Field to take a 3-games-to-2 lead. The Yankees tied things up back in the Bronx behind a complete game from Ford in Game 6, sending the Yankees and Dodgers to Game 7 for the third time in their last five meetings. That's when Podres, who had a complete game win in Game 3, took over. While Podres shut down the Yankees through the first five innings, Brooklyn scraped out a run in the fourth and another in the sixth. New York got the first two men on base in the bottom of the sixth for Yogi Berra, that year's AL MVP, who laced a would-be double toward the leftfield corner. Dodgers leftfielder Sandy Amoros, who had just been inserted as a defensive replacement by second-year manager Walter Alston, made a great running catch toward the foul line and got the ball to Reese, who fired to first base to double off Gil McDougald. Podres continued to bend but not break, ultimately scattering eight hits and a pair of walks in the process of shutting out the Yankees and delivering Brooklyn its first and only world championship. 1956: Yankees 4, Dodgers 3 The Dodgers and Yankees met for the final time as cross-town rivals in the 1956 Series, which flipped the script on the previous year's Classic. Brooklyn took the first two games at home. New York answered back by winning three straight in the Bronx, but Game 5 was was far more than just another Series game. Righty Don Larsen had been knocked out of his Game 2 start in the second inning as the Dodgers burned through seven Yankees hurlers in a wild 13-8 win, but Stengel gave him the ball again for Game 5, famously informing him of his start by leaving a ball in his shoe. Larson then went out and threw a perfect game, the first no-hitter in World Series history. Game 6 back in Brooklyn was nearly as dramatic, as the Yankees' Bob Turley and the Dodgers' Clem Labine matched zeroes into the 10th inning. Neither team got a runner to third base until the bottom of the 10th, when Brooklyn second baseman Jim Gilliam drew a one-out walk, the seventh issued by Turley to that point. Reese sacrificed Gilliam to second, after which Stengel had Turley intentionally walk Snider only to have Robinson, in the penultimate game of his career, deliver a walk-off single to tie the series. Game 7, however, was anticlimactic as the Yankees stomped the Dodgers 9-0 behind a three-hit shutout by 23-year-old Johnny Kucks and a quartet of home runs, two by Berra. Robinson made the final out . 1963: Dodgers 4, Yankees 0 The Dodgers moved to Los Angeles after the 1957 season and promptly won their second World Series in 1959. That was the only World Series from 1955 to 1964 in which the Yankees didn't represent the American League, so when the Dodgers returned to the Fall Classic in 1963, their old nemesis was there waiting for them. This, however, was a very different World Series from the hard-fought battles from the rivalry's peak as the Yankees were swept for just the second time in their first 28 World Series appearances. Sandy Koufax, Don Drysdale and 1955 hero Podres dominated, requiring just two outs from the team's bullpen all Series, as cracks began to show in the aging Yankees offense. Mickey Mantle collected just two hits. Roger Maris got hurt chasing a Tommy Davis triple early in Game 2 and was lost for the Series. He and the 38-year-old Berra combined for just six at-bats in the Series, all of them resulting in outs. American League MVP Elston Howard hit .333 but without an extra base hit or a walk, and no other Yankee had more than three hits in the Series as the Yankees batted .171/.207/.240 as a team and scored a total of five runs in the four games. Drysdale threw a three-hit shutout in Game 3 and Koufax won MVP honors for his complete game victories in Games 1 and 4 in which he allowed a total of three runs and three walks while striking out 23. 1977: Yankees 4, Dodgers 2 The Koufax-Drysdale Dodgers went to two more World Series in the 1960s, winning in 1965 and losing to the upstart Orioles in '66, and returned to the Fall Classic with a new young team in 1974 only to lose to the dynastic Oakland A's. Meanwhile, the Yankees lost the Series again in '64 and then endured what was at that time their longest pennant drought since the acquisition of Babe Ruth. Eleven World Series passed without the Yankees' participation until they returned under manager Billy Martin in 1976, only to be swept by the Cincinnati Reds . That offseason, the Yankees made a big splash by singing former Oakland star slugger Reggie Jackson via baseball's new free agency process and returned to the Series. There, they ran into their old foes, the Dodgers, who were making their first World Series appearance under rookie manager Tommy Lasorda. The Series kicked off in the Bronx with a 12-inning classic that ended when Paul Blair, who had come in as a defensive replacement for Jackson in the ninth, brought home Willie Randolph with a walk-off single. The Dodgers countered in Game 2 behind a complete game from Burt Hooton, but the Yankees took the first two games in Los Angeles with complete games from Mike Torrez and rookie lefty Ron Guidry to push the Dodgers to the brink. L.A. stayed alive via a 10-run outburst in Game 5 backed by a Don Sutton complete game, but Jackson's solo homer in his final at-bat in that game foreshadowed the Dodgers' doom. Back in the Bronx for Game 6, Jackson's two-run homer off Hooton gave New York a lead it would never relinquish in large part thanks to what Jackson did in his next two at-bats. He delivered another two-run jack in the fifth off reliever Elias Sosa and, with the game and Series well in hand via a 7-3 Yankees lead in the eighth, Jackson crushed a Charlie Hough knuckleball into the batters' eye in centerfield in the renovated Yankee Stadium to join Babe Ruth as the only men to that point to hit three home runs in a World Series game. All of Jackson's blasts came on the first pitch of his at-bat, and he hit four home runs in four swings dating back to Game 5 (Jackson drew a four-pitch walk in his first trip in Game Seven). 1978: Yankees 4, Dodgers 2 The Dodgers and Yankees were right back at it in 1978, and this time the Dodgers, opening at home, jumped out to a two-games-to-none lead, scoring 11 in Game 1,  keyed by Davey Lopes' two home runs, and winning a tight 4-3 Game 2 when Bob Welch came on in relief with two on and one out in the ninth to retire Thurman Munson and strikeout Jackson in an epic, nine-pitch battle to save the game. The Series then moved to New York, where Yankees third baseman Graig Nettles almost single-handedly shut down the Dodger offense with his play at the hot corner in Game 3. With the Yankees up 2-1 in the fifth and two Dodgers on base, Nettles knocked down a would-be RBI double off the bat of Reggie Smith to keep a run from scoring. Then, with the bases loaded, he turned a hard-hit ball down the line by Steve Garvey on the very next pitch into an inning-ending force-out at second. The next inning, the Dodgers loaded the bases with two outs again, and again Nettles turned a screamer down the line, this one by Lopes, into an inning ending force out at second. With Nettles' help, Guidry, that year's AL Cy Young award winner, went the distance on a night that he didn't have his best stuff and the Yankees avoided falling behind 3-games-to-0. New York then battled back from a 3-0 deficit in the latter innings of Game 4, aided by a controversial incident in which Jackson appeared to intentionally interfere with a thrown ball , to force extra innings and walked-off against Welch in the 10th on a single by Lou Piniella to tie the Series. From there, the Series was all Yankees as New York won the final two games by a combined score of 19-4, wrapping things up in Game 6 in L.A., where Jackson got some revenge with a long home run off Welch. 1981: Dodgers 4, Yankees 2 The most recent World Series meeting between these teams was a bittersweet one, coming as it did in a season bifurcated by a strike in which neither team had the best aggregate record in its respective division but made the playoffs on the strength of a strong first-half showing. Both clubs had to fight through an extra round of playoffs to reunite in the World Series, where the Yankees won the first two games at home with ex-Dodger Tommy John and relief ace Goose Gossage combining to shutout L.A. in Game 2. As was so often the case when these two teams met in the World Series, the momentum shifted with the change in venue for Game 3 as the Dodgers pulled out a pair of a trio of one-run wins in Los Angeles. They won Game 3 behind a less-than-sparkling complete game by rookie sensation Fernando Valenzuela, who walked seven in a 5-4 win. Game 4 was a messy 8-7 affair in which Lasorda pulled starter Bob Welch after just four batters. Game 5, however, was a compelling duel between Guidry and veteran Jerry Reuss in which an early 1-0 Yankee lead held up until Guidry surrendered consecutive solo home runs to Pedro Guerrero and Steve Yeager in the seventh, after which Reuss finished out the 2-1 win. That sent the Series back to New York, at which point Yankee owner George Steinbrenner's megalomania came to the forefront. Prior to Game 6, Steinbrenner, bearing wounds on his head and hands, claimed he had gotten into a fight with a pair of Dodgers fans in his hotel elevator in L.A. He then supposedly called manager Bob Lemon in the dugout during Game 6 to demand he pinch-hit for starter Tommy John in the fourth inning of a 1-1 game despite John's solid work to that point in the game and scoreless start in Game 2. Lemon complied, and the Yankee bullpen immediately imploded with righty George Frazier suffering his third loss of the Series in a 9-2 final that clinched the championship for Los Angeles. Steinbrenner then issued an apology to the city of New York for his team's performance, making no mention, of course, of his role in its downfall. That began a decade of dysfunction in the Bronx and the Yankees wouldn't make it back to the Fall Classic until 1996. The Dodgers, meanwhile, won another World Series in 1988, becoming the only team to win multiple Series in that decade, but they haven't returned to the World Series since. The Yankees have been to seven Series in the past 17 years, winning five of them. Neither team looks like a favorite to get there this year, but at least the Dodgers are finally back in the Bronx after 32 years. More The Strike Zone We've Got Apps Too Get expert analysis, unrivaled access, and the award-winning storytelling only SI can provide - from Peter King, Tom Verducci, Lee Jenkins, Seth Davis, and more - delivered straight to you, along with up-to-the-minute news and live scores. A clean presentation that helps you get everything you need to be in the know. Personalized Find the stories and scores that matter most to you. Fast

i don't know

Where did Maurice Green set his 9.79 seconds for the 100m in 1999?

Maurice Greene 100m WR 9.79 - Athens 1999 - YouTube Maurice Greene 100m WR 9.79 - Athens 1999 Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Sep 15, 2006 The quality is poor sorry, gotta find a better one Athens, 1999, June 16th Maurice Greene lowers the world record by 0.05 seconds!! running in 9.79 (+0.1 wind) and beating Donovan Bailey's former record of 9.84 set in Atlanta games. This record would stay for 3 years until Montgomery's 9.78, but Montgomery's record has been retroactively disqualified. So we have to wait 2005 and Asafa Powell to run in 9.77 in Athens. Category

Athens

Who won baseball's first World Series of the 50s?

TRACK AND FIELD; Greene Breaks World Record in the 100 Meters - The New York Times The New York Times Sports |TRACK AND FIELD; Greene Breaks World Record in the 100 Meters Search Continue reading the main story Little more than two weeks ago, after he had won the 200-meter dash in the Track and Field Association pro championships in Uniondale, N.Y., Maurice Greene talked about world records. ''You don't try to break them,'' he said. ''You prepare the best you can, and they will come.'' For the 24-year-old American, a world champion outdoors and indoors, the best possible record came last night in Athens in a second-tier meet on the Grand Prix international circuit. He smashed the world record for the classic sprint distance of 100 meters, his time of 9.79 seconds five-hundredths of a second faster than the record set in 1996 by Donovan Bailey of Canada. That was the widest margin by which the 100-meter record had been broken since electronic timing became standard in the 1960's. Only Bailey (9.84) and Leroy Burrell of Philadelphia (9.85 in 1994) had run a legal 100 meters faster than Greene's previous best of 9.86. Ben Johnson of Canada ran 9.83 in 1987 and 9.79 in the 1988 Seoul Olympics, but when his post-race drug test in the Olympics disclosed traces of a banned anabolic steroid, international officials threw both records out. Greene's previous best came on the same Athens track in winning the 1997 world outdoor championship, so after yesterday's race he said, ''This is a special race for me.'' Advertisement Continue reading the main story It was also special for Ato Boldon of Trinidad, whose second-place time of 9.86 matched his fastest ever. Greene, Boldon and another of the world's fastest sprinters, Jon Drummond, train together in Los Angeles under John Smith, an assistant coach at U.C.L.A. At 5 feet 9 inches and 165 pounds, with an upper body built up by weight training, Greene is almost burly. He comes from Kansas City, Kan., and was almost unknown until the 1995 Texas Relays, when he upset Carl Lewis in the 100 in the wind-aided time of 9.88 seconds. After the race, Lewis was asked if he knew much about Maurice Greene. ''Who?'' Lewis replied. In 1996, slowed by a strained hamstring muscle, Greene failed to qualify for the 100-meter final in the United States Olympic trials. He drove from Kansas City to Atlanta for the Olympics, watched the 100 and cried. He returned home and made a career decision. Since he was 8 years old, he had been coached by Al Hobson. With Hobson's blessing, he decided to move to California and train with Smith. Please verify you're not a robot by clicking the box. Invalid email address. Please re-enter. You must select a newsletter to subscribe to. Sign Up Privacy Policy ''You can only stay in your mama's house so long and then you have to leave,'' Greene said. ''That's how it was with Al. It was time to leave.'' Greene had had short stays at Kansas City Junior College and then Park College in Parksville, Mo., but never had the advantage of big-time college competition. ''He was technically sound when he came to me,'' said Smith, the world record-holder in the 440-yard dash, ''so it was just a case of making improvements.'' The improvements quickly led to world and American championships and a No. 1 world ranking. They also led Greene to the realization that his future was unlimited. Before the 1997 world outdoor championships, he said: ''People are saying that American sprinting is down, that we're not any good, that we're lost. I don't feel that way. It's just time for someone to step up and say, 'I'm going to carry American sprinting on my back.' I'm here to take responsibility for American sprinting. I'm going to carry it as far as I can.'' Advertisement Continue reading the main story He accepted that responsibility then and again yesterday. After his race on the track that will be the main site for the 2004 Olympics, he could not find an American flag for a victory lap. So, to a standing ovation from the crowd of 30,000, he waved the banner of his club, HSI, which stands for Handling Speed Intelligently. On a hot, almost windless evening, his record came in a special race. Earlier, Boldon had won the regular 100 in 9.97 seconds, and two hours after the record race Boldon beat Greene at 200 meters, 19.86 seconds to 20.03. The meet produced other stunning performances, including 19 feet 10 1/4 inches by Maksim Tarasov of Russia and 19-8 1/4 by Jeff Hartwig in the men's pole vault, 13.11 seconds by Larry Wade in the men's 110-meter hurdles, 3 minutes 31.32 seconds by Noah Ngeny of Kenya in the men's 1,500 meters and 22.10 by Inger Miller in the women's 200 meters. But the night belonged to Greene, who at home drives a Mercedes-Benz that has the license plate ''MO GOLD,'' and he promised more to come. ''I expected it,'' he said of his record. ''This is only the beginning.''

i don't know

Who was Jermaine O'Neal playing against when he made his debut in 1996?

Jermaine O'Neal | Basketball Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Jermaine Lee O'Neal (born October 13, 1978) is an American former professional basketball player who played for the NBA . Contents [ show ] Early life and high school career Jermaine O'Neal was born on October 13, 1978, in Columbia, South Carolina. Raised single-handedly by his mother, Angela Ocean, O'Neal also had an elder brother, Clifford. [1] Ocean worked hard to support her sons, and left her children largely to their own devices. O'Neal found his love for athletics at a young age. Tall and quick, he enjoyed both football and basketball, but basketball was his favorite sport. Two of his basketball heroes were Hakeem Olajuwon and Bill Russell ; O'Neal often marveled at the former's approach to the game, while he loved watching the latter's video highlights of his duels with Wilt Chamberlain . [2] O'Neal also played a lot of basketball. Each summer, he would play for an AAU team, and impressed onlookers with his athleticism and his ability to handle the ball with both hands. By the time he turned 14, the 6'4" O'Neal—now a confident guard who could drain three-pointers —entered Eau Claire High School of the Arts as a freshman in 1992. On his first meeting with basketball coach George Glymph, he made the bold promise to become the best player in the school's history. [1] While O'Neal's first season was hardly noteworthy (he even played as quarterback for the Eau Claire team) [3] things changed when he grew five inches over the next year and a half, and he was inspired to develop into a defensive powerhouse like his idol Russell. Glymph built his team's defense around O'Neal, and Eau Claire featured one of the most imposing frontcourts around. With O'Neal averaging 18 points , 12 rebounds and 9 blocks a game, Eau Claire captured its third straight 3A state title in 1995. [2] The following July, the 16-year-old was to raise his profile yet again. At an ABCD summer basketball camp, he outplayed Tim Thomas , a rising star at that time. Before long, recruiting letters from various top colleges came pouring in. O'Neal, however, also faced great pressure off the court. That same year, the District Attorney contemplated prosecuting him for rape after he and his 15-year-old girlfriend were found partially nude in bed together by her father. [1] The DA eventually did not prosecute O'Neal, but as the latter struggled to cope with the pressure on and off the court, Glymph stepped in, introducing discipline to his life and keeping his feet to the ground. At the same time, O'Neal's mother had met a new man, Abraham Kennedy, who also guided O'Neal along. [2] In his senior season at Eau Claire, O'Neal's averages of 22.4 points, 12.4 rebounds and 5.2 blocks per game ensured that he was voted First Team All-State, South Carolina’s Player of the Year and "Mr. Basketball". Named to USA Today’s All-USA Basketball Team, he earned a spot in the McDonald's All-America Game as well. Despite being one of the nation’s top prospects, O'Neal's future in college basketball was uncertain. He scored poorly on the SATs , and Glymph advised against him making the leap to the NBA . But it was only a year before that another South Carolinian—future NBA All-Star Kevin Garnett —had made a seamless transition from high school to the NBA, and O'Neal thought he could emulate Garnett. [2] NBA career Portland Trail Blazers O'Neal was selected by the Portland Trail Blazers as the 17th pick in the 1996 NBA Draft . [4] The rookie was surrounded by veterans and emerging stars who could show him the ropes in Portland; forming the frontcourt with him were Arvydas Sabonis , Rasheed Wallace and Clifford R. Robinson . After missing the first 17 games with a bone contusion in his knee, O'Neal made his debut against the Denver Nuggets in December. At 18 years, one month and 22 days, he became the youngest player to play in an NBA game (a mark that has since been eclipsed by Andrew Bynum ). [5] Portland was mediocre in the first half of the campaign, but came to form as the playoffs approached and managed to finish third in the Pacific Division with a 49–33 win-loss record. [6] While fans at the Rose Garden harbored thoughts of an upset against the Los Angeles Lakers in the first round of the playoffs, [2] the Trail Blazers succumbed in four games. [6] In O'Neal's first season, he appeared in a total of 45 games in the regular season, averaging 4.1 points and 2.8 rebounds per game. [7] For the most part, however, he came off the bench and only averaged 10.2 minutes a game. [7] O'Neal doubted for a while if he had made the right decision to skip college—he watched with envy as good friend and fellow prep-to-pro draftee Kobe Bryant was enjoying a good rookie season—but he remained confident that the best had yet to come. [2] Despite his optimism, O'Neal found it difficult to break into the first team the following season . Brian Grant was acquired from free agency and new coach Mike Dunleavy planned to use Sabonis, Wallace and Grant as the starting frontcourt, while the presence of veteran Gary Trent also further reduced the sophomore's chances. Thus, O'Neal was not given meaningful minutes in the early part of the campaign, although he showed glimpses of his potential with occasional double double performances when he returned from an early-season injury. [2] Portland eventually produced a similar win-loss record as the preceding season with 46 wins, finishing fourth in the division. [8] In the playoffs , Dunleavy opted to go with a more youthful lineup: before the trade deadline, he had acquired point guard Damon Stoudamire , as well as forwards Carlos Rogers and Walt Williams . The move was designed to bolster the team's chances in the playoffs against teams that were bigger and more physical. [2] Nevertheless, for the second time in two years, the Trail Blazers were eliminated by the Lakers in four games in the first round. [8] And just like the season before, O'Neal hardly featured for Portland, playing only three minutes in one game. [7] The 1998–99 season was initially disrupted for several months following an impasse in the collective bargaining negotiations. In the end, the league scaled down to a 50-game schedule, and Portland capitalized on the shortened campaign. Boasting one of the league's most balanced squads that also had strength in depth, [9] the Trail Blazers chalked up an impressive 35–15 record and topped the division. [10] Dunleavy—who would later be named NBA Coach of the Year —led his club into the playoffs aiming to capture the franchise's first NBA title since 1977. [11] After sweeping the Phoenix Suns 3–0 in the first round, Portland defeated the Utah Jazz 4–2 to set up a showdown with the San Antonio Spurs in the Western Conference Finals. [10] In Game 2, a 3-pointer by Sean Elliott in the closing seconds gave the Spurs as 86–85 win [12] and propelled San Antonio to win the series (the Spurs went on to win the NBA championship). O'Neal's disappointment at losing in the Conference Finals was compounded by the fact that his regular season minutes had dropped to fewer than 10 a game for the first time, [7] and that his contributions to the team were mostly insignificant to begin with. He was having increasing doubts about his NBA career. In an unexpected move, Portland showed their willingness to invest in O'Neal by offering him a four-year contract worth $24 million. [13] However, the new deal did not translate into more playing time for the power forward in the 1999–2000 season . Portland acquired Detlef Schrempf and Steve Smith during the 1999 offseason, which meant that O'Neal was once again consigned to the bench. His statistics remained unimpressive, averaging 3.9 points and 3.3 rebounds per game during the regular season. [7] In the meantime, the Trail Blazers continued to build on the success of their previous campaign. They notched 59 wins in the regular season, and defeated the Minnesota Timberwolves and the Utah Jazz en route to reaching the Western Conference Finals. [14] Up against recent perennial rivals the Los Angeles Lakers, the team relinquished a 15 point lead in the fourth quarter of the pivotal Game 7, and lost 89–85. [15] Not that O'Neal was heavily involved in any of this, however. With back-to-back Conference Finals disappointments coupled with a lack of playing time, he soon announced his intention to be traded. [13] The Trail Blazers relented in the end and sent him to the Indiana Pacers in exchange for NBA All-Star Dale Davis . [16] This move was greeted with surprise by the Indiana fans as the Pacers had just came off an appearance in the 2000 NBA Finals , and the trade involved losing a quality player for an unproven quantity in O'Neal. [13] [16] The Pacers roster also saw the departures of Mark Jackson , Rik Smits and Chris Mullin , and even coach Larry Bird stepped down. All of this meant that O'Neal arrived in Indianapolis facing intense pressure and scrutiny. [2] Indiana Pacers When O'Neal arrived at his new club, new coach Isiah Thomas —who had pushed for the O'Neal/Davis trade—told him that he simply needed to work harder on his game to succeed. [17] At that time, Indiana was rebuilding and still revolved around veteran All-Star Reggie Miller . O'Neal turned out to be a revelation for his new club and it was not long before he established himself as a key player for his new team. [17] [18] Starting in 80 of the 81 regular season games he played in for the 2000–01 season , his statistics improved significantly as he averaged 12.9 points and 9.8 rebounds per game. [7] The big man helped his team to a 41–41 record and the eighth playoff seed ; [19] he also led the league in total blocks (228, a franchise record), [18] and led the Eastern Conference in double doubles. [4] O'Neal kept up his form into the playoffs as well, averaging almost 9.8 points and 12.5 boards a game in the first round against the Philadelphia 76ers , [7] although the series was short-lived as the latter emerged victorious in four games. [19] "I'm OK with my ability right now, but I can get a whole lot better. I want to get to the point where I can destroy the entire league." -O'Neal on winning Most Improved Player [16] The 2001–02 season proved to be the breakthrough season for O'Neal as he earned a trio of honors: winning the NBA Most Improved Player Award , being named an NBA All-Star, and making the All-NBA Third Team (becoming the second Pacer in history to do so after Reggie Miller). [4] Leading his team in scoring (19.0) and rebounding (10.5), he chalked up 39 double doubles, which was third best in the conference and eighth best in the league. [4] Indiana recorded 42 wins and qualified for the playoffs once again as the eighth seed, [20] where they faced one of the hottest teams in the league at that time, the New Jersey Nets . The Pacers pushed the Nets all the way to Game 5, and even forced overtime twice, but the Nets prevailed in the end. [2] [20] The Nets had put Kenyon Martin on O'Neal after the latter put up a 30 point, 11 rebound performance in Game 1, and they succeeded in limiting him to just 17.2 points and 7.6 rebounds per game over the series. [4] As the Pacers reflected on yet another premature end to the postseason, they knew that O'Neal was next in line to succeed the 36-year-old Miller as the new face of the franchise. At the same time, the Pacers seemed to have found players in Brad Miller , Ron Artest , Al Harrington and Jamal Tinsley who complemented O'Neal. [2] Indiana was on the brink of becoming a legitimate threat in the East. The Pacers started the 2002–03 season well, winning 14 of their first 16 games, [21] and had the best record in the East by the time the All-Star break arrived. [18] The same team from the year before was playing better than ever, but the season fell apart in the latter half. For one, Brad Miller got injured and Indiana lost one of their most versatile players. Defensive lynchpin Artest suffered from too many emotional outbursts and this further hurt the Pacers, [22] who could only finish the season 48–34. [21] On his part, O'Neal kept up his All-Star numbers, averaging 20.8 points and 10.3 rebounds per game, being only one of three players in the NBA that year to pull off a 20/10. [2] He was voted Eastern Conference Player of the Month twice, in January and April, and would go on to be named to the All-NBA Third Team again by the season's end. [4] With no momentum heading into the playoffs , however, the Pacers were eliminated 4–2 by underdogs Boston Celtics , [21] marking a first-round elimination for the third year in a row. Off the court, the team had also been facing family problems. Brad Miller's father-in-law and Tinsley's mother passed away during the season, and just before the playoffs, O'Neal's stepfather attempted suicide. [23] When the season ended, O'Neal tried to keep his focus on basketball and considered the possibility of joining another team since he was now a free agent. The San Antonio Spurs , led by two-time NBA Champion Tim Duncan , looked an interesting proposition as perennial All-Star David Robinson had just retired. Much as it was tempting for O'Neal to make the switch, he opted not to uproot his family and signed a seven-year, $126 million contract with the Pacers. [24] Even so, the offseason produced a few surprises for O'Neal when Isiah Thomas was replaced by Rick Carlisle , and Brad Miller left for the Sacramento Kings . [22] Indiana was undergoing rebuilding yet again. Despite all the changes, O'Neal spearheaded the Pacers to a league-best 61–21 record in the 2003–04 season . [25] He remained a constant double-double threat, averaging 20.1 points and 10.0 rebounds a game in the regular season. [7] He also continued to rack up individual honors, making his third All-Star trip and being named to the All-NBA Second Team. [18] Artest was instrumental to the team's success too as he enjoyed a breakthrough season, netting his first All-Star berth as well as the NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award . [18] In the playoffs , Indiana gained revenge from the preceding season by sweeping Boston in the first round, before defeating the Miami Heat in the next. [25] That sent them back to the Eastern Conference Finals for the sixth time in 11 years, where they were disposed of by eventual NBA champions Detroit Pistons . [18] In the series-deciding Game 6, O'Neal endured a sprained knee and managed to tally 20 points and 10 rebounds, but Rip Hamilton 's inspired play ensured a close victory for the Pistons. [26] The Pacers looked to build on their previous campaign in the 2004–05 season , but all their plans came apart in November. In a game against the Pistons at the Palace of Auburn Hills , a brawl broke out that spilled into the stands. O'Neal was one of the Pacers who fought with some of the fans and was suspended for 25 games by NBA Commissioner David Stern ; team mates Artest and Stephen Jackson were suspended for the rest of the season and 30 games respectively. [18] Following an appeal just before Christmas, O'Neal won a ten-game reduction in his sentence, [18] but this did not mitigate the damage that Indiana had already suffered. Stripped of three of its core players, the team hobbled to a 44–38 record and the sixth seed. [27] O'Neal appeared in only 44 games, his lowest total ever with Indiana. Although his scoring average improved to 24.3 points per game, his rebounding dropped and he was no longer the same intimidating presence on defense. Things worsened when he sprained his right shoulder in March. He played sparingly for the remainder of the regular season, hoping to recover in time for the playoffs . [2] The Pacers drew the Celtics in the first round, and managed to salvage their season by winning the series 4–3. [27] O'Neal, however, was not playing as well as he could have: his offensive output dropped, and he shot poorly from the field. When the Pacers met the Pistons in the semifinals, they were eliminated in six games, [27] capping yet another frustrating season for O'Neal. O'Neal continued his battle against injuries during the 2005–06 season , and played in only 51 games. Nevertheless, he averaged a team-high 20.1 points and 9.3 rebounds a game. [4] He was voted by the fans as the starting forward for the Eastern Conference All-Star team (he was later replaced by Gilbert Arenas due to injury). [28] The Pacers entered the playoffs as the sixth seed. They eventually lost to the New Jersey Nets in six games. O'Neal missed 13 more games in the 2006–07 season as the Pacers missed the playoffs altogether. O'Neal missed huge amounts of time, especially towards the end of the season, as the Pacers struggled to compete. O'Neal's production and stats declined as well. He had two years and $44 million left on his deal. The Pacers were looking to move the huge contract. On June 25 2008 , it was reported that O'Neal and the 41st pick in the 2008 NBA Draft , Nathan Jawai would be sent to Toronto for T. J. Ford , Rasho Nesterovič , Maceo Baston and the 17th pick in the 2008 NBA Draft, Roy Hibbert . The trade was finalized on July 9, 2008 . [29] Toronto Raptors "I didn't make the playoffs the last two years, had two really tough years physically and mentally, it doesn't really matter. The personal accomplishments don't matter. I understand what I need to do for this team to be successful and sometimes they're not going to need me to score. They need me to bring the defensive presence." -O'Neal, before the 2008–09 season [30] O'Neal was given jersey #6 for the Raptors since his number with the Pacers (#7) was already owned by Andrea Bargnani . While he was expected to combine with Toronto's three-time All-Star Chris Bosh to form a strong frontcourt and provide greater rebounding and interior defense for the Raptors, [31] [32] O'Neal's arrival was dwarved by the Elton Brand signing pulled off by division rivals Philadelphia . [23] [33] O'Neal wasted no time in imposing his style on his new team: in the season opener at Philadelphia, he pointed to hecklers in the home crowd after making a dunk; [34] in the team's second game, Toronto's center blocked a dunk from Golden State's Brandan Wright and thereafter waved a finger, as though to say "Don't come back here again." [35] Even so, it took O'Neal some time to find his offensive game: he reached the 20-point mark twice in his first 23 games, before notching three straight thereafter. [36] By the All-Star break, injuries had ruled the big man out for almost a quarter of Toronto's games, while Bargnani regained his starting spot with a streak of solid performances. Miami Heat On February 13, 2009 O'Neal was traded to the Miami Heat for Shawn Marion and Mark Blount . International career Following his breakout season in 2000–01, O'Neal earned a spot on Team USA for the 2001 Goodwill Games . The Americans won all of their five games and the gold medal, and O'Neal led the team in blocks and shooting percentage, while finishing second in points and rebounds. [2] The 2002 NBA Most Improved Player was selected to represent his nation again in the 2002 World Basketball Championship which was held in Indianapolis. This time round, the Americans had a lackluster tournament, and could only finish sixth. [37] O'Neal averaged 7.3 points and 4.5 rebounds over eight games. [37] The next year, Team USA staged a comeback in the 2003 Tournament of the Americas . Winning all its ten games and the gold medal, the team qualified for the 2004 Olympics . [38] O'Neal featured in every game in that tournament, averaging 11.2 points and 6.2 rebounds per contest. [38] While he was earmarked as a core member of the team that would compete in the Olympics, a knee injury prevented him from participating in the games. Image O'Neal is known for his outspokenness on race in the NBA. After the NBA enacted its controversial age-limit to enter the NBA Draft , O'Neal told reporters that he felt that race was a factor on why the NBA has a different standard than other professional sports leagues like the National Hockey League (NHL) or the Major League Baseball (MLB) (where players frequently enter the draft immediately after high school). NBA achievements

Denver Nuggets

Who was the second American to win the Indianapolis 500 four times?

Jermaine O’Neal Page | THE OFFICIAL SITE OF THE INDIANA PACERS O'Neal Hopes to Help U.S. Back to Top of the World Jermaine Stays Home, Re-Signs with Pacers Transcript of Jermaine O'Neal Press Conference O'Neal Decides to Stay Home, Will Re-Sign with Pacers 2004-05 Player HQ Number: 7 Height: 6-11 Weight: 255 Birthday: 10/13/78 Scouting Report: O'Neal has evolved quickly into one of the game's elite big men and is now established as an annual MVP candidate. A player who likes to add or refine an element every year, he shows a much-improved mid-range shot and is making major improvement as a passer out of the post. He re-discovered his jump hook late in the season and used it very effectively in the playoffs. Now that he's broken through the postseason wall by leading the team to the conference finals, has two remaining goals: an NBA title and a league MVP trophy. Both are within reach this season if he continues to improve and remains healthy. Career Highlights: Posted the third-highest scoring output in franchise history with a career-high 55 points against Milwaukee, 1/4/05, going 18-of-28 from the field and 19-of-25 from the free-throw line. That performance came less than two months after scoring 39 in Philadelphia on 11/12/04, which had been a career high. Earned All-NBA status for the third year in a row (second team) and finished third in NBA MVP balloting after a stellar 2003-04 season Won the Magic Johnson Award from the Pro Basketball Writers Association for his combination of elite status and cooperation with the media Helped U.S. win a gold medal in the 2003 Tournament of the Americas Olympic qualifier, but was forced to withdraw from 2004 Olympics due to a knee injury Only player in the Eastern Conference and one of five in the NBA to average 20+ points and 10+ rebounds a game Three-time NBA All-Star made his second straight start in the 2004 All-Star game in Los Angeles, 2/15, and scored 16 points with a team-high nine rebounds Eastern Conference Player of the Month for December 2003. Had a career-high 44 double-doubles in 2003-04, the second most in a single season in Pacers' NBA history Set team playoff record by averaging 17.5 rebounds in the first-round loss to Boston in 2003, including a single-game record 22 in Game 5. The first Pacers’ player to ever be named Player of the Month twice in his career, he won the Eastern Conference Player of the Month twice in 2002-03 (January and April). Led the Eastern Conference and was sixth in the NBA with 43 double-doubles in '02-03. Ranked seventh in the league in blocked shots (2.31) in '02-03, he set a team NBA record by rejecting 10 shots against the Toronto Raptors, 1/22/03. In that game, he became the second Pacers’ player (and the first in the NBA) to ever have a triple-double involving blocked shots. He added 11 rebounds and 18 points in that game. His four blocked shots in the 2003 All-Star Game was the third highest total in All-Star Game history. NBA’s Most Improved Player in 2001-02, raised his scoring average from a career-high 12.9 ppg in 2000-01 to a team-leading 19.0. Also lifted his rebounding average to a team-best 10.5 rpg, which was seventh best in the NBA. Joined Reggie Miller on the U.S. team for the 2002 World Basketball Championship in Indianapolis. Helped the U.S. win a Gold Medal in the 2001 Goodwill Games. Made his NBA debut at the age of 18 years, 1 month and 22 days old, becoming the youngest player in NBA history, against the Denver Nuggets on 12/5/96 Five Questions: What’s the most important thing a coach ever told you? Play hard all the time. If you weren’t a pro basketball player, what pro sport would you be playing (and what position?) Football, wide receiver. What’s your favorite charity/community memory? The Christmas event I put on every year and the Jermaine O’Neal Super Shootout in the spring. Who is the most famous person you ever met? Bill Clinton. What reality show would you like to participate in and why? (No answer) Signed through the 2009-10 season Personal File: In December, 2003, was honored with the NBA’s Community Assist Award Sponsors the "Jermaine O'Neal Super Shootout," a tournament for Marion County (Ind.) high school basketball seniors Donated clothing, books and gifts to more than 400 children for Christmas, in conjunction with the Indianapolis Housing Authority and Indiana Black Expo Lists his mother, Angela Kennedy, and his high school coach, George Glymph as his personal heroes, as well as Jesus Christ Has an older brother, Clifford Hobbies include reading, bowling, watching movies, billiards and playing video games Is involved with the Boys and Girls Club and has conducted basketball camps during the summer Participates in the Call-A-Pacer program Lists football as his favorite sport Favorite movie is "Boyz In The Hood" Appeared in a Nike commercial along with Baron Davis, Paul Pierce and Jerry Stackhouse Wears a size 15 basketball shoe. Named Player of the Year and Mr. Basketball in South Carolina as a senior at Eau Claire High School Named to the USA Today All-USA Basketball Team

i don't know

Who was the Super Bowl MVP in 1979 and 1980.

Super Bowl History 1980 - 1989 - Superbowl in the 1980's Super Bowl History 1980 - 1989 Super Bowl XIV Chuck Noll's Pittsburgh Steelers would repeat to win Super Bowl 14 at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California on January 20th, 1980 against Ray Malavasi's LA Rams. Terry Bradshaw took home MVP for the second straight year as the Steelers won their 4th Super Bowl before any other team had won three. John Stallworth and Lynn Swan each caught touchdowns, while Franco Harris ran for two. Dave Elmendorf, Rod Perry, and Eddie Brown intercepted three Bradshaw passes, but it wasn't enough. Lawrence McCutcheon connected with Ron Smith on a halfback pass but quarterback Vince Ferragamo couldn't make the big throw for the Rams. Unsung hero, Larry Anderson, had 162 return yards setting up the Steeler win, 31-19. Super Bowl XV Tom Flores' Oakland Raiders beat Dick Vermeil's Philadelphia Eagles, 27-10, in Super Bowl 15 on January 25th, 1981 at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans. Ron Jaworski had 291 yards, but was intercepted by linebacker Rod Martin three times. Jim Plunkett threw three touchdowns in Super Bowl Fifteen; an 80 yard bomb to Kenny King, and two shorter scores to Cliff Branch. An Eagle defense led by John Bunting and Herman Edwards couldn't slow Plunkett and Mark Van Eeghen (75 yards). Ted Hendricks, Matt Millen, Dave Browning, and Martin led the stout Raider defense. Super Bowl XVI On January 24, 1982 Super Bowl 16 was played in Pontiac, Michigan at the Pontiac Sliverdome. Bill Walsh's San Francisco 49ers faced Forrest Gregg's Cincinnati Bengals. MVP, Joe Montana, inched his Forty-Niners into Super Bowl Sixteen by completing a last second touchdown to Dwight Clark in the NFC Title Game, known as "The Catch". Montana took home MVP honors, throwing one touchdown to Earl Cooper, while running for another. Ray Wersching had a Super Bowl record 4 field goals. Ken Anderson brought the Bengals roaring back with a touchdown run and pass to Dan Ross. But early turnovers by Chris Collinsworth and Anderson were too much to overcome as Eric Wright, Lynn Thomas, Ronnie Lott, and Dwight Hicks led San Francisco's defense to victory. Super Bowl XVII On January 30th, 1983, Joe Gibbs' Washington Redskins beat Don Shula's Miami Dolphins 27-17 at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California. Super Bowl 17 MVP, John Riggins, rushed for a record 166 yards, and Joe Theismann threw two touchdowns, to Alvin Garrett and Charlie Brown, leading the Redskin comeback in the second half. Miami's 17 Super Bowl Seventeen points came in the first half; a 76 yard touchdown pass from David Woodley to Jimmy Cefalo, a short field goal by Uwe Von Schamann, and a 98 yard kickoff return by Fulton Walker. Vernon Dean and Mark Murphy led the Washington defense that held Woodley and Don Strock to 4-17 passing. Super Bowl XVIII Joe Gibbs' Washington Redskins were back as Defending Champs for Super Bowl 18 in Tampa, Florida on January 30th, 1983. Super Bowl Eighteen was different for Joe, as Tom Flores' Los Angeles Raiders blew-out Joe Theismann (2-ints), John Riggins (64-yds) and the rest of the Redskins, 38-9, in the Super Bowl's most lopsided contest yet. Marcus Allen literally ran away with Super Bowl MVP, compiling over 200 total yards and two touchdowns, with a record 192 rushing. Derrick Jensen blocked a punt for a touchdown and linebacker Jack Squireck returned an interception for a score to end the half. Jim Plunkett tossed a TD to Cliff Branch adding fuel to the fire. Super Bowl XIX On January 20th, 1985 Don Shula's Miami Dolphins played Bill Walsh's San Francisco 49ers in Super Bowl 19 at Stanford Stadium in Stanford, California. Two of the NFL's greatest quarterbacks of all time, Dan Marino and Joe Montana, led their respective teams into what promised to be an offensive explosion. But Walsh's Nickel Defense held Marino well below season averages while the Dolphins couldn't coral Super Bowl Nineteen MVP Joe Montana (361 yards, 4 total touchdowns), Roger Craig (3 scores), and Dwight Clark, as the Niners nailed Miami, 38-9. Manu Tuiasosopo, Ronnie Lott, and Eric C. Wright halted Mark Clayton, Mark Duper, Tony Nathan, and the Dolphins. Super Bowl XX In Super Bowl 20, on January 26th, 1986, Mike Ditka's Chicago Bears destroyed Raymond Berry's New England Patriots 46-10, in the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans. The Bear's "46 Zone" that helped Chicago to a 15-1 record, recorded 7 sacks, holding Steve Grogan, Tony Eason, Morgan Stanley, and the Patriots to 10 points and just 7 yards rushing. One of the most popular teams of all time, the Bears were led by Jim McMahon, Walter "Sweetness" Payton, Mike Singletary, Super Bowl MVP Richard Dent, Willie Gault, and rookie William "Refrigerator" Perry. Their famous "Super Bowl Shuffle" rap song peaked at #41 on the Billboard charts. Their nearly perfect season, tagged the Bears one of the greatest teams of all time. Super Bowl XXI On January 25th, 1987 at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, Dan Reeves' Denver Broncos lost 39-20 to Bill Parcells' New York Football Giants in Super Bowl 21. Super Bowl Twenty-One MVP, Phil Simms was 22-25, for 261 yards and 3 touchdowns. His 88% completion percentage is a Super Bowl record. John Elway led the Broncos in rushing and passing, throwing for 304 yards. Vance Johnson led the game with 121 yards, but neither could bring home the Broncos' first Super Bowl. Joe Morris and Mark Bevaro helped Simms control the second half as a record 8 different players caught passes for the N.Y. Giants. Super Bowl XXII Super Bowl 22, played on January 31st, 1988 at Jack Murphy Stadium in San Diego, California, saw Joe Gibbs' Washington Redskins maim Reeves' Denver Broncos 42-10. John Elway threw a 56 yard touchdown to Ricky Nattiel and Rich Karlis' field goal put the Broncos up 10-0. It was false hope for Denver as the Redskins ran off 42 unanswered points to win Super Bowl Twenty-Two. MVP Doug William's had a record tying 4 touchdowns to Ricky Sanders (2), Clint Didier (1), and Gary Clark (1).Two records fell as Sanders had 193 yards receiving and rookie runner Timmy Smith rushed for 204 yards. Led by Barry Wilburn and Alvin Walton the Redskins held Denver scoreless for the last three quarters. Super Bowl XXIII On January 22nd, 1989 at Joe Robbie Stadium in Miami, Florida, Sam Wyche's Cincinnati Bengals lost to Bill Walsh's San Francisco 49ers in Super Bowl 23, 20-16. Super Bowl Twenty-Three MVP, Jerry Rice, set a Super Bowl record with 215 yards receiving and Joe Montana had a record 357 yards. Boomer Esiason, Anthony Munoz, Tim McGee and Icky Woods all struggled against Ronnie Lott, Charles Haley, Tim McKyer, and the 49er defense. But, the Bengals' D, led by Jason Buck, Leon White and Solomon Wilcots, made big plays when they had to, as Cincinnati found themselves up 16-13 with 3:20 remaining. Montana led an 11 play, 92 yard, game winning drive that ended with a 10 yard touchdown pass to John Taylor with 34 seconds remaining.

Terry Bradshaw

In 1978 US Masters, who was leading Gary Player by seven strokes, only to lose by a single stroke?

Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl MVPs Updated 11:07 PM ET, Sun February 7, 2016 Chat with us in Facebook Messenger. Find out what's happening in the world as it unfolds. Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl I (1967) – Green Bay Packers quarterback Bart Starr was named the Most Valuable Player of the first Super Bowl, which in January 1967 was just called the AFL-NFL World Championship Game. Starr threw for 250 yards and two touchdowns as the Packers defeated Kansas City 35-10 at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. Hide Caption 1 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl II (1968) – Starr repeated the feat one year later as the Packers won back-to-back titles. Starr had 202 yards passing and one touchdown as Green Bay blew out Oakland 33-14. Hide Caption 2 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl III (1969) – The New York Jets came into Super Bowl III as 18-point underdogs, but quarterback Joe Namath famously guaranteed that his team would upset the Baltimore Colts. After Namath led the way to a 16-7 victory, he was named the game's Most Valuable Player. Hide Caption 3 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl IV (1970) – The Kansas City Chiefs lost the first Super Bowl, but they made it count the second time around. Quarterback Len Dawson had 142 yards and a touchdown as the Chiefs beat the Minnesota Vikings 23-7 in New Orleans. It was the second straight year that the AFL champions had defeated the NFL champions, and by the next season the two leagues had merged. Hide Caption 4 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl V (1971) – Dallas Cowboys linebacker Chuck Howley, right, holds onto one of his two interceptions against the Baltimore Colts in Super Bowl V. Howley was named the game's MVP, but the Colts won the notoriously sloppy game with a Jim O'Brien field goal as time expired. To date, Howley remains the only player from a losing team to be named Super Bowl MVP. Hide Caption 5 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl VI (1972) – Dallas atoned for its loss the next season, shutting down the Miami Dolphins 24-3. MVP quarterback Roger Staubach had two touchdown passes. Hide Caption 6 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl VII (1973) – Miami safety Jake Scott intercepts a fourth-quarter pass in the end zone during the Dolphins' 14-7 win over Washington in Super Bowl VII. Scott had two interceptions in the game as the Dolphins finished their season with a perfect 17-0 record. They are still the only NFL team ever to finish a season undefeated. Hide Caption 7 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl VIII (1974) – Powerful running back Larry Csonka carries two Minnesota defenders near the end zone as Miami won its second Super Bowl in a row. Csonka became the first running back to win Super Bowl MVP, rushing for 145 yards and two touchdowns. Hide Caption 8 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl IX (1975) – Pittsburgh Steelers running back Franco Harris fights off Minnesota defender Paul Krause during Pittsburgh's 16-6 victory in Super Bowl IX. Harris ran for 158 yards and a touchdown on his way to winning MVP. Hide Caption 9 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl X (1976) – This diving catch from Pittsburgh wide receiver Lynn Swann is one of the most iconic plays in Super Bowl history. Swann had a touchdown and 161 yards receiving as the Steelers defeated Dallas 21-17 to win their second straight Super Bowl. Swann was the first wide receiver to win MVP. Hide Caption 10 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XI (1977) – Oakland Raiders wide receiver Fred Biletnikoff caught four passes for 79 yards to win MVP honors in Super Bowl XI. The Raiders won 32-14 over Minnesota, knocking the Vikings to 0-4 in Super Bowls. Hide Caption 11 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XII (1978) – A dominating performance by Dallas' "Doomsday Defense" led to the first and only time that two players would share the Super Bowl MVP award. Defensive linemen Randy White, left, and Harvey Martin helped the Cowboys force eight turnovers and defeat Denver 27-10. Hide Caption 12 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XIII (1979) – The Steelers and the Cowboys met for a Super Bowl rematch in 1979, and this game ended the same way as the one three years earlier -- with a Pittsburgh victory. This time, however, it was Steelers quarterback Terry Bradshaw who won MVP, throwing for 318 yards and four touchdowns as Pittsburgh edged Dallas 35-31. Hide Caption 13 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XIV (1980) – Bradshaw led the way again in Super Bowl XIV, throwing for 309 yards and a pair of touchdowns as the Steelers defeated the Los Angeles Rams 31-19. It was the Steelers' fourth title in six years. Hide Caption 14 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XV (1981) – Oakland quarterback Jim Plunkett scrambles during the Raiders' 27-10 victory over the Philadelphia Eagles in 1981. Plunkett had 261 yards passing and three touchdowns on his way to winning MVP. Hide Caption 15 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XVI (1982) – San Francisco 49ers quarterback Joe Montana evades a tackle en route to winning MVP honors in Super Bowl XVI. Montana threw for one touchdown in the game and ran for another as the 49ers won 26-21. Hide Caption 16 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XVII (1983) – Washington running back John Riggins bursts through a hole during the Redskins' 27-17 victory over Miami in Super Bowl XVII. Riggins was named MVP after rushing for 166 yards and a touchdown. Hide Caption 17 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XVIII (1984) – Washington was on the losing end one year later as MVP running back Marcus Allen exploded for 191 yards and two touchdowns. Allen's Raiders, who had recently moved from Oakland to Los Angeles, blew out the Redskins 38-9. Hide Caption 18 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XIX (1985) – Three years after winning his first Super Bowl MVP award, Joe Montana was at it again as he led the 49ers to a 38-16 victory over Miami. This time, "Joe Cool" threw for 331 yards and three touchdowns. Hide Caption 19 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XX (1986) – Chicago Bears defensive end Richard Dent (No. 95) sacks New England quarterback Steve Grogan during Super Bowl XX. Dent had two sacks and two forced fumbles as a devastating defense helped Chicago crush the Patriots 46-10. Hide Caption 20 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XXI (1987) – New York Giants quarterback Phil Simms had a performance for the ages in Super Bowl XXI, completing 22 of 25 passes as the Giants beat Denver 39-20. It remains a Super Bowl record for completion percentage. Simms also had 268 yards passing and three touchdowns. Hide Caption 21 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XXII (1988) – The Washington Redskins trailed 10-0 after a quarter of play at Super Bowl XXII, but quarterback Doug Williams threw four touchdowns in the second quarter and the rout was on. The Redskins rolled to a 42-10 victory, and Williams was named MVP after finishing with 340 passing yards. Hide Caption 22 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XXIII (1989) – San Francisco wide receiver Jerry Rice catches a 14-yard touchdown pass against Cincinnati in Super Bowl XXIII. Rice finished with 11 receptions for a Super Bowl-record 215 yards. Hide Caption 23 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XXIV (1990) – San Francisco quarterback Joe Montana raises his arms in celebration after a 49ers touchdown in Super Bowl XXIV. Montana had 297 yards passing and five touchdowns as the 49ers defeated Denver 55-10. It was the biggest blowout in Super Bowl history. Montana collected his third MVP award, and the 49ers capped a glorious run with four titles in nine years. Hide Caption 24 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XXV (1991) – Super Bowl XXV will likely always be remembered for Buffalo kicker Scott Norwood missing a field goal as time expired. But New York Giants running back Ottis Anderson won MVP in what was the closest Super Bowl ever. Anderson had 102 yards and a touchdown as the Giants prevailed 20-19. Hide Caption 25 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XXVI (1992) – The Washington Redskins won three Super Bowls in 10 years, and each came with a different starting quarterback. This time it was Mark Rypien, who was named MVP after throwing for 292 yards and two touchdowns as the Redskins defeated Buffalo 37-24. Hide Caption 26 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XXVII (1993) – Dallas quarterback Troy Aikman had 273 yards and four touchdowns as the Cowboys won their first Super Bowl since 1978. Dallas trounced Buffalo 52-17, handing the Bills their third straight Super Bowl loss. Hide Caption 27 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XXVIII (1994) – Dallas running back Emmitt Smith is surrounded by the media after his MVP performance against Buffalo in Super Bowl XXVIII. Smith rushed for 132 yards and three touchdowns as Dallas won 30-13 in a Super Bowl rematch from one year earlier. Hide Caption 28 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XXIX (1995) – After serving as Joe Montana's backup for several years, San Francisco quarterback Steve Young got his moment to shine in 1995. Young threw for a Super Bowl-record six touchdowns as the 49ers defeated the San Diego Chargers 49-26. Hide Caption 29 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XXX (1996) – Dallas Cowboys cornerback Larry Brown is pushed out of bounds after one of his two interceptions in Super Bowl XXX. Brown's MVP efforts helped the Cowboys beat Pittsburgh 27-17 for their third championship in four years. Hide Caption 30 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XXXI (1997) – Super Bowl MVP Desmond Howard jumps into a crowd of Green Bay Packers fans after the Packers defeated New England 35-21 in Super Bowl XXXI. Howard had 244 all-purpose yards, including a 99-yard kickoff return for a touchdown. Hide Caption 31 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XXXII (1998) – Denver Broncos running back Terrell Davis does his signature "Mile High Salute" after scoring a touchdown against Green Bay in Super Bowl XXXII. Davis rushed for 157 yards and three touchdowns on his way to winning MVP. Hide Caption 32 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XXXIII (1999) – Denver quarterback John Elway smiles after scoring a touchdown in Super Bowl XXXIII. Elway was named MVP of the game, throwing for 336 yards as the Broncos won back-to-back titles with a 34-19 victory over Atlanta. It was Elway's last game before he retired. Hide Caption 33 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XXXIV (2000) – MVP quarterback Kurt Warner celebrates after leading the St. Louis Rams to a 23-16 victory over Tennessee in Super Bowl XXXIV. Warner threw for a Super Bowl-record 414 yards, leading an offense that had been nicknamed "The Greatest Show on Turf." Hide Caption 34 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XXXV (2001) – One year after a high-powered offense won the Super Bowl, it was a suffocating defense that won in 2001. MVP linebacker Ray Lewis set the tone for a Baltimore Ravens team that shut down the New York Giants en route to a 34-7 victory. Hide Caption 35 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XXXVI (2002) – A star was born in Super Bowl XXXVI as second-year quarterback Tom Brady led the New England Patriots to an upset victory over the heavily favored St. Louis Rams. Brady threw for 145 yards and a touchdown as the Patriots won 20-17 on a last-second field goal by Adam Vinatieri. Hide Caption 36 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XXXVII (2003) – Tampa Bay safety Dexter Jackson had two interceptions for a vaunted Buccaneers defense that led the way to a 48-21 victory over Oakland in Super Bowl XXXVII. Hide Caption 37 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XXXVIII (2004) – New England quarterback Tom Brady, left, celebrates with teammates after winning a second Super Bowl in three years. Brady was MVP again, throwing for 354 yards and three touchdowns as the Patriots defeated the Carolina Panthers 32-29. Hide Caption 38 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XXXIX (2005) – The Patriots became champions for the third time in four years as they defeated Philadelphia 24-21 in Super Bowl XXXIX. This time it was wide receiver Deion Branch who won MVP. He had 11 receptions for 133 yards. Hide Caption 39 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XL (2006) – Pittsburgh wide receiver Hines Ward struts into the end zone during the Steelers' 21-10 victory over Seattle. Ward had 123 yards on five catches as the Steelers won their first Super Bowl since 1980. Hide Caption 40 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XLI (2007) – Quarterback Peyton Manning threw for 247 yards and a touchdown in Super Bowl XLI, leading the Indianapolis Colts to a 29-17 victory over Chicago. Hide Caption 41 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XLII (2008) – Manning's brother Eli won MVP the next season, as his New York Giants upset the New England Patriots and ended their hopes of an undefeated season. Manning threw for two touchdowns as the Giants won 17-14. Hide Caption 42 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XLIII (2009) – Pittsburgh wide receiver Santonio Holmes grabs the game-winning touchdown as the Steelers rallied late in the fourth quarter to beat Arizona 27-23 in Super Bowl XLIII. Holmes finished with nine catches for 131 yards. Hide Caption 43 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XLIV (2010) – New Orleans Saints quarterback Drew Brees raises his son Baylen after the Saints beat Indianapolis 31-17 in Super Bowl XLIV. Brees completed 32 of 39 passes for 288 yards and two touchdowns. Hide Caption 44 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XLV (2011) – Quarterback Aaron Rodgers had 304 passing yards and three touchdowns as the Green Bay Packers defeated Pittsburgh 31-25. Hide Caption 45 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XLVI (2012) – Eli Manning did it to the Patriots again, as the New York Giants beat New England in a Super Bowl rematch from 2008. Manning had 296 yards passing this time as the Giants won 21-17. Hide Caption 46 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XLVII (2013) – Baltimore Ravens quarterback Joe Flacco fights off San Francisco linebacker Ahmad Brooks during Super Bowl XLVII, which the Ravens won 34-31. Flacco had 287 yards and three touchdowns in a game that was interrupted for 34 minutes because of a power outage. Hide Caption 47 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XLVIII (2014) – Seattle Seahawks linebacker Malcolm Smith runs an interception back for a touchdown during Seattle's 43-8 drubbing of Denver in Super Bowl XLVIII. Smith and Seattle's "Legion of Boom" defense stifled Peyton Manning and Denver's No. 1-rated offense. Hide Caption 48 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XLIX (2015) – New England's Tom Brady pumps his fist after throwing one of his four touchdown passes in the Patriots' 28-24 victory over Seattle. Brady joined Joe Montana as the only players to win three Super Bowl MVPs. Hide Caption 49 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl 50 (2016) – Denver linebacker Von Miller knocks the ball out of Cam Newton's hand during the Broncos' 24-10 victory over Carolina. Miller had two forced fumbles in the game. Both were deep in Carolina territory, and one was recovered by a teammate for a touchdown. Hide Caption

i don't know

Where were the first World Athletics Championships held?

Competitions - iaaf.org iaaf.org IAAF Silver Label Road Races Madrid, ESP IAAF Silver Label Road Races Houilles, FRA IAAF Bronze Label Road Races Guangzhou, CHN IAAF Gold Label Road Races Fukuoka, JPN IAAF Gold Label Road Races Singapore, SGP IAAF Bronze Label Road Races New Delhi, IND IAAF Gold Label Road Races Valencia, ESP Home of World Athletics   The 2013-2016 IAAF Strategic Plan has six Core Values: universality, leadership, unity, excellence, integrity and solidarity, and a Vision Statement: “To lead, govern and develop the sport of athletics in all its forms worldwide, uniting the Athletics Family in a spirit of excellence, integrity and solidarity.”   The IAAF Registered Testing Pool PDF IAAF Rules of Congress Procedure PDF IAAF Vetting Rules - Approved by the IAAF Council on 6 January 2017 PDF IAAF Code of Ethics, Amended Appendix 2 in force as from 1st August 2016 PDF IAAF Code of Ethics in force as from 26 November 2015 PDF Guidelines: Application for exceptional eligibility under Rule 22.1A PDF Amendments to the IAAF Competition Rules, in force from 1st December 2016 PDF Amendments to the IAAF Competition Rules, in force from 17 June 2016 PDF Amendments to the IAAF Competition Rules, in force from 10 March 2016 PDF IAAF World Athletics Series Competitions – Technical Regulations – October 2016 PDF 04 AUG 2017 - 13 AUG 2017 London GBR The World Championships is the jewel in the crown of the IAAF’s global competition programme. It is the third-largest sporting event in the world, involving approximately 2000 athletes from more than 200 nations competing for 47 gold medals. The first World Championships in athletics was held in Helsinki in 1983. Today, the competition is staged biennially, usually in the month August. 02 MAR 2018 - 04 MAR 2018 Birmingham GBR The IAAF World Indoor Championships is held every two years and provides three action-packed days of intense competition in an intimate arena where fans can see many of the world’s best athletes at close range. The event is generally held in March. 10 JUL 2018 Tampere FIN The IAAF World U20 Championships brings together the best junior athletes from around the world to compete against each other on the global stage. It gives 18 and 19-year-old competitors a valuable first experience of a world championships. Up to 2200 athletes and officials from 170 national federations can be expected to take part. The six-day event is generally staged in July, every even year. 12 JUL 2017 - 16 JUL 2017 Nairobi KEN The IAAF World U18 Championships bring together the best youth athletes from around the world to compete against each other on the global stage. It gives 16 and 17-year-old competitors a valuable first experience of a world championships. Up to 1600 athletes and officials from 165 national federations can be expected to take part. The five-day event is generally staged in July, every odd year. 08 SEP 2018 - 09 SEP 2018 Ostrava CZE Formerly known as the IAAF World Cup, this event changed format and name in 2010 to become the IAAF Continental Cup. This premier team competition of world athletics sees the greatest talents on earth compete, not for individual medals, but to accumulate points for their continental teams. The Continental Cup is contested by mixed teams representing Africa, the Americas, Asia-Pacific and Europe. The event takes place over two or three days and is held generally in September, every four years. 26 MAR 2017 Kampala UGA Natural land is the stage on which many of the world’s greatest distance runners learn their craft. The ‘World Cross’ is the oldest competition on the IAAF calendar, connecting the modern professional sport with its roots in the nineteenth century. Medals are awarded for both team and individual performances in senior and junior categories. The event is generally held in March, every odd year. IAAF World Race Walking Team Championships The IAAF Race Walking Team Championships is a two-day festival celebrating one of the sport’s most punishing disciplines. With five races (men's 50km and 20km; women's 20km; and junior men's and women's 10km), the event provides the best race walkers in the world with an opportunity to shine on the world athletics stage. About 500 athletes from 60 countries take part in the biennial event, generally held in May every even year. 05 MAY 2017 Doha (Hamad Bin Suhaim) QAT The IAAF Diamond League is the top tier of the IAAF’s global invitational track and field meeting competition structure which began in 2010. Comprising 14 meetings, spread across Asia, Europe, the Middle East and the USA, each offering US $480,000 in prize money, this annual series showcases 32 event disciplines which are carefully distributed among the meetings. Athletes accumulate points throughout the season to win a 'Diamond Race' in each of the 32 events, with winners of each receiving a US $40,000 cash prize and a spectacular Diamond Trophy. Combining the meeting prize money with the Diamond Race cash, the IAAF Diamond League annually offers a total of US $8million in prize money.

Helsinki

Which was the first team to win three Super Bowls?

Russia tops medal table at World Athletics Championships — RT News Tags Athletics , Russia , Sports , Team sports The international sporting event was held at Luzhniki Stadium from August 10-18. Nearly 2,000 track and field athletes from 206 countries gathered for the competition.  The US came in second place at the event, receiving six gold, 13 silver, and six bronze medals. Jamaica placed third, with its athletes earning six gold, two silver, and one bronze.   The president of the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), Lamine Diack, thanked Moscow for hosting the championships, officially closing the event on Sunday. On the last day of the event, Usain Bolt – the Jamaican sprinter widely regarded as the fastest person ever - followed up on wins in the 100- and 200-meter races, winning a gold medal in the relay. His victories earned him the title of the most successful athlete in world championship history.  Two-time Olympic champion Elena Isinbaeva, who holds 28 records for women’s pole vaulting, capped her glittering career with success on Tuesday. She accepted the gold medal as cries of "Elena! Elena!” echoed around the stadium. This may be the Russian's last major championship final, as the 31-year-old athlete has said she wants to take a break to start a family. The competition was held amid controversy brought about by a recently adopted Russian law which bans the propaganda of homosexuality to minors. The law sparked concern from the international LGBT community, which has called for pressure to be applied to the Russian government. Some political and public figures have urged for a boycott of the Sochi 2014 Olympic Games, fearing the law could be used against participants. (link) At least two women athletes competing in the Moscow championships painted their fingernails the colors of the LGBT rainbow flag, in an attempt to showcase their support for gay rights. However, Swedish high jumper Emma Green Tregaro was forced to repaint her nails after being told by the IAAF that her actions were in violation of the code of conduct at the world championships. General secretary of the Swedish athletics federation, Anders Albertsson, agreed with the IAAF’s stance on the issue. “The code of conduct clearly states the rules do not allow any commercial or political statements during the competition,” Albertsson said, as quoted by AFP. Russian pole vault gold medallist Isinbaeva caused a stir in the media after criticizing Green Tregaro’s action. The athlete expressed her opinion on the promotion of non-traditional sexual orientation in public, which some considered to be anti-gay. She later apologized, claiming she was “misunderstood.” She added that she was opposed to any discrimination against homosexuals. Many of the world championship athletes will soon return to Russia for the Winter Olympics in Sochi, which will take place in February 2014.

i don't know

Who was the first MVP in a Super Bowl to be on the losing side?

Super Bowl V MVP Super Bowl V MVP: Chuck Howley SuperBowl.com wire reports Dallas linebacker Chuck Howley became the first defensive player to be named Most Valuable Player in a Super Bowl. But the honor had a hollow ring for Howley, who also became the first player from a losing team to be named MVP. The Cowboys lost to the Colts 16-13 as rookie Jim O'Brien made a 32-yard field goal with five seconds remaining to win the game. Howley intercepted two passes and receovered a fumble to win the honor, although his effort was overshadowed by Baltimore's eventual win. Information

Chuck Howley

Who won the Princess Cup in 1997 with Monica Seles?

NFL-Broncos' Von Miller named MVP of Super Bowl 50 NFL-Broncos' Von Miller named MVP of Super Bowl 50 * Miller forced two turnovers that led to touchdowns * Also made six tackles in victory (Adds details, quotes) By Larry Fine SANTA CLARA, Calif., Feb 7 (Reuters) - Denver Broncos outside linebacker Von Miller was named the Most Valuable Player of Super Bowl 50 following his team's 24-10 triumph over the Carolina Panthers on Sunday. Miller forced a pair of fumbles from Carolina quarterback Cam Newton that led to touchdowns that boosted the Broncos to their third Super Bowl triumph and first in 17 years. The 26-year-old Miller one-upped the regular season MVP Newton with his brilliant defensive effort. Miller was the number two overall choice in the 2011 NFL draft out of Texas A&M, while Newton was taken first overall after winning a national college championship with Auburn. "I thought at that time I could be number one, but (Carolina) didn't see it that way. They took Cam Newton," Miller said in the run-up to the National Football League's title game. Now Miller has something Newton does not -- a Super Bowl championship. Miller, as he did in Denver's AFC title-winning victory over the New England Patriots two weeks ago, recorded 2-1/2 sacks along with the fumbles he forced against Newton in a bravura performance at Levi's Stadium. Lightning quick off the edge of the defensive line, Miller also registered six tackles and a pass defensed. He became the 10th defensive player and fourth linebacker ever to be chosen Super Bowl MVP following Chuck Howley of the Cowboys (Super Bowl 5), Ray Lewis of the Ravens (Super Bowl 35) and Malcolm Smith of the Seahawks (Super Bowl 48). "I'm so proud of my guys. It's been every last one of the guys in the locker room that's got me to this moment right here," Miller said. "They kept pushing ... I'm very, very appreciative of them. "It just shows what type of team we have. We came together as a whole. It is a college atmosphere. We have a lot of love for each other, and that is where the success came from." Miller's first crucial play came in the opening quarter when he raced around from Newton's right side for a sack that sent the ball bounding into the end zone where Malik Jackson scooped it up for a touchdown and a 10-0 Denver lead. He bookended that feat with a late fourth-quarter strip of Newton that gave Denver the ball on the four-yard line to set up the Broncos' last touchdown. "He played a heck of a football game," said losing head coach Ron Rivera. "He deserves to be the Super Bowl MVP." (Reporting by Larry Fine; Editing by Frank Pingue/Ian Ransom) Reblog

i don't know

Which team has not won a World Series since Babe Ruth stopped pitching for them?

Babe Ruth | Society for American Baseball Research If you can help us improve this player's biography, contact us . Babe Ruth This article was written by Allan Wood During his five full seasons with the Boston Red Sox, Babe Ruth established himself as one of the premier left-handed pitchers in the game, began his historic transformation from moundsman to slugging outfielder, and was part of three World Series championship teams. After he was sold to the New York Yankees in December 1919, his eye-popping batting performances over the next few seasons helped usher in a new era of long-distance hitting and high scoring, effectively bringing down the curtain on the Deadball Era. George Herman Ruth was born to George Ruth and Catherine Schamberger on February 6, 1895, in his mother’s parents’ house at 216 Emory Street, in Baltimore, Maryland. With his father working long hours in his saloon and his mother often in poor health, Little George (as he was known) spent his days unsupervised on the waterfront streets and docks, committing petty theft and vandalism. Hanging out in his father’s bar, he stole money from the till, drained the last drops from old beer glasses, and developed a taste for chewing tobacco. He was only six years old. Shortly after his seventh birthday, the Ruths petitioned the Baltimore courts to declare Little George “incorrigible” and sent him to live at St. Mary’s Industrial School, on the outskirts of the city. The boy’s initial stay at St. Mary’s lasted only four weeks before his parents brought him home for the first of several attempted reconciliations; his long-term residence at St. Mary’s actually began in 1904. But it was during that first stay that George met Brother Matthias. “He taught me to read and write and he taught me the difference between right and wrong,” Ruth said of the Canadian-born priest. “He was the father I needed and the greatest man I’ve ever known.” Brother Matthias also spent many afternoons tossing a worn-out baseball in the air and swatting it out to the boys. Little George watched, bug-eyed. “I had never seen anything like that in my life,” he recalled. “I think I was born as a hitter the first day I ever saw him hit a baseball.” The impressionable youngster imitated Matthias’s hitting style—gripping the bat tightly down at the knobbed end, taking a big swing at the ball—as well as his way of running with quick, tiny steps. When asked in 1918 about playing baseball at St. Mary’s, Ruth said he had little difficulty anywhere on the field. “Sometimes I pitched. Sometimes I caught, and frequently I played the outfield and infield. It was all the same to me. All I wanted was to play. I didn’t care much where.” In one St. Mary’s game in 1913, Ruth, then 18 years old, caught, played third base (even though he threw left-handed), and pitched, striking out six men, and collecting a double, a triple, and a home run. That summer, he was allowed to pitch with local amateur and semipro teams on weekends. Impressed with his performances, Jack Dunn signed Ruth to his minor league Baltimore Orioles club the following February. Although he was a bumpkin with minimal social skills, at camp in South Carolina Ruth quickly distinguished himself on the diamond. That spring, the Orioles played several major league teams. In two outings against the Phillies, Ruth faced 29 batters and allowed only six hits and two unearned runs. The next week, he threw a complete game victory over the Philadelphia Athletics, winners of three of the last four World Series. Short on cash that summer, Dunn sold Ruth to the Boston Red Sox. On July 11, 1914, less than five months after leaving St. Mary’s, Babe made his debut at Fenway Park: he pitched seven innings against Cleveland and received credit for a 4-3 win. After being hit hard by Detroit in his second outing, Ruth rode the bench until he was demoted to the minor leagues in mid-August, where he helped the Providence Grays capture the International League pennant. Ruth returned to Boston for the final week of the 1914 season. On October 2, he pitched a complete game victory over the Yankees and doubled for his first major league hit. Babe spent the winter in Baltimore with his new wife, Boston waitress Helen Woodford, and in 1915, he stuck with the big club. Ruth slumped early in the season, in part because of excessive carousing with fellow pitcher Dutch Leonard, and a broken toe—sustained by kicking the bench in frustration after being intentionally walked—kept him out of the rotation for two weeks. But when he returned, he shined, winning three complete games in a span of nine days in June. Between June 1 and September 2, Ruth was 13-1 and ended the season 18-8. In 1916, Ruth won 23 games and posted a league-leading 1.75 ERA. He also threw nine shutouts—an American League record for left-handed pitchers that still stands (it was tied in 1978 by the Yankees’ Ron Guidry). In Game Two of the World Series, Ruth pitched all 14 innings, beating the Brooklyn Dodgers, 2-1. Boston topped Brooklyn in the series four games to one. Ruth’s success went straight to his head in 1917, and he began arguing with umpires about their strike zone judgment. Facing Washington on June 23, Ruth walked the first Senators batter on four pitches. Feeling squeezed by home plate umpire Brick Owens, Ruth stormed off the mound and punched Owens in the head. After Ruth was ejected, Ernie Shore came in to relieve. The baserunner was thrown out trying to steal and Shore retired the next 26 batters for an unofficial perfect game. Ruth got off lightly with a 10-day suspension and a $100 fine. He ended the year with a 24-13 record, completing 35 of his 38 starts, with six shutouts and an ERA of 2.01. Although Ruth didn’t play every day until May 1918, the idea of putting him in the regular lineup was first mentioned in the press during his rookie season. Calling Babe “one of the best natural sluggers ever in the game,” Washington sportswriter Paul Eaton thought Ruth “might even be more valuable in some regular position than he is on the slab—a free suggestion for Manager [Bill] Carrigan.” The Boston Post reported that summer that Babe “cherishes the hope that he may someday be the leading slugger of the country.” In 1915, Ruth batted .315 and topped the Red Sox with four home runs. Braggo Roth led the AL with seven homers, but he had 384 at-bats compared to Babe’s 92. Ruth didn’t have enough at-bats to qualify, but his .576 slugging percentage was higher than the official leaders in the American League (Jack Fournier .491), the National League (Gavvy Cravath .510), and the Federal League (Benny Kauff .509). With the Red Sox offense sputtering after the sale of Tris Speaker in 1916, the suggestion to play Ruth every day was renewed when he tied a record with a home run in three consecutive games. Ruth hated the helpless feeling of sitting on the bench between pitching assignments, and believed he could be a better hitter if given more opportunity. In mid-season, with all three Boston outfielders in slumps, Carrigan was reportedly ready to give Babe a shot, but it never happened. Ruth finished the 1917 season at .325, easily the highest average on the team. Left fielder Duffy Lewis topped the regulars at .302; no one else hit above .265. Giving Ruth an everyday job remained nothing more than an entertaining game of “what if”—until 1918. The previous summer, the United States had entered the Great War; many players had enlisted or accepted war-related jobs before the season began. Trying to strengthen the Red Sox offense, about two weeks into the season, manager Ed Barrow, after discussions with right fielder and team captain Harry Hooper, penciled Ruth into the lineup. The move came only a few days after a Boston paper reported that team owner Harry Frazee had refused an offer of $100,000 for Ruth. “It is ridiculous to talk about it,” Frazee said. “Ruth is our Big Ace. He’s the most talked of, most sought for, most colorful ball player in the game.” Later reports revealed that the offer had come from the Yankees. On May 6, 1918, in the Polo Grounds against the Yankees, Ruth played first base and batted sixth. It was the first time he had appeared in a game other than as a pitcher or pinch-hitter and the first time he batted any spot other than ninth. Ruth went 2-4, including a two-run home run. At that point, five of Ruth’s 11 career home runs had come in New York. The Boston Post’s Paul Shannon began his game story, “Babe Ruth still remains the hitting idol of the Polo Grounds.” The next day, against the Senators, Ruth was bumped up to fourth in the lineup—he hit another home run—where he stayed for most of the season. Barrow also wanted Ruth to continue pitching, but Babe, enjoying the notoriety his hitting was generating, often feigned exhaustion or a sore arm to avoid the mound. The two men argued about Ruth’s playing time for several weeks. Finally, after one heated exchange in early July of 1918, Ruth quit the team. He returned after a few days and, after renegotiating his contract with Frazee to include some hitting-related bonuses, patched up his disagreements with Barrow. “I don’t think a man can pitch in his regular turn, and play every other game at some other position, and keep that pace year after year,” Ruth said. “I can do it this season all right, and not feel it, for I am young and strong and don’t mind the work. But I wouldn’t guarantee to do it for many seasons.” [Baseball Magazine, October 1918] Ruth then began what is likely the greatest nine- or ten-week stretch of play in baseball history. From mid-July to early September 1918, Ruth pitched every fourth day, and played either left field, center field, or first base on the other days. Ruth’s double duty was not unique during the Deadball Era—a handful of players had done both—but his level of success was (and remains) unprecedented. In one 10-game stretch at Fenway, Ruth hit .469 (15-for-32) and slugged .969 with four singles, six doubles, and five triples. He was remarkably adept at first base, his favorite position. On the mound, he allowed more than two runs only once in his last ten starts. The Colossus, as Babe was known in Boston, maintained his status as a top pitcher while simultaneously becoming the game’s greatest hitter. Ruth’s performance led the Red Sox to the American League pennant, in a season cut short by the owners, partially because of dwindling attendance. All draft-age men were under government order to either enlist or take war-related employment—in shipyards or munitions factories, for example—which led to paltry turnouts of less than 1,000 for many afternoon games that summer. Ruth opened the World Series on September 5 against the Chicago Cubs with a 1-0 shutout. He pitched well in Game Four, despite having bruised his left hand during some horseplay on the train back to Boston, and his double drove in what turned out to be the winning runs. Those performances, together with his extra-inning outing in 1916, gave Ruth a record of 29 2/3 consecutive scoreless World Series innings, one of the records Ruth always said he was most proud of. His streak was finally broken by Whitey Ford of the Yankees in the 1960s. While with the Red Sox, Ruth often arranged for busloads of orphans to visit his farm in Sudbury for a day-long picnic and ball game, making sure each kid left with a glove and autographed baseball. When the Red Sox were at home, Ruth would arrive at Fenway Park early on Saturday mornings to help the vendors—mostly boys in their early teens—bag peanuts for the upcoming week’s games. “He’d race with us to see who could bag the most,” recalled Tom Foley, who was 14 years old in 1918. (Ruth was barely out of his teens himself.) “He’d talk a blue streak the whole time, telling us to be good boys and play baseball, because there was good money in it. He thought that if we worked hard enough, we could be as good as he was. But we knew better than that. He’d stay about an hour. When we finished, he’d pull out a $20 bill and throw it on the table and say ‘Have a good time, kids.’ We’d split it up, and each go home with an extra half-dollar or dollar depending on how many of us were there. Babe Ruth was an angel to us.”   [Allan Wood, telephone interviews with Tom Foley, 1995 and 1997.] To management, however, Ruth was a headache. His continued inability—or outright refusal—to adhere to the team’s curfew earned him several suspensions and his non-stop salary demands infuriated Frazee. The Red Sox owner had spoken publicly about possibly trading Ruth before the 1919 season, when Babe was holding out for double his existing salary and threatening to become a boxer. However, Ruth and Frazee came to terms and the Babe’s hitting made headlines across the country all season long. He played 111 games in left field, belted a record 29 home runs, and led the major leagues in slugging percentage (.657), on-base percentage (.456), runs scored (103), RBIs (114), and total bases (284). He also drove in or scored one-third of Boston’s runs. But while Ruth also won nine games on the mound, the rest of the staff fell victim to injuries and the defending champs finished in the second division with a 66-71 record. The sale of Ruth to the Yankees was announced after New Year’s 1920 and although it was big news, public opinion in Boston was divided. Many fans were aghast that such a talent would be cast off, while others, including many former players, insisted that a cohesive team (as opposed to one egomaniac plus everyone else) was the key to success. “[T]here is no getting away from the fact that despite his 29 home runs, the Red Sox finished sixth last year,” Frazee said. “What the Boston fans want, I take it, and what I want because they want it, is a winning team, rather than a one-man team that finishes in sixth place.” Frazee also called Ruth’s home runs “more spectacular than useful.” He also intimated that the Yankees were taking a gamble on Ruth. It was a statement he would be later ridiculed for, but at the time the Yankees felt the same way. The amount paid ($125,000) was astronomical, Ruth ate and drank excessively, frequented prostitutes, and had been involved in several car accidents. It would have surprised no one if, for whatever reason, Ruth was out of baseball in a year or two. Amidst this speculation over his future, on February 28, 1920, Babe Ruth left Boston and boarded a train for New York. He was still just 25 years old. * * * Babe Ruth arrived in New York City at the best possible time for his outsized hitting and hedonistic lifestyle. It was the Roaring Twenties, the Jazz Age, a time of individualism, more progressive social and sexual attitudes, and a greater emphasis on the pursuit of pleasure. (Prohibition, instituted in 1920, had no effect whatsoever.) Sportswriter Westbrook Pegler called it “the Era of Wonderful Nonsense.” It was also a time when “trick pitches” – the emeryball, the spitter, and various ways of scuffing the ball—were outlawed. Both leagues began using a better quality (i.e., livelier) baseball. Ruth thrived—and over time, so did the players in both leagues. The Babe got off to a slow start in 1920. He was in spring training for nearly three weeks before he crushed his first home run. Ruth also jumped into the stands to fight a fan who had called him “a big piece of cheese” (probably not a direct quote). While tracking a fly ball during an exhibition game in Miami, Ruth ran into a palm tree in center field and was knocked unconscious. After a disappointing April, in which he missed time due to a strained right knee, Ruth began May with home runs in consecutive games against the Red Sox. He went on to set a major league record for the month with 11 homers. That record lasted less than 30 days, when he smacked 13 long balls in June. He tied his own single-season record of 29 home runs—set the previous year with Boston—on July 16. Two weeks later, he had 37. He finished the year with the unfathomable total of 54 home runs. He outhomered 14 of the other 15 major league teams. The AL runner-up was George Sisler, with 19; Cy Williams needed only 15 to top the National League. Ruth hit 14.6% of the American League’s 369 home runs. For Barry Bonds to outdistance his peers in 2001 (when he set a new single season mark of 73 home runs) as Ruth did in 1920, Bonds would have needed to hit 431 homers. In addition to this stunning display of power, Ruth was fourth in batting average at .376. His slugging percentage of .847 stood for more than 80 years—until Bonds reached .863 in 2001. Ruth’s arrival in New York began a stretch of offensive dominance the game will likely never see again. In the 12 seasons between 1920 and 1931, Ruth led the AL in slugging 11 times, home runs 10 times, walks 9 times, on-base percentage 8 times, and runs scored 7 times. His batting average topped .350 eight times. In exactly half of those 12 seasons, he batted over .370. (Ruth once said that if he shortened his swing and tried to hit singles, he’d hit .600.) Ruth also starred in a short movie entitled Headin’ Home, which was filmed in Fort Lee, New Jersey. The plot, such as it was, starred Babe as a country bumpkin who makes good in big league ball—not exactly playing against type. According to Variety, “It couldn’t hold the interest of anyone for five seconds if it were not for the presence of” Ruth. Babe often returned to the Polo Grounds after a morning of filming still wearing his movie makeup and mascara, much to the annoyance of manager Miller Huggins. Ruth quickly became one of the most famous people in the country. On Yankees road trips, people with no interest in baseball traveled hundreds of miles to get a glimpse of the Babe. He was cheered wildly in every park—for rival fans, if Ruth smacked one out of the park, it hardly seemed to matter what the final score was. Sunday baseball became legal in New York in 1919 and the fan base changed forever. Women and children came out regularly to the park. One of Ruth’s most enduring nicknames—the Bambino—came from the Italian fans in the upper Manhattan neighborhood around the Polo Grounds. Everyone wanted to know as much about Ruth as possible. The New York papers (more than 15 dailies) began devoting more and more space to the Babe’s exploits. Nothing was too trivial. According to sportswriter Tom Meany, if Ruth was seen “taking an aspirin, it was practically a scoop for the writer who saw him reach for the sedative.” Marshall Hunt was hired by the Daily News to write about the Babe—and only the Babe—365 days a year. In the 1920s, giddy sportswriters were coming up with nicknames for Ruth nearly every day. His Boston nickname—the Colossus—morphed into the Colossus of Clout. From there, a seemingly endless—and often silly—list emerged: the Wizard of Wham, the Sultan of Swat, the Maharajah of Mash, the Rajah of Rap, the Caliph of Clout, the Behemoth of Bash, the Potentate of Pow, the Wali of Wallop, the Prince of Pounders, and on and on. His own name became a nickname, bestowed on someone who was the best in his or her field: the Babe Ruth of Surfing, the Babe Ruth of Bowling, the Babe Ruth of Poker. His teammates usually called him “Jidge” (for George). The Yankees finished the 1920 season in third place with a 95-59 record, only three games behind Cleveland. It was their best showing in 10 years. They followed that up in 1921 by winning 98 games and their first-ever pennant. And somehow Ruth may have actually had a better year at the plate than he did in 1920. His batting average improved slightly (.376 to .378), and while his OBP (.532 to .512) and slugging (.847 to .846) dipped slightly, he drove in 171 runs and hit a career-high 16 triples. (According to manager Huggins, Ruth was the second-fastest player on the team.) He also broke his own single-season home run record—for the third consecutive year—with 59. On July 18, Ruth became the game’s career home run leader, hitting his 139th homer, passing Roger Connor. Ruth also set new season records for runs scored (161), extra base hits (119), and total bases (457). Ruth also pitched in one game. He started on June 13 and allowed four runs in five innings. He also hit two home runs that day and finished the game in center field as the Yankees won, 11-8. In September 1921, Ruth underwent three hours of tests at Columbia University to determine his athletic and psychological capabilities. Sportswriter Hugh Fullerton wrote up the findings for Popular Science Monthly: “The tests revealed the fact that Ruth is 90 per cent efficient compared with a human average of 60 per cent. That his eyes are about 12 per cent faster than those of the average human being. That his ears function at least 10 per cent faster than those of the ordinary man. That his nerves are steadier than those of 499 out of 500 persons. That in attention and quickness of perception he rated one and a half times above the human average. That in intelligence, as demonstrated by the quickness and accuracy of understanding, he is approximately 10 per cent above normal.” The psychologists also discovered that Ruth did not breathe during his entire swing. They stated that if he kept breathing while swinging, he could generate even more power. The Yankees faced their co-tenants in the Polo Grounds, the New York Giants, in the 1921 World Series. Ruth cut his left arm (which then became infected) during a slide in the second game and wrenched his knee in the fifth game. Babe made only one pinch-hitting appearance in the final three contests. The Yankees won the first two games, but the Giants took the best-of-nine series, five games to three. After the World Series, Ruth and some other Yankees went on a barnstorming tour to earn extra money. This was in violation of the National Commission’s 1911 edict that players on the two pennant-winning teams could not barnstorm after the World Series—enacted, perhaps, to preserve the integrity of the World Series or to limit the players’ total income. Kenesaw Mountain Landis, newly installed as the game’s first commissioner, suspended Ruth and fellow outfielder Bob Meusel for the first six weeks of the season, and fined them each $3,362—the amount of their 1921 World Series share). When Ruth returned to the lineup on May 20, he was also named as the team’s captain, succeeding Hal Chase (1912) and Roger Peckinpaugh (1914-21). The honor lasted less than one week. Ruth was again slow to get his bat started and after five games, he was hitting .093 and being booed. On May 25, he was thrown out trying to stretch a single into a double and, furious at the call, threw dirt in umpire George Hildebrand’s face. On his way towards the dugout, he spied a heckler and jumped into the stands, ready to fight. The fan ran away and Ruth ended up standing on the dugout roof, screaming, “Come on down and fight! Anyone who wants to fight, come down on the field!” Ruth was fined $200 and was replaced as captain by shortstop Everett Scott. Babe was suspended for three days in mid-June for his part in an obscenity-laced tirade against umpire Bill Dinneen. When Ruth got the news the following day, he challenged Dinneen to a fist fight—and the suspension was increased to five days. In the wake of the suspensions, Ruth made an effort to check his temper. On June 26, as some of his teammates argued with Dinneen, Babe merely sat down in the outfield grass and watched. Ruth played in only 110 games in 1922. His batting average dropped to .315, but he led the league with a .672 slugging percentage and his OBP of .434 was fourth best. The Yankees and the Giants met in the World Series for the second straight year. After a three-year experiment as a best-of-nine, the series was back to being a best-of-seven, where it has remained to the present day. The Giants swept the Yankees in five games (Game Two ended in a tie due to darkness). Ruth went 2-for-17. The Yankees left the Polo Grounds and began 1923 in their own ballpark, directly across the Harlem River in the borough of the Bronx. Yankee Stadium was dubbed the House that Ruth Built, but with its short right field porch, a more appropriate title might be the House Built for Ruth. Babe returned to his battering ways with a vengeance. He hit .393—if only four of his 317 outs had fallen for hits, he would have batted .400—and hit 41 home runs. Harry Heilmann of the Tigers led the AL with a .403 average. The Yankees won their third straight pennant, finishing 16 games ahead of the Tigers. And for the third straight year, the World Series was an all-New York affair. This time, it was the Yankees, after losing two of the first three games, who prevailed. Ruth went 7-for-19 in the series, with three home runs. However, all three came at the Polo Grounds. Giants’ outfielder Casey Stengel hit the first World Series home run at Yankee Stadium. Ruth won his only batting title in 1924, easily topping the AL at .378—almost 20 points higher than Charlie Jamieson’s .359. Babe hit 46 home runs and finished second with 121 RBIs. His .739 slugging percentage was more than 200 points higher than runner-ups Harry Heilmann and Ken Williams (both at .533). However, the Yankees finished in second place, two games behind the Washington Senators. In 1925, the Yankees fell all the way to seventh, 69-85, 28 1/2 games out of first place. It was a bad year from the start. Ruth showed up for spring training at 256 pounds and went on to have the worst year of his career. He hit .290/.393/.543 (batting/on-base/slugging), with 25 home runs and a paltry 66 RBIs. This was also when Ruth suffered the famed “Bellyache Heard ‘Round the World”. Ruth fell ill during the team’s spring training exhibition tour. The initial story was that Ruth had eaten too many hot dogs, and the New York Evening Journal ran a photo of Ruth with 12 numbered franks superimposed on his stomach. It was clearly more serious than indigestion. On April 17, Ruth had minor surgery for what doctors termed an “intestinal abscess”. Several teammates hinted it might have been a sexually-transmitted disease; one teammate said it wasn’t a bellyache, “it was something a bit lower”. Whatever it was, it didn’t cramp Ruth’s style. Babe was staying out all night more often than not and by the end of the season, he was a physical wreck. In mid-December, Ruth realized if he wanted to continue playing ball into his thirties, he needed to do something different. He showed up at Artie McGovern’s gymnasium on East 42nd Street in Manhattan, a well-known gym used by New York’s rich and famous. Ruth committed himself to McGovern’s strict regimen of exercise, diet, and rest. Six weeks later, by the time he was ready to head south for spring training, Ruth had lost 44 pounds and shed almost nine inches from his waistline. The Babe still had plenty of fun, obviously, but he never let himself get seriously out of shape again. As Robert Creamer wrote in Babe: The Legend Comes to Life, “From 1926 through 1931, as he aged from thirty-two to thirty-seven, Ruth put on the finest sustained display of hitting that baseball has ever seen. During those six seasons, he averaged 50 home runs a year, 155 runs batted in and 147 runs scored; he batted .354. … From the ashes of 1925, Babe Ruth rose like a rocket.” As Ruth rose, so did the Yankees. The Bombers went from seventh place to first, winning 91 games and the 1926 pennant. Ruth batted .372/.516/.737, with 47 home runs (runner-up Al Simmons had 19), and drove in 155 (41 more than his nearest challenger). The Yankees were also boosted by the great play of two rookie infielders: second baseman Tony Lazzeri and shortstop Mark Koenig. First baseman Lou Gehrig, in his second full season at age 22, led the league with 20 triples and 83 extra-base hits—one more than Ruth. In Game Four of the World Series against the St. Louis Cardinals, Ruth belted three home runs. It was the first time he had ever hit three in one game—and it was the first time that had been done in a World Series game. This was also the game before which Ruth allegedly promised to hit a home run for 11-year-old hospital patient Johnny Sylvester. The 1926 Series came down to a deciding seventh game at Yankee Stadium. New York trailed 3-2 in the bottom of the ninth inning, when Ruth walked with two outs. Bob Meusel was facing Grover Cleveland Alexander when Ruth took off for second. He was thrown out trying to steal—ending the game and the World Series. The 1927 Yankees are often talked about as the greatest team in baseball history. New York finished with a 110-44 record, winning the league by a whopping 19 games and sweeping the Pittsburgh Pirates in the World Series. They scored 975 runs, 130 more than second-best Detroit. Ruth’s fabled 60 home runs—which he had become obsessed with since hitting 59 six years earlier—captured the headlines, but Gehrig, at age 24, had a better season. He outhit Ruth (.373 to .356) and nearly matched him in on-base percentage (.474 to .486), and slugging (.765 to.772). Gehrig had more extra base hits (117 to 97), total bases (447 to 417), and RBIs (175 to 164). He also led the league in doubles, was second in triples, second in home runs, second in hits, and third in batting average. The Yankees won 13 fewer games in 1928, but their 101-53 record was still good enough for a third straight pennant. Ruth batted only .323, but his 54 home runs helped him lead the major leagues in slugging at .709. He and Lou Gehrig each drove in 142 runs. The Yankees used only three pitchers as they swept the Cardinals in the World Series. Ruth batted .625 (10-for-16), with three doubles, three home runs, and a 1.375 slugging percentage. Gehrig hit .545 (6-for-11) and slugged 1.727. In January 1929, Babe’s first wife, Helen, died in a house fire in Watertown Massachusetts. At the time, Helen was living with Edward Kinder, a dentist, and while the deed on the house listed Helen and Kinder as husband and wife, they were not, in fact, married. (Babe and Helen had never officially divorced.) Ruth was devastated by the news. At the funeral, he wept uncontrollably. Babe married Claire Hodgson on April 17. The following day, the Yankees—with numbers on the back of their uniforms for the first time—opened the season against the Red Sox. Babe, wearing his new #3, whacked a first-inning home run to left field and doffed his cap to Claire as he rounded the bases. On August 11 in Cleveland, Ruth hit the 500th home run of his career. The New York World called it “a symbol of American greatness”. The man who retrieved the homer got two signed baseballs and, after posing for a photo with Ruth, the Babe slipped him a $20 bill. Miller Huggins passed away suddenly near the end of the 1929 season—and Babe lobbied for the manager’s job for 1930. (Ruth would drop hints about wanting to manage for the next four years, but the Yankees never seriously considered it.) Ruth also asked for his salary to be increased to $100,000—this coming a few months after Black Tuesday and the start of what became the Great Depression. He ended up signing a two-year deal for $80,000 per season. With exhibition game receipts, movie shorts, personal appearances, and endorsements, Ruth probably earned close to $200,000 in 1930. By the end of June 1930, Ruth was ahead of his 60-homer pace of 1927, but injuries slowed him down and he finished with 49. The Yankees were an offensive juggernaut. In both 1930 and 1931, they scored more than 1,000 runs—an average of nearly seven runs per game. But it was the Philadelphia Athletics who won the pennant in 1929, 1930, and 1931 behind the big bats of Jimmie Foxx and Al Simmons and the pitching of Lefty Grove. In 1931, at age 36, Ruth had one of his finest seasons. He hit .373/.495/.700, with 46 home runs, 163 RBIs, 128 walks and 149 runs scored. Ruth made his final trip to the World Series in 1932. Amazingly, in the seven-year reign of Ruth and Gehrig from 1929-1935, the Yankees won only one pennant. Gehrig (.349/.451/.621, 34 HR, 151 RBI) and Ruth (.341/.489/.661, 41 HR, 137 RBI) were ably assisted by Lazzeri, Bill Dickey, Ben Chapman and Earl Coombs. However, it was Jimmie Foxx of the A’s who led the league in home runs (58). The Yankees swept the Chicago Cubs in the 1932 World Series, giving them wins in 12 straight World Series games. It was during the third game— October 1 at Wrigley Field —that Ruth added to his legend. The game was tied 4-4 when Ruth stepped in against Cubs starter Charlie Root with one out in the fifth inning. Ruth had already homered in his first at-bat and the Cubs’ bench-jockeying was at a fever pitch. Everyone agrees that as Root threw two called strikes to Ruth, the Babe held up one and two fingers. What exactly happened before Root threw his 2-2 pitch will never be definitively known. The legend says Ruth pointed, perhaps with his bat, towards the center field bleachers, indicating that was where he was going to hit the next pitch. Or he may have been saying “I’ve still got one strike left.” Either way, Ruth swung and belted the ball to deep center field—one of the longest home runs seen at Wrigley—for his second home run of the afternoon. He laughed as he jogged around the bases, pointing and jeering at the Cubs dugout. Of the many game stories written that afternoon, only one mentioned Ruth “calling his shot”. Within two or three days, however, writers who had initially made no reference to Ruth’s theatrics were offering their own recollections. And thus a legend was born. A 16mm home movie of the at-bat surfaced in 1999. The grainy film does show Ruth pointing his arm, but it’s impossible to determine exactly what he is doing. Root maintained that Ruth “did not point at the fence before he swung. If he had made a gesture like that, he would have ended up on his ass.” As for the Babe, when asked whether he had really pointed to the bleachers, he smiled and said, “It’s in the papers, isn’t it?” It was Ruth’s last trip to the World Series. He played on seven World Series champions: four with the Yankees (1923, 1927-1928, 1932), and three with the Red Sox (1915-1916, 1918). He was also on the losing side of three World Series teams with New York (1921, 1922, 1926). 1933 was Ruth’s 20th season in major league baseball. He batted only .301 with 34 home runs, though he still led the league in walks. One of the season’s highlights was the inaugural All-Star Game, played at Comiskey Field in Chicago. Ruth hit the game’s first home run. He also robbed Chick Hafey of a home run in the eighth inning, to preserve the AL’s 4-2 win. The Yankees finished seven games behind the Senators and, in an effort to boost attendance for the last home game of the year, announced that Ruth would pitch against the Red Sox. The 39-year-old outfielder held the Red Sox without a run for five innings. With a 6-0 lead, he stumbled in the sixth, allowing a walk, five singles, and four runs. He gave up another run in the eighth, but hung on and won the complete game, 6-5. Although Ruth had prepared for the start, it took a toll on his arm. He couldn’t so much as comb his hair with his left arm for about a week. Ruth took a $17,000 pay cut in 1934. His $35,000 contract was still the highest in the game, but it was his lowest salary since 1921. On July 13, in Detroit, Babe hit his 700th career home run. Three days later, he drew his 2,000th walk. In August, during the Yankees’ last trip at Fenway, a record crowd of 48,000 turned out, assuming it would be Ruth’s last appearance in Boston. The fans cheered everything Ruth did. When he grounded out in his final at-bat, he was given a long, standing ovation. “Do you know that some of them cried when I left the field?” Ruth said afterwards. “And if you wanna know the truth, I cried too.” On the other hand, for what was rumored to be his final home game in a Yankees uniform, only 2,000 fans showed up. Babe played only one inning, being replaced by a pinch-runner after drawing a walk. He ended the year with a .288 batting average. During the off-season, Ruth agreed to travel with an all-star team to Japan. In arranging for a passport, he discovered that his date of birth was February 6, 1895. He had always believed he was born on February 7, 1894. He was actually a year younger than he had thought. Yankees owner Jacob Ruppert, not wanting Ruth to return in any capacity in 1935, worked out a secret deal with Boston Braves owner Emil Fuchs. Fuchs would offer Ruth a contract that included the titles of “assistant manager” and “vice president”. Ruth loved the idea and when he informed Ruppert, the Yankee owner said he wouldn’t stand in Ruth’s way. At spring training in 1935, Ruth learned that the Yankees had already assigned his #3 to George Selkirk. They were also using his locker to store firewood. Ruth ended up playing in 28 games for the Braves, batting .181. The one bright spot came on May 25 in Pittsburgh. Ruth belted the final three home runs of his career , and drove in six runs. Career home run #714 disappeared over the right field roof—the longest home run ever hit at Forbes Field. Many of the hitting records Ruth once held have been broken, but what cements Babe’s status as the best to ever play the game is the combination of hitting for average, hitting with power, and his work on the mound. In addition to his batting exploits, Ruth also pitched in 163 games, with a record of 94-46 and a career ERA of 2.28. For 71 years, he was also the unlikely answer to a great trivia question: Who is the only major leaguer to pitch in at least 10 seasons and have a winning record in all of them? Ruth had winning records in 10 seasons: 1914-1921, 1930 and 1933. Andy Pettitte now holds the record at 12 seasons (1995-2006). Ruth retired to a life of golf, fishing, bowling, and public appearances. In November 1946, he checked into French Hospital on 29th Street in Manhattan, complaining of headaches and pain above his left eye. It was cancer, though the newspapers never printed the word. Babe Ruth Day was held at Yankee Stadium (and every other major league park) the following April. A crowd of 58,339 was there and many of them, players as well as fans, were shocked at how frail and shrunken the mighty Babe had become. Ruth returned to the Bronx one more time, on June 13, 1948. Yankee Stadium was celebrating its 25th anniversary and Babe’s #3 was being retired. Ruth was back in the hospital 11 days later. The cancer had spread to his liver, lungs, and kidneys. He knew he was dying. Babe Ruth died at 8:01 p.m. on August 16, 1948. He was 53 years old. He is buried at the Gate of Heaven Cemetery in Valhalla, New York, next to his second wife Claire, who died in 1976. Leigh Montville, author of The Big Bam, called Ruth "the patron saint of American possibility". Ruth's obituary in the New York Times concluded: "Probably nowhere in all the imaginative field of fiction could one find a career more dramatic and bizarre than that portrayed in real life by George Herman Ruth." Sources Creamer, Robert W. Babe: The Legend Comes To Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1974) Montville, Leigh. The Big Bam: The Life and Times of Babe Ruth (New York: Doubleday, 2006) Smelser, Marshall. The Life That Ruth Built (New York: Random House, 1975) Stout, Glenn and Richard A. Johnson. Yankees Century: 100 Years of New York Yankees Baseball (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002) Wagenheim, Kal. Babe Ruth: His Life and Legend (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1974) Wood, Allan. Babe Ruth and the 1918 Red Sox (San Jose CA: Writers Club Press, 2001) SABR

Boston Red Sox

Who skippered Stars & Stripes in the America's Cup in 1987 and 1988?

Babe Ruth - Biography - IMDb Babe Ruth Jump to: Overview  (5) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (2) | Trivia  (53) | Personal Quotes  (18) Overview (5) 6' 1½" (1.87 m) Mini Bio (1) Most of Babe Ruth's records have been broken. In 1961, not only did Roger Maris break The Babe's 34-year-old record for most home runs in a season with 61* (2001), but Maris' teammate on the '61 Yankees, pitcher 'Whitey Ford' broke The Babe's 43-year-old record for most scoreless innings pitched in a World Series when the Yankees dispatched the Reds that year in the post-season. (When asked how it felt to have beat The Babe's "other" record, Whitey responded, "It was a bad year for The Babe".) Though Barry Bonds now holds the record for most home runs in a season (73), most home runs in a career 762 and counting), highest slugging percentage, most intentional walks, etc., The Babe still must be considered the greatest player that ever graced the game. In addition to his record 12 home run titles, his 13 slugging titles, his six R.B.I. titles, and his solo batting title (.378 in 1934; The Babe placed in the top five hitters in terms of batting average eight times, including a career high of .393 in 1923, when Harry Heilmann hit .403), The Babe won 18, 23 and 24 games as a left-handed pitcher for the Boston Red Sox in 1915, 1916 and 1917, and won the American League E.R.A. title in '16. He set his first home run title in 1918, another year the Sox won the World Series, as a part time position player and part-time pitcher, notching up 11 homers and nine wins. George Herman Ruth likely will remain the sole player in major league baseball history to win batting, home run, R.B.I., slugging *and* E.R.A. titles, plus eat a dozen hot dogs and drink the better part of a keg of bootleg "needle" beer before suiting up for a game. From 1914 to 1919, The Babe played for the Boston Red Sox, with whom he appeared on three World's Championship teams. Sold to the New York Yankees by Red Sox owner and theatrical impresario Harry Frazee , he led the-then crownless American League franchise in Gotham to seven A.L. pennants and four World Series titles from 1920-1934. He played out his string with the Boston Braves in 1935; even a washed-up Babe was still able to pole three circuit clouts in one game before calling it quits after 28 games and six dingers in that last season. The following year, he was one of the inaugural inductees into the Baseball Hall of Fame. Yes, the Babe was mighty, and he did prevail (more often than naught) except over one opponent: Father Time. The Babe ended his 22 years in the Big Leagues with 2,873 hits good for a career batting average of .342, 714 home runs, 2,217 R.B.I.s, and 2,174 runs scored in 2,503 games. (From his debut in 1914 through the 1918 season, when he was making his transition to becoming a full time position player, Ruth only appeared in 261 ball games as he was considered the top left-handed pitcher in the American League.) In the record books, Ty Cobb scored more runs and Hank Aaron hit more homers and racked up more R.B.I.'s (interestingly, Hammering Hank and The Babe ended their careers with the exact same number of runs scored), but they played in far more games than the The Babe, with 3,035 and 3,298 games, respectively. Among modern players, Rickey Henderson , who surpassed Cobb's record for runs after 25 years in The Show, played in 3,081 games, and Barry Bonds have appeared in almost 3,000 games. No player ever had the impact, both on and off the field, as did the charismatic Babe. When he died of cancer in 1948, the New York Times headline read, "Babe Ruth/Idol of Millions of Boys/Dead". - IMDb Mini Biography By: Jon C. Hopwood Spouse (2) ( 14 October  1914 - 11 January  1929) (her death) (1 child) Trivia (53) Was the first Major League player to hit 60 home runs (1927). Started out his career as a pitcher for the Boston Red Sox. He had back-to-back 20 win seasons and won a total of 94 career games. Sold to New York for $100,000. Hit his famous "Called Shot" in the 1932 World Series in Chicago, off Chicago pitcher, Charlie Root. He had two strikes on him when he allegedly pointed to center field and, on the very next pitch, smacked the ball in center field for a home run. Led American League in home runs 12 times, runs eight times, RBIs six times and batting once. Hit 714 career home runs. His number 3 was retired by the New York Yankees. Among the original members, that were first admitted to the baseball Hall of Fame. Honored with a monument in Yankee Stadium. Elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame, 1936 (charter member). Played for the American League's Boston Red Sox (1914-1919) and New York Yankees (1920-1934), and for the National League's Boston Braves (1935). Born at 1:45pm-EST Enshrined in the Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame, 1995 (charter member). Was lifted for a pinch hitter in the 1918 World Series. Spoke German fluently. His maternal grandfather was a German immigrant. Was once given an intentional walk with the bases loaded. His last home run was the first to clear the right field roof in Pittsburgh's Forbes Field. Biggest ambition was to be a major league manager. Served as first base coach for the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1938. Turned down an offer to manage the Yankees' AAA farm club in Newark. Was actually separated from his first wife, Helen, during the last few years of their marriage. Did not seek a divorce because they were both Roman Catholic. Left the Yankees when the team would not name him manager. Accepted an offer by the Boston Braves to be right fielder, vice president, and assistant manager, the latter two of which were only on paper. Still holds the Yankee club record for the highest season batting average with his .393 effort in 1923. Became a full-time outfielder in 1919. Hit a total of 16 grand slam home runs during his career. Held the record for consecutive scoreless innings pitched in World Series play from 1918 until 1961, when Whitey Ford broke it. Could never remember his teammates' names; usually called everybody "kid". Lived at St. Mary's Industrial School in Baltimore, where he was introduced to baseball by Brother Matthias, until he was signed by the Baltimore Orioles of the International League in 1914. Because he was 19, Orioles' manager Jack Dunne became his guardian. Ruth was called "Dunne's babe", which is how he acquired the nickname "Babe". Pictured on a 20¢ US commemorative postage stamp issued in his honor, on Wednesday, July 6th, 1983. Pictured on one of fifteen 32¢ US commemorative postage stamps in the "Celebrate the Century" series, issued 28 May 1998, celebrating the 1920s. His wife, Claire, was a cousin of Hall of Fame slugger Johnny Mize . Adopted Dorothy Ruth Pirone with first wife Helen in 1921. Decades later, she wrote a book, titled "My Dad, The Babe", claiming that she was Ruth's biological child by a woman named Juanita Jennings. He was considered the best lefthander in the American League during his brief time pitching. Named the number two athlete of the 20th century in an ESPN poll. [1999] Claimed once that had he hit for average instead of power, he would have batted .600 for his career. Wound up with a lifetime batting average of .342. New York Yankees All-Time Leader in Runs (1,959), Home Runs (659), Total Bases (5,131), Walks (1,852), On Base Percentage (.479), Slugging Percentage (.711), and Batting Average Leader (.349). Throughout his life, Ruth thought he was born February 7, 1894. After he retired, when he applied for a passport and was required to show his birth certificate, he was discovered on the certificate he had actually been born February 6, 1895. While February 6 was his actual birthday, he celebrated February 7 throughout the rest of his life. His father owned a saloon in downtown Baltimore. The saloon and the buildings around it were later torn down, and the site now occupies center field of the Baltimore Orioles' stadium, Oriole Park at Camden Yards. A Sports Illustrated writer, musing from Yankee Stadium's nickname "The House That Ruth Built", jokingly referred to Camden Yards as "The House That Ruth Haunts". Though he threw, batted and ate left-handed, he wrote right-handed. He was asked about this once and said that in the Catholic school where he was raised, he originally wrote left-handed as a child but was forced by his teacher to write right-handed. This was common back then; other left-handed baseball stars, such as Lou Gehrig and Stan Musial , wrote right-handed. Adopted Julia Ruth Stevens after he married her mother. Wore a cabbage leaf under his cap to keep himself cool. Though he was photographed shaking the hand of President Herbert Hoover at a game, the Babe was no fan of his. When asked in 1930, the first year of the Great Depression, about his salary of $80,000 a year being more than that of the President (who earned $75,000), the Babe replied, "I know, but I had a better year than Hoover." The Babe actively campaigned for Hoover's Democratic rival for the presidency, Al Smith, in 1928. The hard-drinking Babe called Smith, who was for the repeal of Prohibition, "His" candidate. Stole home 10 times in his career. After the Yankees' 1928 World Series victory, their train stopped in Indiana, where Ruth was asked to address the crowd. Ruth, who wanted to give a plug for his friend and Democratic presidential candidate Alfred E. Smith , told the crowd, "Let's give three cheers for my pal and the next president of the U.S.A., Al Smith!" The crowd was completely silent, and some accounts say that the wind could be heard rustling through apple trees. What Ruth wasn't aware of was that Indiana was staunch Herbert Hoover territory. He cursed and got back onto the train. In 1914, his starting salary as a ballplayer with the Orioles was $600 per year. On Saturday, January 3rd, 1920, he was formally sold by Harry Frazee to New York Yankees owner Jacob Ruppert for $125,000, plus a $350,000 loan secured by Fenway Park. At that time, it was the highest price paid for a player, and more money than Ruppert paid for his team. The woeful Yankees soon became a juggernaut, while the powerhouse Red Sox wouldn't win another World Series until 2004. Red Sox fans would attribute the drought to a "curse" which came to be known as "The Curse of the Bambino". Ruth himself never spoke ill of his first major league baseball team. It was estimated that he earned a total of $850,000 in salary from playing baseball during his 14 years, which was far below the $2,000,000 he earned outside of baseball. By 1935, the year of his retirement from baseball, his annuities supplemented his income with dividends of $17,500 per year. By 1937, he had amassed $250,000 in an irrevocable trust that generated $10,000 per year for retirement. When he died in 1948, Monday, August 16th, 1948, to be exact, he left an estate valued of $360,811. In 1999, his heir were earning in excess of $1 million per year from image licensing. Major league baseball season was expanded, eight games from 154 games to 162 games in 1961. Roger Maris hit 61 home runs that year. Contrary to popular belief, it was not noted with an asterisk in the official record book, but listed as the record for the most home runs in a 162-game season while Ruth's 60 was listed as the record for the most home runs in an 154-game season. Daniel J. Sullivan and Linda Tosetti are the grandchildren of Ruth's adopted daughter, Dorothy. Brother of Mamie Ruth Moberly . He and Mamie were the only two of their parents' 8 children to survive infancy. He briefly worked as a bartender. His teachers taught him to be a tailor. Although he graduated as a "qualified shirtmaker" he thought that he was no good at the work. When he was seven years old, his father sent him to St. Mary's Industrial School for Boys, a reformatory and orphanage, and signed custody over to the Catholic missionaries who ran the school. His mother died of tuberculosis when he was still a teenager. Contrary to popular belief, when Ruth was playing for the Boston Braves, the game in which he hit three home runs against the Pittsburgh Pirates at Forbes Field on May 25, 1935 was not his last game in the major leagues. His last major league appearance actually came on May 30, 1935 against the Phillies in Philadelphia. Ruth came to bat only once and grounded out. Was the first player in baseball history to hit 30, 40 and 50 home runs in a season (all accomplished in the 1920 season, when he extended the major league baseball single-season homer record from the 29 he hit in 1919 to 54). In 1927, he became the first player to hit 60 home runs in a season. Was the first player in baseball history to hit 200, 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700 home runs in a career, starting when he broke Roger Connor's major league baseball career record of 138 homers during the 1920 season. He broke the 200, 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700 homer thresholds in the years 1923, 1925, 1927, 1929, 1931 and 1934, respectively. Inducted into the World Sports Humanitarian Hall of Fame in 2010. A statue of Ruth is located at Oriole Park at Camden Yards at the corner of West Camden and South Eutaw Streets in Baltimore. The statue incorrectly portrays The Babe as a right-hander. When told that Ruth was actually a left-hander, the sculptor, Susan Leury, simply replied, "Oh well.". Inducted into the Jersey Shore Sports Hall of Fame in 1991. Personal Quotes (18)

i don't know

Who did Martina Navratilova beat to win her ninth Wimbledon title?

BBC SPORT | Tennis | History | Wimbledon legends: Martina Navratilova Wimbledon legends: Martina Navratilova 1978, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1990 Runner up: 1988, 1989, 1994 Grand Slam titles: 18 Photos from her career Martina Navratilova took her haul of Wimbledon titles to a record-equalling 20 in 2003 after victory in the mixed doubles with Leander Paes. She shares that honour with Billie-Jean King, having already beaten many of her other landmarks, not least by playing a record 279 singles matches at SW19. In that time she totted up a toal of nine singles titles, six of which came in successive summers from 1982. Navratilova raised the women's game to a new level with power and aggression. The Czech-born left-hander, who became a naturalised American in 1975, also set new standards with her astonishing fitness levels and commitment. Amazingly, she had never even seen a grass court until a week before her first appearance there in 1973. Watching Wimbledon on television as a child, she had no idea how long the grass would be, imagining it would be a couple of inches long like a football pitch. When she leant down to touch the court at Queen's Club, where she was practicing before Wimbledon, she could not believe how short and tightly-woven it was. She later declared: "Wimbledon is like a drug. Once you win it for the first time you feel you've just got to do it again and again and again." And so it proved. Navratilova won her first title in 1978 against Chris Evert, who she beat again 12 months later. Evert was on the receiving end again in 1982 when Navratilova started her six year domination of Wimbledon during which she beat Andrea Jaeger, Evert again, and again (for the fifth time), Hana Mandlikova and Steffi Graf. It was Graf who finally broke the spell becoming the first person to beat Navratilova in a Wimbledon singles final winning 6-1 in the third in both 1988 and 1989. But Navratilova was not finished yet. She reached her ninth successive final in 1990 and overwhelmed Zina Garrison. "If I ever reached the stage where winning Wimbledon was no big deal, I'd know it was time for me to get out of the game," she once said. She retired in 1994, the year she lost her last final appearance against Conchita Martinez, although later returned to play doubles matches, teaming up with Paes in 2003 for that famous 20th title. In 2004, Navratilova returned to the scene of her great triumphs to compete again in the singles competition.

Zina Garrison

Who captained the US Ryder Cup team in 1991?

Wimbledon moments: Navratilova reclaims her crown | Tennishead Wimbledon moments: Navratilova reclaims her crown They don't put an asterisk next to your name saying you won but didn't play that well In the first of our 'Wimbledon moments' series we look back at Martina Navratilova's final singles victory in 1990 Arguably the greatest tennis player of all time, it was at Wimbledon where Martina Navratilova enjoyed her greatest successes. Of her 18 Grand Slam singles titles, nine came on the lawns of SW19, including six in a row from 1982-87 - a feat unmatched by any other player at a major event. She also won the doubles seven times at Wimbledon and the mixed doubles on four occasions. Her reign stretched from 1976, when she won her first doubles title at the age of 19, to 2003, when she lifted her final mixed doubles title, taking her to 20 overall and tying her with Billie Jean King for most Wimbledon titles. It was in 1990 that she won her ninth and last singles title, beating Helen Wills Moody's record of eight and taking her win-loss record at Wimbledon to a remarkable 99-9. Two of those losses had come in the previous two finals against Steffi Graf. The German beat the six-time defending champion 5-7 6-2 6-1 in 1988 to win her first title at the All England Club and complete the third part of her Golden Slam. Graf returned to SW19 a year later to beat Navratilova again in three sets in the final and was looking to make it a hat-trick of wins in 1990. Navratilova, though, had other ideas. “I knew I had one more Wimbledon title in me. Although I don`t know if too many other people believed I'd do it,” she said.  The second seed had little trouble reaching the final for the ninth consecutive year as she dropped just 24 games in six matches. She swept aside Katerina Maleeva 6-1 6-1 and repeated the scoreline against Karin Kschwendt, who admitted afterwards: "It was so strange to see Martina live [rather than on TV]. My heart was booming. I was maybe too impressed.” The scorelines, though, were also an indication of how well Navratilova was playing, despite her earlier suggestion that she didn’t care how she won her ninth title. “I didn't care if I scraped and scratched to get this. They don't put an asterisk next to your name saying you won but didn't play that well,” she commented. Navratilova’s chances of reclaiming her Wimbledon crown rose significantly after Zina Garrison-Jackson upset Graf 6-3 3-6 6-4 in the semi-finals. “It was easier and harder playing Zina,” said Navratilova, who had won 27 of their previous 28 matches. “I didn't have to play Steffi, but there would have been no pressure playing Steffi. I'd beaten Zina 27 times. God knows, I should do it again. She beat Graf and earned her place in the final.” Garrison-Jackson made a positive start in the final as she held to love in the opening game and then earned a break point in the second game. But Navratilova saved it with a volley into the corner, won the game after the third deuce and then immediately broke Garrison to go 2-1 ahead. She held her serve comfortably to take the set 6-4 and then broke Garrison in the third game of the second set to put her in complete control of the contest. “This was my match to win,” she said. “There are always doubts, but I knew this may have been my best chance to do it. I had the chance, and I wanted to grab it.” After saving a break point in the next game there was no stopping Navratilova as she wrapped up victory in an hour and 15 minutes. “This tops it all,” she said. "I've worked so hard for it. They say good things are worth waiting for, and I've sure been waiting for this." Garrison, who along with Graf had also beaten Monica Seles to reach the final, conceded that Navratilova had simply been too good for her on the day. “A couple of times she was moving in one direction and she'd just lunge and make great shots,” she said. “I hit a couple real soft and I thought I had her on the move, and she'd come up with an even better shot. She believes this is her court and no one can take it away from her.” Navratilova celebrated her victory by climbing up into her box and hugging coach Craig Kardon and also Billie Jean King, who had helped her in her quest to reclaim her crown. “Billie Jean worked on all aspects of my game, mainly the mental part,” revealed Navratilova. “I’m a better player and a different player. I’m better than I was in ‘84. I think I would beat myself.” Navratilova would go on to reach one more Wimbledon final in 1994 but was beaten 6-4 3-6 6-3 by Conchita Martinez. She later said: “[1990] was a lovely way to finish the story, if you like. A golden day.” Posted by: tennishead Want more? Click here to subscribe to tennishead, the world's greatest tennis magazine. Available in both print and digital.

i don't know

Which team in the 70s won the Super Bowl by the biggest margin?

NFL Playoff Records: Team - Scoring NFC: Chi. Bears vs. Washington, 1940 62 AFC-D: Jacksonville vs. Miami, 1999 59 NFC: Detroit vs. Cleveland, 1957 Most Points, Both Teams, Game 96 NFC-FR: Arizona (51) vs. Green Bay (45), 2009 95 NFC-FR: Philadelphia (58) vs. Detroit (37), 1995 89 AFC-FR: Indianapolis (45) vs. Kansas City (44), 2013 Fewest Points, Both Teams, Game 5 NFC-D: Detroit (0) vs. Dallas (5), 1970 7 NFC: Chi. Cardinals (0) vs. Philadelphia (7), 1948 9 NFC: Tampa Bay (0) vs. Los Angeles (9), 1979 Largest Margin of Victory, Game 73 NFC: Chi. Bears vs. Washington, 1940 (73-0) 55 AFC-D: Jacksonville vs. Miami, 1999 (62-7) 49 AFC-D: Oakland vs. Houston, 1969 (56-7) Most Points, Shutout Victory, Game 73 NFC: Chi. Bears vs. Washington, 1940 41 NFC: N.Y. Giants vs. Minnesota, 2000 AFC-FR: N.Y. Jets vs. Indianapolis, 2002 38 NFC-D: Dallas vs. Tampa Bay, 1981 Most Points Overcome to Win Game 32 AFC-FR: Buffalo vs. Houston, 1992 (trailed 3-35, won 41-38) (OT) 28 AFC-FR: Indianapolis vs. Kansas City, 2013 (trailed 10-38, won 45-44) 24 NFC-FR: San Francisco vs. N.Y. Giants, 2002 (trailed 14-38, won 39-38) Most Points, Each Half AFC: Buffalo vs. L.A. Raiders, 1990 AFC-D: Jacksonville vs. Miami, 1999 38 NFC-D: Washington vs. L.A. Rams, 1983 NFC-FR: Philadelphia vs. Detroit, 1995 35 NFC: Cleveland vs. Detroit, 1954 AFC-D: Oakland vs. Houston, 1969 SB: Washington vs. Denver, 1987 AFC-FR: Indianapolis vs. Denver, 2004 NFC-D: New Orleans vs. Arizona, 2009 AFC-D: New England vs. Denver, 2011 2nd: 45 NFC: Chi. Bears vs. Washington, 1940 35 AFC-FR: Buffalo vs. Houston, 1992 NFC-D: St. Louis vs. Minnesota, 1999 NFC-FR: Green Bay vs. Arizona, 2009 NFC-FR: New Orleans vs. Detroit, 2011 AFC-FR: Indianapolis vs. Kansas City, 2013 32 AFC: Indianapolis vs. New Englans, 2006 Most Points, Each Quarter AFC-D: Oakland vs. Houston, 1969 24 AFC-D: San Diego vs. Miami, 1981 AFC-D: Jacksonville vs. Miami, 1999 AFC-D: Baltimore vs. New England, 2009 21 NFC: Chi. Bears vs. Washington, 1940 AFC: San Diego vs. Boston, 1963 AFC-D: Oakland vs. Kansas City, 1968 AFC: Oakland vs. San Diego, 1980 AFC: Buffalo vs. L.A. Raiders, 1990 NFC: San Francisco vs. Dallas, 1994 NFC-D: New Orleans vs. Arizona, 2009 2nd: 35 SB: Washington vs. Denver, 1987 31 NFC-FR: Philadelphia vs. Detroit, 1995 28 NFC-D: Green Bay vs. Atlanta, 2010 3rd: 28 AFC-FR: Buffalo vs. Houston, 1992 26 NFC: Chi. Bears vs. Washington, 1940 21 NFC-D: Dallas vs. Cleveland, 1967 NFC-D: Dallas vs. Tampa Bay, 1981 AFC-D: L.A. Raiders vs. Pittsburgh, 1983 SB: Chicago vs. New England, 1985 NFC-D: N.Y. Giants vs. San Francisco, 1986 AFC: Cleveland vs. Denver, 1987 AFC: Cleveland vs. Denver, 1989 NFC-D: St. Louis vs. Minnesota, 1999 AFC-FR: Indianapolis vs. Kansas City, 2013 4th: 27 NFC: N.Y. Giants vs. Chi. Bears, 1934 26 NFC-FR: Philadelphia vs. New Orleans, 1992 24 NFC: Baltimore vs. N.Y. Giants, 1959 OT: 6

Oakland Raiders

Who was the winner of the last Open at Carnoustie before Paul Lawrie?

Top Ten NFL Teams of All Time - TheTopTens® Top Ten NFL Teams of All Time A list of the greatest teams when compared to their peers. The Top Ten 1 1985 Chicago Bears The one loss that year was to the Dolphins and the delusional boaster, Don Shula, who always fails to point out that the Bears were without their starting QB, Jimmy Mac. From 1984-86 the Bears were 35-3 when Mac played. Name one QB in history with a 38 game streak near that. One may also, and rightly so, say that the stubborn Buddy Ryan single handedly lost that game when he failed to admit making a major mistake by covering the slot back and 4th WR Nat Moore with LB Marshall all game. Hey Shula, if you guys were so great that year how come the wildcard Pats destroyed you in Miami in the A.F.C. championship game 31-14? Had the Bears not fumbled on their first possession, New England actually led 3-0 in that S.B. , and had they not put their second and third stingers in for most of the 4th quarter, the final score could easily have been 53, or 60-0. As it was they still set the record for most points scored, the biggest margin of victory, and 3 defensive yardage and sack records that ... more 72 Dolphins had an easy schedule. Only two of the teams they played during the regular season ended up with a winning record, and their opponents had an aggregate win percentage below 40%. In 86, passing teams were able to beat the 85 Bears, but we're not talking about the 86 Bears. In 86, the Bears' had a new defensive coordinator after Buddy Ryan left, so it's rather hard to draw comparisons between the two seasons with regard to defensive prowess. The 72 Dolphins failed to win in the playoffs by more than 7 points in any game, whereas the Bears beat their opposition in the playoffs by an average of 27 points. Marino was able to help the Dolphins win in 85 because Marino had a legendarily quick release, so he was able to stay in the pocket longer than other quarterbacks, on top of the fact that McMahon was hurt. The only thing keeping the 85 Bears from winning NFL defensive player, offensive player, AND coach of the year was Marcus Allen's career year for the Raiders, ... more Just to prove how amazing we were I'll name off the bears that made the hall of fame or that should of been there: Walter Payton, Dan Hampton, Wilber Marshall, William Perry, Mike singletary and just about everyone on the 1985 Chicago bears team because everyone pitched in. I really don't see how this is #1, but I am a bears fan so YAY! V 162 Comments 2 1972 Miami Dolphins 17-0 says it all! Not only that but this is also the only team that had the #1 offense AND #1 defense. This team scored more points than any other team that year and ALSO allowed the fewest points that season. Only team in NFL history to do this. People also get confused when they say that this team played close games. In their 14 regualr season games, they won 11 of them by more than 8 points. As for the playoff games, Dolphins were not on their game against Browns or Steelers, yet they managed to beat Browns when other great teams lose. 1985 Bears were not on their game against 1985 Dolphins and Dolphins destroyed them 38-24. I could say the same thing about each of the other great teams on this list. Let me also say that Dolphins were not on their game against Steelers and won 21-17 AT Pittsburgh. This is the same Pittsburgh team that would go on to win 4 Super Bowl titles, yet the Dolphins were not on their game, were at Pittsburgh and still won ... more I hate to say it to you Bears fans, but the 72' No-name Defense was better than the 85' Bears defense. Why? It didn't have the flash of the 85 Bears, but as far as run and pass defense it was better. The Bears looked prettier because they played their playoff games against running teams in the snow. The 85' Dolphins exposed their huge weakness in their pass defense. That explains why the Bears were a one-year wonder, passing teams that used the short pass beat them every game the next year. The No-namers won another Super Bowl in 73 and lost on the last play against the cheating steroid laced Raiders the next year. They may have also won in 75,76, etc. Had it not been for the WFL (now defunct World Football League) buying their 3 top players. The 70's Dolphins had a winning record over the Steroid Steelers in the 70's. The 72' Dolphins had a much better offense than the 85 Bears, Walter Payton in his prime was arguably better than any of the Dolphin runners, but in 85 Payton was old ... more You Dolphin haters can't have your cake and eat it too. They just had an ESPN show saying how Elway was better than Marino cause he won the "Big Game", although he did it when his owner bought about 12 High Dollar Free Agents to spruce up his team and it was with a powerful running attack. I guess Marino beating Elway one on one in just about ever game they played doesn't matter? Marino never won the "Big Game"? Well according to your list he beat the "Beat NFL TEAM EVER" and beat them soundly in the most watched Monday Night Football game of ALL TIME! Howard Cosell on the mike and MNF, that's America's real football game! Not the Hoopla Bowl! I kind of wish the Bears would have won that game, it would probably motivated Miami into beating the Patriots who had a good running game and put them in the Super Bowl against the Bears. How knows what would have happened? You really can't match up the 72' Dolphins against the 85' Bears, but the only guys involved in the game that were on the ... more They were #1 in offense and defense, and were unbeatable. V 158 Comments 3 2007 New England Patriots You have one of the greatest defenses ever featuring Samuel thomas vrabel seau warren green brushci harrison wilfork seymour and a good ellis hoobs year there weakest position (2nd corner) was considered above average by every other standard and the dominated the offense was lead by a line that has and is one of the greatest led by one of if not the greatest quarterback in brady and a great receiving core of welker and THE FREAK the only knock on this team is they couldn't but for god sakes did they even need to New England was honestly the best because... Lemme think - They had arguably THE best QB of all time, arguably THE best offense in history, and they finally had a above-average defense at that time. If this team doesn't make it to the top 3, it would be a crime. Go Pats! There's gonna be a lot of crap about why this team shouldn't be on this list, mainly from Patriot haters, and most of it being because they didn't win the big one. But when it comes down to it, this team proved week in and week out that they were the best. Like someone already said, the Giants did get lucky. The Pats weren't the same team they were in the regular season when it came to the Super Bowl. But they still played tough. There's never gonna be a defense like the Patriots had that year, and the offense was already consistently strong (even stronger with Moss added). It's a definite shame they didn't finish, but that season still made them one of the best ever The best team right here with tom brady I vote for them V 217 Comments 4 1989 San Francisco 49ers Some of the best players ever on this team (Craig, Taylor, Lott) and THE best quarterback and receiver ever to grace the game (Montana and Rice, respectively) with a strong offensive line and THE best coach ever, the late, great Bill Walsh, who led his team to 7 playoff appearances and 3 super bowl victories. They had the most productive offense, the 3rd strongest defense, and the second best turnover ratio. This is simply the greatest team of all time. Montana was the best. Rice was the best and they had to play against great teams. Forget the rest, they were the best. montana, rice, craig, taylor, lott... the west coast offence when nobody could defend it... The best team ever assembled centered around the greatest QB WR dynamic to ever be! V 96 Comments 5 1979 Pittsburgh Steelers 14 hall of farmers, Blount was the creator of the Blount rule, having The Steel Curtain as a great name, a fan club for just about every player on the team, Joe Greene and Blount came from small colleges to belong into the NFL, 4 Super Bowls, greatest center of all time (mike Webster), THE DEFINITION of POUND IT FOOTBALL. All contributed to their success, Two of the best coaches of all time Chuck Noll head coach and Tony Dungy as a player. All time team: mike Webster, joe Greene, jack lambert, jack ham, and Mel Blount. Killed the raiders frequently and the Vikings (in first Super Bowl they held the Vikings to 12 rushing yards and less than 200 total! ) THEY HAD THE LARGEST ATTENDED SUPER BOWL AND GAME OF ALL TIME IN NFL HISTORY. Why the HECK would you pick any other team to be #1? 4 Superbowl wins in one Decade... Sending 14 NFL Players to the NFL Pro Bowl, and a defensive unit comparable only to the 85' bears. Quite certainly one the best teams of all time. Best dynasty and arguable the best franchise in the NFL, the model of consistency for decades and decades. There best years were mid-late 70's, and were nearly unstoppable, and a true fear to play against. No high powered offense of today (New England, Green Bay, New Orleans) could survive this incredible defense. What a team, what a sports city. The Wall of Steel can't be defeated. Someone tell me what other team has won 6 Super Bowls total? V 123 Comments 6 1992 Dallas Cowboys I think the should be number one we do have the most appearance go cowboys win lose or tie I'm a cowboys fan till I die #1 most rushing yards Emmitt smith #2 passing rating Troy Aikman #3 most receiving yards Michael Irvin in the 1992 season. Great offensive line. #1 defense of that year By far the best team ever.. Would have destroyed any of these teams.. Best offenseive line of all time and one of the best and deepest Defensive Lines of all time.. Aikman was accurate and you had the greatest rusher of all time.. Jimmy Johnson coaching along with all that--No one beats this team.. Best. Team. Ever. If Jerry doesn't fire Jimmy and free agency begin at this time, they win 6-7 superbowls in 10 years. 7 1998 Denver Broncos Good quarter backs nice uniforms great receivers and the defensive team is great Not gonna be biased and say my Broncos were the best team of ALL TIME in 98, but they sure are up there. I mean the running attack was brutal and wore defenses down, and if you happen to stop that you've got this guy named John Elway to worry about. The whole fiasco with the Dolphins was just poor gameplaning and even poorer effort on out part. Did I mention the defense? Yeah because it was underrated as hell and may not have had any big name guys outside of Atwater and Neil Smith, but they had great chemistry, flew to the ball, and made plays in the biggest moments. The zone blocking scheme was tailor made for T. Davis as they wore opponents down. The running game took the pressure off Elway, allowing him to play in his comfort zone. Under-rated defense swarmed to the ball and they came with vengeance as some of the hardest hitting DB's and LB's took many options away - damersh Their the best team ever Go Broncos V 85 Comments 8 1984 San Francisco 49ers The team was a missed field goal (Steelers) from a perfect record. It was ranked number 1 on defense and number 2 in offense. The team did not have Jerry Rice. It rolled through the playoffs including a 23-0 beating of the Chicago Bears (the same team that would win the next year Super Bowl) and crush the Dolphins in the Super Bowl. This was the best of the best of the 49ers. any questions? 15-1 Great team before Rice. Not too many Superstars but definitely a complete team. Joe cool + jerry rice= championships V 14 Comments 9 1999 St. Louis Rams I was a season ticket holder during that year. I remember when Trent Green went down. We all tailgated saying at the best 8-8. There is not at fan during that time that ever expected more! I to this day think it was one of the best seasons ever! I am now stuck in Houston were I have season tickets also, hope one day they will do the same! The 1999 Rams help mold what the NFL is about today. This type of aerial offense makes this game exiting to watch and the only number offense to win the Superbowl. I mean this unit scored 500pts for three seasons. WOW! Averaged almost 33 per game, surrendered only 15 points per game. The greatest show on turf put up video game numbers all season as evidenced by Kurt Warner's 41 touchdown passes and a 109.2 QB rating. Their linebacker stopped the Titan receiver, who was inches away from the touchdown. I cannot forget that moment. V 20 Comments 10 1962 Green Bay Packers how are the CHICAGO BEARS the best team?!?! They only won 1 superbowl, last time I checked the Packers won 4/5. Vince Lombardi, one of the greatest coaches of all time if not the greatest served the Green Bay Packers for almost 10 years. Yeah the Bears have won more games against the Packers but the Green Bay Packers have 13 championship titles, 4 superbowl wins, the atmosphere when you go to one of there games is phenomenal! If you support the other team, yeah we give ya a little crap but we still treat you nice. In Chicago you get booed outta the place. The Chicago Bears should NOT be #1, but the freekin Green Bay Packers baby should! Watching the first football ga me at age 18 in 1994 I became their number one fan. Remember watching Brett Favre in Green Bay Packers play such and exciting football game. Brett Favre always gave it 200% every game injured or not. First quarter or 4th those factors never made a difference to him they always seem to be playing from the heart I became their fan not because of there wins or losses or championship rings or any of those things I became their fan and will die there fan. Because in my heart they always played from the heart for the love of the game one thing I would like to do before I die is go watch the Packers play in Green Bay Wow that would b that would be the best thing ever. Did I mention I live in San Diego California big charger fan city. not me I can only imagine how exciting it must be to watch a game at Lambeau Field win or lose I get chills just thinking about it. That's my opinion. I still wear my #4 Jersey on game day. Much love and respect to Aaron ... more Bart Starr was so good he toyed with other teams. He simply does not get the credit he deserves because he played before most of today's fans were born. The best field general ever, consistently beat Johnny Unitas, and is as nice a person as Walter Payton or Wayne Gretzsky, and maybe even more so if that were possible. Never once choked in his whole career, and in the later years carried that hall of fame team with his arm. He is one of the finest people ever to have such a high profile position, and was totally deserving of the gracious respect that Brett Farve showed him during his retirement ceremony at Lambeau field. The NFL,s Bart Starr award is given for a reason, and is fitting recognition for the marvelous person that Bart is. As a child, he was my hero. As a very accomplished man who credits his influence as part of the reason for my success, he remains so. It was my dream to meet him one day. The closest I got was a football signed by him to me through a friend. We will lose ... more More championships than any other team is enough but the attitude, atmosphere, and code of professionalism is what really puts this franchise over the top as the greatest. And the true fanship shows it year after year. The Contenders 11 1978 Pittsburgh Steelers 85 Bears #1, seriously? Lets break down how bad the 74, 75, 76, 79 or in this case, 78 Pittsburgh Steelers would beat them down! The 85 Bears struggled against the pass if they faced an o-line that could protect their qb, reference Danny Marino taking it to them that year. Mike Webster and that Steelers O-line would have given Terry Bradshaw enough time to find open receivers. Those receivers were Swann and Stallworth, they would have been wide open. Franco would have got his fair share on the ground too. Steelers Offense scores a few times on the Bears D. 85 Bears offense vs the Steel Curtain. Give me a break! Walter Payton would have got a few yards vs Mean Joe, Jack Ham and Jack Lambert, but he's not breakin 100! Bears gotta pass, who do they got? Jim McMahon? Wide Receviers nobody can remember? Yeah that's gonna work well vs the Steelers pass rush, Mel Blount and Donnie Shell. Bears get into the redzone once or twice the whole game. Final Score: Steelers 24-3 Just read something on the steelers being the greatest franchise of all time PLEASE! Learn your history and the facts and will realize that all the superbowl "hype" has made them look better than they are. The steelers were founded in 1933 you guys didn't even make a single playoff birth until the 1970's. Joe Greene even said in the 1974 americas game he didn't want to play for the steelers at first because of there history. This franchise is nothing compared to the charter franchises of the Chicago Bears, Green Bay Packers and New York Giants all of which have more titles than your steelers. It's time to knock you dumb steeler fans off your high horse I think they are the best franchise in all of football, and I can easily back it up. They don't change coaches every other year. They keep their players and develop them. I have heard many players and coaches they are the best run franchise in all of football. And almost any football player would love to play for the Steelers because it is an honor. Steelers are awesome V 20 Comments 12 1976 Oakland Raiders This team was unstoppable going 13-1 and winning the Super Bowl. Ken Stabler at QB, Fred Biletnikoff and Cliff Branch at WR, great secondary and defense overall, and last but not least coached by THE John Madden. - raiderfan372 The Raiders only lost 1 game that year -the Patriots came back and beat them in the playoffs beat the steelers also killed Minnesota in the super bowl for a single season and the talent level at that time the Raiders are the best of all time These guys were the 1979 steelers... But better. They are the raiders. Everybody hates them, they're dirty, rotten, green toothed killing machines, but they knew how to play. These guys dominated the super bowl and had an almost perfect season. They deserve to be on the top 10 spot. As Madden said, Ken Stabler was the most clutch QB of all time, and who he would want with only 2 minutes to go and need a score to win the game. V 28 Comments 13 2013 Seattle Seahawks The Seattle sea-hawks not only won the supper bowl this year but they dominated the Denver Broncos winning by 35 points. they showed strength at all positions. They had "the best corner in the game" according to 2013 Seattle sea-hawks corner Richard Sherman. they also had a dominating running game thanks to their offensive line and Marshon Lynch. they also had a very strong running quarter back in Russel Wilson. But this team wasn't just dominating on the field they dominated off the field too. They did this through many helping acts in Seattle. I don't know how offense would do against a good defense (as there really aren't any legendary in nfl, a side from the hawks) but they are by far the best defense of all time, NFL'S level of skilled offense has gone was up tremendously since the 50s-90s, hawks are gonna dominate against broncos in Super Bowl 2013-2014 From the standpoint of playing the pure unadulterated JOY of football, these birds got it in spades. Lynch triggered an earthquake with his legendary 67 yard run - a class act reminiscent of Shakespearean sonnets and Billie Holiday's smoky voice. How do you dissect HEART? Cold stats and figures pale to outrageous ENERGY. And I mean, outrageous. Where else are you gonna find a cornerback with the audacity of Sherman to shake those hips with the cheerleaders and volley a football, yes, for all you squares out there - a football can be vollied... and what is Tate doing out there, gleefully waving a football in Tavon's face as he gallops 80 some yards. These Seahawks are young, hungry, wild, brilliant and dedicated - working together as one and entertaining as all get out. Russell Wilson has a great arm but more than that, he is capable of pulling out miracles. There are no seatbelts. Only sky. Seahawks have the best guy on the team number 25 and 3 14 1991 Washington Redskins 14-2 Regular season with a dominating Superbowl win over the Bills. Best offensive line of all time. (Only 9 sacks all season.. ) (Though the Raider's early seventies line must not be ignored, they were amazing. Debate between whose was better continues to this day. ) Darrell Green and Charles Mann ran the second best defense in the league that year. Joe Gibbs, One of the greatest coaches and game planners ever. (Common knowledge as he is almost always listed in the top 5 best head coaches ever. ) 4 Hall of Famers were on this team: Monk, Green, Grimm, Gibbs. They were the backbone to a very talented team. #1 offense #2 Defense for that year. This team dominated all opposition. Definitely one of the all time greatest teams. HAIL! Not only did they after 15 games prior to taking out starters allow only 6 sacks(! )they led the league in scoring, barely missed leading in points allowed, but they also nearly finished 15-1 and had several shut outs by wide margins at home to start the season 11-0. Kicker outscored an entire team by himself, special teams, turnover differential, running game and receiver corps were stellar. SB score was deceptive, it was not even close. This Redskin team is easily one of the best in NFL history... Defense led the league with 50 sacks while the offense gave up 9, yes 9, for the whole season. #1 defense in the NFL that year and #2 offense. More than doubled up the points scored against them. Their only 2 losses were by a total of 5 points, which includes the last game of the regular season when they rested many starters. This was done against arguably the toughest schedule any superbowl champion ever faced. Massively underrated team, maybe the best ever. Easily top 5. They won with not even a pro bowl QB! John Riggins was boss V 27 Comments 15 1994 San Francisco 49ers Wow, the 2007 Oakland Raiders are ahead of the 1994 San Francisco 49ers. Why are the 2007 New England Patriots number two? They didn't win the Super Bowl so they can't be one of the greatest teams ever. The greatest teams finish the deal and they couldn't. Why are the 1984 San Francisco 49ers so low as well? I have three 49er teams in my top ten, yet I only see the 1989 squad. - SgtPeppersz196715 best talent ever put together since the 74 steelers draft.deon sanders,ricky jackson,richard dent,ken norton.this team was no.1 defense and offense Um best team ever assembled... you people are insane. PLEASE RECONSIDER! Best team I ever saw V 10 Comments 16 2000 Baltimore Ravens With the defense this team had, it could have beaten ANY of the teams listed above. You can't run on them, and their secondary will create turnovers like crazy. Tom Brady and Peyton Manning would have gone home and cried in the fetal position after playing these guys. Oh come on... these guys showed the NFL that you just need to have a good defense to win the Super Bowl. They worked so hard for it and they did not need anything but a defense! - Baltimore1993 This has to be the best defense ever I believe that the offense didn't score a touchdown in 3 games The 200 Ravens don't deserve to be number 16 17 2007 New Orleans Saints Yeah that what should be first, You should put 2009 new orleans saints This is a team with no big names but big hearts. They should be up there with all the past greats even if they lost. That brees that peyton that colston that bush that harper that porter that every other player on that team I was really young, did they make the playoffs V 12 Comments 18 1994 Philadelphia Eagles I loves the Eagles when I was a baby. It's because my father scream at Eagles when they playing against the Giants. And He uses play semi-football. Eagles rock put the Giants, Redskin and Cowboys out of this World. Eagles all way to the Super Bowl. I loved the eagles my whole life they are the best team ever one team I do not like is the dallas cowboy. The eagle should be higher then them number 1 The Philadelphia eagles have been the best team from the start if you ask me I love the eagles so much since I was in 1 grade to 5 grade the only thing I hate is that they lost against the lions and cowboys now they have to play against the new York Giants November 8 2016 and I hope the eagles win. I will never change my team I love the eagles so much! lets go EAGLES lets go! from Noah 19 2007 New York Giants They were the underdogs. 18 and 1 Giant loss! Sure, they didn't have the best record. But they beat a team people consider to be one of the best teams in history. And cut the crap about getting lucky. GO GIANTS! I have been a Giants fan since I was born go Giants let's win the superbowl again with Eli manning! My favorite player ever on the Giants is Lawrence Taylor! I first of all think that the people who picked 49ers and Dallas cowboys are idiotic. The giants are the best team in the world! V 24 Comments 20 2003 New England Patriots I just think that the Patriots remind me of a girl I know in school. She's always walking down the hall thinking she's the best so she can push us around, and shove the people. Please the Patriots may be a good team, but any team that brags, thinks they're the best, and can shove other teams around like they're the boss of all the teams, oh ho... Are they in for it! This is the greatest best-est NFL team of all time because they are the greatest and the best-est. Anyone who says that this team sucks, don't know what NFL is. The New England Patriots is certainly the greatest and the best-est. BEAT THAT. ball hawking secondary, underrated team. The New England Patriots are awesome

i don't know

Who was the first president of the National Football League?

Professional football is born - Aug 20, 1920 - HISTORY.com Professional football is born Publisher A+E Networks On this day in 1920, seven men, including legendary all-around athlete and football star Jim Thorpe, meet to organize a professional football league at the Jordan and Hupmobile Auto Showroom in Canton, Ohio. The meeting led to the creation of the American Professional Football Conference (APFC), the forerunner to the hugely successful National Football League. Professional football developed in the 1890s in Pennsylvania, as local athletic clubs engaged in increasingly intense competition. Former Yale football star William “Pudge” Heffelfinger became the first-ever professional football player when he was hired by the Allegheny Athletic Association to play in a game against their rival the Pittsburgh Athletic Club in November 1892. By 1896, the Allegheny Athletic Association was made up entirely of paid players, making it the sport’s first-ever professional team. As football became more and more popular, local semi-pro and pro teams were organized across the country. Professional football first proved itself a viable spectator sport in the 1910s with the establishment of The Ohio League. Canton, the premiere team in the league, featured legendary decathlete and football star Jim Thorpe. From his play with the Carlisle School to his gold medal in the decathlon in Stockholm in 1912 and his time in the outfield with John McGraw’s New York Giants, Thorpe was an international star who brought legitimacy to professional football. The crowds that Thorpe and the Canton team drew created a market for professional football in Ohio and beyond. Still, the league was struggling due to escalating player salaries, a reliance on college players who then had to forfeit their college eligibility and a general lack of organization. On August 20, 1920, the owners of four Ohio League teams–the Akron Pros, Canton Bulldogs, Cleveland Indians and Dayton Triangles–met to form a new professional league. Jim Thorpe was nominated as president of the new league, as it was hoped Thorpe’s fame would help the league to be taken seriously. On September 17, the league met again, changing its short-lived name to the American Professional Football Association (APFA) and officially electing Jim Thorpe as the league’s first president. The APFA began play on September 26, with the Rock Island Independents of Illinois defeating a team from outside the league, the St. Paul Ideals, 48-0. A week later, Dayton beat Columbus 14-0 in the first game between two teams from the APFA, the forerunner of the modern NFL. Related Videos

Jim Thorpe

Who rode Affirmed for each race when he won the Triple Crown?

National Football League | American Football Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia CBS-TV , FOX Sports , NBC-TV (NBC Sunday Night Football) , ESPN (Monday Night Football) , NFL Network The National Football League (NFL) is the largest all-American football league, consisting of thirty-two teams from American cities and regions. The league's teams are divided into two conferences: the American Football Conference (AFC) and the National Football Conference (NFC). Each conference is then further divided into four divisions consisting of four teams each, labeled North, South, East, and West. During the league's regular season, each team plays sixteen games over a seventeen-week period, generally from September to December. At the end of each regular season, six teams from each conference play in the NFL playoffs , a twelve-team single-elimination tournament that culminates with the NFL championship, the Super Bowl . This game is held at a pre-selected site which is usually a city that hosts an NFL team. Two weeks later, selected all-star players from both the AFC and NFC meet in the Pro Bowl , currently held at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu, Hawaii. The NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association and adopted the name National Football League in 1922. The NFL is one of the most popular sports leagues in the United States, and has the highest per-game attendance of any domestic professional sports league in the world, drawing over 67,000 spectators per game for the 2006 season. Contents Further information: History of American football National Football League logo (1960–1969) The American Professional Football Association was founded in 1920 at a Hupmobile dealership in Canton, Ohio. Legendary athlete Jim Thorpe was elected president. It was the first league of American Football in the United States for which players were paid a salary to participate. The group of eleven teams, all but one in the Midwest, was originally less a league than an agreement not to rob other teams' players. In the early years, APFA members continued to play non-APFA teams. In 1921, the APFA began releasing official standings, and the following year, the group changed its name to the National Football League. However, the NFL was hardly a major league in the 1920s. Teams entered and left the league frequently. Franchises included such colorful representatives as the Providence Steam Roller , the Decatur Staleys , and the LaRue, Ohio Oorang Indians , an all-Native American outfit that also put on a performing dog show. Yet as former college stars like Red Grange and Benny Friedman began to test the professional waters, the pro game slowly began to increase in its popularity. By 1934 all of the small-town teams, with the exception of the Green Bay Packers , had moved to or been replaced by teams in big cities. One factor in the league's rising popularity was the institution of an annual championship game in 1933. Main article: Black players in American professional football 1933 was also the year that black players disappeared from the NFL, just after the acceptance into the league of Boston Braves owner George Preston Marshall , who effectively dissuaded other NFL owners from employing black players until the mid-forties, and who kept blacks off his team (which eventually became the Washington Redskins) until he was forced to integrate by the Kennedy administration in 1962. [2] By the end of World War II, pro football began to rival the college game for fans' attention. The spread of the T formation led to a faster-paced, higher-scoring game that attracted record numbers of fans. In 1945, the Cleveland Rams moved to Los Angeles, becoming the second big-league sports franchise on the West Coast (second to the Seattle Metropolitans in the PCHA). In 1950, the NFL accepted three teams from the defunct All-America Football Conference , expanding to thirteen clubs. In the 1950s, pro football finally earned its place as a major sport. The NFL embraced television, giving Americans nationwide a chance to follow stars like Bobby Layne , Paul Hornung , Otto Graham , and Johnny Unitas . The 1958 NFL championship , played in Yankee Stadium (but blacked out by league policy in New York City) drew record TV viewership and made national celebrities out of Unitas and his Baltimore Colts teammates. The rise of professional football was so fast that by the mid-1960s, it had surpassed baseball as Americans' favorite spectator sport in some surveys. When the NFL turned down Lamar Hunt 's request to purchase either an existing or expansion NFL franchise, he formed the rival American Football League (AFL), in 1960. He encouraged, wheedled, and cajoled seven other like-minded men to form this new league. The group of the eight founders of the AFL teams was referred to as the "Foolish Club." One of them, fellow Texan Bud Adams of Houston, had likewise tried but failed to be granted an NFL franchise. Hunt's goal was to bring professional football to Texas and to acquire an NFL team for the Hunt family. The AFL filed an anti-trust lawsuit against the NFL in 1960, but this was dismissed in 1962. The AFL introduced features that the NFL did not have, such as wider-open passing offenses, players' names on their jerseys, and an official clock visible to fans so that they knew the time remaining in a period (the NFL kept time by a game referee's watch, and only periodically announced the actual time). The newer league also secured itself financially after it established the precedents for gate and television revenue sharing between all of its teams, and network television broadcasts of all of its games. While the NFL virtually ignored small and historically black colleges as a source of player talent, the AFL actively recruited from such schools and AFL teams installed blacks at positions from which they were tacitly excluded in the NFL, such as quarterback [1] and middle linebacker [2] . One of the seminal civil-rights actions of the 1960s was the boycott by AFL players of the 1964 (January 1965) AFL All-Star Game scheduled for New Orleans, after black players were refused service from cabbies and hotel staff there. The game was successfully moved to Houston. Even though they were AFL players who had accomplished this action, at the Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton, Ohio, there is a small exhibit detailing the integration of professional football. A brief video clip addresses the boycott and credits the players (and implicitly the National Football League, although at the time it had no involvement with the players) with changing two racial laws in New Orleans. The AFL also forced the NFL to expand: The Dallas Cowboys were created to counter Hunt's AFL Dallas Texans franchise. The Texans moved the franchise to Kansas City as the Chiefs in 1963; the Minnesota Vikings were the NFL franchise given to Max Winter for abandoning the AFL; and the Atlanta Falcons franchise went to Rankin Smith to dissuade him from purchasing the AFL's Miami Dolphins . The ensuing costly war for players between the NFL and AFL almost derailed the sport's ascent. By 1966, the leagues agreed to merge as of the 1970 season. The ten AFL teams joined three existing NFL teams to form the NFL's American Football Conference . The remaining thirteen NFL teams became the National Football Conference . Another result of the merger was the creation of an AFL-NFL Championship game that for four years determined the so-called "World Championship of Professional Football". After the merger, the then-renamed Super Bowl became the NFL's championship game. Modern era Edit National Football League logo (1970–2007) In the 1970s and 1980s, the NFL solidified its dominance as America's top spectator sport and its important role in American culture. The Super Bowl became an unofficial national holiday and the top-rated TV program most years. Monday Night Football , which first aired in 1970, brought in high ratings by mixing sports and entertainment. Rule changes in the late 1970s ensured a fast-paced game with lots of passing to attract the casual fan. The founding of the United States Football League in the early 1980s was the biggest challenge to the NFL in the post-merger era. The USFL was a well-financed competitor with big-name players and a national television contract. However, the USFL failed to make money and folded after three years. The USFL filed a successful anti-trust lawsuit against the NFL, but the remedies were minimal. In recent years, the NFL has expanded into new markets and ventures. In 1986, the league began holding a series of pre-season exhibition games, called American Bowls , held at international sites outside the United States. Then in 1991, the league formed the World League of American Football, later known as NFL Europe and still later as NFL Europa , a developmental league that had teams in Germany and the Netherlands when the NFL shut it down in June 2007. The league played a regular-season NFL game in Mexico City in 2005 and intends to play more such games in other countries. In 2003, the NFL launched its own cable-television channel, NFL Network . The NFL proper has announced that this season, a regular season game between the Miami Dolphins and the New York Giants will be held outside the borders of the United States. On August 31, a story in USA Today unveiled the first changes to the league's shield logo since 1980, which will take effect with the 2008 season [3] . The redesign reduces the number of stars in the logo from 25 (which were found not to have a meaning beyond decorative) to eight (for each of the league's divisions), the logo's football repositioned in the manner of the Vince Lombardi Trophy , and the NFL letters in a straight serifed font (which resembles the current typeface used in other NFL logos). The redesign was created with television and digital media, along with clothing in mind. Franchise relocations and mergers For more details on this topic, see NFL franchise moves and mergers . In the early years, the league was not stable and teams moved frequently. Franchise mergers were popular during World War II in response to the scarcity of players. Franchise moves became far more controversial in the late 20th century when a vastly more popular NFL, free from financial instability, allowed many franchises to abandon long-held strongholds for perceived financially greener pastures. While owners invariably cited financial difficulties as the primary factor in such moves, many fans bitterly disputed these contentions, especially in Cleveland (the Rams and the Browns), Baltimore (the Colts), Houston (the Oilers) and St. Louis (the Cardinals), each of which eventually received teams some years after their original franchises left (the Browns, Ravens, Texans and the Rams respectively). However, Los Angeles, the second-largest media market in the United States, has not had an NFL team since 1994 after both the Raiders and the Rams relocated elsewhere. Additionally, with the increasing suburbanization of the U.S., the building of new stadiums and other team facilities in the suburbs instead of the central city became popular from the 1970s on, though at the turn of the millennium a reverse shift back to the central city became somewhat evident. Season structure As of 2011-2015, The NFL season features: A 4-game exhibition season (or preseason) running from early August to early September A 16-game regular season running from September to December or early January A team does not win a championship or any trophy for having the best record during the regular season, but the league does recognize a champion for each of the 8 divisions. A 12-team playoff tournament beginning in January culminating in the Super Bowl in early February. The winner of the Super Bowl is the NFL Champion. Exhibition season Main article: National Football League exhibition season Following mini-camps in the spring and officially recognized Training Camp in July-August, NFL teams typically play four exhibition games (referred to by the NFL as "pre-season games"; the league discourages the use of the term "exhibition game") from early August through early September. One "featured" pre-season game, the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game , does not count toward the normal allotment of four games, so the two teams playing in that game each end up playing five exhibition games. The games are useful for new players that are not used to playing in front of very large crowds. Management often uses the games to evaluate newly signed players. Veteran starters will generally play only for about a quarter of each game so they can avoid injury. Playoffs Main article: NFL playoffs The season concludes with a 12-team tournament used to determine the teams to play in the Super Bowl . The tournament brackets are made up of six teams from each of the league's two conferences, the American Football Conference (AFC) and the National Football Conference (NFC), following the end of the 16-game regular season: The four division champions from each conference (the team in each division with the best regular season won-lost-tied record), which are seeded 1 through 4 based on their regular season won-lost-tied record. Two wild card qualifiers from each conference (those non-division champions with the conference's best won-lost-tied percentages), which are seeded 5 and 6. The 3 and the 6 seeded teams, and the 4 and the 5 seeds, face each other during the first round of the playoffs, dubbed the Wild Card Playoffs (the league in recent years has also used the term Wild Card Weekend). The 1 and the 2 seeds from each conference receive a bye in the first round, which entitles these teams to automatically advance to the second round, the Divisional Playoff games, to face the Wild Card survivors. In any given playoff round, the highest surviving seed always plays the lowest surviving seed. And in any given playoff game, whoever has the higher seed gets the home field advantage (i.e. the game is held at the higher seed's home field). The two surviving teams from the Divisional Playoff games meet in Conference Championship games, with the winners of those contests going on to face one another in the Super Bowl . Media Edit For more details on this topic, see NFL on television . The television rights to the NFL are the most lucrative and expensive rights not only of any American sport, but of any American entertainment property. With the fragmentation of audiences due to the increased specialization of broadcast and cable TV networks, sports remain one of the few entertainment properties that not only can guarantee a large and diversified audience, but an audience that will watch in real time. Annually, the Super Bowl often ranks among the most watched shows of the year. Four of Nielsen Media Research's top ten programs are Super Bowls. [4] Networks have purchased a share of the broadcasting rights to the NFL as a means of raising the entire network's profile. [5] Under the current television contracts, which began during the 2006 season, regular season games are broadcast on five networks: CBS , FOX , NBC , ESPN , and the NFL Network . Regionally shown games are broadcast on Sundays on CBS and FOX, carrying the AFC and NFC teams respectively (the traveling team deciding the broadcast station in the event of inter-Conference games). These games generally air at 1:00 p.m. ET and 4:00 p.m. or 4:15 p.m. ET. Nationally televised games include Sunday night games (shown on NBC), Monday night games (shown on ESPN), the Thursday night NFL Kickoff Game, the annual Dallas Cowboys and Detroit Lions Thanksgiving Day games , and, as of 2006, select Thursday and Saturday games on the NFL network, a wholly owned subsidiary of the National Football League. [6] [7] Additionally, satellite broadcast company DirecTV offers NFL Sunday Ticket, a subscription based package, that allows most Sunday daytime regional games to be watched. [8] [9] This package is exclusive to DirecTV in the USA. In Canada, NFL Sunday Ticket is available on a per-provider distribution deal on both cable and satellite. Radio Edit Each NFL team has its own radio network and employs its announcers. Nationally, the NFL is heard on the Westwood One Radio Network, Sports USA Radio Network and in Spanish on Univision Radio and the United Stations Radio Network. Westwood One carries Sunday and Monday Night Football, all Thursday games, two Sunday afternoon contests and all post-season games, including the Pro Bowl. Sports USA Radio broadcasts two Sunday afternoon games every Sunday during the regular season. [6] The NFL also has a contract with Sirius Satellite Radio, which provides news, analysis, commentary and game coverage for all games, as well as comprehensive coverage of the draft and off-season on its own channel, Sirius NFL Radio. [6] Internet radio broadcasts of all NFL games are managed through FieldPass , a subscription service. Radio stations are, by rule, prohibited from streaming the games for free from their Web sites; however, there are numerous stations that break this rule. The NFL on Westwood One and the NFL on Sports USA Radio are not available on FieldPass. Player contracts and compensation Edit Most of this section is no longer accurate, pending resolution of the 2011 owner's lockout. NFL players are all members of a union called the National Football League Players Association (NFLPA). The NFLPA negotiates the general minimum contract for all players in the league. This contract is called the Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA), and it is the central document that governs the negotiation of individual player contracts for all of the league's players. The current CBA has been in place since 1993, and amended in 1998 and again in 2006. The NFL has not had any labor-related work stoppages since the 1987 season, which is much longer than Major League Baseball, the NBA or the NHL. The most recent CBA was due to expire at the end of the 2012 season, bur was voided by the owners in early 2011. [10] Players are tiered into three different levels with regards to their rights to negotiate for contracts: Players that have been drafted (see below), and have not yet played in their first year, may only negotiate with the team that drafted them. [10] If terms cannot be agreed upon, the players only recourse is to refuse to play ("sit out") until terms can be reached. Players often use the threat of sitting out as a means to force the hands of the teams that drafted them. For example, John Elway was drafted by the Baltimore Colts in 1983 but refused to play for them. He had a fallback option of baseball, as he had played in the New York Yankees organization for two summers while at Stanford. The Colts traded his rights to the Denver Broncos and Elway agreed to play. [11] Bo Jackson sat out an entire year in 1986, choosing to play baseball in the Kansas City Royals organization (and ultimately for the Royals themselves) rather than play for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers who had drafted him. He reentered the draft the following year, and was drafted and subsequently signed with the Los Angeles Raiders . [12] Players that have played between 3–5 full seasons in the league, and whose contract has expired are considered "Restricted Free Agents" (see below). They have limited rights to negotiate with any club. [10] Players that have played 5 or more full seasons in the league, and whose contract has expired, are considered "Unrestricted Free Agents"(see below) and have unlimited rights to negotiate with any club. Teams may name a single player in any given year as a "Franchise Player"(see below), which eliminates much of that players negotiation rights. This is a limited right of the team, however, and affects only a small handful of players each year. [10] Among the items covered in the CBA are: Salary Cap Edit A player's salary, as defined by the CBA, includes any "compensation in money, property, investments, loans or anything else of value to which an NFL player may be awarded" excluding such benefits as insurance and pension. A salary can include an annual pay and a one-time "signing bonus" which is paid in full when the player signs his contract. For the purposes of the salary cap (see below) the signing bonus is prorated over the life of the contract rather than to the year in which the signing bonus is paid. [13] Player contracts are not guaranteed; teams are only required to pay on the contract as long as the player remains a member of the team. If the player is cut, or quits, for any reason, the balance of the contract is voided and the player receives no further compensation. [14] Among other things, the CBA establishes a minimum salary for its players, [14] which is stepped-up as a player's years of experience increase. Players and their agents may negotiate with clubs for higher salaries, and frequently do. As of the 2005 NFL season, the highest paid player was Atlanta Falcons quarterback Michael Vick , whose "cap value" was slightly under $8 million. [15] The overall value of his contract is 10 years at $130 million, averaging $13 million a year, including signing bonuses and annual salary [16] . Salary cap Edit The salary cap is defined as the maximum amount that a team may spend on player compensation, (see above) for all of its players combined. Unlike other leagues, for example the NBA (which permits certain exemptions) or Major League Baseball (which has a "soft cap" enforced by "luxury taxes"), the NFL has a "hard cap": an amount no team under any circumstances may exceed. The NFL salary cap is calculated by the current CBA to be 59.5% of the total projected league revenue for the upcoming year. This number, divided by the number of teams, determines an individual teams maximum salary cap. For 2006, this is approximately $102 million per team. For 2007, it is projected that this will rise to $109 million. [14] Teams and players often find creative ways to fit salaries under the salary cap. Early in the salary cap era, "signing bonuses" were used to give players a large chunk of money up front, and thus not count in the salary for the bulk of the contract. This led to a rule whereby all signing bonus are pro-rated equally for each year of the contract. Thus a player who receives a $10 million dollar signing bonus for a 5 year contract would count $2 million per year for the life of the contract, even though the full $10 million was paid up front during the first year of the contract. Also, if a team cuts any player, the signing bonus ceases to be pro-rated, and the entire balance of the bonus counts against the cap in the upcoming season. This is not true of a player's salary which terminates when the player is cut. [14] Player contracts tend to be "back-loaded". This means that the contract is not divided equally among the time period it covers. Instead, the player earns progressively more and more each year. For instance, a player signing a 4-year deal worth $10 million may get paid $1 million the first year, $2 million the second year, $3 million the third year, and $4 million the fourth year. If a team cuts a player after the first year, the final 3 years do not count against the cap. However, the balance of any signing bonus still counts against the team that cut the player, and it counts in full the year after the player is cut. [14] Demographics of the NFL As of the beginning of the 2012 season, the players of the NFL were as follows: African American: 1804 or 65.8%, White American: 820 or 29.6%, Other Race: 136 or 4.6%. Edit For more details on this topic, see NFL Draft . Every year during April, each NFL franchise seeks to add new players to its roster through a collegiate draft known as " the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting ", which is more commonly known as the NFL Draft. Teams are ranked in inverse order based on the previous season's record, with the worst record picking first, and the second worst picking second and so on. The draft proceeds for 7 rounds. Rounds 1–3 are run on Saturday of draft weekend, rounds 4–7 are run on Sunday. Teams are given a limited amount of time to make their picks. [18] If the pick is not made in the allotted time, subsequent teams in the draft may draft before them. This happened in 2003 to the Minnesota Vikings. [19] Teams have the option of trading away their picks to other teams for different picks, players, cash, or a combination thereof. While player-for-player trades are rare during the rest of the year (especially in comparison to the other major league sports), trades are far more common on draft day. In 1989, in arguably the most famous draft day trade ever, the Dallas Cowboys traded running back Herschel Walker to the Minnesota Vikings for five veteran players and six draft picks over 3 years. The Cowboys would use these picks to leverage trades for additional draft picks and veteran players. As a direct result of this trade, they would draft many of the stars that would help them win 3 Super Bowls in the 1990s, including Emmitt Smith , Russell Maryland and Darren Woodson . [20] The first pick in the draft is often taken to be the best overall player in the rookie class. This may or may not be true, since teams often select players based more on needs than on overall skill. Plus, comparing players at different positions is difficult to do. Still, it is considered a great honor to be a first-round pick, and a greater honor to be the first overall pick. The very last pick in the draft is known as Mr. Irrelevant , and is the subject of a dinner in his honor in Newport Beach, California. Drafted players may only negotiate with the team that drafted them (or to another team if their rights were traded away). The drafting team has one year to sign the player. If they do not do so, the player may reenter the draft and can be drafted by another team. Bo Jackson famously sat out a season in this way. [12] For more details on this topic, see Free Agent#NFL Usage . General Edit As defined by the CBA, a free agent is any player who is not under contract to any team and thus has fully free rights to negotiate with any other team for new contract terms. [10] [21] Free agents are classified into two categories: restricted and unrestricted. Furthermore, a team may "tag" a player as a franchise or transition, which places additional restrictions on that player's ability to negotiate. However, the ability to "tag" is quite limited, and only affects a handful of players each year. Free agency in the NFL began with a limited free agency system known as " Plan B Free Agency ", which was in effect between the 1989 and 1992 seasons. Beginning with the 1993 season, " Plan A Free Agency " went into effect, which is the system which remains in the NFL today. Restricted free agent Edit A player who has 3-5 years of experience is eligible for restricted free agency, whereby his current team has the chance to retain rights to this player by matching the highest offer any other NFL franchise might make to that player. The club can either block a signing or, in essence, force a trade by offering a salary over a certain threshold. In 2006, these thresholds were as follows: If a club tenders an offer of $685,000 per year for a three year veteran, and $725,000 for a four year veteran, the player's current team has "right of first refusal" over the contract at those terms, and may sign the player at those terms. If a club tenders an offer of $712,000 or 110% (whichever is greater) of the previous year's salary, then the current club has both "right of first refusal" and rights to a draft pick from the same round (or better) from the signing club. Essentially, this means that the new club must forfeit the draft pick to the old club if they wish to sign the player under these terms. If a club tenders an offer of $1.552 million or 110% (whichever is greater) of the previous year's salary, then the current club has both "right of first refusal"; and rights to the first round draft pick from the signing club. [21] Unrestricted free agent Edit A player who has 5 or more years of experience is eligible for unrestricted free agency, whereby his current team has no guaranteed right to match outside offers to that player. This means that players in this category have unlimited rights to negotiate any terms with any team. [21] Franchise tag Edit The franchise tag is a designation given to a player by a franchise that guarantees that player a contract the average of the five highest-paid players of that same position in the entire league, or 120% of the player's previous year's salary (whichever is greater) in return for retaining rights to that player for one year. An NFL franchise may only designate one player a year as having the franchise tag, and may designate the same player for consecutive years. This has caused some tension between some NFL franchise designees and their respective teams due to the fact that a player designated as a franchise player precludes that player from pursuing large signing bonuses that are common in unrestricted free agency, and also prevents a player from leaving the team, especially when the reasons for leaving are not necessarily financial. A team may, at their discretion, allow the franchise player to negotiate with other clubs, but if they sign with another club, the first club is entitled to two first round draft picks in compensation. [21] Steroid policy Edit The NFL steroid policy has been acclaimed by some [3] and criticized by others [4] , but the policy is the longest running in professional sports, beginning in 1987. [5] The current steroid policy of the NFL suspends players without pay who test positive for banned substances as it has since 1989: four games for the first offense (a quarter of the regular season), eight games for a second offense (half of the regular season), and 12 months for a third offense. [6] The suspended games may be either regular season games or playoff games. [7] In comparison to the steroid policies of Major League Baseball and the National Hockey League, the NFL has long been the most strict. While recently MLB and the NHL decided to permanently ban athletes for a third offense, they have long been resistant to such measures, and random testing is in its infancy. [8] [9] Since the NFL started random, year-round tests and suspending players for performance enhancing drugs it has caught many more players using drugs. By April 2005, 111 NFL players had tested positive for performance enhancing drugs, and of those 111, the NFL suspended 54. Only two NFL players have ever tested positive more than once, and they both retired. [10] A new rule has been put into effect due to Shawne Merriman . Starting the 2007–2008 season, the new rule prohibits any player caught using performance enhancing drugs from being able to play in the Pro Bowl that year. Teams Edit Template:NFL Labelled Map There are 32 NFL teams. Each club is allowed a maximum of 55 players, though nearly every team keeps only 53 on their final roster in case of injury, during the regular season. Unlike Major League Baseball, Major League Soccer, the National Basketball Association and the National Hockey League, the league has no teams in Canada largely because of the historical existence of the Canadian Football League . Most major metropolitan areas in the United States have an NFL franchise; the notable exception is the Los Angeles area, from which both the Raiders and Rams relocated following the 1994 season. The NFL is able to utilize the possible relocation of a franchise to Los Angeles as leverage, for example when trying to persuade local governments to contribute to the cost of new stadiums for its other franchises. [22] The Washington Redskins are the most lucrative sports team of all U.S. professional teams, valued at approximately $1.4 billion. [23] Since the 2002 season, the teams have been aligned as follows: [24] American Football Conference Edit Electronic Arts publishes an NFL video game for current video game consoles and for PCs each year, called Madden NFL, being named after former coach and current football commentator John Madden , who commentates the game along with Al Michaels. Prior to the 2005–2006 football season, other NFL games were produced by competing video game publishers, such as 2K Games and Midway Games. However, in December 2004, Electronic Arts signed a five-year exclusive agreement with the NFL, meaning only Electronic Arts will be permitted to publish games featuring NFL team and player names. This prompted video game developer Midway Games to release a game in 2005 called Blitz: The League, with fictitious teams such as the "Washington Redhawks", and make references to NFL players such as the Washington Redhawks left-handed QB "Ron Mexico", alluding to Michael Vick (at the time playing for the Atlanta Falcons ), who allegedly used the alias at a walk-in clinic. Commissioners and presidents New York City (1960–present) Uniform numbers Main article: Squad number In the NFL, players wear uniform numbers based on the position they play. The current system was instituted into the league on April 5, 1973, [26] as a means for fans and officials (referees, linesmen) to more easily identify players on the field by their position. Players who were already in the league at that date were grandfathered, and did not have to change their uniform numbers if they did not conform. Since that date, players are invariably assigned numbers within the following ranges, based on their primary position: Quarterbacks, placekickers and punters: 1–19 Wide Receivers: 10-19 and 80-89 Running backs and defensive backs: 20–49 Offensive linemen: 50–79 Linebackers: 50–59 and 90–99 Defensive linemen: 60–79 and 90–99 Tight ends: 80–89, or 40–49 if all are taken Prior to 2004, wide receivers were allowed to only wear numbers 80–89. [27] The NFL changed the rule that year to allow wide receivers to wear numbers 10–19 to allow for the increased number of players at wide receiver and tight end coming into the league. Prior to that, players were only allowed to wear non-standard numbers if their team had run out of numbers within the prescribed number range. Perhaps most familiar to fans, Keyshawn Johnson began wearing number 19 in 1996 because the New York Jets had run out of numbers in the 80s. Occasionally, players will petition the NFL to allow them to wear a number that is not in line with the numbering system. Brad Van Pelt , a linebacker who entered the NFL in 1973 with the New York Giants , wore number 10 during his 11 seasons with the club, despite not being covered by the grandfather clause. In 2006, New Orleans Saints running back Reggie Bush petitioned the NFL to let him keep the number 5 which he used at USC. His request was later denied. [28] Former Seattle Seahawks standout Brian Bosworth attempted such a petition in 1987 (to wear his collegiate number of 44 at the linebacker position), also without success. The Seahawks attempted to get around the rule by listing Bosworth as a safety, but after he wore number 44 for a game against the Kansas City Chiefs , the NFL ruled Bosworth would have to switch back to his original number, 55. It should be noted that this NFL numbering system is based on a player's primary position. Any player wearing any number may play at any position on the field at any time (though players wearing numbers 50–79 must let the referee know that they are playing out of position by reporting as an "ineligible number in an eligible position"). Normally, only players on offense with eligible numbers are permitted to touch the ball by taking a snap from center, receiving a hand-off or catching a pass. It is not uncommon for running backs to line up at wide receiver on certain plays, or to have a large lineman play at fullback or tight end in short yardage situations. Also, in preseason games, when teams have expanded rosters, players may wear numbers that are outside of the above rules. When the final 53-player roster is established, they are reissued numbers within the above guidelines. Awards

i don't know

Which team lost the most Super Bowls in the 1970s?

NFL's greatest teams not to win the Super Bowl: 1-20 | FOX Sports Jan 27, 2014 at 4:12p ET 0 Shares Fox Sports South invokes a numbers-based look at the 40 Greatest Teams Not To Win The Super Bowl — a list that researches 48 NFL campaigns (1966-2013) and rewards overall record (regular season), per-game point differential, turnover margin, strength of schedule, divisional superiority, blowout victories … and any other bits of extra credit that may vault teams into the countdown. Simply put, we’re extracting the emotion from a countdown that will surely elicit a few choice responses on the "comments" section. But hey, you can’t please everyone. The one significant caveat: We only considered clubs with 10 or more wins from 1966-77 (the NFL had a 14-game schedule) and 11 or more victories from 1978-2012 (16-game schedule). Wins Of 10 Points Or More: 10 Losses to sub-.500 teams: 0 Record vs. playoff teams: 0-2 Strength of division (minimum to maximum scale of 1 to 5): 3 Playoff Extra Credit: None OVERVIEW It’s not a stretch to draw eerie parallels between the 1999 Jaguars and 2007 Patriots, the kingpins of this countdown (spoiler alert). Both clubs proffered double-digit excellence in point differential and turnover margin, while winning at least nine games by 10 points or more. The two head coaches, Tom Coughlin (Jags) and Bill Belichick (Patriots), are also direct descendants of the Bill Parcells coaching tree. And both teams, excruciatingly, lost to only one franchise during their near-flawless campaigns. Of course, New England (18-1) lost to the Giants in the waning moments of Super Bowl XLII … whereas Jacksonville went 0 for 3 against division rival Tennessee. In a nutshell, that explains why the Jags are sitting at only No. 20. 20a. — 1999 Tennessee Titans Wins Of 10 Points Or More: 6 Losses to sub-.500 teams: 1 Record vs. playoff teams: 3-1 Strength of division (minimum to maximum scale of 1 to 5): 3 Playoff Extra Credit: Lost in Super Bowl (Rams) OVERVIEW The 1999 Titans may have been omitted from this countdown if Frank Wycheck and Co. had never pulled off the Music City Miracle against the Bills (wild-card round) — a ridiculous-looking, but legal lateral that saved Tennessee’s season and helped propel the NFL into a new century. But then again, it’s proper to celebrate the elite-level production of running back Eddie George (1,762 total yards, 13 TDs) and the Titans’ four crucial victories over the Jaguars (three times — including the AFC title game) and Rams (regular season), the eventual Super Bowl champions. 19 — 1990 San Francisco 49ers Regular Season Record: 14-2 Wins Of 10 Points Or More: 6 Losses to sub-.500 teams: 1 Record vs. playoff teams: 4-0 Strength of division (minimum to maximum scale of 1 to 5): 1 Playoff Extra Credit: Lost to Super Bowl champs (Giants) OVERVIEW The 1990 Niners were on path to becoming the first club in NFL history to win three consecutive Super Bowls — rolling for 10 straight wins to start the season, going undefeated on the road and riding high from perhaps Joe Montana’s best statistical season of a Hall of Fame career (3,944 yards passing, 26 TDs). But alas, a Montana injury and subsequent fumble from Roger Craig in the NFC title game (against the Giants) thwarted San Francisco’s bid for three straight Lombardi trophies. 18 — 1975 Minnesota Vikings Wins Of 10 Points Or More: 8 Losses to sub-.500 teams: 0 Record vs. playoff teams: 0-0 Strength of division (minimum to maximum scale of 1 to 5): 2 Playoff Extra Credit: None OVERVIEW At first blush, the 1975 Vikings got the short end of the stick here. Is a top-20 ranking really commensurate for a Minnesota squad that started the season 10-0 and allowed only 22-plus points once that year? In this case, yes. As an unabashed devotee of NFL Films, I respect Jim Marshall (a Hall of Famer — someday), Carl Eller and Alan Page for hailing the ’75 team as the franchise’s best during a scintillating run from 1969-78 (nine division titles, four Super Bowl berths and 87 regular-season victories); but there are a few knocks here: The ’75 Vikings played in a noticeably weak NFC Central and faced zero playoff opponents that regular season. It also doesn’t help that Minnesota got booted from the playoffs by 10-4 Dallas, via the famous Hail Mary play . What a shame. The Vikings could have gotten revenge on the Steelers in Super Bowl X … but it simply wasn’t meant to be. 18a. — 2009 Minnesota Vikings Wins Of 10 Points Or More: 9 Losses to sub-.500 teams: 1 Record vs. playoff teams: 4-1 Strength of division (minimum to maximum scale of 1 to 5): 4 Playoff Extra Credit: Lost to Super Bowl champs (Saints) OVERVIEW On the heels of a remarkable 2009 campaign with the Vikings (4,202 yards passing, 33 TDs), Brett Favre was one across-the-body interception away from leading Minnesota to its fifth Super Bowl. Instead, his ill-advised pick to Saints cornerback Tracy Porter — with the Vikings approaching field-goal range — opened the gates for New Orleans to capture its only NFC title in 47 seasons. On that fateful day, Drew Brees threw for only 197 yards (a postseason career low); but his three TD passes were enough to set up the Saints for overtime … and the subsequent game-winning drive immediately after the coin flip. For the season at large, the Vikings were an offensive machine, netting a ho-hum, all-world year from running back Adrian Peterson (1,819 total yards, 18 TDs) and collecting 25 touchdowns from complementary assets like Percy Harvin, Visanthe Shiancoe and receiver Sidney Rice (83 catches, 1,312 yards, eight TDs). In hindsight, this might have been Favre’s most complete team of his vaunted NFL career (1991-2010) — after the 1996 Packers (Super Bowl champs). After Minnesota’s bye week in 2009, the defense allowed just 10 points or less six times. 17 — 2001 St. Louis Rams Regular Season Record: 14-2 Wins Of 10 Points Or More: 9 Losses to sub-.500 teams: 1 Record vs. playoff teams: 6-1 Strength of division (minimum to maximum scale of 1 to 5): 3 Playoff Extra Credit: Lost in Super Bowl (Patriots) OVERVIEW We would love to reward the 2001 Rams (1st in scoring, 1st in point differential, 8-0 road record, 6-1 against playoff teams) with a top-10 ranking, but it’s hard to look past the club’s minus-10 output in turnovers. When grading the NFL’s greatest teams of the Super Bowl era without a curve, you won’t find another one that invoked such a sloppy approach to closing out games — especially one playing in a bone-dry dome. Yes, QB Kurt Warner (4,830 yards passing, 36 TDs), tailback Marshall Faulk (2,147 total yards, 21 TDs), Torry Holt (81 catches, 1,363 yards, 7 TDs) and Isaac Bruce (64 catches, 1,106 yards, 6 TDs) registered monster numbers in Mike Martz’s explosive offense, but there’s really no justification for 38 forced fumbles and 22 Warner interceptions. Ouch. Wins Of 10 Points Or More: 8 Losses to sub-.500 teams: 1 Record vs. playoff teams: 3-2 Strength of division (minimum to maximum scale of 1 to 5): 3 Playoff Extra Credit: Lost to Super Bowl champs (Patriots) OVERVIEW Peyton Manning (4,557 yards passing) set the sports universe ablaze during the 2004 campaign, amassing a then-NFL-record 49 touchdown passes for the Colts — besting Dan Marino’s 20-year-old record of 48 TDs in 1984. As part of that prolific passing success, Indy enjoyed 10 games of 30-plus points, including six consecutive outings of 30 or more points from Weeks 8-13. 16a. — 2005 Indianapolis Colts Wins Of 10 Points Or More: 9 Losses to sub-.500 teams: 0 Record vs. playoff teams: 5-1 Strength of division (minimum to maximum scale of 1 to 5): 3 Playoff Extra Credit: Lost to Super Bowl champs (Steelers) OVERVIEW Sure, the Colts captured the Super Bowl crown one year later. But the 2005 club stands out as Indy’s best team of the Peyton Manning era. Indy opened with 12 straight wins, posted a 5-1 mark against playoff teams, tallied nine blowout victories and enjoyed a symmetrical bonanza in point differential (+12) and turnover margin (+12). The only things missing from that special season: A battle-tested kicker (Mike Vanderjagt) and a bit of good fortune after goal-line fumble recoveries (Ben Roethlisberger’s season-saving tackle off Jerome Bettis’s gaffe). 15 — 1998 Atlanta Falcons Wins Of 10 Points Or More: 8 Losses to sub-.500 teams: 0 Record vs. playoff teams: 2-2 Strength of division (minimum to maximum scale of 1 to 5): 3 Playoff Extra Credit: Lost in Super Bowl (Broncos) OVERVIEW There’s plenty to love about the 1998 Falcons, from their perfect home record and monster turnover margin (+20) to the eight decisive victories against top-notch competition. Throw in a major upset win in the NFC title game (over the Vikings) and a respectable loss to John Elway’s greatest Broncos team (in Super Bowl XXXIV) … and you have one of history’s most undervalued clubs. The reasoning behind the Falcons’ lack of respect? Their three biggest offensive weapons were QB Chris Chandler (3,154 yards passing, 25 TDs), tailback Jamal Anderson (2,165 total yards, 16 TDs) and wide receiver Tony Martin (1,181 yards, six TDs). 14 — 1992 San Francisco 49ers Regular Season Record: 14-2 Wins Of 10 Points Or More: 8 Losses to sub-.500 teams: 0 Record vs. playoff teams: 5-1 Strength of division (minimum to maximum scale of 1 to 5): 3 Playoff Extra Credit: Lost to Super Bowl champs (Cowboys) OVERVIEW The 1992 Niners were as dynamic as their dynastic forebears of the 1980s, with Steve Young succeeding Joe Montana at quarterback and George Seifert seamlessly handling the coaching reins after Bill Walsh retired from the pro game in February 1989. Looking at the numbers, the ’92 Niners earned strong marks in point differential (10.4), turnover margin (7), blowout wins (8) and overall record against playoff teams (5-1). For good measure, Young and Co. capped the regular season with eight straight victories — a necessity for holding off the eventual champion Cowboys in the race for home-field advantage throughout the NFC playoffs. Ultimately, Dallas didn’t need Texas Stadium to capture its first NFC championship in 14 years. 13 — 1967 Los Angeles Rams Regular Season Record: 11-1-2 Wins Of 10 Points Or More: 10 Losses to sub-.500 teams: 0 Record vs. playoff teams: 2-0 Strength of division (minimum to maximum scale of 1 to 5): 4 Playoff Extra Credit: Lost to Super Bowl champs (Packers) OVERVIEW The 1967 Rams, led by QB Roman Gabriel and the Fearsome Foursome (Lamar Lundy, Roger Brown and Hall of Famers Merlin Olsen and Deacon Jones), enjoyed a sublime regular season — 10 blowout victories, one signature win over the eventual champion Packers, plus impressive margins with point differential (14.4) and turnovers (+16). Simply put, this might have been the Rams’ second-greatest team of their 48-year tenure in Los Angeles (after the 1951 NFL champions — led by the immaculate QB tandem of Norm Van Brocklin and Bob Waterfield). But ay the rub: Due to the NFL’s archaic system of scheduling playoff games in the 1960s (rotating division hosts every year), the 11-1-2 Rams had to travel to Green Bay for the NFL semifinals, even though Los Angeles had a better record and the previously mentioned win over Green Bay for Week 13). Of the last 50 years, it may stand as the NFL’s greatest miscarriage of justice, logistically speaking. 12 — 2004 Pittsburgh Steelers Wins Of 10 Points Or More: 8 Losses to sub-.500 teams: 0 Record vs. playoff teams: 3-0 Strength of division (minimum to maximum scale of 1 to 5): 3 Playoff Extra Credit: Lost to Super Bowl champs (Patriots) OVERVIEW The NFL has churned out only five 15-1/16-0 teams since the league expanded the regular season to 16 games in 1978. So, the following statement shouldn’t be constituted as a slap in the face to the Steel City faithful: The ’04 Steelers are the worst 15-win team of the bunch. Humor aside, there aren’t enough superlatives to describe the balance between the Pittsburgh defense, ranked No. 1 in scoring that season, and the offense helmed by rookie QB Ben Roethlisberger (2,621 yards passing, 18 total TDs) and veteran RB Jerome Bettis (13 TDs). Following a Week 2 defeat to Baltimore, Big Ben and Co. ripped off 14 straight victories to finish the regular season. The Steelers were similarly stellar in three major areas: Turnover margin (+11), blowout victories (eight) and 3-0 against playoff teams. Similar to the 1979 Chargers, Pittsburgh posted easy regular-season wins against the future Super Bowl combatants — New England and Philadelphia (back-to-back weeks). 11 — 2006 San Diego Chargers Regular Season Record: 14-2 Wins Of 10 Points Or More: 7 Losses to sub-.500 teams: 0 Record vs. playoff teams: 1-2 Strength of division (minimum to maximum scale of 1 to 5): 4 Playoff Extra Credit: None OVERVIEW The planets were aligned for head coach Marty Schottenheimer to experience a career breakthrough in 2006. The Chargers had a top-flight quarterback (Philip Rivers), formidable defense, supremely talented kicker (Nate Kaeding), the NFL’s single greatest weapon (LaDainian Tomlinson — 2,323 total yards, 31 TDs), home-field advantage in the AFC playoffs and a path to the Super Bowl that didn’t involve the notoriously stingy Ravens. But a crushing loss to the Patriots in the divisional playoff round — where the Chargers couldn’t retain possession of a crucial Tom Brady interception in the game’s final moments — forever (and unfairly) sealed Schottenheimer’s fate as a coach who couldn’t win The Big One. But that’s a shallow perspective for this survey, given the Chargers’ 14-2 mark, definitive margins in point differential and turnovers and plum spot atop the highly competitive AFC West. 10 — 1990 Buffalo Bills Wins Of 10 Points Or More: 9 Losses to sub-.500 teams: 0 Record vs. playoff teams: 4-2 Strength of division (minimum to maximum scale of 1 to 5): 3 Playoff Extra Credit: Lost in Super Bowl (Giants) OVERVIEW The 1990 Bills ruled the AFC through fear … and a devastating, quick-strike offense (27 points per game) that had no peer. Behind Hall of Famers Jim Kelly, Thurman Thomas and Bruce Smith (sorry, Andre Reed — for now), Buffalo enjoyed a problem-free run to the East title and AFC championship, thumping the Dolphins and Raiders in the playoffs before suffering a gut-wrenching loss to the Giants in Super Bowl XXV. But that franchise-defining defeat — capped by kicker Scott Norwood’s wide-right miss with seconds to spare — doesn’t obscure double-digit excellence in point differential and turnover margin, nine blowout victories or a 4-2 mark against playoff teams (including the Giants in December). Unfortunately for Buffalo, New York got its revenge in January. 9 — 1984 Miami Dolphins Wins Of 10 Points Or More: 10 Losses to sub-.500 teams: 1 Record vs. playoff teams: 2-1 Strength of division (minimum to maximum scale of 1 to 5): 2 Playoff Extra Credit: Lost in Super Bowl (49ers) OVERVIEW The 1982 Dolphins reached Super Bowl XVII on the strength of a dominating defense, affectionately dubbed The Killer B’s. But when Miami reached The Big Game two years later, it had seamlessly morphed into an offensive machine, coinciding with the emergence of receivers Mark Duper, Mark Clayton and QB Dan Marino, who would break new ground with 48 TD passes in 1984 (an NFL record that stood for 20 years). With Marino (the sixth QB taken in Round 1 of the heralded ’83 draft) leading the charge, the ’84 Fins were virtually unstoppable, notching 10 blowout victories and a sizable point differential (13.4). The only drawbacks: In Week 11, Miami suffered its first loss to an underwhelming San Diego club (in overtime); and in the AFC playoffs, the Dolphins were fortunate to avoid the defending champion Raiders (knocked out in the wild card round). 8 — 2010 New England Patriots Regular Season Record: 14-2 Wins Of 10 Points Or More: 9 Losses to sub-.500 teams: 1 Record vs. playoff teams: 6-1 Strength of division (minimum to maximum scale of 1 to 5): 3 Playoff Extra Credit: None OVERVIEW Tom Brady has reached the Super Bowl five times in his career, but the 2010 Patriots might have been his most balanced club over a 12-year period. Brady threw for 3,900 yards and 36 TDs (against only four INTs) and cruised to NFL MVP honors. Tailback BenJarvus Green-Ellis rushed for more than 1,000 yards and 13 TDs — while deftly sharing the rushing load with Danny Woodhead, Fred Taylor, Sammy Morris and Kevin Faulk. Pass-catchers Wes Welker, Deion Branch, Rob Gronkowski and Aaron Hernandez each tallied 700 yards or six touchdowns. And the typically bland New England defense allowed only 313 points — with seven or fewer points in four of its last five regular-season games. But the true greatness of the 14-2 season lies with Brady, who led the Patriots to 30-plus points in eight straight games — a feat replicated by Peyton Manning and the 2013 Broncos (Weeks 1-8). 7 — 1976 Pittsburgh Steelers Wins Of 10 Points Or More: 9 Losses to sub-.500 teams: 0 Record vs. playoff teams: 0-3 Strength of division (minimum to maximum scale of 1 to 5): 5 Extra Credit, Part I: NFL modern-day record of 5 shutouts Extra Credit, Part II: Lost to Super Bowl champs (Raiders) OVERVIEW And now for some controversy … At the very least, the 1976 Steelers are the greatest team to start 1-4 in any NFL season. In their final nine regular-season outings — all Pittsburgh victories — the famed Steel Curtain defense surrendered a TOTAL of 28 points (or 3.1 per game), a ferocious, awe-inspiring run that included three consecutive shutouts (an NFL record). In the playoffs, the Steelers demolished the Colts in Baltimore, 40-14 … before bowing out to the eventual champion Raiders in the AFC title game, a consequence of playing without injured running backs Franco Harris and Rocky Bleier. On the flip side, Pittsburgh lost to every playoff-bound foe during the regular season and was a pedestrian 4-3 away from Three Rivers Stadium. But for us, ’tis better to stay on Jack Lambert’s good side. (The Hall of Fame linebacker declared the ’76 team as the Steelers’ greatest of the 1970s.) 6 — 2011 Green Bay Packers Regular Season Record: 15-1 Wins Of 10 Points Or More: 8 Losses to sub-.500 teams: 1 Record vs. playoff teams: 6-0 Strength of division (minimum to maximum scale of 1 to 5): 4 Playoff Extra Credit: Lost to Super Bowl champs (Giants) OVERVIEW The No. 6 ranking seems great … until you realize that heading into December 2011, many pundits were hailing Green Bay as a viable candidate to go 19-0 and assume the mantle of Greatest Team In NFL History. But a Week 15 loss to the lowly Chiefs and divisional-playoff home defeat to the Giants quickly softened the perception of the Packers, an offensive juggernaut but mere mortals on the defensive end. Still, what’s not to love about 560 seasonal points (just shy of the 2007 Patriots), 11 games of 30-plus points, a stellar turnover differential (+24) and sterling 6-0 mark against 2011 playoff clubs? Of course, that unblemished status doesn’t include the devastating postseason loss to the Giants, but the Packers aren’t the first dominant team to be unhinged by New York in the playoffs. 5 — 1998 Minnesota Vikings Wins Of 10 Points Or More: 12 Losses to sub-.500 teams: 0 Record vs. playoff teams: 3-0 Strength of division (minimum to maximum scale of 1 to 5): 3 Playoff Extra Credit: None OVERVIEW The Vikings were a certifiable powerhouse for that 1998 season, amassing a then-NFL record 556 points (predating the ’07 Patriots), registering 12 blowout wins and dismantling the opposition by 16.2 points per game. (This explosion coincided with rookie Randy Moss’s NFL debut: 69 catches, 1,313 yards and 17 TDs.) Of equal relevance, the offense didn’t supremely click until after backup QB Randall Cunningham (3,704 yards passing, 35 total TDs) took over in Week 3 (due to Brad Johnson’s injury). Ultimately, Minnesota ‘s championship hopes were dashed by Atlanta in the NFC title game — remember Gary Anderson’s only missed field goal in a two-year span? — precluding a titanic clash with the eventual champion Broncos in Super Bowl XXXIII (John Elway’s triumphant swan song). 4 — 1969 Minnesota Vikings Wins Of 10 Points Or More: 9 Losses to sub-.500 teams: 2 Record vs. playoff teams: 2-0 Strength of division (minimum to maximum scale of 1 to 5): 4 Playoff Extra Credit: Lost in Super Bowl (Chiefs) OVERVIEW The 1969 Vikings achieved the rare triple crown of leading the NFL in points scored (379), points allowed (133) and per-game point differential (17.6). Throw in nine blowout victories, a perfect mark against 1969 playoff teams and three outings of 50-plus points … and we’re talking about one of the greatest single seasons in league history. But just like the 1968 Colts, the ’69 Vikings will forever be stained by a Super Bowl loss to a seemingly inferior team (Kansas City) from a supposed second-class league (AFL); and while the Chiefs get full props for taking down the Vikings when it mattered most — 65 Toss Power Trap, anyone? — it’s important to include one gut-wrenching footnote: In Week 1 of the 1970 campaign — roughly eight months after the Super Bowl debacle and the inaugural season of the NFL-AFL merger — Minnesota exacted some revenge on Kansas City, rolling to an emotionally charged 27-10 win in Bloomington (Minneapolis). 3 — 1983 Washington Redskins Wins Of 10 Points Or More: 11 Losses to sub-.500 teams: 0 Record vs. playoff teams: 5-1 Strength of division (minimum to maximum scale of 1 to 5): 3 Playoff Extra Credit: Lost in Super Bowl (Raiders) OVERVIEW From a regular-season perspective, the 1983 Redskins trump nearly all comers in this countdown. The only thing preventing a No. 2 ranking is quite obvious: It’s hard to lose 38-9 in Super Bowl XVIII (to the Raiders) and expect glowing recollections from everyone in the NFL universe. Looking at the numbers, the 1998 Vikings had a better overall record, more points scored and one additional blowout victory. But the Redskins, led by QB Joe Theismann, John Riggins, Art Monk, rookie Darrell Green and head coach Joe Gibbs, prevailed in the end, thanks to an eye-popping turnover margin (+43), a 5-1 mark versus playoff teams (including a win over the eventual champion Raiders that October), two one-point defeats and an actual Super Bowl appearance. There’s also this consolation prize: The 1983 Redskins are the greatest defending Super Bowl champs not to repeat the following season. 2 — 1968 Baltimore Colts Wins Of 10 Points Or More: 11 Losses to sub-.500 teams: 0 Record vs. playoff teams: 1-1 Strength of division (minimum to maximum scale of 1 to 5): 4 Playoff Extra Credit: Lost in Super Bowl (Jets) OVERVIEW Before the Steel Curtain defense dominated NFL opponents in the 1970s, the 1968 Colts ravaged the opposition in absurd fashion — surrendering just 10 points or less 10 times. (Think about that for a second.) For uniformity purposes, Baltimore’s offense also accounted for 27 or more points 10 times. Unfortunately, for history sake, the above nuggets are inconsequential to the Colts’ place in history — except for this countdown. Which brings us to this … We could break down the Colts’ Super Bowl III loss to the Jets in numerous ways, but it’s more fun to wonder how NFL history might have been written if Baltimore had not been party to the most storied upset of all time. Something like: 1) The AFL never earns the pre-merger respect of the NFL. 2) Coach Don Shula likely doesn’t feud with Colts owner Carroll Rosenbloom and bolts Baltimore for the still-in-expansion-mode Dolphins in 1970. 3) Newly minted celebrity QB Joe Namath never gets the chance to visit Bobby Brady, on his phony death bed, in a campy but memorable episode of TV’s The Brady Bunch. 4) Even worse, Namath never inks a landmark deal to endorse pantyhose for Beauty Mist in the mid-70s. 1 — 2007 New England Patriots Regular Season Record: 16-0 Wins Of 10 Points Or More: 12 Losses to sub-.500 teams: 0 Record vs. playoff teams: 5-0 Strength of division (minimum to maximum scale of 1 to 5): 2 Playoff Extra Credit: Lost in Super Bowl (Giants) OVERVIEW The Patriots’ perfect regular season in 2007 was more than just an unblemished record. It was an across-the-board reckoning for a club that genuinely wanted to win every game 45-7, no exceptions. How else should one reconcile otherworldly production in point differential (19.7), turnover margin (+16), wins by 10 points of more (12) and a 6-0 mark against playoff teams — including three division winners? But alas, there’s a fine line between being universally hailed as the greatest club in NFL history (on the precipice of 19-0) … and begrudgingly accepting one writer’s meaningless award for Best Team Not To Win A Super Bowl. It’s a consequence from the ultimate bittersweet season. On the positive side, Tom Brady set a then-NFL record with 50 touchdown passes, with Randy Moss also collecting an NFL-record 23 TD receptions. And realistically speaking, only the Ravens and Giants had fourth-quarter opportunities to spoil the Patriots’ run of perfection during the regular season — a stunning achievement in a parity-driven era. But a loss in Super Bowl XLII slightly downgrades New England’s once-in-a-generation dominance from September-December … to a simple footnote in NFL history.

Minnesota Vikings

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NFL Rankings: Top 10 Teams to Lose the Super Bowl | Bleacher Report NFL Rankings: Top 10 Teams to Lose the Super Bowl Use your ← → (arrow) keys to browse the slideshow 4.7K 1 Comment As great as it feels to win the Super Bowl, losing it hurts almost double that. To get so close to the ultimate goal and fail to come out victorious is one of the toughest feelings for anyone to deal with in sports. It doesn't matter if the game was a blowout or if it was lost by the narrowest margins. A loss is a loss regardless of how pretty the teams played and a Super Bowl loss will inevitably leave a conference champion feeling like the worst team in the NFL . Come Sunday night, either the Baltimore Ravens or the San Francisco 49ers will join that club of Super Bowl losers. Though both of these teams have had great postseasons, their respective regular-season marks of 10-6 and 11-4-1 won't have them in the discussion for best team to ever lose the Super Bowl. That distinction is reserved for other teams, some of which put together history-making regular seasons. These teams were for the most part favored on their big day, yet they somehow fell victim to an upset. Many of them lost only two or three games that season, yet somehow they let one of those losses come in the season's most important game. Let's take a look at the top 10 Super Bowl losers. This list will be restricted to teams that made the Super Bowl, even though it's well understood that some of the NFL's greatest teams lost earlier in the playoffs.  It's rough to lose in the Super Bowl, and revisiting that game will open up wounds for the diehard fans. Take heart, though. If you're going to lose, maybe it's just a little less painful to be remembered as one of the best losers ever. Next » Honorable Mentions: In Memory of the '98 Vikings Though this list will feature teams that lost in the Super Bowl, a few teams deserve shout-outs for especially disappointing playoff losses. These teams were juggernauts and for the most part, they were the clear Super Bowl favorites for the entire season. Their postseason dreams became nightmares, though, when they suffered playoff losses prior to even making the Super Bowl. One postseason loss shouldn't take away from the greatness of their regular season, which is why they deserve this attention. The obvious team that comes to mind is the 1998 Minnesota Vikings. This 15-1 team would be in the discussion for greatest team in NFL history had they taken care of business in the playoffs.  Their offense set a record for most points scored in a season with 558 points. Twelve of their 15 wins were blowouts, and under the control of Randall Cunningham, their offense was completely unstoppable. Randy Moss and Chris Carter both had Pro Bowl seasons as well, with Moss scoring a rookie-record 17 receiving touchdowns. With the greatness this Vikings team displayed in the regular season, it stands to reason that they had an epic playoff collapse. Sure enough, it came down to a missed field goal from Gary Anderson, who hadn't missed one all season. The Atlanta Falcons capitalized and tied the game. They also made the game-winning field goal in overtime, preventing an epic Super Bowl collision between the Vikings and John Elway's Denver Broncos. There aren't really any other teams that failed to reach the Super Bowl who were as great as the Vikings were. Two other teams do, however, deserve mention for great regular seasons that were expected to end in the Super Bowl. The 2011 Green Bay Packers made a very serious run at perfection, before slipping up once in December. Still, with a 15-1 record, they were the odds-on Super Bowl favorites, and it seemed that with a divisional-round matchup at home against the New York Giants, they had an easy path for a second consecutive Super Bowl appearance. Instead, the Giants had a relatively easy 39-20 win. The Packers came out extremely flat after their bye week, and their one-dimensional offense came back to haunt them. It's also worth noting that their defense finished last in yards given up during the season. The 2010 New England Patriots were another unstoppable juggernaut in the regular season. At 14-2, they racked up 518 points in the regular season and finished 6-1 against playoff teams. Their divisional-round opponent looked easy enough as they were facing a New York Jets team that they had dominated a month earlier. Somehow the Jets pulled out the upset, and the Patriots were left wondering what could have been. What kills them the most is that this team was extremely well-balanced with Tom Brady winning the regular-season MVP and BenJarvus Green-Ellis finally giving them a 1,000 yard rusher. Add in a defense that only allowed 313 points, and this team could have been one of the best Super Bowl champions ever. Instead, they went home early and found even more reason to hate on the rival Jets. Next » 10. 1998 Atlanta Falcons Although many people were mad about the Vikings missing the Super Bowl in 1998, it's easy to forget that the Falcons were more than worthy replacements. This team had coasted through the regular season with a 14-2 record, and they were on a nine-game winning streak going into the playoffs. A 7-9 team the year before, the Falcons hadn't been expected to do very well in 1998. It also didn't help things that they were in the same division as the 49ers, one of the '90s most successful teams.  Instead, the Falcons rallied behind newly signed quarterback Chris Chandler, who threw for 3,154 yards and 25 touchdowns. They also had one of the league's top running backs in Jamal Anderson, who created the well-known "Dirty Bird" dance that is still used in Atlanta today. The defense wasn't too bad, either. Safety Ray Buchanan was known as "Big Play Ray," and he frequently did make big plays, getting seven interceptions. The Falcons allowed 289 points during the regular season and finished with the fourth overall defense in points allowed. During most years, 14-2 is good enough to gain the top overall seed, but during most years, you aren't looking at a team like the 15-1 Vikings. Between the Vikings, the Broncos and the Falcons, it's clear there were some very good teams that season. Only one could finish it with a Super Bowl win, though. The Falcons had a tough draw in the divisional round, when they played the 49ers. The late '80s-early '90s dynasty was over, though, and the Falcons beat the 49ers 20-18, earning the right for a trip to Minnesota. It was here that the Falcons pulled off an all-time great upset with their win over the Vikings. Even with an extremely loud crowd and an explosive Vikings offense, the Falcons were able to stay in the game. They got a huge break, of course, when Gary Anderson had his first field-goal miss of the season. The missed kick would give the Falcons new life, and they tied the game before eventually winning in overtime 30-27. Not surprisingly, the Broncos were representing the AFC. With a retiring John Elway, the defending Super Bowl champions were huge favorites in this game. It just wasn't meant to be for Atlanta. After getting over the hump last season, there was no way Elway was going to have another Super Bowl disappointment.  A 17-6 halftime lead by the Broncos stretched into a 34-19 loss for the Dirty Birds. The Falcons frequently stalled, and one offensive touchdown wasn't going to cut in this game. It was a brilliant season for this Atlanta team, but they just weren't up to the challenge of beating a Hall of Fame quarterback in the season's biggest game. Next » 9. 1997 Green Bay Packers Coming off a Super Bowl victory in 1996, the Packers were looking like they could be one of the rare teams to pull off a repeat. They matched the 13-3 regular-season record from a year before, and again, they earned a first-round bye in the playoffs.  Their regular season was by no means the product of an easy schedule, either. A record four teams from the NFC Central made the playoffs, and the Packers had to play eight games against playoff teams. It was when they played this gauntlet of playoff teams that the Packers proved their worth. They went 7-1 against playoff teams. The only playoff team to defeat them was the Detroit Lions, and that 26-15 loss was the only time that season the Packers lost a game by more than seven points. Eight of their 13 wins came by 10 or more points. A lot of the credit has to go to regular-season MVP Brett Favre , who had one of his finest seasons with 3,867 passing yards and 35 touchdowns. Both of those numbers were best in the NFC. Ending the season with five-straight wins, the Packers faced their division rivals, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, in the divisional round. The Pack easily won 21-7, and they advanced to face perhaps the only NFC team that could lay claim to being better than them. This game between the Packers and the 49ers was being dubbed as "The Real Super Bowl." At this point, the NFC had won 13 straight Super Bowls, so it was very reasonable to conclude whichever team survived the NFC Championship should be the Super Bowl favorite. Even with the game taking place in San Francisco, the Packers were able to win. After the 23-10 victory, the Packers had successfully advanced to their second consecutive Super Bowl, and they would play it against the Broncos. The Packers were 11-point favorites, but the Broncos were clearly undaunted. This game would turn out to be an instant classic with both teams putting up points and keeping the game close. A turning point came in the third quarter with the score tied at 17. It was third down. Elway was unable to find a receiver, so he took the ball and ran toward the first-down line with Green Bay safety Leroy Butler fast on his heels. Butler hit Elway, and his body went hurling into the air. Elway picked up the first down, and in the process, created the iconic play known as "The Helicopter." This play would be huge because the Broncos would score a touchdown and take a 24-17 lead. This play also clearly represents the desire that Elway had for winning a Super Bowl after falling short his first three times there. The Packers would tie it up at 24, but the Broncos scored again. As much as this game was about Elway, the MVP award would go to the real difference-maker, running back Terrell Davis. He scored the game-winning touchdown and would finish the day with three touchdowns and 157 rushing yards. It's crazy to think that even though Favre went on to play for 13 more seasons, he never again reached the Super Bowl. He kept his teams in playoff contention for the most part but never advanced past the NFC Championship again, and both of his losses there were painful ones that came off of interceptions in overtime. As a future Hall of Famer with many NFL records, Favre's playoff struggles show just how difficult it is to win a Super Bowl and that even the best quarterbacks need a complete team if they are going to win multiple championships.  Next » 8. 1984 Miami Dolphins A decade after their undefeated 17-0 season, the Miami Dolphins finally returned to good times again. The main catalyst for Miami's improvement came with their selection of Dan Marino in the 1983 NFL draft. In his rookie season, Marino led the Dolphins to a 12-4 record and a playoff run that ended with a close loss to the Seattle Seahawks in the divisional round. It was a disappointing loss, but Miami fans had the feeling that with Marino at quarterback, good things were around the corner. Sure enough, the 1984 season was even better. The Dolphins finished 14-2, with 10 of their victories coming by 10 or more points. They scored 513 points that season, finishing only 28 points behind the record at the time, which had been set one year earlier by the Washington Redskins. Marino would also set the then-record for touchdown passes in a season with 48. It would stand all the way until 2004, when Peyton Manning beat it by one touchdown. The Dolphins easily got a first-round bye, and they opened the playoffs with revenge against the Seahawks, securing a 31-10 win. The Dolphins advanced to the AFC Championship, which they hosted at home against the Steelers. Like the previous game, this one was never really close. The Dolphins won 45-28, and only in his second season, Marino was in the Super Bowl. Their competition was the 49ers, the Super Bowl champions from three seasons ago. They were the only team to have a better season than the Dolphins with a 15-1 regular-season record. Five NFL teams have finished the regular season with a 15-1 record. However, only two of those teams have won the Super Bowl. The 1984 49ers were one of those two teams, and they are one of those teams that really has to get mentioned when discussing the greatest NFL teams of all time. The game wasn't all that close, either, with the 49ers pulling away after a 21-point second quarter. Marino wasn't up to the challenge of making a comeback as he threw one touchdown to two interceptions. This is a big reason why the game ended as a 38-16 blowout in favor of the 49ers. Infamously, Marino never returned to the Super Bowl. He got the Dolphins to the playoffs eight more times, but he never advanced beyond the AFC Championship. He is still by most accounts the best quarterback to never win a Super Bowl, even though that distinction does leave a pretty big mark on an otherwise stellar resume. Next » 7. 1990 Buffalo Bills The 1990 Buffalo Bills arrive on this list as one of the more complete teams in football history. They finished the season with a 13-3 record and the best scoring offense that year. In the same draft class that produced John Elway and Dan Marino, the Bills got their winner in Jim Kelly. He started 14 games in the 1990 season and had a decent year with 24 touchdowns to only nine interceptions.  On the other side of the ball, Hall of Fame defensive end Bruce Smith came very close to the NFL record with 19 sacks. The defense allowed 263 points and finished sixth in points given up that season.  The Bills started their playoff run with a third game against the division-rival Dolphins. It was a high-scoring game, but the Bills came out on top with a 44-34 win.  Next week would be even more high scoring and, honestly, excessively embarrassing for the other team. The Bills smashed the Los Angeles Rams by a final score of 51-3, one of the biggest blowouts in conference championship history.  The Bills were now in their first Super Bowl, and lining up on the other side was the 13-3 Giants. They had the top overall defense in football, thanks to the work of one Bill Belichick as defensive coordinator.  It was going to be a tough task for them to stop this explosive Bills offense, especially considering that the Giants offense was very middle of the pack. It looked like the Bills could win easily.  Instead, the Giants were able to hold the Bills offense in check and keep the game fairly low-scoring. Though at one point the Bills led 12-3, the Giants worked their way back into the game, even taking the lead in the third quarter. In the fourth quarter, Thurman Thomas scored a 31-yard rushing touchdown to give the Bills a 19-17 lead. The Giants responded with a 21-yard field goal late in the fourth quarter to give them a 20-19 lead. The Bills' final possession began at their own 10-yard line, with only 2:16 left in the game. Kelly masterfully led his team down the field, and with less than a minute to go, the Bills found themselves in field-goal range. All they needed was a 47-yard field goal from Scott Norwood to make them Super Bowl champions. Instead, the Bills found themselves on the wrong end of one of the most embarrassing plays in NFL history. Norwood's kick was wide right, and the Giants were Super Bowl champions.  Usually, losing a Super Bowl like that can bring a team down. However, the Bills were a resilient bunch, and they made the next three Super Bowls. Unfortunately, they lost all three of those games, and none of them were as close as this one. Next » 6. 2001 St. Louis Rams Only one franchise has ever topped 500 points for three straight seasons. That franchise, believe it or not, is the St. Louis Rams. For three years, their "Greatest Show on Turf" offense dominated the NFL and got them to two Super Bowls. The key to that offense was the unlikely Kurt Warner . He was thrust in the quarterback role when Trent Green was lost for the season in the 1999 preseason. Rams fans were initially scared, but Warner showed them there was no reason to fear. With Marshall Faulk in the backfield and Torry Holt and Isaac Bruce at the wide receiver positions, there were few teams that matched up well against the Rams.  The Rams won the Super Bowl after 1999, and it seemed like with an offense that explosive, this team could create a dynasty. Instead the defense declined significantly in 2000, where the Rams lost in the Wild Card Round. In 2001, the Rams improved their defense with the acquisition of defensive coordinator Lovie Smith. The Rams would then roll to a 14-2 regular-season record, with both of their losses coming by a touchdown or less.  Warner won NFL MVP , making this the third year in a row that a Rams player had won the award. With 503 total points and a 6-1 record versus playoff teams, the Rams were the unquestionable Super Bowl favorites going into the playoffs. They got the playoffs started on a good note, with a blowout 45-17 victory against the Packers. Even Brett Favre couldn't keep the Packers in the game, and the improved Rams defense would force eight turnovers. For the NFC Championship, the Philadelphia Eagles provided a greater threat for the Rams. The game was extremely close, but the Rams prevailed 29-24. After a defensive stop, the Rams were back in the Super Bowl. Their opponent was the upstart Patriots, and the Rams were favored by 14 points. Nevertheless, the game was close and, by the Rams standards, very low-scoring. The Patriots led 14-3 at halftime, and it took a crazy fourth quarter for the Rams to get back in the game. Warner led them back in the game with both a rushing touchdown and a passing touchdown during the fourth quarter. The second touchdown tied the game at 17 late in the fourth quarter, making it seem like this game was destined to be the first Super Bowl to end in overtime. A young Tom Brady would prevent that from happening, though. In only his 17th career start, Brady calmly led the team into field-goal range. As time expired, Adam Vinatieri kicked a 48-yard field goal, and the Patriots had shocked the world with their 20-17 victory. This game would also mark the end for "The Greatest Show on Turf." The Rams made the playoffs in two of the next three seasons, but they didn't make it back to the Super Bowl. Presently, the franchise has now missed the playoffs for eight-straight seasons.  Next » 5. 1967 Oakland Raiders Now it's time to take a look at one of the most underrated and under-appreciated teams to lose the Super Bowl: the 1967 Oakland Raiders. This team went 13-1 over the regular season, giving them their first Western Division title. The Raiders got there on the strength of an impressive vertical passing game, led by free-agent acquisition Daryle Lamonica. Nine of their 13 victories came by 10 or more points. Their only loss during the regular season was a 27-14 loss to the New York Jets. Their defense was nightmarish for opposing quarterbacks. They led the league with 67 sacks and an NFL-record 665 yards from tackles for a loss. With 233 points allowed during the season and only 16.6 per game, the Raiders finished the year with the second best defense in the AFL. They also had a point differential of 235, which was best in the league. For the AFL Championship, the Raiders smashed the Houston Oilers by a final score of 40-7. The win qualified them for the second-ever Super Bowl, which was at the time more of an exhibition game between the NFL and AFL champions. In the '60s, the NFL was by far the superior league. That's why even with their 13-1 record and stingy defense, the Raiders were underdogs to the 9-4-1 Packers. By halftime, the Packers were up 16-7, and it only got uglier from there. A rushing touchdown from Donny Anderson and an interception return from Herb Adderley saw the Packers build a comfortable lead on the Raiders. Even a late Raiders touchdown couldn't save this one as the Packers won 33-14. There's no denying that the 1967 season was an important one for the Raiders. This team would build itself into a powerhouse during the 1970s and early 1980s, where they won three Super Bowls and were constantly contending for the playoffs. Next » 4. 1969 Minnesota Vikings When looking at the most-tortured franchise in NFL history, two teams seem to always come up: the Bills and the Vikings. While other teams like the Cleveland Browns and the Lions have never played in a Super Bowl, the Bills and Vikings have tortured fans by having great seasons that were wasted with brutal playoff losses. The Bills and Vikings have both never won Super Bowls, despite appearing in four each. At least the Bills have semi-recent Super Bowls to look back on. All four of the Vikings Super Bowl appearances came in the 1960s or '70s. That first loss came in 1969, the final year before the NFL and AFL merged. The 1969 Vikings established the "Purple People Eaters" defense, which was the nickname of their fearsome defensive line. This defense is easily in the discussion for greatest defense of all time, allowing only 133 points all year and 9.5 points per game. With their 12-2 record, the Vikings had a solid team across the board. Their offense led the league in scoring with 379, and on three separate occasions, they topped 50 points. They also had 12 consecutive victories at one point, which was the longest such streak at the time. The 1969 NFL Championship was just a typical Vikings game. They easily dispatched of the Browns by a final score of 27-7. They were now going to Super Bowl IV, where they were initially 12.5-point favorites over the Kansas City Chiefs. Instead of the Vikings defense dominating, it was the Chiefs defense that had a field day. They excelled in the game's wet conditions, forcing three interceptions and recovering three fumbles. The game turned into a rout with the Chiefs winning 23-7. The only Vikings touchdown came in the third quarter, and it was a four-yard run by Dave Osborn. With the AFL winning the last two Super Bowls, it was now clear there wasn't a huge gap between the leagues, so in 1970, both leagues merged into two conferences, which created the NFL that we know today. The Vikings technically were NFL champions in 1969, but it's little consolation given the Super Bowl loss. It also set a trend for terrible Super Bowl performances by the Vikings, who have lost in all of their Super Bowl appearances by 10 or more points.  Next » 3. 1968 Baltimore Colts Three of the top five teams to lose in the Super Bowl played in the late 1960s. Out of these three, the best has to be the 1968 Baltimore Colts, a 13-1 team that was denied their Super Bowl title in one of the biggest upsets in all of sports history. Even though Hall of Famer Johnny Unitas only played in five games because of injury, his backup Earl Morrall stepped in with no problem. He finished the season with 26 touchdowns to 17 interceptions, and he would win 13 of his 14 starts. This was also enough for him to win the NFL MVP that season.  The Morrall-led offense finished second in the league with 402 points scored during the season. Their defense was the best in the league with only 144 points allowed. For the playoffs, the Colts rolled in their first two games. In the NFL Conference Championship, they beat the Vikings 24-14. The next week in the NFL Championship, they shut out the Browns 34-0.  The Colts were now in Super Bowl III, where they would face the 11-3 New York Jets. The Packers had dominated in the first two Super Bowls, and it was considered common knowledge that the NFL was by far the superior league. In many people's eyes, the Jets didn't have a prayer. This was reflected in the pregame line where the Colts were 18-point favorites. This didn't daunt Joe Namath or the Jets, though, and only three days before the game, Namath guaranteed they would pull off the upset. No one believed them, but the Jets were confident in a game plan that emphasized running the ball and completing short passes, so they could prevent the Colts offense from being on the field. It worked to perfection during the first half where the Jets shut out the Colts and took a 7-0 lead. That four-yard touchdown run by Matt Snell would be the Jets' only touchdown the entire day. Over the second half, they added three field goals, which pushed their lead to 16-0 and slowly drained hope out of the Colts. The Colts' only score came late in the fourth quarter, and at that point, they were fighting just to avoid a shutout. The Jets had pulled off the epic upset, and the 13-1 Colts were left wondering what had gone so wrong. This game was influential in the AFL-NFL merger since the Jets had proven that the two leagues could compete with each other. It also led to a decline in the Colts that would eventually send Don Shula to coach the Dolphins, and in only 16 years, the Colts would leave Baltimore. It's definitely amazing to look at the impact that one upset had on the future of the NFL.  Next » 2. 1983 Washington Redskins Like the 1997 Green Bay Packers, the 1983 Washington Redskins were seeking to defend their Super Bowl title from the previous year. Despite the difficult-to-repeat success of that 1982 team, the 1983 Redskins would go on to be a history-making team that came so close to setting up a Washington dynasty. The Redskins offense was extremely balanced. Joe Theismann would win MVP during a breakout season where he threw 29 touchdowns. They also had Hall of Fame running back John Riggins, who was equally difficult to stop. Teams who faced the Redskins would typically have to pick their poison, and it usually backfired horribly as the 'Skins finished with a 14-2 record and set a then-record for points scored during a season with 541. While that record no longer stands, the Redskins have the record for the best turnover margin in NFL history with plus-43. It's also worth noting that the Redskins were the first team since the merger to record more than 60 turnovers.  This high-powered offense was vastly superior to that of the Los Angeles Rams, who they routed 51-7 in the divisional round. The 49ers would prove to be slightly more difficult in the conference championship, but the Redskins still disposed of them with a 24-21 win. Their Super Bowl opponent was a 12-4 Los Angeles Raiders team. The Redskins were easy favorites, though, and NFL historians couldn't wait for this game to be over so they could discuss where the Redskins fit in with the greatest NFL teams of all time. The only thing is this game wasn't great at all for the Redskins. The day would forever go on to be known as Black Sunday, as the Raiders poured it down on the Redskins all day long, eventually winning 38-9.  The enduring memory from this Super Bowl came in the third quarter. Raiders running back Marcus Allen had just taken a handoff, and he was going to run left as the play had been designed. Instead, Allen saw an opening, and he went up the middle. No Redskin could stop Allen, and he rumbled into the end zone, scoring a then-Super Bowl record 74-yard touchdown run. Allen would finish the day with 191 rushing yards, two touchdowns and a Super Bowl MVP. Like so many other good offensive teams, the 1983 Redskins' journey fell short of a Super Bowl title. The '98 Vikings, the '84 Dolphins and the '01 Rams are just some of the offensive juggernauts to fail to win the Super Bowl, and that's not even including the final team on this list.  Next » 1. 2007 New England Patriots Hands down, the 2007 New England Patriots are the greatest NFL team to lose in a Super Bowl. They joined the 1972 Dolphins as the only team to complete an undefeated regular season, and even with their Super Bowl loss, their 18-1 record is tied for the most NFL wins in a season. Starting with the upset over the Rams in Super Bowl XXXVI, the Patriots were well on their way to becoming the NFL's next dynasty. In both 2003 and 2004, they finished 14-2 and won the Super Bowl. Three Super Bowl titles in four years had this team looking like it could be one of the NFL's greatest dynasties. The magic faded, though, in 2005 and 2006, where the Patriots lost in the playoffs before they could reach the Super Bowl. Then, just before the 2007 regular season, allegations of cheating arose. Supposedly, the Patriots had cheated by filming the opposition's defensive coaches' signals.  Roger Goodell came down hard on the Patriots, and Bill Belichick would be fined $500,000. The Patriots organization was fined $250,000, and they were stripped of their first-round pick in the 2008 NFL draft. All this really served to do was make the Patriots really angry. Watching them play, you sensed that they wanted to dominate every game by a score of 45-7.  The Patriots kept winning and winning and winning. They ran the table that season, finishing 16-0, with 12 of their wins coming by 10 or more points. They also broke the record for points in a season with 589 points. Tom Brady broke the record for most touchdowns in a season with 50. Twenty-three of these were thrown to Randy Moss, which broke the single-season record for receiving touchdowns. The Brady-Moss connection was excessively dangerous, but in the rare case where teams shut down Moss, Brady could just as easily have success with Wes Welker or Donte' Stallworth.  Even their defense was good that season. They finished fourth in the NFL and only allowed 274 points. It seemed like there was no way any team could stop the Pats in the 2007 postseason. The AFC Playoffs were essentially a breeze for the Patriots with both of their wins coming by nine or more points. They were now 18-0 going into the Super Bowl, where they would face the Giants, the team they had beaten in their regular-season finale. The general consensus was that the Giants didn't have a chance, even though they only lost by three to the Patriots in the regular season. Embracing their underdog role, the Giants planned to use their relentless pass rush and a tough running game to pull off the upset. This was not at all a typical 2007 Patriots game. It was low scoring until the fourth quarter, when there were three touchdowns that resulted in lead changes. Right before the two-minute warning, the Patriots had just scored to take a 14-10 lead that it seemed would hold and give them the perfect season. They just had to stop the Giants' likely finally drive with only 2:39 left in the game. That drive did not go as planned though. One play after Asante Samuel missed a game-ending interception, Manning miraculously escaped a sack and completed a 32-yard pass to David Tyree. Tyree would catch the ball off his helmet, creating one of the most amazing plays in NFL history. Later in that drive, the Giants scored and took a 17-14 lead. There was only 35 seconds left, and the Patriots were just unable to move fast enough to score. A turnover on downs sealed the loss, and the stunned Patriots left the field with an 18-1 record. There is no doubt that with a Super Bowl win, the 2007 Patriots would be considered one of the best NFL teams of all time. Their story proves that it is insanely difficult to pull off the perfect season, and it's very doubtful we'll ever have anyone shut up those insufferable 1972 Dolphins. At the same time, it also shows that anything can happen in the Super Bowl. This list showcased four history-making offenses that lost in the Super Bowl. Upsets are going to happen, whether it's in the playoffs or the Super Bowl, which is why it's so rare for these great regular-season teams to seal the deal and win a championship.

i don't know

In which sport did Eric Navet of France become a 1990 world champion?

WEG 1990 The Sport | FEI History Hub A total of 37 countries participated in the 1990 FEI World Equestrian Games™. Jumping 75 Participants (26 Countries) Dressage 68 Participants (22 countries) Eventing 84 Participants (22 countries) Driving 52 Participants (18 Countries) Endurance 81 Participants (19 countries) Vaulting 61 participants (15 countries) Jumping Dressage Eventing France dominated in the show jumping arena at these inaugural FEI World Equestrian Games™ in Stockholm, where Eric Navet claimed the individual honours and joined team-mates Hubert Bourdy, Roger-Yves Bost and Pierre Durand to take the team title. Navet realised the dreams for many generations of his family when he was victorious with the stallion Quito de Baussy, bred by his father Alain at the Haras de Baussy in Calvados, Normandy. This was particularly significant given that the change-horse individual final included some of the greatest equine legends of all time including the duo of magnificent greys, Milton and Gem Twist. Silver medallists at the Seoul Olympic Games in 1988, Best and Gem Twist, knocked a rail but Gem Twist earned the title of "World's Best Horse" that afternoon when his only other mistake was with Bourdy. It was Great Britain's Whitaker who lined up in silver medal position ahead of Bourdy in bronze while Best finished individually fourth as did the US team which also included Joan Scharffenberger (Victor), Anne Kursinski (Starman) and Joe Fargis (Mill Pearl). The course designer in Stockholm was Olaf Petersen, whose flair and innovation had already made a big impression in Seoul. The Stockholm track had a distinctly Swedish theme. A total of 16 countries competed in the team competition. Despite a 16-fault result for Roger-Yves Bost (Norton de Rhuys), the French were victorious in the team event, ahead of France and Germany. The seventh FEI World Championships were held in the framework of the first FEI World Equestrian Games™ in the Olympic stadium of 1912 and 1956. Nicole Uphoff and Rembrandt, who had burst onto the international scene with their 1988 Olympic gold medal, also claimed the world title. A record number of 68 starters from 22 countries took part. The Germans won their sixth world title, with the Soviet Union (just before its break-up) and Switzerland behind on the podium. Eighty-four riders started in Stockholm and 60 finished the competition, held in the Royal parks of Gardet and Djurgarden. Blyth Tait on Messiah earned the first individual Eventing world title for New Zealand, and Andrew Nicholson, Andrew Scott and the double Olympic champion of 1984 and 1988, Mark Todd of New Zealand, also won team gold, ahead of Great Britain and Germany. Driving Endurance Vaulting Fifty-two starters competed from 18 countries at the first FEI World Equestrian Games™ in Stockholm, a glorious event on the whole but in terms of the Driving, they unfortunately ended with the disqualification of the winner, Ad Aarts of the Netherlands, due to traces of prohibited substances found after testing. This cost Aarts not only his individual medal but also team gold for the Netherlands. Gold instead went to Sweden. The Netherlands, with only the two scores of Chardon and Weusthof, got silver, with Hungary taking bronze. Tomas Eriksson of Sweden became the new individual World champion. The third endurance FEI World championships were held in the framework of the first FEI World Equestrian Games™. Becky Hart of the United States with R.O. Grand Sultan won again. The surprise was the win of Great Britain in the team competition: four elderly ladies with their pet horses had the best aggregate time to take gold. The Swiss were the winners of the first World Vaulting championship occurring as part of the FEI World Equestrian Games™ in 1990. They had had a fierce rivalry with the then-Federal Republic of Germany for over 20 years but that year the vaulters from St. Gallen were victorious. Silke Bernhard of the FRG led the women’s medals table while her countryman Michael Lehner topped the men’s table.

Show jumping

Who won baseball's first World Series of the 70s?

Sometimes You Win, Sometimes You Lose Sometimes You Win, Sometimes You Lose By Bjorn Van Bunder Wednesday, November 5, 2014 :: Posted 09:40:50 AM EST SHARE   Cassio Rivetti not working for Onyshchenko anymore The Brazilian rider Cassio Rivetti (right), competing for Ukraine the last years, has split with his boss Oleksandr Onyshchenko. After his new GP horse Forlap moved to Daniel Deusser and his World Championship horse Vivant ended his career at sixteen years old, the rider is searching for new ambitions. With Vivant Cassio Rivetti placed eighth at the WEG in Caen beginning of September. Rivetti: ‘I’ve had amazing years in sport lately. I did all the big championships such as the Olympic Games, the WEG and the Europeans. I don’t regret anything, but it’s time for something else now. I have also not decided yet whether I will be riding for my country of birth Brazil again.’ Nowadays Rivetti is riding some horses for François Mathy, awaiting new propositions. Sleiderink leaves Dubbeldam’s Stables and loses SFN horse After seven years at Stal De Sjiem, Sjaak Sleiderink (left) has parted ways with the newly crowned world champion Jeroen Dubbeldam. Jeroen wanted less stable staff and horses. Although no longer working for Dubbeldam, his former boss is now trying to help Sleiderink to find a new job. Sjaak doesn’t want to make any hasty decisions. He commented: ‘I don't know what I want yet and will first take the time to think about it properly.’ Because of his uncertain future, the Dutch jumping horse fund SFN, also the owner of Zenith SFN, has brought the horse Barista VDL to Jesper Romp. Katrin Eckermann in downward spiral German showjumper Katrin Eckermann (right) has decided to leave Gut Berl in Münster, where she has been working since 2011. Eckermann has had some bad luck lately. She made two ugly falls in Aachen with Forth of Lorne, a horse of Gut Berl. Last month she had a serious car accident. Now that she’s left Gut Berl, she will start up as a rider in her boyfriend Christian Glanemann's stable. Nevertheless she’s not in the saddle yet following her car accident in September. French stallions rented for breeding The French state has rented the last stallions it has in ownership. It’s a happy ending of a very long and disappointing story. The French state has always had the tradition to own horses and stallions. They dominated the breeding in previous centuries, but lately the private sector took over the power. The last stallions owned by the Haras Nationaux will now be rented to the vets Michel Guiot and Denis Hubert. Amongst them Mylord Carthago, Padock du Plessis of Timothee Anciaume and Flipper d’Elle, the little one. Nineteen-year-old top rider Bertram Allen hires another rider Alex Duffy has a new base, as he has started to work with his younger compatriot Bertram Allen (right). The 25 year old Irish rider has been working for Carl Hanley in Germany. A few weeks ago, Duffy moved to his new working place in Germany. He learned a lot with Carl and Cameron Hanley, but felt it was time to go a bit more independent. He will be based at Bertram's to work with him and for him. He will be mainly responsible for the young horses, but he will also have the opportunity to ride for other owners alongside. First Devision to Qatar The Belgian horse First Devision (Andiamo Z) will in the future defend the Qatari colours. The nine year old gelding was reserve for the Brazilian team at the Alltech FEI World Equestrian Games with Yuri Mansur Guerios. He debuted with his new rider Sheik Ali Bin Khalid Al Thani (left) at the Moroccan Royal Tour in Rabat. Other plans for Rob Hoekstra World Class Performance Showjumping Manager Rob Hoekstra has announced that he is to leave his role at the end of this year. Having seen British showjumping through one of their most successful periods, amassing six Championship medals along the way, Rob departs to take up new challenges elsewhere in the sport. Originally representing Holland at junior level in the sport, Rob (right, with Ben Maher) changed to British nationality in 1987. He went on to represent Great Britain at three World Cup Finals, in Nations Cup teams and also won the Hickstead Derby in 1999. Appointed World Class Performance Manager in 2010, he has led the team to numerous successes over his period at the helm, the highlight coming at the London 2012 Olympic Games where the team took gold. Rob: ‘It had always been my goal to lead the Team to victory in London and then explore other opportunities and look for new challenges within our sport and I believe this is the right time to do that.’ Rob will step down from his role as Performance manager on 1st January 2015. Eric Navet loses his father Alain Navait, the father of former world champion Eric Navet (left) from France, died at the age of 91. Alain Navet himself also was an international show jumping rider in ancient times. He just missed out the Olympic Games of Tokyo due to a collarbone fracture. In the breeding Alain Navet was even more influential. His son Eric Navet won the World Championship in Stockholm 1990 on the homebred stallion Quito de Baussy. Farewell Tomboy, we’ll remember you forever Rodrigo Pessoa's former top horse Tomboy has passed away. He was 31 years of age. With Tomboy, Rodrigo Pessoa won the team bronze medal at the Olympic Games in Atlanta in 1996 and also the team gold medal at the Pan American Games in Buenos Aires in 1995. He was more remarkable than any other horse because of his never ending scope and funny front leg jumping technique. Rodrigo and Tomboy

i don't know

What was the original name of the Kansas City Chiefs?

Kansas City Chiefs (1963-Present)   Historical Moments: 1963: After conceding Dallas to the Cowboys, the Dallas Texans became the Kansas City Chiefs. Ironically there once was a NFL team named the Kansas City Cowboys . The defending AFL Champions got ready for their first season in Kansas City with one of the strongest drafts ever. Buck Buchanan, Ed Budde and Bobby Bell, became starters right away and would play a combined 526 games with the Chiefs. However, another rookie Stone Johnson would never make it to his rookie season, after sustaining a serious spinal cord injury, which would lead to his untimely death. The Chiefs would go on to retire his number 33 in his honor. The heavy hearted Chiefs started their first season in Kansas City win with a 59-7 victory over the Broncos in Denver, but managed just one win and two ties in its next nine games on their way to a disappointing 5-7-2 record. 1964: The Chiefs struggled to a 7-7 record as many of the team's best players, including E.J. Holub, Fred Arbanas and Johnny Robinson, missed several games with injuries. An average of just 18,126 fans attended each home game, prompting discussion at the AFL owners' meeting about the Chiefs future in Kansas City. 1965: The Chiefs made Kansas star Gale Sayers their first-round draft pick, but lost him in a bidding war with the Chicago Bears. However, the Chiefs were able to nab wide receiver Otis Taylor from Prairie View. Tragedy also hit the Chiefs again when Running Back Mack Lee Hill died on the operating table after relatively routine knee surgery late in the season. The Chiefs would go on to finish with a 7-5-2 record losing three games by a Field Goal or less. 1966: The Chiefs make another big improvement through the draft signing Running Back Mike Garrett even though he was also drafted by his hometown Los Angeles Rams. After starting the season 3-0 on the road, a crowd of 43,885, the largest ever to witness a sports event in Kansas City, turned out for the home opener against the defending AFL champion Buffalo Bills, the home opener against the defending AFL champion Buffalo Bills. The Chiefs dropped a 29-14 decision to the Bills, but, after the contest, Chiefs coach Hank Stram and Buffalo head coach Joe Collier negotiated a trade in the middle of the field. Kansas City got kicker Mike Mercer for a fifth-round pick, solidifying one of the few weaknesses on the squad. The Chiefs would go on to finish with an 11-2-1 record, winning the Western Division by three games to set up rematch with Bills in Buffalo in the AFL Championship Game. Using a dazzling I-formation offense and a smothering defense, the Chiefs dominated the Bills in Buffalo, 31-7, on New Year's Day to win the franchise's second AFL crown and earned a place in the first AFL-NFL World Championship Game. Super Bowl I: Lamar Hunt who was the driving force behind the formation of AFL won a major victory when the NFL and AFL agreed to play a World Championship game after the season. So it was only appropriate that his Chiefs were the AFL's reprehensive in the first of these games billed as the AFL-NFL Championship Game.  Initially the game did not get much attention as everyone assumed that the Chiefs were no-match for the powerful Green Bay Packers who won the NFL Championship. The game was not even sold out as the Los Angeles Coliseum only was filled to 2/3 of capacity. The Chiefs would manage to stay close for a half only trailing 14-10 at halftime, but the Packers would turn on the after burners scoring 21 unanswered points in the second half for the 35-10 victory. However, the game would be the beginning of a tradition and within a few years would become the premier sporting event in America. The game would eventually be called the "Super Bowl", a name that Lamar Hunt himself came up with after seeing his daughter playing with a Super Ball. 1967: Coming off their berth in the First Super Bowl, interest in the team skyrocketed, forcing an increase in seating capacity at Kansas City Municipal Stadium from 40,000 to 47,000. Later in the year, Jackson County voters approved a $43 million bond issue for construction of a sports complex. However, success on the field was much harder to come by as injuries hit the club hard as the Chiefs clawed their way to a 9-5 record. 1968: With Quarterback Len Dawson leading the AFL in passing for the fourth time in his career the Chiefs finished with a 12-2 record, which was good enough to finish in a first pace tie with Oakland Raiders. This would force a Divisional Playoff in Oakland, where the Chiefs were blitzed 41-6, as the Raiders advanced to the AFL Championship Game in New York.  1969: Ten years after Lamar Hunt helped create the AFL the league which no one thought would last, was playing its final season. However, the league, which no one took seriously when it was first formed, was not folding instead it was becoming part of the NFL following the 1969 season. Three years after a merger to form a common draft and the Super Bowl III AFL finally had the legitimacy it sought for years when the New York Jets stunned the Baltimore Colts, This set the stage for the NFL to take over the AFL, keeping the league intact, while adding three NFL teams so both the newly billed AFC, and NFC would have 13 teams apiece. Although the move ended the AFL as a separate league it would only make pro-football stronger, and would prove to be a victory for Lamar Hunt and the misfit AFL owners, who would now be on equal footing with the NFL owners, and teams. The Chiefs opened the final AFL season with impressive wins over San Diego and Boston, but lost Quarterback Len Dawson with a knee injury. The next week, backup Jacky Lee went down with a broken ankle, leaving the team's most crucial position in the hands of two-year pro Mike Livingston. In his first game Livingston struggled in a loss to the Cincinnati Bengals. However Livingston would bounce back and the Chiefs would win their next seven games before losing at home to their nemeses the Oakland Raiders. As the season was winding down Len Dawson returned, but after the Chiefs lost to the Raiders again the Chiefs were forced to settle for second place with an 11-3 record. However, the AFL in its final year gave a playoff spot to their division runner-ups so they could get an extra round of playoffs. In the first Round of the Playoffs the Chiefs were matched up with the defending Super Bowl Champion Jets in New York. The Chiefs defense would dominate all game shutting down Joe Namath, and holding the Jets to 6 points as the Chiefs advanced to the AFL Championship 13-6. However, if the Chiefs were going to get back to the Super Bowl they would have to beat their Nemeses in Oakland. As if it were pre-ordained the Chiefs defense would be up to the task again, in the game that would be the final game in AFL history, holding the Raiders to just seven points, to win the final AFL Championship 17-7 and advance to their second Super Bowl. The Chiefs would become the only AFL franchise to win three Championships counting their years in Dallas.  Super Bowl IV: When the Chiefs participated in Super Bowl I the game was seen as an exhibition more than a championship, as no one gave them a chance to beat the powerful Green Bay Packers. However, after the Jets beat the Baltimore Colts in Super Bowl III the game was viewed as a legitimate championship, as the AFL proved it was on equal footing with the NFL. With a full merger coming this game would be the last AFL-NFL Super Bowl, and the Chiefs used the game as a crusade for the American Football League, and wore patches on their jerseys saying "AFL-10," which referred to the league's ten year existence. This time the Chiefs opponents were the Minnesota Vikings, and their fierce defense; once again nobody gave the Chiefs a chance to win as they were listed as 12-point underdogs for the game played in New Orleans. However, the motivated Chiefs would take a 16-0 lead into halftime thanks to a Mike Garrett Touchdown and three Jan Stenerude Field Goals. The Chiefs would seal them game in the 3rd Quarter on a dynamic 46-yard touchdown pass from Super Bowl MVP Len Dawson to Otis Taylor. The Chiefs would go on to win the game 23-7which evened the AFL's record in Super Bowls to 2-2, and once and for all proved the league was for real, and was worthy of the coming merger. 1970: Despite injuries to key players and the trade of Mike Garrett to the Chargers, the Chiefs finished the year with a 7-5-2 record, but did not qualify for the playoffs. 1971: With Otis Taylor leading the NFL in receiving yards and Ed Podolak becoming the team's top rusher. The Chiefs once again became one of the top teams in the AFC. Also helping to lead the Chiefs was the linebacking trio of Willie Lanier, Bobby Bell and Jim Lynch was the league's best. In the season's next-to-last game with the Oakland Raiders, a late field goal by Stenerude gave the Chiefs a 16-14 victory and a Western Division title. The team finished with a 10-3-1 mark, one-and-a-half games ahead of Oakland. In the first Round of the playoffs the Chiefs hosted the Miami Dolphins in the final game at Kansas City Municipal Stadium on Christmas Day. Chiefs Running Back Ed Podolack would have a career game accounting for 350 All-Purpose Yards, but the Chiefs were unable to win the game as Kicker Jan Stenerude missed on several opportunities. The Dolphins and Chiefs would battle late into the second Overtime, as the game became the longest in NFL history. The Dolphins would go on to win the game 27-24 on a Garo Yupremian Field Goal to advance to the AFC Championship.  1972: The Chiefs had allot to be proud of heading into the 1972 season, as owner and founder Lamar Hunt became the first AFL figure to gain entry into the NFL Hall of Fame. The Chiefs also could be proud of their new home Arrowhead Stadium, which was the most state-of-the-art stadium in the NFL, and with it's luxury boxes was years ahead of its time. On September 17th the Chiefs hosted the Miami Dolphins in the first game at the new stadium. However, the result was no different than the final game at Municipal Stadium as the Dolphins emerged with a 20-10 victory, on their way to an undefeated season. The Chiefs would go on to finish with an 8-6 record, missing out on the playoffs. 1973: The defense remained solid, but the offense struggled as Quarterback Len Dawson was hurt for much of the season. However, Mike Livingston led the club into first place in late November, but a pair of losses and a tie, gave the team its second straight second-place finish with a 7-5-2 record.   1974: The Chiefs age was beginning to show. Several of the club's key players were entering the twilight of their careers, and it resulted in the team's first losing season in 11 years, with a record of 5-9. Shortly after the season Hank Stram, the only would resign; Stram's record in his 15 years at the helm was an impressive 124-76-10. 1975: The Chiefs would stumble out of the gate, losing their first three games in Paul Wiggin's first season as Head Coach. The Chiefs would show flashes of their past greatness winning four of their next five games. However, injuries would cripple the team, leading to a second straight 5-9 finish. After the season Len Dawson, the top passer in Chiefs history, announced his retirement after 14 memorable seasons with the franchise.  1976: The Chiefs continue to struggle posting their third consecutive season with a record of 5-9, while finishing in fourh place in the AFC West. 1977: The Chiefs suffered their worst season ever, winning only twice. Tom Bettis replaced Paul Wiggin at mid-season as the team's head coach, but was able to win just one game in seven tries, as the Chiefs posted a dreadful 2-12 record. 1978: Marv Levy, the former head coach of the Canadian Football League's Montreal Alouettes, was named head coach. His first four draft picks were defensive players, including standout Defensive End Art Still of Kentucky and Linebacker Gary Spani of Kansas State. Meanwhile, on offense the Chiefs had the second-most productive ground game in the league and a record 5 different runners had 100-yard games, including Tony Reed, the team's first 1000-yard back in 11 years. However, the ended the season with a 4-12 record. 1979: After a 1-3 start Quarterback Mike Livingston is replaced by rookie Steve Fuller, who helps improve the Chiefs with a 7-9 record. 1980: In a then-controversial move, the Chiefs released Stenerude, the club's all-time leading scorer, in favor of journeyman Nick Lowery, who had been cut 11 times by eight different teams.  After a 0-4 start the Chiefs defense comes age with Defensive End Art Still, Linebacker Garry Spani, and Saftey Gary Barbaro and Cornerback Gary Green playing major roles to lead the Chiefs to an 8-8 record. 1981: The Chiefs get off to a fast start, and are at 6-2 at the midpoint of the season, which included two wins over the defending Super Bowl Champion Oakland Raiders. However, five losses in their next seven games doomed their playoff chances. However, a win in their final game over the Minnesota Vikings improved the Chiefs record to 9-7, earning them their first winning season since 1973. 1982: The Chiefs stake a major step back in a season interrupted by a two month players strike, and finish with a disappointing 3-6 record, which led to the dismissal of Head Coach Marv Levy. 1983: Tragedy strikes the Chiefs when Joe Delaney, the team's young star Running Back, drowned trying to save the lives of three children in Monroe, Louisiana. New Head Coach John Mackovic had trouble replacing Delaney, and the club's running game suffered as the Chiefs struggled to finish 6-10. 1984: Rookie Nose Tackle Bill Maas has an immediate impact winning defensive rookie of the Year, as the Chiefs are able to improve their shaky defense. However Inconsistency marred the season as the team finished with an 8-8 record. 1985: The Chiefs got off to a flying start winning three of their first four games. One of the wins, a 28-7 drubbing of the Seattle Seahawks on September 29th, saw Safety Deron Cherry tie an NFL record with four interceptions. However, the Chiefs would lose their next 7 games on their way to a disappointing 6-10 season. 1986: The pieces started coming together for the Chiefs, who got off to a 7-3 start, but three straight losses in November, would put the Chiefs playoff chances in jeopardy. However, the Chiefs would recover with 37-10 win over the Denver Broncos at Arrowhead, which was followed by the Chiefs first win ever win over the Raiders at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, which put the Chiefs in position to reach the playoffs. On December 21st the Chiefs were able to notch a 24-19 victory in Pittsburgh over the Steelers, to earn the club an AFC Wild Card berth, which was the club's 1st playoff appearance in 15 years. However the Chiefs would end up falling 35-15 to the Jets at the Meadowlands in the AFC Wild Card Game. After the season Head Coach John Mackovic would depart to take over the coaching reigns at the University of Texas. 1987: The Chiefs who split their first two games never recover for the player's strike as the Chiefs replacements went 0-3. After the regulars returned the Chiefs continued to struggle losing their next four games to stand at 1-8. The Chiefs would go on to finish with a very disappointing 4-11 record. 1988: After another poor 4-11-1 season, the Chiefs would have a major shake up at the top as Carl Peterson took over as the club's President/General Manager and Chief Operating Officer. One of his first moves would be to replace Coach Fran Ganaz, who struggled miserably in his two season at the helm. Eventually Peterson would hire Marty Schottenheimer, who had led the Browns to two straight Conference Title Appearances away from Cleveland. 1989: With the fourth overall pick in the draft the Chiefs select Butkus award winning Linebacker Derrick Thomas out of Alabama. Thomas would make an immediate impact earning Defensive Rookie of the Year honors. However, the Chiefs would get off to a slow start winning just three of their first eight games. However, the Chiefs would finish strong led by Running Back Christian Okoye set a club record and became the first Chief to lead the NFL in rushing with 1,480 yards as the team finished with an 8-7-1 record. 1990: Playing the game in honor of his father who was killed in Vietnam, Derrick Thomas has the game of his life sacking Seattle Seahawks Quarterback Dave Krieg seven times, setting a new single game record, on his way to a league leading 20 sacks. However, the effort would be in vain as Krieg beat the Chiefs 17-16 with a last-second Touchdown pass. However, the loss would only serve as a lesson for the Chiefs who up to that point had only played mediocre 5-4 football. The Chiefs would go on to win six of their final seven games to finish with an 11-5 record, and a playoff spot. In the wild card game the Chiefs were matched up with the Dolphins in Miami. The Chiefs would hold a 4th Quarter lead, but would fall as Quarterback Dan Marino led the Dolphins down the field for a late Touchdown to advance to the next round. 1991: The Chiefs enjoyed another strong 10-6 regular season. A pair of prime-time Monday night affairs highlighted the home portion of the schedule. On October 7th, the Chiefs toppled the defending AFC Champion Buffalo Bills, 33-6, in the club's first home Monday night game in eight years. Three weeks later, the Chiefs tallied a thrilling come-from-behind 24-21 win over the Los Angeles Raiders in front of a national audience. The season was good enough to earn the Chiefs a Wild Card spot and a home playoff game for the first time in Arrowhead Stadium. In the Wild Card game against the Raiders, the Chiefs would play dominant defense forcing six turnovers in a 10-6 win that was the team's first post season win since Super Bowl IV. A week later the Chiefs visited Buffalo for an AFC Divisional Playoff match up. The Bills dynamic offense would prove to be too much for the Chiefs in a 37-14 setback that propelled Buffalo, led by former Chiefs head Coach Marv Levy toward a second straight Super Bowl. 1992: The Chiefs battled through an injury-riddled season, during which a playoff berth never seemed certain. On the regular season's final Sunday, the Chiefs faced the Broncos in a game that would send the winner into the playoffs. The Chiefs defense tallied three touchdowns, while Quarterback Dave Krieg tossed a pair of scoring passes as the Chiefs buried Denver 42-20. However, the Chiefs would make a quick exit form the playoffs losing 17-0 to the Chargers in San Diego. Following the season Saftey Dale Carter was named NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year. 1993: The Chiefs spent the off-season retooling their offense. On April 20, the Chiefs traded for Quarterback Joe Montana, who directed the San Francisco 49ers to four Super Bowl victories. The Chiefs swapped their first Round in the 1993 draft to the 49ers in exchange for Montana, safety David Whitmore and San Francisco's third-round pick in 1994. Kansas City wasn't done loading up the offense. On June 9th the club signed unrestricted free agent Running Back Marcus Allen. The additions paid off as the Chiefs went 11-5, and won their first AFC West title since 1971. Kansas City fans got its first true taste of "Montana Magic"; as the Hall of Fame Quarterback engineered a brilliant comeback in a Wild Card Round win over the Steelers.  The Chiefs trailed Pittsburgh, 24-17, as the two-minute warning sounded. On fourth-and-goal from the seven, Montana fired a game-tying Touchdown pass to Wide Recevier Tim Barnett, forcing overtime, where Kicker Nick Lowery booted a 32-yard field goal as Arrowhead Stadium erupted. The Chiefs would advance to play the Oilers in a Divisional Playoff match up in Houston. The heavily favored Oilers opened up a 13-7, fourth-quarter lead, but once again, Montana had a comeback in mind. First, he hit wide Wide Receiver J.J. Birden for an 11-yard Touchdown, and then he found Wide Receiver Willie Davis open in the end zone from 18 yards out. Running Back Marcus Allen would nail the game shut with a 21-yard Touchdown dash as the Chiefs advanced to the AFC Championship Game with a 28-20 decision. However the Chiefs magic run would end in Buffalo as the Bills won their fourth straight Lamar Hunt Trophy to advance to the Super Bowl. 1994: On October 17th a Monday Nigh audience found itself enraptured by a duel of Quarterback greats Joe Montana, and John Elway of the Broncos at Mile High Stadium in Denver Elway would lead the Broncos down the field late in the 4th Quarter to take a 28-24 lead, but Montana would answer with a great drive of his own leading the Chiefs throwing a game winning Touchdown pass with seven seconds remaining. However, the Chiefs struggled through out much of the season, and sat at 8-6 heading into the final game of the season in Los Angeles against the Raiders. In the do-or-die game Running Back Marcus Allen burning his former team with 133 yards rushing en route to a 19-9 win the would secure the sixth and final playoff spot. However the Chiefs would make a quick exit from the playoffs in what would prove to be Joe Montana's NFL swan song. The Chiefs would fall 27-17 to the Dolphins in Miami, as the Montana Magic ran out.  1995: The Chiefs jump out of the gates quickly getting off to a 10-1 start, on their way to a 13-3 season, which earned them Home Field Advantage through out the playoffs. On the way to 13-3 the Chief led the NFL in rushing, scoring defense and turnover ratio, the three hallmarks of a solid football team. The Chiefs were a favorite to go to the Super Bowl as the playoffs began. In a divisional playoff math up with Indianapolis Cots most thought the Chiefs would walk all over the over Colts who play their home games in a dome, but were now playing in an 11 degree icebox at Arrowhead. However, the Chiefs would blow several scoring opportunities as Kicker Lynn Elliot missed five Field Goal attempts in a stunning 10-7 loss that sent the Colts to the AFC Championship. 1996: The Chiefs finish with a 9-7 record and end a six year streak of making the playoffs. During the season, Running Back Marcus Allen set three NFL records: most career rushing touchdowns, most game played by a running back and most pass receptions by a running back. 1997: The club engineered several dramatic finishes, the first of which came on September 8th at Oakland when Quarterback Elvis Grbac collaborated with WR Andre Rison on an improbable 32-yard Touchdown pass with seconds remaining to provide the Chiefs with a 28-27 win over the Raiders. After posting a 6-2 record during the season's first half, Kansas City's good fortune finally appeared to run out on November 3rd against the Steelers, when Grbac suffered a broken clavicle. However, back-up Quarterback Rich Gannon would com on to preserve a win in that contest and lead the team to a 5-1 mark in their next six outings. However, the most memorable moment of the season came when Kicker Pete Stoyanovich provided one of the year's most memorable moments, connecting on a line-drive 54-yard Field Goal to give Kansas City a 24-22 win over Denver on November 16th. The win was a key for the 13-3 Chiefs as it gave AFC West title over the Broncos. The Chiefs season would end on an up note as Grbac returned to the starting line-up for the regular season finale against the New Orleans Saints leading the Chiefs to a perfect 8-0 record at Arrowhead Stadium. In the Divisional Playoffs the Chiefs would be forced to play the Broncos again. Despite holding an edge in total yardage, the Chiefs could not convert on several key scoring opportunities, and would fall 14-10 to the eventual Super Bowl Champion Broncos. 1998: The Chiefs once again get off to a fast start winning four of their first five games. However, a six game losing streak would doom the Chiefs to their first losing record in ten years, as the Chiefs suffered through 7-9 season. Following the season Head Coach Marty Schottenheimer would resign leaving long time assistant Gunther Cunningham behind to take over the coaching reigns. 1999: Despite playing inconstant football the Chiefs entered the final game of the season with a 9-6 record only needing a win over the Oakland Raiders at Arrowhead to qualify for the playoffs. The Chiefs would hold a late 38-35 lead before the Raiders tied it, and won in Overtime with a pair or Joe Nedney Field Goals. The Chiefs season would end in heartbreak at 9-7, but the upcoming off-season would be unbearable. Shortly after the season ended Linebacker Derrick Thomas was injured on an icy Kansas City Highway.  Thomas who was not wearing his seatbelt was paralyzed form the waist down. However, the news would go from bad to worst a month later when the injury resulted in a blood clot that would kill the star Linebacker.  2000: The heavyhearted Chiefs would struggle all season struggling to finish 7-9. Following the season Coach Gunther Cunningham was dismissed, and Quarterback Elvis Grbac was allowed to walk away as the Chiefs set up to rebuild under new Head Coach Dick Vermeil. 2001: Under new coach Dick Vermeil, the Chiefs went through a year of transition, and sat at 3-9 through their first 12 games. The Chiefs would win their next three games before finishing with a 6-10 record. However the Chiefs found a star in RB Priest Holmes who captured the NFL's rushing title. 2002: Priest Holmes continued to establish himself as one of the top Running Backs in the NFL scoring a league high 24 Touchdowns while 2,287 all-purpose yards on offense, on the way to winning the NFL offensive player of the year despite missing the last 2 games to a hip injury. Balancing Holmes would be Quarterback Trent Green who had a solid season with 3690 passing yards and a 2-1 Touchdown to interception ratio. However the Chiefs defense would struggle allowing 431 points on the season as the Chiefs posted a mediocre 8-8 record. 2003: The Chiefs came flying out of the gates winning their first four games easily as they entered an early season showdown with the Denver Broncos who were also 4-0 at Arrowhead Stadium. The game would be decided by Dante Hall who had his fourth straight game with a kick return Touchdown setting a new NFL record as the Chiefs improved to 5-0 with a 24-23 win. Trailing the Green Bay Packers on the road 31-14 the following week the Chiefs rallied with 20 points in the 4th Quarter as Trent Green passed for 400 yards. In overtime Green would find Eddie Kennison on a 51-yard game winning Touchdown pass as the Chiefs improved to 6-0 with a dramatic 40-34 win. The Chiefs continued to roll winning their next three games before finally losing to the Cincinnati Bengals 24-19 in Week 11. Following their loss to the Bengals the Chiefs began to look shaky although they continued to win beating the lowly San Diego Charges and Oakland Raiders in their next 2 games to lock up the AFC West Title. However down the stretch the Chiefs would falter splitting their final 4 games to finish with a 13-3 record which would lose them home field advantage through out the playoffs. Despite the late season struggle Priest Holmes was able to set a new single season record with 28 Touchdowns. After a first round bye the Chiefs faced the Indianapolis Colts in the divisional round of the playoffs. The Chiefs found themselves behind the eight ball early as the Colts scored 14 first quarter points on two long Touchdown drives. However the Chiefs would answer back scoring ten points on their first two drives. However, the Colts would answer back with another Touchdown on their third possession of the first half while the Chiefs third possession resulted in a missed Morten Andersen Field Goal. With the Colts leading 21-10 the Chiefs needed a score to start the second half, but when Priest Holmes' fumble led to a Colts Field Goal and a 14 point deficit. The Chiefs would answer back, only to have the Colts score again. Needing a jump start Dante Hall delivered one with a 92-yard kick return for a Touchdown to cut the deficit to seven points. However the Colts would answer back with another Touchdown. The Chiefs needing to score quickly were able to strike back, but it took seven minutes and they would never see the ball again as the Colts advanced to the AFC Championship with a 38-31 win, as the Colts never punted in the game. 2004: There would be no repeat of the Chiefs 9-0 start as they stumbled out of the gate dropping their first three games as the Chiefs defense continued to be their Achilles' Heel. After splitting their next two games the Chiefs erupted for 101 points in the next two games beating the Atlanta Flacons and Indianapolis Colts at Arrowhead Stadium. However, it would be an abrasion as the Chiefs lost their next four games falling to 3-8 and out of the playoff picture. With the playoffs out of reach the Chiefs shut down Priest Holmes who was hampered all season with an ailing knee. With Holmes sitting out the Chiefs turned to backup Larry Johnson who would score 11 Touchdowns while the Chiefs climbed back towards respectability with four straight wins. However, with a chance to finish .500 the Chiefs would lose to the division champion San Diego Chargers in their final game as they finished in third place with a 7-9 record. 2005: As rumors circulated all season that Dick Vermiel would retire following the season the Chiefs began the season in style by crushing the New York Jets 27-7. Following a Week 2 win on the road against the Oakland Raiders, the Chiefs faced an early test and failed losing to the Denver Broncos 30-10 as the Broncos took control of the AFC West for the rest of the season. A week later the Chiefs got off to a fast start against the Philadelphia Eagles at Arrowhead, leading 17-0. Then after Trent Green had a pass intercepted and returned for Touchdown, the Chiefs quickly recovered as Dante Hall returned the ensuing kickoff 96 yards to give the Chiefs a 24-6 lead. The Eagles would cut the lead to 24-13 at halftime, then battled back to tie in the 3rd Quarter. The Eagles would continue to befuddle the Chiefs taking a 27-24 lead, then on the ensuing kickoff Hall was in the middle of another key play this time fumbling on the 25 yard line setting the Eagles up for a short Touchdown drive, as the Chiefs lost a heartbreaker 37-31. Following the bye week the Chiefs bounced back with two straight wins, before losing another key Western Division road game to the San Diego Chargers. Making matters worse the Chiefs lost Priest Holmes for the season to a spinal injury that put his career in doubt. Out of the loss of Holmes came the blossoming of a new star as Larry Johnson now the focus of the Chiefs offense was suddenly untouchable rushing for 100 plus yards in each of the final nine games of the season including two performances over 200 yards as he tallied nearly 2,000 all purpose yards with 21 Touchdowns. Following a bad loss to the Buffalo Bills on the road the Chiefs would win three straight including their rematch with the Broncos at Arrowhead to sit at 8-4. However, December road trips into the NFC East ended up being the Chiefs undoing as they lost a heartbreaker to the Cowboys, who won 31-28 with a Drew Bledsoe to Dan Campbell one yard Touchdwon pass with 22 seconds remaining. A week later the Chiefs could not stop Tiki Barber who outshined a solid 167-yard game from Larry Johnson with 220 yards and two Touchdowns in a 27-17 win for the New York Giants. The Chiefs would close the season with back to back wins, but their 10-6 record would not be good enough for the playoffs in the bruising AFC, as Dick Vermiel would retire with great fanfare around the league. Eventually the Chiefs would work out a deal with the Jets to get Coach Herm Edwards who was Vermiel's chosen successor. 2006: With new Coach Herm Edwards, the Chiefs started the season with bad news, as Priest Holmes career remained in jeopardy following neck surgery that caused him to miss the entire season. However, with Larry Johnson, the Chiefs had a more then antiquate replacement. In Week 1 the Chiefs got more bad injury news as Trent Green suffered a serious concussion in a 23-10 loss to the Cincinnati Bengals. With back up Damon Huard, the Chiefs would fall to 0-2 losing a heartbreaker to the Denver Broncos on the road in overtime 9-6. Huard and the Chiefs played much better the following week, winning their first game of the year at Arrowhead 41-0 over the San Francisco 49ers. Meanwhile Larry Johnson in place of Holmes continued to establish himself as one of the top Running Backs in the league with 1789 yards rushing with 19 touchdowns. Huard also played well in Green's absence posting a solid 98.0 Quarterback Raiting 11 touchdowns against one interception, as the Chiefs held 5-4 record when Trent Green returned to lead the Chiefs to a 17-13 comeback win over the Oakland Raiders. A few days later the Chiefs hosted the Broncos in a primetime Thanksgiving Special, as Larry Johnson rushed for 157 yards, as Lawrence Tynes kicked four field goals in a 19-10 win, which catapulted the Chiefs into the playoff picture. However, that picture nearly faded as the Chiefs dropped their next three games, with Trent Green struggling to regain his form. On December 13th the Chiefs lost something more, when their patriarch Lamar Hunt passed away at the age of 74 after a long battle with prostate cancer. Hunt, who helped found the AFL, owned the Chiefs since 1960, when they began play as the Dallas Texans, eventually moving to Kansas City in 1963. For his contribution the AFC Championship Trophy was named after him. With their playoff hopes fading the Chiefs beat up on the lowly Raiders to end their losing streak, and enter the final week of the season with a chance to still make the playoffs. Needing a win and a Broncos loss to the 49ers to get in the Chiefs did their part, as Larry Johnson scored three touchdowns in a 35-30 win over the Jacksonville Jaguars. They then had to sit a watch the 49ers battle the Broncos in Denver. At first things did not start off well as the Broncos jumped out to a 13-0 lead. However, the 49ers would battle back and win the game in overtime 23-20, sending the 9-7 Chiefs into the playoffs. In the Wild Card round the Chiefs started with a showdown against the Indianapolis Colts, giving Coach Herm Edward a chance to face his mentor Tony Dungy. For most of the first half the Chiefs shut down the Colts high powered offense intercepting Peyton Manning three times. With a chance to take the lead the Chiefs had the ball on the Colts 9 following an interception by Jarrad Page. However, the Chiefs offense faltered, as Lawrence Tynes missed a 23-yard Field Goal attempt. The Colts given the reprieve would go on to win the game 23-8, holding Larry Johnson to just 32 rushing yards. Following the season the Chiefs would trade Trent Green, focusing on the future at Quarterback with Brodie Croyle, with Damon Huard being named the new starter. 2007: With the departure of Trent Green, the Chiefs became a team in transition as they got off to a poor start dropping their first two games to the Houston Texans and Chicago Bears, while scoring a total of 13 points. In Week 3 the Chiefs would get their first win on the road as they scored 13 unanswered points after falling behind the Minnesota Vikings 10-0. A week later in San Diego the Chiefs rallied again finishing the game with 24 unanswered points in the second half as the Chiefs stunned the Chargers 30-16. After a loss to the Jacksonville Jaguars the Chiefs beat the Cincinnati Bengals and Oakland Raiders to climb above .500. However a week later Running Back Larry Johnson suffered a season ending foot injury in a 33-22 loss to the Green Bay Packers. The injury to Johnson came just as Priest Holmes was ready to play after missing nearly two years with a neck injury. However, the return would be short-lived as Holmes was forced to retire after reinjuring his neck. At the same time the Chiefs began to work on the future as Brodie Croyle took over at Quarterback from Damon Huard. Croyle did not play well as the Chiefs offense struggled badly. The Chiefs would not win another game, as they dropped their final nine games to finish the season with a disappointing 4-12 record. The only bright spot during the season's final two months was Tony Gonzalez who broke Shannon Sharpe's career record for touchdowns by a Tight End at 63. 2008: The Chiefs hit rock bottom as they started the season with three straight losses. After beating the Denver Broncos in Week 4, the Chiefs struggles continued as they lost their next seven games, along the way legendary Tight End Tony Gonzalez expressed a desire to be traded as the Chiefs were clearly in a rebuild mode with second year Quarterback Tyler Thigpen seeking a bulk of the action. After ending their losing streak with a road win over the Oakland Raiders, the Chiefs limped home losing their final four games to finish with a franchise worst record of 2-14. Following the season the Chiefs would make wholesale changes as Scott Pioli replaced longtime Chiefs President Carl Peterson, who resigned after 20 seasons in the Chiefs front office. The Chiefs would also fire Coach Herm Edwards, while agreeing to deal away Tony Gonzalez to the Atlanta Falcons for a second round draft pick. 2009: The Chiefs were starting over when the season began with new Coach Todd Haley, and QB Matt Cassel who was acquired from the New England Patriots along with Mike Vrable for a second round draft selection in the 2009 NFL Draft. Unfortunately when the season began Cassel was on the shelf with a knee injury, as Brodie Croyle got the start as the Chiefs lost their season opener on the road to the Baltimore Ravens 38-24. Cassel returned a week later for the home opener as the Chiefs were beaten by the Oakland Raiders 13-10. The Chiefs would eventually fall to 0-5, before earning their first win against the Washington Redskins 14-6 on the road. However, the troubles continued for the Chiefs as they lost to the San Diego Chargers 37-7. Following the game RB Larry Johnson criticized Coach Todd Haley and made anti gay slurs on Twitter. The Chiefs would suspend Johnson two weeks and eventually release him. Following the bye week the Chiefs continued to struggle, losing to the Jacksonville Jaguars 24-21 to fall to 1-7. Highlighted by a 44 yard Touchdown run from Jamaal Charles, the Chiefs wearing Dallas Texans throwbacks for the AFL's 50th Anniversary beat the Oakland Raiders on the road 16-10. A week later at Arrowhead Stadium, the Chiefs would get off to a fast start as Jamaal Charles returned the opening kickoff 97 yards for a Touchdown against the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Steelers would recover and would hold a 17-7 lead at halftime. The Chiefs would respond with ten points in the 3rd Quarter to tie the game, after both teams traded touchdowns in the 4th Quarter the game went to overtime, where the Chiefs won 27-24 on a 22 yard Field Goal by Ryan Succop. After two straight wins, the Chiefs suffered back-to-back humiliating losses to the San Diego Chargers and Denver Broncos by a combined score of 87-27. The losses would send the Chiefs on a five game losing streak heading into the last week of the season. However, they would end the season on a positive note as they beat the Denver Broncos 44-24, earning their first win at Invesco Field in nine tries, as the posted a record of 4-12. 2010: The Chiefs began the season with a Monday Night game against the San Diego Chargers at the newly renovated Arrowhead Stadium. The rain would not dampen the spirits as the Chiefs stun the Chargers 21-14, with Dexter McCluster's 94 yard punt return for a Touchdown near the end of the first half proving to be the key play. Despite struggling to find the endzone in Week 2 the Chiefs would start 2-0 with a 16-14 win over the Cleveland Browns, as Ryan Succop two second half field goals were the only scores after halftime. Back home for Week 3, the Chiefs offense came alive as Matt Cassel passed for 250 yards with three touchdowns as the Chiefs speared the San Francisco 49ers 31-10. Following a bye week, the Chiefs would suffer a setback with back-to-back road losses to the Indianapolis Colts and Houston Texans. Returning home the Chiefs would get back on track as they slammed the Jacksonville Jaguars 42-20. However, a week later the Chiefs would bring new meaning to winning ugly as they needed all 15 minutes of overtime to edge the Buffalo Bills with Ryan Succop kicking a 35 yard Field Goal for a 13-10 win, as the Chiefs nearly wasted a 177 yard effort from Jamal Charles. A week later they would not be as fortunate as they are beaten by the Oakland Raiders 23-20 in overtime that loss would be followed by a 49-29 loss to the Denver Broncos, continuing the Chiefs woes at Mile High. Returning to Arrowhead, the Chiefs would rebound with a 31-13 win over the Arizona Cardinals as Matt Cassel hooked up with Dwayne Bowe on two Touchdown passes. In Seattle a week later, Bowe would be the star again with 170 receiving yards and three touchdowns as the Chiefs beat the Seahawks 42-24. A week later the Chiefs would gain revenge on the Broncos with a 10-6 win at Arrowhead. With a chance to all but wrap up the AFC West Championship the Chiefs were blanked by the Chargers 31-0 on the road as they played without QB Matt Cassel who needed an emergency appendectomy. Cassel would return a week later and lead the Chiefs to a 27-13 win over the St. Louis Rams in a Show Me State showdown. A week later the Chiefs would clinch a division title by beating the Tennessee Titans 34-14, with Cassel passing for 314 yards with three touchdowns. The Chiefs would end the season with a 31-10 loss to the Raiders at home, as they rested several key players to prepare for the playoffs. In the Wild Card round the Chiefs would host the Baltimore Ravens. Things looked good early for the Chiefs as they held a 7-3 lead at the end of the 1st Quarter on a  41 yard Jamaal Charles Touchdown run. However, just before the half the Ravens would take the lead on a Ray Rice Touchdown run. In the second half it was all Ravens as the Chiefs turned the ball over five times, losing 30-7 to put a disappointing finish to what was a surprisingly good season. 2011: After winning the AFC West, the Chiefs hoped to get right back in the playoffs after suffering a Wild Card loss. However, right from the start of the season, the Chiefs found themselves in a hole as they lost Safety Eric Berry to a knee injury in the season opener against the Buffalo Bills. Week 1 would be a complete disaster for the Chiefs as they were crushed 41-7 by the Bills at Arrowhead Stadium. A week later there would be more bad news a RB Jamaal Charles suffered a season ending knee injury as the Chiefs suffered a 48-3 loss at the hands of the Detroit Lions. Facing the San Diego Chargers, the Chiefs would finally play a competitive football games, but the result was the same as they suffered a 20-17 loss on the road. At 0-3 there was trouble in Kansas City as the Chiefs had a rash of injuries to key players, while the team began feuding with its Coach Todd Haley. In Week 4 the Chiefs would finally earn a win, as Ryan Succop kicked five Field Goals, with Matt Cassel completing a 52 yard touchdown pass to Dwayne Bowe as the Chiefs beat the Minnesota Vikings 22-17 in a battle of winless teams at Arrowhead Stadium. A week later, the Chiefs would win again, as Matt Cassel had a strong game passing for 257 yards, with four touchdowns as the Chiefs beat the Indianapolis Colts on the road 28-24. Following the bye week, the Chiefs would get back to .500, with a tremendous defensive effort as they forced six turnovers, with Kendrick Lewis and Brandon Flowers returning interceptions for touchdowns in a 28-0 whitewash of the Oakland Raiders at the black hole. On Monday Night Football a week later the Chiefs would continue the resurgence as they beat the Chargers in overtime 23-20 at Arrowhead, as Ryan Succop had three field goals including the game winner from 30 yards. However, just as they appeared to be back on track things unraveled for the Chiefs as they suffered an inexplicable 31-3 loss to the winless Dolphins at home. A week later there was more frustration in Kansas City as the Chiefs lost to the Denver Broncos 17-10, with Tim Tebow completing a 56 yard TD pass to Eric Decker. Making matter worse QB Matt Cassel broke his hand and would not play again during the season. With Tyler Palko starting the Chiefs would fall to 4-6 with an ugly 31-3 loss to the New England Patriots. Palko would get the start again the following week at home, and continued to struggle in a 13-9 loss to the Pittsburgh Steelers, spoiling a valiant effort from the Chiefs defense to keep the in the game to the bitter end, as Succop provided all the Chiefs scoring with three Field Goals over 40 yards. In a battle of back up quarterbacks at Soldier Field, Tyler Palko would finally find the endzone hitting Dexter McCluster with a Hail Mary at the end of the first half. The play would be the difference in a game where there was nearly no offense to be found as the Chiefs won 10-7. However, a week later the Chiefs would again be blow out, losing to the New York Jets 37-10 at the Meadowlands. Following the game, Coach Todd Haley would be fired as his troubles with the players bled over into trouble with Chiefs management. He would be replaced with popular Defensive Coordinator Romeo Crennel. At the same time, Tyler Palko was mercifully benched in favor of Kyle Orton who was claimed off waivers from the Broncos a few weeks earlier. Facing the 13-0 Green Bay Packers it looked like a lost cause for the Chiefs as they began the Romeo era. However, the Chiefs defense put forth an inspired effort shutting down the high powered Packers offense. Meanwhile they got four Field Goals from Ryan Succop and pulled off the biggest upset of the season beating the Packers 19-14. The win over the Packers was a boost for the Chiefs as it assured Romeo Crennel would remain as coach beyond 2011, as they split their final two games against the Raiders and Broncos, while playing strong defense in each game as the finished the season with a record of 7-9. 2012: After a season full of injuries and frustration, there was renewed hope in Kansas City as the Chiefs began their first full season with Romeo Crennel at the helm. In the season opener, Tony Gonzalez returned to Arrowhead with the Atlanta Falcons and scored 3rd Quarter Touchdowns as the Chiefs suffered a 40-24 loss. Things would not get better the following week as the Chiefs were down 35-3, before two Dwayne Bowe scored two touchdowns in the 4th Quarter as they lost on the road to the Buffalo Bills 35-17. Against the New Orleans Saints at the Superdome, the Chiefs looked to be staring a 0-3 start in the eyes as they trailed 24-6 late in the 3rd Quarter. However, the Chiefs would get back in the game with a 91 yard Touchdown run from Jamaal Charles. In the 4th Quarter the Chiefs would get three Field Goals from Ryan Succop, while Justin Houston sacked Drew Brees in the endzone for a safety to toe the game 24-24. In overtime, Succop would nail a 31 yard Field Goal to give the Chiefs a dramatic 27-24 come from behind win. Returning home the Chiefs would not be able to get any momentum as they trailed the San Diego Chargers 17-0 after the 1st Quarter. The Chargers would go on to win the game easily 37-20. The losses only would mount from there as an uninspired 9-6 loss to the Baltimore Ravens would be their only close game over the next five games as the Chiefs found themselves at 1-7 at the season's midpoint. The Chiefs had failed to even lead at any point during their first eight games. In Week 10 on the road against the Pittsburgh Steelers, the Chiefs scored first, but the Steelers scored last winning the game 16-13 in overtime, as Matt Cassel was picked off by Lamar Woodley. Following an ugly 28-6 loss at home to the Cincinnati Bengals, the Chiefs put up another good effort as they trailed by just one point at halftime against the Denver Broncos at home. However, they would end up falling to 1-10 with a 17-9 loss. Things would go from bad to worse six days later as Linebacker Jovan Belcher murdered his girlfriend at their home and then drove to the team's practice field where he shot himself in the head in front of general manager Scott Pioli and Romeo Crennel. With a game just 24 hours later, the Chiefs managed to fight through the pain and won their second game of the year by beating the Carolina Panthers 27-21, as Brady Quinn had a solid game passing for 201 yards with two touchdowns. However, that would be the Chiefs last win of the season, as they dropped their final four games and finished the season with a franchise worst record of 2-14. The lone bright spot for the lost season was the solid year of RB Jamal Charles who ran for 1,509 yards. Following the season the Chiefs would make wholesale changes as John Dorsey replaced Pioli as General Manager, while former Philadelphia Eagles Coach Andy Reid replaced Crennel. The Chiefs would also acquire Quarterback Alex Smith from the San Francisco 49ers as they drafted tackle Eric Fisher from Central Michigan with the number one pick. 2013: Coming off a 2-14 season, the Chiefs had a new beginning with new Coach Andy Reid and new Quarterback Alex Smith, who was determined to be expendable by the San Francisco 49ers with the play of Colin Kaepernick. Starting the season on the road against the Jacksonville Jaguars, the Chiefs got off to a rough start as Punter Dustin Colquitt had a punt blocked for a safety after the first series of the game. However, it would be the only blemish in an otherwise perfect game that the Chiefs won 28-2. The Chiefs defense limited the Jaguars to 228 yards total offense, forcing two turnovers, while Alex Smith passed for 173 yards with two touchdowns. Hosting the Dallas Cowboys in their home opener, the Chiefs trailed in the third quarter 13-7, when Alex Smith and Dwayne Bowe connected on a 12 yard score to take the lead. The Chiefs would add a 40 yard Field Goal from Ryan Succop in the fourth quarter as they held on to a 17-16 victory, with their defense again forcing two turnovers. Four nights later, the Chiefs would face make an appearance on Thursday Night Football as Andy Reid returned to face his old team the Philadelphia Eagles. The Chiefs would get another big defensive effort, forcing five turnovers, including a first quarter pick six by Eric Berry. Returning home, the Chiefs completed a perfect September by crushing the New York Giants 31-7, as Dexter McCluster blew open the game with an 89 yard punt return. The Chiefs would get off to a fast start against the Tennessee Titans, building a 13-0 lead thanks to a fumble recovery by Marcus Cooper in the endzone. However, the Titants would rally to take a 17-13 lead in the early part of the 4th Quarter. The Chiefs who began the game with 13 unanswered points, would end it 1ith 13 unanswered to reach 5-0 for the first time in a decade winning 26-17 as Jamaal Charles scored on a TD run, and Ryan Succuop had his second four game of the season. Returning home, the Chiefs would continue their excellent start by beating the Oakland Raiders 24-7, as they ended a six game losing streak at Arrowhead Stadium, as their AFC West rivals. Despite struggling in their next game, the Chiefs became the last unbeaten team in the NFL at 7-0 with a 17-16 win over the Houston Texans. The Chiefs would eventually make it to 9-0 with wins over the Cleveland Browns and Buffalo Bills. After a bye week, the Chiefs great start would be put to the test in a Sunday Night showdown with the Denver Broncos. The Broncos who were scoring at a record pace, would not be able to pull away as the Chiefs held them under 30 points, but suffered their first loss just the same 27-17 A week later the Chiefs found themselves in a shootout with the San Diego Chargers at Arrowhead. Alex Smith had a solid game with 294 yard passing and three touchdowns, while Jamaal Charles rushed for 115 yards with two touchdowns. However, the Chargers would win the game 41-38 as Phillip Rivers found Seyi Ajirotutu in the endzone with 24 seconds left. The Chiefs would ended up with a third straight loss as they faced the Broncos for the second time in three weeks. Things looked good, for the Chiefs early, as they built a 21-7 lead highlighted by an electrifying 108 yard kickoff return from Knile Davis, but they had no answers for Peyton Manning and Erik Decker who hooked up for four touchdowns to lead Denver to a 35-28 win. The big play would return for the Chiefs a week later as they crushed the Washington Redskins 45-10 at FedEx Field. The Chiefs dominated the game from the start, building a 31-0 lead, highlighted by a Dexter McCluster 74 yard punt return in the second quarter. After the Redskins got on the board, the Chiefs quickly answered with Quintin Demps 95 yard kickoff return. A week later the Chiefs would enjoy another blow out win over the Raiders in Oakland 56-31. Alex Smith passed for 287 yards, with five touchdowns, four of which were caught by Jamaal Charles who had 215 All-Purpose Yards with five touchdowns, as the Chiefs defense forced seven turnovers. The Chiefs would sputter in their return to Arrowhead Stadium, as they lost to the Indianapolis Colts 23-7. Locked into the fifth seed in the playoffs, the Chiefs rested their starters as they ended the regular season against the Chargers in San Diego. The Chiefs reserves played well leading most of the game. However, the Chargers needing a win to make the playoffs rallied and tied the game 24-24 on a chip shot Field Goal late in the 4th Quarter. The Chiefs would have a chance to win the game at the end of regulation, but Ryan Succuop's 41 yard Field Goal attempt sailed wide right. In overtime, the Chargers would score on the first possession, and win the game 27-24 as Chase Daniel was unable to get the Chiefs into Field Goal range with the game ending on an illegal forward pass. 2013 Playoffs: After posting an 11-5 record, the Chiefs would face the Indianapolis Colts in the Wild Card round at Lucas Oil Stadium. The Chiefs dominated the first half, building a 31-10 lead, as Alex Smith was on his way to passing for 378 yards with four touchdowns, highlighted by a 79 yard bomb to Donnie Avery to start the second quarter. The Chiefs would continue to build the lead to 38-10 with a Husain Abdullah interception of Andrew Luck to begin the second half, which set up a ten yard TD pass to Knile Davis. However an incredible string of injuries that saw the Chiefs lose running backs Jamaal Charles and Knile Davis, outside linebacker Justin Houston, cornerback Brandon Flowers and wide receiver Donnie Avery turned the game that seemed to be a laugher into a nail biter as Luck began to lead the Colts back with three scores in the 2nd Quarter. Amdrew Luck was in the right place at the right time to scoop up a fumble for a TD run to cut the Chiefs lead to 41-38 at the start of the fourth quarter. With the momentum turned around the Chiefs would get just a 43 yard Field Goal following after Luck tossed his third pick of the game. The Colts would complete the comeback as Andrew Luck connected with T.Y. Hilton on a 64 yard score with 4:21 left. Down 45-44, the Chiefs got the ball down to the Colts 39, but Alex Smith was flagged for grounding stalling the drive. Facing 4th and 11 with time slipping away, Smith found Dwayne Bowe on the sideline, but he would come up one yard short of a first down that would have continued the drive. The Colts would run out the clock, completing the second biggest playoff comeback in NFL history. 2014: Coming off a surprise trip to the playoffs, the Kansas City Chiefs looked to carry the momentum forward as they opened the season at home against the Tennessee Titans. Despite a high energy crowd all decked in red at Arrowhead Stadium, the Chiefs came out flat and suffered a 26-10 loss. Down 21-10 to the Denver Broncos at the half in Week 2 the Chiefs would begin to playing better in the second half but their comeback efforts fell just short as a potential game tying drive was turned away at the goal line, losing 24-17. The Chiefs would get their first win in Week 3 on the road against the Miami Dolphins 34-15, as Knile Davis playing for an injured Jamaal Charles rushed for 132 yards with a touchdown, while Alex Smith had three touchdown passes. Returning home for Monday Night Football, the Chiefs had one of their most impressive wins in years, crushing the New England Patriots 41-14, as Jamaal Charles returned and had three touchdowns, while their defense intercepted Tom Brady twice, highlighted by Hussain Abdullah's 39 yard interception return. However, they would be unable to build off that win as they suffered a 22-17 loss to the San Francisco 49ers at Levi's Stadium and went into the bye week with a record of 2-3. Returning from the bye week, the Chiefs would win a back and forth thriller on the road against the San Diego Chargers 23-20 as Cairo Santos 48 yard Field Goal with 21 seconds left was the difference. Returning home, the Chiefs slammed the St. Louis Rams 34-7, scoring the last 34 points after the Rams took a 7-0 lead in the first quarter. The highlight of the game was a 99 yard kickoff return from Knile Davis to open the second half. The Chiefs would get a third straight win against the New York Jets, 24-10. After struggling all afternoon in Buffalo, the Chiefs would score twice in the fourth quarter to beat the Bills 17-3 and improved to 6-3. The winning score was an eight yard bootleg from Alex Smith with 8:59 left in regulation. The Chiefs would get a fifth straight win when they returned home to face the Seattle Seahawks. In their 24-20 win over the defending champions, it was Jamaal Charles leading the way with 159 yards on the ground and two touchdowns. Riding high at 7-3 the Chiefs would suffer a major letdown four days later, as they were upset by the winless Oakland Raiders 24-20. Heading into the game, the Raiders had 16 straight losses and had not won for a calendar year. Making matters worse, Safety Eric Berry was hospitalized for chest pains. A chest X-Ray would discover a mass in his chest that turned out to be lymphoma. Despite the diagnosis the prognosis for recover was good for Berry as the team wore T-Shirts with the slogan "Be Bold, Be Strong, Be Berry" with his name and jersey number 29 on the back. Following their deflating loss in Oakland, the Chiefs would suffer losses to the Broncos on Sunday Night and Arizona Cardinals. Returning home the Chiefs took revenge on the Raiders, winning 31-13 to keep their fading playoff hopes alive. However, those hopes would all but vanish with a 20-12 loss at Heinz Field against the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Chiefs went into the final week needing lots of help to return to the playoffs, but the help never appeared as the Baltimore Ravens beat the Cleveland Browns to earn the final spot in the postseason. The Chiefs however, did their part beat the Chargers at Arrowhead Stadium 19-7. The win eliminated the Chargers from the postseason and marked the first time since 2003 that the Chiefs swept their division rivals from Southern California. Despite making the playoffs, the Chiefs 9-7 record was quite respectable. In a statistical anomaly Alex Smith had 18 touchdown passes none of which were caught by a Wide Receiver as all were caught by eight Chiefs Tight Ends of Running Backs. 2015: After narrowly missing the playoffs, the Kansas City Chiefs looking to rebound started the season successfully with a 27-20 win of the Houston Texans. Alex Smith had a solid game in Houston, passing for 243 yards, with three touchdowns. The Chiefs would host the Denver Broncos in their home opener on Thursday Night Football, four days later. The Chiefs appeared to be in control early, taking a 14-0 lead on pick six by Marcus Peters, but the Broncos answered with scores on their next two possessions. The Chiefs would take the lead three times, only to have Denver tie the game, the last time coming with 36 seconds left. Tied 24-24, the Chiefs would be stunned just nine seconds later as Bradley Roby returned a Jamaal Charles fumble 21 yards to win the game 31-24. The stunning loss to Denver, seemed to send the Chiefs as they lost their next two games on the road to the Green Bay Packers and Cincinnati Bengals. Returning home the Chiefs suffered a bid body blow when Jamaal Charles their leading rusher suffered a torn ACL and was lost for the season. Despite the injury, the Chiefs appeared to be heading for a win, leading 17-3 at the half. However, without Charles, the Chiefs offense stalled, which kept Chicago in the game. Still leading 17-6, the Chiefs allowed two touchdowns in the final three minutes with Matt Forte putting the Bears in front 18-17 with a seven yard run with 18 seconds left. Facing desperation Cairo Santos would be unsuccessful on a 66-yard Field Goal attempt, dropping the Chiefs to 1-4. The Chiefs struggles continued in Week 6 as they lost to the Minnesota Vikings 16-10, watching a fourth quarter rally fall just short after being shutout for the first three quarters. After five straight losses the Chiefs season appeared to be over before it even began as just one team in the Super Bowl era made the playoffs after such a poor start. Hosting the Pittsburgh Steelers who were playing without Quarterback Ben Roethlisberger, the Chiefs with three Field Goals by Cairo Santos held a 9-3 lead at the half. That would remain the score until late in the third quarter, when Charcandrick West who rushed for 122 yards scored from one yard out. The Steelers would claw back to within a Field Goal, but with Chris Conley hauling in a six yard pass from Alex Smith the Chiefs would end their five game losing streak with a 23-13 win. Charcandrick West led the way again the following week, rushing for 97 yards with a touchdown on 20 carries as the Chiefs rolled over the Detroit Lions in a game played at London's Wembley Stadium. The Chiefs defense also played a key role win the win, sacking Matthew Stafford six times. Following a bye week, the Chiefs continued their turnaround with a 29-13 win over the Broncos at Mile High. Charcandrick West continued to impress, with 167 all-purpose yards, including an 80-yard pass and catch that helped them build a 29-0 lead early in the fourth quarter, also helping to lead the way were Cairo Santos who had five Field Goals, while the Chiefs defense intercepted Peyton Manning four times. The Chiefs would reach .500 with a 33-3 road win over the San Diego Chargers. Early on it was clear the day belonged to Kansas City, as 346 pound tackle Dontari Poe playing offense leapt over goalline and at became the heaviest player in NFL history to rush for a touchdown. Charcandrick West out with a hamstring injury, the Chiefs turned to Spencer Ware who was signed off the Seattle Seahawks practice squad to carry the load in the running attack. Ware would rush for 114 yards with one score, as Alex Smith passed for 255 yards and two scores to help the Chiefs improve to 6-5 with a 30-22 win over the Buffalo Bills at Arrowhead Stadium. Against the Oakland Raiders, Jeremy Maclin had two fourth quarter touchdown receptions as the Chiefs rallied for a 34-20 win on the road. The Chiefs offense stalled the following week, but thanks to a big defensive stand they won a seventh straight game by beating the Chargers 10-3 at a rain soaked Arrowhead Stadium. With two defensive scores the Chiefs clinched a winning record by beating the Baltimore Ravens 34-14. The Chiefs would clinch a playoff spot the following week by beating the Cleveland Browns 17-13. The Chiefs would finish the regular season with 23-17 win over the Raiders, with ten straight wins the Chiefs finished with a record of 11-5. Helping to guide the Chiefs turnaround was their strong defense, with Marcus Peters being named Defensive Rookie of the Year, with a league best eight interceptions. Meanwhile, Eric Berry who was diagnosed with lymphoma returned cancer free, and regained his All-Pros status, winning Comeback Player of the Year. 2015 Playoffs: After becoming the first team in 45 years to reach the playoffs after a 1-5 start, the Kansas City Chiefs returned to NRG Stadium, where their season began to face the Houston Texans. The game began with a bang for the Chiefs as Knile Davis returned the opening kickoff 106 yards for a touchdown. From there, the Chiefs defense took over forcing five turnovers. Meanwhile Cairo Santos hit a pair of 49-yard Field Goals to build a 13-0 lead at the half. The Chiefs would get touchdowns from Chris Conley and Spencer Ware in the second half and cruised the rest of the way, winning 30-0. The win was franchise record 11th straight for the Chiefs. It was also the first the playoff win for the Chiefs since 1993. The Divisional Playoff Round would be much harder as they traveled to Foxboro to face the New England Patriots. With Tom Brady passing for 302 yards with two touchdown passes and a touchdown sneak, the Patriots controlled the game from the start, eventually building a 21-6 lead in the third quarter. The Chiefs would get within a touchdown late, on a Charcandrick West touchdown run, but unable to recover the on-side kick or prevent the Patriots from getting a first down, it would be as close as they could manage as their season ended with a 27-20 loss. Logo KC Chop   Kansas City Chiefs defensive end Glenn Dorsey is a strong advocate for the humane treatment of dogs and was featured in a public service announcement for PETA. In the PSA Dorsey urged dog owners to bring their dogs inside during times of extreme weather. While most dog owners already practice compassion for their pets, some owners don't and need to be made aware that their animals need to socialize and be protected from the elements. Blue Buffalo is a healthy dog food which many owners count on to keep their dogs happy and healthy. Blue Buffalo products are also available for cats, and cat owners should remember to keep their pets inside during dangerous weather situations too.

Dallas Texans

Who was Super Bowl MVP the year after Joe Namath won it?

Kansas City Chiefs Team History | Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site Team Greats Team History In 1959, a 26-year-old Texan, frustrated by his unsuccessful attempts to gain a pro football franchise in the National Football League, embarked on an alternate course that was to drastically change the face of pro football forever. The young man was Lamar Hunt, who founded the American Football League that season and served as the league's first president when its eight new teams began play in 1960. Hunt's own team, the Dallas Texans, was located in his hometown where he would face direct competition from the NFL's newest expansion team, the Dallas Cowboys. In spite of this opposition from the established NFL, the Texans quickly made their mark as one of the new league's strongest teams. In their third season in 1962, they won the AFL championship with a 20-17 win over the Houston Oilers in a 77-minute, 54-second, two-overtime game, the longest pro football game ever played up to that time. Although the Texans fared well in Dallas, Hunt decided that, for the good of the league, it would be best to move his franchise to Kansas City in 1963. There the team was renamed the Chiefs and it continued to enjoy the success the team had experienced in Dallas. The Chiefs won a second AFL title in 1966 and was the first team to represent the AFL in Super Bowl competition. Kansas City won another title in 1969 and became the only team in AFL history to win three championships. Although the Minnesota Vikings were heavily favored in Super Bowl IV, Kansas City upset the NFL champions 23-7 to complete the AFL vs. NFL portion of the Super Bowl series tied at two wins each. It was the last game ever played by an AFL team. The Texans-Chiefs' 10-season AFL record of 92-50-5 was the best of any AFL team. Head coach Hank Stram became the only man to serve as a head coach throughout the AFL's history. Thanks to Hunt's wise player-procurement policies, his teams were loaded with potential superstars, including five -- quarterback Len Dawson, defensive end Buck Buchanan, linebackers Bobby Bell and Willie Lanier and kicker Jan Stenerud -- who have been elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Hunt himself was the first Chief elected for his role in forming a new league that caused pro football to grow from 12 teams to 26 teams in the 1960s. When they first moved to Kansas City, the Chiefs played in 49,002-seat Municipal Stadium. But in 1972, they moved into their current home, 78,097-seat Arrowhead Stadium, considered to be one of the world's finest. The Chiefs won the AFC Western Division title in 1971, but their Christmas Day double-overtime playoff loss to Miami that year marked their last playoff appearance until the 1986 Chiefs captured a wild-card playoff berth. The Chiefs were perennial playoff contenders under coach Marty Schottenheimer from 1989-1998. The Chiefs are now in the capable hands of head coach Andy Reid, who earned a playoff spot in his first season with the team. Close

i don't know

In 1952 who was the then oldest boxer to become world champoion?

The Heavyweight Top Champions of All Time THE HEAVYWEIGHT TOP CHAMPIONS OF ALL TIME 06/20/98 Disclaimer: The list below is based on each boxer's last name. 1. Muhammad Ali Started his pro career 1960 until 1981, Muhammad Ali - previously known as Cassius Clay, has booked professional fight record of 56-5 (57 KO). He was nicknamed as "The Greatest" as he always proved every words he said before afight was done. Ali was also known as the one who invented rope and dope technique in boxing. "Dance like a butterfly and sting like a bee" was always reflected in his fights. Ali was the first man in the world who succeeded to be a three times Heavyweight champion, before Evander Holyfield did it again in 1997. Ali fist got the world title after defeating Sonny Liston by KO7 in Miami Beach, Fl, February 25, 1964. 2. Ezzard Charles He fought in 1940-1959, and finally became a world champion in 1950-1951 after he defeated the legend Joe Louis on September 27, 1950 in New York. After he lost his title defeated by Jersey Joe Walcott (PA, July 18, 1051), Charles failed twice in his attempt to get back the title from Rocky Marciano in 1954. 3. Jack Dempsey The 1919-1926 Heavyweight world champion , Jack Dempsey, fought in professional boxing in 1914-1940. He first got his title from Jess Willard in Toledo, OH (July 4, 1919). He then lost the title in September 1926 after defeated by Gene Tuney in Chicago, IL. 4. George Foreman "Big George" started his pro debut in 1969 and ended it nicely in 1997. He is the oldest Heavyweight world champion in history, and he has become a legend for that. Collecting 76 wins (68 KO) and only 5 losses, Foreman was really an amazing champion. He first got the title by defeating Smokin' Joe Frazier in Jamaica by KO2 (Jan. 22, 1973). Ali seized the title on October 30, 1974 by KO4 in Kinsasha, Zaire. He decided to retire after Jimmy Young defeated him in 1997, but then he made a spectacular moment when he knocked out Michael Moorer in Las Vegas when he was 45 (January 23, 1989). 5. Joe Frazier He was world champion in 1970-1973, the time of the toughest competition in heavyweight world. Frazier fought in 1965-1981 and collecting 32-4 (27 KO) fight record. He got the Heavyweight title in February 16, 1970 from Jimmy Ellis by KO5 in NY. He was forced to give the crown to Foreman after he was KO'd in round 2. 6. Larry Holmes This "Easton Assassin" almost got the 49 consecutive victories as Marciano did, but he failed after Michael Spinks defeated him in 1985. Holmes (66-6, 42 KO's) boxed from 1973-1997. He was a consecutive champion for 7 years, 1978-1985. Holmes got the world title on June 9, 1978 from Ken Norton by points in Las Vegas. In his come back, Holmes has tried to get back his lost title several times, including Tyson (1988), but he never made it. Evander Holyfield "The Real Deal" is a very religious boxer. Until today, he has gathered fight records of 35-3 (25 KO's). He was Cruiserweight champion (1986-1990), then to KO James Douglas in round 3 on October 25, 1990. He is the second man in history after Ali who could be the 3 times Heavyweight world champion. He is considered as a legend after his 2 consecutive spectacular victories against Tyson in 1997. 8. Jack Johnson Johnson, 78-13-11 (49 KO's), boxed in 1897-1945. He was the world champion in 1908-1914 after defeating Tommy Burns in Sydney by KO14 (December 26, 1908). 9. Sonny Liston Liston was the 1962-1964's Heavyweight champion. He professionally boxed in 1953-1970, owning fight records of 50-4 (39 KO's). Liston got the title from Floyd Patterson by KO1 in Chicagi, IL. (September 25, 1962). 10. Lennox Lewis Lewis became the Brittish pride after becoming the world champion defeating Tonny Tucker by points on May 8, 1993. After being defeated by Oliver McCall by KO2, Lewis has returned to be the world champion since 1994 until today. He has fight records of 33-1 (27 KO's). 11. Joe Louis Louis was the world champion in 1937-1948, with fight records of 68-3 (54 KO's). He professionally boxed in 1934-1951, and to get the world championship crown on June 22, 1937 by KOing James Braddock in round 8 in Chicago, IL. 12. Rocky Marciano He is the only man in history having a consecutive victory record 49-0 in his Heavyweight career. Marciano, started his debut in 1947 and announced retirement in 1956 when he was still a champion. The Brocton Blockbuster, the way he was called, seized the heavyweight championship title from Jersey Joe Walcott by KO13 on September 23 in PA. Marciano, the original Rocky, died in a plane crash in August 31, 1968 when he was 46. 13. Floyd Patterson The former youngest heavyweight champion before Tyson did it. This 1956-1962's champion got the title on November 30, 1956 by defeating Archie Moore (KO5) in Chicago, IL. Since his professional debut (1952) until his retirement (1972) Patterson has collected 52 wins (40 KO's) - 8 - 1. 14. Max Schmelling This German pride was the champion in 1930-1932, that the title was taken from Jack Sharkey by disq. 4 (New York, June 12, 1998). Schmelling's boxing record (1924-1948) is 56-10-4 (39 KO's) - He was forced to give the championship crown to Joe Louis after he was KO'd in round 1 on June 22, 1938. 15. John L. Sullivan "Boston Strong Boy" was born in 1858, started his professional debut in 1878. He became the greatest in Heavyweight after sending Dominic McCaffrey in round 6 on August 29, 1885. He was the champion until 1892 before he retired in 1892. His boxing record was 41-1-3 (36 KO's) 16. Gene Tuney Tuney, 1926-1928 champion, started his pro career in 1915 and retired in 1928. He got the title from Jack Dempsey on September 23, 1926 in Philadelphia. His record noted 65-1-1 (47 KO's). 17. Mike Tyson "Iron" Tyson was declared as the most scarry boxer of the century, following his outrageous KO victories in early rounds. This controversial fighter started his pro career in 1986 and got his world title on November 22, 1986 from Trevor Berbick in Las Vegas (TKO2). He was then inactive for being enjailed (1992-1994), and got again his lost champion belt on March 16, 1996 by defeating Frank Bruno by TKO3. One worst thing in his life was when he was suspended from boxing after he bite Holyfield's ears in an emotional fight in 1997. He's planned to return to the ring in this year. 18. Jersey Joe Walcott Started his pro debut in 1930, Walcott became the world champion on July 18, 1951 by defeating Ezzard Charles (KO7) in PA. After he lost his belt in 1952, he tried to get it back for several times with failures. Finally he decided to retire in 1953 after being KO'd by Marciano in the first round in Chicago, IL. He had bout records of 53-18-1 (33 KO's). Jeff

Jersey Joe Walcott

In 1988 who won the tennis Grand Slam and Olympic gold?

The Heavyweight Top Champions of All Time THE HEAVYWEIGHT TOP CHAMPIONS OF ALL TIME 06/20/98 Disclaimer: The list below is based on each boxer's last name. 1. Muhammad Ali Started his pro career 1960 until 1981, Muhammad Ali - previously known as Cassius Clay, has booked professional fight record of 56-5 (57 KO). He was nicknamed as "The Greatest" as he always proved every words he said before afight was done. Ali was also known as the one who invented rope and dope technique in boxing. "Dance like a butterfly and sting like a bee" was always reflected in his fights. Ali was the first man in the world who succeeded to be a three times Heavyweight champion, before Evander Holyfield did it again in 1997. Ali fist got the world title after defeating Sonny Liston by KO7 in Miami Beach, Fl, February 25, 1964. 2. Ezzard Charles He fought in 1940-1959, and finally became a world champion in 1950-1951 after he defeated the legend Joe Louis on September 27, 1950 in New York. After he lost his title defeated by Jersey Joe Walcott (PA, July 18, 1051), Charles failed twice in his attempt to get back the title from Rocky Marciano in 1954. 3. Jack Dempsey The 1919-1926 Heavyweight world champion , Jack Dempsey, fought in professional boxing in 1914-1940. He first got his title from Jess Willard in Toledo, OH (July 4, 1919). He then lost the title in September 1926 after defeated by Gene Tuney in Chicago, IL. 4. George Foreman "Big George" started his pro debut in 1969 and ended it nicely in 1997. He is the oldest Heavyweight world champion in history, and he has become a legend for that. Collecting 76 wins (68 KO) and only 5 losses, Foreman was really an amazing champion. He first got the title by defeating Smokin' Joe Frazier in Jamaica by KO2 (Jan. 22, 1973). Ali seized the title on October 30, 1974 by KO4 in Kinsasha, Zaire. He decided to retire after Jimmy Young defeated him in 1997, but then he made a spectacular moment when he knocked out Michael Moorer in Las Vegas when he was 45 (January 23, 1989). 5. Joe Frazier He was world champion in 1970-1973, the time of the toughest competition in heavyweight world. Frazier fought in 1965-1981 and collecting 32-4 (27 KO) fight record. He got the Heavyweight title in February 16, 1970 from Jimmy Ellis by KO5 in NY. He was forced to give the crown to Foreman after he was KO'd in round 2. 6. Larry Holmes This "Easton Assassin" almost got the 49 consecutive victories as Marciano did, but he failed after Michael Spinks defeated him in 1985. Holmes (66-6, 42 KO's) boxed from 1973-1997. He was a consecutive champion for 7 years, 1978-1985. Holmes got the world title on June 9, 1978 from Ken Norton by points in Las Vegas. In his come back, Holmes has tried to get back his lost title several times, including Tyson (1988), but he never made it. Evander Holyfield "The Real Deal" is a very religious boxer. Until today, he has gathered fight records of 35-3 (25 KO's). He was Cruiserweight champion (1986-1990), then to KO James Douglas in round 3 on October 25, 1990. He is the second man in history after Ali who could be the 3 times Heavyweight world champion. He is considered as a legend after his 2 consecutive spectacular victories against Tyson in 1997. 8. Jack Johnson Johnson, 78-13-11 (49 KO's), boxed in 1897-1945. He was the world champion in 1908-1914 after defeating Tommy Burns in Sydney by KO14 (December 26, 1908). 9. Sonny Liston Liston was the 1962-1964's Heavyweight champion. He professionally boxed in 1953-1970, owning fight records of 50-4 (39 KO's). Liston got the title from Floyd Patterson by KO1 in Chicagi, IL. (September 25, 1962). 10. Lennox Lewis Lewis became the Brittish pride after becoming the world champion defeating Tonny Tucker by points on May 8, 1993. After being defeated by Oliver McCall by KO2, Lewis has returned to be the world champion since 1994 until today. He has fight records of 33-1 (27 KO's). 11. Joe Louis Louis was the world champion in 1937-1948, with fight records of 68-3 (54 KO's). He professionally boxed in 1934-1951, and to get the world championship crown on June 22, 1937 by KOing James Braddock in round 8 in Chicago, IL. 12. Rocky Marciano He is the only man in history having a consecutive victory record 49-0 in his Heavyweight career. Marciano, started his debut in 1947 and announced retirement in 1956 when he was still a champion. The Brocton Blockbuster, the way he was called, seized the heavyweight championship title from Jersey Joe Walcott by KO13 on September 23 in PA. Marciano, the original Rocky, died in a plane crash in August 31, 1968 when he was 46. 13. Floyd Patterson The former youngest heavyweight champion before Tyson did it. This 1956-1962's champion got the title on November 30, 1956 by defeating Archie Moore (KO5) in Chicago, IL. Since his professional debut (1952) until his retirement (1972) Patterson has collected 52 wins (40 KO's) - 8 - 1. 14. Max Schmelling This German pride was the champion in 1930-1932, that the title was taken from Jack Sharkey by disq. 4 (New York, June 12, 1998). Schmelling's boxing record (1924-1948) is 56-10-4 (39 KO's) - He was forced to give the championship crown to Joe Louis after he was KO'd in round 1 on June 22, 1938. 15. John L. Sullivan "Boston Strong Boy" was born in 1858, started his professional debut in 1878. He became the greatest in Heavyweight after sending Dominic McCaffrey in round 6 on August 29, 1885. He was the champion until 1892 before he retired in 1892. His boxing record was 41-1-3 (36 KO's) 16. Gene Tuney Tuney, 1926-1928 champion, started his pro career in 1915 and retired in 1928. He got the title from Jack Dempsey on September 23, 1926 in Philadelphia. His record noted 65-1-1 (47 KO's). 17. Mike Tyson "Iron" Tyson was declared as the most scarry boxer of the century, following his outrageous KO victories in early rounds. This controversial fighter started his pro career in 1986 and got his world title on November 22, 1986 from Trevor Berbick in Las Vegas (TKO2). He was then inactive for being enjailed (1992-1994), and got again his lost champion belt on March 16, 1996 by defeating Frank Bruno by TKO3. One worst thing in his life was when he was suspended from boxing after he bite Holyfield's ears in an emotional fight in 1997. He's planned to return to the ring in this year. 18. Jersey Joe Walcott Started his pro debut in 1930, Walcott became the world champion on July 18, 1951 by defeating Ezzard Charles (KO7) in PA. After he lost his belt in 1952, he tried to get it back for several times with failures. Finally he decided to retire in 1953 after being KO'd by Marciano in the first round in Chicago, IL. He had bout records of 53-18-1 (33 KO's). Jeff

i don't know

How was Walker Smith Robinson better known?

The Official Site of Sugar Ray Robinson Although this charismatic boxer was born Walker Smith Jr., he is best remembered as "Sugar" Ray Robinson. Born on May 3, 1921 in Ailey, Georgia, his parents moved the family to New York when Sugar Ray was a teenager to escape the prevalent prejudice in the South. It was there, in a Harlem gym, that he was first introduced to boxing. Sugar Ray visited the gym frequently, using a borrowed Amateur Athletic Union boxing card of a friend. The friend's name, incidentally, was Ray Robinson. His natural talent in the ring began to draw attention, and soon crowds gathered to watch Sugar Ray perform. When future coach George Gainford watched him box for the first time, Gainford commented that the young boxer's style and fluid motions were "sweet as sugar." Others agreed, and the nickname stuck. After winning the New York Golden Gloves championship in 1940, 19-year-old Sugar Ray turned pro and never looked back. By 1946, Sugar Ray was the world welterweight champion. His reign included a 91 fight winning-streak. He held the title for five years, and then moved onto acquiring the world middleweight title, which he held five times between 1951-1960. A dominant force in the boxing ring for two decades, Sugar Ray was 38 when he won his last middleweight title. In the mid-1960s, Sugar Ray exited the ring gracefully. "No beefs, George," he told his coach. "Sometimes we got the best of it in the past." Sugar Ray's record was 128-1-2 with 84 knockouts at the pinnacle of his career. Amazingly, in over 200 fights, Sugar Ray was never physically knocked out (though he did receive one technical KO). Altogether, he amassed 109 KOs, and finished with a record of 175-19-6 with two no-decisions. World champion Muhammad Ali called him "the king, the master, my idol." In 1997, The Ring magazine named Sugar Ray "pound for pound, the best boxer of all time." More recently, in 1999, the Associated Press named him both the greatest welterweight and middleweight boxer of the century.

Sugar Ray Robinson

What is the nickname of record-breaking sprinter Maurice Greene?

Today in Masonic History - "Sugar" Ray Robinson (born Walker Smith Jr.) is Born Get Today in Masonic History into your Inbox. Sign up today for one of our email lists ! TODAY in Masonic History: "Sugar" Ray Robinson (born Walker Smith Jr.) is Born Today in Masonic History Sugar Ray Robinson (born Walker Smith Jr.) is born in 1921. Sugar Ray Robinson (born Walker Smith Jr.) was an American boxer. Robinson was born Walker Smith Jr. in or around Detroit Michigan. At the age of 12, Robinson's parents separated and Robinson moved with his mother to Harlem. When he was younger Robinson aspired to be a doctor. In the 9th grade he dropped out of Dewitt Clinton High School and began pursuing a boxing career. When he was 15 he tried to enter his first boxing tournament. He was refused because he did not have an Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) card. To circumvent the AAU rules he "borrowed" a birth certificate from his friend Ray Robinson. In one of his fights during the tournament a woman in the crowd said he was "sweet as sugar", the name stuck and he would be "Sugar" Ray Robinson the rest of his career. Robinson would finish his amateur career in 1940 after wining the Golden Gloves Featherweight Championship in 1939 and the Golden Gloves Lightweight Championship. His record was 85-0 with 69 knockouts, 40 of which came in the first round. Robinson started his professional career in 1940. In 1942 he would be named boxer of the year. Through the beginning of 1943, Robinson would have a record of 43-0. In 1943, Robinson would come up against Jake Lamotta, their previous match ended with a decision for Robinson. This time Lamotta, who had about 16lbs on Robinson knocked him out of the ring in the eighth round. Just a few months later, Robinson was inducted into the Army. One of his childhood idols, Joe Louis was drafted at the same time and prior to shipping out overseas the two would fight exhibition matches for United States Servicemen. On March 29th, 1944, the day before he was supposed to ship out to Europe, Robinson disappeared from his barracks and did not reappear until April 5th when he was found in hospital. Robinson had fallen down a flight of stairs in his barracks and in a daze wondered off. On April 1st he was found by a stranger and taken to the hospital. When he awoke on April 5th, he had no memory going back to the the moment he fell down the stairs. Initially there was talk of charging Robinson with desertion, the doctors that treated Robinson vouched for him and he was given an honorable discharge. In 1946, with a record of 73-1-1, Robinson sought the Welterweight Championship. At the time the mafia controlled the much of boxing and Robinson refused to cooperate with them. In December 1946, he finally got his shot and would defeat Tommy Bell in a close 15 round decision. In 1947, Robinson was scheduled to defend his title against Jimmy Doyle. Robinson tried to pull out of the fight after he had several dreams in which he killed Doyle in the ring. A priest and a minister convinced him to go ahead with the fight. Unfortunately Robinson's premonition was correct and in the eighth round of the fight Robinson would knock Doyle out and he would later pass away in the hospital. Talk swirled about charging Robinson with manslaughter, nothing came of the rumors. Prior to the fight Doyle had made it public that if he won the fight he was going to buy his mother a house. Robinson gave his winnings to Doyle's mother from his next 4 fights to fulfill Doyle's promise to his mother. In 1950, Robinson defended his Welterweight Title twice. The first was against Charley Fusari. After wining the fight Robinson donated all but $1 to cancer research. In the second title fight, Robinson came up against George Costner who also called himself "Sugar". Leading up to the fight, Costner repeatedly stated that he was the rightful owner of the name "Sugar". When the two men met in the middle of the ring before the fight Robinson declared to Costner "We better touch gloves, because this is the only round." Robinson knocked out Costner in 2 minutes and 49 seconds. Robinson would go on to win the Middleweight Championship against LaMotta. The fight known as The St. Valentines Day Massacre was a technical knockout in the 13th round. Robinson passed away on April 12, 1989. Robinson was a Prince Hall Freemason. At the time of the writing of this article his actual lodge membership is not know. Several non-related sources show him as a member. Select a date to see previous posts. May 2015

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Who was the first boxer to twice regain the world heavyweight title?

Muhammad Ali | American boxer | Britannica.com American boxer Alternative Title: Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr. Muhammad Ali Learn more about this topic 1 What was Prince’s best-selling album? Muhammad Ali, original name Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr. (born January 17, 1942, Louisville , Kentucky , U.S.—died June 3, 2016, Scottsdale , Arizona), American professional boxer and social activist. Ali was the first fighter to win the world heavyweight championship on three separate occasions; he successfully defended this title 19 times. Muhammad Ali (right) fighting Ernie Terrell, 1967. UPI/Bettmann Archive An overview of Muhammad Ali’s life and career. © CCTV America (A Britannica Publishing Partner) Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr., grew up in the American South in a time of segregated public facilities. His father, Cassius Marcellus Clay, Sr., supported a wife and two sons by painting billboards and signs. His mother, Odessa Grady Clay, worked as a household domestic. When Clay was 12 years old, he took up boxing under the tutelage of Louisville policeman Joe Martin. After advancing through the amateur ranks, he won a gold medal in the 175-pound division at the 1960 Olympic Games in Rome and began a professional career under the guidance of the Louisville Sponsoring Group, a syndicate composed of 11 wealthy white men. In his early bouts as a professional, Clay was more highly regarded for his charm and personality than for his ring skills. He sought to raise public interest in his fights by reading childlike poetry and spouting self-descriptive phrases such as “float like a butterfly, sting like a bee.” He told the world that he was “the Greatest,” but the hard realities of boxing seemed to indicate otherwise. Clay infuriated devotees of the sport as much as he impressed them. He held his hands unconventionally low, backed away from punches rather than bobbing and weaving out of danger, and appeared to lack true knockout power. The opponents he was besting were a mixture of veterans who were long past their prime and fighters who had never been more than mediocre . Thus, purists cringed when Clay predicted the round in which he intended to knock out an opponent, and they grimaced when he did so and bragged about each new conquest. Overview of Muhammad Ali’s life and career. Contunico © ZDF Enterprises GmbH, Mainz On February 25, 1964, Clay challenged Sonny Liston for the heavyweight championship of the world. Liston was widely regarded as the most intimidating, powerful fighter of his era. Clay was a decided underdog. But in one of the most stunning upsets in sports history, Liston retired to his corner after six rounds, and Clay became the new champion. Two days later Clay shocked the boxing establishment again by announcing that he had accepted the teachings of the Nation of Islam . On March 6, 1964, he took the name Muhammad Ali, which was given to him by his spiritual mentor, Elijah Muhammad . Britannica Stories Big Radio Burst from Tiny Galaxy For the next three years, Ali dominated boxing as thoroughly and magnificently as any fighter ever had. In a May 25, 1965, rematch against Liston, he emerged with a first-round knockout victory. Triumphs over Floyd Patterson , George Chuvalo , Henry Cooper, Brian London , and Karl Mildenberger followed. On November 14, 1966, Ali fought Cleveland Williams. Over the course of three rounds, Ali landed more than 100 punches, scored four knockdowns, and was hit a total of three times. Ali’s triumph over Williams was succeeded by victories over Ernie Terrell and Zora Folley. Sonny Liston on the canvas while Cassius Clay (later Muhammad Ali) raises his arms in triumph after … Bettmann/Corbis The Olympic Games Then, on April 28, 1967, citing his religious beliefs, Ali refused induction into the U.S. Army at the height of the war in Vietnam . This refusal followed a blunt statement voiced by Ali 14 months earlier: “I ain’t got no quarrel with them Vietcong.” Many Americans vehemently condemned Ali’s stand. It came at a time when most people in the United States still supported the war in Southeast Asia . Moreover, although exemptions from military service on religious grounds were available to qualifying conscientious objectors who were opposed to war in any form, Ali was not eligible for such an exemption, because he acknowledged that he would be willing to participate in an Islamic holy war. Muhammad Ali, 1967. Ira Rosenberg/Library of Congress (file no. LC-USZ62-115435) Ali was stripped of his championship and precluded from fighting by every state athletic commission in the United States for three and a half years. In addition, he was criminally indicted and, on June 20, 1967, convicted of refusing induction into the U.S. armed forces and sentenced to five years in prison. Although he remained free on bail, four years passed before his conviction was unanimously overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court on a narrow procedural ground. Britannica Lists & Quizzes Editor Picks: Exploring 10 Types of Basketball Movies Meanwhile, as the 1960s grew more tumultuous , Ali’s impact upon American society was growing, and he became a lightning rod for dissent. Ali’s message of black pride and black resistance to white domination was on the cutting edge of the civil rights movement . Having refused induction into the U.S. Army, he also stood for the proposition that “unless you have a very good reason to kill, war is wrong.” As black activist Julian Bond later observed, “When a figure as heroic and beloved as Muhammad Ali stood up and said, ‘No, I won’t go,’ it reverberated through the whole society.” In October 1970, Ali was allowed to return to boxing, but his skills had eroded. The legs that had allowed him to “dance” for 15 rounds without stopping no longer carried him as surely around the ring. His reflexes, while still superb, were no longer as fast as they had once been. Ali prevailed in his first two comeback fights, against Jerry Quarry and Oscar Bonavena. Then, on March 8, 1971, he challenged Joe Frazier , who had become heavyweight champion during Ali’s absence from the ring. It was a fight of historic proportions, billed as the “Fight of the Century.” Frazier won a unanimous 15-round decision. Following his loss to Frazier, Ali won 10 fights in a row, 8 of them against world-class opponents. Then, on March 31, 1973, a little-known fighter named Ken Norton broke Ali’s jaw in the second round en route to a 12-round upset decision. Ali defeated Norton in a rematch. After that he fought Joe Frazier a second time and won a unanimous 12-round decision. From a technical point of view, the second Ali-Frazier bout was probably Ali’s best performance in the ring after his exile from boxing. On October 30, 1974, Ali challenged George Foreman , who had dethroned Frazier in 1973 to become heavyweight champion of the world. The bout (which Ali referred to as the “ Rumble in the Jungle ”) took place in the unlikely location of Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo). Ali was received by the people of Zaire as a conquering hero, and he did his part by knocking out Foreman in the eighth round to regain the heavyweight title. It was in this fight that Ali employed a strategy once used by former boxing great Archie Moore . Moore called the maneuver “the turtle” but Ali called it “ rope-a-dope .” The strategy was that, instead of moving around the ring, Ali chose to fight for extended periods of time leaning back into the ropes in order to avoid many of Foreman’s heaviest blows. Connect with Britannica Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Pinterest Over the next 30 months, at the peak of his popularity as champion, Ali fought nine times in bouts that showed him to be a courageous fighter but a fighter on the decline. The most notable of these bouts occurred on October 1, 1975, when Ali and Joe Frazier met in the Philippines , 6 miles (9.5 km) outside Manila, to do battle for the third time. In what is regarded by many as the greatest prizefight of all time (the “ Thrilla in Manila ”), Ali was declared the victor when Frazier’s corner called a halt to the bout after 14 brutal rounds. The final performances of Ali’s ring career were sad to behold. In 1978 he lost his title to Leon Spinks , a novice boxer with an Olympic gold medal but only seven professional fights to his credit. Seven months later Ali regained the championship with a 15-round victory over Spinks. Then he retired from boxing, but two years later he made an ill-advised comeback and suffered a horrible beating at the hands of Larry Holmes in a bout that was stopped after 11 rounds. The final ring contest of Ali’s career was a loss by decision to Trevor Berbick in 1981. Ali’s place in boxing history as one of the greatest fighters ever is secure. His final record of 56 wins and 5 losses with 37 knockouts has been matched by others, but the quality of his opponents and the manner in which he dominated during his prime placed him on a plateau with boxing’s immortals. Ali’s most-tangible ring assets were speed, superb footwork, and the ability to take a punch. But perhaps more important, he had courage and all the other intangibles that go into making a great fighter. Trending Topics Industrial Revolution Ali’s later years were marked by physical decline. Damage to his brain caused by blows to the head resulted in slurred speech, slowed movement, and other symptoms of Parkinson syndrome . However, his condition differed from chronic encephalopathy , or dementia pugilistica (which is commonly referred to as “punch drunk” in fighters), in that he did not suffer from injury-induced intellectual deficits. Ali’s religious views also evolved over time. In the mid-1970s he began to study the Qurʾan seriously and turned to Orthodox Islam . His earlier adherence to the teachings of Elijah Muhammad (e.g., that white people are “devils” and there is no heaven or hell) were replaced by a spiritual embrace of all people and preparation for his own afterlife. In 1984 Ali spoke out publicly against the separatist doctrine of Louis Farrakhan , declaring, “What he teaches is not at all what we believe in. He represents the time of our struggle in the dark and a time of confusion in us, and we don’t want to be associated with that at all.” Ali married his fourth wife, Lonnie (née Yolanda Williams), in 1986. He had nine children, most of whom avoided the spotlight of which Ali was so fond. One of his daughters, however, Laila Ali , pursued a career as a professional boxer. While her skills were limited, she benefited from the fact that the Ali name was still financially viable. In 1996 Ali was chosen to light the Olympic flame at the start of the Games of the XXVI Olympiad in Atlanta , Georgia . The outpouring of goodwill that accompanied his appearance confirmed his status as one of the most-beloved athletes in the world. In 2005 he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom . His life story is told in the documentary film I Am Ali (2014), which includes audio recordings that he made throughout his career and interviews with his intimates . Muhammad Ali, 2004.

Muhammad Ali

Peter Nichol became the first Brit in 25 years to win the British open in which sport?

Floyd Patterson (Heavyweight) - Pics, Videos, Dating, & News Floyd Patterson Boxer Male Floyd Patterson was an American professional boxer and former Undisputed Heavyweight Champion. At 21, Patterson became the youngest man to win the world heavyweight title. He was also the first heavyweight boxer to regain the title. He had a record of 55 wins, 8 losses and 1 draw, with 40 wins by knockout. He won the gold medal at the 1952 Olympic Games as a middleweight.…  Read More related links Exciting Joshua Aims To Live Up To Heavyweight Hype Yahoo News - Apr 07, 2016 ' By Ian Chadband LONDON (Reuters) - Britain\'s Olympic champion Anthony Joshua is on the cusp of what he calls “the ultimate double” this weekend and fancies it could help him capture the boxing world\'s imagination like no heavyweight since Mike Tyson in his heyday. On Saturday, he fights America’s IBF champion Charles Martin at London’s O2 Arena and can become the first boxer to hold a version of the professional world heavyweight title while being reigning champion in the Olympics\' heavi... Let It Bleed, Bro: The Rolling Stones Take The Sixties By Storm Huffington Post - Nov 20, 2015 ' \n \nThe sixties were -- mostly -- way cool. \nLights and darks. Highs and lows. Cheers and tears. Always, excitement. \nDespite the roller-coaster extremes of what was going on, those of us who partied hard in that decade will always remember it as the best of times. And the worst of times. \n \nThis generation is sick of hearing all that. I can dig it. But those of us who lived it have it carved in stone in our collective memories. A lot of shit went down.... Let It Bleed, Bro: The Rolling Stones Take The Sixties By Storm Huffington Post - Nov 20, 2015 ' The sixties were -- mostly -- way cool. Lights and darks. Highs and lows. Cheers and tears. Always, excitement. Despite the roller-coaster extremes of what was going on, those of us who partied hard in that decade will always remember it as the best of times. And the worst of times. This generation is sick of hearing all that. I can dig it. But those of us who lived it have it carved in stone in our collective memories. A lot of shit went down. It wasn\'t just our long hair. We didn... An End To The Season Huffington Post - Nov 05, 2013 ' \nI grew up and went to school in the \'50s and \'60s near Yankee Stadium. Until I was fourteen I could hear the crowds roar each spring and fall from my classroom at the north end of Joyce Kilmer Park. Before becoming the U.S. Congressman representing that district my father worked as counsel to the Borough President of the Bronx in the Bronx County Courthouse, the tall building that loomed behind center field until the new stadium was built. After my mother died I would sometimes go wi... Learn about the memorable moments in the evolution of Floyd Patterson. CHILDHOOD 1935 Birth Born on January 4, 1935. TEENAGE Show Less As an amateur he won a gold medal in the middleweight division at the 1952 Summer Olympics. … Read More Although Mike Tyson later became the youngest boxer to win a world heavyweight title at the age of 20, Patterson remains the youngest to hold the undisputed heavyweight title. Both Tyson and Patterson were trained by Cus D'Amato.<br /><br /> Born into a poor family in Waco, North Carolina, Patterson was the youngest of eleven children and experienced an insular and troubled childhood. His family moved to Brooklyn, New York, where Floyd was a truant and petty thief. At age ten, he was sent to the Wiltwyck School for Boys, a reform school in upstate New York, which he credited with turning his life around. He stayed there for almost 2 years. He attended high school in New Paltz, New York where he succeeded in all sports (to this day the New Paltz football field is named in his honor). At age fourteen, he started to box, trained by Cus D'Amato at his Gramercy Gym. Read Less Aged just 17, Patterson won the Gold medal in the 1952 Helsinki Olympics as a middleweight. 1952 turned out to be a good year for the young Patterson; in addition to Olympic gold Patterson won the National Amateur Middleweight Championship and New York Golden Gloves Middleweight Championship. … Read More Patterson's amateur record over 44 fights was 40–4, with 37 knockouts.<br /><br /> Patterson carried his hands higher than most boxers, in front of his face. Sportswriters called Patterson's style a "peek-a-boo" stance. Read Less Show Less Patterson turned pro and steadily rose through the ranks, his only early defeat being an eight-round decision to former Light Heavyweight Champion Joey Maxim on June 7, 1954, at the Eastern Parkway Arena in Brooklyn, New York. … Read More Most people think Patterson did enough to win, and Maxim's greater fame at the time helped to sway the judges. Read Less Although Patterson fought around the light heavyweight limit for much of his early career, he and manager Cus D'Amato always had plans to fight for the Heavyweight Championship. In fact, D'Amato made these plans clear as early as 1954, when he told the press that Patterson was aiming for the heavyweight title. TWENTIES Show Less However, after Rocky Marciano announced his retirement as World Heavyweight Champion on April 27, 1956, Patterson was ranked by The Ring magazine as the top light heavyweight contender. … Read More After Marciano's announcement, Jim Norris of the International Boxing Club stated that Patterson was one of the six fighters who would take part in an elimination tournament to crown Marciano's successor. The Ring then moved Patterson into the heavyweight rankings, at number five. Read Less After beating Tommy "Hurricane" Jackson in an elimination fight, Patterson faced former Light Heavyweight Champion Archie Moore on November 30, 1956, for the World Heavyweight Championship. … Read More He beat Moore by a knockout in five rounds and became the youngest World Heavyweight Champion in history, at the age of 21 years, 10 months, 3 weeks and 5 days. He was the first Olympic gold medalist to win a professional heavyweight title.<br /><br /> After a series of defenses against fringe contenders (Hurricane Jackson, Pete Rademacher, Roy Harris, and Brian London), Patterson met Ingemar Johansson of Sweden, the number one contender, in the first of three fights. Read Less 1959 24 Years Old Johansson triumphed over Patterson on June 26, 1959, with the referee Ruby Goldstein stopping the fight in the third round after the Swede had knocked Patterson down seven times. … Read More Johansson became Sweden's first World Heavyweight Champion, thus becoming a national hero as the first European to defeat an American for the title since 1933. Read Less 1960 25 Years Old Patterson knocked out Johansson in the fifth round of their rematch on June 20, 1960, to become the first man in history to regain the Undisputed World Heavyweight Championship. … Read More Johansson hit the canvas hard, seemingly out before he landed flat on his back. With glazed eyes, blood trickling from his mouth and his left foot quivering, he was counted out. Johansson lay unconscious for five minutes before he was helped onto a stool. Read Less Show Less A third fight between them was held on March 13, 1961 and while Johansson put Patterson on the floor, Patterson retained his title by knockout in the sixth round to win the rubber match in which Patterson was decked twice and Johansson once in the first round. … Read More Johansson had landed both right hands over Floyd's left jab. After getting up from the second knockdown Floyd abandoned his jab and connected with a left hook that knocked down Johansson. After that, Patterson came on with a strong body attack that wore down Johansson. In the 6th round, Johansson caught Patterson with a solid right. But the power in Ingemar's punches was gone. Patterson won the fight in the 6th round by knockout. Read Less After the third Johansson fight, Patterson defended the title on December 4, 1961 against Tom McNeeley and retained the title with a fourth-round knockout. … Read More However he did not fight number one contender Sonny Liston. This was due in part to Cus D'Amato, who did not want Patterson in the ring with a boxer with mob connections. As a result, D'Amato turned down any challenges involving the IBC. Eventually, due to a monetary dispute with Jimmy Jacobs, Patterson removed D'Amato from handling his business affairs and agreed to fight Liston.<br /><br /> Leading up to the fight, Sonny Liston was the major betting line favorite, though Sports Illustrated predicted that Patterson would win in 15 rounds. Jim Braddock, Jersey Joe Walcott, Ezzard Charles, Rocky Marciano and Ingemar Johansson picked Patterson to win. The fight also carried a number of social implications. Liston's connections with the mob were well known and the NAACP was concerned about having to deal with Liston's visibility as World Champion and had encouraged Patterson not to fight Liston, fearing that a Liston victory would tarnish the civil rights movement. Patterson also claimed that John F. Kennedy did not want him to fight Liston either. Read Less 1962 27 Years Old Patterson lost his title to Liston on September 25, 1962 in Chicago, by a first-round knockout in front of 18,894 fans. … Read More The two fighters were a marked contrast. In the ring, Liston's size and power proved too much for Patterson's guile and agility. However, Patterson did not use his speed to his benefit. According to Sports Illustrated writer Gilbert Rogin, Patterson didn't punch enough and frequently tried to clinch with Liston. Liston battered Patterson with body shots and then shortened up and connected with two double hooks high on the head. The result at the time was the third-fastest knockout in boxing history. After being knocked out, Patterson left Comiskey Park in Chicago wearing dark glasses and a fake beard for the drive back to New York. After the fight, questions were raised on whether the fight was fixed to set up a more lucrative rematch. Overnight, Patterson seemed to lose his public support as a result of his swift knockout. Read Less 1963 28 Years Old The rematch was set for April 1963; however, Liston injured his knee swinging a golf club and the fight was delayed to July 22, 1963. … Read More In Las Vegas that night, Patterson attempted to become the first boxer to win the heavyweight title three times, but Liston once again knocked him out in the first round. Patterson lasted four seconds longer than in the first bout.<br /><br /> Following these defeats, Patterson went through a depression. However, he eventually recovered and began winning fights again, including top victories over Eddie Machen and George Chuvalo. The Chuvalo match getting Ring magazine's "Fight of the Year" award. Read Less THIRTIES 1965 - 1966 2 More Events 1965 30 Years Old Patterson was now the number one challenger for the title held by Muhammad Ali. On November 22, 1965, in yet another attempt to be the first to win the world heavyweight title three times, Patterson lost by technical knockout at the end of the 12th round, going into the fight with an injured sacro-iliac joint in a bout in which Ali was clearly dominant. … Read More Ali called Patterson an "Uncle Tom" for refusing to call him Muhammad Ali (Patterson continued to call him Cassius Clay) and for this outspokenness against black Muslims. Instead of scoring a quick knockout, Ali mocked, humiliated and punished Patterson throughout the fight before knocking him out in the 12th round. Read Less 1966 31 Years Old Patterson was still a legitimate contender. In 1966 he traveled to England and knocked out British boxer Henry Cooper in just four rounds at Wembley Stadium. 1967 32 Years Old When Ali was stripped of his title for refusing induction into the military, the World Boxing Association staged an eight-man tournament to determine his successor. Patterson fought Jerry Quarry to a draw in 1967. … Read More In a rematch four months later, Patterson lost a controversial 12-round decision to Quarry. Subsequently, in a third and final attempt at winning the title a third time, Patterson lost a controversial 15-round referee's decision to Jimmy Ellis in Sweden, despite breaking Ellis's nose and scoring a disputed knockdown. Read Less 1969 34 Years Old In September 1969 he divorced his first wife, Sandra Hicks Patterson, who wanted him to quit boxing, while he still had hopes for another title shot. Show Less Patterson continued on, defeating Oscar Bonavena in a close fight over ten rounds in early 1972. At age 37, Patterson was stopped in the seventh round in a rematch with Muhammad Ali for the NABF heavyweight title on September 20, 1972. … Read More The defeat proved to be Patterson's last fight, although there was never an announcement of retirement.<br /><br /> In retirement, he and Johansson became good friends who flew across the Atlantic to visit each other every year and he became chairman of the New York State Athletic Commission. He was also inducted into the International Boxing Hall Of Fame in 1991. Read Less FORTIES 1982 47 Years Old In 1982 and 1983 he ran the Stockholm Marathon together with Ingemar Johansson. … Read More Patterson lived in New Paltz, New York for many years and was known as a true gentleman around town.<br /><br /> His adopted son, Tracy Harris Patterson, was a world champion boxer in the 1990s and was trained by Floyd during part of his career. Floyd also trained Canadian heavyweight Donovan "Razor" Ruddock in 1992 for his fights with Greg Page, Phil Jackson, and Lennox Lewis. Read Less FIFTIES 1985 50 Years Old The New Paltz High School football field was named "Floyd Patterson Field" in 1985. … Read More Floyd Patterson suffered from Alzheimer's disease and prostate cancer and had been hospitalized for a week prior to his death. He died at home in New Paltz in 2004 at age 71. He is buried at New Paltz Rural Cemetery in New Paltz, Ulster County, New York. Read Less LATE ADULTHOOD

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Which Robin was the first yachtsman to sail non-stop around the world?

Round the World: at 75 Sir Robin Knox-Johnston is set to sail solo again - Telegraph Sailing Round the World: at 75 Sir Robin Knox-Johnston is set to sail solo again The 75-year-old founder of the Clipper Round the World Yacht Races is to sail solo across the Atlantic 45 years after becoming the first man to sail non-stop round the world Sir Robin Knox-Johnston, 75, at Endeavour Quay in Gosport, Hampshire, after he announced that he is to enter his Open 60 yacht Grey Power in the solo Route du Rhum competition Photo: Steve Parsons/PA Follow Sir Robin Knox-Johnston is to attempt to sail solo across the Atlantic 45 years after he became the first man to sail alone non-stop around the world. Sir Robin, who founded the Clipper Round the World Yacht Race, is to return to his solo ocean-racing roots by entering his Open 60 yacht Grey Power into the Route de Rhum Transatlantic race. Sir Robin Knox-Johnson in 2006 (Andrew Crowley) The pensioner, who is the oldest participant to have entered so far, last competed in the 3,500-mile race in 1982 in his 70ft catamaran Olympus. He said: ''Participating in the 2013 Rolex Sydney to Hobart Race reminded me how much I enjoy the excitement of an ocean race. Related Articles Knox-Johnston to sail Sydney-Hobart 21 Oct 2013 ''Solo sailing is where I feel most at home, no one else can benefit you or let you down, it is all in my hands. The Route de Rhum is one of the classics - it is a very well-run race. “Racing is exciting because it is tactical. The tactics are the weather. You have got to read it right and you have got to sail your boat really hard. It’s really such a buzz.” Robin Knox-Johnson sails his yacht Suhaili into the English Channel in April 1969 at the end of his non-stop round the world race (AFP/Getty Images) Sir Robin has no concerns about the race, which he expects will take two weeks and will see him get no more than one hour’s sleep at a time. He criticises the notion that “once you have passed the retirement age of 65 the next day your brain turns to porridge and you have a heart attack every time you come up the stairs.” And he insists he will not be coming out of retirement as he never retired from the sport, doing his best to keep active. He said while a lot of the other 80 competitors are likely to be stronger and younger he has his experience and enthusiasm on his side. Sir Robin, who founded the Clipper Round the World Yacht Race, will compete on his own Open 60 Yacht, Grey Power. He will start training when the 40,000 mile race finishes in July. Sailing will allow him to train his muscles but he says mental preparation is vital. “There may be gales at the start and I convince myself that the other competitors won’t like that and I will do better. It’s a psychological thing,” he added. “It’s the question of getting to the point where you do everything automatically. You will be tired so you keep practising all the systems you will be doing.” The grandfather of five set his circumnavigation record when he completed the Sunday Times Golden Globe Race on April 22, 1969. The other seven competitors dropped out at various stages leaving Sir Robin as the victor as he sailed into Falmouth aboard his 32ft boat Suhaili, 312 days after he left the Cornish port. Robin Knox Johnston on board his 32ft ketch Suhaili at Tower Pier in the Thames (Terry Gibson) For his latest challenge, Sir Robin will compete in the 10th anniversary edition of the Route de Rhum race which starts in St Malo, France, on November 2, and finishes at the Caribbean island of Guadeloupe. In 2006 Sir Robin Knox-Johnston set off on board his yacht Saga Insurance from Getxo, northern Spain to start the single-handed around-the world Velux 5 Oceans race (AP) He said that age is "just a measure" and not a marker of physical ability. He also insisted he will not be using one of the most modern boats, as he "does not have a spare £5 million", and will be using his Open 60 Yacht Grey Power. The difference to the boat he achieved his historic feat in 45 years ago is vast. In 1969 Sir Robin had a stolen barometer and radio which broke three months in, and just books and a tape recorder on board. This year he will use three on board satellites to read the weather and winds to predict the best position he should be in and will be in a longer boat that will be faster and stronger, made of carbon fibre rather than teak. “We’ve got very good communication and information to the boats now,” added Sir Robin, of Portsmouth. “We’ve got fast boats made of carbon fibre, we never had that 45 years ago. The whole scene has changed dramatically.” Sir Robin Knox-Johnston's sailing career He said he decided to take part in the Route de Rhum after the Sydney-Hobart race made him realise he missed racing. He also added that it's "getting a bit cold in England at that time of year and rather warmer in Guadeloupe" - where the race finishes. The inaugural race in 1978 was won by Canadian Mike Birch after a nail-biting finish but was marred by the disappearance of French sailor Alain Colas, who was lost at sea. The 2014 race is open to mono and multihull boats across four classes with almost 80 entrants. Sir Robin will be racing in the Rhum class and will start serious practice once the Clipper Round the World Yacht Race finishes in July. Sir Robin, of Portsmouth in Hampshire, is the chairman and founder of Clipper Ventures which runs the Clipper Round the World Yacht Race, the biennial event which sees amateur sailors from around the world completing a 40,000-mile global circumnavigation. Some pay up to £30,000 to take part in the race while others are sponsored. In 2006 he became the oldest yachtsman to complete a round the world solo voyage at the age of 67. And in 2013 navigated on one of two Clipper 68 yachts competing in the Sydney Hobart Yacht Race. Last year Sir Robin said the country had forgotten about sailing amid becoming obsessed with football and cricket. He said sailing is a huge sport in Britain but it often doesn’t get the publicity it deserves. His own grandchildren have shown “some interest” in the sport and he hopes this will develop in the future. The two boats - then and now The oat used to sail around the world in the Sunday Times Golden Globe Race, completed on April 22, 1969. Name: Suhaili 32ft long Made of teak Equipped with a barometer stolen from a pub with the words ‘A lovely day for a Guinness’ inscribed on it One radio, which stopped working after two and a half months Equipped with a lavatory No shower, used rainwater to wash in a sink Building started in Bombay Docks in 1963 Designed by William Atkins The boat to be used for the 2014 Route de Rhum Transatlantic race in November Name: Grey Power

knox johnson

Warren Beatty was offered full college scholarships in which sport?

Round the World: at 75 Sir Robin Knox-Johnston is set to sail solo again - Telegraph Sailing Round the World: at 75 Sir Robin Knox-Johnston is set to sail solo again The 75-year-old founder of the Clipper Round the World Yacht Races is to sail solo across the Atlantic 45 years after becoming the first man to sail non-stop round the world Sir Robin Knox-Johnston, 75, at Endeavour Quay in Gosport, Hampshire, after he announced that he is to enter his Open 60 yacht Grey Power in the solo Route du Rhum competition Photo: Steve Parsons/PA Follow Sir Robin Knox-Johnston is to attempt to sail solo across the Atlantic 45 years after he became the first man to sail alone non-stop around the world. Sir Robin, who founded the Clipper Round the World Yacht Race, is to return to his solo ocean-racing roots by entering his Open 60 yacht Grey Power into the Route de Rhum Transatlantic race. Sir Robin Knox-Johnson in 2006 (Andrew Crowley) The pensioner, who is the oldest participant to have entered so far, last competed in the 3,500-mile race in 1982 in his 70ft catamaran Olympus. He said: ''Participating in the 2013 Rolex Sydney to Hobart Race reminded me how much I enjoy the excitement of an ocean race. Related Articles Knox-Johnston to sail Sydney-Hobart 21 Oct 2013 ''Solo sailing is where I feel most at home, no one else can benefit you or let you down, it is all in my hands. The Route de Rhum is one of the classics - it is a very well-run race. “Racing is exciting because it is tactical. The tactics are the weather. You have got to read it right and you have got to sail your boat really hard. It’s really such a buzz.” Robin Knox-Johnson sails his yacht Suhaili into the English Channel in April 1969 at the end of his non-stop round the world race (AFP/Getty Images) Sir Robin has no concerns about the race, which he expects will take two weeks and will see him get no more than one hour’s sleep at a time. He criticises the notion that “once you have passed the retirement age of 65 the next day your brain turns to porridge and you have a heart attack every time you come up the stairs.” And he insists he will not be coming out of retirement as he never retired from the sport, doing his best to keep active. He said while a lot of the other 80 competitors are likely to be stronger and younger he has his experience and enthusiasm on his side. Sir Robin, who founded the Clipper Round the World Yacht Race, will compete on his own Open 60 Yacht, Grey Power. He will start training when the 40,000 mile race finishes in July. Sailing will allow him to train his muscles but he says mental preparation is vital. “There may be gales at the start and I convince myself that the other competitors won’t like that and I will do better. It’s a psychological thing,” he added. “It’s the question of getting to the point where you do everything automatically. You will be tired so you keep practising all the systems you will be doing.” The grandfather of five set his circumnavigation record when he completed the Sunday Times Golden Globe Race on April 22, 1969. The other seven competitors dropped out at various stages leaving Sir Robin as the victor as he sailed into Falmouth aboard his 32ft boat Suhaili, 312 days after he left the Cornish port. Robin Knox Johnston on board his 32ft ketch Suhaili at Tower Pier in the Thames (Terry Gibson) For his latest challenge, Sir Robin will compete in the 10th anniversary edition of the Route de Rhum race which starts in St Malo, France, on November 2, and finishes at the Caribbean island of Guadeloupe. In 2006 Sir Robin Knox-Johnston set off on board his yacht Saga Insurance from Getxo, northern Spain to start the single-handed around-the world Velux 5 Oceans race (AP) He said that age is "just a measure" and not a marker of physical ability. He also insisted he will not be using one of the most modern boats, as he "does not have a spare £5 million", and will be using his Open 60 Yacht Grey Power. The difference to the boat he achieved his historic feat in 45 years ago is vast. In 1969 Sir Robin had a stolen barometer and radio which broke three months in, and just books and a tape recorder on board. This year he will use three on board satellites to read the weather and winds to predict the best position he should be in and will be in a longer boat that will be faster and stronger, made of carbon fibre rather than teak. “We’ve got very good communication and information to the boats now,” added Sir Robin, of Portsmouth. “We’ve got fast boats made of carbon fibre, we never had that 45 years ago. The whole scene has changed dramatically.” Sir Robin Knox-Johnston's sailing career He said he decided to take part in the Route de Rhum after the Sydney-Hobart race made him realise he missed racing. He also added that it's "getting a bit cold in England at that time of year and rather warmer in Guadeloupe" - where the race finishes. The inaugural race in 1978 was won by Canadian Mike Birch after a nail-biting finish but was marred by the disappearance of French sailor Alain Colas, who was lost at sea. The 2014 race is open to mono and multihull boats across four classes with almost 80 entrants. Sir Robin will be racing in the Rhum class and will start serious practice once the Clipper Round the World Yacht Race finishes in July. Sir Robin, of Portsmouth in Hampshire, is the chairman and founder of Clipper Ventures which runs the Clipper Round the World Yacht Race, the biennial event which sees amateur sailors from around the world completing a 40,000-mile global circumnavigation. Some pay up to £30,000 to take part in the race while others are sponsored. In 2006 he became the oldest yachtsman to complete a round the world solo voyage at the age of 67. And in 2013 navigated on one of two Clipper 68 yachts competing in the Sydney Hobart Yacht Race. Last year Sir Robin said the country had forgotten about sailing amid becoming obsessed with football and cricket. He said sailing is a huge sport in Britain but it often doesn’t get the publicity it deserves. His own grandchildren have shown “some interest” in the sport and he hopes this will develop in the future. The two boats - then and now The oat used to sail around the world in the Sunday Times Golden Globe Race, completed on April 22, 1969. Name: Suhaili 32ft long Made of teak Equipped with a barometer stolen from a pub with the words ‘A lovely day for a Guinness’ inscribed on it One radio, which stopped working after two and a half months Equipped with a lavatory No shower, used rainwater to wash in a sink Building started in Bombay Docks in 1963 Designed by William Atkins The boat to be used for the 2014 Route de Rhum Transatlantic race in November Name: Grey Power

i don't know

Billy Crystal had a full college scholarship in which sport?

Billy Crystal - Biography - IMDb Billy Crystal Biography Showing all 51 items Jump to: Overview  (4) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (1) | Trade Mark  (1) | Trivia  (38) | Personal Quotes  (5) | Salary  (1) Overview (4) 5' 7" (1.7 m) Mini Bio (1) Billy Crystal was born on March 14, 1948 in Long Beach, Long Island, New York. He is the youngest of three sons born to Helen (Gabler) and Jack Crystal. His father was a well-known concert promoter who co-founded Commodore Records and his mother was a homemaker. His family were Jewish immigrants from Russia, Austria, and Lithuania. With his father in the music business, Billy was no stranger to some of the top performers of the time. Legends such as Billie Holiday , Pee Wee Russell , and Eddie Condon regularly stopped by the Crystal household. At age 15, Billy faced a personal tragedy when his father died of a heart attack at the relatively young age of 54. This gave Billy a real appreciation of what his dad was able to accomplish while alive and what his mother did to keep the family together. Despite this tragedy, Billy was very upbeat and likable as a kid. He had a unique talent for making people laugh. With television becoming a new medium, Billy got his influence from shows like The Honeymooners (1955), and "The Ed Sullivan Show" and performers like Alan King , Ernie Kovacs and Jonathan Winters . He started doing stand-up comedy at the age of 16. However, his real dream was to be a professional baseball player. His idol growing up was Yankees outfielder Mickey Mantle . He spent long hours in the summers playing softball in the middle of Park Avenue with his brothers and his father, a former pitcher at St. John's University . At Long Beach High, Billy played second base and was varsity captain in his senior year. This earned him a baseball scholarship from Marshall University in West Virginia which he accepted. However, he would never end up playing a game as the baseball program was suspended during his freshman year. This would lead him to leave the university and move back to New York. He then enrolled at nearby Nassau Community College, majoring in theater. It was there that he met and fell in love with a dancer named Janice Goldfinger. They would get married in 1970 and have two daughters. Shortly after, Billy got accepted in New York University, where he majored in Film and TV Direction. While at NYU, he studied under legendary filmmaker Martin Scorsese . He also worked as house manager and usher on a production of "You're A Good Man, Charlie Brown". After receiving a Bachelor of Fine Arts from NYU in 1970, Billy temporarily worked as a substitute teacher until he was able to get gigs as a stand-up comic. He formed his own improv group, 3's Company, and opened for musicians like Barry Manilow . His impression of Howard Cosell interviewing Muhammad Ali became a huge hit with the audience. He left Long Beach for Hollywood in August of 1976 in the hopes of trying to land a role on a television series. It only took a year before he got his big break when he was chosen for the role of gay character Jodie Dallas on the controversial ABC sitcom Soap (1977). This would be the first time that an American TV show would feature an openly gay character as a regular. The show ran successfully for four seasons and helped to jump-start Billy's previously stagnant career. After Soap (1977) ended in 1981, Billy continued to do his stand-up routine, which was now attracting a larger audience with his growing celebrity status. During this time, he made many TV guest appearances and even hosted his own short-lived variety show, The Billy Crystal Comedy Hour (1982). He became a regular on Saturday Night Live (1975) in 1984 where his Fernando Lamas impression with the catchphrase "You Look Mahvellous" was a huge hit with viewers. This would lead to appearances in feature-length films such as Running Scared (1986) and Throw Momma from the Train (1987). In 1986, along with Whoopi Goldberg and Robin Williams , he started Comic Relief, an annual stand-up comedy show which helped to raise money for housing and medical care for the homeless. The show has since grown substantially with the continued support of all three comics. Billy's career would peak in the late 1980s and early 1990s. His roles in the blockbuster movies When Harry Met Sally... (1989) and City Slickers (1991) helped to establish himself as one of Hollwood's top movie stars. This star status was further validated when he was chosen to host the annual Oscars in 1990, an honor in which he would repeat seven more times. He made his big screen directorial debut in the 1992 film Mr. Saturday Night (1992), which was about a washed-up stand-up comic who refuses to retire. He also wrote, produced and starred in the film. Although the film was not a huge hit, it proved that Billy was much more than an actor and comedian. In the following years, Billy continued to act in, produce, and direct several films. He had his share of hits ( Analyze This (1999), America's Sweethearts (2001)) and some flops ( Fathers' Day (1997), My Giant (1998)). His role in as a therapist to mobster Robert De Niro in Analyze This (1999) earned him critical praise. In 2001, Billy parlayed his childhood love of baseball and Mickey Mantle into a feature film. The movie, 61* (2001), which premiered on HBO, centered on the relationship between Mantle and Roger Maris and their 1961 pursuit of Babe Ruth 's home run record. The film for which Billy served as director and executive producer, garnered 12 Emmy nominations in all. Offscreen, Billy remains married to Janice Crystal and they have homes in California and New York. Both of his daughters are involved in the film business. Jennifer Crystal Foley is an aspiring actress, appearing in 61* (2001), while Lindsay Crystal is an aspiring filmmaker, creating and directing the documentary My Uncle Berns (2003). - IMDb Mini Biography By: SteveG Spouse (1) ( 4 June  1970 - present) (2 children) Trade Mark (1) His act often has imitations of people from the 1930s-40s Trivia (38) Younger daughter, Lindsay Crystal , is a filmmaker. His famous uncle, record producer Milton Gabler , founded Commodore Records and later Decca Records (which turned down The Beatles ), where he produced the Bill Haley hit "(We're Gonna) Rock Around the Clock". He appeared in the music video and sang in the choir on the song "Voices That Care". Became a grandfather for the 1st time at age 55 when his daughter Jennifer Crystal Foley gave birth to a daughter, Ella Ryan Foley, on June 20, 2003. Attended Marshall University in Huntington, West Virginia for his freshman year on a baseball scholarship but on his arrival was told freshman baseball was cancelled due to budget cuts. He did not return for the sophomore year choosing to attend community college before transferring to NYU. He was Jay Leno 's very first guest on May 25, 1992 when Jay took over the late night throne vacated by Johnny Carson on May 22, 1992. Is a partial owner of the Arizona Diamondbacks, and is a long time and huge fan of the New York Yankees. He is also a huge fan of the Los Angeles Clippers. Was cast as Rob Reiner 's best friend in the All in the Family (1971) episode, All in the Family: New Year's Wedding (1976), and became his best friend in real life. Was introduced to wife by close friend, Steve Kohut. When he was a child, one of his babysitters was Billie Holiday . His father, Jack Crystal , was a concert promoter who also ran a famous record store on New York City's 42nd Street. Billy claims that his wife, Janice Crystal , was his first and only date. Biography in: "Who's Who in Comedy" by Ronald L. Smith, pg. 124-126. New York: Facts on File, 1992. ISBN 0816023387 Attended and graduated from Long Beach High School in Long Beach, New York. Class of 1965 who voted him "Most Popular". In his role imitating real-life character Fernando Lamas , he hit #58 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart in 1984 with the catchy and comedic "You Look Mahvelous" which featured Paul Shaffer on keyboards. Wrote the children's book, "I Already Know I Love You", dedicated to Ella Ryan Foley, his granddaughter, with illustrations by Elizabeth Saylos. Auditioned for the role of Jack Tripper on Three's Company (1976) - the character of a straight man impersonating a gay man. Ironically, he went on to play the role of Jody Dallas on Soap (1977) - the first openly gay character on prime-time network television. Won a Special Theatrical Event Tony Award in 2005 for his one-man show, "700 Sundays", described as an "autobiographical journey". In November 2013, Crystal is set to bring the show back to Broadway. Is a huge fan of the Zach Braff sitcom Scrubs (2001), and donated a clip of When Harry Met Sally... (1989) for an episode. Considered for the role of Wilbur Turnblad in Hairspray (2007), which went to Christopher Walken . Used to be the opening act for Sammy Davis Jr. . Good friends with Serbian NBA superstar Vlade Divac . Recipient of the Kennedy Center's 2007 Mark Twain Prize for American Humor. On March 12, 2008 as a 60th birthday gift, he signed a one day minor league contract with New York Yankees. On March 13, 2008, he played his only game with the Yanks vs. the Pittsburgh Pirates at DH wearing #60. In his first and only at bat, he made contact with a foul ball but struck out. He received a standing ovation. Just one day later, the Yanks officially released him. Is one of the few non-African Americans on Saturday Night Live (1975) to perform in a "blackface" routine, but in full make-up prosthetics and as a realistic, non-stereotypical character. Studied drama at HB Studio in Greenwich Village, New York City. Has appeared with David Paymer in four films: City Slickers (1991), Mr. Saturday Night (1992), City Slickers II: The Legend of Curly's Gold (1994) and In Search of Dr. Seuss (1994). He was awarded a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6925 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, California on June 4, 1991. His paternal grandparents were Russian Jewish immigrants. His maternal grandfather was an Austrian Jewish immigrant, and his maternal grandmother was born in New York, to a Russian Jewish father and a Lithuanian Jewish mother (from Ariogala, Kaunas). He has two daughters with his wife, Janice: Jennifer Crystal Foley and Lindsay Crystal . He has two older brothers: Joel and Richard Crystal . Taught math, wood shop, and girls gym at Long Beach High School and in Long Beach, New York. Holds a BFA in television direction from New York University. He appeared in three films with Robin Williams : Hamlet (1996), Fathers' Day (1997) and Deconstructing Harry (1997). Was originally offered the role of Buzz Lightyear in Toy Story (1995) but he turned it down. After he watched the movie he said that turning down the role was the biggest mistake of his career. Personal Quotes (5) Women need a reason to have sex. Men just need a place. In high school, I was the class comedian as opposed to the class clown. The difference is, the class clown is the guy who drops his pants at the football game, the class comedian is the guy who talked him into it. [on hosting the Academy Awards] Whatever your approach, the world is a rough room. And it's a big room. Not everybody is going to like what you have to say. But when you're up there, look like you want to be there. You're the captain of show business that night. That's your job. My first trip into the men's room at Yankee Stadium was when I was 8. Not being very tall, I was at eye level to a pretty horrible sight. They had these troughs. Everyone was standing over them. It was like all the horses in the lineup at the Kentucky Derby-like the wall would open and they'd all start running. It was awful. I couldn't pee in public restrooms until I was 39. [on his life as a university student] I have to admit I was a little bit of a misfit. I was a film directing major at NYU - I'm still not sure why I became a directing major when I was really an actor and a comedian. It was a class of film people and my professor was Marty [ Martin Scorsese ]. Mr. Scorsese, as I called him, which I still do when I see him because he gave me a C. Salary (1)

Baseball

Who beat Jim Brown's rushing yards total of 12,312 yards in the 1980s?

Billy Crystal - TV.com Billy Crystal 3/14/1948, Long Beach, Long Island, New York, USA Birth Name EDIT Since he was nine years old, he wanted to be a professional baseball player, and played all throughout high school. He attended Marshall University in West Virginia on a baseball scholarship, but the program was abolished the following year. He then transferred to Nassau Community College in Long… more Credits S 1: Ep 13 Partners 6/25/15 S 1: Ep 12 Overhear 6/25/15 S 1: Ep 11 Red, White and Working Blue 6/18/15 S 1: Ep 10 Misdirection 6/11/15 S 1: Ep 9 Damage Control 6/4/15 S 84: Ep 84 The 84th Annual Academy Awards 2/26/12 S 76: Ep 1 The 76th Annual Academy Awards 2/29/04 S 72: Ep 1 The 72nd Annual Academy Awards 3/26/00 S 70: Ep 1 The 70th Annual Academy Awards 3/23/98 S 69: Ep 1 The 69th Annual Academy Awards 3/24/97 S 25: Ep 1 25th Anniversary Special 9/26/99 S 10: Ep 18 Howard Cosell/Greg Kihn 4/13/85 S 10: Ep 17 Christopher Reeve/Santana 4/6/85 S 1: Ep 37 Born Free and Equal 4/1/03 S 1: Ep 36 Yorktown 3/31/03 S 1: Ep 35 James Armistead 1/23/03 S 1: Ep 33 Conflict in the South 1/21/03 S 4: Ep 16 Episode 85 4/20/81 S 4: Ep 15 Episode 84 4/13/81 S 4: Ep 14 Episode 83 3/23/81 S 4: Ep 13 Episode 82 3/16/81 S 4: Ep 12 Episode 81 3/9/81 S 4: Ep 1 Special #7 11/2/79 S 40: Ep 19 Taraji P. Henson; Mumford & Sons 4/11/15 S 15: Ep 1 15th Anniversary Special 9/24/89 S 9: Ep 15 Billy Crystal/Al Jarreau 3/17/84 S 1: Ep 17 Ron Nessen/Toni Basil, Patti Smith 4/17/76 S 12: Ep 214 Show #2710 5/13/04 S 11: Ep 113 Show #2387 12/5/02 S 10: Ep 22 Show #2088 7/16/01 S 5: Ep 26 Billy Crystal; Barry Manilow 5/6/97 S 15: Ep 99 Show #2906 4/21/08 S 13: Ep 122 Show #2535 4/10/06 S 13: Ep 40 Show #2453 11/4/05 S 12: Ep 145 Show #2364 5/12/05 S 12: Ep 97 Show #2316 2/10/05 S 11: Ep 101 Show #1685 9/11/92 S 10: Ep 56 Show #1484 5/24/91 S 8: Ep 124 Show #1209 10/12/89 S 8: Ep 82 Show #1167 7/11/89 S 7: Ep 63 Show #1038 10/5/88 S 28: Ep 99 Show #4144 4/16/90 S 26: Ep 26 Show #3876 12/4/87 S 18: Ep 42 Show #3142 1/14/80 S 15: Ep 23 Show #2823 1/18/77 S 24: Ep 86 Show #3786 9/12/86 S 24: Ep 84 Show #3784 9/11/86 S 20: Ep 90 2015/04/15 4/15/15 S 16: Ep 45 Billy Crystal 4/4/11 S 1: Ep 1 2015/03/24 3/24/15 S 2014: Ep 20140919 2014/09/19 9/19/14 S 4: Ep 20 October 5, 1984 10/5/84 S 1: Ep 95 January 22, 1982 1/22/82 S 66: Ep 1 66th Annual Primetime Emmy Awards 8/25/14 S 63: Ep 165 April 18, 2014 4/18/14 S 56: Ep 225 November 9, 2007 11/9/07 S 53: Ep 243 December 6, 2004 12/6/04 S 1: Ep 71 December 2, 2013 12/2/13 S 26: Ep 62 November 26, 2013 11/26/13 S 18: Ep 144 April 11, 2006 4/11/06 S 18: Ep 42 November 1, 2005 11/1/05 S 17: Ep 95 January 31, 2005 1/31/05 S 11: Ep 204 July 5, 1999 7/5/99 S 5: Ep 20131111 Mon, Nov 11, 2013 11/11/13 S 3: Ep 3129 Thu, December 20, 2012 12/20/12 S 2: Ep 4 Billy Crystal/Aimee Copeland 9/12/13 S 1: Ep 301 December 24, 2012 12/24/12 S 8: Ep 4506 December 19, 2012 (6) 12/19/12 S 7: Ep 16 Billy Crystal 12/19/12 S 1: Ep 89 Billy Crystal 12/18/12 S 2012: Ep 1 Christmas in Rockefeller Center 2012 11/28/12 S 9: Ep 51 Billy Crystal/Berenice Marlohe 11/14/12 S 4: Ep 187 Episode #4.187 4/11/11 S 4: Ep 80 Episode #4.080 12/7/10 S 2: Ep 43 Episode #2.043 10/27/08 S 1: Ep 263 July 11, 2008 7/11/08 S 1: Ep 25 February 21, 2011 2/21/11 S 1: Ep 85 85 1/21/10 S 1: Ep 12 12 9/29/09 S 17: Ep 210 Billy Crystal; Prince 5/28/09 S 14: Ep 177 Billy Crystal; Dame Edna; Augustana 3/28/06 S 4: Ep 3 Episode 403 - With Aaron & Mays 9/30/08 S 1: Ep 1 Episode 101- Amphetamines in Baseball 5/12/05 S 7: Ep 29 Idol Gives Back 2008 4/9/08 S 13: Ep 11 Billy Crystal (II) 10/8/07 S 1: Ep 3 Billy Crystal 5/25/06 S 3: Ep 84 Billy Crystal 1/12/06 S 2: Ep 48 Episode 223 11/16/05 S 1: Ep 152 Episode 152 5/17/05 S 12: Ep 155 Show #2374 6/6/05 S 12: Ep 72 Show #2292 12/22/04 S 4: Ep 92 Show #0741 2/3/97 S 1: Ep 10 Best Plays 8/24/04 S 1: Ep 3 Best Sports Movies 6/29/04 S 15: Ep 21 Tv & Movie Week (1) 9/30/02 S 1: Ep 10 Postmaster General Franklin 9/13/02 S 1: Ep 3 United We Stand 9/4/02 S 1: Ep 19 Secrets and Lies 5/1/02 S 1: Ep 3 Rob Lowe / Billy Crystal 7/4/01 S 5: Ep 156 Show #968 4/25/01 S 3: Ep 97 Show #528 2/9/99 S 2: Ep 137 Show #379 4/9/98 S 1: Ep 152 Show #152 2/17/97 S 3: Ep 5 Billy Crystal 9/21/99 S 4: Ep 2 Billy Crystal, Maurice Greene 9/9/99 S 1: Ep 1 Oscar Day / Oscar Night 2/15/98 S 2: Ep 9 The Best of Muppets Tonight 12/21/97 S 1: Ep 3 Billy Crystal 3/22/96 S 3: Ep 10 Billy Crystal 7/20/97 S 3: Ep 18 Common Sense 6/14/96 S 3: Ep 4 Leapin' Lizards 10/31/95 S 1: Ep 9 L.A. Jay 6/22/94 S 3: Ep 1 Billy Crystal, Joanna Lumley 4/22/93 S 1: Ep 9 Talk Show 10/10/92 S 5: Ep 17 September 30, 1992 9/30/92 S 18: Ep 20 September 25, 1992 9/25/92 S 18: Ep 19 September 24, 1992 9/24/92 S 3: Ep 118 February 15, 1978 2/15/78 S 1992: Ep 1 1992 MTV Movie Awards 7/10/92 S 1: Ep 6 Billy Crystal 10/13/88 S 1: Ep 41 Billy Crystal (2) 8/29/88 S 1: Ep 39 Billy Crystal (1) 8/25/88 S 60: Ep 1 The 60th Annual Academy Awards 4/11/88 S 1: Ep 11 September 28, 1987 9/28/87 S 6: Ep 189 July 24, 1986 7/24/86 S 4: Ep 1 The Three Little Pigs 2/12/85 S 2: Ep 6 25KPYR-79 1/10/83 S 2: Ep 80 January 20, 1982 1/20/82 S 1: Ep 8 Make Up 12/18/81 S 2: Ep 20 Billy Crystal / Randy Meisner 2/27/81 S 9: Ep 10 Host: Billy Crystal 11/14/80 S 18: Ep 144 Week of April 28, 1980 4/28/80 S 17: Ep 75 January 16, 1979 1/16/79 S 6: Ep 99 February 13, 1980 2/13/80 S 6: Ep 98 February 12, 1980 2/12/80 S 5: Ep 207 August 22, 1979 8/22/79 S 5: Ep 148 April 30, 1979 4/30/79 S 5: Ep 45 November 17, 1978 11/17/78 S 17: Ep 73 December 12, 1979 12/12/79 S 16: Ep 151 April 24, 1979 4/24/79 S 15: Ep 114 February 22, 1978 2/22/78 S 15: Ep 56 November 21, 1977 11/21/77 S 14: Ep 84 January 14, 1977 1/14/77 S 18: Ep 55 Week of November 19, 1979 11/19/79 S 17: Ep 173 Week of July 2, 1979 7/2/79 S 17: Ep 39 Week of November 13, 1978 11/13/78 S 17: Ep 11 October 4, 1978 10/4/78 S 16: Ep 190 July 5, 1978 7/5/78 S 14: Ep 10 October 8-12, 1979 (NBC-TV) 10/8/79 S 12: Ep 72 May 22-26, 1978 (NBC-TV) 5/22/78 S 12: Ep 8 October 3-7, 1977 (NBC-TV) 10/3/77 S 3: Ep 2 Special #6 5/7/79 S 3: Ep 1 Special #5 11/18/78 S 2: Ep 1 Special #3 11/4/77 S 7: Ep 35 Billy Crystal & Sal Viscuso 4/30/79 S 6: Ep 13 Lynn Redgrave & Billy Crystal 11/28/77 S 17: Ep 127 April 13, 1979 4/13/79 S 17: Ep 126 April 12, 1979 4/12/79 S 17: Ep 124 April 10, 1979 4/10/79 S 17: Ep 123 Week of April 9, 1979 4/9/79 S 16: Ep 205 August 2, 1978 8/2/78 S 1: Ep 3 October 4, 1978 10/4/78 S 5: Ep 20 Host: Loretta Lynn 2/25/77 S 4: Ep 4 Gabe Kaplan 2/21/77 S 3: Ep 3 Muhammad Ali 2/19/76 S 4: Ep 33 Host: Natalie Cole 6/25/76 S 6: Ep 16 New Year's Wedding 1/5/76 S 32: Ep 226 July 9, 2007 7/9/07 S 1: Ep 41 I Am Democracy 6/5/78 S 76: Ep 1 The 76th Annual Academy Awards 2/29/04 S 70: Ep 1 The 70th Annual Academy Awards 3/23/98 S 69: Ep 1 The 69th Annual Academy Awards 3/24/97 S 64: Ep 1 The 64th Annual Academy Awards 3/30/92 S 63: Ep 1 The 63rd Annual Academy Awards 3/25/91 S 1: Ep 12 Overhear 6/25/15 S 1: Ep 11 Red, White and Working Blue 6/18/15 S 1: Ep 10 Misdirection 6/11/15 S 1: Ep 9 Damage Control 6/4/15 S 1: Ep 8 Charity 5/28/15 S 1: Ep 12 Overhear 6/25/15 S 1: Ep 11 Red, White and Working Blue 6/18/15 S 1: Ep 10 Misdirection 6/11/15 S 1: Ep 9 Damage Control 6/4/15 S 1: Ep 8 Charity 5/28/15 Become a contributor Important: You must only upload images which you have created yourself or that you are expressly authorised or licensed to upload. 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i don't know

Who fought George Foreman in the Rumble In The Jungle?

Muhammad Ali Rumble in the Jungle Win: How He Beat George Foreman Illustration for TIME by Robert Handeville An illustration from TIME's Sept. 23, 1974, fight preview The historic fight took place 40 years ago, on Oct. 30, 1974 When TIME sent Nairobi Bureau Chief Lee Griggs to Kinshasa in 1974 to preview the Oct. 30 boxing match that became known as “The Rumble in the Jungle,” it seemed clear that the winning money was not on the favorite. The bout between reigning champion George Foreman and Muhammad Ali, who had previously lost the title after refusing to be drafted into the military, came with the biggest purse in sports history. Both boxers were guaranteed at least $5 million but — though boxing fans worldwide, and especially in the country then called Zaire, were rooting hard for Ali — it seemed clear that Foreman would be the one going home with the title. He was younger and strong and on a winning streak. He would back Ali into the ropes, where the older boxer’s footwork would do no good. TIME’s sports editor Philip Taubman predicted that the result would be Foreman in six. When the fight actually went down — 40 years ago Thursday, after a delay of about a month from its originally planned September date — that did not happen. Though Foreman went after Ali just as predicted, the results were far from what had been expected. Here’s what did happen, as TIME reported in the Nov. 11, 1974, issue: Then, in the second round, the bee unexpectedly threw away the tactics of his entire career. Off his toes and seemingly off his rocker, Ali stood along the ropes, exactly where Foreman wants an opponent to be. Indeed, with his customary authority, Foreman started pounding punches against Ali’s midsection. Some of Foreman’s blows glanced off Ali’s arms and gloves, and none hit Ali’s face, but it seemed to be only a matter of time before Ali’s belly would turn to pulp. Astonishingly, Ali seemed hardly concerned. As the fiercest puncher since Sonny Liston whaled away, Ali shouted taunts at Foreman. “You can’t hurt me!” Ali yelled. “You punch like a sissy.” Soon it became clear that Ali had constructed a trap. All summer and fall he had been developing granite abdominal muscles with a grueling regimen of calisthenics, spending an hour every morning hardening his gut by doing sit-ups with his legs held up at a 45 degree angle or while his limbs were pumping back and forth in a bicycle-pedaling motion. Now he was simply letting Foreman punch himself out against that iron flesh. “I wanted to make him shoot his best shots,” said Ali later. That is precisely what Foreman did. In the sultry tropical night (the temperature was 86° and the humidity about 90%), Foreman’s punches soon lost power. Arm weary, he began to swing wildly, frequently missing entirely, spinning around on his own momentum like a worn-out drunk. Ali took advantage of Foreman’s slack defense by springing off the ropes time after time to jolt the bone-tired champ with lightning combinations to the head. By giving up on the “floating like a butterfly” that had made his career, Muhammad Ali won the match in the eighth round. Read TIME’s run-up to the ‘Rumble in the Jungle’ here, in the archives: Violent Coronation in Kinshasa

Muhammad Ali

What was Hank Aaron's first Major League team?

Revisiting 'The Rumble in the Jungle' 40 years later Revisiting 'The Rumble in the Jungle' 40 years later Fresh perspective and little-told facts on the anniversary of Ali's stunning victory of Foreman. Post to Facebook Revisiting 'The Rumble in the Jungle' 40 years later Fresh perspective and little-told facts on the anniversary of Ali's stunning victory of Foreman. Check out this story on USATODAY.com: http://usat.ly/1u99g6T CancelSend A link has been sent to your friend's email address. Posted! A link has been posted to your Facebook feed. 3 To find out more about Facebook commenting please read the Conversation Guidelines and FAQs Revisiting 'The Rumble in the Jungle' 40 years later Josh Peter , USA TODAY Sports Published 8:29 p.m. ET Oct. 29, 2014 | Updated 12:28 p.m. ET Oct. 30, 2014 Muhammad Ali turned fans in Zaire against his opponent, George Foreman, the defending heavyweight champion. (Photo: AFP/Getty Images) About four months ago, when Muhammad Ali was sitting in his favorite armchair where he watches old Westerns and film clips of himself, his daughter Hana handed him the phone. It was George Foreman. "His eyes were big," Hana Ali recalled of her father. "And he was just happy and excited and talking about his kids. "They had the cutest conversation." That they had any conversation would have been unthinkable 40 years ago. It was Oct. 30, 1974, when Ali knocked out Foreman in the eighth round in Zaire — now the Democratic Republic of the Congo — in one of the biggest sporting events ever, "The Rumble in the Jungle." Muhammad Ali's condition not so dire, his daughters say Interviews with people involved in the fight and close to Ali reveal fresh perspective and little-told facts, such as Ali's secret marriage a week before he stepped into the ring and how Ali and Foreman went from hating each other to being the closest of friends. FROM SLAVE SHIP TO THE RUMBLE "We first were going to call it 'From Slave Ship to Championship,'" said Lloyd Price, who worked with promoter Don King on the event. "I thought that would have been a tremendous idea because of the event itself and what the intent of it was, to take a lot of African-Americans back to Africa who had never been there." Price was in charge of a pre-fight concert featuring the likes of James Brown, B.B. King, The Spinners and a host of other black music stars headed back to their ancestral roots. But Hank Schwartz, a partner in the company that owned the promotional rights and was televising the fight, nixed the title. "Hank thought that we would not get a world audience by saying 'From Slave Ship to Championship,'" Price said. So where did "The Rumble in the Jungle" come from? Price traces it back to Drew "Bundini" Brown, one of Ali's assistant trainers and a cornerman who Price remembers saying, "Rumble, baby, rumble!" "And then," Price recalled, "Ali just said, 'Rumble in the Jungle.' " GALLERY: THE RUMBLE IN THE JUNGLE Last Slide Next Slide BRANDING FOREMAN A BELGIAN Ali famously called Foreman "a Belgian" in Zaire, branding him the enemy in a country ruled by Belgium from 1908 to 1960. His longtime business manager, Gene Kilroy, said he was involved in the scheme. "We're getting off the airplane," Kilroy recalled, "and Ali said to me, 'Who don't they like here?' I said, 'I guess they don't like white people.' "He said, 'I can't tell him Foreman's a white man. Who else?' I said, 'The Belgians.'" With the press corps and thousands of Africans waiting on the tarmac, according to Kilroy, Ali held his fingers by his lips to quiet the chants of "Ali, Ali!" Then, Ali told the crowd: "George Foreman's a Belgium (sic)." Said Kilroy: "And they yelled, 'Ali, bomaye! Ali, bomaye!' I said to our interpreter, 'What is this?' He said, 'That means, 'Ali, kill him. Ali, kill him.' Because they didn't like the Belgians." Boxers imitate famous Muhammad Ali quotes Foreman said the bigger issue was his German shepherd, Dago, which was the breed Belgium security forces used to police indigenous Africans. "They said people feared the dog," Foreman said. "And I said, 'My goodness, they've got hyenas and lions over there, and they're afraid of a German shepherd?' It doesn't make sense." Foreman also said that when crowds followed him he heard a different chant: "Foreman, kill him! Foreman kill him!" SECRET MARRIAGE CEREMONY Although Ali was married to his second wife at the time, he married Veronica Porche in a private religious ceremony at Ali's villa in Zaire a week before the fight, according to Porche. "It was quiet, nobody was there," said Porche, who was 18 at the time. "Something inside me made it OK because I loved him. That's how I felt." Porche said the man who married them was African and she assumed he was Muslim based on what Ali asked her before the ceremony. "He said, 'Do you submit to the will of God?'" Porche recalled. "I said, 'Yes.' He said, 'OK, well then you're a Muslim.' He wanted to have this little Muslim (marriage) ceremony." One of four "poster girls" helping to promote the fight, Porche said she first met Ali at a charity event in Salt Lake City. But they didn't grow acquainted until meeting again in Zaire, according to Porche, who said she knew Ali was married. "He told me he was getting divorced," Porche said, adding that Ali's brother confirmed the marital problems and noting that Ali's wife, Khaliliah Camacho-Ali, was staying at a hotel while Ali was living at the training camp. "So it seemed to match up." Camacho-Ali said Ali told her about the affair with Porche but not the marriage. "I was always aware of what was happening," said Camacho-Ali, who divorced Ali in 1977. "Ali told me everything." Porche's marriage to Ali became legal in the United States when they wed in Los Angeles in 1977. Nine years later, she divorced him after tiring of behavior that, from a different vantage point, she first witnessed in Zaire. "The major reason was, and everyone knows, that he fooled around," Porche said.  (Photo: AFP/Getty Images) THE CUT Eight days before the scheduled bout, Foreman suffered a cut over his right eye during a sparring session. Bob Goodman, Ali's publicist, said he got a call from Foreman's manager, Dick Sadler, to inspect the cut. "It was a pretty deep cut and (Sadler) said, 'What do you think?'" Goodman recalled. "I said, 'I think we're going to have to get this fixed up and postpone the fight. And all of the sudden I'm hearing sirens." It was Mandunga Bula, a Zaire minister who was the government official supervising the fight. "He's outside the dressing room door and I'm inside with Foreman and Sadler and he says, 'Mr. Goodman, I hear there's a problem. What has happened?'" Goodman said. "I said, 'Well, Mr. Bula, I hate to tell you but George Foreman's been cut and I'm going to have to reach Don King … to get together and seeing about postponing the fight. "He says, 'It's impossible! The fight will take place as scheduled!' I said, 'I don't think so. This is a bad cut.' We let him in to look at the cut so he'd know it was really a cut. But it would be up to like a five- or six-week postponement." Over the years, Foreman has heard stories that he wanted to train in Paris after the cut and the Zaire government refused to let him leave because they feared he would not return. A total fabrication, according to Foreman, although he said he accepts responsibility for provoking fears that he would not fight Ali. During negotiations before the fight, Foreman said, King promised him $500,000 on top of the guaranteed $5 million. At the time of the cut, the $5 million was secured in a bank and due Foreman upon completion of the fight. But he said he had yet to see the $500,000 and realized he suddenly had leverage. "I told (King) if I didn't get my money, my half million dollars, there was not going to be a fight," said Foreman, adding that panicked government officials met with him and King then told him his money could be picked up in London. Foreman said he dispatched a cousin and a business manager to London and he reached them several days later when they'd made it home to the United States — with an empty briefcase. Foreman said he still had no intention of walking away from the $5 million payday. He also said he thought he could force King to pay up because the promoter would need him for a fight after he beat Ali. "That's how confident I was," he said. With a laugh, King said he didn't recall the events Foreman described, but that he would not dispute the story. "I love George Foreman," he said. "Foreman is just a heckuva guy. He was iconoclastic in those days. "In the end, I think he did get $500,000 more than Ali got."  (Photo: Troy Taormina, USA TODAY Sports) A MISTRESS UNDER SUSPICION Khalilah Camacho-Ali isn't the only one who was suspicious of Porche when she heard her husband had taken an interest in the 18-year-old "poster girl." Members of Ali's training camp were suspicious of something else. "All of his entourage was saying that I was a spy the George Foreman camp had sent over," Porche said. The final week of training, Porche said, Ali sent her to a remote hotel to keep himself focused. She said she wanted to provide him with inspiration, so she handed a sealed enveloped to Howard "Pat" Patterson, Ali's bodyguard, and asked him to make sure Ali read the note before the fight. "Pat later told me that they were afraid to give it to him," she said. But, according to Porche, the bodyguard did give it to Ali after opening the envelope and seeing what she had written: Win or lose, I love you. FOREMAN'S CONFESSION "I was trying to kill him," Foreman said of Ali. "I wasn't looking for a knockout, because if you're looking for a knockout, you use your skill. I didn't do that. I was trying desperately to destroy that man." Ali probably knew as much, based on remarks he made before the two agreed to fight, according to Foreman. "He was doing an interview," Foreman said. "I'd just knocked Kenny Norton out and someone else, and (Ali) said, 'George Foreman's no boxer. He's trying to kill people. That's not boxing.' And I was so ashamed because he knew the truth." ROPE-A-DOPE After the fight, Foreman complained about the ropes being loose — a critical factor as Ali leaned back against them to evade Foreman's punches. "The ropes, which were brand new ropes, if they're left out in heat and humidity, the first couple of times you use them, they're going to stretch out," Goodman said. "So we had told them, 'Don't even tighten the ropes. Just leave them with the turnbuckles completely extended,' so when it came time to do the fight, you'd have plenty of room to take up the slack. And sure enough, they didn't do it." Goodman said he and Dundee took up the slack, cut the ropes with razor blades and taped up the edges as Foreman's trainers and cornerman watched. "They thought we were nuts, trying to fix this ring up that'd been left out in the heat and humidity," Goodman said. During the first couple of fights on the undercard, the ropes stretched and the padded floor was spongy. "(Ali) had already decided after round one that he couldn't get up on his toes and dance and prance in that ring with the soft padding," Goodman said. "And then when he went on the ropes, when George Foreman came at him on the ropes, and he leaned back and Foreman missed, he put two-and-two together and he said, 'Ah, that's going to be my strategy. I'm going to tire George out that way.' "And the Rope-a-Dope was born." Said Foreman: "In other words, (Ali) stayed on the ropes and I, like a dope, kept throwing punches. I was the dope."  (Photo: Associated Press) THE BLOWN CALL After the fight, there was some controversy about whether it was a "quick-count," if referee Zach Clayton reached the count of 10 and waved off the fight before Foreman had sufficient time to get up. Bob Sheridan, who served as lead broadcaster for the fight that was telecast on closed circuit and reportedly reached one billion viewers, would like to make an admission. "I blew the call," he said. It started with his positioning, according to Sheridan. Rather than being set up on the apron as was customary, he and a small army of color commentators were pushed back about 10 feet from the ring. "When Foreman went down, I couldn't hear the guy who counts for the knockdowns and what number he was on," he said. Suddenly many people were confused. At the time Sheridan reached a count of eight, Clayton was waving off the fight on a knockout. And all ensuring controversy? "All anybody had to do was ask me what happened," Sheridan said. "There's no question it was a full 10 count, a full 10 seconds."  (Photo: AP) FLAT ON HIS BACK Entering his fight with Ali, Foreman was 40-0 and had never been knocked down, much less knocked out. Price, one of the promoters, said he'll never forget what he saw at Intercontinental Hotel in Kinshasa the morning after the fight. "George Foreman took a mirror and laid down in the lobby so he could see what he looked like with him being on his back," Price said. But Foreman said he was less demoralized by being knocked out than failing to knock out Ali. "I just knew no one could stand up to my punch," he said. "But Muhammad did. His taking those punches, I went away thinking, 'What is going on here? That's not supposed to happen.' That bothered me more than anything." HEART TO HEART Hana Ali, one of the boxer's seven daughters, said her father gave her 60 hours of taped phone conversations. One of her favorites is a hourlong talk her father had with Foreman in 1979 — two years after Foreman had a religious experience that led to his quitting boxing and taking up preaching, at the same time Ali was entering the twilight of his career and, in retrospect, showing early signs of Parkinson's disease. "George Foreman begins by warning my father not to do these boxing exhibitions that are going to lead him back to the ring," Hana said, "and he doesn't want him there. He said, 'I had a dream,' and he's telling him, 'God doesn't want you in the ring. You need to stop.' My dad says, 'It's just a boxing exhibition.' And he goes, 'No, stop now because it's going to lead apparently to something else.' And then, of course, my father only follows his own mind." Ali would fight twice more competitively, and family members wonder if those bouts contributed to his Parkinson's disease. Foreman returned to boxing in 1987, fought for another decade and in 1994 won the heavyweight championship of the world when at age 45 he beat Michael Moorer, then 26, and reclaimed the title he lost 20 years earlier. He received a congratulatory letter from his old nemesis. "Can you imagine that?" Foreman said during a recent interview with USA TODAY Sports. "Who would think almost 20 years later, there's Muhammad, my conqueror, congratulating me in fighting for the championship of the world and winning it." GALLERY: THE RUMBLE IN THE JUNGLE Last Slide Next Slide BROTHER'S KEEPER In 1989, Foreman and Ali were in England with Joe Frazier, Kenny Norton and Larry Holmes as part of a "Champions Forever" tribute. It was five years after Ali had been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. "He was still mouthy," Foreman said. "And he made a statement, and it was on the front of some London paper, that 'God is black.' They had a picture of him on the front page, and Frazier didn't like it. Frazier didn't like Muhammad.'' Later, Foreman recalled, the boxers were putting on tuxedos for a photo shoot. "(Ali) came down and he was alone," Foreman said. "He couldn't put on his cuff links. He couldn't even put the bow tie around his neck. And I made certain there wasn't any cameras around and I took him in the room and I fixed him up because I wanted to make sure they see the beautiful Muhammad Ali." Frazier saw what happened, and on a ride back from the event that night, he was livid, according to Foreman. "Frazier said, 'Don't help him. Don't help him. Where are all those people that were screaming Ali? Where are all those hangers-on now? Nobody better help him. Leave him alone.'" Foreman said. "And I remember telling him, 'Joe, we are our brother's keeper.' "There I was for the first time protecting what I was trying to destroy." CLOSE

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Which was Hideo Nomo's first US baseball team?

Hideo Nomo Baseball Stats by Baseball Almanac Support Hideo Nomo Stats Hideo Nomo was born on Saturday, August 31, 1968, in Minato-ku, Osaka, Japan. Nomo was 26 years old when he broke into the big leagues on May 2, 1995, with the Los Angeles Dodgers. His biographical data, year-by-year hitting stats, fielding stats, pitching stats (where applicable), career totals, uniform numbers, salary data and miscellaneous items-of-interest are presented by Baseball Almanac on this comprehensive Hideo Nomo baseball stats page. "Do you have a favorite quote from or about this particular player that you would like to see here? If so, please visit the Contact option on the menu above this line, send it to us, and we'll update this page" - Baseball Almanac Please Sponsor This Online Baseball Card Baseball Almanac started in 1999. Today, we have more than 500,000 pages of baseball history. More than 1.5 million baseball facts! EVERY DAY we update more than 600 pages, add a few more, and never stop preserving baseball history. How can you help us? Simply click the PayPal button below, INCLUDE any player's name along with a message, and we will email you back (usually within 24 hours): Hideo Nomo Useful Tools: Glossary | Print Friendly Hideo Nomo was the fifth player from Japan to play Major League Baseball, joining, Masanori Murakami (1964), Bobby Fenwick (1972), Steve Chitren (1990) and Jim Bowie (1994); however, when The Tornado was sent to the 1995 All-Star Game , he became the first Japanese -born player to appear in a Midsummer Classic . On September 17, 1996 , Hideo Nomo threw his first of two career no-hitter, the first in Major League history by a twirler from Japan, and arguably more incredibly, the first in Coors Field (and through today the only no-no in Denver) - the most hitter-friendly park in Major League Baseball! On April 4, 2001 , Hideo Nomo threw his second no-hitter, this time in a Boston Red Sox uniform (his first was with the Los Angeles Dodgers ), making The Tornado the fourth pitcher to throw a no-hitter in both leagues, joining Ed McFarland , Jim Bunning , and Nolan Ryan . If you find this type of "free" data useful please consider making a donation to Baseball Almanac : a privately run / non-commercial site in need of financial assistance.

Los Angeles Dodgers

With which track and field even was Geoff Capes particularly associated?

Hideo Nomo and Kazuhiro Sasaki were elected to Japan's Baseball Hall of Fame | MLB.com Nomo, Sasaki elected to Japan's baseball Hall Nomo's no-hitter 1:00 9/17/96: Hideo Nomo throws the first no-hitter in Coors Field history By AJ Cassavell / MLB.com | + 0 COMMENTS Former big leaguers Hideo Nomo and Kazuhiro Sasaki were elected to the Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame on Friday, with Nomo becoming the youngest player in that Hall's history, according to the Japan Times. In 12 Major League seasons, Nomo amassed 123 wins and a 4.24 ERA while playing for seven teams. The first Japanese pitcher to make a permanent move to the Majors, Nomo spent seven years with the Dodgers, for whom he tossed the first of his two no-hitters. Prior to his stint in Major League Baseball, Nomo pitched for five seasons with the Osaka Kintetsu Buffaloes in Japan. He went 78-46 with a 3.15 ERA and won at least 17 games four times. Sasaki, meanwhile, spent four years in the big leagues as a closer for Seattle. He saved 45 games for the Mariners during their 2001 campaign, during which they won 116 games during the regular season. Sasaki finished his big league career with 129 saves and a 3.14 ERA. In 12 seasons in Japan, he posted a 2.41 ERA. Also elected on Friday were outfielder Koji Akiyama, currently the manager of the Fukuoka Softbank Hawks, and Choichi Aida, the former manager of Waseda University. AJ Cassavell is a reporter for MLB.com. Follow him on Twitter @ajcassavell . This story was not subject to the approval of Major League Baseball or its clubs. Share This

i don't know

Which country does tennis player Marcelo Rios come from?

Marcelo Ríos (Tennis Player) - Pics, Videos, Dating, & News Marcelo Ríos Male Born Dec 26, 1975 Marcelo Andrés Ríos Mayorga is a former World No. 1 tennis player from Chile. Nicknamed El Chino ("The Chinese") and El zurdo de Vitacura ("Vitacura's Lefty"), he became the first Latin American player to reach the top position on the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) singles rankings in 1998. He held the World No. 1 ranking for six weeks. He has held the top ranking in both juniors and seniors.…  Read More related links Murray Hungry To Keep On Improving, Says Gilbert Yahoo News - Nov 05, 2016 'By Martyn Herman LONDON (Reuters) - Only 26 men have scaled the top of the ATP world tennis rankings but for some of them it has been such a fleeting experience that their names have been reduced to obscure pub quiz questions. How many outside the tennis fraternity remember Chilean Marcelo Rios, Austria\'s Thomas Muster or even Australian Pat Rafter, the former U.S. Open champion who achieved the feat for one week in 1999? Triple grand slam champion Andy Murray is the latest to add his name ... Former No. 1 Rios Asks For Doping Check Of Korda From 1998 Yahoo News - Mar 05, 2015 'SANTIAGO, Chile (AP) — Chile officials will back a request by former world No. 1 Marcelo Rios to have the International Tennis Federation investigate whether Petr Korda committed a doping violation in the 1998 Australian Open.' Us Open: Fish D. Kamke Tennis Magazine (Blog) Google News - Aug 29, 2011 'Kamke has a habit of leaping into his two-handed backhand, a move popularized by Marcelo Rios and Marat Safin, but the 25-year-old—playing his second main draw match in Flushing Meadows—lacked the firepower to trouble Fish. After Fish held at love' Getting To Know: Frank 'seldom' Beaton The Hockey News Google News - Aug 28, 2011 'John Brophy. Fred Shero. Fred Creighton.&quot; Mark &#39;Scoop&#39; Malinowski&#39;s second book &quot;Marcelo Rios: The Man We Barely Knew&quot; will be available on www.amazon.com in September. Malinowski is the creator of two websites: www.thebiofile.com and www.tennis-prose.com' Learn about the memorable moments in the evolution of Marcelo Ríos. CHILDHOOD 1975 Birth Born on December 26, 1975. TEENAGE 1993 17 Years Old Ríos reached the semifinals of the junior French Open in 1993 without dropping a set, where he was defeated by Roberto Carretero-Diaz in straight sets, and won the junior US Open in 1993 while only dropping 1 set during the entire tournament. … Read More He also won his first satellite tournament in Chile.<br /><br /> This was Ríos' first year being a professional player and he quickly began to acquire international fame after his participation at Roland Garros, where in the second round, at just 18 years of age, he confronted Pete Sampras, fighting a hard battle eventually to lose 6–7(5–7), 6–7(4–7), 4–6. His great left-handed ability, plus his novel long hair and backwards visor, drew the attention of the media, marking his first step towards international stardom. The same year he won his first Challenger in Dresden, Germany. Read Less 1995 19 Years Old In May 1995, aged 19, Ríos won his first tournament title in Bologna defeating Marcelo Filippini of Uruguay 6–2, 6–4, and breaking into the world's top fifty for the first time. … Read More Then in June he won at Amsterdam in both singles (against Jan Siemerink, 6–4, 7–5, 6–4) and doubles (with Sjeng Schalken) and won the tournament in Kuala Lumpur against Mark Philippoussis 7–6, 6–2. He also reached the final of his home country's ATP tournament in Santiago. Ríos ended the year ranked No. 25 in the world.<br /><br /> Ríos' achievements this year included excellent performances in the Masters Series (then called Super 9) tournaments. He reached the quarterfinals in Masters Series of Stuttgart and Rome, and the semifinals in Indian Wells, Monte Carlo, and Canada. In Sankt Pölten, Austria, he won his fourth career title by defeating the Spaniard Félix Mantilla 6–1, 6–4. Ríos again reached the final in Santiago (where a sort of curse seemed to deny him victory in front of his home crowd), and also reached the finals in Barcelona and Scottsdale. For much of the year Ríos would be ranked in the top ten, becoming the first Chilean in history to do so. He finished the year ranked number 11. Read Less TWENTIES Show Less In 1997 for the first time in Ríos' career he reached the quarterfinals of a Grand Slam tournament at the Australia Open and again at the US Open. … Read More He also won his first Masters title at Monte Carlo; after a first round bye, he beat Andrea Gaudenzi, Albert Costa, Carlos Moyá, Magnus Larsson, and, in the final, Àlex Corretja, 6–4, 6–3, 6–3. Two weeks later he lost in the final of the Rome Masters against the same Spaniard. Other successes for the year included the quarterfinals (again) in the Stuttgart Masters and the finals in Marseille, Boston, and (for the third time) in Santiago. Read Less Ríos had a very consistent 1997 season, being the only player to reach 4th round or better on all Grand Slams. … Read More Ríos went as high as No. 6 during the year, and ended the year in the top ten for the first time, being No. 10. Read Less Show Less The year 1998 brought the peak of the career of Ríos, who reached the number 1 spot in the world. … Read More The year began with success. He won the tournament (the first of the year) in Auckland, New Zealand, against Richard Fromberg, then reached the final of the Australian Open, losing to Petr Korda in a lopsided 2–6, 2–6, 2–6 that lasted 1 hour and 25 minutes. The following months brought successes such as the title of the Super 9 (the current Masters Series) at Indian Wells, where he defeated hard-serving Greg Rusedski in the final.<br /><br /> The consummation came in the final at Key Biscayne Masters, Florida, under the guidance of his coach Larry Stefanki. After victories over Hendrik Dreekmann, Tommy Haas, and Goran IvaniÅ¡ević, Ríos beat Thomas Enqvist in the quarterfinals and Tim Henman in the semis. In the final on March 29, Ríos defeated Andre Agassi 7–5, 6–3, 6–4. In Chile, thousands of people took to the streets to celebrate the triumph of the first Chilean to reach the sport's number one ranking, grabbing the position from Pete Sampras (who had maintained 102 consecutive weeks at number one, and 5 years ending the season as the leader). In the days ahead, there was a crowded reception leading Ríos to then president Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle on La Moneda Palace, with around 10,000 people cheering at the palace's surroundings. Ríos' number one ranking lasted four weeks; he lost it after being unable to defend the title at Monte Carlo because of an injury suffered in the Davis Cup while defeating Hernán Gumy in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Read Less Davis Cup matches are included in the statistics. Walkovers are neither official wins nor official losses. 1At the 1998 ATP Tour World Championships (Tennis Masters Cup), Ríos withdrew at round robin stage after playing the first match. … Read More He was replaced by then world No. 9 Greg Rusedski.<br /><br /> 2At the 1998 Eurocard Open (Stuttgart Masters), Ríos withdrew prior to quarterfinals.<br /><br /> 3At the 2001 Monte Carlo Masters, Ríos withdrew prior to second round. Read Less 1999 - 2001 3 More Events 1999 23 Years Old Ríos maintained a high level throughout 1999, although his game was interrupted by repeated injuries and surgeries. … Read More This prevented him from defending the points achieved by reaching the final of the Australian Open the previous year, so he fell several places in the rankings. He reached the final of the Monte Carlo Masters, but after trailing 4–6, 1–2, he had to retire due to a new injury, handing the tournament to Gustavo Kuerten. Ríos subsequently won the Hamburg Masters in a match that lasted more than four hours against Argentine Mariano Zabaleta; 2 weeks later he became champion in Sankt Pölten for the second consecutive time against the same Argentine, who, this time, had to retire during the first set at 4–4. In October, he won at Singapore and reached the final in Beijing, losing to the Swede Magnus Norman. He also reached the quarterfinals at Roland Garros and the Stuttgart Masters. Despite many injuries he suffered and surgeries he underwent, Ríos would complete his third consecutive year as a top 10 player, at world No. 9. Read Less 2000 24 Years Old …  Ríos was born in Santiago, Chile to Jorge Ríos Jarvis, an engineer and businessman, and Alicia Mayorga, a teacher. He has an older sister, Paula. <br /><br />Ríos met Costa Rican Giuliana Sotela in September 1998 while he was training at the Nick Bollettieri Tennis Academy in Florida. Read Less Ríos and Sotela got married in December 2000 in Santiago. They have a daughter, Constanza, who was born in June 2001. In March 2004, the marriage ended in divorce, which legally took place in Costa Rica, as Chile did not allow married couples the right of divorce until November 2004. … Read More During 2004, Ríos worked as a sports commentator for a radio station in Chile. Read Less 2001 25 Years Old In 2001 Ríos won the first tournament of the year in Doha. … Read More However, his performance in the following tournaments was weaker, weakened by an ankle operation, which resulted him to drop out of the top 50 in the world for the first time since he was a teenager. In September Ríos won another title, this time in Hong Kong, defeating German Rainer Schüttler in the final. Ríos decided to return in October to play a Challenger tournament, winning the final of Santiago beating the Argentine Edgardo Massa in the final. He also reached a doubles final in Scottsdale. Ríos ended the year as No. 39 in the world. Read Less 2002 26 Years Old In early 2002 he had some good results, but a back injury prevented him from continuing the season successfully. … Read More It was the same injury that he had had two operations with already, and finally prevented him from returning to a competitive level. His best results were the quarterfinals at the Australian Open, the semifinal at the Miami Masters, and the final in the Stockholm tournament playing the Thai Paradorn Srichaphan. Ríos would finish Top 25 in the world for the first time since 1999 at No. 24, but without managing to recover from injuries that beset him since late 1999.<br /><br /> In Viña del Mar tournament (formerly Santiago tournament) Ríos reached the final, losing to Spaniard David Sánchez. This is fourth of the four finals he participated and lost in his home country. However, representing Chile together with Fernando González and Nicolás Massú, he won the World Team Cup in Düsseldorf. Read Less

Chile

Where was the Rumble in the Ali v Foreman fight in Zaire in 1974?

Rios Surname and Family History - Family Tree The Spanish, Portuguese and Galician surnames for Rios originated from the term ‘rios‘ which literally means "rivers." Most people with the Rios surname come from Spain, Mexico and Italy. Two counties of England with the most Rio surnames are Hampshire and Lancashire. It is mostly Texas in the United States with Rios populations. In the 1880s most Rios families were laborers. Famous: Miguel Rios (singer), Alex Rios (Puerto Rican-American professional baseball player with Toronto Blue Jays and Chicago White Sox teams), Gabriel Rios (Belgian singer), Marcelo Rios (Chilean tennis player), Pedro Fernando Rios Soares Ramos (Portuguese footballer known solely as ‘Rios’), Jaime Rios (New York Supreme Court for Queens County), Juan Antonio Rios (President of Chile in the 1940s) and Alberto Álvaro Rios (American writer of poetry and short stories). Family Tree Search

i don't know

How many people are there in an official tug of war team?

How Many People Can Play Tug Of War? | Wonderopolis Wonder of the Day #291 How Many People Can Play Tug Of War? How many people can play tug of war? When did tug of war start? Do grown-ups still play tug of war? Tags: Listen At summer camps around the United States, kids of all ages square off in a battle of strength that dates back centuries. Is the water balloon toss really that old? No! We're talking about tug of war! Tug of war is a sport that pits two teams against each other to test their strength using nothing more than a rope and pure muscle . Although we can't be sure exactly when the first-ever tug of war match took place, we do know that it was a long, long time ago. Ancient Chinese texts claim that military commanders used tug of war (then called “hook pulling") to train warriors 7,000 to 10,000 years ago. Archaeologists have also found evidence that tug of war was popular in India in the 12th century. There is also evidence that tug of war was common in ancient Egypt. Old Egyptian legend holds that the sun and the moon played tug of war over light and darkness. The phrase “tug of war" didn't always refer to the game we know today, though. The Oxford English Dictionary indicates that “tug of war" used to mean “the decisive contest; the real struggle or tussle ; a severe contest for supremacy ." It wasn't until the 19th century that “tug of war" became associated with the sport between two teams tugging on the ends of a rope. To play tug of war, you really only need a rope — or anything with opposite ends to tug on — and at least two people. Of course, the more people involved, the more fun it is. The number of people who can play is really only limited by how long the rope is. Serious tug of war contests usually pit two teams of eight players against each other. The winning team is the one that pulls the other team past a predetermined point. Often this point is marked on the ground. Flags are spaced equally along the rope from the center point. As soon as one team pulls the other team far enough for their flag to cross the line, they win. To make things even more fun, there are many variations that can be included. Sometimes teams play tug of war on either side of a small body of water, with the losers getting pulled into the water. Even more fun is playing on either side of a mud pit! Tug of war is played in probably every country in the world. Many countries have even set up national governing bodies to oversee the sport. Today, there are more than 50 countries associated with an international tug of war governing body, known as the Tug of War International Federation (TWIF) . Although tug of war was included in the Olympic Games from 1900 to 1920, it is no longer an Olympic sport. Tug of war is currently played in the World Games, and the TWIF regularly organizes tug of war world championships. So, yes, even grown-ups still play tug of war! Wonder Words (18) Test your knowledge Wonder What's Next? A cup of chai tea may be the perfect drink to help you relax after tomorrow’s Wonder of the Day! Try It Out Are you ready to play tug of war? Find a few friends or family members to help you check out the following activities: Want to test your strength? That's right! It's time to participate in that centuries-old game known as tug of war. You'll need a few players to start. Split up into teams of comparable size. Find a rope…or something similar to tug upon. Mark the center of the rope with a marker or some tape. Also mark a center line on the ground as the starting point for the center of the rope. You can use tape, paint, a stick, chalk, or something similar. Measure the same distance from the center of the rope on each side and mark it with a flag or a strip of cloth. Depending upon how far you want the winning team to have to pull the other team, you can make this distance as short or as long as you want it to be. Assign someone to be the judge and start pulling! Did you know that tug of war has rules? When you play an informal game, you can make up as few or as many rules as you want. Some competitions do not allow people to wrap the rope around their arm, for example. In official competitions, though, you have to abide by the TWIF's international rule book, which you can read when you click here . Do you think strategy plays into tug of war at all? Or is it simply a contest of brute strength? Give it some thought and discuss this question with a friend or family member. What elements of strategy could play into a tug of war contest?

8

In which month is horse racing's Melbourne Cup held?

3 Ways to Play Tug of War - wikiHow Playing the Game 1 Lay out the rope. In tug of war, opposing player or teams will pull on a rope until one of the teams or players succeeds at pulling the majority of the rope over to one side. To get started, all you need to do is take your rope and lay it out in a straight line on the ground. There should be a flag or marker in the center of the rope. If not, then place one in the center of your rope before you start the game. 2 Place the opponents. You can play tug of war in teams or as a one-on-one game. If you are going to have a team game, then make sure that you have an equal number of players on either side of the rope. If you are playing with just two people, then stand at opposite ends of the rope. 3 Grip the rope. Have all of the players pick up the rope and grip it tightly with both hands. Do this before you start the game so that everyone has a chance to get a good grip on the rope. [3] Never anchor the rope around your waist or coil it around other parts of your body. This can result in severe rope burn, dislocations, or rope breaks that can snap and inflict other severe or even fatal injuries. [4] [5] 4 Place the judge in the center. If you have not chosen a judge yet, then do so now. The judge can be someone who does not want to play or an extra person if you have an odd number of players. Have the judge stand in the center of the rope. The judge will also need a whistle (or a loud voice) to signal to other players that the game has started. [6] 5 Sound a whistle. The judge can blow a whistle or yell “Go!” to signal to the players that the game has started. Have the judge signal the start of the game so that the players will know when to start pulling. When the judge sounds the whistle or yells, then the game has officially started. 6 Pull as hard as you can. All players on either side should lean backwards with their feet planted as they pull to start. Try to use your body weight and leg strength to pull the rope back and away from the other team. [7] 7 Keep pulling until there is a victor. Each team’s goal is to pull the marker or flag past the center point. When one team or player has accomplished this goal, that team or player will be declared the winner. Don’t stop pulling until the judge declares a winner. Method Increasing Your Odds of Success 1 Pick the right rope. You will need to have a good strong rope to play tug of war. The rope should be free of knots, fraying, or any flaws that might allow extra holding or rubbing. You may want to select a nylon rope to reduce rope-burn incidents. [8] [9] Make sure that the rope is long enough to accommodate all of your players as well. All of the players should have room to grip the rope and stand beside it. 2 Mark the rope. You will need to place a marker in the center of the rope so that players will be able to find the center. Find the center of the rope and mark it with one color flag or marker. Make sure the rope is straight when you measure it to find the center. [10] [11] You may also want to place markers on both sides of the central marker to indicate where players should start holding the rope. Place these markers about three feet away from the center point on both sides of the rope. 3 Chalk up your hands. Resin is an optional way to enhance your grip on the rope. Use resin or chalk from a sporting goods store or department store. Take out a palm full of the substance and clap or rub it between your palms. Work the substance around and between your fingers as well. [12] This isn’t common in casual tug of war games, but can help you hold onto the rope for more organized games. 4 Choose a dry, level playing ground. It can be fun to play tug of war on a slippery, muddy terrain, but this may also make it harder to win based on strength. If you want to play a fair game of tug of war, then choose a level, dry playing ground, such as a dry field or the floor of a gymnasium. Method Dressing for the Game 1 Choose comfortable clothing. While you can wear just about anything you want for such a casual game you might want something more athletic. You might consider wearing shorts, or sweat pants. These are going to be more flexible than other forms of outwear for your legs. A t-shirt will be more likely to flex with your movements as you play the game. [13] Whatever you choose to wear you should expect it to get dirty if you fall. 2 Pick the right shoes for indoors or outdoors. Consider where you will be playing tug of war before you pick your shoes. If you are paying a game of tug of war indoors, then a regular pair of sneaker should be fine. If playing outside, you may want to choose a pair of sneakers with rubber cleats or even go for a pair of boots if the terrain is muddy. [14] Avoid metal cleats, steel toes, and shoes that have metal anywhere else on the sole. These types of shoes pose a hazard to your fellow players. 3 Wear padding if available. This is optional, but it is a good idea. You should consider wearing head gear, knee pads, and elbow pads. These are the areas you are most likely to fall on and injure during a tug of war contest. [15] While most casual games of tug of war don’t require any padding you can still opt to put on protection to reduce the chance for injury. You can find rubber and plastic padding in any sport shop and many department stores. Community Q&A What are the benefits of tug of war? wikiHow Contributor Winning will boost your confidence. Losing teaches you to be resilient. Meanwhile you have fun working as a team with your friends and it's a good workout! If this question (or a similar one) is answered twice in this section, please click here to let us know. Tips Have first aid kits on hand in case of injury. Have extra people on hand to supervise or spot for problems with the rope snapping or looping around players in hazardous ways. Have someone both sets of players agree on to judge a winner. Make the mid-point marker something clearly visible on the floor or ground. Have two or three spare ropes on hand in case one breaks. Warnings Seek emergency medical attention immediately in the case of rope burn or any other significant injury during a game. Do not use a rope that is damaged, bent, knotted, or otherwise compromised. Don’t use overly flexible ropes like bungee cords. Things You'll Need

i don't know

The Curragh is in which country?

The Curragh B&B Country House Accommodation (Kildare, Ireland) - UPDATED 2016 Reviews - TripAdvisor The Curragh B&B Country House Accommodation Write a Review The Curragh B&B Country House Accommodation Show Prices Trusted partner. We work with to make your booking as easy as possible. Secure payments. We use industry-leading practices to keep your information secure. Book on Enter dates for best prices powered by Prices from our online travel partners are not available Check In - Check Out 1 guest 2 guests Our online travel partners don't provide prices for this accommodation, but we can search other options in Kildare Check In Check Out Login for exclusive access to hotel deals up to 40% off Login to get best prices 23 more photos Ages of Children: change Please provide ages Child 1 Age Rooms & rates for The Curragh B&B Country House Accommodation We're finding you the best rooms at the lowest prices from our partner. 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Start your review of The Curragh B&B Country House Accommodation   Click to rate Reviewed 4 weeks ago via mobile Stayed here Friday night as we had a work night out in Newbridge. Lovely place owners were lovely and very helpful even defrosted my car the next morning. Very relaxed atmosphere, clean and exactly what we needed for the night. Shared bathroom. The only negative was the lighting in our room the main light bulb was gone but the lady... More  “Lovely B&B” Reviewed September 26, 2016 We stayed here for 1 night, as we were attending a wedding in Newbridge. We arrived early but it was no problem as Martin was there to meet us and was super helpful and friendly and even helped carry our luggage up to our room, which was nice with a comfy bed and single too. We had a lovely breakfast....cooked... More  “Bed, breakfast and a stroll amongst the sheep” Reviewed September 13, 2016 Myself and my friend were travelling to Kildare for a wedding in the Keadeen hotel. I travel a lot with work and stay in a lot of hotels so made the decision to go with a country B&B instead. It was a great decision! The room was lovely with very comfy beds. It had a big balcony overlooking the farm.... More  “Best stay in Ireland” Reviewed August 28, 2016 Martin and Pauline went out of their way to make us welcome and made our stay a wonderful experience. I would recommend the Curragh Country house to anyone looking for a friendly well appointed place to stay. Great experience!!!  Report Reviewed April 3, 2016 via mobile My partner and I stayed here over the past weekend. And we can't wait to return and spend a longer stay in the wonderful self contained unit Martin and Anne so generously provide. From the moment we arrive Friday afternoon till the moment we departed Sunday morning, it was an amazing stay. Being able to wake up and look out... More  Reviewed March 23, 2016 via mobile Stayed at the Curragh B&B Country house recently for the first weekend of the Curragh Racing season. The B&B was excellent, our rooms were spacious and very clean. Martin the owner was a gentleman and could not have been more helpful during our stay. I would also highly recommend his morning fry up as it was very tasty and just... More  Tewkesbury, United Kingdom 1 review “Incredible hospitality to look after 39 (yes, 39) pony clubbers competing at the Curragh Mounted Games competition” Reviewed November 1, 2015 Martin and Pauline could not have made Cotswold Vale Farmers Hunt pony club games teams - 39 people in total - more welcome, we had an absolutely fantastic weekend. As well as finding beds for us all, Martin cooked breakfast and dinner, sorted minibuses, parked up the trailers and horse lorry next to the house, and gave us the run... More  “The only place to stay in co kildare” Reviewed September 23, 2015 Martin and his family could not do enough for us, he took great care of my mum and dad, it was like home from home.I highly recommend the Curragh B&B.I can't wait to go back! lots to do and see, close to Newbridge for shopping, Newbridge silverware,restraunts and pubs.  Report “Top place in beautiful surroundings” Reviewed July 22, 2015 Very friendly and helpful host, top facilities, picturesque countryside ... what more can you ask for? Great room, fast WiFi, and they even printed out our boarding passes for us, since it was our last day before leving for the airport. There's a bottle of fresh drinking water in the room too, very nice. Oh, and the little kitten they... More  “Lovely place” Reviewed July 17, 2015 Super place, off the beaten track but worth it for taste of Irish countryside! V warm welcome even though we were late due to delayed flights. Lovely big rooms, v clean and had everything we needed incl free wifi. Big shared bathroom and plenty of room to park. Big home cooked breakfast which was lovely. Will definitely go back!  Report Questions? Get answers from hotel staff and past guests. Ask a question Explore similar hotels Map updates are paused. Zoom in to see updated info. Reset zoom There are no pins in your viewport. Try moving the map or changing your filters. Only show hotels with confirmed availability {providername} {price} We can't find prices for this accommodation From {rate_price} {rate_periodicity} 23 photos of this hotel Management photos: Courtesy of the property manager Viewed Hotels you might also like... Also consider these accommodations in or near Kildare 5.0 mi away Near The Curragh B&B Country House Accommodation Top-rated Attractions Nearby Questions? Get answers from hotel staff and past guests. Ask a question Amenities Free High Speed Internet ( WiFi ) About the property Free High Speed Internet ( WiFi ) Services Children Activities (Kid / Family Friendly) Room Service Babysitting Official Description (provided by the hotel) Within a 7-minute drive of The Curragh Racecourse and Golf Club, The Curragh B&B provides well-appointed rooms and a wide choice of breakfast. This luxury guest house in County Kildare is around 50 km south-west of Dublin and has free parking and Wi-Fi. Rooms feature a flat-screen TV, iPod dock, alarm clock, CD player, wardrobe and tea and coffee facilities. ... more   less  Additional Information about The Curragh B&B Country House Accommodation Address: Ballysax Hills, Kildare, Ireland Location: Ireland > Province of Leinster > County Kildare > Kildare Price Range: $52 - $56 (Based on Average Rates for a Standard Room) Number of rooms: 4 Is This Your TripAdvisor Listing? Own or manage this property? 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Ireland

Which country hosts the Belmont and Preakness Stakes?

Curragh | Ireland.com Curragh Curragh Racecourse Curragh, Kildare The Curragh is the home of Irish flat racing and the largest horse training centre in the country. It is named in early manuscripts as a meeting place of celtic kings and chieftans. Read more Curragh Plains Curragh, Kildare Curragh Plains, Fáilte Ireland approved B&B offers bed and breakfast in a handsome building standing in its own extensive grounds. Ideally located to the Curragh and Punchestown Race Course, Newbridge town and Keadeen Hotel. Read more Martinstown House Curragh, Kildare Martinstown House is a stunning Strawberry Gothic, Historic Country Home, where informal elegance meets supreme comfort. It's the perfect mix of old fashioned hospitality and modern comfort. Open fires, antique furniture and beautiful gardens. Read more The Farm Mews Curragh, Kildare The Farm Mews is a comfortable mews attached to a family farmhouse in the Curragh County Kildare. Built in the 1870s, this self catering mews boasts an open-plan living room with a wood-burning stove, a loft bedroom and a kitchenette. Read more Royal Curragh Golf Club Curragh, Kildare Quality Approved Golf Club, Approved to Fáilte Ireland standards, which means the services and facilities have been independently checked out before you tee-off. Read more Irish Thoroughbred Marketing Curragh, Kildare Irish Thoroughbred Marketing (ITM) is a division of Horse Racing Ireland based in Curragh, County Kildare. It is funded by the Irish Government through Horse Racing Ireland and by the Irish Bloodstock Industry. Read more Curragh, Kildare Developing and promoting Ireland as a world centre of excellence for horse racing and breeding. Read more Curragh Military Museum Curragh, Kildare The physical environment, the military presence and the social aspects of life on the Curragh plains are told in the museum. Read more Great Plains of the Curragh (Orange Route) Curragh, Kildare Get ready for the off! On the Great Plains of the Curragh! Distance: 138km (86 miles)approx. This touring route, looping leisurely around Maynooth, the Blessington Lakes and the great pastoral expanse of the Curragh,Nass, and Punchestown. Read more The Tattersalls Irish Guineas Festival 2017 Curragh, Kildare The Tattersalls Irish Guineas Festival 27th and 28th May 2017. Two spectacular days of Spring racing at the Curragh. Racing kicks off on Saturday with the clash of Europe's top colts in the Tattersalls... Read more

i don't know

In which decade did Joe Montana retire from football?

Joe Montana | American Football Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Pro Football Hall of Fame Joseph Clifford "Joe" Montana, Jr., (born June 11, 1956 in New Eagle, Pennsylvania), nicknamed Joe Cool and Comeback Joe, [1] is a retired American football player whose professional career in the National Football League (NFL) spanned the late 1970s through the mid-1990s. Montana started his NFL career in 1979 with the San Francisco 49ers , where he played quarterback (QB) for the next 14 seasons. He spent the 1993 and 1994 seasons, his final two years in the NFL, with the Kansas City Chiefs . [2] While a member of the 49ers, Montana started four Super Bowl games and the team won all of them. In 2000, Montana was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame . his first year of eligibility. [3] In 1989, and again in 1990, the Associated Press named Montana the NFL Most Valuable Player (MVP), and Sports Illustrated magazine named Montana the 1990 "Sportsman of the Year". [4] Four years earlier, in 1986, Montana won the AP NFL Comeback Player of the Year Award. Montana was elected to eight Pro Bowls , as well as being voted 1st team All-Pro by the AP in 1987, 1989, and 1990. Montana had the highest passer rating in the National Football Conference (NFC) five times (1981, 1984, 1985, 1987, and 1989); and, in both 1987 and 1989, Montana had the highest passer rating in the entire NFL. Noted for his ability to remain calm under pressure, Montana helped his teams to 31 fourth quarter come-from-behind wins. In the closing moments of the 1981 NFC Championship Game and Super Bowl XXIII , Montana threw game-winning touchdown passes. The touchdown at the end of the NFC championship game was so memorable that sports journalists, fans, and many others, refer to the play simply as " The Catch ". The touchdown in the closing moments of Super Bowl XXIII came at the end of a 92-yard drive. The 49ers retired the number 16, the jersey number Montana wore while with the team. In 1993, Montana was traded to the Kansas City Chiefs and led the franchise to its first AFC Championship Game in January 1994. In 1994, Montana earned a spot on the NFL 75th Anniversary All-Time Team; he is also a member of the NFL 1980s All-Decade Team. In 1999, editors at The Sporting News ranked Montana third on their list of "Football's 100 Greatest Players." Also in 1999, ESPN named Montana the 25th greatest athlete of the 20th century. In 2006, Sports Illustrated rated him the number one clutch quarterback of all-time. [5] Contents Edit Montana was born to Joseph Clifford Montana, Sr. (born 1932) and Theresa Marie Bavuso Montana (1935–2004) in New Eagle, Pennsylvania, a borough of Washington County located in the western portion of the state. He grew up in the neighboring city of Monongahela, a coal mining town just 25 miles (40 km) south of Pittsburgh. [6] His maternal grandparents, Vincenzo "James" Bavuso and Josephine Savarino Bavuso, were both Italian immigrants. His maternal grandmother, Josephine Savarino Bavuso (1909–1993), emigrated from Sicily to the United States with her parents, Domenico Savarino (1885–1960) and Vincenza Diecidue Savarino (1885–1930), in 1921. Upon their arrival in the United States, the Savarino Family first settled in eastern Ohio in the small coal mining community of Harpersville, Smithfield Township, Jefferson County. A few years later, the family relocated to the Elm Grove area of Wheeling, Ohio County, West Virginia. Vincenzo "James" Bavuso and Josephine Savarino married in 1928 in Wheeling and later relocated to California, Washington County in Western Pennsylvania where their children — Samuel, Dominick, Theresa (Montana's mother), Virginia and Patricia Bavuso — were born and raised. Joe Montana expressed an early interest in sports, and it was Montana Sr. who first taught him the game of football. Montana started to play youth football when he was just eight years old, aided in part by his father. Montana Sr. listed his son as a nine-year-old so that Montana could meet the league's minimum age requirement. [7] During his formative years, Montana took an interest in baseball and basketball, in addition to football. In fact, basketball was Montana's favorite sport as a child. [8] Montana Sr. started a local basketball team that his son played on. The team practiced and played at the local armory and played their games in various regional tournaments. Montana received his primary education at Waverly Elementary and his secondary education at Finleyville Junior High (known as Finleyville Middle School) and Ringgold High School. [8] While at Ringgold, Montana played football, baseball, and basketball. [6] Montana showed potential as a basketball player and helped Ringgold win the 1973 WPIAL Class AAA boys' basketball championship while being named an all-state player. [9] He was so good that during his senior year, North Carolina State offered Montana a basketball scholarship. [10] Although Montana turned down the scholarship, he seriously considered NCSU because of a promise that he could play both basketball and football for the university. Montana spent his first two years on the high school football team as a backup. As a junior, Montana earned the job as the Ringgold Rams' starting quarterback. [6] Montana held the role for the final two years of his high school career; after his senior year, Parade named him to their All-American team. [10] One of Montana's most notable performances during his high school years was during his senior year in a game against Monessen High School. Although Monessen scored a game-tying touchdown in the final moments, [8] Montana's performance garnered attention from college recruiters, particularly those from Notre Dame . [6] In the game, Montana completed 12 passes in 22 attempts, threw for 223 yards, and scored three passing touchdowns and one rushing touchdown. [8] Notre Dame eventually offered Montana a scholarship, and he accepted. One contributing factor in Montana's choice of colleges was that Terry Hanratty , his boyhood idol, had attended Notre Dame. [10] In 2006, thirty-two years after Montana had graduated, Ringgold renamed their football stadium "Joe Montana Stadium." [9] College career Edit When Montana arrived at Notre Dame in the fall of 1974, the football program was coached by Ara Parseghian . Under Parseghian's tenure, Notre Dame had won the NCAA national championship in 1966 and 1973 . Parseghian's success as a coach helped him recruit highly talented players. Though Montana was a talented player, under Notre Dame policy in 1974 freshmen were not permitted to practice with or play on the varsity team, and consequently Montana played only in a few freshman team games. [8] Montana's first significant contributions to the Notre Dame football team came during his sophomore year. On December 15, 1974, Parseghian resigned due to health problems. [8] The university hired Dan Devine to replace Parseghian. Despite his limited playing time the previous year, Montana performed well during the 1975 spring practice. Devine was so impressed that he later told his wife: "I'm gonna start Joe Montana in the final spring game." When she replied, "Who's Joe Montana?", Devine said: "He's the guy who's going to feed our family for the next few years." [8] 1975 Edit Devine did not feel Montana was ready to be the full-time starter in 1975; [8] however, Montana played a key role in Notre Dame's victory over North Carolina . [8] During the game, played in Chapel Hill, Montana came in with 5:11 left to play. At the time, North Carolina led by a score of 14–6. Montana spent one minute and two seconds of game time on the field. In that time, he had 129 passing yards and Notre Dame won the game 21–14. [8] Against Air Force , Notre Dame's next opponent, Montana again entered the game in the fourth quarter. Although Air Force led 30–10, Notre Dame won the game 31-30. [8] After the win against North Carolina, Devine said that Moose Krause , the Notre Dame Athletic Director , said that the game was the "greatest comeback I've ever seen." [8] After the game against Air Force, Krause was quoted as saying: "This one's better than last week." [8] In those two games, Montana had demonstrated his ability to perform well in high pressure circumstances. That characteristic would prove valuable, and Montana relied on it throughout his football career. [8] 1976 Before the start of the 1976 season, Montana separated his shoulder, [8] and was unable to compete that year and redshirted , earning him one more year of eligibility than other members of his scholarship class. 1977 Edit When the 1977 season began, Montana was the third quarterback listed on the team's depth chart , behind Rusty Lisch and Gary Forystek. [10] Notre Dame won their season opener and then lost to Mississippi by a score of 20–13. Montana did not appear in either of those games. [11] In their third game of the season, Notre Dame played Purdue . Lisch started and was then replaced by Forystek. In one play, Forystek suffered a broken vertebra, a broken clavicle, and a severe concussion; it was the last play of Forystek's sports career. [8] Devine inserted Lisch back into the game before Montana finally had the opportunity to play. Montana entered with approximately 11 minutes remaining and Purdue leading 24-14; he threw for 154 yards and one touchdown, and Notre Dame won the game 31-24. [8] After the game, Devine made Montana the first quarterback on the depth chart [10] and the team won their remaining nine games. In their final game of the season, Notre Dame defeated top-ranked Texas by a score of 38–10 in the Cotton Bowl . [12] Notre Dame's record of eleven wins and one loss earned them the NCAA national title, the only title the school won while Devine was head coach. 1978 Edit The following year, Montana helped Notre Dame to a come from behind win against the Pitt Panthers . He almost pulled off a second one against USC , Notre Dame's primary rival . Trailing 24–6 in the second half, Montana led a fourth-quarter rally to put Notre Dame ahead, 25–24 with 45 seconds remaining, only to see the Trojans win, 27–25, on a last-second field goal. On January 1, 1979, Notre Dame returned to the Cotton Bowl , this time against Houston . Montana's performance in that game is one of the most celebrated of his entire football career; [8] the circumstances of the game have led to it being referred to as the " Chicken Soup Game ". [13] Montana fell ill during the game, received warmed intravenous fluids during halftime, during which he also drank chicken soup, and went back into the game in the fourth quarter. Notre Dame ran their last offensive play with four seconds remaining on the game clock. The Irish scored a touchdown and won the game 35 to 34. As a result of the game, Notre Dame went on to produce a promotional film called Seven and a Half Minutes to Destiny. Coach Devine later referred to the piece as a "Joe Montana film." [8] Graduation and the NFL Draft Edit Montana graduated from Notre Dame with a degree in business administration and marketing. Although the NFL Combine was not formed until 1982, NFL scouts still evaluated potential draftees through the use of combines in 1979. Candidates were rated in a number of categories on a scale of one to nine, with one being the worst mark and nine being the best mark. [8] The categories they used were contingent on the position that the athlete played. [14] Despite his performance on the field, Montana was not rated highly by most scouts. At one combine, Montana rated out as six-and-a-half overall with a six in arm strength, used to judge how hard and how far a prospect could throw the ball. By comparison, Jack Thompson of Washington State rated an eight, the highest grade among eligible quarterbacks. [8] In the 1979 NFL Draft , the San Francisco 49ers selected Montana at the end of the third round with the 82nd overall pick. [15] Montana was the fourth quarterback taken, behind Thompson, Phil Simms , and Steve Fuller , all selected in the first round. Professional career Although Montana appeared in all 16 regular season games during the 1979 season, he only threw 23 passes. He spent most of the season as the backup on the San Francisco depth chart behind starter Steve DeBerg . Montana became the starting quarterback midway through the 1980 season. [16] On December 7, 1980, San Francisco hosted the winless New Orleans Saints . The Saints took a 35–7 lead at halftime. At the start of the fourth quarter, New Orleans still led by a score of 35–21, but San Francisco tied the game by the end of regulation play. In overtime , Ray Wersching kicked a field goal to win the game for San Francisco, 38–35. This marked the first fourth quarter comeback victory in Montana's NFL career. During his 16 seasons in the NFL, this happened a total of 31 times with Montana at quarterback; 26 of those coming as a 49er. [17] Though San Francisco finished 1980 with a record of 6-10, Montana passed for 1,795 yards and 15 touchdown passes against nine interceptions. He also completed 64.5 percent of his passes, which led the league. 1981–1983 Edit Montana began the 1981 season as San Francisco's starting quarterback. The season ended up as one of the franchise's most successful seasons to that point. Backed in part by Montana's strong performance at quarterback, the team finished the regular season with a 13–3 record. In fact, Montana helped San Francisco win two of those games with fourth-quarter comebacks. The season was a precursor to one of Montana's most memorable moments as a professional quarterback. [18] Main article: The Catch On January 10, 1982, San Francisco faced the Dallas Cowboys at Candlestick Park in the National Football Conference Championship Game . The final quarter was marked by one of the most notable plays in NFL history. Larry Schwartz of ESPN.com later defined the 1981 NFC Championship as Montana's signature game. [7] When San Francisco took possession with 4:54 left in regulation play, Dallas led 27–21; the drive began on San Francisco's 11-yard line. Behind six successful Montana completions and four running plays, San Francisco moved the ball to the Dallas 13-yard line. After one unsuccessful pass and then a seven-yard gain, San Francisco faced third down from the Dallas 6-yard line. Montana took the snap and ran to his right. He then made an off-balance pass toward the back of the end zone, and San Francisco wide receiver Dwight Clark made a leaping catch for the game-tying touchdown. With just 51 seconds left on the game clock, Wersching kicked the extra point and San Francisco won the game 28–27. The catch by Clark was coined simply The Catch, and it put San Francisco into Super Bowl XVI . San Francisco faced the Cincinnati Bengals in Super Bowl XVI. Montana completed 14 of 22 passes for 157 yards with one touchdown passing and one rushing touchdown. San Francisco won the game 26–21, and in recognition of his performance, Montana won the Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award , which he accomplished two more times before he retired. The Super Bowl win also made Montana one of only two quarterbacks (along with Joe Namath ) to win a college national championship and a Super Bowl. Montana had a prolific season in 1982 . However, the regular season was shortened to nine games when members of the Player's Association went on strike . Although San Francisco failed to make the playoffs, Montana threw for 2,613 yards and 17 touchdowns during the year. He also set what was then an NFL record with five consecutive 300 yard passing games. The next year, Montana threw for 3,910 yards and 26 touchdowns in 16 regular season games. The team ended the regular season with a 10-6 record and finished first in the NFC West. In the divisional playoff game , they faced the Detroit Lions . Yet again, Montana demonstrated his ability to perform well in high-pressure situations. Despite being out-played in terms of total yardage, the 49ers trailed by just six points as the game neared its conclusion. However, with 1:23 remaining in regulation, the 49ers offense had the ball at the Lions 14-yard line. Montana completed a touchdown pass to wide receiver Freddie Solomon , and San Francisco took the lead on the ensuing extra-point. [19] The victory placed the 49ers in the NFC Championship game against the Washington Redskins . As he had done before, Montana asserted himself late in the game. The Redskins led 21–0 at the start of the fourth quarter, but Montana helped lead the 49ers back. Aided by three fourth-quarter Montana touchdown passes, the 49ers tied the game at 21. However, Redskins placekicker Mark Moseley kicked a 25-yard field goal in the waning moments of the game. Despite Montana's efforts, the team lost 24-21. 1984 Edit Though the Miami Dolphins finished the 1972 NFL season with no losses, the regular season at the time comprised only 14 games. Thus, when the 49ers finished the 1984 NFL season with a 15–1 record, they became the first team to win 15 games in a single season. [20] Montana again had an excellent season and earned his second consecutive trip to the Pro Bowl. In their first two playoff games , the 49ers defeated the New York Giants and the Chicago Bears by a combined score of 44-10. In Super Bowl XIX , the 49ers faced the Dolphins, whose quarterback was Dan Marino . In the game, Montana threw for three touchdowns and completed 24 of 35 passes. He established the Super Bowl record for most yards passing in a single game (331) and supplemented his passing with 59 yards rushing. The 49ers defeated the Dolphins 38-16 and Montana earned his second Super Bowl MVP award. After the game, 49ers head coach Bill Walsh said: "Joe Montana is the greatest quarterback today, maybe the greatest quarterback of all time." [16] 1985–1987 Edit Aided in part by Montana's performance at quarterback, the 49ers advanced to the NFL Playoffs again in 1985; however, they lost in the NFC Wild card game to the New York Giants . In 1986 , Montana suffered a severe back injury during week one of the season. The injury was to a spinal disc in Montana's lower back and required immediate surgery. The injury was so severe that Montana's doctors suggested that Montana retire. [21] On September 15, 1986, the 49ers placed Montana on the injured reserve list ; however, he returned to the team on November 6 of that year. [22] In his first game back from injury Montana passed for 270 yards and three touchdown passes in a 43-17 49er victory against the St. Louis Cardinals. Despite the fact that Montana appeared in just eight games, and, though he threw more interceptions than touchdown passes for the only time in his career, [22] the 49ers finished the season with a record of 10–5–1. Montana was also the co-recipient of the 1986 NFL Comeback Player of the Year Award, an award which he shared with Vikings quarterback Tommy Kramer. In 1987, Montana had 31 touchdown passes, a career high, in just 13 games. In 1987, he also set the NFL record for most consecutive pass attempts without an incomplete pass (22), [23] passed for 3,054 yards, and had a passer rating of 102.1. [24] Though the 49ers finished with the best record in the NFL, they lost in the NFC semi-finals to the Minnesota Vikings . [25] Prior to the 1987 season, Bill Walsh completed a trade for Steve Young , then a quarterback with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers . [26] Young went on to appear in eight regular season games for the team and finished the year with a passer rating of 120.8. [27] 1988–1989 Edit Young's performance in 1987 was strong enough that by the time the 1988 season began, a controversy was in place as to who should get more playing time at quarterback. Young appeared in 11 games that year and rumors surfaced claiming that Montana might be traded. [23] Despite the competition for playing time, Montana received most of the playing time during the 1988 season. After a home loss to the Los Angeles Raiders that left the 49ers with a 6–5 record, the 49ers were in danger of missing the playoffs. Montana regained the starting position and led the 49ers to a 10-6 record and the NFC Western Division title. [28] The 49ers earned a trip to Super Bowl XXIII when they defeated the Minnesota Vikings and the Chicago Bears in the playoffs . In the NFC Divisional Playoffs, the 49ers faced Minnesota, who had eliminated them the year before. Montana threw three first-half touchdowns as the 49ers won 34-9. The victory over the Bears in the NFC Championship game is of particular note. Played at Soldier Field in Chicago, with temperatures in the single digits and a strong wind, Montana threw for 288 yards and 3 touchdowns. His first touchdown pass came on a play in which Montana threw a perfect sideline pass to Jerry Rice on a 3rd down play late in the first quarter, and Rice outran two Bears defenders for a 61-yard score. The 49ers won 28-3 to advance to Super Bowl XXIII. [28] In January 1989, the 49ers again faced the Bengals in the Super Bowl. Of his third trip to the Super Bowl, Montana told the San Jose Mercury News: "This trip to the Super Bowl is more gratifying than the others because the road has been harder." Then, in Super Bowl XXIII, Montana had one of the best performances of his career. He completed 23 of 36 passes for a Super Bowl record 357 yards and two touchdowns. Despite his great performance, the 49ers found themselves trailing the Cincinnati Bengals 16-13 with only 3:20 left in the game and the ball on their own 8-yard line. But Montana calmly drove them down the field, completing 8 of 9 passes for 97 yards and throwing the game-winning touchdown pass to John Taylor with only 34 seconds left. [29] 1989 proved to be successful for Montana and the 49ers. The team finished the regular season with an NFL-best 14–2 record, [30] and their two losses were by a total of only five points. Montana threw for 3,521 yards and 26 touchdowns, with only 8 interceptions, giving him what was then the highest single-season passer rating in NFL history, a mark subsequently broken by Young in 1994. He also rushed for 227 yards and three touchdowns on the ground, and earned the NFL Most Valuable Player Award . In a memorable comeback win in week 4 against the Philadelphia Eagles , Montana threw four touchdown passes in the 4th quarter. He finished with 428 yards passing and five touchdown passes in the victory. The 49ers were successful in the playoffs, easily beating the Minnesota Vikings 41–13 and the Los Angeles Rams 30-3. Montana threw for a total of 503 yards and 6 touchdowns in those 2 games, without a single interception. Then, in Super Bowl XXIV , Montana became the first player (and to date, the only player) ever to win Super Bowl MVP honors for a third time, throwing for 297 yards and a then Super Bowl record five touchdowns, while also rushing for 15 yards as the 49ers defeated the Denver Broncos 55-10, the most lopsided score in Super Bowl history. [31] 1990 Edit In 1990 , Montana once again led the 49ers to the best regular season record (14–2) in the NFL. [32] He was named by Sports Illustrated as Sportsman of the Year. A highlight from the season was a rematch with the Atlanta Falcons . Intent on blitzing Montana most of the game, Atlanta's defense allowed Montana to throw for a career-best 476 yards (49ers single-game record) and six touchdown passes, five of them to Jerry Rice. He would end up throwing for 3,944 yards and 26 touchdowns, albeit while also throwing a career high 16 interceptions. (The 49ers went on to lose the NFC Championship Game that season to the New York Giants , by a score of 15-13.) 1991–1992 Edit Montana missed the entire 1991 season and most of the 1992 season with an elbow injury sustained during the 1990 NFC Championship Game (he did appear in a Monday Night Football game vs. Detroit Lions at the end of the '92 season, and was very effective). However, by this point, Young had replaced him as the starting quarterback. Kansas City Chiefs Edit Joe Montana was traded to the Kansas City Chiefs in April 1993 . His trade, along with the free-agent signing of star Los Angeles Raiders running back Marcus Allen to the Chiefs, generated much media attention and excitement in Kansas City. The Chiefs mailed three jerseys to Montana. One was number 3, his number from Notre Dame. Another was number 19, which he wore in little league and also briefly in training camp of the 1979 season with San Francisco, and the third was number 16, which Hall of Fame quarterback Len Dawson offered to let Montana wear since the organization had retired it. Montana declined Dawson's offer and wore 19 instead and signed a $10 million contract over three years. Montana was injured for part of the 1993 season, but was still selected to his final Pro Bowl and led the Chiefs in two come-from-behind wins in the 1993 playoffs , reaching the AFC Championship Game where Kansas City lost to the Buffalo Bills . Including their two playoff victories that year (the Chiefs only had one prior playoff win since 1970 Super Bowl IV ), the 1993 Chiefs won 13 games, tying the franchise record for wins in a season. The Chiefs have not won a playoff game since the 1993 season. Montana returned healthy to the Chiefs in 1994 , starting all but two games. His highlights included a classic duel with John Elway (which Montana won 31-28) on Monday Night Football, and a memorable game in week 2 when Montana played against his old team, the 49ers and Steve Young. In a much-anticipated match-up, Montana and the Chiefs prevailed and defeated the 49ers 24–17. Montana led his team to a final playoff appearance , in 1994. Retirement Edit On April 18, 1995, Montana announced his retirement before a huge crowd at Justin Herman Plaza in San Francisco. The event was broadcast live on local television, and included speeches from John Madden , Eddie DeBartolo, Jr , and others. Highlights from Montana's stay with San Francisco and interviews with former 49ers teammates were also shown. Bill Walsh served as the MC for the event. Montana's replacement with the Chiefs was his former backup in San Francisco, Steve Bono . NFL records and accomplishments Edit Among his career highlights, " The Catch " (the game-winning touchdown pass vs. Dallas in the 1981 NFC Championship Game ) and a Super Bowl-winning 92-yard drive vs. the Bengals in Super Bowl XXIII are staples of NFL highlight films . For his career with the 49ers, Montana completed 2,929 of 4,600 passes for 35,142 yards with 244 touchdowns and 123 interceptions. He had 35 300-yard passing games including 7 in which he threw for over 400 yards. His career totals: 3,409 completions on 5,391 attempts, 273 touchdowns, 139 interceptions, and 40,551 yards passing. He also rushed for 1,676 yards and 20 touchdowns. When Montana retired, his career passer rating was 92.3, second only to his 49er successor Steve Young (96.8). He has since been surpassed by five other players, which ranks his passer rating at 7th all-time. Montana also had won 100 games faster than any other quarterback until surpassed by Tom Brady in 2008. [33] His record as a starter was 117-47 . His number 16 was retired by the 49ers on December 15, 1997 during halftime of the team's game against the Denver Broncos on Monday Night Football . Montana also held the record for most passing yards on a Monday night game with 458 against the Los Angeles Rams in 1989 (surpassed by Tom Brady in 2011). Montana holds postseason records for most career touchdown passes (45), games with a passer rating over 100.0 (12) and is second in passing yards (5,772) and games with 300+ passing yards (6, tied with Kurt Warner ). He also tied Terry Bradshaw 's record for consecutive playoff games with at least two touchdown passes (7) . In his four Super Bowls, Montana completed 83 of 122 passes for 1,142 yards and 11 touchdowns with no interceptions, earning him a passer rating of 127.8. Montana led his team to victory in each game, and is the only player ever to win three Super Bowl MVP awards. Montana also holds the record for most Super Bowl pass completions (83) and pass attempts (122) without throwing an interception. He was selected to the Pro Bowl eight times and selected All-Pro six times. [34] He is also the only player to have two touchdown passes of 95+ yards. [35] Personal life Edit Montana has been married three times. His first wedding was in 1974, when Montana married his hometown sweetheart, Kim Moses, during his second semester at Notre Dame; however, they divorced less than three years later. [8] Montana wed again in 1981, to Cass Castillo; they divorced in 1984. [36] He met Jennifer Wallace, an actress and model, while the two worked on a Schick commercial, and the two married in 1985. He and Jennifer are still married and have four children: Alexandra Whitney (b. 10 October 1985), Elizabeth Jean (b. 20 December 1986), Nathaniel "Nate" Joseph (b. 3 October 1989), and Nicholas Alexander (b. 28 April 1992). Both of his sons played football for De La Salle High School (Concord, CA) and now play college football as quarterbacks. Nate for the University of Montana (after transferring from Notre Dame), and Nicholas for the University of Washington, but has announced he is transferring. In 2008, Montana sued Moses and a Dallas auction house for "violating his 'copyright and privacy rights'" after Moses "sold a bunch of letters and memorabilia from [Montana's] college days at Notre Dame ." [37] In 1986, doctors diagnosed Montana as having a narrow spinal cavity. He elected to have an operation, which was successful, and was able to return to football and continue his career. [38] Montana resides in San Francisco, California. [39] He placed his $49 million, Template:Convert/acre Sonoma County estate on sale in 2009, which was reduced to $35 million in January 2012. [40] He now owns horses and produces wine under the label Montagia. The town of Ismay, Montana, unofficially took the name of Joe, Montana, as a publicity stunt coordinated by the Kansas City Chiefs in 1993. Career statistics

1990s

Which African country does Nick Price come from?

Twenty years ago Saturday, Joe Montana called it a career | ProFootballTalk Twenty years ago Saturday, Joe Montana called it a career Posted by Mike Wilkening on April 18, 2015, 5:52 PM EST Getty Images As the 49ers’ Twitter feed points out, Saturday is the 20th anniversary of quarterback Joe Montana’s retirement from the NFL. Montana’s departure came after two seasons with Kansas City, which traded a first-round pick for him in April 1993. While Montana wasn’t able to finish his career with the franchise with whom he won four Super Bowls, the trade worked out well for him, the Niners and the Chiefs. Let’s review. The Chiefs made the postseason in both of Montana’s seasons as a starter. He led the club to a pair of playoff wins in ’93 — the franchise’s last two postseason victories to date. His Kansas City seasons were a bookend to a spectacular career that landed him in the Hall of Fame on the first ballot. The 49ers, meanwhile, ended up trading the Chiefs’ first-round pick (No. 18, 1993) to Phoenix, as ProSportsTransactions.com notes. The 49ers then traded down again, landing at No. 26 in Round One, where they selected defensive Dana Stubblefield, who was a starter on their dominant Super Bowl XXIX-winning club of 1994. But the 49ers’ draft haul from the Montana trade didn’t stop there. In trading down for Stubblefield, the 49ers landed the No. 81 overall pick, a third-rounder. They packaged a second-round pick (No. 56) and the 81st pick to the Los Angeles Raiders for a second-round pick (No. 41). It gets better. The 49ers then moved that 1993 second-round pick to the Chargers for San Diego’s first-round pick in the 1994 NFL Draft (No. 15 overall). The Chargers, for the record, took tailback Natrone Means, who helped that franchise get to Super Bowl XXIX. So what did the 49ers do with the Chargers’ first-round pick? According to ProSportsTransactions.com , the 49ers traded it to the Los Angeles Rams for the No. 7 pick to take defensive tackle Bryant Young — who, like Stubblefield, was a starter at defensive tackle right off the bat. And when the Chargers and 49ers met in Super Bowl XXIX, Means rushed for just 33 yards and a touchdown on 12 carries. To review: Joe Montana helped the 49ers win four Super Bowls, and when the franchise moved on from him, it picked up a couple of key pieces needed to win a fifth Super Bowl. There’s a reason why the 49ers were as good as they were for as long as they were. Did they ever know talent, and did they ever know how to work the draft. The words “Joe Montana, third-round pick” ought to ring a bell, too. Share this: buff80 says: Apr 18, 2015 6:09 PM I still remember his head bouncing off the turf in Buffalo. That was the end of Joey pinkmist4 says: Apr 18, 2015 6:11 PM Makes me feel old PhD says: Apr 18, 2015 6:13 PM One tradition that has carried on is that even Baalke does well in accumulating picks. Now if he could just get WRs down, the team might have something. whenwilliteverend says: Apr 18, 2015 6:18 PM The key phrase there is “twenty years ago.” I doubt anyone will be saying the same thing about the current Niners front office twenty years from now. weepingjebus says: Apr 18, 2015 6:27 PM How much of it owed to Jerry “Sticky” Rice? When you throw in the headset trickery and other “gamesmanship” those two may be the biggest cheaters of all time. Apr 18, 2015 6:32 PM Best quarterback ever! Apr 18, 2015 6:33 PM 2nd best quarterback ever! Quite a player. abninf says: Apr 18, 2015 6:33 PM One of the most overrated players in history. Chunk and dunk. Apr 18, 2015 6:42 PM Best quarterback ever. Never lost the Super Bowl or through a pick in it. Apr 18, 2015 6:43 PM Not a single playoff win since Joe retired. Nice work. thereisfootballwestofjersey says: Apr 18, 2015 6:44 PM We were driving the family station wagon during THE CATCH against Dallas in 1981. The reception was in and out so when it would pop in loud & clear we’d pull over. Jack Buck & Hank Stram on the call. Awesome football memory voiceofreason01 says: Apr 18, 2015 6:50 PM Hey brainwashed NE pasties fans – KISS THE RINGS!!! Joe “The Goat” Montana didn’t have to cheat for his rings. U hate us cuz u aint us!! All of America mocks u & your despicable franchise of cheaters & murderers. crappygovernment says: Apr 18, 2015 6:55 PM Why couldn’t Joe Montana get an NFL TV commentator gig after his playing days when the likes of Bill Maas and Tim Green could? Weird! icallbs81 says: Apr 18, 2015 7:03 PM Yell Bills poster some of us remember when you let the NFC east win all those super bowls. Apr 18, 2015 7:06 PM A great QB like manning is today. So close, yet so far Apr 18, 2015 7:07 PM Super Joe is the best I, and John Madden ever saw. joetoronto says: Apr 18, 2015 7:08 PM I can’t stand the 49ers but seriously, Montana was the greatest, every pass was exactly where it needed to be. Apr 18, 2015 7:12 PM A classic example of brains trumping brawn. Apr 18, 2015 7:20 PM Man, I am old! DaveKShape says: Apr 18, 2015 7:22 PM What a great player and a great career. I’m 32, and old enough to remember Joe in his heyday. Going to be that guy calling into sports radio when I’m 60 when they’re having that down-time debate on the greatest QBs ever. He’s on the Mt. Rushmore for sure. Apr 18, 2015 7:24 PM Best QB to play the game. rollotomasi14 says: Apr 18, 2015 7:34 PM Sorry, has a losing record on the road in the playoffs. Can’t be the greatest with that. corky2141 says: Apr 18, 2015 7:35 PM “There’s a reason why the 49ers were as good as they were for as long as they were. Did they ever know talent, and did they ever know how to work the draft.” – And did they ever know how to circumvent the salary cap! Apr 18, 2015 7:36 PM voiceofreason01 says: Apr 18, 2015 6:50 PM Hey brainwashed NE pasties fans – KISS THE RINGS!!! Joe “The Goat” Montana didn’t have to cheat for his rings. U hate us cuz u aint us!! All of America mocks u & your despicable franchise of cheaters & murderers. ————————————————- When did the Pats cheat? Oh yeah, did Jerry Rice admit on camera that he used stick ‘um, which was banned by the NFL. Sounds like cheating to me. Apr 18, 2015 7:40 PM 2nd best QB behind Teddy Bridgewater…. Apr 18, 2015 7:44 PM My favorite QB of all time. Apr 18, 2015 7:46 PM ..the greatest QB ever imop!…..give that man a free pizza. j0esixpack says: Apr 18, 2015 7:56 PM voiceofreason01 says: Hey brainwashed NE pasties fans – KISS THE RINGS!!! Joe “The Goat” Montana didn’t have to cheat for his rings. U hate us cuz u aint us!! All of America mocks u & your despicable franchise of cheaters & murderers. ————————————— Someday, you’re going to look back on these rants and be very very embarrassed At least I hope you are TheWizard says: Apr 18, 2015 8:12 PM Why couldn’t Joe Montana get an NFL TV commentator gig after his playing days He did for a short time, but wasn’t very good at it and only stayed with it for a short time. I enjoyed watching his Chiefs years, that was pretty cool. mancave001 says: Apr 18, 2015 8:13 PM Greatest, period. All you have to do is actually watch him play versus all others, including Brady and Manning. If Brady wins another, it’s a tie. tonebones says: Apr 18, 2015 8:14 PM Simply the greatest football player of all times. The second best is so far behind it’s not even worth talking about. There’s God, and then there’s Joe Montana. tedmurph says: Apr 18, 2015 8:37 PM Montana is not an announcer because he wouldn’t wanna take the pay cut. He’s made a fortune outside of FB in wine, real estate and other ventures. Good for him. Brady is the GOAT. He did it in the salary cap era, many times with waiver wire tools. As opposed to the all star teams and great defenses Montana played with. Getting to 6 SBowls is better than getting to 4. Brady has a better regular season record and post season record. Less one and outs. All across the board. He’ll probably play 5 more yrs. Appreciate everyone’s romanticised nostalgia, but you have it wrong. realfootballfan says: Apr 18, 2015 8:40 PM Still first name Greatest, last name Ever to do it in my lifetime. I never saw Unitas, so I can’t comment on him, but Montanna was the man. 8oneanddones says: Apr 18, 2015 8:49 PM He was great. One of the greatest ever. That being said, he also played in an era with no salary cap and no free agency or parity, and his owner was willing to pay big bucks to stack the team. He also was fortunate to have several hall of famers as teammates. jhorton83 says: Apr 18, 2015 8:54 PM crappygovernment says: Apr 18, 2015 6:55 PM Why couldn’t Joe Montana get an NFL TV commentator gig after his playing days when the likes of Bill Maas and Tim Green could? Weird! ———————————————————————- He did try being a commentator briefly with NBC after his retirement. He didn’t like it though and left after one season. I’m sure he could easily get a commentator gig if he wanted it. He just doesn’t want it or need the money. whenwilliteverend says: Apr 18, 2015 9:01 PM Here’s what I think sets Joe Montana apart. I’m not sure if you knew this but he called his own plays. Someone tried to figure out if he had any tendencies so they charted all the plays he called. Throughout the entire season he never called the same play on first down. Look, I hated the 49ers. I went to college in Cincinnati in the early 80s and again in the late 80s–after the Army. That was during both years the Bengals lost in the Super Bowl to the 49ers. Still, Joe was amazing and may have been the best QB at calling his own plays. I’d say maybe Peyton is up there but nobody was as good of a game manager than Joe. I hated him not only for beating two very good Bengal teams (the Bengals were the only teams to ever even give the 49ers a good game) but also because he went to Notre Dumb. abninf says: Apr 18, 2015 9:06 PM tedmurph says: Brady is the GOAT. He did it in the salary cap era, many times with waiver wire tools. As opposed to the all star teams and great defenses Montana played with. ====================================== You have no clue how Brady would have done without all the rules protecting QB’s and receivers today. revren10 says: Apr 18, 2015 9:20 PM Brady is greatest of all time. Montana titles are tainted with glue hands rice. Brady and the New England Patriots greatest QB and Franchise. tedmurph says: Apr 18, 2015 9:35 PM You have no clue how Brady would have done without all the rules protecting QB’s and receivers today. ———————————————————-Neither do you. Apr 18, 2015 9:42 PM Through three years, Wilson is a better third round pick. GOAT thru three. tedmurph says: Apr 18, 2015 9:51 PM Here’s what I think sets Joe Montana apart. I’m not sure if you knew this but he called his own plays. ————————————————— Nonsense! Walsh invented the 15-25 scripted plays for his version of the WCOffense, no matter what the D did. Apr 18, 2015 9:56 PM brady couldn’t hold Montana’s jock. Rings without cheating… vipod4ever says: Apr 18, 2015 10:16 PM Joe Montana isn’t the only GOAT to retire on April 18. Wayne Gretzky played his last game ever on this day back in ’99. Isn’t that something! tedmurph says: Apr 18, 2015 10:23 PM Glad mommy woke you up voices, wouldn’t want you to missa cheap cheater post. Gretsky is the GOAT IMO. And I’m from Boston(RGOrr) j0esixpack says: Apr 18, 2015 10:35 PM Why would any “logical” or “voice of reason” give Montana EXTRA credit for losing in the playoffs BEFORE the Super Bowl? Brady and Montana BOTH have four rings. The only difference is Montana failed to make it to as many Super Bowls as Brady. It’s like ignoring out how many one and done’s Peyton Manning has but pointing to his “perfect” Super Bowl record of 1-0 We’d all love to hear how you “logical voices of reason” think that losing in the first round of the playoffs is better than making it all the way to the Super Bowl. We’re waiting… granadafan says: Apr 18, 2015 10:46 PM Montana was the best. Very cool in the pocket and nothing rattled him. People point to the lack of salary cap, but Montana played in an era when defenders could mug receivers and really smack the QB without all the penalties. Today’s QBs can sit in the pocket all day without worrying too much about getting touched without a defensive penalty. Today’s QBs can concentrate on the play and not worry as much about having your head torn off by players like Lawrence Taylor. scw1993 says: Apr 18, 2015 11:09 PM voiceofreason01 says: Apr 18, 2015 6:50 PM Hey brainwashed NE pasties fans – KISS THE RINGS!!! Joe “The Goat” Montana didn’t have to cheat for his rings. U hate us cuz u aint us!! All of America mocks u & your despicable franchise of cheaters & murderers. —————————————————– voiceinhishead is a frustrated Seahawks fan…not a 49er fan. He just came out from under his bed, he was there comforting Chippy. 28 -24 … you mad??? tonebones says: Apr 18, 2015 11:14 PM Just in case people are interested in facts: The 49ers had the lowest payroll in the league when they won their first Super Bowl. They didn’t “buy” it with DeBartolo’s money. DeBartolo was very generous, so he’d pay guys much more than they could get on the open market, but those were all guys they drafted, and many of their superstars came in the late rounds. They dominated the draft every year despite picking at or near the end of every round. Look at the list of the greatest drafts of all time, and the 49ers have four of the top ten, and they all happened in the 80s. Once Carmen Policy took control of the front office they no longer dominated the draft, so they did some funny things with the salary cap., and they bought their last super bowl, the one with Steve Young at QB, but the Montana era was all about scouting and drafting well. cooperspur says: Apr 18, 2015 11:46 PM Awesome QB. Almost as good as Marino. facebook.com/joesimmonscomic AKA Slow Joe (Bucs fan) says: Apr 19, 2015 12:00 AM My favorite player ever. Though I agreed with the 49ers that they had to trade him when Young started to flourish. Weird that so many Niner QBs end up starting in KC: Joe Montana Apr 19, 2015 1:02 AM Best big game QB of all time beavwarius says: Apr 19, 2015 1:03 AM Played with 9 hof players. Inflated numbers,played in weakest division for a decade. Pre salery cap era when niners put out big dollars to gobble up best players from all teams. Steve young was a better qb for the niners. Marino. Favre. Aikman. Brady. Elway. All better. Rodgers better today. culturalelitist says: Apr 19, 2015 1:04 AM Certainly one of the top five QBs ever, and maybe THE best. Nicely-written article, and it also points up how good the 49ers were in every aspect of the team. Eddie Debartolo was as good an owner as Montana was a quarterback. His situation should have been handled very differently, but I suspect he was unpopular with other owners, and why wouldn’t he be? florida76 says: Apr 19, 2015 1:09 AM Surprised no one hasn’t mentioned the other two landmark wins for Montana as a Chief. He took down John Elway and the Broncos in Denver, with another comeback win, as KC snapped a long string of losses at Mile High Stadium. Then in 1994, he beat the eventual World Champion 49ers, which was a strange sight, indeed. Funny to hear folks comparing Brady and his one honest ring with Montana’s four. But Brady choked in the 17-0 season, delivering a mediocre performance in the Super Bowl. No way Montana plays that poorly in that situation. Apr 19, 2015 1:46 AM And 19 years ago, the NFL on NBC pulled the plug on Joe. fmc651 says: Apr 19, 2015 2:41 AM For all you Pats fans that try to say Brady is better just stop. Joe never lost a SB. Joe never threw a pick in a SB and if Seattle gives the ball to Lynch Brady loses 3. And he should not have gone to one because he fumbled and he won. Just stop with that noise. Apr 19, 2015 7:30 AM G.O.A.T.!!!! conormacleod says: Apr 19, 2015 7:50 AM I didn’t even read the article. I just thought to myself; “man, I’m getting old”. fritz96 says: Apr 19, 2015 8:20 AM It has to be remembered that Montana had a much shorter window for success than Brady. In his first couple of years San Francisco wasn’t a good team and between his back injuries and playing for KC he didn’t have a chance to win a Super Bowl at the end of his career either. Both QBs may have won 4 SBs but what Montana did in 9 years, Brady took 15 years to do. 49erstim says: Apr 19, 2015 8:25 AM @j0sixpack……. Manning doesn’t have a perfect Super Bowl record. He is 1-2. He is vastly overrated. As for Joe Cool being the GOAT. I believe that he is. I watched him play. People pointing to him and “only” 4 Super Bowl appearances…… do you know how many great teams there used to be in that era? Today there are a lot of “good teams”. Back then there was a handful of “great teams”. That speaks to the competetiveness of that era. Those Giants teams and Cowboys teams weren’t easy to beat and SF didn’t always come out on top. Apr 19, 2015 8:55 AM Brady did more with less. bencoates57 says: Apr 19, 2015 8:57 AM “Those Giants teams and Cowboys teams weren’t easy to beat and SF didn’t always come out on top.” ———————- Try having to compete against Peyton Manning in his prime every single year. And those Giants teams Brady faced in the Super Bowls were among the best teams to punch their tickets. You saw what they did to Favre and Rogers led Green Bay clubs in Green Bay. speed3me says: Apr 19, 2015 10:07 AM Love the whole Brady and Montana debate, as they are both excellent players. Personally i feel Montana was better as HE drove down and threw touchdowns to win superbowls. Brady couldn’t drive the whole field and had to have an incredible clutch kicker win him his first three superbowls. Even look at his 4th superbowl, new england had that game lost but the worst play call made them win. Apr 19, 2015 10:10 AM fishpumper says: Apr 19, 2015 10:26 AM Loved watching Montana play. Best QB in history of the game. Who’s the only QB to win 4 SBs in 6 years? Ravens fans. You know who it is. NE fans? Think Tommy Boy’s the greatest? Not even in the top 4. las0023 says: Apr 19, 2015 10:45 AM Montana threw 122 passes in 4 Super Bowls but never threw a pass as bad as those 2 interceptions Brady threw against Seattle. Apr 19, 2015 10:49 AM 49erstim makes good points The pros and cons of different eras…. Fewer teams, less competition in terms of overall talent and conditioning, yet the talent was more concentrated The salary cap and free agency era cuts both ways. The 49ers could keep their players – but so too could every other team I just don’t think that Montana should get extra points for failing to make it to the two additional Super Bowls Brady made it to (even if Brady lost) Apr 19, 2015 2:30 PM Brady has more playoff wins. Brady is Numero Uno. orrnumberfour says: Apr 19, 2015 2:32 PM When all is said and done, Brady will be far more accomplished, and therefore, will have had the better career. laserw says: Apr 19, 2015 7:56 PM I’ve never been a fan of the 49ers or Chiefs – but without a doubt, Joe Montana was absolutely one of the best QB’s and was always a class act as a QB. Joe M should run a school on the QB’s coming out of college how to approach things and to grow the hell up before taking any snap in the NFL. Kudos to Joe M. Your career was first rate and you gave true NFL fans highlights throughout your career. And that pass in the endzone against the Cowpies was one of my favorite all time plays in NFL history! idpfantasyfootball says: Apr 20, 2015 10:38 AM Wow… 20 years ago… I was sitting on the AP Sportswire and watched his retirement story cross. I knew a few seconds before everyone else in the world… Ah.. the days before social media! jvibottomline says: Apr 20, 2015 11:08 AM Niners of the 1980’s and 1990’s, only real Dynasty the NFL has ever had

i don't know

What position did football great Jim Brown play?

Top Ten Running Backs of All Time Top Ten Running Backs of All Time NFL Expert By James Alder Comparing players from different eras is tough because the game of football has evolved so much over the years. And unlike some other sports, statistics, while a great starting point, aren't always the greatest indicator as to who is the best of the best. There are aspects of the game that cannot be measured in numbers. With that in mind, we have taken a look at the careers of many NFL greats and put together this list of the top ten running backs of all time. Mike Powell / Allsport / Getty Images 10.  Marcus Allen A six-time Pro Bowl selection and two time All Pro, Marcus Allen was the first player ever to gain more than 10,000 yards rushing and 5,000 yards receiving during his career. Spending time with both the Los Angeles Raiders and Kansas City Chiefs , he was regarded as not only an explosive threat out of the backfield, but one of the best short-yardage and goal-line runners ever. When Allen retired from the game, he held what was then an NFL record with 123 touchdowns. Overall, he carried the ball 3,022 times for 12,243 yards, and added 5,411 yards receiving. He also set records in Super Bowl XVIII with a 73-yard touchdown run and 191 yards rushing overall. More » continue reading below our video Profile of Emmitt Smith Running back Marshall Faulk #28 of the St. Louis Rams carries the ball during the NFC Divisional Playoff game against the Carolina Panthers on January 10, 2004 at the Edward Jones Dome in St. Louis, Missouri. Jeff Gross/Getty Images 9.  Marshall Faulk Marshall Faulk began his NFL career in Indianapolis, and was a force out of the backfield for the Colts. But it was his days with the St. Louis Rams that he is most remembered for. Playing in one of the most prolific offenses of all time, he was a versatile weapon as both a runner and receiver. And it was his versatility that kept opposing defenses off balance, because he was such an effective weapon in the Rams legendary passing attack. The only player in NFL history to have 12,000 yards rushing and 6,000 yards receiving, Faulk is also the only one to have scored more than 70 rushing touchdowns and more than 30 receiving touchdowns. And that is enough to land a spot on our list of the top ten running backs of all time. More » Emmitt Smith #22 of the Dallas Cowboys evades a tackle attempt by safety Matt Darby #43 of the Arizona Cardinals at Texas Stadium in Irving, Texas. The Cowboys beat the Cardinals with a final score of 17-3. Jamie Squire/Getty Images 8.  Emmitt Smith If longevity were the biggest key in ranking running backs, Emmitt Smith, who played 15 years in the NFL, would be at the top of the list. But it's not. He is, however, one of the most complete backs to ever play the game. He could run. He could catch the ball. And he could block. He was also a tremendous team leader. Smith spent the majority of his career with the Dallas Cowboys before moving on to the Arizona Cardinals . Over that period he became the NFL's all-time rushing leader, and played for three Super Bowl-winning teams. He is also the only running back to ever win a Super Bowl championship, the NFL MVP award, the NFL rushing crown, and the Super Bowl Most Valuable Player award all in the same season. More » Former NFL great Gale Sayers shares a laugh during the taping of the NFL Players Week 10th Anniversary on Wheel Of Fortune on December 6, 2005 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Doug Benc/Getty Images 7.  Gale Sayers Because of injury, Gale Sayers played in just 68 games during his NFL career, but because of the way he dominated, there is no doubt he deserves inclusion among the top ten running backs of all time. He burst onto the NFL scene by breaking the record for touchdowns in a season with 22 during his rookie year. And he still holds the record for the most touchdowns in a game with six, which also came during his rookie campaign. Prior to a serious knee injury, Sayers was selected as an All Pro in all of his first five seasons. He also earned Rookie of the Year honors in 1965, and is still regarded as perhaps the greatest return man to ever play the game. More » Eric Dickerson #28 of the Los Angeles Rams looks on during the 1985 NFC Divisional Playoffs against the Dallas Cowboys at Anaheim Stadium on January 4, 1986 in Anaheim, California. George Rose/Getty Images 6.  Eric Dickerson Drafted by the Los Angeles Rams in 1983, Eric Dickerson quickly established himself as a rising NFL star by earning Rookie of the Year, Player of the Year, All Pro, and Pro Bowl honors while setting rookie records with 1,808 rushing yards and 18 touchdowns on the ground. And that season was just the tip of the iceberg as he went on to slash and dash his way to an illustrious 11-year NFL career. During his career, Dickerson was named All Pro five times and was selected for the Pro Bowl six. And in 1984, he set a single season record with 2,105 yards rushing as he topped the 100-yard mark in 12 games. He is also the quickest of all running backs to have topped the 10,000-yard mark by eclipsing the plateau in just 91 games. More » O.J. Simpson of the Buffalo Bills in action during a game against the Denver Broncos at Rich Stadium in Buffalo, New York. Getty Images 5.  O.J. Simpson The first and only running back to surpass the 2,000 yard rushing mark in a 14-game season, O.J. Simpson has unfortunately become known more for his infamous off-field activities than his accomplishments on the field. There is, however, no denying the talent he once possessed while carrying a football. Blessed with an incredible burst, Simpson shot through holes in the line and used his world-class speed to outrun defenders downfield. He retired as the No. 2 ground gainer of all time, behind only Jim Brown, and had an NFL-best six 200-yard games. Despite the negative image he has cultivated since his retirement, no list of the top ten running backs of all time would be complete without him. More » Running back Earl Campbell #35 of the New Orleans Saints sits on the sideline during a 1984 NFL game. Rick Stewart/Getty Images 4.  Earl Campbell With incredible lower-body strength and a low center of gravity, it was often said that trying to bring down Earl Campbell was like trying to tackle a 245 pound bowling ball. One of the more physical runners in NFL history, he punished defenders with his imposing style of play and simply wore down defenses over the course of a game. Over a three-consecutive-year period, Campbell led the league in rushing, which was something only Jim Brown had done before. He was also named All Pro three years in a row and named to five Pro Bowl teams during his eight-year career. His physical play may have led to his career winding down a little shorter than it might have, but he still managed to carry the ball 2,187 times for 9,407 yards and 74 touchdowns. More » Detroit running back Barry Sanders #20 leaps over a fellow Lion during the NFL game against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers at Tampa Stadium in Tampa, Florida on October 2, 1994. The Buccaneers defeated the Lions 24-14. Rick Stewart/Getty Images 3.  Barry Sanders Barry Sanders was perhaps the most elusive and electrifying runner the game has ever seen. His ability to cut on a dime and quickly accelerate to top speed frustrated defenders and made him a threat to score from anywhere on the field at any time. Incredibly, he was named All Pro and made the Pro Bowl in all of his ten seasons. He won Rookie of the Year honors as well as an MVP. He also set numerous records. But he never won a championship. Because of the losing culture that was the Detroit Lions, Sanders walked away from the game while still very much in his prime, just 1,457 yards short of Walter Payton's career rushing record. Had he not retired prematurely, most likely he would currently reign as the league's all-time leading rusher. More » Running back Walter Payton #34 of the Chicago Bears looks on during a game in 1984. Rick Stewart/Getty Images 2.  Walter Payton There probably was never a more complete running back than the Chicago Bears Walter Payton. He was among the best in the game at running the ball. He was a tremendous receiver out of the backfield. And he was a prolific blocker who could blow up a blitzing linebacker like no one else. Despite playing the majority of his career behind below average offensive lines, Payton was still a six-time All Pro, was selected to play in nine Pro Bowls, was awarded the NFL MVP, and won a Super Bowl. He also, at the time of his retirement, held records for most career yards rushing, most combined net yards, most seasons with more than 1,000 yards rushing, most yards rushing in a single game, most rushing touchdowns, and most receptions by a running back, More » Cleveland Browns fullback Jim Brown sits on the bench during a game. Hulton Archive/Getty Images 1.  Jim Brown When watching tape of Jim Brown during his playing days, he appears to be a man playing against boys. And the biggest argument against him being the best running back of all time is the fact that defenders during his generation just weren't as big as they are today. The thing his critics fail to take into consideration, however, when making that argument is that if he played today, he would be privy to all the latest training techniques and advances in nutrition and would be bigger, stronger, and faster himself. Brown led the NFL in rushing in eight of his nine seasons, and his 5.2 yards-per-carry average is the highest ever among all backs with 750 or more carries. He was also named NFL Most Valuable Player three times during his career. More »

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What is Magic Johnson's real first name?

ESPN Classic - Jim Brown was hard to bring down Jim Brown was hard to bring down By Larry Schwartz Special to ESPN.com "I'm not interested in trying to work on people's perceptions. I am who I am, and if you don't take the time to learn about that, then your perception is going to be your problem," said Jim Brown on ESPN Classic's SportsCentury series. After being tackled, he would pick himself off the grass painfully and slowly, looking like a man who had just been hit by a bus. Television captured the power and grace of Jim Brown. He would trudge ever so deliberately back to the huddle. Then, on the next play, he would burst through the line again, shrugging off would-be tacklers. Jim Brown is to running backs what Superman is to cartoon heroes. Standing 6-foot-2 and packing 230 hard pounds on his square-shouldered frame, he was an explosive fullback, combining outstanding speed with awesome power. He played only nine seasons for the Cleveland Browns - and led the NFL in rushing eight times. He averaged 104 yards a game, a record 5.22 yards a pop. He ran for at least 100 yards in 58 of his 118 regular-season games (he never missed a game). He ran for 237 yards in a game twice, scored five touchdowns in another game, and four times scored four touchdowns. He rushed for more than 1,000 yards seven times, scorching opponents for 1,527 yards in one 12-game season and 1,863 in a 14-game season. "For mercurial speed, airy nimbleness, and explosive violence in one package of undistilled evil, there is no other like Mr. Brown," wrote Pulitzer Prize winner Red Smith. Jim Brown averaged a whopping 5.2 yards per carry in his NFL career. Unlike most athletes, Brown retired when he was on top. At 30, he decided he'd rather be in movies than star on a football field. When he did leave the game before the 1966 season, no player had ever ran for as many yards (12,312) or scored more touchdowns (126) or rushing touchdowns (106). "And he played at a time when defenses were set against the run first and the pass second," said Hall of Fame running back Gale Sayers. And football might not have been Brown's best sport. There are those who say he was a more talented lacrosse player. Brown was born on Feb. 17, 1936 on St. Simons Island off the southern coast of Georgia. He was abandoned by his father about two weeks after his birth, and his mother left when he was two to take a job as a maid on Long Island, New York. His great-grandmother raised Brown, and they shared a house with his grandmother, who was an alcoholic. When he was four, he attended school in a segregated two-room shack. At eight, his mother sent for him; it was the first time they saw each other in six years. At mostly white Manhasset High School, Brown earned 13 letters playing football, basketball, baseball, lacrosse and running track. As a senior, he averaged 14.9 yards a carry as a running back and 38 points a game as a basketball forward. While in high school, Brown and several other athletes created a gang called "The Gaylords," and Brown was elected president. He said the gang was involved in some fistfights, but nothing too dangerous, and nobody ever did jail time. As a sophomore at Syracuse, Brown was the second leading rusher on the team. That winter, he was Syracuse's second leading scorer in basketball, averaging 15 points. He also earned a letter in track that spring. As a junior, he rushed for 666 yards (5.2 per carry), averaged 11.3 points in basketball and made second-team All-American in lacrosse. In his senior year, Brown was first-team All-American in both football and lacrosse (43 goals in 10 games to tie for the national scoring championship). He averaged 6.2 yards in running for 986 yards (third most in the country despite Syracuse playing only eight games) and scored 14 touchdowns. In the regular-season finale, a 61-7 rout of Colgate, he rushed for 197 yards, scored six touchdowns and kicked seven extra points for 43 points. Then in the Cotton Bowl he rushed for 132 yards, scored three touchdowns and kicked three extra points. But a blocked extra point after Syracuse's third touchdown was the difference as TCU won 28-27. Brown, Cleveland's first-round draft choice at No. 6 overall, was the NFL's Rookie of the Year in 1957, leading all running backs with 942 yards. "When you have a thoroughbred," coach Paul Brown said, "you run him." The next year the fullback was MVP after leading the league in rushing with 1,527 yards and touchdowns with 18. But his season ended in disappointment when the Browns lost the regular-season finale 13-10 to the New York Giants, leaving the teams tied for first in the East, and then 10-0 the following Sunday. Brown was held to just eight yards on seven carries in the playoff game. Brown's 1,329 and 1,257 yards in 12-game seasons led NFL rushers the next two seasons. In 1961, in the first 14-game season, Brown was No. 1 for the fifth straight season with 1,408 yards. But the Browns again failed to make the postseason and tension with Paul Brown intensified. In 1962, for the only time in his career, Brown failed to win the rushing title, gaining just 996 yards. Differences with Paul Brown worsened as Cleveland fell to 7-6-1. After the season, the outspoken fullback headed a players revolt and told owner Art Modell "either Paul Brown goes or I quit." Paul Brown was fired. Jim Brown rushed for more than 1,000 yards seven times. In his initial season under new coach Blanton Collier, Brown became the first back to run for more than a mile as he gained 1,863 yards. He led the league with 1,446 yards in 1964 as the Browns won the NFL championship. They routed Baltimore 27-0 in the title game, with Brown rushing for a game-high 114 yards. In 1965 - in what would be his final season - Brown won his second MVP after leading the league in rushing with 1,544 yards and scoring 21 touchdowns (17 running). The Browns made it back to the title game, but this time they lost - 23-12 to the Packers. While working on "The Dirty Dozen" in London, Brown stunned the sports world by announcing his retirement. He said he wanted to devote more time to his movie career and race relations. Brown went on to appear in some 32 movies, with "The Dirty Dozen" and "Ice Station Zebra" being the best. In the 1960s, Brown helped form the Negro Industrial Economic Union to assist black-owned businesses. In 1988, he created the Amer-I-Can program, an effort to turn gang members from destructive to productive members of society. He has been an outspoken critic of the modern African-American athlete for what he perceives as a lack of involvement in the African-American community. "A Charles Barkley, a Magic Johnson, and a Michael Jordan are basically prima donnas," Brown said. Brown has been inducted into the Halls of Fame of Pro Football, College Football and Lacrosse. No other player has accomplished this triple. But for all Brown's good deeds and athletic prowess, there appears to be a dark side to him as well. He has been frequently accused of violent crimes, primarily toward women. An 18-year-old accused Brown of forcing her to have sex after giving her whisky, but a jury found him innocent of assault and battery in the 10-day trial in 1965. He was accused of throwing his girlfriend from a balcony in 1968, but when the 22-year-old woman refused to name Brown as her assailant, the charge of assault with intent to murder was dropped. He was fined $300 for resisting a deputy. Brown was acquitted of assaulting a man after a traffic accident in 1969. He was fined $500 and spent a day in jail after beating up a golfing partner in 1978. He was charged with rape, sexual battery and assault in 1985, but the charges were dropped when the 33-year-old woman gave inconsistent testimony. The next year, he was arrested for allegedly beating his fianc�e after accusing her of flirting. He spent three hours in jail, but three days later the 21-year-old woman said she didn't want to prosecute. In October 1999, Brown was convicted in Los Angeles of smashing the window of his 25-year-old wife Monique's car, but was acquitted of making terrorist threats against her. The judge sentenced him to three years' probation, stripped him of his driver's license for a year, fined him $1,700 to be paid to a battered woman's shelter and a domestic abuse fund, and ordered him to attend special counseling for domestic batterers. When Brown refused counseling, he was given a six-month sentence. He was released from jail in Ventura County (California) in July 2002 after serving less than four months.

i don't know

In baseball, when a team is pitching how many players do they have on the field?

Roster Settings - Free Fantasy Baseball - ESPN The 25 roster slots are divided into two overall positional categories: Batters and Pitchers. BATTERS ESPN Fantasy Baseball provides Batter slots for all five infield positions (C, 1B, 2B, SS, 3B), five (5) outfield (OF) positions plus one utility slot. The utility slot may be filled by any non-pitcher. Also due to position eligibility, you may have a player on your roster that is only eligible for a designated hitter (DH) slot. If that is the case, the only slot you will be able to use that in the utility slot. For more information see Position Eligibility below. PITCHERS ESPN Fantasy Baseball provides nine pitcher slots. You may use any combination of Starters and Relievers. However, keep in mind that there are limits for games started by your Active Starters as a whole. For more information on Pitching Limits, click here . NOTE: The utility slot may NOT be filled with a pitcher. Total Roster Size: 25+1 (13 Batters, 9 Pitchers, 3 Bench, +1 DL) Batters (13): C, 1B, 2B, 3B, SS, OF, OF, OF, OF, OF, 2B/SS, 1B/3B, UTIL Pitchers (9): P, P, P, P, P, P, P, P, P Bench (3): BE, BE, BE Disabled List (1): DL POSITION ELIGIBILITY Player position eligibility is based on two criteria that must be met. Once the following conditions are met, the player's position eligibility will be modified to reflect this. Games Played Last Season - A player must have played in a minimum of 20 games in a position to be eligible for that position. The exception is rookies, they will be eligible for the position in which they begin the season. Games Played in the Current Season - Once a player has played 10 games in a position during the regular season they will have that position added to their eligibility. This means that they will become eligible for the new position beginning on the eleventh game in that position. These games do not need to be contiguous. SETTING YOUR LINEUP You decide which players to start for each day of competition. Your Team page allows you to analyze each of your current players, review their performance (previous day/week, year to date etc.) and freely move players between your Active roster and Bench. Roster moves involving a player may be made right up until that player's team is scheduled to begin playing in their first game of the day. When you make transactions, you must move one active player to the bench, or to waivers, when moving an inactive/benched player to your active lineup. If you make a move that violates a roster slot, an error message will appear, notifying you to double-check the proposed transaction. You will need to ensure that you are moving players into eligible slots per Position Eligibility (see above). ADDING / DROPPING PLAYERS In Standard leagues there are going to be many unclaimed players available in the player pool; these players are called free agents. You may want to pick up one of these free agents (players not currently on a team in your league) for your elite team. You can search the player pool by going to the Players page. All Standard leagues will observe ESPN's Undroppable Players list. The Undroppable Players list is comprised of select elite level players who cannot be dropped to waivers at any time during the baseball season. NOTE: If you wish to claim a player from free agency, you must have an open roster slot or drop one of your current players in exchange. For more information on Waivers and Free Agents, click here . Related FAQ

nine

Which golf tournament presents its winner with a green jacket?

College grads in baseball a rare breed | FOX Sports College grads in baseball a rare breed foxsports May 17, 2012 at 1:00a ET 0 College commencement ceremonies and Major League Baseball games are staples of American life in May. Only a small number of men can say they have participated in both. As of Wednesday morning, 917 players had appeared in at least one big-league game this season, according to STATS LLC. Of that group, only 39 — or 4.3 percent — were confirmed by their teams of MLB as having obtained four-year college degrees through a FOXSports.com survey of clubs. The tiny fraction highlights the challenges of pursuing a higher education while chasing big-league dreams. Young men are eligible for the Major League Baseball amateur draft at multiple points in their development: • After graduating from high school. • After any season of junior college. • After their junior or senior seasons at a four-year college. • After any season during which they are 21 years old. With so many chances to focus solely on baseball — and earn money — it’s not surprising that 18-, 19- and 20-year-olds turn pro. And once they do, baseball’s year-round schedule makes it difficult for them to make up the missed credits. Think about it: If your team’s general manager wants you to play winter ball in the Dominican Republic to improve your chances of reaching the majors, would you say no because you need to take a marketing class? Maybe you should, given how difficult it is to score a set-for-life contract. But chances are you won’t. In that context, Curtis Granderson’s degree in business management and business marketing is about as impressive as the MVP-caliber numbers he posted for the New York Yankees last year. The Detroit Tigers selected Granderson in the third round of the 2002 amateur draft, after his junior year at the University of Illinois at Chicago. As the son of teachers, Granderson felt a familial obligation and personal desire to graduate. So, while playing for Class A Lakeland in 2003, he asked the Tigers if they would accommodate his desire to fulfill his degree requirements. The organization agreed, even though his obligations to baseball didn’t cease. One example: Gary Green, Granderson’s manager at Lakeland that year, was asked to serve as a proctor for an exam. Green was so impressed with Granderson’s commitment and integrity that he quickly agreed. So Granderson took his test in the manager’s office at Joker Marchant Stadium. Not that his teammates noticed. “I don’t think a lot of our guys were really aware,” Green recalled during a telephone interview last year. “At 18, 19, 20, 21, they’re caught up in themselves. Our staff was aware, no doubt. But I don’t believe the majority of our players were.” Thanks to his in-season head start, Granderson graduated from UIC in December 2003 — only one semester behind his original classmates. Granderson’s status as a college graduate is well-known in baseball circles, partly because many of his charitable efforts involve educational initiatives. (While speaking to school groups, Granderson routinely receives his loudest ovation when it is mentioned he obtained his degree.) He’s heavily involved with the Major League Baseball Players Association, having volunteered for — or been volunteered for — various responsibilities because of his business education. Teammates and opposing players approach him from time to time, curious about how he graduated. They want to know how many credits he had left when he was drafted. They want to know what degree he earned. Basically, they want to know if they can make it work, too. “It’s very difficult to do,” Granderson told me. “A lot of stuff had to line up for me to get the opportunity to go back to school. “First, the individual has to want to do it. School’s not necessarily for everyone.” MLB clubs include a college tuition escrow in contracts for many drafted players — generally speaking, those born in the United States, Canada and Puerto Rico. The program, in effect, provides protection for high school seniors who turn down scholarship offers to turn pro. According to MLB figures, 60.2 percent of amateur contracts signed in 2011 by players born in those three countries included some kind of scholarship money. But teenagers who encounter instant (if not enduring) wealth tend to think about other aspects of their new contracts. For them, to place great emphasis on the scholarship plan would sound something like failure. Who cares? I’m going to make it and get rich anyway. Well, not necessarily. Another complication: Players receive the scholarship funds only if they enroll in college within a fixed time period after their careers are over. Even then, money from the escrow is taxable. “The college education program has been there for student-athletes, but a lot of guys don’t use it because they don’t know the ins and outs of how to use it,” Granderson said. “It’s there. But you’ve got to keep in mind, too, that (baseball) becomes the priority once you sign the professional contract.” Still, Granderson found the time. So did Arizona Diamondbacks closer J.J. Putz, who received his undergraduate kinesiology degree from the University of Michigan more than 11 years after the Seattle Mariners drafted him. Never too late. Putz, in fact, plays for the most educated team in baseball. The Diamondbacks lead the majors with seven college graduates: Putz, Willie Bloomquist (Arizona State), Craig Breslow (Yale), John McDonald (Providence), Takashi Saito (Tohoku Fukushi University in Japan), Mike Zagurski (Kansas) and Brad Ziegler (Southwest Missouri State). The Houston Astros and Tampa Bay Rays are tied for second with four graduates apiece on their 40-man rosters. “I am thrilled to see we have the most educated players, but they are only as smart as their win/loss record,” Diamondbacks club president Derrick Hall said when told of his team’s standing among baseball’s mortarboard wearers. “I happen to believe our guys are as smart as any, but fans want to see wins. Where I do see the difference is with an educated group that understands the business of the game, the importance of the fan and the significance of giving back to the community. That can be linked to education and a strong level of common sense.” Speaking of that: Wise people are well-aware of what they don’t know. Such individuals perceive their own deficits and address them with further education. So, it shouldn’t surprise you that Granderson, one of the smartest players in baseball, mentioned a new interest during our conversation in New York this week. Graduate school. Granderson said a representative from the University of Chicago — one of the country’s foremost private research universities — conveyed to him that he has a standing offer to enroll in a program there. “I was like, ‘Oh!’ ” Granderson said. Asked what he might want to pursue, he added, “Initially, when I first graduated, it was finance. I’m not sure if I still want to go that route. Educational administration would be the other one, which has been the leader (for me) over the past few years. I’m not too sure what the (other idea) might be. I’ve had some ideas. I don’t know yet. I’ll keep doing homework.” He always has. It’s still serving him well. 0

i don't know

In which jumping event did Carl Lewis win Olympic gold's?

Carl LEWIS - Olympic Athletics | United States of America Carl LEWIS Olympic Games 1984 , 1988 , 1992 , 1996 One of the greatest athletes of all time Carl Lewis, as one of only four Olympic athletes to have won nine Olympic gold medals, is widely recognised as one of the greatest athletes of all time. Matching Jesse Owens At the 1984 Los Angeles Games, Lewis emulated his boyhood idol Jesse Owens by winning gold in the 100m, the 200m, the long jump and the 4x100m relay. A superstar was born. Further Olympic joy At the 1988 Seoul Games, Lewis defended his 100m title after Ben Johnson was disqualified. He also defended his long jump title and claimed silver in the 200m. Four years later in Barcelona, he won a third gold medal in the long jump, defeating world record holder Mike Powell by just three centimetres. He also anchored the world record-setting US relay team. One last golden jump Lewis only just scraped into the US Olympic long jump team for the 1996 Atlanta Games. He then needed all three jumps to qualify for the final. However in the final, he majestically moved into first place with his third jump and stayed there. Olympic records His success in the long jump made Carl Lewis one of only three Olympians to win the same individual event four times. He is also one of only four Olympic athletes to win nine gold medals.

Long jump

In football, what position is WR?

Carl Lewis' quest for four golds in L.A., 1984 Carl Lewis' quest for four golds in L.A., 1984 Yahoo Sports Staff Pin it Share The goal was simple in its definition, nearly impossible in its execution: win four Olympic gold medals in the 100 meters, 200 meters, long jump and 4x100 relay just like Jesse Owens had done 48 years earlier. That no one had done it before or since Owens didn't temper the expectation that in the 1984 Olympic Games Carl Lewis could, no would be the second to pull it off. After all, everything Lewis did on a track – the high knees, the powerful pumping of his arms – resembled a locomotive running downhill. All Lewis had to do was show up and he'd win, some said. [Vote: Which is Canada's most memorable Summer Olympics moments? ] Not really. There was the pressure of running in front of his home country, these games being held in Los Angeles, and the potential for a mistake, especially in the relay when a dropped baton could halt a gold-medal run in its tracks. More than anything, though, there was the fatigue factor of competing in four events, including heat races, in eight days. Lewis started his quest by coming from behind to win the 100, needed just two attempts to roll through the long jump with ease, set an Olympic record in the 200 and was the anchor on a relay that set a new world record. If winning one Olympic gold is an achievement of a lifetime – and it is – four in one Games makes a legend. In the world of track and field, there are only two such immortals: Jesse Owens and Carl Lewis. Other popular content on Yahoo!

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The Vince Lombardi Trophy is awarded to winners of what?

Tiffany & Co. For The Press | About Tiffany & Co. | Tiffany & Co. Sports Trophies | United States ABOUT TIFFANY & Co. About Tiffany & Co. Tiffany & Co. Sports Trophies The moment of victory at the Super Bowl, the World Series and every major championship is commemorated for all time by the presentation of custom-designed sterling silver trophies from Tiffany & Co. Tiffany has created the most revered symbols of athletic achievement in every notable field of sport. From the beginning, Tiffany designers were dedicated to the highest level of quality and craftsmanship that would pay tribute to the athletes' skill and prowess. This great legacy began in 1860 with the creation of the Woodlawn Vase for a racing association in Louisville, Kentucky. Later, the trophy was presented to the Maryland Jockey Club to be awarded to the winner of the Preakness Stakes, the second jewel in the Triple Crown and today the oldest continuously contested trophy in the United States. In 1897 Tiffany was commissioned to design the Belmont Memorial Challenge Cup for the Belmont Stakes, the oldest of the Triple Crown events, named after financier August Belmont who initiated the race. The founding sires of the thoroughbred horse in America are portrayed on the base of the bowl. Sponsors of other popular sports of the day commissioned Tiffany to create equally elaborate trophies. A perfect example is the Viking Rowing Trophy, which replicates an ornate Viking ship with rippling pennants, authentic rigging and fourteen great oars. This intricate artistry reached its zenith with the yachting trophies Tiffany created throughout the late 19th century. Decorated with curling waves, nymphs, mermaids and dolphins, these magnificent trophies recall the pageantry surrounding the great ocean races of the time. Among the era's most richly embellished yachting trophies are the legendary Goelet Cups. These were commissioned by Ogden Goelet, a prominent member of the New York Yacht Club, who made Newport, Rhode Island, synonymous with yachting. Today the New York Yacht Club is home to 21 magnificent Tiffany yachting trophies. For the sport that would become the great American pastime, Tiffany created the first world championship baseball trophy in 1888. The Hall Championship Cup depicts the five people necessary to play a game: umpire, catcher, pitcher, batter and outfielder. Tiffany also designed the All-Star Home Run Derby trophy and the Commissioner's Historic Achievement Award for Major League Baseball, which is awarded at the discretion of the Commissioner. Three outstanding athletes received the award for historic achievement in the 1998 season: Mark McGwire for breaking the single-season home run record with 70 home runs; Sammy Sosa for scoring 66 home runs in the home run race; and Cal Ripken Jr. for setting a new record of 2,632 consecutive games played, breaking Lou Gehrig's record of 2,130 consecutive games. Major League Baseball commissioned Tiffany to create one of the most celebrated awards in all of sports: the World Series Trophy. The design features 30 flags, one for each Major League team, with latitude/longitude lines symbolizing the world. Tiffany also creates the World Series MVP Trophy. During the twentieth century, new sports emerged for which Tiffany was called upon to create trophies. In 1904 Tiffany produced the Vanderbilt Cup, named for William K. Vanderbilt who organized a 284-mile auto race on Long Island to stimulate interest in American-made cars. The trophy, which depicts Mr. Vanderbilt in his 90-horsepower Mercedes, was re-created in 1996 for the inaugural U.S. 500 auto race and became the championship trophy for the Champ Car World Series in 2000. As interest in auto racing grew, so did the trophy size. In 1909 Tiffany designed the eight-foot Wheeler-Schebler Trophy. Commissioned by the Wheeler and Schebler Companies of Indianapolis, the trophy was awarded annually to the driver of the Indianapolis 500 who led the race at the 400-mile mark. The trophy was retired in the 1930s after car owner Harry Hartz won the trophy three consecutive times. Today Tiffany creates the NASCAR NEXTEL Cup, awarded annually to the winning driver and owner of the NASCAR NEXTEL Cup Series race More recently, football has taken center stage as the country's most popular spectator sport. In 1959 the National Football Foundation commissioned Tiffany to create the MacArthur Bowl honoring General Douglas MacArthur. The trophy is given to the year's best college football team selected by a poll conducted by the foundation. In professional football, the Vince Lombardi Super Bowl Trophy marks the pinnacle of gridiron glory. Tiffany has produced the coveted trophy since the first Super Bowl in 1967. In 1970 the trophy was renamed for Vince Lombardi, the late Green Bay Packers coach who led the Packers to victories in the first two Super Bowls. The design features a regulation-size football in kicking position. With the invention of basketball, America gained yet another major spectator and team sport. In 1978 Tiffany captured the game's grace and exuberance with the National Basketball Association Championship Trophy, re-named in 1984 for Larry O'Brien, the former NBA Commissioner. In 1997 Tiffany designed the Women's National Basketball Association Championship Trophy, which features a seven-inch basketball supported by three columns set in a curved triangular base. Once a year, New York City clears a path through its five boroughs for the marathon that draws the world's best runners, thousands of running enthusiasts and millions of spectators. The male and female winners of this popular event are presented with the Samuel Rudin Trophy. Created in 1984, the sterling silver tray features an etched map of the boroughs with the race course highlighted in blue enamel. Tiffany creates the trophies for many other sports as well. These commissions include the United States Open Tennis Championship Trophy; the Citizen Cup, awarded to the winner of the Defenders Series leading to the America's Cup race; the PGA TOUR FedExCup Trophy and EDS Byron Nelson Championship Trophy; the Alan I. Rothenberg Championship Trophy awarded to the Major League Soccer Cup Champion; and the Triple Crown of Polo Championship Trophy. In addition, Tiffany has designed Super Bowl rings, most recently for the 2007 New York Giants, winners of Super Bowl XLII; World Series Championship rings; Olympic medals for the 1980 Winter Games in Lake Placid, New York; and the crystal and sterling silver Breeders Crown for harness racing. Inspired by the transcendent form and energy of athletic competition at the highest level, these outstanding Tiffany designs epitomize the goal of greatness and are some of the most cherished icons of American sports. TIFFANY & CO. and TIFFANY are trademarks of Tiffany and Company.

Super Bowl

What was the nationality of the athletes killed at the 1972 Munich Olympics?

Vince Lombardi Trophy goes on display | Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site Vince Lombardi Trophy goes on display Friday, Aug 03 2012 The Vince Lomabrdi Trophy that will be awarded to the winner of Super Bowl XLVII was placed on display on Fri. Aug. 3, 2012 for fans to see. The trophy will be at the Hall of Fame until January, 2013. BROWSE BY

i don't know

The Prix du Jockey-Club is held at which race course?

Prix du Jockey Club - A Sporting Masterpiece A Sporting Masterpiece THE PRIX DU JOCKEY CLUB CROWNS THE YEAR’S FASTEST THOROUGHBRED. DON’T MISS THIS HIGH-OCTANE EVENT! THE PRIX DU JOCKEY CLUB IS ONE OF THE YEAR’S MOST SELECTIVE RACES! The Prix du Jockey Club is a prestigious horse racing event which is held at the foot of the magnificent Château de Chantilly on the first Sunday in June every year. This Group I race, the highest category of horse race, was created in 1836 and is run over a distance of a mile and 2 ½ furlongs, with a 3-furlong uphill home straight. This sporting challenge is reserved for the year’s best 3-year-olds. Who will win this exceptional race on 5th June 2016?

Chantilly

In which country is Flemington park race course?

Saonois Springs Upset in Prix du Jockey-Club | BloodHorse.com Saonois Springs Upset in Prix du Jockey-Club Comment Outsider Saonois  found room between horses and raced into the clear in the final yards to post a 33-1 upset in the Prix du Jockey-Club (Fr-I) at Chantilly June 3. A field of 20 went to the post in the Prix du Jockey-Club, otherwise known as the French Derby, with French Fifteen going off as a tepid 5-1 favorite. Many eyes were on Joseph O’Brien and Imperial Monarch as the rider attempted to not only provide his father Aidan with his first winner in the French classic, but also tried to score a English-French Derby double. The Aga Khan’s Kesampour was also highly thought of following his victory in the Prix Greffulhe (Fr-II) in May. Pretty much dismissed by the bettors was Saonois, a son of Chichicastenango who had won four of seven starts but had been defeated by Kesampour last time out, albeit by just three-quarters of a length. The start was good for everyone except for Hidden Flame, who was the last to load and broke sharply to his left when leaving the gate. He quickly recovered and was held up toward the rear of the field by jockey Ioritz Mendizabal as Tifongo set the pace. Tifongo was tracked closely by Nutello and Lunayir. Jockey Antoine Hamelin kept Saonois settled toward the rear along with Imperial Monarch and French Fifteen as the field remained tightly-bunched through the early running. As the field entered the wide, sweeping turn, Amaron moved past Tifongo to take the lead. Hot on his heels was Lunayir, with Saonois making steady progress as he weaved his way between horses in heavy traffic. When the field hit the top of the lane it was still anyone’s race, with a mad scramble for the lead. With 200 meters left, it appeared to be a three-way fight between Kesampour, Nutello, and Saint Baudolino . Hamelin finally found a seam between horses and Saonois shot through, bursting into the clear in the final strides to win by three-quarters of a length. Saint Baudolino was second, a head in front of Nutello, with Kesampour just a nose away in fourth. Imperial Monarch encountered plenty of traffic problems of his own and came home eighth, with French Fifteen two necks further behind him in tenth. Final time for the just over ten furlongs was 2:08.10 over a good to soft turf course. Saonois is trained by J.P. Gauvin for owner Pascal Treyve. The bay colt was bred in France by Earl Haras De Nonant Le Pin, and is out of the winning Homme De Loi mare, Saonoise.  

i don't know

Who won golf's US Amateur Championship for the first time i n1994?

20 Greatest Golfers of All Time (Updated) 20 Greatest Golfers of All Time (Updated) 20 Greatest Golfers of All Time (Updated) By Rob Doster , 9/26/16, 10:05 AM EDT Athlon Counts down the best in the game's history He hadn't struck a meaningful shot in many years — aside from the ceremonial tee shots that launched each Masters — but Arnold Palmer remained the world's most important golfer until the day he died, and his legacy will live on as long as there's televised golf. In fact, were it not for Palmer, you wouldn't be reading this list, and golf would still be struggling to gain a foothold on the American sports landscape.   The King has his rightful place high on this list, and most of the others who join him here owe him a debt of gratitude for the mammoth purses and endorsement opportunities that followed in his wake. Our No. 1 player, Tiger Woods, had this to say via Twitter: "It's hard to imagine golf without you or anyone more important to the game than the King."   As for this ranking, it's hard if not impossible to compare players across different eras in any sport. In golf, it's doubly so, given the game's equipment advances and changing conditions of golf courses over the years.   In compiling this ranking, I used two primary criteria: achievement and impact. Who won important golf tournaments, and who transcended the game while doing so? You'll notice that today's superstars — Rory McIlroy, Jordan Spieth, Jason Day — are missing, but as their achievements accumulate, they'll no doubt force their way into future rankings. Stay tuned.   Here, then, are the 20 men who have had the greatest careers and most lasting impact on the game of golf. Feel free to tell me where I’m wrong.   20. Greg Norman The star-crossed Norman is better remembered for his spectacular failures than his successes, but we can't overlook his 20 career PGA Tour wins and his 331 weeks spent as the world's No. 1 player in the Official World Golf Rankings. A little better luck and a little more clutch play and he would have seven or eight major wins instead of two (1986 and 1993 British Opens).    19. Cary Middlecoff Middlecoff set aside a career in dentistry to become one of the greatest players of all time , challenging Ben Hogan and Sam Snead for world supremacy in the late 1940s and 1950s. Won 40 times on the PGA Tour, including three majors.   18. Vijay Singh His career might be tainted on the front end by cheating allegations and on the back end by association with performance-enhancing drugs, but it's hard to deny Vijay a spot in the golf pantheon. He's won 34 times on the PGA Tour, including two PGA Championships and a Masters win.   17. Billy Casper The Big Three — Jack Nicklaus, Arnold Palmer and Gary Player — dominated the golf headlines in the 1960s, but the unassuming Casper was as good as anybody in his era. Casper won 51 PGA Tour events, seventh all time, and earned three majors, including the 1966 U.S. Open, where he denied Palmer a coveted win.   16. Ernie Els With four majors — two U.S. Opens and two British Opens — the Big Easy is a legitimate challenger for the title of second-best player of the Tiger Woods era. His smooth, easy swing is the envy of hackers from here to Johannesburg and has led him to 19 PGA Tour victories.   15. Walter Hagen The flamboyant Hagen was the first ultra-successful touring pro and raised the stature of the lowly pro golfer substantially in an era when amateurs like Bobby Jones ruled the sport. Hagen won 11 professional majors — two U.S. Opens, four British Opens and five PGAs — to set a record that would stand until the 1960s, and he also won five Western Opens during a time when that tournament was essentially a major.   14. Nick Faldo Sir Nick dominated world golf for a time at the expense of chief rival Greg Norman, whom he drubbed in a memorable British Open showdown in 1990 and beat in the 1996 Masters following Norman's epic collapse. Faldo won six majors — three Masters and three British Opens — and earned 30 wins on the European Tour while providing a steadying influence on five Ryder Cup-winning teams.   13. Lee Trevino The Merry Mex got a lot out of an unorthodox, self-taught game, winning 29 PGA Tour events and six majors. Four times, Trevino denied Nicklaus at a major championship, adding to his legend as one of the few players who could stare down the Golden Bear. Trevino also brought an unprecedented level of working-man appeal and humor to the Tour, although, as he said, "I played the tour in 1967 and told jokes and nobody laughed. Then I won the Open the next year, told the same jokes, and everybody laughed like hell."   12. Byron Nelson For a few months in 1945, Byron Nelson played better than anyone ever has. That year, Lord Byron won 11 tournaments in a row, including the PGA Championship. When you consider that Payne Stewart won 11 tournaments in his career and is considered one of the all-time greats, you get a sense of the magnitude of that accomplishment. More than one-fifth of Nelson’s 52 career wins came courtesy of the Streak. And lest we dismiss the accomplishment on the basis of inferior competition, remember that Sam Snead was nearing his prime and a young Ben Hogan was making a name for himself. For one incredible spring and summer, Lord Byron invented and patented The Zone. For the year, Nelson won a staggering 18 events and was named AP Athlete of the Year. For his career, he was the game's greatest gentleman.   11. Seve Ballesteros Maybe we loved him because we could identify with him. We were often hitting out of the woods, from bunkers, from parking lots, just like he was. The difference? Seve Ballesteros would often make a birdie from the woods, or the bunker, or the parking lot, and he’d do it with a style and grace that was impossible not to admire and envy. Almost two decades before Tiger Woods, Ballesteros exploded onto the scene as a precocious 19-year-old, finishing tied for second with the great Jack Nicklaus at the 1976 British Open at Royal Birkdale. Having fashioned his game by hitting rocks on the beaches of Pedrena, Spain, with a homemade 3-iron, Ballesteros was ready to attack any lie, any condition, any circumstance, making him ideally suited for the demanding conditions at Britain’s links courses.   His three British Open titles were triumphs of courage and ingenuity. His 1979 Open title at Royal Lytham and St. Annes was punctuated by a birdie for the ages from the parking lot. His 1984 title at the Old Course at St. Andrews denied Tom Watson his third consecutive Open and fourth in five years. His 1988 title was, in retrospect, the climax of his playing career and featured one of the great final rounds in golf history. His 65 that day included an 11-hole stretch in which Ballesteros made two pars, two bogeys, six birdies and an eagle. It took a chip shot on the final hole that nudged the flagstick to turn back Nick Price. In all, Ballesteros won five majors, adding two Masters titles to his three British Opens, while collecting 65 titles worldwide. His magical short game led him to six European Tour Vardon trophies for low scoring average.   But in assessing Ballesteros’ career, we can’t overlook his larger impact on golf. Seve was more than a great player. He was Europe’s version of Arnold Palmer, putting a sport on his back and selling it to an entire continent. Almost singlehandedly, Seve made the Ryder Cup an event, transforming a low-key, American-dominated series of exhibitions into one of the greatest spectacles in sports. In fact, Seve’s finest hour may have come not with a golf club in hand, but a walkie-talkie. Because of his legacy and influence, the Ryder Cup was held for the first time on mainland Europe in 1997, at Spain’s Valderrama Golf Club. As non-playing captain, Seve was the fire that ignited the European team against a heavily favored American team. Ballesteros, one of the greatest match-play golfers in history, willed his team to an historic win without firing a shot.   • Winner of five major championships (2 Masters, 3 British Opens) • Winner of 50 European Tour events, six European Tour Vardon Trophies for low scoring average • Earned 20 Ryder Cup points in 37 career matches   10. Phil Mickelson Tagged from the beginning as the Next Nicklaus, Mickelson has always lived with massive expectations, some of them self-imposed, and Phil's failures are almost as celebrated as his many successes. But there have been plenty of successes — 42 PGA Tour wins (ninth all time) and five majors, including three Masters. He's also recorded a record six runner-up finishes in the U.S. Open, but that only adds to his everyman appeal. His jaw-dropping 66 in the final round of the 2013 British Open on baked, windswept Muirfield joins the ranks of the greatest rounds in major championship history and vaults Phil the Thrill into our top 10. As long as he continues to play the U.S. Open, hope remains alive for a career Grand Slam, which would be a remarkable achievement for a guy who suffered through countless crushing disappointments just to win his first major.   • Winner of five major championships (3 Masters, 1 British Open, 1 PGA Championship) • One of only 8 players with as many as three Masters wins • One of only 15 men to hold at least three legs of the career Grand Slam • Runner-up at the U.S. Open a record six times • 20 top-3 finishes, 35 top-10 finishes at major championships • Winner of 42 PGA Tour events, 9th all time • Inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2012 • Remains last amateur to win on the PGA Tour (1991 Northern Telecom Open)   No. 9: Gene Sarazen It’s a shame, really, that Gene Sarazen is remembered primarily for a single shot, when he meant so much more than that to the game. But what a shot it was. It was his first Masters, 1935. He trailed Craig Wood by three shots on the final day when he came to Augusta’s No. 15, a par-5 that is reachable in two shots. His tee shot left him some 220 yards from the flag. The story goes that as he stood in the 15th fairway, he turned to his caddie, Stovepipe, and said, “Should I play it safe?” “Noooo. Go for it,” was Stovepipe’s response. Knowing he needed to get the ball in the air to carry the small creek guarding the front of the green, Sarazen pulled out his 4-wood and promptly made history, holing his shot for a double eagle that put him in a playoff with Wood, which he won. And Bobby Jones’ little gathering in Augusta was never the same.   Sarazen won his first professional title at the age of 19 and never looked back, winning 37 more times in a career that spanned more than four decades. He became the first member of golf’s modern Career Grand Slam club with his Masters win, which he added to his two U.S. Open titles (1922, 1932), his three PGA Championships (1922, 1923 and 1933) and his 1932 British Open win. After 66 years, only four other players — Ben Hogan, Gary Player, Jack Nicklaus and Tiger Woods — have joined that elite group. He even impacted the way the game is played. Sarazen is widely credited with the invention of the sand wedge in the early 1930s.   • Winner of seven major titles and a career Grand Slam • Owner of 38 career PGA titles • Inventor of the sand wedge • AP Male Athlete of the Year in 1932 • Won his second U.S. Open (1932) by playing the last 28 holes in an incredible 100 strokes in one of the great performances in golf history • Struck the Shot Heard Round the World, his 4-wood that nestled in the hole for a double eagle at Augusta National’s No. 15   8. Gary Player Before Seve Ballesteros, before Greg Norman, before Ernie Els, there was Gary Player, golf’s first great international ambassador. Before the diminutive South African packed his wife and kids and a few suitcases and set out on his five-decade international odyssey, golf was primarily dominated by British and American players. Then along came the little man in black. Over a career than began in the mid-1950s, Player has logged more air miles than the Space Shuttle, and he has saved many of his greatest achievements for his trips to the States. Using an unprecedented commitment to physical fitness (for golf, anyway) and an unmatched work ethic, Player has fashioned a remarkable career that has seen him win well over 150 tournaments worldwide, including nine major championships. He is one of only five players to own all four of golf’s modern majors, and one of only four players — Jack Nicklaus, Tiger Woods and Nick Faldo are the others — to have won the Masters and the British Open three times apiece.   Augusta was the scene of his greatest win. It was 1978, and Player hadn’t won a major championship in four years. His career seemed to be in decline, and he found himself seven shots out of the lead heading into the final round of the Masters. The 42-year-old Player proceeded to catch fire. Playing well ahead of the leaders, Player blistered Augusta National with a final-round 64, then waited as the leaders faltered down the stretch, giving him his third green jacket. His 64 remains the greatest final-round Masters performance in history, matched in drama only by Nicklaus’ sixth Masters title eight years later.   The Player File • One of five players — Jack Nicklaus, Gene Sarazen, Ben Hogan and Tiger Woods are the others — to own a career Grand Slam. • One of four players — Nicklaus, Woods and Nick Faldo are the others — to have won the Masters and British Open three times each. • Recorded wins on the PGA or Senior Tours in a record five decades — the 1950s, ’60s, ’70s, ’80s and ’90s.   7. Tom Watson Watson won eight majors and dominated golf’s oldest tournament, the British Open, like no one else, winning five times in a nine-year span and coming close to a historic sixth win in 2009 at age 59. Like Trevino, he won four memorable duels with Jack Nicklaus in major championships, including the 1977 British Open, the greatest head-to-head duel in golf history. Watson and Nicklaus so distanced themselves from the rest of the field on that baked, windswept surface that Hubert Green, who finished third, remarked, “I won the tournament I was playing. I don’t know what tournament they were playing.” For the weekend, Nicklaus shot 65-66 — and lost. Watson’s 65-65 gave him his second British Open title.   In 2009, Watson was the beloved elder statesman at the British Open at Turnberry, the sentimental choice of an emotional and appreciative crowd that very nearly willed him to the most improbable win in the history of golf’s most storied tournament. But instead of Nicklaus accompanying him down the 18th fairway, he had four days of fatigue, crushing pressure and the hopes of a watching world weighing him down. Standing over the eight-foot par putt that would have provided an improbable capper to his Hall of Fame career, his 59-year-old nerves finally betrayed him. “It would have been a hell of a story, wouldn't it? It would have been a hell of a story,” he said. “It wasn’t to be. And yes, it’s a great disappointment. It tears at your gut, as it always has torn at my gut. It’s not easy to take." But Watson's triumphs far outnumber his disappointments. His Augusta exploits are overshadowed by his dominance at the British Open, but between 1975 and 1988, no one was better at The Masters — two wins, three runner-ups and 12 top-10 finishes. He outdueled Nicklaus at the 1982 U.S. Open on the strength of one of the greatest shots in golf history — his chip-in on the 71st hole that led to a two-shot win, perhaps the most satisfying of his 39 career wins.   • 39 career PGA Tour wins, including eight major championships • 5 British Open wins, trailing only Harry Vardon • 6-time PGA Tour Player of the Year • Made at least one cut per year from 1971–2007, a streak of 37 years.   6. Bobby Jones In the Golden Age of sports, nobody shone brighter than Bobby Jones. Not Babe Ruth, not Red Grange, not Jack Dempsey. From 1923-30, a nation that was truly embracing sports on an epic scale watched in awe as Jones won everything in sight. Then, having no more worlds to conquer, he walked away from competitive golf, at age 28. No sports legend accomplished more in a shorter period of time, and no sports legend walked away at such a young age.   A golf prodigy at age 14, Jones really didn’t find his game until the ripe old age of 20, when he began his remarkable run. He took the 1923 U.S. Open in an 18-hole playoff, then ripped off another 12 majors before calling it a career. His record of 13 major championships would stand for 40 years, before a youngster named Nicklaus came along.   Obviously, Jones’ crowning achievement came in 1930 with his unprecedented and so far unduplicated Grand Slam. That year, Jones, bore the incredible weight of expectations. Fans and media fully expected him to sweep the majors, which at the time included the U.S. and British Opens and the U.S. and British Amateurs. His run to the Slam almost ended before it began, as Jones sweated out three one-up matches in the British Amateur. He won the British Open by two strokes, then took the U.S. Open by a similarly slim margin.   Only one leg was left, and it was the easiest. Jones waltzed to the U.S. Amateur Championship amid a contingent of Marine bodyguards, and the Slam was his. Less than two months later, Jones retired from competitive golf, his legend secure.   But his contributions to the game didn’t end. A few years later, he organized a gathering of friends that came to be known as the Masters. Jones was a fixture at Augusta each spring, but his golf was confined to the friendly kind. The Georgia Tech and Harvard graduate instead practiced law in Atlanta.   His later years were unkind. He suffered from syringomyelia, a painful and crippling disease that confined him to a wheelchair and finally ended his life on Dec. 18, 1971. The legendary golf writer Herbert Warren Wind eulogized him this way: “As a young man, he was able to stand up to just about the best that life can offer, which is not easy, and later he stood up with equal grace to just about the worst.”   The Jones file • Winner of the 1930 Grand Slam — the U.S. and British Opens and U.S. and British Amateurs • Played in 31 majors, won 13 and finished in the top 10 27 times • Founder of Augusta National Golf Club and The Masters   5. Ben Hogan Brooding, temperamental, focused — Ben Hogan was not a charismatic figure who rallied the masses to follow the game a la Arnold Palmer. Instead, he was all about golf shots. The Hawk remains the greatest shotmaker golf has ever produced. Rather than relying on today’s technologically advanced equipment, Hogan used an uncanny ability to control the flight of his ball to win nine majors — and a greater percentage of majors entered than even Jack Nicklaus. To  Hogan, “the Hawk,” “Bantam Ben,” who was 5’7”, 140 pounds when he was at the peak of his game, striking a ball well was more important than scoring.   Hogan’s life was one struggle after another. The early years, when Hogan couldn’t control the hook. The later years, when he battled back from a terrible 1949 auto crash that nearly killed him. But he never gave in or gave out until suffering a major stroke after his mind and his body had been ravaged by Alzheimer’s and colon cancer.   Others played a golf course; Hogan studied it. He didn’t write down yardages. He interpreted them. “I have to feel a shot,” he said. He squinted from under that familiar white hat, surveyed the land, reached into a bag held by a caddy usually afraid to utter a word and then made that flat, repetitive swing.   He is one of five players to win all of the Grand Slam events. In 1953, he became the first to win as many as three majors in one year, the Masters and both Opens. He didn’t enter the PGA that year, fearing his legs weren’t up to the challenge. The ’53 British Open at Carnoustie, the only British Open he entered, would be his last major.   Hogan’s last tournament was the 1971 Houston Champions International. Playing poorly, bothered by a sprained knee, 58-year-old Ben Hogan walked off the course during the first round and never played again. “I liked to win,” Hogan said, “but more than anything I loved to play the way I wanted to play.”   • Winner of 64 PGA Tour events, including 9 majors • One of five players to possess a modern career Grand Slam • Only player to win Masters, U.S. Open and British Open in same year • Also a towering figure in equipment manufacturing and golf instruction   4. Arnold Palmer There have been better players with prettier swings. But there has never been a more important golfer than the King, Arnold Palmer. He quadrupled purses, brought golf away from the country clubs and into our living rooms, and assembled an Army of devoted followers. He won — and lost — with more flair than any other athlete.   From 1958 to 1968, Palmer reigned amid the azaleas and pines of Augusta National, where Arnie’s Army first mustered. With the lone exception of 1963, he was in contention at every Masters during that epic stretch, winning four times, finishing second twice, third once and fourth twice.   Although he made his reputation at The Masters — and made the tournament what it is today — it was the 1960 U.S. Open that truly captured the King at the peak of his powers. The leaderboard on that final day included a chubby 20-year-old amateur named Jack Nicklaus. It included a legend — the Hawk, Ben Hogan. The third member of this historic trio lit a cigarette, stalked to the tee of the 318-yard, par-4 first hole at Cherry Hills and drove the green on his way to a historic final-round 65, erasing a seven-stroke deficit for the greatest comeback in Open history.   • 4-time PGA Tour money champ • 1st PGA Tour millionaire • 15 consecutive years with at least one victory   3. Sam Snead If winning is the standard for determining excellence, there is no greater player in golf history than Sam Snead. Using a smooth, syrupy swing that looked as natural and effortless as breathing, Slammin’ Sammy won more golf tournaments than any other player — a staggering total of 81 PGA Tour titles, and anywhere from 135 to 165 victories worldwide, depending on whom you ask. He posted wins in four different decades, from the 1936 West Virginia Closed Pro to the 1965 Greater Greensboro Open (his eighth title in that event), when he was 52 years old. Snead won three Masters, including a 1954 playoff triumph over friend and rival Ben Hogan. He won three PGA Championships and a British Open.   There is one hole in the Slammer’s résumé that prevents him from staking a legitimate claim to being the greatest player in history. Somehow, Snead never won the one tournament that seemingly should have been his by birthright. He never won a U.S. Open. But his near-tragic failures at the Open do not diminish his accomplishments.   His swing was such an efficient device that it served him well into his golden years and remains the gold standard for golf swings. In 1979, he offered golf fans one final glimpse of his greatness, as he became the first player to score below his age, shooting 67 and 66 in the Quad Cities Open at the age of 67. By then, and for the rest of his life, Snead was a beloved ambassador and advocate for the game.   • A record 82 PGA Tour wins, spanning 1936 to 1965 • Seven major championships, including three Masters and three PGA Championships • Oldest player to win, make a cut and shoot his age in PGA Tour history • Posted top 10s in majors in five different decades   2. Jack Nicklaus Nicklaus brought out greatness in his opponents — Palmer, Player, Watson, Trevino. But more importantly, he made golf a greater game through his physical skill and strength, his mental toughness, his sustained level of excellence and his genius for strategically dismantling golf courses around the world.   You know the litany of accomplishments. 18 major championships, more than Hogan and Palmer combined. A mind-boggling 37 top twos in majors.   And lest we think the Tour of the 21st Century outshines the Tour in Jack’s prime, consider this: Nicklaus fought many of the game’s greatest at their very peak and beat them all. And when he didn’t beat them, he coaxed their very best out of them.   As if to prove the point, at age 46, Nicklaus was able to muster enough of his old-time wizardry to outduel names like Ballesteros, Kite, Norman — all of them at the peak of their powers — to win his sixth Masters in 1986 in one of the greatest sports moments of all time. In his golden years, the Golden Bear has continued to shape the game with his prolific golf course design company.    • Winner of 73 PGA Tour events, including a record 18 major championships • Winner of a record six Masters • Finished in top 5 in majors a record 56 times, in the top 10 a record 73 times • Posted lowest scoring average on Tour eight times • Won PGA Tour money title eight times • Won at least two PGA Tour events in 17 consecutive seasons (1962-78)   1. Tiger Woods In April 1997, Woods began a trajectory that led him directly to the top of this list. He so dominated the most storied and tradition-steeped tournament in golf that the sport was changed forever. We all remember the Masters-record 18-under par total that Woods shot in his first Masters as a pro. We remember his incredible 12-shot margin of victory. (Runner-up Tom Kite’s 282 total would have been good enough to win 17 previous Masters, but it only got him within 12 shots of Tiger.) We remember the way his mammoth drives turned the par-5s into pitch-and-putts. What many people don’t remember about the 1997 Masters is how badly Tiger started the tournament. On the front nine on Thursday, Woods went out in 40, leaving him 4-over par. That, apparently, is when the stars aligned and the golf gods smiled. Over the next 63 holes, Woods swept through Augusta National like a tornado, toying with the course and demoralizing the greatest players in the world.    Tiger’s runaway, far from putting a crimp into the television ratings, instead gave golf its greatest ratings winner to date. In 1996, before Woods turned pro, the ratings were 9.2 on Sunday. In 1997, when Woods won, the number jumped to 14.1.   The rest, as they say, is history — 14 major championships, 79 PGA Tour wins, the lowest career scoring average in PGA Tour history, 10 Player of the Year awards, and, yes, scandal and disgrace. But the impact and the level of achievement are undeniable and unprecedented. Quite simply, at his best, Woods has played the game better than it's ever been played.   

Tiger Woods

In which sport was Richard Upton found positive in a drugs test in 1998?

Golf News, Scores, Players, Schedule and Courses - Golf - ESPN #PerfectMoment ⛷ pic.twitter.com/NJHzDydLn0 Michael Collins ESPN Senior Writer  Tiger Woods new golf ball deal with Bridgestone is a Good News/Bad News scenario for him in 2017. play1:42 share Jason Sobel ESPN Senior Writer  Tiger Woods played Bridgestone golf balls in his return to competition two weeks ago. He makes it official today, signing a multi-year endorsement deal to play them exclusively. share Jason Sobel ESPN Senior Writer  According to a statement released by his management team, Phil Mickelson has undergone a second surgery for sports hernia since the end of the last PGA Tour season. There is no specific timetable for his return, but he is expected to make a full recovery. share Andrea Canales share share Jason Sobel ESPN Senior Writer  Thomas Bjorn has been named Europe's Ryder Cup captain for 2018. The 45-year-old from Denmark has four times been a vice-captain for the team and three times a player -- each for a winning side. He will lead a European squad in Paris on home soil, where they haven't lost since 1993. share Kevin Maguire Golf  Prior to the Hero World Challenge, after 466 days away from competitive golf, Tiger Woods fell to 898th in the Official World Golf Ranking. Even though he finished 15th in a field of 18 golfers at the event he hosted on Sunday, Woods earned enough world ranking points (4.38) to jump all the way to 650th, a climb of 248 spots. As a frame of reference, Woods ended 2015 ranked 416th in the world and is currently one spot ahead of fellow American Brice Garnett. Had Woods won in the Bahamas, he would have vaulted up the rankings to approximately 125th in the world. share

i don't know

Which European won tennis's 1989 Men's Singles at the US Open?

Tennis-Leading men's singles grand slam champions | Reuters Sun Jul 6, 2014 | 7:00 PM BST Tennis-Leading men's singles grand slam champions LONDON, July 6 List of men with most grand slam singles titles in the professional era, since 1968, after Novak Djokovic's seventh in the 2014 Wimbledon final on Sunday: 1. Roger Federer (Switzerland) - 17 titles Four Australian Open wins (2004, 2006, 2007, 2010), one French Open (2009), seven Wimbledon (2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012), five U.S. Open (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008) 2. Rafael Nadal (Spain) - 14 One Australian Open (2009), nine French Open (2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014), two Wimbledon (2008, 2010), two US Open (2010, 2013) =. Pete Sampras (U.S.) - 14 Two Australian Open (1994, 1997), seven Wimbledon (1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000), five U.S. Open (1990, 1993, 1995, 1996, 2002) 4. Bjorn Borg (Sweden) - 11 Six French Open (1974, 1975, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981), five Wimbledon (1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980) 5. Jimmy Connors (U.S.) - 8 One Australian Open (1974), two Wimbledon (1974, 1982), five U.S. Open (1974, 1976, 1978, 1982, 1983) =. Ivan Lendl (Czechoslovakia/U.S.) - 8 Two Australian Open (1989, 1990), three French Open (1984, 1986, 1987), three U.S. Open (1985, 1986, 1987) =. Andre Agassi (U.S.) - 8 Four Australian Open (1995, 2000, 2001, 2003), one French Open (1999), one Wimbledon (1992), two U.S. Open wins (1994, 1999) 8. Novak Djokovic (Serbia) - 7 Four Australian Open (2008, 2011, 2012, 2013), two Wimbledon (2011, 2014), one U.S. Open (2011) =. John McEnroe (U.S.) - 7 Three Wimbledon (1981, 1983, 1984), four U.S. Open (1979, 1980, 1981, 1984) =. Mats Wilander (Sweden) - 7 Three Australian Open (1983, 1984, 1988), three French Open (1982, 1985, 1988), one U.S. Open (1988) 10. Stefan Edberg (Sweden) - 6 Two Australian Open (1985, 1987), two Wimbledon (1988, 1990), two U.S. Open (1991, 1992) =. Boris Becker (Germany) - 6 Two Australian Open (1991, 1996), three Wimbledon (1985, 1986, 1989), one U.S. Open (1989) (Compiled by Sam Holden; Editing by Rex Gowar) ADVERTISEMENT

Boris Becker

In which sport's globalization plan includes the ' Dream Team,' playing in the McDonald's Classic and the Three-on-Three Challenge?

Tennis-Leading men's singles grand slam champions | Reuters Sun Jul 6, 2014 | 7:00 PM BST Tennis-Leading men's singles grand slam champions LONDON, July 6 List of men with most grand slam singles titles in the professional era, since 1968, after Novak Djokovic's seventh in the 2014 Wimbledon final on Sunday: 1. Roger Federer (Switzerland) - 17 titles Four Australian Open wins (2004, 2006, 2007, 2010), one French Open (2009), seven Wimbledon (2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012), five U.S. Open (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008) 2. Rafael Nadal (Spain) - 14 One Australian Open (2009), nine French Open (2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014), two Wimbledon (2008, 2010), two US Open (2010, 2013) =. Pete Sampras (U.S.) - 14 Two Australian Open (1994, 1997), seven Wimbledon (1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000), five U.S. Open (1990, 1993, 1995, 1996, 2002) 4. Bjorn Borg (Sweden) - 11 Six French Open (1974, 1975, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981), five Wimbledon (1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980) 5. Jimmy Connors (U.S.) - 8 One Australian Open (1974), two Wimbledon (1974, 1982), five U.S. Open (1974, 1976, 1978, 1982, 1983) =. Ivan Lendl (Czechoslovakia/U.S.) - 8 Two Australian Open (1989, 1990), three French Open (1984, 1986, 1987), three U.S. Open (1985, 1986, 1987) =. Andre Agassi (U.S.) - 8 Four Australian Open (1995, 2000, 2001, 2003), one French Open (1999), one Wimbledon (1992), two U.S. Open wins (1994, 1999) 8. Novak Djokovic (Serbia) - 7 Four Australian Open (2008, 2011, 2012, 2013), two Wimbledon (2011, 2014), one U.S. Open (2011) =. John McEnroe (U.S.) - 7 Three Wimbledon (1981, 1983, 1984), four U.S. Open (1979, 1980, 1981, 1984) =. Mats Wilander (Sweden) - 7 Three Australian Open (1983, 1984, 1988), three French Open (1982, 1985, 1988), one U.S. Open (1988) 10. Stefan Edberg (Sweden) - 6 Two Australian Open (1985, 1987), two Wimbledon (1988, 1990), two U.S. Open (1991, 1992) =. Boris Becker (Germany) - 6 Two Australian Open (1991, 1996), three Wimbledon (1985, 1986, 1989), one U.S. Open (1989) (Compiled by Sam Holden; Editing by Rex Gowar) ADVERTISEMENT

i don't know

Which country does boxer Vitali Klitschko come from?

Ukraine's Vitali Klitschko: 'This is a battle and I don't plan to give up easily' | World news | The Guardian Ukraine Ukraine's Vitali Klitschko: 'This is a battle and I don't plan to give up easily' As Ukraine's street protests against corruption grow increasingly ugly, the unlikely figure of heavyweight boxer Vitali Klitschko has emerged as a voice for the opposition. What will happen next – and why has he taken on the biggest fight of his life? Klitschko in Kiev … 'We need to join all our forces.' Photograph: AP Tuesday 21 January 2014 13.44 EST First published on Tuesday 21 January 2014 13.44 EST Share on Messenger Close People have been trying to land kicks and punches on Vitali Klitschko for most of the past two decades, and he has brushed almost all of them off with ease. But his current opponent, Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych , has a few advantages that none of the previous challengers possessed: several thousand riot police at his disposal , for a start, and the use of a pliant court system to prevent Klitschko from entering the ring in the first place. Klitschko, whose PhD in sports science combined with a fearsome reputation as a former heavyweight champion earned the 42-year-old the nickname "Dr Ironfist", has emerged as the natural leader of the street protests that have swept Ukraine for the past two months , ever since the president went back on his promise to sign an association agreement with the EU. Crowds, mainly from the pro-European west of the country, were initially drawn to stand up for their desires of European integration, but the rallies soon morphed into general discontent with the bloated kleptocracy that critics say surrounds the president. Barricades were erected around Independence Square, and every day for two months, politicians including Klitschko have addressed crowds from the stage, rallying the masses in protest against the president he eventually hopes to succeed. Klitschko has his hands full trying to contain the protest movement which erupted into violence on Sunday night , as thousands hurled rocks at riot police and set their buses on fire. Klitschko was moving through the crowds, unsuccessfully calling for calm, and at one point was even sprayed in the face with a fire extinguisher by an angry protester. But despite the difficulty and complexity of the task ahead, Klitschko is resolutely confident that the protests, which have so far failed to draw any major concessions from Yanukovych, represent a victory for the Ukrainian people. "People are saying: 'We don't want to live like this. We want things to change,' he tells me just days before the mood turned violent. "This is a victory in the head of every Ukrainian, and in their heart – and this is worth an awful lot." Dressed in a dark grey suit that sits surprisingly elegantly on his enormous frame, Klitschko speaks slowly and methodically. "The system today is built to service the clan, the family, and not society as a whole. Yanukovych doesn't want change. He says he does. But he says he wanted European integration and that turned out to be a con." He pauses, blinking, before answering each question, usually with carefully formulated and somewhat monotonous answers. Would he put Yanukovych on trial for the corruption that has escalated under the current regime, and the blatant enrichment of his family members? Klitschko pauses. "If people break the law, they should be punished," he says. So is that a yes? What does he personally think about Yanukovych? He pauses again. "If people break the law, they should be punished." It is as though he has discovered the concept of speaking like a politician, but not yet mastered the craft. He might lack the fiery charisma of born political leaders, but in a country where the 2004 Orange Revolution was followed by huge disappointment , and people are all too used to broken promises from politicians, Klitschko's plodding sincerity and political neophytism are attractive qualities. Unlike many Ukrainian politicians, he is free from allegations of corruption. The expensive watch on his wrist and the smart cars he drives can be accounted for by the millions that he earned in transparent fashion in the boxing ring. Klitschko's boxing statistics are extraordinary. He won 45 of 47 professional fights, and was never knocked out once. Boxing aficionados suggest that the time of his dominance was not a particularly glorious era for the sport and that he never faced a truly brilliant challenger, making him a boxing equivalent of Pete Sampras – repeatedly victorious yet not destined to be remembered as one of the all-time greats. Nevertheless, along with his younger brother, Vladimir, he has completely dominated the sport for a decade. Klitschko's father was a Soviet military pilot, and the young Vitali grew up on military bases across the former Soviet Union, moving from the Central Asian steppes to the Baltic before settling in Kiev in 1984 as a teenager. With its chiselled features and sombre expression, Klitschko's face could come from a Stalin-era poster extolling the Soviet sporting hero,and his aura of moral grounding and sincerity certainly came across during his boxing career. He cut an unusually polite figure in a milieu normally associated with hubris and puerile bravado. Klitschko recalls a fight against Briton Richard Vince, in Norwich, back in 1994. It was before he had become boxing world champion and was instead tearing up the kickboxing circuit, and he travelled to Britain for a world title fight in the sport. "The whole family of my opponent came to the fight and were sitting in the front row. His dad, mum, wife and kids were there. I knocked him out in the second round and he blacked out. He was lying there unconscious, and I saw pain in the eyes of his family. After that I said that my relatives should never come to my fights. I don't want to cause those emotions in my family." He also says he sought out Vince's relatives and apologised to them after the fight. When his brother Vladimir, five years his junior, also became a successful heavyweight boxer, he promised his mother that the pair would never fight each other. Klitschko, center, is attacked and sprayed with a fire extinguisher as he tries to stop clashes. Photograph: Efrem Lukatsky/AP I try my hardest to steer clear of hackneyed comparisons between the boxing ring and the Ukrainian political fight, but Klitschko himself repeatedly wheels out the metaphors. Even the name of his political party, the Ukrainian Democratic Alliance for Reform, handily condenses into the acronym Udar, the Russian and Ukrainian word for "punch". When I ask whether he feels uneasy sharing a stage with Oleh Tyahnybok, the hardcore Ukrainian nationalist known for his antisemitic outbursts , he raises a supersized hand in front of him and curls it into a fist. "In order to land a punch, you need to bring your fingers together into a fist. We need to join all of our forces together. That is the only way that we can win." Klitschko and Tyahnybok have been joined on the stage by Arseniy Yatsenyuk, the representative of jailed former prime minister Yulia Tymoshenko 's Fatherland party. "Three things unite us," says Klitschko of the troika of opposition leaders. "The first is disagreement with the current economic situation; the second is that we see European integration as the only future for Ukraine , and the third is the struggle against the current authoritarian regime." Tymoshenko, who was one of the leaders of the Orange Revolution, was considered Yanukovych's most dangerous potential enemy before the emergence of Klitschko, and most people believe her jailing was a political decision. However, Yatsenyuk lacks the charisma of his party leader, and with his spectacles and roll-neck jumpers looks more like a linguistics professor than a rousing political leader. With Tyahnybok's appeal limited to the more nationalist west of Ukraine, most people assume that if the opposition puts forward a united candidate to take on Yanukovych in presidential elections, Klitschko is the only viable choice to appeal to a broad demographic. The vote is scheduled for 2015, though one of the key demands of the protests from the start has been early elections. The government has attempted to bar him from any future presidential race by introducing a new law that would disqualify him due to his extended absences from the country while he pursued his boxing career. He was resident in Germany for a long period, and recent rumours in the Ukrainian press say he also has a US social security number and pays US taxes. The boxer, who suddenly starts referring to himself in the third person, says the new electoral law is a nonsense. "The idea is deliberately being fed to society that Klitschko can't stand. I have always been a citizen of Ukraine since the moment of our independence. I was registered in Ukraine and I live in Ukraine. But sport is global, and everyone knows that you can't limit yourself to one country. The authorities are doing everything to ensure Klitschko can't stand in elections. But I will say it once again: there are no reasons to remove me from the elections." When I ask what he will do if he, nevertheless, is banned from standing, he is evasive, saying he will "defend his position firmly". What does this mean? "My position is clear to everyone … and I am certain that they won't do something so stupid. It would be the same as saying that ice is warm or water is dry." Yanukovych's government has made its fair share of decisions that many might regard as stupid over recent months, I point out. Klitschko, right, lands a punch on Britain's Dereck Chisora during a title bout in 2012. Photograph: Frank Augstein/AP "Then I will fight it. This is a battle, and I don't plan to give up easily." The question of just how far he is willing to go in terms of violent opposition to a regime that has refused to listen to peaceful protest remains unanswered, but he is insistent that any violence is the fault of the authorities. "The protest mood in Ukraine is at a higher temperature than ever before," says Klitschko towards the end of the interview. "We only need a small spark for the situation to develop in a way that will be completely out of control for the authorities." His words turn out to be prophetic, as the rally on Sunday turned violent , with dozens of protesters and police injured, and the way out of the political impasse is now even more unclear. Klitschko will need to negotiate the landscape and make a decision on whether he goes for all-out war with the regime, or bides his time until a 2015 vote. He went to see Yanukovych on Sunday evening, where the president offered to start negotiations with the opposition leaders. However, on Monday, it was announced that Yanukovych himself would not attend the talks. "Not signing the EU integration agreement, attacking peaceful protesters and ignoring human rights – all of these were indicators of the way things are in Ukraine right now. If these things keep happening, then nobody can predict how it will end." Klitschko warned Yanukovych on Sunday night to "find strength and not repeat the fate of Ceausescu and Gaddafi", referring to the former Romanian and Libyan dictators who ended up dead. He added that if the government did not pull back from violence then "civil war cannot be ruled out". While the majority of protesters remain peaceful, it is clear that the radical element is growing, partly in reaction to new anti-protest laws which essentially make the street rallies that have paralysed the capital illegal. Klitschko announced recently that he was retiring from boxing to concentrate on his political career. He has been given "champion emeritus" status, which would allow him to mount a challenge to any new champion at any time, but he says that such thoughts are far from his mind at the moment. "I am thankful for this title of champion emeritus, and proud I never lost my title. A lot of people want to see a last fight, but I am now engaged in a different fight. One that is much harder, much more vicious and much more important to me. I am fighting for democracy, and fighting for Ukraine."

Ukraine

In which state did Michael Jordan play college basketball?

The Interview Series: Vitali Klitschko - Issue 69 - Magazine | Monocle The Interview Series: Vitali Klitschko — Ukraine Preface From the boxing ring to parliament, Vitali Klitschko has not followed a conventional career path. Ukraine’s opposition politician tells us why he believes you must fight for a better future. 69 Share via email Vitali Klitschko was not always a politician in a suit. His career as a professional boxer in Germany and beyond earned him the nickname Dr Ironfist (he holds a PhD). Together, he and his younger brother Wladimir – also a top boxer – made their name into a successful brand. Today the WBC heavyweight champion is a leading figure in Ukraine’s opposition and a probable presidential candidate. Klitschko, who’s now 42, ran for mayor twice, both times unsuccessfully, and was elected to Kiev city council in 2006. In October 2012, his party udar made it into parliament, coming third with 40 seats. As an MP his two big themes have been the fight against corruption and bringing “European living standards” to Ukraine. That Western outlook is at the heart of Ukraine’s most important political and cultural debate – does it see its future as part of Europe or linked to Russia? An Association Agreement with the EU is under discussion, while Russia wants to see Ukraine in its Customs Union. Ukraine is a far cry from authoritarian Belarus or Vladimir Putin’s Russia but democracy under president Viktor Yanukovych is nowhere near perfect. The glow from 2004’s Orange Revolution has long since dimmed. Relations with Brussels soured over the imprisonment of former prime minister Yulia Tymoshenko in what many see as a case of selective justice. Will the 2015 presidential election bring any change? Klitschko is already among the favourites. But in the unpredictable business of Ukrainian politics, many things could change before the election takes place. monocle met Klitschko in Kiev, where he told us about his ambitions for Ukraine. Monocle:Did the Orange Revolution bring any lasting results? Vitali Klitschko: It had a good and a bad side. People understood that if they come together they can change a lot. But it left people disappointed because many politicians who promised change did not keep their word. M:Former president Viktor Yushchenko has lost public support and ex-PM Yulia Tymoshenko is in jail. What went wrong? VK: They both made the biggest mistake: they started fighting each other. And the result – Yanukovych is president. M:Why did you get involved in politics? VK: I remember the day Ukraine became independent. I was 20, now I am over 40. It was like one second – time goes so fast. If we wait, the next 20 years will go by. We have a choice to wait or to fight for the better future of our country. I know better than anyone: no fight, no win. M:In boxing you are fighting on your own but politics requires a team. Is your party, UDAR, a one-man show? VK: In sport you only see the fighter, but it’s teamwork. Without a good team you will never be the best. In boxing you have to work with the best coach, the best lawyer, the best manager, the best doctor. Exactly the same principle applies in politics. M:What lessons do your years in Germany offer for Ukraine? VK: It’s very important to know where we’re going. If we can apply something from the German model of development in Ukraine, it will be excellent. We have to take the best from the experience of other countries, suitable for Ukraine. M:You have spoken out against corruption in Ukraine. VK: Corruption is Ukraine’s main enemy; we must destroy it. It’s really painful to hear that Ukraine is the most corrupt country in Europe. M:You are a leading supporter of closer relations between Ukraine and the EU. VK: President Yanukovych said recently that “we live between two monsters” – Russia and Europe. He looks left and right and, for him, they are both bad. But I am certain that the European model is the right one for Ukraine. M:How can Ukraine’s establishment be convinced? VK: They want to freeze the situation in Ukraine because today’s system is perfect for making their money. But it is not appropriate for Ukrainian citizens. M:What would you say to Russia? VK: We would still be good friends. We have to develop good relations with our neighbours, but based on national interest and equal partnership. M:What sort of president does Ukraine need? VK: It’s very important to have the people’s support. That is why I am touring Ukraine, presenting my programme. Every investor has to understand his investments are protected in our country. M:Are you worried the authorities might try to stop you from running somehow? VK: Of course; I am an enemy. Ukrainian politics is like a fight with no rules. They are trying everything to take me out of the presidential election. I am the biggest danger for the people in power right now. M:What is the biggest challenge Ukraine will face in 2014? VK: Right now, we need to sign the EU Association Agreement; that is the start of a long process that we will try and complete as quickly as possible. M:How would you like to be remembered? VK: As President Kennedy said, “Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.” I have a vision. I know what European living standards mean and I am sure we can achieve them quickly. After all, Ukraine is Europe. 69

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With which university did Magic Johnson win the 1979 NCAA title?

Magic vs. Bird: The 1979 NCAA Championship Game (TV Movie 1979) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error The 1979 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship game, between Michigan State University and Indiana State University, exactly as aired on NBA on March 26, 1979, except that the ... See full summary  » Stars: Title: Magic vs. Bird: The 1979 NCAA Championship Game (TV Movie 1979) 8.9/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Add Image Add an image Do you have any images for this title? Edit Storyline The 1979 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship game, between Michigan State University and Indiana State University, exactly as aired on NBA on March 26, 1979, except that the commercials are deleted. Although the game, won 75-64 by MSU, was not quite as dramatic as many other NCAA championship games, it is one of the most historically significant games ever played. The game was the first on-the-court meeting between MSU's Earvin "Magic" Johnson and ISU's Larry Bird, two future Hall of Famers who combined to win NBA championships in eight of the next nine years. Johnson and Bird are credited with restoring unselfish and fundamentally sound play to the basketball and lifting it to new heights of popularity. Written by [email protected] (Indianapolis, Indiana, USA) – See all my reviews The NCAA men's basketball tournament has produced some of the most exciting, powerful and emotional moments in sports history, including some Hollywoodesque fantastic finishes. The 1979 championship game, though far from a blowout, wasn't a down to the wire thriller, but it is one of the most significant games ever played in any sport. The match up between Michigan State Univeristy and Indiana State University was the first time that MSU's Earvin "Magic" Johnson and ISU's Larry Bird played each other. The two entered the NBA the next season and dominated it throughout the 1980s. Happily, that game is now available on DVD through Greatest Games Ever. The DVD shows the broadcast exactly as it aired live on NBC with commentators Al McGuire, Billy Packer, Bryant Gumbel and Dick Enberg. The commercials are absent but the pre-game, halftime and post-game segments are included. The lack of commercials is a little disappointing because I think commercials are often fascinating in retrospect but that's my only criticism of the DVD. Th game, played on March 26, 1979 at the Special Events Center at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, was an unlikely pairing. Michigan State, from the mighty Big Ten and coached by seasoned veteran Jud Heathcote, was a natural participant. But Indiana State, from the relatively minor Missouri Valley Conference and led by a rookie head coach, Bill Hodges, was a surprise. Especially because the Sycamores had a long history of taking a distant backseat to the Hoosier state's Big Ten schools, Indiana University and Purdue University. Adding drama was ISU entering the game with a 33-0 record, attempting to join an elite group of undefeated national champions. And on a trivial note, Hodges was the first head coach to reach the championship game with an undefeated career record. And Johnson and Bird were not the only great players on the floor. And least three others, MSU's Jay Vincent and Greg Kelser and ISU's Carl Nicks also went on to play in the NBA. And the pre-game interviews with Bird and Johnson are priceless. Throughout the game, we get a preview of the way that Johnson and Bird would revolutionize the NBA in the next decade. In an era in which basketball was largely becoming a sloppy playground style sport, the two made teamwork and fundamentals popular again. Sadly, since they retried, the sport has regressed to an even worse state than it was at the time of this game. Though in two ways the sport has improved. Watching this game now reminds me how much more exciting the three point shot and the shot clock have made basketball. The only thing that keeps this DVD from getting a 10/10 is that the game isn't particularly dramatic. Many NCAA championship games have had more memorable finishes. But none have ever given a better preview of the future of basketball. Bird and Johnson each went on to win three NBA Most Valuable Player awards and their teams won eight of the nine NBA championships from 1980-88. Johnson won five with the Los Angeles Lakers and Bird won three with the Boston Celtics. As I finish typing this review, it's just about 45 minutes until the 2006 tournament selection show begins. This time of year always takes me back to the great tournament moments of the past and this game is one of the most special. 9/10. 4 of 4 people found this review helpful.  Was this review helpful to you? Yes

Michigan State University

Who won golf's US Open in 1994 and 1997?

On This Day: Magic Johnson Beats Larry Bird in NCAA Title Game Magic Johnson and Larry Bird pictured at a press conference, March 25, 1979. On This Day: Magic Johnson Beats Larry Bird in NCAA Title Game March 26, 2011 06:00 AM by Denis Cummings On March 26, 1979, Magic Johnson led Michigan State past Larry Bird and Indiana State in the NCAA title game. The game, watched by nearly a quarter of U.S. television viewers, is credited with sparking an interest in the NCAA tournament that led to the development of “March Madness.” Magic’s Spartans Beat Bird’s Sycamores 75-64 The 1979 NCAA basketball championship game brought together two teams and two players representing opposite ends of the spectrum in American society, a storyline that sparked great interest among sports fans and non-sports fans alike . The Michigan State Spartans of the powerful Big Ten conference were led by Earvin “Magic” Johnson, a flashy, gregarious point guard who represented black and urban America. On the other side, the unheralded Indiana State Sycamores had gone 33-0 on the back of Larry Bird, the reclusive “hick from French Lick” who represented white and small town America. “You couldn’t have asked for a better dynamic between these two central characters ,” said Sports Illustrated writer and CBS analyst Seth Davis to NPR. “On the one hand, they were extremely similar—they were ultimate winners; they were great team players—and yet by the same token, you couldn’t find two guys who were so different on so many fundamental levels, the most obvious being race.” Johnson was already billed as the game’s next great star , while Bird, having played just three games on TV and avoiding the media spotlight, was almost a mythical figure. Fans who heard of his exploits tuned in to the title game to see if the “great white hope” was as good as advertised. On Monday night, March 26, nearly a quarter of U.S. television sets were tuned to NBC to watch the two teams play in Salt Lake City’s Special Events Center; the 24.1 rating remains the highest ever rating for a basketball game. “The game, in many ways, was anticlimactic,” says sportswriter David DuPree. Bird, playing with a broken thumb, was held in check by Michigan State’s match-up zone, while “Magic orchestrated things to perfection,” in the Spartans’ 75-64 victory. Biographies: Magic Johnson and Larry Bird Magic Johnson Earvin Johnson Jr. grew up playing basketball in Lansing, Mich ., where he earned the nickname “Magic” for his “uncanny ability to see plays before they developed.” At 6-foot-9 inches tall, he had the size of a forward, but the quickness of a guard. After leading Michigan State to the 1979 title, he was drafted first overall by the Los Angeles Lakers, where he played his entire career, winning three MVPs and five NBA championships. His career was cut short after he learned in 1991 that he had contracted HIV . Despite his illnesses, he made several comebacks to basketball and played alongside Bird on the 1992 Olympic “Dream Team.” He has remained in good health and become a successful entrepreneur, building theatres, coffee shops, gyms and restaurants in inner cities. Larry Bird Larry Bird was raised in French Lick, Ind., a small town of about 2,000 people. In high school, Bird showed that he was a great shooter and competitor , earning a basketball scholarship from Indiana University; however, feeling homesick and intimidated by the size of the school, he dropped out and returned to French Lick. After a year of working for the town—in a job that included driving a garbage truck—Bird enrolled at Indiana State, where he developed into one of the best players in college basketball. The Boston Celtics drafted him in 1978, but Bird returned for his senior year and led to Sycamores to the championship game. Bird signed with the Celtics, beginning a 13-year career during which he won three MVPs and three NBA titles. “Bird was one of those rare athletes who made everybody around him better,” writes ESPN’s Larry Schwartz. “His uncanny passing, deadly shooting and anticipation defensively transformed losers into winners.”

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What has been won by Australia II and America 3?

Australia II, 1983 winner of the America’s Cup | Western Australian Museum Australia II, 1983 winner of the America’s Cup Collection Highlights | Updated 3 years ago Australia II (MHK D2/458) Image copyright of WA Museum On 26 September 1983, the yacht Australia II made history when the oldest sporting trophy in the world, the America’s Cup, was wrested from the Americans after 132 years. The Australia II was owned and built by a syndicate Western Australians headed by former businessman Alan Bond. The syndicate had unsuccessfully challenged for the Cup three times, which had been held by the New York Yacht Club since 1851, but the syndicate was determined to bring home the ‘auld mug’ in 1983. The designer of Australia II, Ben Lexcen, had conceived a winged keel that under secret testing in the Netherlands had out-performed conventional keels. The yacht was built in Cottesloe by local boatbuilder Steve Ward. The crew was based in Perth and undertook a rigorous training program to prepare them for the series of races that would determine the challenger for the America’s Cup, held in Newport, Rhode Island. Following the success of Australia II in the Round Robin series to select a challenger for the Cup, the yacht raced in the best of seven races to determine the ultimate winner. At the end of four races, with the score 3-1 against them, the crew of Australia II faced an enormous challenge. Against all the odds Australia II went on to win the remaining three races, becoming the first non-American yacht to win the Cup. In 1988 the yacht and associated material was bought by the Australian government for $2,000,000, and accessioned into the National Museum of Australia collection. The yacht was subsequently displayed in Fremantle before a new home in Sydney, the Australian National Maritime Museum, was prepared. In 1995 the Australian government offered the yacht back to the Western Australian community, recognising the value of conserving objects in their original place. A purpose-built facility to house the yacht was proposed. The museum, located at the western end of Victoria Quay in Fremantle, was completed in May 2002 and installation of the Museum’s exhibition completed for opening in December of the same year. The yacht Australia II is displayed in a defining moment of the final race. Having just passed the American boat Liberty on the last downwind leg, Australia II is fast approaching the last rounding mark, the America’s cup buoy. The yacht is heeled to approximately 9 degrees as it approaches the mark, to begin the final leg to the finish. During the final windward beat Australia II tacked many times to defend their precious lead. At 5.21pm the yacht crossed the line to win the America’s Cup.  

America's Cup

Which university did Cheryl Miller attend?

Chevalier Taglang: AMERICA'CUP 25th CHALLENGE - AMERICA'S CUP 1983 - AUSTRALIA II KA 6 - 12 METER IR AMERICA'CUP 25th CHALLENGE - AMERICA'S CUP 1983 - AUSTRALIA II KA 6 - 12 METER IR AUSTRALIA II – KA 6 – Winner of the 25th America’s Cup Challenge in 1983, Newport R.I.  The Australian challenger defeated the NYYC defender Liberty – US 40 – 4 wins to 3. In 1986, Australia II was the trial horse for the America’s Cup Defence 1987 Ltd., “Bond Syndicate” of the Royal Perth Yacht Club. By Jacques Taglang ©François Chevalier - In the book: America's Cup Yacht Designs 1851-1986, by Chevalier & Taglang “The day of her maiden voyage was a major occasion. The place was packed, and Benny (Ben Lexcen) was floating somewhere between the dock and seventh heaven. It was a heart-warming sight. Here was this huge, good-natured, slightly chaotic man, who can swear like a drunken bushwhacker, walking around as if on air, with his arms often spread wide before his new creation, as if conducting a Vivaldi concerto. In his considered view, Australia II made all other boats seems ugly”.  It’s John Bertrand the skipper of Australia II that described this beautiful scene. Nevertheless, when he discovered on spring 1981 the drawings and the model of the challenger endowed with his upside-down winged keel, it was necessary all the enthusiasm of Ben Lexcen and Alan Bond to turn down his skepticism. The hidden winged keel of Australia II Some are still involved in controversy to know who invented the famous keel of Australia II … that matter! Because Ben Lexcen's brilliant blow is to have had the cap to fix such an appendage to the hull of the boat. But how did it happen? In 1980, the NYYC authorized the Australians to use the Dutch tank test of Wageningen. Lexcen spent there 4 months, at the beginning of 1981, with Dutch engineers Peter Van Oossanen and Joop W. Sloff. Ben designed the drawings of Challenge 12, a conventional design, after having tested 7 models (one third scale), and then he passed to Australia II (more than 400 tests, calculations of keel in 3 D, several hundreds of hours of simulations). The result was surprising: the boat was faster than a conventional twelve and Bond had really got the risk to make build Australia II. The Magic Keel  At her maiden sail, John Bertrand discovered the exceptional maneuverability of the boat. Several reasons in it: the bustle had almost disappeared; the presence of an inverted keel; the existence of thick fins fixed on each side of the appendage and peaking down at about 20 degrees (what increases the draft when heeling and reduces the drifting and increases the stiffness. This approach decreased appreciably the wetted surface than any other Twelve. Lexcen so obtained a very "light" displacement and the shortest waterline ever measured on such a boat! Beyond, the performance of Australia II was also explained by the talent of the New Zealand sailmaker Tom Schnackenberg who had taken care of the totality of the sail program (40 genoas, 10 mainsails, fifty spinnakers), without forgetting the qualities of the crew. This cocktail explained 48 wins in 55 races sailed by Australia II during the 1983 season… In 1983, the challenger had benefited from the support of the press and from the public. It was true that chaste skirt of green canvas "threaded" after every race of the yacht had very fast incited the curiosity of all. The first successes of Australia II in Louis Vuitton Cup had only been adding to the craze. The late and fruitless operations of the NYYC to demonstrate that the keel was not an Australian invention or that it did not enter in the rule were only adding to the confusion of Dennis Conner and Liberty crew. And to strengthen the confidence of the men of Australia II who took away the Cup at the conclusion of a series of 7 races of anthology. The ultimate race, September 25th, 1983. Australia II wins the Cup! Having served as trial horse in the defense at Fremantle in 1986, the boat was on display in National Maritime Museum of Sydney. In the 1990s, the State government of Western Australia succeeded in getting back Australia II, which sailed in August, 2001 in regatta of the Jubilee of Cup, at Cowes, served by the quasi-totality of the crew which had led her to the victory in 1983. Australia II is henceforth a part of collections of the Western Australian Maritime Museum of Fremantle! Ben Lexcen, Australia II's designer & Alan Bond with the Cup John Bertrand, Australia II's skipper & Alan Bond AUSTRALIA II Australia. Royal Perth Yacht Club Challenger, winner of the 25th America’s Cup 1983 (won the last 7th race, sailed on September 25, 1983) Original owner: America’s Cup Challenge 1983, Alan Bond (Royal Perth Yacht Club). 12 Meter International Rule, sloop Builder: Steve E. Ward & Co., Perth, Cottesloe, Australia. Sailmaker: Tom “Schnacks” Schnackenberg, sail coordinator. North, Hood, Sobstad Australia. Designer: Ben Lexcen. Research facilities & tank tests: Netherlands Ship Model Basin – NSMB – at Wageningen, Netherlands. Peter Van Oossanen. Models built on 1/3rd scale, 24-foot models, instead of 8-foot models used for Australia I (1977) at the Delft Tank Model Basin, Netherlands, by Johan Valentijn and Ben Lexcen. Hydrodynamics: Joop W. Sloff from Theorythical Aerodynamic Department of the National Aerospace Laboratory, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Built: started in 1981, finished in 1982. 8 months building. Launched: June 3rd, 1982. Christened: June 6th, 1982 by Eileen Bond at Fremantle, Sailing Club in Success Harbor. Original Skipper: John Edwin Bertrand Tactician: Hugh Treharne

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