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In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: Mutations of the BRCA1 gone in humans are associated with predisposition to breast and ovarian cancers .
### Output Text: | Mutations of the BRCA1 gone in humans are associated with predisposition to <span class="disease">breast and ovarian cancers</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: We show here that Brca1 + / - mice are normal and fertile and lack tumors by age eleven months .
### Output Text: | We show here that Brca1 + / - mice are normal and fertile and lack <span class="disease">tumors</span> by age eleven months . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: Homozygous Brca1 ( 5 - 6 ) mutant mice die before day 7 .
### Output Text: | Homozygous Brca1 ( 5 - 6 ) mutant mice die before day 7 . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: 5 of embryogenesis .
### Output Text: | 5 of embryogenesis . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: Mutant embryos are poorly developed , with no evidence of mesoderm formation .
### Output Text: | Mutant embryos are poorly developed , with no evidence of mesoderm formation . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: The extraembryonic region is abnormal , but aggregation with wild - type tetraploid embryos does not rescue the lethality .
### Output Text: | The extraembryonic region is abnormal , but aggregation with wild - type tetraploid embryos does not rescue the lethality . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: In vivo , mutant embryos do not exhibit increased apoptosis but show reduced cell proliferation accompanied by decreased expression of cyclin E and mdm - 2 , a regulator of p53 activity .
### Output Text: | In vivo , mutant embryos do not exhibit increased apoptosis but show reduced cell proliferation accompanied by decreased expression of cyclin E and mdm - 2 , a regulator of p53 activity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: The expression of cyclin - dependent kinase inhibitor p21 is dramatically increased in the mutant embryos .
### Output Text: | The expression of cyclin - dependent kinase inhibitor p21 is dramatically increased in the mutant embryos . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: Buttressing these in vivo observations is the fact that mutant blastocyst growth is grossly impaired in vitro .
### Output Text: | Buttressing these in vivo observations is the fact that mutant blastocyst growth is grossly impaired in vitro . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: Thus , the death of Brca1 ( 5 - 6 ) mutant embryos prior to gastrulation may be due to a failure of the proliferative burst required for the development of the different germ layers .
### Output Text: | Thus , the death of Brca1 ( 5 - 6 ) mutant embryos prior to gastrulation may be due to a failure of the proliferative burst required for the development of the different germ layers . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: Increased coronary heart disease in Japanese - American men with mutation in the cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene despite increased HDL levels .
### Output Text: | Increased <span class="disease">coronary heart disease</span> in Japanese - American men with mutation in the cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene despite increased HDL levels . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: Plasma high density lipoprotein ( HDL ) levels are strongly genetically determined and show a general inverse relationship with coronary heart disease ( CHD ) .
### Output Text: | Plasma high density lipoprotein ( HDL ) levels are strongly genetically determined and show a general inverse relationship with <span class="disease">coronary heart disease</span> ( <span class="disease">CHD</span> ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: The cholesteryl ester transfer protein ( CETP ) mediates the transfer of cholesteryl esters from HDL to other lipoproteins and is a key participant in the reverse transport of cholesterol from the periphery to the liver .
### Output Text: | The cholesteryl ester transfer protein ( CETP ) mediates the transfer of cholesteryl esters from HDL to other lipoproteins and is a key participant in the reverse transport of cholesterol from the periphery to the liver . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: A high prevalence of two different CETP gene mutations ( D442G , 5 . 1 % ; intron 14G A , 0 . 5 % ) , was found in 3 , 469 men of Japanese ancestry in the Honolulu Heart Program and mutations were associated with decreased CETP ( - 35 % ) and increased HDL chol levels ( + 10 % for D442G ) .
### Output Text: | A high prevalence of two different CETP gene mutations ( D442G , 5 . 1 % ; intron 14G A , 0 . 5 % ) , was found in 3 , 469 men of Japanese ancestry in the Honolulu Heart Program and mutations were associated with decreased CETP ( - 35 % ) and increased HDL chol levels ( + 10 % for D442G ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: However , the overall prevalence of definite CHD was 21 % in men with mutations and 16 % in men without mutations .
### Output Text: | However , the overall prevalence of definite <span class="disease">CHD</span> was 21 % in men with mutations and 16 % in men without mutations . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: The relative risk ( RR ) of CHD was 1 .
### Output Text: | The relative risk ( RR ) of <span class="disease">CHD</span> was 1 . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: 43 in men with mutations ( P < . 05 ) ; after adjustment for CHD risk factors , the RR was 1 .
### Output Text: | 43 in men with mutations ( P < . 05 ) ; after adjustment for <span class="disease">CHD</span> risk factors , the RR was 1 . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: 55 ( P = . 02 ) ; after additional adjustment for HDL levels , the RR was 1 .
### Output Text: | 55 ( P = . 02 ) ; after additional adjustment for HDL levels , the RR was 1 . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: 68 ( P = . 008 ) .
### Output Text: | 68 ( P = . 008 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: Similar RR values were obtained for the D442G mutation alone .
### Output Text: | Similar RR values were obtained for the D442G mutation alone . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: Increased CHD in men with mutations was primarily observed for HDL chol 41 - 60 mg / dl ; for HDL chol > 60 mg / dl men with and without mutations had low CHD prevalence .
### Output Text: | Increased <span class="disease">CHD</span> in men with mutations was primarily observed for HDL chol 41 - 60 mg / dl ; for HDL chol > 60 mg / dl men with and without mutations had low <span class="disease">CHD</span> prevalence . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: Thus , genetic CETP deficiency appears to be an independent risk factor for CHD , primarily due to increased CHD prevalence in men with the D442G mutation and HDL cholesterol between 41 and 60 mg / dl .
### Output Text: | Thus , genetic <span class="disease">CETP deficiency</span> appears to be an independent risk factor for <span class="disease">CHD</span> , primarily due to increased <span class="disease">CHD</span> prevalence in men with the D442G mutation and HDL cholesterol between 41 and 60 mg / dl . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: The findings suggest that both HDL concentration and the dynamics of cholesterol transport through HDL ( i . e . , reverse cholesterol transport ) determine the anti - atherogenicity of the HDL fraction .
### Output Text: | The findings suggest that both HDL concentration and the dynamics of cholesterol transport through HDL ( i . e . , reverse cholesterol transport ) determine the anti - atherogenicity of the HDL fraction . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: Mapping the homolog of the human Rb1 gene to chromosome 14 of higher primates .
### Output Text: | Mapping the homolog of the human Rb1 gene to chromosome 14 of higher primates . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: The Rb1 gene has been implicated with retinoblastoma and is located on human Chromosome ( Chr ) 13q14 .
### Output Text: | The Rb1 gene has been implicated with <span class="disease">retinoblastoma</span> and is located on human Chromosome ( Chr ) 13q14 . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: 2 2 .
### Output Text: | 2 2 . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: A unique sequence human Rb1 cosmid DNA probe has been used to localize this region on apes Chr 14 by the FISH technique .
### Output Text: | A unique sequence human Rb1 cosmid DNA probe has been used to localize this region on apes Chr 14 by the FISH technique . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: The conservation of the Rb1 gene in higher primates at the corresponding equivalent chromosome locus ( 14q14 ) of the human may serve as a phylogenetic marker to further trace the evolutionary pathway of human descent .
### Output Text: | The conservation of the Rb1 gene in higher primates at the corresponding equivalent chromosome locus ( 14q14 ) of the human may serve as a phylogenetic marker to further trace the evolutionary pathway of human descent . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: Wiskott - Aldrich syndrome : no strict genotype - phenotype correlations but clustering of missense mutations in the amino - terminal part of the WASP gene product .
### Output Text: | <span class="disease">Wiskott - Aldrich syndrome</span> : no strict genotype - phenotype correlations but clustering of missense mutations in the amino - terminal part of the WASP gene product . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: The Wiskott - Aldrich syndrome protein ( WASP ) gene was found to be mutated in patients presenting with WAS and in patients showing X - linked thrombocytopenia .
### Output Text: | The <span class="disease">Wiskott - Aldrich syndrome</span> protein ( WASP ) gene was found to be mutated in patients presenting with <span class="disease">WAS</span> and in patients showing <span class="disease">X - linked thrombocytopenia</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: Mutation analysis in 19 families of German , Swiss and Turkish descent by single - strand conformation polymorphism and sequencing resulted in the detection of seven novel and 10 known mutations .
### Output Text: | Mutation analysis in 19 families of German , Swiss and Turkish descent by single - strand conformation polymorphism and sequencing resulted in the detection of seven novel and 10 known mutations . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: A striking clustering of missense mutations in the first four exons contrasted with a random distribution of nonsense mutations .
### Output Text: | A striking clustering of missense mutations in the first four exons contrasted with a random distribution of nonsense mutations . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: More than 85 % of all known missense mutations were localized in the amino - terminal stretch of the WASP gene product ; this region contained a mutational hot spot at codon 86 .
### Output Text: | More than 85 % of all known missense mutations were localized in the amino - terminal stretch of the WASP gene product ; this region contained a mutational hot spot at codon 86 . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: No genotype - phenotype correlation emerged after a comparison of the identified mutations with the resulting clinical picture for a classical WAS phenotype .
### Output Text: | No genotype - phenotype correlation emerged after a comparison of the identified mutations with the resulting clinical picture for a classical <span class="disease">WAS</span> phenotype . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: A substitution at codon 86 resulted in an extremely variable expression of the disease in a large Swiss family .
### Output Text: | A substitution at codon 86 resulted in an extremely variable expression of the disease in a large Swiss family . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: An extended homology search revealed a distant relationship of this stretch to the vasodilator - stimulated phosphoprotein ( VASP ) , which is involved in the maintenance of cyto - architecture by interacting with actin - like filaments . .
### Output Text: | An extended homology search revealed a distant relationship of this stretch to the vasodilator - stimulated phosphoprotein ( VASP ) , which is involved in the maintenance of cyto - architecture by interacting with actin - like filaments . . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: Influence of PAX6 gene dosage on development : overexpression causes severe eye abnormalities .
### Output Text: | Influence of PAX6 gene dosage on development : overexpression causes severe <span class="disease">eye abnormalities</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: Aniridia in man and Small eye in mice are semidominant developmental disorders caused by mutations within the paired box gene PAX6 .
### Output Text: | <span class="disease">Aniridia</span> in man and Small eye in mice are <span class="disease">semidominant developmental disorders</span> caused by mutations within the paired box gene PAX6 . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: Whereas heterozygotes suffer from iris hypoplasia , homozygous mice lack eyes and nasal cavities and exhibit brain abnormalities .
### Output Text: | Whereas heterozygotes suffer from <span class="disease">iris hypoplasia</span> , homozygous mice lack eyes and nasal cavities and exhibit <span class="disease">brain abnormalities</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: To investigate the role of gene dosage in more detail , we have generated yeast artificial chromosome transgenic mice carrying the human PAX6 locus .
### Output Text: | To investigate the role of gene dosage in more detail , we have generated yeast artificial chromosome transgenic mice carrying the human PAX6 locus . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: When crossed onto the Small eye background , the transgene rescues the mutant phenotype .
### Output Text: | When crossed onto the Small eye background , the transgene rescues the mutant phenotype . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: Strikingly , mice carrying multiple copies on a wild - type background show specific developmental abnormalities of the eye , but not of other tissues expressing the gene .
### Output Text: | Strikingly , mice carrying multiple copies on a wild - type background show specific <span class="disease">developmental abnormalities of the eye</span> , but not of other tissues expressing the gene . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: Thus , at least five different eye phenotypes are associated with changes in PAX6 expression .
### Output Text: | Thus , at least five different eye phenotypes are associated with changes in PAX6 expression . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: We provide evidence that not only reduced , but also increased levels of transcriptional regulators can cause developmental defects . .
### Output Text: | We provide evidence that not only reduced , but also increased levels of transcriptional regulators can cause <span class="disease">developmental defects</span> . . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: Heterodimer formation and activity in the human enzyme galactose - 1 - phosphate uridylyltransferase .
### Output Text: | Heterodimer formation and activity in the human enzyme galactose - 1 - phosphate uridylyltransferase . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: One of the fundamental questions concerning expression and function of dimeric enzymes involves the impact of naturally occurring mutations on subunit assembly and heterodimer activity .
### Output Text: | One of the fundamental questions concerning expression and function of dimeric enzymes involves the impact of naturally occurring mutations on subunit assembly and heterodimer activity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: This question is of particular interest for the human enzyme galactose - l - phosphate uridylyl - transferase ( GALT ) , impairment of which results in the inherited metabolic disorder galactosemia , because many if not most patients studied to date are compound heterozygotes rather than true molecular homozygotes .
### Output Text: | This question is of particular interest for the human enzyme galactose - l - phosphate uridylyl - transferase ( GALT ) , impairment of which results in the <span class="disease">inherited metabolic disorder</span> <span class="disease">galactosemia</span> , because many if not most patients studied to date are compound heterozygotes rather than true molecular homozygotes . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Furthermore , the broad range of phenotypic severity observed in these patients raises the possibility that allelic combination , not just allelic constitution , may play some role in determining outcome .
### Output Text: | Furthermore , the broad range of phenotypic severity observed in these patients raises the possibility that allelic combination , not just allelic constitution , may play some role in determining outcome . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: In the work described herein , we have selected two distinct naturally occurring null mutations of GALT , Q188R and R333W , and asked the questions ( i ) what are the impacts of these mutations on subunit assembly , and ( ii ) if heterodimers do form , are they active ?
### Output Text: | In the work described herein , we have selected two distinct naturally occurring null mutations of GALT , Q188R and R333W , and asked the questions ( i ) what are the impacts of these mutations on subunit assembly , and ( ii ) if heterodimers do form , are they active ? |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: To answer these questions , we have established a yeast system for the coexpression of epitope - tagged alleles of human GALT and investigated both the extent of specific GALT subunit interactions and the activity of defined heterodimer pools .
### Output Text: | To answer these questions , we have established a yeast system for the coexpression of epitope - tagged alleles of human GALT and investigated both the extent of specific GALT subunit interactions and the activity of defined heterodimer pools . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We have found that both homodimers and heterodimers do form involving each of the mutant subunits tested and that both heterodimer pools retain substantial enzymatic activity .
### Output Text: | We have found that both homodimers and heterodimers do form involving each of the mutant subunits tested and that both heterodimer pools retain substantial enzymatic activity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: These results are significant not only in terms of their implications for furthering our understanding of galactosemia and GALT holoenzyme structure - function relationships but also because the system described may serve as a model for similar studies of other complexes composed of multiple subunits . .
### Output Text: | These results are significant not only in terms of their implications for furthering our understanding of <span class="disease">galactosemia</span> and GALT holoenzyme structure - function relationships but also because the system described may serve as a model for similar studies of other complexes composed of multiple subunits . . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Cleavage of huntingtin by apopain , a proapoptotic cysteine protease , is modulated by the polyglutamine tract .
### Output Text: | Cleavage of huntingtin by apopain , a proapoptotic cysteine protease , is modulated by the polyglutamine tract . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: Apoptosis has recently been recognized as a mode of cell death in Huntington disease ( HD ) .
### Output Text: | Apoptosis has recently been recognized as a mode of cell death in <span class="disease">Huntington disease</span> ( <span class="disease">HD</span> ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: Apopain , a human counterpart of the nematode cysteine protease death - gene product , CED - 3 , has a key role in proteolytic events leading to apoptosis .
### Output Text: | Apopain , a human counterpart of the nematode cysteine protease death - gene product , CED - 3 , has a key role in proteolytic events leading to apoptosis . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Here we show that apoptotic extracts and apopain itself specifically cleave the HD gene product , huntingtin .
### Output Text: | Here we show that apoptotic extracts and apopain itself specifically cleave the <span class="disease">HD</span> gene product , huntingtin . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: The rate of cleavage increases with the length of the huntingtin polyglutamine tract , providing an explanation for the gain - of - function associated with CAG expansion .
### Output Text: | The rate of cleavage increases with the length of the huntingtin polyglutamine tract , providing an explanation for the gain - of - function associated with CAG expansion . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="disease"> to denote a disease.
### Input Text: Our results show that huntingtin is cleaved by cysteine proteases and suggest that HD might be a disorder of inappropriate apoptosis . .
### Output Text: | Our results show that huntingtin is cleaved by cysteine proteases and suggest that <span class="disease">HD</span> might be a <span class="disease">disorder of inappropriate apoptosis</span> . . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The 5 ' end of the BRCA1 gene lies within a duplicated region of human chromosome 17q21 .
### Output Text: | The 5 ' end of the BRCA1 gene lies within a duplicated region of human chromosome 17q21 . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: To begin to address the hypothesis that abnormal regulation of the breast / ovarian cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1 is a critical step in sporadic breast / ovarian tumorigenesis , we have determined the detailed structure of the BRCA1 genomic region .
### Output Text: | To begin to address the hypothesis that abnormal regulation of the <span class="disease">breast / ovarian cancer</span> susceptibility gene BRCA1 is a critical step in sporadic breast / ovarian tumorigenesis , we have determined the detailed structure of the BRCA1 genomic region . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We show that this region of the genome contains a tandem duplication of approximately 30 kilobases , which results in two copies of BRCA1 exons 1 and 2 , of exons 1 and 3 of the adjacent 1A1 - 3B gene and of the previously reported 295 base pair intergenic region .
### Output Text: | We show that this region of the genome contains a tandem duplication of approximately 30 kilobases , which results in two copies of BRCA1 exons 1 and 2 , of exons 1 and 3 of the adjacent 1A1 - 3B gene and of the previously reported 295 base pair intergenic region . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Sequence analysis of the duplicated exons of BRCA1 and 1A1 - 3B and flanking genomic DNA reveals maintenance of the intron - exon structure and a high degree of nucleotide sequence identity , suggesting that these are non - processed pseudogenes and that the duplication is a recent event in evolutionary terms .
### Output Text: | Sequence analysis of the duplicated exons of BRCA1 and 1A1 - 3B and flanking genomic DNA reveals maintenance of the intron - exon structure and a high degree of nucleotide sequence identity , suggesting that these are non - processed pseudogenes and that the duplication is a recent event in evolutionary terms . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We also show that a processed pseudogene of the acidic ribosomal phosphoprotein P1 ( ARPP1 ) is inserted directly upstream of pseudo - BRCA1 exon 1A .
### Output Text: | We also show that a processed pseudogene of the acidic ribosomal phosphoprotein P1 ( ARPP1 ) is inserted directly upstream of pseudo - BRCA1 exon 1A . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We believe that these findings could not only confound BRCA1 mutation analysis , but could have implications for the normal and abnormal regulation of BRCA1 transcription , translation and function . .
### Output Text: | We believe that these findings could not only confound BRCA1 mutation analysis , but could have implications for the normal and abnormal regulation of BRCA1 transcription , translation and function . . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Deletion of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide N ( SNRPN ) in Prader - Willi syndrome detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization : two sibs with the typical phenotype without a cytogenetic deletion in chromosome 15q .
### Output Text: | Deletion of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide N ( SNRPN ) in <span class="disease">Prader - Willi syndrome</span> detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization : two sibs with the typical phenotype without a cytogenetic deletion in chromosome 15q . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide N ( SNRPN ) gene is regarded as one of the candidates for Prader - Willi syndrome ( PWS ) .
### Output Text: | The small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide N ( SNRPN ) gene is regarded as one of the candidates for <span class="disease">Prader - Willi syndrome</span> ( <span class="disease">PWS</span> ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We describe two sibs with typical PWS presenting deletion of SNRPN detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization ( FISH ) .
### Output Text: | We describe two sibs with typical <span class="disease">PWS</span> presenting deletion of SNRPN detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization ( FISH ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Neither a cytogenetically detectable 15q12 deletion nor a deletion for the D15S11 , D15S10 , and GABRB3 cosmid probes were found in either patient .
### Output Text: | Neither a cytogenetically detectable 15q12 deletion nor a deletion for the D15S11 , D15S10 , and GABRB3 cosmid probes were found in either patient . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: This implies a smaller deletion limited to the PWS critical region .
### Output Text: | This implies a smaller deletion limited to the <span class="disease">PWS</span> critical region . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: FISH with a SNRPN probe will permit analysis of PWS patients with limited deletions not detectable with other probes . .
### Output Text: | FISH with a SNRPN probe will permit analysis of <span class="disease">PWS</span> patients with limited deletions not detectable with other probes . . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Expression of the von Hippel - Lindau disease tumour suppressor gene during human embryogenesis .
### Output Text: | Expression of the <span class="disease">von Hippel - Lindau disease tumour</span> suppressor gene during human embryogenesis . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The von Hippel - Lindau ( VHL ) disease product is thought to down - regulate transcription by antagonizing elongin - enhanced transcriptional elongation .
### Output Text: | The <span class="disease">von Hippel - Lindau ( VHL ) disease</span> product is thought to down - regulate transcription by antagonizing elongin - enhanced transcriptional elongation . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Germline VHL gene mutations predispose to the development of retinal , cerebellar and spinal haemangioblastomas , renal cell carcinoma and phaeochromocytoma .
### Output Text: | Germline <span class="disease">VHL</span> gene mutations predispose to the development of <span class="disease">retinal , cerebellar and spinal haemangioblastomas</span> , <span class="disease">renal cell carcinoma</span> and <span class="disease">phaeochromocytoma</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In addition , somatic Inactivation of the VHL gene is frequent in sporadic renal cell carcinoma and haemangioblastoma .
### Output Text: | In addition , somatic Inactivation of the <span class="disease">VHL</span> gene is frequent in <span class="disease">sporadic renal cell carcinoma</span> and <span class="disease">haemangioblastoma</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Regulation of transcript elongation is an important control mechanism for gene expression and the VHL gene might modify the expression of proto - oncogenes and growth suppressor genes during embryogenesis .
### Output Text: | Regulation of transcript elongation is an important control mechanism for gene expression and the <span class="disease">VHL</span> gene might modify the expression of proto - oncogenes and growth suppressor genes during embryogenesis . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We therefore investigated the expression of VHL mRNA during human embryogenesis by in situ hybridization studies at 4 , 6 and 10 weeks post conception .
### Output Text: | We therefore investigated the expression of <span class="disease">VHL</span> mRNA during human embryogenesis by in situ hybridization studies at 4 , 6 and 10 weeks post conception . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Although VHL mRNA was expressed in all three germ layers , strong expression was noted in the central nervous system , kidneys , testis and lung .
### Output Text: | Although <span class="disease">VHL</span> mRNA was expressed in all three germ layers , strong expression was noted in the central nervous system , kidneys , testis and lung . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Within the kidney , VHL mRNA was differentially expressed within renal tubules suggesting that the VHL gene product may have a specific role in kidney development .
### Output Text: | Within the kidney , <span class="disease">VHL</span> mRNA was differentially expressed within renal tubules suggesting that the <span class="disease">VHL</span> gene product may have a specific role in kidney development . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Two alternatively spliced VHL mRNAs characterized by inclusion ( isoform I ) or exclusion ( isoform II ) of exon 2 are transcribed in adult tissues .
### Output Text: | Two alternatively spliced <span class="disease">VHL</span> mRNAs characterized by inclusion ( isoform I ) or exclusion ( isoform II ) of exon 2 are transcribed in adult tissues . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: To investigate if the two isoforms are differentially expressed during embryogenesis , VHL mRNA was reverse transcribed from 13 fetal tissues ( 8 - 10 weeks gestation ) .
### Output Text: | To investigate if the two isoforms are differentially expressed during embryogenesis , <span class="disease">VHL</span> mRNA was reverse transcribed from 13 fetal tissues ( 8 - 10 weeks gestation ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The quantitative distribution of VHL mRNA within fetal tissues reflected that seen by in situ hybridization and the ratio of the two VHL isoforms was similar between tissues .
### Output Text: | The quantitative distribution of <span class="disease">VHL</span> mRNA within fetal tissues reflected that seen by in situ hybridization and the ratio of the two <span class="disease">VHL</span> isoforms was similar between tissues . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Although the genes regulated by the VHL gene product have not yet been identified , our findings are compatible with the hypothesis that VHL - mediated control of transcriptional elongation may have a role in normal human development . .
### Output Text: | Although the genes regulated by the <span class="disease">VHL</span> gene product have not yet been identified , our findings are compatible with the hypothesis that <span class="disease">VHL</span> - mediated control of transcriptional elongation may have a role in normal human development . . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Genetic heterogeneity in hereditary breast cancer : role of BRCA1 and BRCA2 .
### Output Text: | Genetic heterogeneity in <span class="disease">hereditary breast cancer</span> : role of BRCA1 and BRCA2 . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The common hereditary forms of breast cancer have been largely attributed to the inheritance of mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes .
### Output Text: | The common hereditary forms of <span class="disease">breast cancer</span> have been largely attributed to the inheritance of mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: However , it is not yet clear what proportion of hereditary breast cancer is explained by BRCA1 and BRCA2 or by some other unidentified susceptibility gene ( s ) .
### Output Text: | However , it is not yet clear what proportion of <span class="disease">hereditary breast cancer</span> is explained by BRCA1 and BRCA2 or by some other unidentified susceptibility gene ( s ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We describe the proportion of hereditary breast cancer explained by BRCA1 or BRCA2 in a sample of North American hereditary breast cancers and assess the evidence for additional susceptibility genes that may confer hereditary breast or ovarian cancer risk .
### Output Text: | We describe the proportion of <span class="disease">hereditary breast cancer</span> explained by BRCA1 or BRCA2 in a sample of North American <span class="disease">hereditary breast cancers</span> and assess the evidence for additional susceptibility genes that may confer <span class="disease">hereditary breast or ovarian cancer</span> risk . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Twenty - three families were identified through two high - risk breast cancer research programs .
### Output Text: | Twenty - three families were identified through two high - risk <span class="disease">breast cancer</span> research programs . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Genetic analysis was undertaken to establish linkage between the breast or ovarian cancer cases and markers on chromosomes 17q ( BRCA1 ) and 13q ( BRCA2 ) .
### Output Text: | Genetic analysis was undertaken to establish linkage between the <span class="disease">breast or ovarian cancer</span> cases and markers on chromosomes 17q ( BRCA1 ) and 13q ( BRCA2 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Mutation analysis in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes was also undertaken in all families .
### Output Text: | Mutation analysis in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes was also undertaken in all families . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The pattern of hereditary cancer in 14 ( 61 % ) of the 23 families studied was attributed to BRCA1 by a combination of linkage and mutation analyses .
### Output Text: | The pattern of <span class="disease">hereditary cancer</span> in 14 ( 61 % ) of the 23 families studied was attributed to BRCA1 by a combination of linkage and mutation analyses . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: No families were attributed to BRCA2 .
### Output Text: | No families were attributed to BRCA2 . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Five families ( 22 % ) provided evidence against linkage to both BRCA1 and BRCA2 .
### Output Text: | Five families ( 22 % ) provided evidence against linkage to both BRCA1 and BRCA2 . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: No BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations were detected in these five families .
### Output Text: | No BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations were detected in these five families . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The BRCA1 or BRCA2 status of four families ( 17 % ) could not be determined .
### Output Text: | The BRCA1 or BRCA2 status of four families ( 17 % ) could not be determined . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: BRCA1 and BRCA2 probably explain the majority of hereditary breast cancer that exists in the North American population .
### Output Text: | BRCA1 and BRCA2 probably explain the majority of <span class="disease">hereditary breast cancer</span> that exists in the North American population . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: However , one or more additional genes may yet be found that explain some proportion of hereditary breast cancer . .
### Output Text: | However , one or more additional genes may yet be found that explain some proportion of <span class="disease">hereditary breast cancer</span> . . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: An intronic mutation in a lariat branchpoint sequence is a direct cause of an inherited human disorder ( fish - eye disease ) .
### Output Text: | An intronic mutation in a lariat branchpoint sequence is a direct cause of an <span class="disease">inherited human disorder</span> ( <span class="disease">fish - eye disease</span> ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The first step in the splicing of an intron from nuclear precursors of mRNA results in the formation of a lariat structure .
### Output Text: | The first step in the splicing of an intron from nuclear precursors of mRNA results in the formation of a lariat structure . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: A distinct intronic nucleotide sequence , known as the branchpoint region , plays a central role in this process .
### Output Text: | A distinct intronic nucleotide sequence , known as the branchpoint region , plays a central role in this process . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the disease entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We here describe a point mutation in such a sequence .
### Output Text: | We here describe a point mutation in such a sequence . |