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CopeNLU 20

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The first two sets of terms originate from soft and collinear radiation (real or virtual).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The first two sets of terms originate from soft and collinear radiation (real or virtual).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They make up the leading power (LP) contributions in the threshold variable ξ and are localized at ξ = 0.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They make up the leading power (LP) contributions in the threshold variable ξ and are localized at ξ = 0.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The contributions have a universal form, which allows for their all-order resummation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The contributions have a universal form, which allows for their all-order resummation [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14", "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The third set of terms in Eq. (1) make up the next-to-leading power (NLP) contributions to the differential cross-section, as they are suppressed by a single power of the threshold variable.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The third set of terms in Eq. (1) make up the next-to-leading power (NLP) contributions to the differential cross-section, as they are suppressed by a single power of the threshold variable.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although subleading, the increasing precision both of LP resummation and of experimental data makes such terms numerically relevant.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Although subleading, the increasing precision both of LP resummation and of experimental data makes such terms numerically relevant [17, 18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16", "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17, 18]" ] }, { "text": "As at LP, the highest power of the NLP log at a given order is referred to as leading-logarithmic (LL).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As at LP, the highest power of the NLP log at a given order is referred to as leading-logarithmic (LL).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One may then worry about next-to-leading logarithmic (NLL) contributions, and so on.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One may then worry about next-to-leading logarithmic (NLL) contributions, and so on.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It may well be the case for collider processes of interest that the LL NLP terms (or beyond) must be resummed for an adequate comparison of theory with data.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It may well be the case for collider processes of interest that the LL NLP terms (or beyond) must be resummed for an adequate comparison of theory with data.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Even if not, elucidation of NLP contributions at a fixed order in α s may have a key role to play in estimating higher order cross-sections.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Even if not, elucidation of NLP contributions at a fixed order in α s may have a key role to play in estimating higher order cross-sections.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It can furthermore aid in the development of subtraction schemes for the efficient numerical cancellation of infrared singularities.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It can furthermore aid in the development of subtraction schemes for the efficient numerical cancellation of infrared singularities [19, 20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18", "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19, 20]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "We used RWT as a conservative tracer in this study in spite of evidence that under some circumstances sorption and photo-degradation may cause RWT to act nonconservatively, resulting in poor tracer recovery.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We used RWT as a conservative tracer in this study in spite of evidence that under some circumstances sorption and photo-degradation may cause RWT to act nonconservatively, resulting in poor tracer recovery (Sutton et al. 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF36" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Sutton et al. 2001)" ] }, { "text": "However, in wetlands with limited sediment-water exchange and short residence times (less than a week), recoveries are sufficient for RWT to be useful in studies of hydrologic residence.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, in wetlands with limited sediment-water exchange and short residence times (less than a week), recoveries are sufficient for RWT to be useful in studies of hydrologic residence (Lin et al. 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Lin et al. 2003)" ] }, { "text": "We found good recoveries at the outflow in our initial dye pulses on this pond which suggested that the behavior of RWT here was sufficiently conservative for our purposes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We found good recoveries at the outflow in our initial dye pulses on this pond which suggested that the behavior of RWT here was sufficiently conservative for our purposes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Laboratory analyses-Surface water samples were analyzed for NH z 4 using the phenol hypochlorite method.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Laboratory analyses-Surface water samples were analyzed for NH z 4 using the phenol hypochlorite method (Aminot et al. 1997) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Aminot et al. 1997)" ] }, { "text": "Concentrations of NO { 3 (and, in porewater samples, NH z 4 ) were measured using membrane-suppression ion chromatography with conductivity detection.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Concentrations of NO { 3 (and, in porewater samples, NH z 4 ) were measured using membrane-suppression ion chromatography with conductivity detection.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Rhodamine WT concentrations were measured using a Turner Model 450 fluorometer (excitation filter: 540 nm, emission filter 585 nm).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Rhodamine WT concentrations were measured using a Turner Model 450 fluorometer (excitation filter: 540 nm, emission filter 585 nm).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Estimating gaze is however a very difficult task, as it requires the tracking of pupils' motion within the eyes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Estimating gaze is however a very difficult task, as it requires the tracking of pupils' motion within the eyes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since this proves to be infeasible without high-resolution images, investigation has been conducted to recognize people's VFOA from their head pose and other cues.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Since this proves to be infeasible without high-resolution images, investigation has been conducted to recognize people's VFOA from their head pose and other cues [2, 3, 4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 3, 4]" ] }, { "text": "To make the problem tractable, it has been assumed that people are mainly interested in a small set of focus (named the VFOA targets), a valid assumption in practice.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To make the problem tractable, it has been assumed that people are mainly interested in a small set of focus (named the VFOA targets), a valid assumption in practice.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Various meeting cases have been considered to study VFOA recognition.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Various meeting cases have been considered to study VFOA recognition.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the first case, the VFOA targets set is composed of the other meeting participants.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the first case, the VFOA targets set is composed of the other meeting participants [2, 3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 3]" ] }, { "text": "In the second case, a larger set is considered that includes, in addition to the meeting participants, the projection screen and the table to study more general meeting situations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the second case, a larger set is considered that includes, in addition to the meeting participants, the projection screen and the table to study more general meeting situations [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "However, increasing the number of VFOA targets makes the problem more challenging, as there is a high probability that similar head orientations are used to gaze at different focus targets.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, increasing the number of VFOA targets makes the problem more challenging, as there is a high probability that similar head orientations are used to gaze at different focus targets.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The resolution of these head pose ambiguity cases can be done by modeling the relationship between people's VFOAs to their speaking status, or other contextual cues related to the group activity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The resolution of these head pose ambiguity cases can be done by modeling the relationship between people's VFOAs to their speaking status, or other contextual cues related to the group activity [2, 3, 5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 3, 5]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Transmission line is an important facility and a continuous structure which is made up of transmission towers and transmission lines.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Transmission line is an important facility and a continuous structure which is made up of transmission towers and transmission lines [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Its failure may lead to the outage of power supply.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Its failure may lead to the outage of power supply [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "However, there are no code provisions for seismic design of transmission tower-line coupled system.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, there are no code provisions for seismic design of transmission tower-line coupled system [3, 4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 4]" ] }, { "text": "Owing to the interaction of adjacent towers, transmission tower-line system is a complex space towers and lines coupled system, so its accurate calculation is difficult and complex.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Owing to the interaction of adjacent towers, transmission tower-line system is a complex space towers and lines coupled system, so its accurate calculation is difficult and complex [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "It is unrealistic to assume that the transmission tower-line system is safe to go through earthquakes without adequate analysis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is unrealistic to assume that the transmission tower-line system is safe to go through earthquakes without adequate analysis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "When the transmission tower-line system is located in strong earthquake zone, the response of the structure under seismic loading may be larger than that of wind load and ice load.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When the transmission tower-line system is located in strong earthquake zone, the response of the structure under seismic loading may be larger than that of wind load and ice load.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There are several recent cases of damage to transmission tower-line system during earthquakes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There are several recent cases of damage to transmission tower-line system during earthquakes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "During the 1994 Northridge earthquakes, 85 cables were damaged when they fell off their towers and two transmission towers collapsed due to high earthquake.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "During the 1994 Northridge earthquakes, 85 cables were damaged when they fell off their towers and two transmission towers collapsed due to high earthquake [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "In the 1999 CHI-CHI earthquake, transmission towers and lines were damaged most severely, and a lot of lines were broken and some towers collapsed.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the 1999 CHI-CHI earthquake, transmission towers and lines were damaged most severely, and a lot of lines were broken and some towers collapsed [7, 8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7, 8]" ] }, { "text": "During the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, Sichuan electric network was severely damaged.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "During the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, Sichuan electric network was severely damaged [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "Some transmission lines were ruptured during the 2013 Lushan earthquake.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Some transmission lines were ruptured during the 2013 Lushan earthquake.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, seismic action may govern the design of transmission tower-line system in high-intensity earthquake zones.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, seismic action may govern the design of transmission tower-line system in high-intensity earthquake zones.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Maternal mortality focuses on the deaths of women that occur during the maternal risk period (MRP): pregnancy, delivery and 6-weeks post-partum.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Maternal mortality focuses on the deaths of women that occur during the maternal risk period (MRP): pregnancy, delivery and 6-weeks post-partum.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Causes of death of pregnant and delivering women are usually split into three categories: direct, indirect and fortuitous causes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Causes of death of pregnant and delivering women are usually split into three categories: direct, indirect and fortuitous causes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "According to the International Classification of Diseases 10 th revision (ICD-10), the ''direct causes'' are those resulting from obstetric complications of the pregnant state (pregnancy, labor, and puerperium), and from iatrogenic causes related to the pregnancy (interventions, omissions, incorrect treatment).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "According to the International Classification of Diseases 10 th revision (ICD-10), the ''direct causes'' are those resulting from obstetric complications of the pregnant state (pregnancy, labor, and puerperium), and from iatrogenic causes related to the pregnancy (interventions, omissions, incorrect treatment).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The ''indirect causes'' are those resulting from previously existing diseases or diseases that developed during pregnancy which are aggravated by the physiological effects of pregnancy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The ''indirect causes'' are those resulting from previously existing diseases or diseases that developed during pregnancy which are aggravated by the physiological effects of pregnancy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The remainder, the ''fortuitous causes'', are assumed to occur independent of the pregnancy.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The remainder, the ''fortuitous causes'', are assumed to occur independent of the pregnancy [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The two key questions raised by these concepts are, firstly, how to define aggravation of the condition due to the pregnancy (would the woman have died the same way had she not been pregnant?); and secondly, the independence from other causes since the pregnancy induces a variety of changes in behavior (feeding, resting, risk taking) which could impact on many different causes of death.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The two key questions raised by these concepts are, firstly, how to define aggravation of the condition due to the pregnancy (would the woman have died the same way had she not been pregnant?); and secondly, the independence from other causes since the pregnancy induces a variety of changes in behavior (feeding, resting, risk taking) which could impact on many different causes of death.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Although all of these LEP2 and Tevatron measurements are in agreement with Standard Model predictions, it is generally considered that should non-Standard Model physics play a role in this process, its effects will be manifest greater at greater energy scales.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although all of these LEP2 and Tevatron measurements are in agreement with Standard Model predictions, it is generally considered that should non-Standard Model physics play a role in this process, its effects will be manifest greater at greater energy scales.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In particular, the effects of anomalous W W γ and W W Z triple gauge boson couplings, are predicted to grow with the invariant mass of the gauge boson pair.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, the effects of anomalous W W γ and W W Z triple gauge boson couplings, are predicted to grow with the invariant mass of the gauge boson pair [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] }, { "text": "Thus, even though fewer events will be recorded, the high energy data still being accumulated by CDF and D0 combined, has the potential to surpass the sensitivity of the LEP2 data to such effects.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, even though fewer events will be recorded, the high energy data still being accumulated by CDF and D0 combined, has the potential to surpass the sensitivity of the LEP2 data to such effects.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At the LHC the inclusive cross section for vector boson pair production is around a factor of ten higher than at the Tevatron, moreover, the luminosity is also substantially higher.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At the LHC the inclusive cross section for vector boson pair production is around a factor of ten higher than at the Tevatron, moreover, the luminosity is also substantially higher.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is then expected that in the near future very large quantities of high energy weak boson pairs will be recorded by the LHC experiments and that the non-Abelian nature of the weak bosons will be tested with a new level of vigor.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is then expected that in the near future very large quantities of high energy weak boson pairs will be recorded by the LHC experiments and that the non-Abelian nature of the weak bosons will be tested with a new level of vigor.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To facilitate such precision tests theoretical predictions, ideally in the form of fully exclusive Monte Carlo simulations, should be made as accurate as possible.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To facilitate such precision tests theoretical predictions, ideally in the form of fully exclusive Monte Carlo simulations, should be made as accurate as possible.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Therefore, some technical advantages of the use of pozzolan in concrete can be obtained when ordinary Porland Cement is partially replaced by this material.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, some technical advantages of the use of pozzolan in concrete can be obtained when ordinary Porland Cement is partially replaced by this material.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Those advantages include: the high workability, reduced hydration heat as well as improved resistance to sulfates and alkali-aggregate expansion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Those advantages include: the high workability, reduced hydration heat as well as improved resistance to sulfates and alkali-aggregate expansion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, in many cases, the use of pozzolan in concrete proves to be economic and allows for important energy savings.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, in many cases, the use of pozzolan in concrete proves to be economic and allows for important energy savings [1] - [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ], [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]", "[4]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The antioxidant plays an important role in scavenging oxygen free radical that was released during the metabolism of hypoxanthine to xanthine and uric acid.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The antioxidant plays an important role in scavenging oxygen free radical that was released during the metabolism of hypoxanthine to xanthine and uric acid (Matata & Elahi, 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Matata & Elahi, 2007)" ] }, { "text": "The superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide were also generated during the breakdown of hypoxanthine to uric acid, which will lead to the development of hyperuricemia.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide were also generated during the breakdown of hypoxanthine to uric acid, which will lead to the development of hyperuricemia.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is therefore the search of plant-derived antioxidant with antihyperuricemic potential provides a fundamental role in the new drug research.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is therefore the search of plant-derived antioxidant with antihyperuricemic potential provides a fundamental role in the new drug research.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The in vitro studies have shown that flavonoids, alkaloids, essential oils, phenolic compounds, tannins, iridoid glycosides and coumarins possessed a dual mechanism as antioxidant and antigout effects via XO inhibitory action.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The in vitro studies have shown that flavonoids, alkaloids, essential oils, phenolic compounds, tannins, iridoid glycosides and coumarins possessed a dual mechanism as antioxidant and antigout effects via XO inhibitory action.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, the research on the dual effect of plant natural phytochemical *Correspondent: E-mail: [email protected] International Journal of Food Science and Technology 2018 , 53, 1476 -1485 doi:10.1111 compounds, antioxidant free radical scavengers and XO inhibition provides a new therapeutic drug for the treatment of hyperuricemia.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, the research on the dual effect of plant natural phytochemical *Correspondent: E-mail: [email protected] International Journal of Food Science and Technology 2018 , 53, 1476 -1485 doi:10.1111 compounds, antioxidant free radical scavengers and XO inhibition provides a new therapeutic drug for the treatment of hyperuricemia.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "There are several methods to measure with accuracy the leaf area, being classified in direct and indirect methods.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There are several methods to measure with accuracy the leaf area, being classified in direct and indirect methods (Olfati, Peyvast, Shabani, & Nosratie-rad, 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Olfati, Peyvast, Shabani, & Nosratie-rad, 2010)" ] }, { "text": "The indirect methods usually involve the use of regression equations, allow for successive evaluations in the same plant and rapidity in these evaluations, preserving the leaves for later studies, as well as not causing damage to plants.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The indirect methods usually involve the use of regression equations, allow for successive evaluations in the same plant and rapidity in these evaluations, preserving the leaves for later studies, as well as not causing damage to plants (Zanetti, Pereira, Sartori, & Silva, 2017) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF31" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Zanetti, Pereira, Sartori, & Silva, 2017)" ] }, { "text": "The regression equations are obtained from modeling studies involving the leaf area observed as a function of length and width measurements of the leaf blade.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The regression equations are obtained from modeling studies involving the leaf area observed as a function of length and width measurements of the leaf blade.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The electricity markets specialization and deregulation has a vast impression on about the total power systems around the world.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The electricity markets specialization and deregulation has a vast impression on about the total power systems around the world.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Electricity markets Competition consists of complex systems with many partners who purchase and sell the electricity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Electricity markets Competition consists of complex systems with many partners who purchase and sell the electricity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A major complexity derives from the basic transmission systems limitations and the fact that producers and consumers must be in balance at all times.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A major complexity derives from the basic transmission systems limitations and the fact that producers and consumers must be in balance at all times.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "System security represents a substantial role in competitive market discussions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "System security represents a substantial role in competitive market discussions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "When the demand and supply of electric energy have tendency to produce and consume in quantities which would cause the transmission system to operate at or beyond one or more transfer limits, the system is said to be congested.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "When the demand and supply of electric energy have tendency to produce and consume in quantities which would cause the transmission system to operate at or beyond one or more transfer limits, the system is said to be congested (Goncalves and Vale, 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Goncalves and Vale, 2003)" ] }, { "text": "Congestion management contains the control of the transmission system to makes transfer limits considerable and is perhaps the most fundamental transmission management problem.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Congestion management contains the control of the transmission system to makes transfer limits considerable and is perhaps the most fundamental transmission management problem (Liangzhong et al., 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Liangzhong et al., 2005)" ] }, { "text": "Congestion before readjusting was acted in steady-state security condition and the main purpose was to control the generators' output so that system stayed secure at the lowest cost as seen by the reciprocal agreeing vertically integrated utilities.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Congestion before readjusting was acted in steady-state security condition and the main purpose was to control the generators' output so that system stayed secure at the lowest cost as seen by the reciprocal agreeing vertically integrated utilities (Srivastava and Kumar, 2000a) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Srivastava and Kumar, 2000a)" ] }, { "text": "Readjusting makes congestion to get a term in combination with power systems and competition.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Readjusting makes congestion to get a term in combination with power systems and competition.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There are several techniques to the congestion management.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There are several techniques to the congestion management.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One of these techniques is capacitance auction.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "One of these techniques is capacitance auction (Kumar and Srivastava, 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kumar and Srivastava, 2000)" ] }, { "text": "Independent system operator auctions are some of the specified transmission commonly or partially in a short time and typically are transmissions which happens congestion to them.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Independent system operator auctions are some of the specified transmission commonly or partially in a short time and typically are transmissions which happens congestion to them.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the pool markets congestion management is utilized by load flow and LMP.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the pool markets congestion management is utilized by load flow and LMP (Henry et al., 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Henry et al., 2003)" ] }, { "text": "The role of the Independent System Operator (ISO) between several sellers and buyers is to maintain system safety and perform congestion management.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The role of the Independent System Operator (ISO) between several sellers and buyers is to maintain system safety and perform congestion management.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this study, an optimal placement of Multi-Distributed Generation for load ability enhancement is applied by using Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this study, an optimal placement of Multi-Distributed Generation for load ability enhancement is applied by using Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Doing so avoids an increase in the standard errors of the remaining regression coefficients, which would make it more difficult for the significant true effects to emerge.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Doing so avoids an increase in the standard errors of the remaining regression coefficients, which would make it more difficult for the significant true effects to emerge (Aiken & West, 1991) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Aiken & West, 1991)" ] }, { "text": "These steps resulted in a final Model 2 with R 2 of 51.4%.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These steps resulted in a final Model 2 with R 2 of 51.4%.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This implies a change in the for need for learning, and openness to experience, five quadratic effects emerged, namely for agreeableness, competitiveness, conscientiousness, need for activity, and extraversion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This implies a change in the for need for learning, and openness to experience, five quadratic effects emerged, namely for agreeableness, competitiveness, conscientiousness, need for activity, and extraversion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Finally, another model including the traits of the Five Factor model only and the control variables resulted in an R 2 of 38.3%.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, another model including the traits of the Five Factor model only and the control variables resulted in an R 2 of 38.3%.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, when comparing it to Model 1, which contained the nine personality traits, it can be concluded that the four additional traits contributed an additional 6% to R 2 , an increase that is highly significant.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, when comparing it to Model 1, which contained the nine personality traits, it can be concluded that the four additional traits contributed an additional 6% to R 2 , an increase that is highly significant.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This corroborates our argument that the four traits contribute with explanatory power beyond the Five Factor model.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This corroborates our argument that the four traits contribute with explanatory power beyond the Five Factor model.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Prior to forming the quadratic terms, we mean-centred the variables in order to reduce the multicollinearity resulting from the product terms.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Prior to forming the quadratic terms, we mean-centred the variables in order to reduce the multicollinearity resulting from the product terms (Aiken & West, 1991) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Aiken & West, 1991)" ] }, { "text": "To test the hypotheses, we relied on hierarchical multiple regression to estimate two nested models, which enabled the assessment of incremental contributions (see Table 3 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To test the hypotheses, we relied on hierarchical multiple regression to estimate two nested models, which enabled the assessment of incremental contributions (see Table 3 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Model 1 contains the first order terms, i.e. the linear effects for personality dimensions on creativity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Model 1 contains the first order terms, i.e. the linear effects for personality dimensions on creativity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The R 2 for Model 1 is 44.3%.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The R 2 for Model 1 is 44.3%.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The results show a positive, linear effect, for agreeableness, need for learning, need for activity, and openness to experience.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results show a positive, linear effect, for agreeableness, need for learning, need for activity, and openness to experience.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Model 2, we additionally entered all the quadratic terms for the personality dimensions, and determined that not all were significant.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Model 2, we additionally entered all the quadratic terms for the personality dimensions, and determined that not all were significant.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "In isotropic homogenous soil, cone penetration may be treated as a steady state deformation of soil around a fixed cone penetrometer [9-ll] .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In isotropic homogenous soil, cone penetration may be treated as a steady state deformation of soil around a fixed cone penetrometer [9-ll] .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The pattern of deformation is described by steady state flow compatible with the boundary conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The pattern of deformation is described by steady state flow compatible with the boundary conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Certain class of undrained (incompressible) flow problems can be solved using particularly simple stream functions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Certain class of undrained (incompressible) flow problems can be solved using particularly simple stream functions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The strain rates can be determined from the velocities at every point.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The strain rates can be determined from the velocities at every point.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The strain history of any material point as it moves along a streamline is then available.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The strain history of any material point as it moves along a streamline is then available.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Given stress boundary conditions in the upstream direction it is now possible to integrate a constitutive (stress-strain) law along each streamline to give the stress throughout the soil.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Given stress boundary conditions in the upstream direction it is now possible to integrate a constitutive (stress-strain) law along each streamline to give the stress throughout the soil.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The resulting stresses derived from this approach may not satisfy all the equilibrium equations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The resulting stresses derived from this approach may not satisfy all the equilibrium equations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is because for 2D problems, such as cone penetration in undrained clays, the soil deformation is not completely decoupled from the soil strength parameters, although the coupling is believed to be quite weak for undrained problems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is because for 2D problems, such as cone penetration in undrained clays, the soil deformation is not completely decoupled from the soil strength parameters, although the coupling is believed to be quite weak for undrained problems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Because of the above source of uncertainty, the iterative procedure for adjusting the initial deformation to eliminate the equilibrium imbalance is suggested.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Because of the above source of uncertainty, the iterative procedure for adjusting the initial deformation to eliminate the equilibrium imbalance is suggested [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "However, this iterative procedure cannot remove all the errors that exist in the strain path stress solutions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, this iterative procedure cannot remove all the errors that exist in the strain path stress solutions [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "In small strain FEM penetration analysis, the cone is introduced into a prebored hole, with the surrounding soil still in its in-situ stress state.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In small strain FEM penetration analysis, the cone is introduced into a prebored hole, with the surrounding soil still in its in-situ stress state.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "An incremental plastic calculation is carried out and the collapse load is assumed to be equal to the cone resistance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "An incremental plastic calculation is carried out and the collapse load is assumed to be equal to the cone resistance [32] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF31" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[32]" ] }, { "text": "Such analysis is not capable of proper simulating the cone penetration, since during the cone movement, high lateral stresses tend to develop next to the cone shaft.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such analysis is not capable of proper simulating the cone penetration, since during the cone movement, high lateral stresses tend to develop next to the cone shaft.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As expected, a buildup of the above stresses will lead to a higher cone resistance than that predicted by a small strain analysis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As expected, a buildup of the above stresses will lead to a higher cone resistance than that predicted by a small strain analysis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The XRD pattern for Sn-3.5Ag alloy (Figure 4 ) exhibited prominent peaks at scattering angles of 30.9, 32.2, 44.1, 45.25 and 55.2 which correspond to scattering from (200) (101) (220) (211) and (301) crystal planes respectively of body centered tetragonal phase of Sn.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The XRD pattern for Sn-3.5Ag alloy (Figure 4 ) exhibited prominent peaks at scattering angles of 30.9, 32.2, 44.1, 45.25 and 55.2 which correspond to scattering from (200) (101) (220) (211) and (301) crystal planes respectively of body centered tetragonal phase of Sn [34] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF32" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[34]" ] }, { "text": "On the other hand, due to successful alloying of Sn and Ag, Ag 3 Sn peaks were observed in the XRD spectrum.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, due to successful alloying of Sn and Ag, Ag 3 Sn peaks were observed in the XRD spectrum.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Few unwanted reflections were also observed, indicating some impurities, produced during the reduction reaction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Few unwanted reflections were also observed, indicating some impurities, produced during the reduction reaction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Initial testing of the MSL configuration was conducted in the Langley 20-Inch Mach 6 Air Tunnel.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Initial testing of the MSL configuration was conducted in the Langley 20-Inch Mach 6 Air Tunnel [13] - [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ], [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]", "[14]" ] }, { "text": "At that time, the heat-shield design incorporated attachment points to the vehicle carrier stage through the forebody.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At that time, the heat-shield design incorporated attachment points to the vehicle carrier stage through the forebody.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These penetrations were found to cause transition and accompanying high turbulent heating levels at Reynolds numbers much lower than those at which smooth-body transition would occur (Fig. 6) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These penetrations were found to cause transition and accompanying high turbulent heating levels at Reynolds numbers much lower than those at which smooth-body transition would occur (Fig. 6) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In subsequent designs, the attachment location was moved to the aftbody, thus alleviating the problem of penetration-induced turbulence.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In subsequent designs, the attachment location was moved to the aftbody, thus alleviating the problem of penetration-induced turbulence.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Mounting experimental evidence supports that drug resistance of a targeted therapeutic agent can be acquired, because inhibition of one key pathway in a tumor may not completely turn off other parallel signaling pathways, allowing some cancer cells to survive and propagate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Mounting experimental evidence supports that drug resistance of a targeted therapeutic agent can be acquired, because inhibition of one key pathway in a tumor may not completely turn off other parallel signaling pathways, allowing some cancer cells to survive and propagate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On this basis, Hanahan and Weinberg proposed that it could be necessary to target as many key pathways as possible, to prevent the development of adaptive resistance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "On this basis, Hanahan and Weinberg proposed that it could be necessary to target as many key pathways as possible, to prevent the development of adaptive resistance [38] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF37" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[38]" ] }, { "text": "Potent angiogenesis inhibitors such as bevacizumab, has succeeded in suppressing tumor growth in clinical or preclinical models.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Potent angiogenesis inhibitors such as bevacizumab, has succeeded in suppressing tumor growth in clinical or preclinical models.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, acquired resistance can develop, resulting in increased invasion and local metastasis.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, acquired resistance can develop, resulting in increased invasion and local metastasis [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF38", "BIBREF39", "BIBREF40", "BIBREF41", "BIBREF42" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[39] [40] [41] [42] [43]" ] }, { "text": "Integrin β1 signaling mediates therapeutic resistance in multiple solid cancer models.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Integrin β1 signaling mediates therapeutic resistance in multiple solid cancer models [12] [13] [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12] [13] [14]" ] }, { "text": "Furthermore, targeting β1 integrin inhibits tumor growth in bevacizumab-resistant glioblastoma.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, targeting β1 integrin inhibits tumor growth in bevacizumab-resistant glioblastoma [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] }, { "text": "In this study, it was clearly demonstrated that F806 could induce apoptosis and inhibit cell growth via blocking the activation of β1 integrin.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this study, it was clearly demonstrated that F806 could induce apoptosis and inhibit cell growth via blocking the activation of β1 integrin.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It implies that F806 could overcome resistance to antiangiogenesis therapy and would be of potential use in combination with angiogenesis inhibitors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It implies that F806 could overcome resistance to antiangiogenesis therapy and would be of potential use in combination with angiogenesis inhibitors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The need for knowledge is not limited to the products themselves, but involves also the production and supply chains.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The need for knowledge is not limited to the products themselves, but involves also the production and supply chains.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, the \"item\"-foods or plants-can be managed by information technology systems within the \"farm-to-fork\" paradigm.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, the \"item\"-foods or plants-can be managed by information technology systems within the \"farm-to-fork\" paradigm.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The introduction of automation in agriculture concerns tools and technologies-many of those belonging to information technology-that can improve product quality and production efficiency.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The introduction of automation in agriculture concerns tools and technologies-many of those belonging to information technology-that can improve product quality and production efficiency.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, in crop production industries, automated systems may improve efficiency and product quality and also reduce environmental impact, an unwanted side-effect of processing .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, in crop production industries, automated systems may improve efficiency and product quality and also reduce environmental impact, an unwanted side-effect of processing .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Eventually, these information technology solutions will require the extensive use of sensors or identification devices able to perform tasks , leading to the creation of a network of items as conceptualized by the Internet of Things.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Eventually, these information technology solutions will require the extensive use of sensors or identification devices able to perform tasks , leading to the creation of a network of items as conceptualized by the Internet of Things.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Identification tools, such as radio frequency identification devices (RFID) or quick response code (QR code), may represent a prerequisite of Internet of Things application and they can be used for plant protection and management ( Fig. 1) , as well as food production and distribution, thanks to their easy integration within information technology systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Identification tools, such as radio frequency identification devices (RFID) or quick response code (QR code), may represent a prerequisite of Internet of Things application and they can be used for plant protection and management ( Fig. 1) , as well as food production and distribution, thanks to their easy integration within information technology systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The aim of RFID technology is to acquire information about objects, animals, or people through microprocessors associated with them, as widely described with regard to the technology's basic characteristics(Fig. 2).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The aim of RFID technology is to acquire information about objects, animals, or people through microprocessors associated with them, as widely described with regard to the technology's basic characteristics (Finkenzeller 2003) (Fig. 2) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Finkenzeller 2003)" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Considering the consequences of polypharmacy to the health of the elderly, it is important to highlight the need for new studies that evaluate if all the drugs used by the elderly justify the clinical indication.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Considering the consequences of polypharmacy to the health of the elderly, it is important to highlight the need for new studies that evaluate if all the drugs used by the elderly justify the clinical indication (Rozenfeld, Fonseca, Acurcio, 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF44" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Rozenfeld, Fonseca, Acurcio, 2008)" ] }, { "text": "If on one hand the use of various medications could indicate the guarantee of access to the medication, on the other hand it could indicate excessive and irrational use.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If on one hand the use of various medications could indicate the guarantee of access to the medication, on the other hand it could indicate excessive and irrational use.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These questions provide an impulse for new investigations and new hypotheses to be tested by analytical studies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These questions provide an impulse for new investigations and new hypotheses to be tested by analytical studies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is characterized by its arid to semiarid climate where the average annual rainfall does not exceed 166 mm.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is characterized by its arid to semiarid climate where the average annual rainfall does not exceed 166 mm [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Iraq is part of the MENA region and was not facing any water shortages till the 1970s.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Iraq is part of the MENA region and was not facing any water shortages till the 1970s.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "After that, the dams built on the upper parts of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Syria and Turkey plus the effect of global warming had changed the situation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "After that, the dams built on the upper parts of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Syria and Turkey plus the effect of global warming had changed the situation [2, 3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 3]" ] }, { "text": "In evaluating Iraqi water resources issue, the future predictions suggest more shortages.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In evaluating Iraqi water resources issue, the future predictions suggest more shortages [4, 5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4, 5]" ] }, { "text": "It is expected that Tigris and Euphrates Rivers will be completely dry by 2040.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is expected that Tigris and Euphrates Rivers will be completely dry by 2040 [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The model we propose attempts at investigating this situation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The model we propose attempts at investigating this situation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "From the modelling point of view, the major novelty consists in taking into account the ballooning effect without explicitly introducing spatial dimensions, as for instance in other investigations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "From the modelling point of view, the major novelty consists in taking into account the ballooning effect without explicitly introducing spatial dimensions, as for instance in other investigations [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "The model is described in the next Section, the boundedness of the system's trajectories is studied in Section 3, boundary equilibria with their stability are analyzed in Section 4, the coexistence equilibrium is found in Section 5 and its stability investigated in Section 6.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The model is described in the next Section, the boundedness of the system's trajectories is studied in Section 3, boundary equilibria with their stability are analyzed in Section 4, the coexistence equilibrium is found in Section 5 and its stability investigated in Section 6.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The effects of insecticide spraying are discussed in Section 7 and finally the ecological implications of these findings are summarized in the last Section.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The effects of insecticide spraying are discussed in Section 7 and finally the ecological implications of these findings are summarized in the last Section.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "From the individual spider's point of view the landscape consists of a mosaic of patches of varying quality.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "From the individual spider's point of view the landscape consists of a mosaic of patches of varying quality.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This landscape structure has to be considered both in spatial and temporal terms.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This landscape structure has to be considered both in spatial and temporal terms [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "The landscape can be described spatially in terms of patch diversity and heterogeneity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The landscape can be described spatially in terms of patch diversity and heterogeneity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Landscape diversity can be defined as the number of habitat types available to the spiders, and landscape heterogeneity as how intermingled they are.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Landscape diversity can be defined as the number of habitat types available to the spiders, and landscape heterogeneity as how intermingled they are.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Temporally, the landscape can also be described with respect to disturbance synchronisation, e.g. how large a proportion of the fields are at the same time subject to pesticide application.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Temporally, the landscape can also be described with respect to disturbance synchronisation, e.g. how large a proportion of the fields are at the same time subject to pesticide application [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17]" ] }, { "text": "Hence, the landscape structure is not static, and spatial and temporal diversity and heterogeneity are not independent; they all change with season, management, crop rotation, land use, husbandry, etc.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, the landscape structure is not static, and spatial and temporal diversity and heterogeneity are not independent; they all change with season, management, crop rotation, land use, husbandry, etc.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Spider communities are significantly affected by these factors and different agroecosystem dynamics can show different spider assemblages.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Spider communities are significantly affected by these factors and different agroecosystem dynamics can show different spider assemblages [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "The population in a single field may need to recover several times every year.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The population in a single field may need to recover several times every year.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This cannot always be achieved by reproduction alone, and thus immigration is important.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This cannot always be achieved by reproduction alone, and thus immigration is important.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Consequently, the population dynamics of ballooning spiders, i.e. Linyphiids, cannot be understood without taking their spatial dynamics into account.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently, the population dynamics of ballooning spiders, i.e. Linyphiids, cannot be understood without taking their spatial dynamics into account.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The problem of investigating the relative importance of these factors is that experiments are very labour intensive and expensive to carry out at landscape scale.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The problem of investigating the relative importance of these factors is that experiments are very labour intensive and expensive to carry out at landscape scale [23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[23]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, at this scale, simulation modelling is an appropriate approach to study effects of land use and crop management practices.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, at this scale, simulation modelling is an appropriate approach to study effects of land use and crop management practices.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Several simulation models have suggested that monoculturedominated homogenous landscapes support fewer spiders than more diverse landscapes and that rotation could be harmful.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Several simulation models have suggested that monoculturedominated homogenous landscapes support fewer spiders than more diverse landscapes and that rotation could be harmful [3, 4, 18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 4, 18]" ] }, { "text": "It has also been suggested that inclusion of less disturbed permanent habitats is beneficial for spider population dynamics, and that field size could play a role for species with poor dispersal abilities.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It has also been suggested that inclusion of less disturbed permanent habitats is beneficial for spider population dynamics, and that field size could play a role for species with poor dispersal abilities [18, 19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17", "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18, 19]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "This study represents the first attempt to generate short-term forecasts of the three-dimensional physical structure of an inland water body using a one-way coupled atmosphere-lake modeling system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This study represents the first attempt to generate short-term forecasts of the three-dimensional physical structure of an inland water body using a one-way coupled atmosphere-lake modeling system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Several conclusions can be made from this limited evaluation of the coupled system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Several conclusions can be made from this limited evaluation of the coupled system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "First, a one-way coupled lake modeling system can be constructed using existing models and data sources.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "First, a one-way coupled lake modeling system can be constructed using existing models and data sources.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The operational implementation of such a system is now possible with the introduction of NCEP's Eta Mesoscale Model.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The operational implementation of such a system is now possible with the introduction of NCEP's Eta Mesoscale Model.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The Eta Model has a horizontal resolution of 29 km (similar to MM4) with 50 layers in the vertical.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The Eta Model has a horizontal resolution of 29 km (similar to MM4) with 50 layers in the vertical.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The model is run twice a day and generates a 36-h forecast.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The model is run twice a day and generates a 36-h forecast.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Initial conditions for the lake model can be provided by the four times a day LEIFS nowcasts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Initial conditions for the lake model can be provided by the four times a day LEIFS nowcasts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Work has begun on using Eta Model forecasts for LEIFS.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Work has begun on using Eta Model forecasts for LEIFS (Hoch 1997) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hoch 1997)" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Since 2000, highly contagious diseases have been occurring such as foot-and-mouth disease and avian influenza.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since 2000, highly contagious diseases have been occurring such as foot-and-mouth disease and avian influenza.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Accordingly, serious damages occurred in front back industry with about 3.4 million heads of livestock slaughter disposal and about 4 trillion won in damages.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Accordingly, serious damages occurred in front back industry with about 3.4 million heads of livestock slaughter disposal and about 4 trillion won in damages [2, 4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 4]" ] }, { "text": "As shown in Table 1 , number of foot-and-mouth slaughter disposal is shown compared to that in December 2010.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As shown in Table 1 , number of foot-and-mouth slaughter disposal is shown compared to that in December 2010.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The percentage of cow slaughter disposal from foot-and-mouth disease is about 5% with 150,000 heads among 2.9 million heads and the percentage of pig slaughter disposal is 33.6% with 3.3 million head among 10 million heads, thereby showing that damages of livestock farms are inevitable.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The percentage of cow slaughter disposal from foot-and-mouth disease is about 5% with 150,000 heads among 2.9 million heads and the percentage of pig slaughter disposal is 33.6% with 3.3 million head among 10 million heads, thereby showing that damages of livestock farms are inevitable.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To solve such issue, there is a need for technology that can diagnose in advance livestock disease and increase production amount to enhance the competitiveness of domestic livestock industry.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To solve such issue, there is a need for technology that can diagnose in advance livestock disease and increase production amount to enhance the competitiveness of domestic livestock industry [1, 3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1, 3]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The paper is organized as follows.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The paper is organized as follows.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Section 2 describes the sensor operation, the experimental setup and its noise model, based on previous development.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Section 2 describes the sensor operation, the experimental setup and its noise model, based on previous development [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "The electronic conditioning for low-noise measurement performance is also pointed out there.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The electronic conditioning for low-noise measurement performance is also pointed out there.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Then, results of an improved set-up are given in section 3, which is followed by a conclusion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Then, results of an improved set-up are given in section 3, which is followed by a conclusion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The giant magnetoimpedance (GMI) effect is a phenomena observed in ferromagnetic conductors driven by high frequency current and exposed to external magnetic field.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The giant magnetoimpedance (GMI) effect is a phenomena observed in ferromagnetic conductors driven by high frequency current and exposed to external magnetic field.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Basically, the ac permeability, and so the impedance, of such material changes when exposed to an external magnetic field variation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Basically, the ac permeability, and so the impedance, of such material changes when exposed to an external magnetic field variation [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "In the last few decades it has attracted considerable attention due to its strong potential in high sensitivity magnetometry.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the last few decades it has attracted considerable attention due to its strong potential in high sensitivity magnetometry.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "When workers lose their job for reasons outside their control they may be eligible for unemployment insurance (UI) benefits.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When workers lose their job for reasons outside their control they may be eligible for unemployment insurance (UI) benefits.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Whether they are in fact eligible and how generous these benefits are depends on the design of the UI system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Whether they are in fact eligible and how generous these benefits are depends on the design of the UI system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The main purpose of UI design is to provide the best balance between smoothing consumption and limiting adverse effects of incentives to work.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main purpose of UI design is to provide the best balance between smoothing consumption and limiting adverse effects of incentives to work.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Changes in the UI design happen quite frequently as a response to changing economic conditions or on the basis of dissatisfaction about the previous design.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Changes in the UI design happen quite frequently as a response to changing economic conditions or on the basis of dissatisfaction about the previous design.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "With the emergence of the Great Recession, the labor market effects of UI are once again at the heart of the political debate.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "With the emergence of the Great Recession, the labor market effects of UI are once again at the heart of the political debate (OECD, 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF65" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(OECD, 2010)" ] }, { "text": "In this discussion, both short-term and long-term perspectives of UI systems are important.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this discussion, both short-term and long-term perspectives of UI systems are important.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The short-term perspective is related to the role of UI benefits in funding short-time work arrangements to dampen the effects of the Great Recession, while the long-term perspective is related to the role of UI benefits over the economic cycle.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The short-term perspective is related to the role of UI benefits in funding short-time work arrangements to dampen the effects of the Great Recession, while the long-term perspective is related to the role of UI benefits over the economic cycle.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As usual, the level and especially the maximum duration of unemployment benefits are also elements in this discussion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As usual, the level and especially the maximum duration of unemployment benefits are also elements in this discussion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Magnesium alloys have attracted interest as structural materials in the automobile industry due to their low density and adequate strength-to-weight ratio and specific stiffness.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Magnesium alloys have attracted interest as structural materials in the automobile industry due to their low density and adequate strength-to-weight ratio and specific stiffness [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Recently, there has been significant effort to improve their mechanical properties.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Recently, there has been significant effort to improve their mechanical properties.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Grain refinement is one approach to increase the yield strength with decreasing grain size according to the Hall-Petch relationship.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Grain refinement is one approach to increase the yield strength with decreasing grain size according to the Hall-Petch relationship.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Grain refined alloys could be produced by hot working by extrusion or rolling.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Grain refined alloys could be produced by hot working by extrusion or rolling.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Wrought magnesium alloys have mechanical properties superior to those of castings, particularly ductility and toughness, and consequently are better for stressed components.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Wrought magnesium alloys have mechanical properties superior to those of castings, particularly ductility and toughness, and consequently are better for stressed components.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, to facilitate the more widespread utilization of magnesium alloys in structural applications, it is necessary to gain better understanding of the relationship between fatigue and microstructure in wrought magnesium alloys.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, to facilitate the more widespread utilization of magnesium alloys in structural applications, it is necessary to gain better understanding of the relationship between fatigue and microstructure in wrought magnesium alloys.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Brazil, for example, is an interesting area where the realization of a hydrogen plant based on hydroelectric energy is possible thanks to the availability of huge waterways.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Brazil, for example, is an interesting area where the realization of a hydrogen plant based on hydroelectric energy is possible thanks to the availability of huge waterways.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Currently, in Brazil, about 80% of electrical power production is based on hydroelectric plants.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Currently, in Brazil, about 80% of electrical power production is based on hydroelectric plants.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For this reason, in Brazil, the research is focused on the production of hydrogen that could be exported abroad or used in public transport.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For this reason, in Brazil, the research is focused on the production of hydrogen that could be exported abroad or used in public transport [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "Solar source is exploitable, for example, in the northern part of Africa, thanks to the high solar radiation, low population density and the presence of areas not exploited for agriculture.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Solar source is exploitable, for example, in the northern part of Africa, thanks to the high solar radiation, low population density and the presence of areas not exploited for agriculture.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In particular, the Algerian Government has launched a National Research Program intended to promote renewable energies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, the Algerian Government has launched a National Research Program intended to promote renewable energies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Among the selected and accepted projects, there is \"SOLAHYD\" that consists in the realization of a pilot plant, based on PV module and PEM electrolyzer.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Among the selected and accepted projects, there is \"SOLAHYD\" that consists in the realization of a pilot plant, based on PV module and PEM electrolyzer [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in the western world.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in the western world.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It affects women of all ages and the lifetime risk of developing invasive breast cancer is 12-13%.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It affects women of all ages and the lifetime risk of developing invasive breast cancer is 12-13%.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The 5-year disease-free survival rate for nodenegative breast cancer, however, is excellent (98%).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The 5-year disease-free survival rate for nodenegative breast cancer, however, is excellent (98%).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Breast cancer surgery has changed dramatically over the past few decades.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Breast cancer surgery has changed dramatically over the past few decades.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Breast-conserving therapy (BCT) was introduced in the 1970s and refers to the surgical removal of the breast tumour in all cases followed by radiotherapy to eradicate residual tumour cells.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Breast-conserving therapy (BCT) was introduced in the 1970s and refers to the surgical removal of the breast tumour in all cases followed by radiotherapy to eradicate residual tumour cells.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The introduction of the sentinel node procedure for nodal staging has avoided the morbidity of axillary lymph node dissection in the majority of patients.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The introduction of the sentinel node procedure for nodal staging has avoided the morbidity of axillary lymph node dissection in the majority of patients.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Several trials demonstrated comparable results with regard to disease-free and overall survival between mastectomy and BCT combined with radiotherapy, and the latter has become the standard of care for early-stage breast cancer.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Several trials demonstrated comparable results with regard to disease-free and overall survival between mastectomy and BCT combined with radiotherapy, and the latter has become the standard of care for early-stage breast cancer.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "According to national guidelines, 75% of breast cancer patients are suitable for BCT.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "According to national guidelines, 75% of breast cancer patients are suitable for BCT.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The main advantage of BCT over mastectomy is preservation of the breast with improved cosmetic outcomes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The main advantage of BCT over mastectomy is preservation of the breast with improved cosmetic outcomes [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "The alternative spliced BCL2L1 can modulate cell apoptosis to escape from cell death in cancer, which is critical for tumorigenesis.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The alternative spliced BCL2L1 can modulate cell apoptosis to escape from cell death in cancer, which is critical for tumorigenesis [103] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF102" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[103]" ] }, { "text": "CRKL-depletion regulates alternative splicing to produce shorter isoforms of BCL2L1 which was reported to function as apoptosis activator (Additional file 11).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "CRKL-depletion regulates alternative splicing to produce shorter isoforms of BCL2L1 which was reported to function as apoptosis activator (Additional file 11).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This result indicates that CRKL could contribute to tumorigenesis via regulating the alternative splicing of BCL2L1, an inhibitor of cell death.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This result indicates that CRKL could contribute to tumorigenesis via regulating the alternative splicing of BCL2L1, an inhibitor of cell death.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, CRKL regulated alternative splicing of genes encoding proteins function in various cellular process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, CRKL regulated alternative splicing of genes encoding proteins function in various cellular process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, SIN3A as a transcriptional regulator, UHRF1 as epigenetic regulatory factors, EPS15 as epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Pathway Substrate, RACGAP1 as a GTPase-activating protein (GAP), CDC16 as a component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) and TUBG2 as a tubulin were all proved to be targeted (Additional file 11), which altogether influence the way CRKL regulates cervical cancer.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, SIN3A as a transcriptional regulator, UHRF1 as epigenetic regulatory factors, EPS15 as epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Pathway Substrate, RACGAP1 as a GTPase-activating protein (GAP), CDC16 as a component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) and TUBG2 as a tubulin were all proved to be targeted (Additional file 11), which altogether influence the way CRKL regulates cervical cancer.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Identification of the factors that promote phenotypic plasticity is critical to understanding how organisms adapt to their environment.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Identification of the factors that promote phenotypic plasticity is critical to understanding how organisms adapt to their environment (Kingsolver & Huey 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF169" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kingsolver & Huey 1998)" ] }, { "text": "In both fisheries and aquaculture around the world, the environment that fish experience in their early lives has lead to observable changes in their size, growth rate, metabolism and age at reproduction, among other aspects.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In both fisheries and aquaculture around the world, the environment that fish experience in their early lives has lead to observable changes in their size, growth rate, metabolism and age at reproduction, among other aspects.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "How these changes are induced and how we can better explore phenotypic plasticity for the benefit of managing fish development and biological welfare is the subject of this review.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "How these changes are induced and how we can better explore phenotypic plasticity for the benefit of managing fish development and biological welfare is the subject of this review.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Being of marine origin, Mancos shale typically contains high concentrations of sodium (Na) and sulfate (SO 4 ).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Being of marine origin, Mancos shale typically contains high concentrations of sodium (Na) and sulfate (SO 4 ) (Potter et al. 1985) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Potter et al. 1985)" ] }, { "text": "Excess sodium can cause problems for revegetation, mainly through dispersion of soil particles, which prevents development of large soil pores and decreases water infiltration and percolation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Excess sodium can cause problems for revegetation, mainly through dispersion of soil particles, which prevents development of large soil pores and decreases water infiltration and percolation (Power et al. 1978) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Power et al. 1978)" ] }, { "text": "Clay soils with sodium may have increased surface sealing upon wetting, which then forms a crust when dry.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Clay soils with sodium may have increased surface sealing upon wetting, which then forms a crust when dry (Power et al. 1978) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Power et al. 1978)" ] }, { "text": "In years of high precipitation, anoxic conditions may develop in these substrates.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In years of high precipitation, anoxic conditions may develop in these substrates.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These shale-derived soils contain smectite.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These shale-derived soils contain smectite.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The shrink-swell properties of smectite may cause additional water stress to colonizing plants.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The shrink-swell properties of smectite may cause additional water stress to colonizing plants.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "A general observation revealed that large proportion of farmers followed rice-based farming systems, perhaps to grow rice for self-consumption and not for sale.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A general observation revealed that large proportion of farmers followed rice-based farming systems, perhaps to grow rice for self-consumption and not for sale.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the other hand, medium farmers followed vegetable-based farming systems and marginal-small farmers relied on off-farm income sources.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, medium farmers followed vegetable-based farming systems and marginal-small farmers relied on off-farm income sources.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This might be due to the pressing need for income from their small holdings.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This might be due to the pressing need for income from their small holdings.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Medium farmers could allocate enough land for vegetables after growing rice for subsistence purposes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Medium farmers could allocate enough land for vegetables after growing rice for subsistence purposes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, vegetable-based farming systems were found across farm sizes, perhaps for their high economic return.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, vegetable-based farming systems were found across farm sizes, perhaps for their high economic return.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Chili, tomato, brinjal, ladies finger, and cole crops were common in this part of the state.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Chili, tomato, brinjal, ladies finger, and cole crops were common in this part of the state (Basu et al. 2009; Halder and Das 2012) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF33" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Basu et al. 2009; Halder and Das 2012)" ] }, { "text": "Fishery-based farming systems were found among medium and large farmers only, who could afford to spare land for water bodies, in case of dug pond, and invest in commercial fishery.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Fishery-based farming systems were found among medium and large farmers only, who could afford to spare land for water bodies, in case of dug pond, and invest in commercial fishery.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Spatially, most of the vegetable-based systems were found in Joynagar-II Block followed by Baruipur Block.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Spatially, most of the vegetable-based systems were found in Joynagar-II Block followed by Baruipur Block.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Basanti and Gosaba Block, all types of farm were found.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Basanti and Gosaba Block, all types of farm were found.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A considerable proportion of these farms earned large off-farm income.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A considerable proportion of these farms earned large off-farm income.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The European Union Directive EC 1831/2003 provided an opportunity to exploit plants, plant extracts and plant secondary metabolites (i.e., tannins, essential oils, saponins, flavonoids) as natural alternatives to enhance livestock productivity and reduce their impact on the environment by reducing environment pollutants such as methane (CH 4 ) in fermentation gases, as well as P and N in manure.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The European Union Directive EC 1831/2003 provided an opportunity to exploit plants, plant extracts and plant secondary metabolites (i.e., tannins, essential oils, saponins, flavonoids) as natural alternatives to enhance livestock productivity and reduce their impact on the environment by reducing environment pollutants such as methane (CH 4 ) in fermentation gases, as well as P and N in manure [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Plant Secondary Compounds (PSC) are biologically active molecules not involved in primary biochemical processes such as plant growth, development and reproduction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Plant Secondary Compounds (PSC) are biologically active molecules not involved in primary biochemical processes such as plant growth, development and reproduction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Most of PSC possess biological activity on the microorganisms, i.e. they affect some animal metabolic processes and/or the growth rate of some microorganisms.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Most of PSC possess biological activity on the microorganisms, i.e. they affect some animal metabolic processes and/or the growth rate of some microorganisms [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "For this reason, drug and animal nutrition companies routinely screen bioactive compounds of plants in order to obtain new drugs or feed additives.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For this reason, drug and animal nutrition companies routinely screen bioactive compounds of plants in order to obtain new drugs or feed additives [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Infrared has great potential as a transmission medium for highspeed indoor wireless communication for interconnection of portable devices and for establishment of local-area networks [l-31.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Infrared has great potential as a transmission medium for highspeed indoor wireless communication for interconnection of portable devices and for establishment of local-area networks [l-31.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Among its advantages are an enormous unregulated bandwidth and the absence of interference between links operating in rooms separated by walls or other opaque barriers.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Among its advantages are an enormous unregulated bandwidth and the absence of interference between links operating in rooms separated by walls or other opaque barriers [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "However strong ambient radiation induces shot noise and cyclostationary noise in the receiver photodiode, while concerns of eye safety and power consumption limit the average msmitter power.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However strong ambient radiation induces shot noise and cyclostationary noise in the receiver photodiode, while concerns of eye safety and power consumption limit the average msmitter power.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although infrared does not suffer from multipath fading, reflections from walls, floor, and room objects cause multipath dispersion, resulting in intersymbol interference (ISI).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although infrared does not suffer from multipath fading, reflections from walls, floor, and room objects cause multipath dispersion, resulting in intersymbol interference (ISI).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This effect is particularly pronounced in links using non-directional transmitters and/or receivers that operate at bit rates above 10 Mb/s.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This effect is particularly pronounced in links using non-directional transmitters and/or receivers that operate at bit rates above 10 Mb/s [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Other benefits include the possibility of re-examining and better understanding messages.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Other benefits include the possibility of re-examining and better understanding messages (Nöteberg and Hunton, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF40" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Nöteberg and Hunton, 2005)" ] }, { "text": "On the other hand, face-to-face methods \"allow for immediate feedback and include non-verbal cues that improve the chances for a clearly received message\" (Marques, 2010, p. 51) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, face-to-face methods \"allow for immediate feedback and include non-verbal cues that improve the chances for a clearly received message\" (Marques, 2010, p. 51) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nevertheless, faceto-face interactions seem to slow down the delivery of the service and sometimes even increase its cost.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless, faceto-face interactions seem to slow down the delivery of the service and sometimes even increase its cost (Nöteberg and Hunton, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF40" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Nöteberg and Hunton, 2005)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "In auditing, as in any other profession, if both parties achieve their goals, then the professional relationship is bound to continue.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In auditing, as in any other profession, if both parties achieve their goals, then the professional relationship is bound to continue.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, if not, the relationship may terminate due to underlying factors.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, if not, the relationship may terminate due to underlying factors (Calderon and Ofobike, 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Calderon and Ofobike, 2007)" ] }, { "text": "Arguably, a change in auditor is usually brought about by \"a change in the equilibrium driven by those same competitive forces that previously led to the alignment between the auditor and company\" (Whisenant, 2003, p.5) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Arguably, a change in auditor is usually brought about by \"a change in the equilibrium driven by those same competitive forces that previously led to the alignment between the auditor and company\" (Whisenant, 2003, p.5) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nevertheless, auditor switching is only likely to happen if the benefits of the change exceed the cost of replacement.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless, auditor switching is only likely to happen if the benefits of the change exceed the cost of replacement.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "In periodically or aperiodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN and APPLN, respectively), these nonidealities typically correspond to the ferroelectric domain boundaries not lying at their ideal (designed) positions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In periodically or aperiodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN and APPLN, respectively), these nonidealities typically correspond to the ferroelectric domain boundaries not lying at their ideal (designed) positions [29, 30] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28", "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[29, 30]" ] }, { "text": "When the errors in the domain boundary positions have stationary statistics (as is typically the case for lithographically defined QPM patterns), and in particular when these errors are independent and identically distributed (IID), they are termed random duty cycle (RDC) errors.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "When the errors in the domain boundary positions have stationary statistics (as is typically the case for lithographically defined QPM patterns), and in particular when these errors are independent and identically distributed (IID), they are termed random duty cycle (RDC) errors [29] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[29]" ] }, { "text": "While these RDC errors usually have only a weak effect on the conversion efficiency near the QPM peak, they give rise to a \"pedestal\" in the spatial-frequency spectrum of the grating.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "While these RDC errors usually have only a weak effect on the conversion efficiency near the QPM peak, they give rise to a \"pedestal\" in the spatial-frequency spectrum of the grating.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Away from the phase-matching peak of the ideal structure, this QPM noise pedestal is relatively flat statistically (i.e., after averaging over an ensemble of imperfect QPM gratings), unlike the Fourier spectrum of the ideal grating (which, for example, has approximately a sinc 2 form for a periodic grating).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Away from the phase-matching peak of the ideal structure, this QPM noise pedestal is relatively flat statistically (i.e., after averaging over an ensemble of imperfect QPM gratings), unlike the Fourier spectrum of the ideal grating (which, for example, has approximately a sinc 2 form for a periodic grating).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This pedestal can lead to an increase in the conversion efficiency of parasitic, nominally phasemismatched processes compared to that expected in a perfect grating.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This pedestal can lead to an increase in the conversion efficiency of parasitic, nominally phasemismatched processes compared to that expected in a perfect grating.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is therefore important to model RDC errors so that experiments can be designed that are not excessively sensitive to their effects.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is therefore important to model RDC errors so that experiments can be designed that are not excessively sensitive to their effects.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Densitygradient centrijiigarion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Densitygradient centrijiigarion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The MOO0 g pellet was resuspended in buffer A and 1.7 ml vols were loaded onto 20 ml density gradients of Percoll plus sucrose in buffer A, prepared as before.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The MOO0 g pellet was resuspended in buffer A and 1.7 ml vols were loaded onto 20 ml density gradients of Percoll plus sucrose in buffer A, prepared as before (Lanaras & Codd, 1981 a) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Lanaras & Codd, 1981 a)" ] }, { "text": "The gradients were spun in a 3 x 25 ml swing-out rotor at 27000g in an MSE Prepspin 75 centrifuge for 2-5 h. Fractions of 1 ml were collected from the bottom of the gradients by suction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The gradients were spun in a 3 x 25 ml swing-out rotor at 27000g in an MSE Prepspin 75 centrifuge for 2-5 h. Fractions of 1 ml were collected from the bottom of the gradients by suction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Density was determined as before (Lanaras & Codd, 19810) and fractions were retained for assays of total protein, chlorophyll, RuBisCO and phosphoribulokinase.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Density was determined as before (Lanaras & Codd, 19810) and fractions were retained for assays of total protein, chlorophyll, RuBisCO and phosphoribulokinase.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Established in 2002 by UC Berkeley, Princeton University, and University of Washington, it consist of hundreds of computers distributed worldwide offering the possibility to its participants to design, deploy and test large scale applications and services.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Established in 2002 by UC Berkeley, Princeton University, and University of Washington, it consist of hundreds of computers distributed worldwide offering the possibility to its participants to design, deploy and test large scale applications and services.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus it makes reality the concept of distributed virtualization.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus it makes reality the concept of distributed virtualization [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Currently it consist of about a thousand of nodes distributed in 35 countries and supporting 500 distinct services, each working in this global lab as it were alone.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Currently it consist of about a thousand of nodes distributed in 35 countries and supporting 500 distinct services, each working in this global lab as it were alone [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Nevertheless, the existence of this infrastructure does not mean that the problem of network virtualization is already solved.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless, the existence of this infrastructure does not mean that the problem of network virtualization is already solved.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Virtualization is only provided at the computation level but not at the networking level.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Virtualization is only provided at the computation level but not at the networking level.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The seond conclusion concerns the implication that, even though the subjects may show significant habituation, this habituation or decrement in nocturnal responsiveness does not necessarily mean that the stimuli were ineffectual.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The seond conclusion concerns the implication that, even though the subjects may show significant habituation, this habituation or decrement in nocturnal responsiveness does not necessarily mean that the stimuli were ineffectual.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is, however, not terribly surprising, since it is well known that even though an individual may not overtly respond to a particular stimulus, occurrences of this stimulus are nonetheless still registered by the individual.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is, however, not terribly surprising, since it is well known that even though an individual may not overtly respond to a particular stimulus, occurrences of this stimulus are nonetheless still registered by the individual.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A case in point is the fact that a habituated response returns if the stimulus intensity is either slightly increased or decreased i.e., dishabituation can occur.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A case in point is the fact that a habituated response returns if the stimulus intensity is either slightly increased or decreased i.e., dishabituation can occur (Sokolov, 1960) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Sokolov, 1960)" ] }, { "text": "That the greater number of stimuli in the present procedure were associated with a lower average EEG arousal response but yet were still capable of producing greater waking performance deficits may simply be another example of the fact that individuals still respond to stimuli which are, by usual criteria, supposedly ignored.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "That the greater number of stimuli in the present procedure were associated with a lower average EEG arousal response but yet were still capable of producing greater waking performance deficits may simply be another example of the fact that individuals still respond to stimuli which are, by usual criteria, supposedly ignored.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The author would like to thank Bill Dwyer for an enlightening discussion of the appropriate definition of homotopy coinvariants and Susan Montgomery for suggesting Schauenburg's survey article.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The author would like to thank Bill Dwyer for an enlightening discussion of the appropriate definition of homotopy coinvariants and Susan Montgomery for suggesting Schauenburg's survey article [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "The author also extends her gratitude to Andy Baker and Birgit Richter for having organized a fantastic workshop at the Banff International Research Station.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The author also extends her gratitude to Andy Baker and Birgit Richter for having organized a fantastic workshop at the Banff International Research Station.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Finally, the author greatly appreciated the constructive comments of referee.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, the author greatly appreciated the constructive comments of referee.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "A recent survey of risk assessment and network Intrusion Response Systems (IRS) proposed a taxonomy, highlighting their key features and limitations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A recent survey of risk assessment and network Intrusion Response Systems (IRS) proposed a taxonomy, highlighting their key features and limitations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The study suggested several research directions to improve IRS, one of which was to improve the link between risk assessment and intrusion response.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The study suggested several research directions to improve IRS, one of which was to improve the link between risk assessment and intrusion response (Shameli-Sendi et al., 2014) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Shameli-Sendi et al., 2014)" ] }, { "text": "Much of the existing literature attempts to automate this process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Much of the existing literature attempts to automate this process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our work presents an approach to risk assessment that provides a set of probabilistic metrics to represent risk at software application and subnetwork levels, which can then be used to inform a security policy and lead to the dynamic configuration of intrusion responses.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our work presents an approach to risk assessment that provides a set of probabilistic metrics to represent risk at software application and subnetwork levels, which can then be used to inform a security policy and lead to the dynamic configuration of intrusion responses.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We have validated our proposed approach using realworld traffic data.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We have validated our proposed approach using realworld traffic data.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Essentially, security policy can be modified by the network administrator based on the identification of emerging threats and risk \"hotspots\" in a network.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Essentially, security policy can be modified by the network administrator based on the identification of emerging threats and risk \"hotspots\" in a network.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Images of microorganism are extensively used in the area of medicine and biotechnology.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Images of microorganism are extensively used in the area of medicine and biotechnology.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Microorganism image analysis is having very important role in modern diseases diagnosis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Microorganism image analysis is having very important role in modern diseases diagnosis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The study of microorganism needs identification of different type of microorganism.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The study of microorganism needs identification of different type of microorganism.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For that qualitative analysis is required.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For that qualitative analysis is required.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "By the term qualitative analysis mean the differentiation of different type of microorganism that are present in industrial sludge.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "By the term qualitative analysis mean the differentiation of different type of microorganism that are present in industrial sludge.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In microscopic image capturing, due to environmental conditions, system noise, and motion of the object and so on, there will be difference between the original image and the resulting image.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In microscopic image capturing, due to environmental conditions, system noise, and motion of the object and so on, there will be difference between the original image and the resulting image.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Noise must be removed for its improvement so that real information about image will be obtained for special purpose.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Noise must be removed for its improvement so that real information about image will be obtained for special purpose.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There are number of algorithms for noise removal.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There are number of algorithms for noise removal [1] - [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ], [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]", "[5]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Digital image restoration, which aims at recovering an estimate of the original scene from the degraded observation, is a recurrent task with many real-world applications, for example, remote sensing, astronomy, and medical imaging.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Digital image restoration, which aims at recovering an estimate of the original scene from the degraded observation, is a recurrent task with many real-world applications, for example, remote sensing, astronomy, and medical imaging.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "During acquisition, the observed images are often degraded by relative motion between the camera and the original scene, defocusing of the lens system, atmospheric turbulence, and so forth.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "During acquisition, the observed images are often degraded by relative motion between the camera and the original scene, defocusing of the lens system, atmospheric turbulence, and so forth.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In most cases, the degradation can be modeled as a spatially linear shift invariant system, where the original image is convolved by a spatially invariant point spread function (PSF) and contaminated with Gaussian white noise.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In most cases, the degradation can be modeled as a spatially linear shift invariant system, where the original image is convolved by a spatially invariant point spread function (PSF) and contaminated with Gaussian white noise [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "A different possibility is to employ the integral foaming molding process [IFM] , which is a very interesting process applicable to LPDC and HPDC, and for both aluminium and magnesium alloys.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A different possibility is to employ the integral foaming molding process [IFM] , which is a very interesting process applicable to LPDC and HPDC, and for both aluminium and magnesium alloys [25] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[25]" ] }, { "text": "The main advantage is that we can obtain not only aluminium but also magnesium foams.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main advantage is that we can obtain not only aluminium but also magnesium foams.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the processed HPDC part has a non-skinned area of the total length of the movement of the cores, and there are limitations in the part geometry.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the processed HPDC part has a non-skinned area of the total length of the movement of the cores, and there are limitations in the part geometry.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Additionally, dies are more complex and their maintenance more expensive.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, dies are more complex and their maintenance more expensive.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Among these advances, the development of aluminium foams has a special importance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Among these advances, the development of aluminium foams has a special importance [20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20]" ] }, { "text": "Three main methods of producing aluminium foams are presented in the market.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Three main methods of producing aluminium foams are presented in the market.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Figure 1 we can observe some of the most important process used to produce aluminium foams.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In Figure 1 we can observe some of the most important process used to produce aluminium foams [21] [22] [23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21", "BIBREF22", "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21] [22] [23]" ] }, { "text": "Every method has its advantages and disadvantages, which are summarized in Table 1 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Every method has its advantages and disadvantages, which are summarized in Table 1 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Only a few processes can be employed to obtain foams with complex shapes and an external aluminium skin.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Only a few processes can be employed to obtain foams with complex shapes and an external aluminium skin.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One process is to overcast aluminium foam by low-pressure die casting (LPDC).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One process is to overcast aluminium foam by low-pressure die casting (LPDC).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We can obtain aluminium foam sandwich structures with an inner permanent core of aluminium foam and a dense aluminium outer skin with a thickness of several millimetres.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We can obtain aluminium foam sandwich structures with an inner permanent core of aluminium foam and a dense aluminium outer skin with a thickness of several millimetres [24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The approach used in the present work has also been related to the analysis and control of the HPDC parameters to obtain good quality parts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The approach used in the present work has also been related to the analysis and control of the HPDC parameters to obtain good quality parts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The final objective was to develop a process that could be used for the production of a bicycle rod currently produced by forging aluminium, titanium, or magnesium, or by using carbon fibers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The final objective was to develop a process that could be used for the production of a bicycle rod currently produced by forging aluminium, titanium, or magnesium, or by using carbon fibers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Figure 2 we can observe the objective component after having been redesigned to be adapted to HPDC features.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Figure 2 we can observe the objective component after having been redesigned to be adapted to HPDC features.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Every method has its advantages and disadvantages, which are summarized in Table 1 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Every method has its advantages and disadvantages, which are summarized in Table 1 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Only a few processes can be employed to obtain foams with complex shapes and an external aluminium skin.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Only a few processes can be employed to obtain foams with complex shapes and an external aluminium skin.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One process is to overcast aluminium foam by low-pressure die casting (LPDC).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One process is to overcast aluminium foam by low-pressure die casting (LPDC).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We can obtain aluminium foam sandwich structures with an inner permanent core of aluminium foam and a dense aluminium outer skin with a thickness of several millimetres.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We can obtain aluminium foam sandwich structures with an inner permanent core of aluminium foam and a dense aluminium outer skin with a thickness of several millimetres [24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "A different possibility is to employ the integral foaming molding process [IFM] , which is a very interesting process applicable to LPDC and HPDC, and for both aluminium and magnesium alloys.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A different possibility is to employ the integral foaming molding process [IFM] , which is a very interesting process applicable to LPDC and HPDC, and for both aluminium and magnesium alloys [25] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[25]" ] }, { "text": "The main advantage is that we can obtain not only aluminium but also magnesium foams.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main advantage is that we can obtain not only aluminium but also magnesium foams.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the processed HPDC part has a non-skinned area of the total length of the movement of the cores, and there are limitations in the part geometry.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the processed HPDC part has a non-skinned area of the total length of the movement of the cores, and there are limitations in the part geometry.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Additionally, dies are more complex and their maintenance more expensive.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, dies are more complex and their maintenance more expensive.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The absence of an external continuous skin on the foam surface decreases the mechanical resistance to the injection speed and pressure, destroying the foam.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The absence of an external continuous skin on the foam surface decreases the mechanical resistance to the injection speed and pressure, destroying the foam.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The presence of a continuous skin of about 1 mm gives the necessary robustness to the foam to support the injection process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The presence of a continuous skin of about 1 mm gives the necessary robustness to the foam to support the injection process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The higher the density, the better the mechanical resistance of the foam, but only when there is a continuous skin because, despite increasing the density of foams, they are collapsed by the injection conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The higher the density, the better the mechanical resistance of the foam, but only when there is a continuous skin because, despite increasing the density of foams, they are collapsed by the injection conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the increase in tensile test values over Alulight-type foams is very limited.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the increase in tensile test values over Alulight-type foams is very limited [35] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF35" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[35]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "However, HPDC is a complex process due to the large amount of parameters that influence the final casting quality.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, HPDC is a complex process due to the large amount of parameters that influence the final casting quality.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There are multiple parameters independent and interdependent that can have influence over the final part quality.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There are multiple parameters independent and interdependent that can have influence over the final part quality [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "The main parameters that affect the mechanical properties of HPDC components are related to injection parameters (pressures, speeds, starting points) and die temperatures, but there are other essential aspects such as the castability of the alloy, the geometrical complexity of the parts, the cooling rate, and the type of equipment used to produce the components that affect the soundness and properties of injected parts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main parameters that affect the mechanical properties of HPDC components are related to injection parameters (pressures, speeds, starting points) and die temperatures, but there are other essential aspects such as the castability of the alloy, the geometrical complexity of the parts, the cooling rate, and the type of equipment used to produce the components that affect the soundness and properties of injected parts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There are other parameters that affect the flow and solidification behavior of the cast parts as the viscosity and the gate, runner, and mold cavity design.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There are other parameters that affect the flow and solidification behavior of the cast parts as the viscosity and the gate, runner, and mold cavity design [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "In order to maintain a stable die temperature, cooling and tempering circuits are employed, but to obtain a good quality part the lubrication of the die should also be adjusted to the selected alloy, working temperatures, and cycle time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to maintain a stable die temperature, cooling and tempering circuits are employed, but to obtain a good quality part the lubrication of the die should also be adjusted to the selected alloy, working temperatures, and cycle time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They are several types of lubricants (water-based, oil-based, or dry lubricants), that should be selected for a determined application.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "They are several types of lubricants (water-based, oil-based, or dry lubricants), that should be selected for a determined application [8] [9] [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8] [9] [10]" ] }, { "text": "The quantity and percentage of lubricant should also be adjusted to the process for avoiding quality defects.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The quantity and percentage of lubricant should also be adjusted to the process for avoiding quality defects.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Outline of the paper.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Outline of the paper.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The proof of Theorem 1.3 is given in Section 2 and uses the topological colorful Helly theorem due to Kalai and Meshulam.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The proof of Theorem 1.3 is given in Section 2 and uses the topological colorful Helly theorem due to Kalai and Meshulam [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] }, { "text": "However, in order to apply their result we need a crucial lemma concerning the topology of sets of the form K \\ (K + T ) where K and T are arbitrary convex compacta in R n .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, in order to apply their result we need a crucial lemma concerning the topology of sets of the form K \\ (K + T ) where K and T are arbitrary convex compacta in R n .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is given in Lemma 2.1, below.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is given in Lemma 2.1, below.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Section 3 we prove a \"very colorful\" version of Theorem 1.3 (see Theorem 3.2 for the precise statement).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Section 3 we prove a \"very colorful\" version of Theorem 1.3 (see Theorem 3.2 for the precise statement).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This generalization also uses Lemma 2.1, but needs some further topological machinery, which is given in Section 4.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This generalization also uses Lemma 2.1, but needs some further topological machinery, which is given in Section 4.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Section 5 we give a construction of a convex body K in R 3 for which the K-strongly convex hull has an unbounded Carathédory number.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Section 5 we give a construction of a convex body K in R 3 for which the K-strongly convex hull has an unbounded Carathédory number.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This shows that it is necessary to make some assumption (such as the \"generating set\" property) on the convex body K in our results.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This shows that it is necessary to make some assumption (such as the \"generating set\" property) on the convex body K in our results.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Section 6 we establish a partial converse to the crucial Lemma 2.1 by giving a topological criterion for a convex body K to be a Minkowski summand of an open bounded convex set T .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Section 6 we establish a partial converse to the crucial Lemma 2.1 by giving a topological criterion for a convex body K to be a Minkowski summand of an open bounded convex set T .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "All populations showed a predominant outcrossing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "All populations showed a predominant outcrossing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Multilocus outcrossing rates ranged from 0.948 (SE = 0.039) in San Diego to 0.990 (0.015) in Davis II, with a mean of 0.978 (0.007) for the eight populations (Table 2) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Multilocus outcrossing rates ranged from 0.948 (SE = 0.039) in San Diego to 0.990 (0.015) in Davis II, with a mean of 0.978 (0.007) for the eight populations (Table 2) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Despite the high multilocus population outcrossing rates, genetic substructuring may exist in these populations, leading to some degree of biparental inbreeding.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite the high multilocus population outcrossing rates, genetic substructuring may exist in these populations, leading to some degree of biparental inbreeding.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This inbreeding is detected by the difference between multilocus and single-locus selfing rates, as the latter include biparental inbreeding.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This inbreeding is detected by the difference between multilocus and single-locus selfing rates, as the latter include biparental inbreeding (Ritland & Jain, 1981) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ritland & Jain, 1981)" ] }, { "text": "Indeed, significant differences between t m and t s were found in nearly all populations, ranging from 0.007 to 0.122, with an average of 0.057.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Indeed, significant differences between t m and t s were found in nearly all populations, ranging from 0.007 to 0.122, with an average of 0.057.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A significantly positive parental inbreeding coefficient was found only in the marginal population, San Diego, where F = 0.270.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A significantly positive parental inbreeding coefficient was found only in the marginal population, San Diego, where F = 0.270.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The Loess Plateau in China, as a semi-arid plateau, located within the middle reaches of the Yellow River basin and being affected by the Asian monsoon activities in summer, possesses a unique heterogeneity of topography and consequently induces typical processes of energy budget and fluxes transportations in the ABL.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The Loess Plateau in China, as a semi-arid plateau, located within the middle reaches of the Yellow River basin and being affected by the Asian monsoon activities in summer, possesses a unique heterogeneity of topography and consequently induces typical processes of energy budget and fluxes transportations in the ABL.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Measuring accurate surface energy fluxes and surface parameters over the Loess Plateau have significant meanings for the ABL evolution study over such a heterogeneous landscape, the Asian monsoon and climate change studies, and the research of the water cycle systems of the Yellow River Basin and even of the Eastern Asia.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Measuring accurate surface energy fluxes and surface parameters over the Loess Plateau have significant meanings for the ABL evolution study over such a heterogeneous landscape, the Asian monsoon and climate change studies, and the research of the water cycle systems of the Yellow River Basin and even of the Eastern Asia.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The field campaign in this study which was equipped with a flux tower and a wind profile Radar was the first ABL field observation conducted over the Loess Plateau.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The field campaign in this study which was equipped with a flux tower and a wind profile Radar was the first ABL field observation conducted over the Loess Plateau [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Segmenting an object from its background has an important role in machine learning and computer vision.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Segmenting an object from its background has an important role in machine learning and computer vision [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "In recent years, several unsupervised image segmentation algorithms have been presented.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In recent years, several unsupervised image segmentation algorithms have been presented [2, 3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 3]" ] }, { "text": "Statistical approach, particularly finite mixture model (FMM), is one of the most widely known ones.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Statistical approach, particularly finite mixture model (FMM), is one of the most widely known ones [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "This can be used to model arbitrary univariate or multivariate observed data.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This can be used to model arbitrary univariate or multivariate observed data.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In particular, modelling the probability density function of pixel attributes with Gaussian mixture model (GMM) has proved successful in segmentation tasks.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, modelling the probability density function of pixel attributes with Gaussian mixture model (GMM) has proved successful in segmentation tasks [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "It is mainly because the parameters of GMM can be easily estimated by maximizing the maximum likelihood (ML) of the observed data using the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is mainly because the parameters of GMM can be easily estimated by maximizing the maximum likelihood (ML) of the observed data using the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, there remain limitations preventing GMM from achieving improved performance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, there remain limitations preventing GMM from achieving improved performance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The first challenge is sensitivity to noise, which is caused by the independence of the spatial relationship of pixels during parameter learning.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The first challenge is sensitivity to noise, which is caused by the independence of the spatial relationship of pixels during parameter learning.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The second challenge derives from the difficulty in fitting asymmetric observed data.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The second challenge derives from the difficulty in fitting asymmetric observed data.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition to these limitations, GMM is sensitive to outliers and can lead to excessive sensitivity to a small number of data points.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition to these limitations, GMM is sensitive to outliers and can lead to excessive sensitivity to a small number of data points.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The molecular basis of cell polarisation has been much discussed in the biological literature over the past decade, and is likely to involve several processes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The molecular basis of cell polarisation has been much discussed in the biological literature over the past decade, and is likely to involve several processes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is now widely recognised that the cell cytoskeleton plays a crucial role in cell polarisation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is now widely recognised that the cell cytoskeleton plays a crucial role in cell polarisation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The cell cytoskeleton is a network of long semiflexible filaments made up of protein subunits (mainly actin or microtubules).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The cell cytoskeleton is a network of long semiflexible filaments made up of protein subunits (mainly actin or microtubules).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These filaments act as roads along which motor proteins are able to perform a biased ballistic motion and carry various molecules, in a process which consumes the chemical energy of adenosine triphosphate ATP.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These filaments act as roads along which motor proteins are able to perform a biased ballistic motion and carry various molecules, in a process which consumes the chemical energy of adenosine triphosphate ATP.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is observed that the efficiency of formation of polar caps in yeast, indicating polarisation, is reduced when actin transport is disrupted, and that the polar caps formed are unstable.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is observed that the efficiency of formation of polar caps in yeast, indicating polarisation, is reduced when actin transport is disrupted, and that the polar caps formed are unstable [34, 35, 22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF33", "BIBREF34", "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[34, 35, 22]" ] }, { "text": "In the case of neurons, it has been shown that the polarisation of the growth cone is suppressed when microtubules are depolymerised.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the case of neurons, it has been shown that the polarisation of the growth cone is suppressed when microtubules are depolymerised [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "To account for these observations, it is generally argued that the cytoskeleton filaments mediate an effective positive feedback in the dynamics of polarisation markers.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To account for these observations, it is generally argued that the cytoskeleton filaments mediate an effective positive feedback in the dynamics of polarisation markers [34] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF33" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[34]" ] }, { "text": "This arises from the molecular markers not only diffusing in the cell cytoplasm, but also being actively transported by molecular motors along cytoskeleton filaments, the dynamic organisation of which is regulated by the markers themselves.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This arises from the molecular markers not only diffusing in the cell cytoplasm, but also being actively transported by molecular motors along cytoskeleton filaments, the dynamic organisation of which is regulated by the markers themselves.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Besides those two inequalities, there are several other integral estimates that have proved extremely useful in the study of the thin film equation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Besides those two inequalities, there are several other integral estimates that have proved extremely useful in the study of the thin film equation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The simplest one are local versions of (4) and.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The simplest one are local versions of (4) and (5) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(5)" ] }, { "text": "However, because of the nonlocal character of the operator I, it seems very delicate to establish similar inequalities for.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, because of the nonlocal character of the operator I, it seems very delicate to establish similar inequalities for (2) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(2)" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Pulse width modulation (PWM) DC-DC converters are often used in industry due to their fast dynamic response, simple structure, low cost, and easy control.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Pulse width modulation (PWM) DC-DC converters are often used in industry due to their fast dynamic response, simple structure, low cost, and easy control [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "High switching frequency is desired in DC-DC converters.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "High switching frequency is desired in DC-DC converters.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "When the switching frequency is increased, power density increases and the cost decreases since the sizes of the inductance, capacitor, and transformer decrease at high frequencies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When the switching frequency is increased, power density increases and the cost decreases since the sizes of the inductance, capacitor, and transformer decrease at high frequencies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the high switching frequency causes switching losses and electromagnetic interference (EMI) noises.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the high switching frequency causes switching losses and electromagnetic interference (EMI) noises.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These issues cause the decrease of the total efficiency and performance of the converter.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These issues cause the decrease of the total efficiency and performance of the converter.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, zero-voltage switching (ZVS) and zerocurrent switching (ZCS) techniques are improved in order to reduce switching losses.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, zero-voltage switching (ZVS) and zerocurrent switching (ZCS) techniques are improved in order to reduce switching losses.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the fundamental zero-voltage transition (ZVT) converter, the voltage of the main switch falls to zero with an active snubber cell while the main switch is in the off state.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the fundamental zero-voltage transition (ZVT) converter, the voltage of the main switch falls to zero with an active snubber cell while the main switch is in the off state [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Then a control signal is applied to the gate of the main switch while its voltage is zero.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Then a control signal is applied to the gate of the main switch while its voltage is zero.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, the main switch turns on without loss under ZVT.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, the main switch turns on without loss under ZVT.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The main diode turns off under ZCS and the auxiliary switch turns on under ZCS.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main diode turns off under ZCS and the auxiliary switch turns on under ZCS.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The main transistor and the auxiliary transistor also turn off under hard switching (HS).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main transistor and the auxiliary transistor also turn off under hard switching (HS).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Many studies have been done to overcome these problems.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Many studies have been done to overcome these problems [3] [4] [5] [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3] [4] [5] [6]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "In humans and domestic animals, analysis of eye fluid collected post mortem has been used to estimate ante mortem serum chemistry values, drug and toxin levels, and time of death.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In humans and domestic animals, analysis of eye fluid collected post mortem has been used to estimate ante mortem serum chemistry values, drug and toxin levels, and time of death (Wilkie & Bellamy, 1982; Hanna et al., 1990; Berkowicz et al., 2001; Jones & Holmgren, 2001; Brzezinski & Godlewski, 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20", "BIBREF13", "BIBREF0", "BIBREF15", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Wilkie & Bellamy, 1982; Hanna et al., 1990; Berkowicz et al., 2001; Jones & Holmgren, 2001; Brzezinski & Godlewski, 2004)" ] }, { "text": "Eye fluid is composed of the vitreous and aqueous humors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Eye fluid is composed of the vitreous and aqueous humors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The vitreous humor is a clear gel that is located in the posterior compartment of the eye between the lens and the retina and occupies up to 80% of the volume of the eyeball.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The vitreous humor is a clear gel that is located in the posterior compartment of the eye between the lens and the retina and occupies up to 80% of the volume of the eyeball.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is composed mainly of water (99%), inorganic salts (0.9%), collagen and hyaluronic acid (0.1%), hyalocytes, sugar, and ascorbic acid.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is composed mainly of water (99%), inorganic salts (0.9%), collagen and hyaluronic acid (0.1%), hyalocytes, sugar, and ascorbic acid (Swann et al., 1975) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Swann et al., 1975)" ] }, { "text": "The aqueous humor is a thin, watery fluid filling the anterior chamber of the eye.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The aqueous humor is a thin, watery fluid filling the anterior chamber of the eye.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is produced continually by the ciliary body (by secretion, diffusion, and ultrafiltration of the bloodstream), then flows into the anterior chamber through the pupil, exits through the trabecular meshwork located in the drainage angle, and returns to the bloodstream through the Schlemm's canal.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is produced continually by the ciliary body (by secretion, diffusion, and ultrafiltration of the bloodstream), then flows into the anterior chamber through the pupil, exits through the trabecular meshwork located in the drainage angle, and returns to the bloodstream through the Schlemm's canal (Johnson & Kamm, 1983) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Johnson & Kamm, 1983)" ] }, { "text": "As both vitreous and aqueous humor are protected anatomically, they undergo minimal post mortem change.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As both vitreous and aqueous humor are protected anatomically, they undergo minimal post mortem change.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Post mortem potassium and phosphorus concentrations in the aqueous humor did not correlate well with concentrations in ante mortem serum; however, levels in aqueous humor did increase with time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Post mortem potassium and phosphorus concentrations in the aqueous humor did not correlate well with concentrations in ante mortem serum; however, levels in aqueous humor did increase with time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In forensic medicine, the potassium concentration in vitreous humor is used to determine the post mortem interval in humans and is dependent on temperature and the ion determination method.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In forensic medicine, the potassium concentration in vitreous humor is used to determine the post mortem interval in humans and is dependent on temperature and the ion determination method (Garg et al., 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Garg et al., 2004)" ] }, { "text": "Likewise, in California sea lions, potassium and phosphorus concentrations might potentially be used to estimate post mortem interval and degree of autolysis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Likewise, in California sea lions, potassium and phosphorus concentrations might potentially be used to estimate post mortem interval and degree of autolysis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Further studies are needed to characterize the changes in phosphorus and potassium concentrations with time after death in California sea lions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Further studies are needed to characterize the changes in phosphorus and potassium concentrations with time after death in California sea lions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "In this study, several of the electrolyte concentrations did not vary significantly during the first 24 h. In the subset of California sea lions that were dead for less than 24 h, aqueous humor concentrations of sodium, chloride, and magnesium were predictive of the ante mortem serum values.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this study, several of the electrolyte concentrations did not vary significantly during the first 24 h. In the subset of California sea lions that were dead for less than 24 h, aqueous humor concentrations of sodium, chloride, and magnesium were predictive of the ante mortem serum values.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the T48 group and at T0 when both groups were combined, changes in electrolytes were more pronounced and thus the aqueous humor concentrations in sodium, chloride, and magnesium were not predictive of ante mortem serum values.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the T48 group and at T0 when both groups were combined, changes in electrolytes were more pronounced and thus the aqueous humor concentrations in sodium, chloride, and magnesium were not predictive of ante mortem serum values.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These results confirm findings in other studies.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These results confirm findings in other studies (Hanna et al., 1990; Gerometta et al., 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hanna et al., 1990; Gerometta et al., 2005)" ] }, { "text": "In most species, the concentration of ions in the aqueous humor differs significantly from that of plasma, increasing with time after death and with increased temperature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In most species, the concentration of ions in the aqueous humor differs significantly from that of plasma, increasing with time after death and with increased temperature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is also important to note that in this study, electrolytes were measured using only potentiometry.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is also important to note that in this study, electrolytes were measured using only potentiometry.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Caution should be used when comparing electrolyte concentrations measured with potentiometry to electrolyte concentrations obtained with flame photometry.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Caution should be used when comparing electrolyte concentrations measured with potentiometry to electrolyte concentrations obtained with flame photometry.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "DFL methods vary in how RSS measurements are used to estimate location.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "DFL methods vary in how RSS measurements are used to estimate location.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In fingerprint-based localization, a person stands at many locations in the area of interest while the statistics of the RSS distributions are recorded.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In fingerprint-based localization, a person stands at many locations in the area of interest while the statistics of the RSS distributions are recorded [6] , [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ], [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]", "[12]" ] }, { "text": "During testing, the likelihoods or Bayesian probability of measuring the observed RSS is computed for each fingerprint from which the estimated location is derived.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "During testing, the likelihoods or Bayesian probability of measuring the observed RSS is computed for each fingerprint from which the estimated location is derived.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "With enough fingerprint locations, fingerprint-based localization captures the hard-to-predict RSS distribution of a link as a function of a person's location.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With enough fingerprint locations, fingerprint-based localization captures the hard-to-predict RSS distribution of a link as a function of a person's location.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, this comes at an unsustainable cost of frequently retraining fingerprints to stay current with changing environments.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, this comes at an unsustainable cost of frequently retraining fingerprints to stay current with changing environments.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "MPL seeks to provide a highly accurate localization system, like that of fingerprinting, but by doing so with a model that provides more flexibility in changing environments.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "MPL seeks to provide a highly accurate localization system, like that of fingerprinting, but by doing so with a model that provides more flexibility in changing environments.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Fundamental to model-based DFL is that a link is affected, i.e., has significant measured changes in RSS, when a person is on the link line.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Fundamental to model-based DFL is that a link is affected, i.e., has significant measured changes in RSS, when a person is on the link line.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The link line is the imaginary line segment connecting the link's nodes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The link line is the imaginary line segment connecting the link's nodes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In contrast, when the link is unaffected, i.e., has very little measured change in RSS, the person tends to be off of the link line.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In contrast, when the link is unaffected, i.e., has very little measured change in RSS, the person tends to be off of the link line.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Model-based DFL methods have been built around the idea that the link is affected only when a person is inside an ellipse whose foci are the nodes of the link.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Model-based DFL methods have been built around the idea that the link is affected only when a person is inside an ellipse whose foci are the nodes of the link [2] , [3] , [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ], [ "BIBREF3" ], [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]", "[3]", "[5]" ] }, { "text": "In reality, the link can be affected even when a person is far from the link line, or unaffected when a person is on the link line.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In reality, the link can be affected even when a person is far from the link line, or unaffected when a person is on the link line.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These model inaccuracies confound Bayesian DFL methods.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These model inaccuracies confound Bayesian DFL methods.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "It can be predicted that there will be a problem using conventional rapid prototyping devices to judge their performance due to their inability to reproduce resin models in the order of size of less than 100 μm in thickness which is necessary in order to reproduce any scaling effects observed in the biological sample.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It can be predicted that there will be a problem using conventional rapid prototyping devices to judge their performance due to their inability to reproduce resin models in the order of size of less than 100 μm in thickness which is necessary in order to reproduce any scaling effects observed in the biological sample.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A typical deposition prototyper deposits nylon resin in layers of 100 μm, about half the burdock shaft thickness, and further, the material lacks properties analogous to biological materials.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A typical deposition prototyper deposits nylon resin in layers of 100 μm, about half the burdock shaft thickness, and further, the material lacks properties analogous to biological materials [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "Similar commercial finite element analysis (FEA) tools such as Solidworks 2004 lack facilities for composite study.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Similar commercial finite element analysis (FEA) tools such as Solidworks 2004 lack facilities for composite study.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The genome within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells is organized in a complex, hierarchical manner that allows folding of DNA in a confined space and at the same time enables proper function, ensuring expression of the correct gene programs in the right place and at the right time (Box 1).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The genome within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells is organized in a complex, hierarchical manner that allows folding of DNA in a confined space and at the same time enables proper function, ensuring expression of the correct gene programs in the right place and at the right time (Box 1).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The folding of DNA into a chromatin fiber is essential for the extensive compaction of the genome but is also critical for the functional regulation of genomes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The folding of DNA into a chromatin fiber is essential for the extensive compaction of the genome but is also critical for the functional regulation of genomes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The chromatin fiber is folded and looped in such a way that allows it to physically associate with other chromatin regions both in cis and in trans or with nuclear structures, creating interactions which may be functionally relevant.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The chromatin fiber is folded and looped in such a way that allows it to physically associate with other chromatin regions both in cis and in trans or with nuclear structures, creating interactions which may be functionally relevant (Cavalli and Misteli, 2013) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Cavalli and Misteli, 2013)" ] }, { "text": "As cells change their behavior and function, for example, during differentiation or malignant transformation, the physical interaction network is thought to be remodeled to reflect the functional status of the cell.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As cells change their behavior and function, for example, during differentiation or malignant transformation, the physical interaction network is thought to be remodeled to reflect the functional status of the cell (Wang and Dostie, 2016) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF55" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Wang and Dostie, 2016)" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Substantial anthropogenic change of the Earth's climate is leading to a large potential range of possible futures that could threaten the reliability of vital regional water supplies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Substantial anthropogenic change of the Earth's climate is leading to a large potential range of possible futures that could threaten the reliability of vital regional water supplies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This, combined with increased urbanisation and rapidly growing regional populations is putting pressures on existing water resources infrastructure.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This, combined with increased urbanisation and rapidly growing regional populations is putting pressures on existing water resources infrastructure [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Water companies and utilities worldwide are now under pressure to modernise their management frameworks and approaches to decision making in order to identify more sustainable and cost-effective water management adaptations that are reliable in the face of future uncertainties.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Water companies and utilities worldwide are now under pressure to modernise their management frameworks and approaches to decision making in order to identify more sustainable and cost-effective water management adaptations that are reliable in the face of future uncertainties.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "There are several decisions that have to be considered when treating prostate cancer with brachytherapy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There are several decisions that have to be considered when treating prostate cancer with brachytherapy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Some of these considerations involve source dosimetry, treatment planning, and equipment performance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Some of these considerations involve source dosimetry, treatment planning, and equipment performance [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17]" ] }, { "text": "This study has focused on geometrical uncertainties and the positioning of the dwells relative to the CTV, and the surrounding normal tissue.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This study has focused on geometrical uncertainties and the positioning of the dwells relative to the CTV, and the surrounding normal tissue.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The results of Analysis 1 showed that it is possible to reduce the treated normal tissue around the prostate gland by reducing source dwell activations outside the prostate gland.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results of Analysis 1 showed that it is possible to reduce the treated normal tissue around the prostate gland by reducing source dwell activations outside the prostate gland.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The mean value of the volume V 100, normal tissue with dwell activation at 5 mm from the prostate surface (clinical situation) was 17 cm 3 , whilst for 2-12 cm 3 (simulation).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The mean value of the volume V 100, normal tissue with dwell activation at 5 mm from the prostate surface (clinical situation) was 17 cm 3 , whilst for 2-12 cm 3 (simulation).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If these volumes instead were related to an added radius on the prostate gland by approximating the prostate gland volume (36 cm 3 ) to a sphere, the radius would be 3 mm and 2.5 mm, respectively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If these volumes instead were related to an added radius on the prostate gland by approximating the prostate gland volume (36 cm 3 ) to a sphere, the radius would be 3 mm and 2.5 mm, respectively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is in order of the estimated geometrical uncertainties.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is in order of the estimated geometrical uncertainties.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The results obtained in this study have shown that both PVC and asbestos ceiling sheet has low density, low thermal conductivity and high thermal resistivity which compared favorably with those of other good thermal insulators already in use as thermal insulators in building design.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The results obtained in this study have shown that both PVC and asbestos ceiling sheet has low density, low thermal conductivity and high thermal resistivity which compared favorably with those of other good thermal insulators already in use as thermal insulators in building design [1, 5, 7, 8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1, 5, 7, 8]" ] }, { "text": "Also the value of the thermal resistivity obtained correlate well with the experimental data.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Also the value of the thermal resistivity obtained correlate well with the experimental data [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "This type of insulators may be used in a building not only to reduce the thermal gain in summer but also to reduce the winter losses, thereby decreasing the energy consumption for heating or cooling of the interior space in a building.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This type of insulators may be used in a building not only to reduce the thermal gain in summer but also to reduce the winter losses, thereby decreasing the energy consumption for heating or cooling of the interior space in a building.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In view of the above comparison, PVC ceiling coupled with its physical appearance, strength, chemical resistance, fire resistance, maintenance-free and freedom from toxicity, odor, and taste may be a better material for thermal design application.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In view of the above comparison, PVC ceiling coupled with its physical appearance, strength, chemical resistance, fire resistance, maintenance-free and freedom from toxicity, odor, and taste may be a better material for thermal design application.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Further research in the electrical properties of PVC and asbestos ceiling sheet should be undertaken and compared with other roofing materials like coconut palm, zinc, aluminum, and pin fiber board.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Further research in the electrical properties of PVC and asbestos ceiling sheet should be undertaken and compared with other roofing materials like coconut palm, zinc, aluminum, and pin fiber board.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "In tropical countries, the greatest thermal gain occurs through the roof of a house.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In tropical countries, the greatest thermal gain occurs through the roof of a house.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Nigeria, the use of zincmade roofs without a ceiling is very common.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Nigeria, the use of zincmade roofs without a ceiling is very common.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus there is intense heat transfer to the internal environment which may cause thermal discomfort to the inhabitants.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus there is intense heat transfer to the internal environment which may cause thermal discomfort to the inhabitants [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The design of the building envelope is crucial towards attaining an optimal configuration, which responds effectively to environmental changes in order to reduce their impact.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The design of the building envelope is crucial towards attaining an optimal configuration, which responds effectively to environmental changes in order to reduce their impact.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The understanding of energy related characteristics and the evaluation of the relevant properties of the building envelope is an integral part of every environmental assessment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The understanding of energy related characteristics and the evaluation of the relevant properties of the building envelope is an integral part of every environmental assessment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Solar energy affects significantly, the interior environment and the energy requirements of buildings.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Solar energy affects significantly, the interior environment and the energy requirements of buildings [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "For LEP, the crucial factor in the definition of its circumference was the problem of synchrotron radiation wherein the transverse acceleration produced in circular accelerators leads to the emission of electro-magnetic radiation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For LEP, the crucial factor in the definition of its circumference was the problem of synchrotron radiation wherein the transverse acceleration produced in circular accelerators leads to the emission of electro-magnetic radiation [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "The amount of radiation is proportional to the fourth power of the particle energy and inversely proportional to the square of the bending radius in the dipoles ρ.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The amount of radiation is proportional to the fourth power of the particle energy and inversely proportional to the square of the bending radius in the dipoles ρ.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The strong dependence of the radiation on the particle energy sets severe practical limitations on the maximum achievable energy of a circular lepton collider.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The strong dependence of the radiation on the particle energy sets severe practical limitations on the maximum achievable energy of a circular lepton collider.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "First of all, the energy lost has to be replenished by a Radio Frequency (RF) system and secondly, the different hardware constituents of the collider have to be able to cope with power deposited by the synchrotron radiation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "First of all, the energy lost has to be replenished by a Radio Frequency (RF) system and secondly, the different hardware constituents of the collider have to be able to cope with power deposited by the synchrotron radiation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In LEP at 100 GeV, the radiated power for a total intensity of 6 mA was about 18 MW.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In LEP at 100 GeV, the radiated power for a total intensity of 6 mA was about 18 MW.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At 104 GeV around 3% of the beam energy was lost to synchrotron radiation in one turn of the machine.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At 104 GeV around 3% of the beam energy was lost to synchrotron radiation in one turn of the machine.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The three massive vector bosons, the neutral Z 0 and the charged W ± , were first observed at the SPS proton-antiproton collider in 1982.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The three massive vector bosons, the neutral Z 0 and the charged W ± , were first observed at the SPS proton-antiproton collider in 1982 [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "LEP was designed with the aim of studying these bosons and was conceived as a two stage machine.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "LEP was designed with the aim of studying these bosons and was conceived as a two stage machine.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For Z 0 production a beam energy of around 45.625 GeV is required whereas for W ± boson pair production a beam energy of over 80.5 GeV is needed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For Z 0 production a beam energy of around 45.625 GeV is required whereas for W ± boson pair production a beam energy of over 80.5 GeV is needed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At the end of its operational life over 4 million Z 0 bosons and around 10,000 W ± pairs had been collected by each of the four experiments.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At the end of its operational life over 4 million Z 0 bosons and around 10,000 W ± pairs had been collected by each of the four experiments.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These data, together with a painstaking beam energy calibration program, allowed studies of the Standard Model to be made with unprecedented high precision.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These data, together with a painstaking beam energy calibration program, allowed studies of the Standard Model to be made with unprecedented high precision.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition a push in energy in the last years of LEP operation allowed the LEP discovery reach for the Standard Model Higgs boson to be pushed from 95 GeV/c 2 in 1998 to around 113 GeV/c 2 in 2000.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition a push in energy in the last years of LEP operation allowed the LEP discovery reach for the Standard Model Higgs boson to be pushed from 95 GeV/c 2 in 1998 to around 113 GeV/c 2 in 2000 [2, 3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 3]" ] }, { "text": "This increase was the result both of the increase of beam energy and the higher than expected luminosity production at these higher beam energies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This increase was the result both of the increase of beam energy and the higher than expected luminosity production at these higher beam energies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The power and cost of the RF system is defined to a large extent by the need to replace the energy lost by the particles due to synchrotron radiation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The power and cost of the RF system is defined to a large extent by the need to replace the energy lost by the particles due to synchrotron radiation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In LEP the RF system was installed in the straight sections around the 4 experiments and in the first instance copper cavities were installed for 45.6 GeV operations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In LEP the RF system was installed in the straight sections around the 4 experiments and in the first instance copper cavities were installed for 45.6 GeV operations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This was followed by the staged installation of superconducting RF to allow the energy to be pushed to and beyond the W pair threshold.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This was followed by the staged installation of superconducting RF to allow the energy to be pushed to and beyond the W pair threshold.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the final year of operations the superconducting system consisted of 288 fourcell cavities operating at 352 MHz powered by 36 klystrons providing on average of 0.6 MW of RF power.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the final year of operations the superconducting system consisted of 288 fourcell cavities operating at 352 MHz powered by 36 klystrons providing on average of 0.6 MW of RF power.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This system was complemented by 56 cavities of the original copper RF system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This system was complemented by 56 cavities of the original copper RF system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A total accelerating voltage of 3630 MV was provided routinely allowing operation up to 104 GeV.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A total accelerating voltage of 3630 MV was provided routinely allowing operation up to 104 GeV [7, 8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7, 8]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Land leveling and irrigation-induced topsoil erosion of silt loam soils in south central Idaho have resulted in reduced yields on about 800,000 ha.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Land leveling and irrigation-induced topsoil erosion of silt loam soils in south central Idaho have resulted in reduced yields on about 800,000 ha.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Because crop productivity on subsoil is negatively affected, successful restoration of dry bean productivity on subsoils of a Portneuf silt loam using manure was a major advance.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Because crop productivity on subsoil is negatively affected, successful restoration of dry bean productivity on subsoils of a Portneuf silt loam using manure was a major advance (Robbins et al., 1997) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Robbins et al., 1997)" ] }, { "text": "Factors which correlated with the improved dry bean yields were soil organic matter and plant zinc content.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Factors which correlated with the improved dry bean yields were soil organic matter and plant zinc content.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Dry bean grown in manure-amended Portneuf silt loam soil in greenhouse pots showed increased mycorrhizal colonization compared to unmanured subsoil and this related to increased uptake of Zn.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Dry bean grown in manure-amended Portneuf silt loam soil in greenhouse pots showed increased mycorrhizal colonization compared to unmanured subsoil and this related to increased uptake of Zn (Tarkalson et al., 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Tarkalson et al., 1998)" ] }, { "text": "Thus, increased mycorrhizal colonization offered an explanation for improved yields and Zn uptake in dry bean in manured soils.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, increased mycorrhizal colonization offered an explanation for improved yields and Zn uptake in dry bean in manured soils.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Other factors increasing Zn solubilization could be short-chained organic molecules, or improved bulk density and root development.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Other factors increasing Zn solubilization could be short-chained organic molecules, or improved bulk density and root development.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The mineral content of S. molesta changed after 14 days decomposition with there being an increase in the Ca, Mg and Fe content, a decrease in the K content and little change in the other mineral elements (N, P, Na, Cu and Zn).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The mineral content of S. molesta changed after 14 days decomposition with there being an increase in the Ca, Mg and Fe content, a decrease in the K content and little change in the other mineral elements (N, P, Na, Cu and Zn).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This suggests that very few nutrients had yet been released into the leachate by day 14.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This suggests that very few nutrients had yet been released into the leachate by day 14.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This increase in certain mineral elements may be due to an increase in the bacterial population on the decomposing leaves.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This increase in certain mineral elements may be due to an increase in the bacterial population on the decomposing leaves.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Like S. molesta, dried Azolla decomposed within 8-10 days when incorporated into rice paddy soil although it took 5-8 weeks for two thirds of the Azolla's nitrogen content to be released.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Like S. molesta, dried Azolla decomposed within 8-10 days when incorporated into rice paddy soil although it took 5-8 weeks for two thirds of the Azolla's nitrogen content to be released (Lumpkin and Plucknett, 1980) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Lumpkin and Plucknett, 1980)" ] }, { "text": "Pretreatment of Azolla filiculoides by heating or air-drying enhanced its effectiveness in improving wheat growth and yield compared to fresh A. filiculoides plants applied directly to the soil.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Pretreatment of Azolla filiculoides by heating or air-drying enhanced its effectiveness in improving wheat growth and yield compared to fresh A. filiculoides plants applied directly to the soil.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This was attributed to the drying treatments enhancing decomposition rates.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This was attributed to the drying treatments enhancing decomposition rates (Ripley et al., 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ripley et al., 2003)" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "One major concern with using Azolla as a biofertilizer is the possibility that this practice can promote spore dispersal.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One major concern with using Azolla as a biofertilizer is the possibility that this practice can promote spore dispersal.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Viable spores were found in soils that had been fertilized with A. filiculoides.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Viable spores were found in soils that had been fertilized with A. filiculoides (Ripley et al., 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ripley et al., 2003)" ] }, { "text": "By promoting the use of dried S. molesta, a sterile hybrid, this major concern is nullified.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "By promoting the use of dried S. molesta, a sterile hybrid, this major concern is nullified.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Also, sustained harvesting could help lessen the negative impact of this weed on the environment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Also, sustained harvesting could help lessen the negative impact of this weed on the environment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Owing to high energy costs, increased fertilizer costs and increasing concern over the adverse effects of long term use of agro-chemicals on soil productivity and environmental quality, there is now considerable interest in the use of renewable organic fertilizers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Owing to high energy costs, increased fertilizer costs and increasing concern over the adverse effects of long term use of agro-chemicals on soil productivity and environmental quality, there is now considerable interest in the use of renewable organic fertilizers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Biofertilizers have the advantages of being an inexpensive, renewable resource that is non-polluting, providing a source of nutrients, vitamins and growth substances.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Biofertilizers have the advantages of being an inexpensive, renewable resource that is non-polluting, providing a source of nutrients, vitamins and growth substances.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They also improve soil structure and fertility by increasing the organic matter content and improving the water holding capacity of the soil.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "They also improve soil structure and fertility by increasing the organic matter content and improving the water holding capacity of the soil (Wagner, 1997) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Wagner, 1997)" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "There is increasing evidence that phytohormones may be recycled through the environment in a similar manner to that of nutrients.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There is increasing evidence that phytohormones may be recycled through the environment in a similar manner to that of nutrients.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In a previous study using S. molesta and A. filiculoides, cytokinin-like activity was detected in the culture medium.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In a previous study using S. molesta and A. filiculoides, cytokinin-like activity was detected in the culture medium (Stirk and van Staden, 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Stirk and van Staden, 2003)" ] }, { "text": "Similar cytokinin-like activity was obtained in the current study with S. molesta although a different purification method was used.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Similar cytokinin-like activity was obtained in the current study with S. molesta although a different purification method was used.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Auxin-like activity was also detected in the current study.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Auxin-like activity was also detected in the current study.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Compound identification and quantification by analytical techniques confirmed that low concentrations of cytokinins and auxins were present in the culture medium.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Compound identification and quantification by analytical techniques confirmed that low concentrations of cytokinins and auxins were present in the culture medium.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These results show that S. molesta does exude compounds which alter the culture medium in which it is growing and can thus potentially influence the growth of other aquatic plants growing in the same water system.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These results show that S. molesta does exude compounds which alter the culture medium in which it is growing and can thus potentially influence the growth of other aquatic plants growing in the same water system.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "It is hypothesized that S. molesta is a good candidate to promote as an organic fertilizer and growth biostimulant as it grows quickly on natural water bodies, is available throughout the year and requires little processing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is hypothesized that S. molesta is a good candidate to promote as an organic fertilizer and growth biostimulant as it grows quickly on natural water bodies, is available throughout the year and requires little processing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It can be easily harvested by mechanical means.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It can be easily harvested by mechanical means (Mansor, 1996) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Mansor, 1996)" ] }, { "text": "The harvesting of S. molesta would also contribute towards its control in natural water systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The harvesting of S. molesta would also contribute towards its control in natural water systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus the aims of this study were to quantify the mineral content as well as the cytokinin and auxin concentrations in S. molesta and to determine if these compounds are released upon decomposition.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus the aims of this study were to quantify the mineral content as well as the cytokinin and auxin concentrations in S. molesta and to determine if these compounds are released upon decomposition.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Eduit is the number of college students as a proportion of total residents in province i in period t, a proxy for the level of education.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Eduit is the number of college students as a proportion of total residents in province i in period t, a proxy for the level of education.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Education is supposed to be beneficial for individuals' entrepreneurial intention and skill, and highly educated people tend to be self-employed.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Education is supposed to be beneficial for individuals' entrepreneurial intention and skill, and highly educated people tend to be self-employed [67] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF71" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[67]" ] }, { "text": "Moreover, a large number of educated individuals may improve the rate of return on entrepreneurial activities by offering highly skilled workers, which is crucial for business operation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, a large number of educated individuals may improve the rate of return on entrepreneurial activities by offering highly skilled workers, which is crucial for business operation [68] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF72" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[68]" ] }, { "text": "Thus, education plays a favorable role in creating an entrepreneurial environment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, education plays a favorable role in creating an entrepreneurial environment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The accessibility of external finance is affected not only by each individual's situation, but also by institutional environments.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The accessibility of external finance is affected not only by each individual's situation, but also by institutional environments.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To mitigate financial exclusion and hence improve social and economic sustainability from an institutional perspective, the United Nations proposed establishing a financial inclusion system at the 2005 World Summit.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To mitigate financial exclusion and hence improve social and economic sustainability from an institutional perspective, the United Nations proposed establishing a financial inclusion system at the 2005 World Summit.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This initiative aims at establishing an inclusive finance system offering a wide range of financial products and services at reasonable costs to all participants, supported by a corresponding policy, legal, and regulatory framework.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This initiative aims at establishing an inclusive finance system offering a wide range of financial products and services at reasonable costs to all participants, supported by a corresponding policy, legal, and regulatory framework [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26]" ] }, { "text": "Since then, financial inclusion has been increasingly worldwide in practice.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since then, financial inclusion has been increasingly worldwide in practice.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In September 2008, for example, some developing countries established the Alliance for Financial Inclusion (AFI) in Thailand.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In September 2008, for example, some developing countries established the Alliance for Financial Inclusion (AFI) in Thailand.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In September 2009, the G-20 set up the Financial Inclusion Experts Group (FIEG) in the United States, and later established the Global Partnership of Financial Inclusion (GPFI) in December 2010.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In September 2009, the G-20 set up the Financial Inclusion Experts Group (FIEG) in the United States, and later established the Global Partnership of Financial Inclusion (GPFI) in December 2010.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At the country level, more than 50 countries have set formal goals for enhancing financial inclusion.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "At the country level, more than 50 countries have set formal goals for enhancing financial inclusion [27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[27]" ] }, { "text": "Compared with some early ways to cope with financial exclusion, the modern financial inclusion system emphasizes the sustainability of financial services rather than the charity via devoting more attention to the innovation of institution, products, and other aspects within the financial system, which reflects the transition of financial inclusion systems from welfarism to institutionalism.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Compared with some early ways to cope with financial exclusion, the modern financial inclusion system emphasizes the sustainability of financial services rather than the charity via devoting more attention to the innovation of institution, products, and other aspects within the financial system, which reflects the transition of financial inclusion systems from welfarism to institutionalism.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "In recent years, interest in low-carbon development and renewable energy applications in buildings has increased considerably.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In recent years, interest in low-carbon development and renewable energy applications in buildings has increased considerably [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "In particular, building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) technology is becoming widely used in parts of the façades of modern buildings.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) technology is becoming widely used in parts of the façades of modern buildings [2] [3] [4] [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2] [3] [4] [5]" ] }, { "text": "Office buildings are particularly suitable for BIPV as they consume energy primarily in daytime, which is when the PV system collects and converts solar energy into electricity; thus, the effort and cost associated with energy storage can be avoided.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Office buildings are particularly suitable for BIPV as they consume energy primarily in daytime, which is when the PV system collects and converts solar energy into electricity; thus, the effort and cost associated with energy storage can be avoided [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "Such PV façades are being used increasingly in office building designs in China.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Such PV façades are being used increasingly in office building designs in China [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "Accordingly, the development of an optimal PV façade design for architects, constructors, and installers is becoming increasingly urgent.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Accordingly, the development of an optimal PV façade design for architects, constructors, and installers is becoming increasingly urgent.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Socioeconomic status (SES) refers to an individual or family's economic and social position measured by income, education and occupation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Socioeconomic status (SES) refers to an individual or family's economic and social position measured by income, education and occupation [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "Socioeconomic inequalities in health describe the variations in health status between different socioeconomic groups of the population.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Socioeconomic inequalities in health describe the variations in health status between different socioeconomic groups of the population [9, 10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9, 10]" ] }, { "text": "There is a growing body of literature highlighting socioeconomic inequality in health in Australia and internationally.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There is a growing body of literature highlighting socioeconomic inequality in health in Australia and internationally [7, [11] [12] [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7, [11] [12] [13]" ] }, { "text": "The poor tend to die earlier and have higher levels of morbidity than the better-off.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The poor tend to die earlier and have higher levels of morbidity than the better-off.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Low SES affects health adversely throughout the life course and between generations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Low SES affects health adversely throughout the life course and between generations [14, 15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14, 15]" ] }, { "text": "Evidence suggests that causality between poverty and poor health runs in two directions: poverty generates ill-health, ill-health exacerbates poverty.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Evidence suggests that causality between poverty and poor health runs in two directions: poverty generates ill-health, ill-health exacerbates poverty [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "A further factor is that there is a strong connection between poor health, poverty and remoteness.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A further factor is that there is a strong connection between poor health, poverty and remoteness [16] [17] [18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16", "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16] [17] [18]" ] }, { "text": "Earlier studies in the NT reveal a clear social gradient to the prevalence of diabetes and burden of disease measured in disability adjusted life years (DALY).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Earlier studies in the NT reveal a clear social gradient to the prevalence of diabetes and burden of disease measured in disability adjusted life years (DALY) [19, 20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18", "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19, 20]" ] }, { "text": "However, there have been no previous studies on the contribution of socioeconomic disadvantage to Indigenous health disparities and the links between health outcomes, socioeconomic determinants, Indigeneity and remoteness.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, there have been no previous studies on the contribution of socioeconomic disadvantage to Indigenous health disparities and the links between health outcomes, socioeconomic determinants, Indigeneity and remoteness.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "However, ignoring the distinction between people with some limitation and people who are incapable of work disregards an important dimension of disability).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, ignoring the distinction between people with some limitation and people who are incapable of work disregards an important dimension of disability (Bound et al. (1995) ).", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Bound et al. (1995)" ] }, { "text": "For severely limited individuals, not to participate in the labour force may not be a choice but an absolute requirement of their health condition.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For severely limited individuals, not to participate in the labour force may not be a choice but an absolute requirement of their health condition.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, variation in severity levels can explain changes in labour force participation decisions that can not be picked up by general disability status alone.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, variation in severity levels can explain changes in labour force participation decisions that can not be picked up by general disability status alone.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Over the last 20 years, there has been a strong interest in the study and development of polymer nanocomposites, where at least one dimension of the filler has nanometric dimensions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Over the last 20 years, there has been a strong interest in the study and development of polymer nanocomposites, where at least one dimension of the filler has nanometric dimensions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The high interest for these materials is the high effective surface of the nanosized filler making it possible to tailor and handle the properties of the material with very small proportions of the filler.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The high interest for these materials is the high effective surface of the nanosized filler making it possible to tailor and handle the properties of the material with very small proportions of the filler.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Low loadings of silica nanoparticles (<10 wt%) in polymeric matrices can considerably improve the performance of these materials, such as mechanical, thermic, and barrier properties.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Low loadings of silica nanoparticles (<10 wt%) in polymeric matrices can considerably improve the performance of these materials, such as mechanical, thermic, and barrier properties [1] [2] [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The availability of good quality seed of modern varieties is crucial in rice cultivation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The availability of good quality seed of modern varieties is crucial in rice cultivation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The main indicator of quality seeds is a purity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main indicator of quality seeds is a purity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Seed purity is influenced by cultivation techniques, harvesting, transportation and post-harvest processing.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Seed purity is influenced by cultivation techniques, harvesting, transportation and post-harvest processing (Ilyas 2012) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ilyas 2012)" ] }, { "text": "In addition to ensure the quality, seed purity is one of the values that should be displayed in the seed certificate label.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition to ensure the quality, seed purity is one of the values that should be displayed in the seed certificate label.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The shifts in RMSF obtained for native and mutant structures are as a result of the presence of a large number ofturns and the unstable nature of the -helix and 1 -strand.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The shifts in RMSF obtained for native and mutant structures are as a result of the presence of a large number ofturns and the unstable nature of the -helix and 1 -strand.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The increased fluctuation in RMSF exhibited by the mutant structures is also due to the initial change made in the conformation of these structures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The increased fluctuation in RMSF exhibited by the mutant structures is also due to the initial change made in the conformation of these structures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The mutfive structure exhibits a large change in RMSD, radius of gyration and accessible surface area values, indicating significant loss of ordered conformation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The mutfive structure exhibits a large change in RMSD, radius of gyration and accessible surface area values, indicating significant loss of ordered conformation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, the loss of all five disulfide bonds severely affects the tertiary structure conformation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, the loss of all five disulfide bonds severely affects the tertiary structure conformation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A significant decrease in the content of secondary structural elements is observed in both the native and mutant structures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A significant decrease in the content of secondary structural elements is observed in both the native and mutant structures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The simulated structures are found to be more prone to adopt a random coil conformation from a more ordered structure (Table 1) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The simulated structures are found to be more prone to adopt a random coil conformation from a more ordered structure (Table 1) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Further, the unstable nature of -helix and 1 -strand contribute to increased peptide flexibility.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Further, the unstable nature of -helix and 1 -strand contribute to increased peptide flexibility.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Only the 2 and 3 -strands are preserved in all the simulated structures, which corroborates with the experimental evidence that sheets are more stable than helices.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Only the 2 and 3 -strands are preserved in all the simulated structures, which corroborates with the experimental evidence that sheets are more stable than helices [37] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF37" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[37]" ] }, { "text": "The study of interatomic distances between residues forming the chitin binding domain (Table 3) show the chitin binding domain is relatively rigid.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The study of interatomic distances between residues forming the chitin binding domain (Table 3) show the chitin binding domain is relatively rigid.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "This study took air quality monitoring at poultry buildings as a practical example.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This study took air quality monitoring at poultry buildings as a practical example.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Environmental quality within livestock buildings can potentially affect the health and welfare of the animals and also the stockmen working in these buildings.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Environmental quality within livestock buildings can potentially affect the health and welfare of the animals and also the stockmen working in these buildings [2] [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2] [3]" ] }, { "text": "The main factors influencing environmental conditions inside livestock buildings include air temperature (AT), relative humidity (RH), ammonia (NH 3 ), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and airborne dust.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The main factors influencing environmental conditions inside livestock buildings include air temperature (AT), relative humidity (RH), ammonia (NH 3 ), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and airborne dust [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] }, { "text": "Dust concentrations in poultry buildings are usually quite high especially when compared to average dust concentrations measured in pig and cattle buildings.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Dust concentrations in poultry buildings are usually quite high especially when compared to average dust concentrations measured in pig and cattle buildings [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "High temperatures in the piggery buildings might affect the appetite and fertility of pigs that can lead to reduction in production efficiency.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "High temperatures in the piggery buildings might affect the appetite and fertility of pigs that can lead to reduction in production efficiency [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, it is very important to control the temperature and relative humidity levels as well as minimise dust concentrations inside livestock buildings to maintain optimal environmental quality.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, it is very important to control the temperature and relative humidity levels as well as minimise dust concentrations inside livestock buildings to maintain optimal environmental quality.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The third population we studied was Hispanic women, who may be of any race.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The third population we studied was Hispanic women, who may be of any race.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Estimates of the effect of welfare reform on the fertility of this group of women are presented in Table 4 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Estimates of the effect of welfare reform on the fertility of this group of women are presented in Table 4 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As noted, the reporting of marital status has been inconsistent in some states.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As noted, the reporting of marital status has been inconsistent in some states.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We expected Hispanics to be particularly affected by problems with marital status reporting because of the large concentrations of Hispanics in states with reporting inconsistencies such as California, Texas and New York.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We expected Hispanics to be particularly affected by problems with marital status reporting because of the large concentrations of Hispanics in states with reporting inconsistencies such as California, Texas and New York.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, the way that California and New York altered reporting procedures is most likely to have affected Hispanics.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, the way that California and New York altered reporting procedures is most likely to have affected Hispanics (Ventura and Bachrach 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ventura and Bachrach 2000)" ] }, { "text": "In light of this concern, we re-estimated all models excluding states with known reporting problems: California and New York in all years, and Michigan and Texas prior to 1993.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In light of this concern, we re-estimated all models excluding states with known reporting problems: California and New York in all years, and Michigan and Texas prior to 1993.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The estimates from these models were very similar to those reported in Table 4 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The estimates from these models were very similar to those reported in Table 4 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, we do not report them, but they are available from authors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, we do not report them, but they are available from authors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "A good diagnosis system should have the capability to help find the possible causes incurring the defects of product.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A good diagnosis system should have the capability to help find the possible causes incurring the defects of product.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Fuzzy sets theory is a handy tool for expert information formalization while simulating cause-effect connections in technical and medical diagnostic problems.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Fuzzy sets theory is a handy tool for expert information formalization while simulating cause-effect connections in technical and medical diagnostic problems [1] [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2]" ] }, { "text": "The model of a diagnostic object, as a rule is built on the basis of compositional Zadeh rule of inference which connects input and output variables of an object (causes and effects) using fuzzy relation matrix.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The model of a diagnostic object, as a rule is built on the basis of compositional Zadeh rule of inference which connects input and output variables of an object (causes and effects) using fuzzy relation matrix [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "The problem of diagnosis can be formulated in the form of the direct and inverse fuzzy logical inference.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The problem of diagnosis can be formulated in the form of the direct and inverse fuzzy logical inference.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "For the purposes of this paper, we divide detectors based on germanium and silicon semiconductor crystals into two categories: 1) \"high-voltage\" (HV) detectors; and 2) \"chargecoupled device\" (CCD) detectors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For the purposes of this paper, we divide detectors based on germanium and silicon semiconductor crystals into two categories: 1) \"high-voltage\" (HV) detectors; and 2) \"chargecoupled device\" (CCD) detectors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Detectors operating in HV mode have the capability to amplify the small charge produced by DM scattering in target crystals into a large phonon signal by applying a bias of about 100 V across the detector and exploiting the so-called Neganov-Trofimov-Luke effect.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Detectors operating in HV mode have the capability to amplify the small charge produced by DM scattering in target crystals into a large phonon signal by applying a bias of about 100 V across the detector and exploiting the so-called Neganov-Trofimov-Luke effect [33] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF32" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[33]" ] }, { "text": "The SuperCDMS experiment demonstrated that this approach allows to achieve sensitivity to single-charge production.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The SuperCDMS experiment demonstrated that this approach allows to achieve sensitivity to single-charge production [34] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF33" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[34]" ] }, { "text": "Similarly, CCD sensors can achieve single-charge sensitivity by measuring the charge collected by single pixels in the CCD device exploiting ultra-low readout noise techniques, as in \"Skipper\" CCDs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Similarly, CCD sensors can achieve single-charge sensitivity by measuring the charge collected by single pixels in the CCD device exploiting ultra-low readout noise techniques, as in \"Skipper\" CCDs [35] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF34" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[35]" ] }, { "text": "Currently operating experiments belonging to the first category include the HV mode run of the silicon SuperCDMS experiment, which delivered data corresponding to an exposure of 0.49 gram-days.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Currently operating experiments belonging to the first category include the HV mode run of the silicon SuperCDMS experiment, which delivered data corresponding to an exposure of 0.49 gram-days [34] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF33" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[34]" ] }, { "text": "The null result reported by this search has been used to set a 90% C.L exclusion limit of 10 −30 cm 2 on the cross section for DM-electron scattering for DM-particle masses around 1 MeV. For the future, the SuperCDMS collaboration plans to operate in the HV mode larger germanium and silicon detectors, reaching an exposure of about 50 and 10 kg-year, respectively.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The null result reported by this search has been used to set a 90% C.L exclusion limit of 10 −30 cm 2 on the cross section for DM-electron scattering for DM-particle masses around 1 MeV. For the future, the SuperCDMS collaboration plans to operate in the HV mode larger germanium and silicon detectors, reaching an exposure of about 50 and 10 kg-year, respectively [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] }, { "text": "Operating DM direct detection experiments belonging to the second category include the DAMIC and SENSEI experiments, both using CCD silicon sensors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Operating DM direct detection experiments belonging to the second category include the DAMIC and SENSEI experiments, both using CCD silicon sensors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, the null result of the SENSEI experiment has been used to set 90% C.L exclusion limits on the DM-electron scattering cross section for DM particle masses in the 0.5 -100 MeV range, with a minimum excluded cross section of about 5 × 10 −35 cm 2 for a DM mass of about 10 MeV (and short-range interactions).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, the null result of the SENSEI experiment has been used to set 90% C.L exclusion limits on the DM-electron scattering cross section for DM particle masses in the 0.5 -100 MeV range, with a minimum excluded cross section of about 5 × 10 −35 cm 2 for a DM mass of about 10 MeV (and short-range interactions) [35] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF34" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[35]" ] }, { "text": "For the future, the SENSEI and DAMIC collaborations aim at building CCD silicon detectors of 0.1 kg and 1 kg target mass, respectively.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For the future, the SENSEI and DAMIC collaborations aim at building CCD silicon detectors of 0.1 kg and 1 kg target mass, respectively [14, 15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14, 15]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Predictions for the rate of DM-induced electronic transitions in semiconductor crystals depend on a number of theoretical and experimental inputs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Predictions for the rate of DM-induced electronic transitions in semiconductor crystals depend on a number of theoretical and experimental inputs [14] [15] [16] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14", "BIBREF15", "BIBREF33", "BIBREF34", "BIBREF35", "BIBREF36", "BIBREF37", "BIBREF38", "BIBREF39" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14] [15] [16] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40]" ] }, { "text": "Firstly, they depend on the assumed DM-electron interaction model, e.g. on whether the interaction is longor short-range and on its Lorentz structure.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Firstly, they depend on the assumed DM-electron interaction model, e.g. on whether the interaction is longor short-range and on its Lorentz structure [40] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF39" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[40]" ] }, { "text": "Secondly, they depend on the semiconductor band structure, and in particular on the initial and final state electron energy and wave functions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Secondly, they depend on the semiconductor band structure, and in particular on the initial and final state electron energy and wave functions [38] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF37" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[38]" ] }, { "text": "They also depend on astrophysical inputs, such as the local DM density and velocity distribution, as well as on detector characteristics such as energy threshold, efficiency, and energy deposition to number of produced electron-hole pairs conversion, just to name a few.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They also depend on astrophysical inputs, such as the local DM density and velocity distribution, as well as on detector characteristics such as energy threshold, efficiency, and energy deposition to number of produced electron-hole pairs conversion, just to name a few.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "There is widespread empirical support for the proposition that household wealth, dominated by the values of stock holdings and homes, is a key determinant of private consumption expenditure.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There is widespread empirical support for the proposition that household wealth, dominated by the values of stock holdings and homes, is a key determinant of private consumption expenditure [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]" ] }, { "text": "In addition, there is extensive research documenting the presence of a feedback from consumer spending, via its effect on corporate earnings, to stock prices.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, there is extensive research documenting the presence of a feedback from consumer spending, via its effect on corporate earnings, to stock prices [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "There is less information, however, on whether there is a causal relationship between stock and home prices, or whether there is also a feedback from consumer spending to home values.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There is less information, however, on whether there is a causal relationship between stock and home prices, or whether there is also a feedback from consumer spending to home values.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Information on the nature of such causal relationships is particularly relevant in the light of the recent burst of the real estate bubble and its ensuing adverse economic and financial consequences.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Information on the nature of such causal relationships is particularly relevant in the light of the recent burst of the real estate bubble and its ensuing adverse economic and financial consequences.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is important, for example, to discern to what extent the recent recovery of the stock market can be instrumental in reviving the fortunes of both the real estate market and consumer spending.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is important, for example, to discern to what extent the recent recovery of the stock market can be instrumental in reviving the fortunes of both the real estate market and consumer spending.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Equally important is to determine whether in the absence of any significant improvement in the levels of employment and consumer spending, there can be any lasting recovery in home prices.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Equally important is to determine whether in the absence of any significant improvement in the levels of employment and consumer spending, there can be any lasting recovery in home prices.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "A commonly used approach to make robot learning feasible despite the high dimensionality of the sensory and motor spaces is to run the learning algorithms using simulated environments.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A commonly used approach to make robot learning feasible despite the high dimensionality of the sensory and motor spaces is to run the learning algorithms using simulated environments.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, in situations involving complex robots and environments, it is difficult or impossible to gather enough knowledge to build a realistic simulation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, in situations involving complex robots and environments, it is difficult or impossible to gather enough knowledge to build a realistic simulation (Matarić, 1994) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Matarić, 1994)" ] }, { "text": "Moreover, some physical events such as sliding and collisions are difficult to simulate even when there is complete knowledge.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, some physical events such as sliding and collisions are difficult to simulate even when there is complete knowledge.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For these reasons, we believe that for the learned skills to be applicable by the physical robot in its environment, much of the learning and experimentation has to be carried out by the physical robot itself.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For these reasons, we believe that for the learned skills to be applicable by the physical robot in its environment, much of the learning and experimentation has to be carried out by the physical robot itself.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Given the high cost of real-world experimentation, for the learning algorithms to be successfully applied, it is crucial that they converge within a reasonable number of trials.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Given the high cost of real-world experimentation, for the learning algorithms to be successfully applied, it is crucial that they converge within a reasonable number of trials.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "While accurately estimating species richness levels can be difficult for non-experts, assessing the presence or absence of land-use types and features in their own garden (e.g. a lawn, a pond or a compost heap) is arguably not.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "While accurately estimating species richness levels can be difficult for non-experts, assessing the presence or absence of land-use types and features in their own garden (e.g. a lawn, a pond or a compost heap) is arguably not.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If each such element increases the spatial heterogeneity of a garden, for instance by adding new soil characteristics, light conditions or disturbance dynamics, then the number of plant species should also increase because each new site can serve as a new habitat.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If each such element increases the spatial heterogeneity of a garden, for instance by adding new soil characteristics, light conditions or disturbance dynamics, then the number of plant species should also increase because each new site can serve as a new habitat.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such a habitat heterogeneity hypothesis has proved useful for predicting species richness across taxa and ecosystems, including anthropogenic environments.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Such a habitat heterogeneity hypothesis has proved useful for predicting species richness across taxa and ecosystems, including anthropogenic environments (Duelli, 1997; Tews et al., 2004; Beninde, Veith, & Hochkirch, 2015; Stein, Gerstner, & Kreft, 2014) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7", "BIBREF38", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF35" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Duelli, 1997; Tews et al., 2004; Beninde, Veith, & Hochkirch, 2015; Stein, Gerstner, & Kreft, 2014)" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "In this paper we have generalized the construction of exactly solvable SCFTs to the case of Spin (7) manifolds.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper we have generalized the construction of exactly solvable SCFTs to the case of Spin (7) manifolds.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Starting with a Gepner model with c = 12 describing certain points in the moduli space of string compactifications on Calabi-Yau fourfolds, we divided by charge conjugation to get a Spin(7) manifold.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Starting with a Gepner model with c = 12 describing certain points in the moduli space of string compactifications on Calabi-Yau fourfolds, we divided by charge conjugation to get a Spin(7) manifold.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The massless Type IIB spectra we got satisfy all the conditions we expect for Spin (7) compactifications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The massless Type IIB spectra we got satisfy all the conditions we expect for Spin (7) compactifications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Employing the cancellation of the gravitational anomaly in two dimensions, it was possible to compute for all Gepner models the resulting Betti numbers of the Spin(7) manifold in terms of the Hodge numbers of the Calabi-Yau fourfold.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Employing the cancellation of the gravitational anomaly in two dimensions, it was possible to compute for all Gepner models the resulting Betti numbers of the Spin(7) manifold in terms of the Hodge numbers of the Calabi-Yau fourfold.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One might speculate that these formulae are not only restricted to Gepner models but might be true even for more general hypersurfaces in weighted projective spaces respectively for more general orbifolds of c=12 LandauGinzburg models.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "One might speculate that these formulae are not only restricted to Gepner models but might be true even for more general hypersurfaces in weighted projective spaces respectively for more general orbifolds of c=12 LandauGinzburg models [46] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF49" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[46]" ] }, { "text": "Similar to the G 2 case the twisted sectors for the SCFT and the supergravity computations turned out to be different, reflecting the fact that both models lie on separate branches of the Spin(7) moduli space.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Similar to the G 2 case the twisted sectors for the SCFT and the supergravity computations turned out to be different, reflecting the fact that both models lie on separate branches of the Spin(7) moduli space.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Our retrospective analysis of human breast cancer tissue demonstrates a close association between activation of the HIF-1 transcription factor and patient survival.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our retrospective analysis of human breast cancer tissue demonstrates a close association between activation of the HIF-1 transcription factor and patient survival.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There was a greater difference in disease progression and breast cancer survival when the HIF Pathway score was used than when HIF-1α protein was considered, supporting the use of the pathway score as a robust marker of HIF-1 transcriptional activity and, potentially, patient prognosis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There was a greater difference in disease progression and breast cancer survival when the HIF Pathway score was used than when HIF-1α protein was considered, supporting the use of the pathway score as a robust marker of HIF-1 transcriptional activity and, potentially, patient prognosis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Most other studies that have monitored hypoxia markers used a single protein marker of HIF-1 activation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Most other studies that have monitored hypoxia markers used a single protein marker of HIF-1 activation [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13", "BIBREF14", "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16]" ] }, { "text": "We found that the tumor grade, stage, size, vascular invasion, and necrosis were also associated with a high HIF Pathway score, but not with HIF-1α alone.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We found that the tumor grade, stage, size, vascular invasion, and necrosis were also associated with a high HIF Pathway score, but not with HIF-1α alone.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This data supports the use of a HIF-1 signature that combines measures of HIF-1α and downstream genes and highlights the usefulness of the Similarly, a HIF-1 expression signature of 16 genes was shown to be more tightly associated with patient survival from breast cancer than was the expression of HIF-1α alone.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This data supports the use of a HIF-1 signature that combines measures of HIF-1α and downstream genes and highlights the usefulness of the Similarly, a HIF-1 expression signature of 16 genes was shown to be more tightly associated with patient survival from breast cancer than was the expression of HIF-1α alone [48] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF47" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[48]" ] }, { "text": "Together, these observations reflect the prevalence of HIF-1 transcriptional activity in breast cancer and underscore the clinical interest in modulating this response to improve chemotherapy response and decrease metastasis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Together, these observations reflect the prevalence of HIF-1 transcriptional activity in breast cancer and underscore the clinical interest in modulating this response to improve chemotherapy response and decrease metastasis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "First, we quantify the relation between technical performance and success, as measured by the teams' number of points obtained at the end of a competition.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "First, we quantify the relation between technical performance and success, as measured by the teams' number of points obtained at the end of a competition [2, 4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2, 4]" ] }, { "text": "We demonstrate that technical performance can explain more than half of the variance in a team's final ranking and investigate the importance of every technical feature to a team's success.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We demonstrate that technical performance can explain more than half of the variance in a team's final ranking and investigate the importance of every technical feature to a team's success.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Second, we use machine learning to train a game outcome predictor and understand to what extent a team's technical performance can explain a game outcome.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Second, we use machine learning to train a game outcome predictor and understand to what extent a team's technical performance can explain a game outcome.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We demonstrate that, while victories and defeats can be explained by technical performance, it is difficult to detect draws.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We demonstrate that, while victories and defeats can be explained by technical performance, it is difficult to detect draws.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Finally, we exploit the game outcome predictor to conduct an experiment consisting of a complete simulation of the six national tournaments -Premier League, Serie A, La Liga, Bundesliga, Eredivisie, Ligue 1.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, we exploit the game outcome predictor to conduct an experiment consisting of a complete simulation of the six national tournaments -Premier League, Serie A, La Liga, Bundesliga, Eredivisie, Ligue 1.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The outcome of each game is replaced by a synthetic outcome (victory, defeat or draw) based on a game outcome predictor trained on the previous seasons.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The outcome of each game is replaced by a synthetic outcome (victory, defeat or draw) based on a game outcome predictor trained on the previous seasons.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For each competition, the simulation produces a team ranking (the PC ranking) entirely based on the quantified relation between technical performance and game outcome.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For each competition, the simulation produces a team ranking (the PC ranking) entirely based on the quantified relation between technical performance and game outcome.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Despite the low accuracy in detecting draws, in the long run game predictor generates rankings that are similar to the actual ones, highlighting its ability in capturing the complex relationship between performance and success.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite the low accuracy in detecting draws, in the long run game predictor generates rankings that are similar to the actual ones, highlighting its ability in capturing the complex relationship between performance and success.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our approach opens interesting perspectives to understand to what extent a team's success in a competition can be described by its technical behavior on the field.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our approach opens interesting perspectives to understand to what extent a team's success in a competition can be described by its technical behavior on the field.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]