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CopeNLU 20

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Yeasts, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and acetic acid bacteria (AAB) are the most reported microbial constituent in literature and the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae is normally the main organism of interest because it is mainly responsible for converting the sugary sap to alcohol.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Yeasts, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and acetic acid bacteria (AAB) are the most reported microbial constituent in literature and the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae is normally the main organism of interest because it is mainly responsible for converting the sugary sap to alcohol.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Palm wine drinkers know that the drink tastes differently at different stages of fermentation as a result of yeast fermentation and accumulation of organic acids especially acetic acid from fermentation by AAB as fermentation progresses each day.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Palm wine drinkers know that the drink tastes differently at different stages of fermentation as a result of yeast fermentation and accumulation of organic acids especially acetic acid from fermentation by AAB as fermentation progresses each day [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "It is common knowledge that palm wine fermentation consists of an initial lactic acid fermentation by lactic acid bacteria, a middle alcoholic fermentation by yeasts followed by a final acetic fermentation by acetic acid bacteria and the general consensus among other investigators is that the nature of fermentation depends on the composition of sap, type of palm tree and location of the tree.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is common knowledge that palm wine fermentation consists of an initial lactic acid fermentation by lactic acid bacteria, a middle alcoholic fermentation by yeasts followed by a final acetic fermentation by acetic acid bacteria and the general consensus among other investigators is that the nature of fermentation depends on the composition of sap, type of palm tree and location of the tree [1, 3, 6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1, 3, 6]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Because of the geographical, cultural, and economic differences in lighting between countries the relation between GDP and light emissions requires further investigation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Because of the geographical, cultural, and economic differences in lighting between countries the relation between GDP and light emissions requires further investigation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Falchi found in 1998 that, despite a factor of two difference in the per capita income of southern Italy versus northern Italy, the per capita light emissions were the same, as measured with DMSP data.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Falchi found in 1998 that, despite a factor of two difference in the per capita income of southern Italy versus northern Italy, the per capita light emissions were the same, as measured with DMSP data [66] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF65" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[66]" ] }, { "text": "Alejandro Sanchez de Miguel found that European countries have very different lighting habits, with Spain and Italy having the highest light emissions, while more developed countries such as Germany have much lower light emissions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Alejandro Sanchez de Miguel found that European countries have very different lighting habits, with Spain and Italy having the highest light emissions, while more developed countries such as Germany have much lower light emissions [67] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF66" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[67]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The nature of urban form and the patterns of urban development are regarded as having a fundamentally important impact on ecosystem function, ecosystem health, and sustainability.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The nature of urban form and the patterns of urban development are regarded as having a fundamentally important impact on ecosystem function, ecosystem health, and sustainability [28] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[28]" ] }, { "text": "Continuing studies of the dynamics of urbanization through time using nighttime lights enables the comprehension of adverse effects of urbanization related to loss of vegetation, increase in temperatures, air and water pollution, loss of species' habitats, growth and spread of urban slums, poverty, and unemployment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Continuing studies of the dynamics of urbanization through time using nighttime lights enables the comprehension of adverse effects of urbanization related to loss of vegetation, increase in temperatures, air and water pollution, loss of species' habitats, growth and spread of urban slums, poverty, and unemployment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nighttime light images have also informed studies of urban dynamics.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Nighttime light images have also informed studies of urban dynamics [29] [30] [31] [32] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28", "BIBREF29", "BIBREF30", "BIBREF31" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[29] [30] [31] [32]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Poverty-afflicted areas are associated with deprivation of not only material possessions, but also basic human needs including food, water, sanitation, clothing, shelter, health care, and education.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Poverty-afflicted areas are associated with deprivation of not only material possessions, but also basic human needs including food, water, sanitation, clothing, shelter, health care, and education.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Objective metrics of human well-being derived from nighttime imagery helps identify areas of the world in great need of improved human development.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Objective metrics of human well-being derived from nighttime imagery helps identify areas of the world in great need of improved human development.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The nighttime light satellite images have also been used to examine poverty at the grid-level, as well as at the sub-national and national levels.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The nighttime light satellite images have also been used to examine poverty at the grid-level, as well as at the sub-national and national levels [18] [19] [20] [21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17", "BIBREF18", "BIBREF19", "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18] [19] [20] [21]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Questions have been raised time and again about the utility of GDP or GDP per capita as a sole measure of a country's well-being.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Questions have been raised time and again about the utility of GDP or GDP per capita as a sole measure of a country's well-being.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "GDP cannot provide any guarantee about the quality of the goods and services produced in a country, or whether it adds any value to social progress or human happiness.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "GDP cannot provide any guarantee about the quality of the goods and services produced in a country, or whether it adds any value to social progress or human happiness [22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22]" ] }, { "text": "For instance, GDP does not differentiate between expenditure on good things, for example, education, and bad things, for example, alcohol, drugs, or cigarettes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For instance, GDP does not differentiate between expenditure on good things, for example, education, and bad things, for example, alcohol, drugs, or cigarettes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "GDP does not quantify work that does not have a market price attached to it, and disregards informal transactions outside markets.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "GDP does not quantify work that does not have a market price attached to it, and disregards informal transactions outside markets.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For instance, subsistence agriculture, voluntary work, household work, and childcare, are completely overlooked in the national accounting of GDP.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For instance, subsistence agriculture, voluntary work, household work, and childcare, are completely overlooked in the national accounting of GDP.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Per capita GDP emphasizes average income but neglects income distribution, albeit uneven distribution of income results in unequal opportunities for personal development and well-being.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Per capita GDP emphasizes average income but neglects income distribution, albeit uneven distribution of income results in unequal opportunities for personal development and well-being.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "GDP does not quantify the economic services provided by nature, for example, the value of forests in protecting watersheds and in the storage of carbon, or the importance of wetlands in flood protection, and protecting areas from storm surges.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "GDP does not quantify the economic services provided by nature, for example, the value of forests in protecting watersheds and in the storage of carbon, or the importance of wetlands in flood protection, and protecting areas from storm surges [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Exposure to light at night has distinct social, ecological, behavioral, and health consequences.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Exposure to light at night has distinct social, ecological, behavioral, and health consequences.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The exposure disrupts the circadian system in humans and leads to deleterious physiological and psychological health consequences.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The exposure disrupts the circadian system in humans and leads to deleterious physiological and psychological health consequences.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Research has found that exposure to unnatural light may cause cancer due to suppressed production of melatonin; may lead to mood fluctuations and depression; and also cause obesity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Research has found that exposure to unnatural light may cause cancer due to suppressed production of melatonin; may lead to mood fluctuations and depression; and also cause obesity [62] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF61" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[62]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "This paper has reviewed the tremendous potential of nighttime satellite imagery for providing a variety of alternative measures of human well-being.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This paper has reviewed the tremendous potential of nighttime satellite imagery for providing a variety of alternative measures of human well-being.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These estimates can be made on a globally consistent basis and at higher frequency intervals than the typical decadal census of the population.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These estimates can be made on a globally consistent basis and at higher frequency intervals than the typical decadal census of the population.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, since these estimates can be made as spatially disaggregated 1-km 2 grids, they can be aggregated to any desirable mapping unit.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, since these estimates can be made as spatially disaggregated 1-km 2 grids, they can be aggregated to any desirable mapping unit.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Cost cutting pressures in the public sector seem to be forcing much of the social science that serves the public good to rely on multiple inexpensive and uncertain measures of complex phenomena rather than single expensive measures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Cost cutting pressures in the public sector seem to be forcing much of the social science that serves the public good to rely on multiple inexpensive and uncertain measures of complex phenomena rather than single expensive measures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the United States there is increasing pressure to eliminate major social science data sources such as the American Community Survey (ACS).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the United States there is increasing pressure to eliminate major social science data sources such as the American Community Survey (ACS) [68] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF68" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[68]" ] }, { "text": "On 9 May 2012 the House voted to kill the ACS.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On 9 May 2012 the House voted to kill the ACS.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In light of the growing threats to the availability of good social science data, the kinds of proxy measures described here are appealing because they have lower costs of acquisition, are available globally, and appear to have validity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In light of the growing threats to the availability of good social science data, the kinds of proxy measures described here are appealing because they have lower costs of acquisition, are available globally, and appear to have validity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The nighttime lights data provided by the DMSP-OLS do have significant observational shortcomings including coarse spatial and spectral resolution and lack of onboard calibration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The nighttime lights data provided by the DMSP-OLS do have significant observational shortcomings including coarse spatial and spectral resolution and lack of onboard calibration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Recently, the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) flying on the Suomi National Polar-orbiting partnership (NPP) between NASA and NOAA since October 2011 has provided data of higher spatial resolution (742 m) and spectral resolution (22 spectral bands covering visible, near-infrared, and thermal infrared regions).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Recently, the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) flying on the Suomi National Polar-orbiting partnership (NPP) between NASA and NOAA since October 2011 has provided data of higher spatial resolution (742 m) and spectral resolution (22 spectral bands covering visible, near-infrared, and thermal infrared regions).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The use of high resolution nighttime data from VIIRS will definitely improve the capabilities of nighttime observation of the earth and to the related ways these nighttime lights images can inform out understanding and measurement of human well-being.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The use of high resolution nighttime data from VIIRS will definitely improve the capabilities of nighttime observation of the earth and to the related ways these nighttime lights images can inform out understanding and measurement of human well-being.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Similarly, the IEA, which has been compiling and reporting data on electrification rates since 2001 admits to having no internationally accepted definition for electric power access and no standard method for collecting such data.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Similarly, the IEA, which has been compiling and reporting data on electrification rates since 2001 admits to having no internationally accepted definition for electric power access and no standard method for collecting such data.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The agency has collected data from various sources to achieve their objective of reporting percentage of population having access to electricity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The agency has collected data from various sources to achieve their objective of reporting percentage of population having access to electricity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The nighttime lights provide a measure of electrification rates that is applied uniformly across the globe at a fine spatial resolution.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The nighttime lights provide a measure of electrification rates that is applied uniformly across the globe at a fine spatial resolution [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Light pollution has a considerable effect on the behavioral and population ecology of organisms.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Light pollution has a considerable effect on the behavioral and population ecology of organisms.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These effects are the result of changes in orientation, attraction or repulsion from the altered light environment, which consequently affects foraging, reproduction, migration, and communication.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These effects are the result of changes in orientation, attraction or repulsion from the altered light environment, which consequently affects foraging, reproduction, migration, and communication.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Ecological light pollution affects insects, amphibians, fish, birds, bats, and other animals, and can have an effect on plants by altering their day-night cycle.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Ecological light pollution affects insects, amphibians, fish, birds, bats, and other animals, and can have an effect on plants by altering their day-night cycle [63] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF62" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[63]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Measuring the distribution of wealth and income at national and regional scales is an interesting and challenging problem.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Measuring the distribution of wealth and income at national and regional scales is an interesting and challenging problem.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Gini coefficients derived from Lorenz curves are a well-established method of measuring income distribution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Gini coefficients derived from Lorenz curves are a well-established method of measuring income distribution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nonetheless, there are many shortcomings of the Gini coefficient as a measure of income or wealth distribution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nonetheless, there are many shortcomings of the Gini coefficient as a measure of income or wealth distribution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, subsidies such as food stamps may or may not be counted, availability of free public education may or may not be present or incorporated into these measures, and informal economic activity is difficult to measure and allocate amongst households.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, subsidies such as food stamps may or may not be counted, availability of free public education may or may not be present or incorporated into these measures, and informal economic activity is difficult to measure and allocate amongst households.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Official data of national level income Gini coefficients are produced by the World Bank and Central Intelligence Agency by analyzing government reported income distribution data.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Official data of national level income Gini coefficients are produced by the World Bank and Central Intelligence Agency by analyzing government reported income distribution data.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, many countries do not have a well-established program to collect the required data in a consistent manner and on a repetitive basis, and in such cases comparisons between countries becomes increasingly difficult and inaccurate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, many countries do not have a well-established program to collect the required data in a consistent manner and on a repetitive basis, and in such cases comparisons between countries becomes increasingly difficult and inaccurate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, for many countries, the data available are inadequate for the calculation of Gini coefficients, and in many cases the data, which are available, are more than a decade old.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, for many countries, the data available are inadequate for the calculation of Gini coefficients, and in many cases the data, which are available, are more than a decade old.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The reported Gini indices at the national level conceal the discrepancy in income distribution that exists within a country.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The reported Gini indices at the national level conceal the discrepancy in income distribution that exists within a country.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Well-documented problems associated with the use of GDP per capita as an average measure of wealth also apply to measures of the distribution of wealth that use monetary metrics such as GDP.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Well-documented problems associated with the use of GDP per capita as an average measure of wealth also apply to measures of the distribution of wealth that use monetary metrics such as GDP.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Using the nighttime lights and LandScan population grid to measure NLDI provides a measure of human development that completely avoids the use of monetary measures of wealth.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Using the nighttime lights and LandScan population grid to measure NLDI provides a measure of human development that completely avoids the use of monetary measures of wealth [24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "For instance, beachfront lighting disorients hatchling sea turtles and restrains their movement to the ocean.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For instance, beachfront lighting disorients hatchling sea turtles and restrains their movement to the ocean.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Artificial lighting also affects the egg-laying behavior of female turtles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Artificial lighting also affects the egg-laying behavior of female turtles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Artificial lighting could give rise to competition among groups of species when they forage on the same resource but have preferences for different levels of lighting.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Artificial lighting could give rise to competition among groups of species when they forage on the same resource but have preferences for different levels of lighting.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Unexpected changes in lighting can affect the prey-predator relationships, often offering an advantage to the predator.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Unexpected changes in lighting can affect the prey-predator relationships, often offering an advantage to the predator.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Befuddled insects may assemble around light sources until they die of exhaustion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Befuddled insects may assemble around light sources until they die of exhaustion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This in turn will reduce their biomass and population size, and the change in the relative composition of their populations will have effects further up the food chain.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This in turn will reduce their biomass and population size, and the change in the relative composition of their populations will have effects further up the food chain.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Artificial lighting can confuse migratory fish and birds, causing excessive energy loss and spatial obstruction to migration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Artificial lighting can confuse migratory fish and birds, causing excessive energy loss and spatial obstruction to migration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Consequently, this will result in phenological changes and reduce migratory success of these fishes and birds.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently, this will result in phenological changes and reduce migratory success of these fishes and birds.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Artificial lighting can cause early leaf out, late leaf loss, and extended growing periods in plants, which could affect the composition of the floral community.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Artificial lighting can cause early leaf out, late leaf loss, and extended growing periods in plants, which could affect the composition of the floral community.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It can also be believed that a population's genetic composition will be disturbed by light-induced selection for non-light sensitive individuals.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It can also be believed that a population's genetic composition will be disturbed by light-induced selection for non-light sensitive individuals [64] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF63" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[64]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "If n is ternary, then A{n} consists of consecutive integers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If n is ternary, then A{n} consists of consecutive integers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, we have |a n (j + 1) − a n (j)| ≤ 1 for j ≥ 0, see Gallot and Moree.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, we have |a n (j + 1) − a n (j)| ≤ 1 for j ≥ 0, see Gallot and Moree [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "Note that for each of the members of the two families the cardinality of A{pqr} is p + 1.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Note that for each of the members of the two families the cardinality of A{pqr} is p + 1.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is not a universal property for ternary n. Definition 2.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is not a universal property for ternary n. Definition 2.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If the cardinality of A{pqr} is exactly p + 1, we say that Φ pqr is ternary optimal and call n = pqr optimal.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If the cardinality of A{pqr} is exactly p + 1, we say that Φ pqr is ternary optimal and call n = pqr optimal.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We denote by A opt the set of all A(n), with n optimal.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We denote by A opt the set of all A(n), with n optimal.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Formulation efforts, including use of hydrogels among others, have been made to determine its optimal therapeutic regimens in order to increase its overall efficacy while minimizing drug toxicity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Formulation efforts, including use of hydrogels among others, have been made to determine its optimal therapeutic regimens in order to increase its overall efficacy while minimizing drug toxicity [6] [7] [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6] [7] [8]" ] }, { "text": "Topical hydrogels could be employed as an alternative low dose regimen aimed not only at reducing the limitations of toxicity associated with prolonged use of gentamicin but also assuring proper utilization of the benefits of gentamicin and its rapid bactericidal activity, especially in blood stream infections.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Topical hydrogels could be employed as an alternative low dose regimen aimed not only at reducing the limitations of toxicity associated with prolonged use of gentamicin but also assuring proper utilization of the benefits of gentamicin and its rapid bactericidal activity, especially in blood stream infections.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, this work seeks to design a gentamicin-loaded topical hydrogel and evaluate its antimicrobial properties against four micro-organisms (Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, this work seeks to design a gentamicin-loaded topical hydrogel and evaluate its antimicrobial properties against four micro-organisms (Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The results of the physicochemical evaluation showed that the gentamicin-loaded hydrogels exhibited good physicochemical properties.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results of the physicochemical evaluation showed that the gentamicin-loaded hydrogels exhibited good physicochemical properties.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The pH values of the gentamicin-loaded hydrogels would enhance the efficiency of the formulations as topical drug delivery systems for gentamicin as well as make the formulations safe for use on the skin, consistent with previous report.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The pH values of the gentamicin-loaded hydrogels would enhance the efficiency of the formulations as topical drug delivery systems for gentamicin as well as make the formulations safe for use on the skin, consistent with previous report [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "The implication of the results of the drug content analysis is that gentamicin attained saturation solubility in the hydrogel matrices at 0.06 % w/w loading for all batches, and so more of the drug could not be solubilized and encapsulated, consistent with earlier reports.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The implication of the results of the drug content analysis is that gentamicin attained saturation solubility in the hydrogel matrices at 0.06 % w/w loading for all batches, and so more of the drug could not be solubilized and encapsulated, consistent with earlier reports [13, 15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12", "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13, 15]" ] }, { "text": "However, all the batches had good EE %.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, all the batches had good EE %.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Overall, batch B2 formulated with C971P and 0.06 % w/w gentamicin gave the best drug content of 93.00 %.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Overall, batch B2 formulated with C971P and 0.06 % w/w gentamicin gave the best drug content of 93.00 %.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since gentamicin is freely soluble in water (hydrophilic), this result agrees with previous report that much of the drug was present in the aqueous phase of the formulations, loosely attached at or near the particle surface since the more hydrophilic the substance, the weaker the interaction with particle surface, and eventually the compound could be localized in the surfactant layer.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Since gentamicin is freely soluble in water (hydrophilic), this result agrees with previous report that much of the drug was present in the aqueous phase of the formulations, loosely attached at or near the particle surface since the more hydrophilic the substance, the weaker the interaction with particle surface, and eventually the compound could be localized in the surfactant layer [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] }, { "text": "And when more drug particles at the periphery of the particle surface eventually encounter the polymeric cross-linked gel-matrices of polyacrylic acid resins and P407, stabilization would occur.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "And when more drug particles at the periphery of the particle surface eventually encounter the polymeric cross-linked gel-matrices of polyacrylic acid resins and P407, stabilization would occur [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17]" ] }, { "text": "Thus, to improve the skin uptake and delivery of such a drug, a semi-solid vehicle such as topical hydrogels would be a better approach.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, to improve the skin uptake and delivery of such a drug, a semi-solid vehicle such as topical hydrogels would be a better approach.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Assessment of the stability of novel formulations is always very important in drug product design and development.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Assessment of the stability of novel formulations is always very important in drug product design and development.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Stability could be viewed from the degradation of the active ingredients or physical property of the formulation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Stability could be viewed from the degradation of the active ingredients or physical property of the formulation [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "In order to determine the change in drug content on storage, stability study was carried out on the gentamicin-loaded hydrogels before and after storage for three months.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to determine the change in drug content on storage, stability study was carried out on the gentamicin-loaded hydrogels before and after storage for three months.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The result indicates that the formulations were stable at the required storage condition.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The result indicates that the formulations were stable at the required storage condition.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "In the treatment of long lesions of the superficial femoral artery (SFA) the surgical venous bypass is considered the gold standard.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the treatment of long lesions of the superficial femoral artery (SFA) the surgical venous bypass is considered the gold standard [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Bypass surgery, however, is associated with complications and a prolonged hospital length of stay.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Bypass surgery, however, is associated with complications and a prolonged hospital length of stay.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Endovascular techniques have advanced and provided new treatment options for peripheral vascular disease, but may also induce complications as shown in the Basil trial.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Endovascular techniques have advanced and provided new treatment options for peripheral vascular disease, but may also induce complications as shown in the Basil trial [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Last few years evidence has been accumulating that the treatment of long lesions with (covered) stents may provide acceptable short-and midterm primary patency rates, as summarized in several recent reviews.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Last few years evidence has been accumulating that the treatment of long lesions with (covered) stents may provide acceptable short-and midterm primary patency rates, as summarized in several recent reviews [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3] [4] [5] [6] [7]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "In the 2d/4d case, the quiver theory on the defect can be mapped to other quiver theories by chains of Seiberg-like dualities, which lead to different quiver realizations of the same Gukov-Witten defect.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the 2d/4d case, the quiver theory on the defect can be mapped to other quiver theories by chains of Seiberg-like dualities, which lead to different quiver realizations of the same Gukov-Witten defect [7, 12, 13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7, 12, 13]" ] }, { "text": "We show that, with an appropriate ansatz, the solutions of the twisted chiral ring equations for such dual theories lead to the same twisted superpotential.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We show that, with an appropriate ansatz, the solutions of the twisted chiral ring equations for such dual theories lead to the same twisted superpotential.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We obtain strong indications that each such superpotential matches the result of a localization computation carried out with a different residue prescription.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We obtain strong indications that each such superpotential matches the result of a localization computation carried out with a different residue prescription.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If we promote the quiver theories to the compactified 3d/5d set-up, the superpotentials still agree at the classical level but, in general, they differ when quantum corrections are taken into account.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If we promote the quiver theories to the compactified 3d/5d set-up, the superpotentials still agree at the classical level but, in general, they differ when quantum corrections are taken into account.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The 3d/5d quiver gauge theories can be extended to include Chern-Simons (CS) terms in their effective action.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The 3d/5d quiver gauge theories can be extended to include Chern-Simons (CS) terms in their effective action.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Quite remarkably, we find in a simple but significant example that the equivalence between the dual quiver realizations of the same defect is restored at the quantum level if suitably chosen CS terms are added to the superpotentials.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Quite remarkably, we find in a simple but significant example that the equivalence between the dual quiver realizations of the same defect is restored at the quantum level if suitably chosen CS terms are added to the superpotentials.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "After all, poor insight is considered to be a risk factor for violence among forensic patients.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "After all, poor insight is considered to be a risk factor for violence among forensic patients (Alia-Klein, O'Rourke, Goldstein, & Malaspina, 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Alia-Klein, O'Rourke, Goldstein, & Malaspina, 2007)" ] }, { "text": "On the basis of our results, it seems that treating symptoms is not enough and there is a need for complementary rehabilitation methods in improving both data gathering skills and insight.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the basis of our results, it seems that treating symptoms is not enough and there is a need for complementary rehabilitation methods in improving both data gathering skills and insight.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Group-administered psychoeducation has shown improvements for clinical insight in offender patients with schizophrenia in a forensic setting.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Group-administered psychoeducation has shown improvements for clinical insight in offender patients with schizophrenia in a forensic setting (Aho-Mustonen et al., 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Aho-Mustonen et al., 2011)" ] }, { "text": "Because the patients in our study had already gone through group-administered psychoeducation prior to the study, it implies that the majority of the patients most likely need repeated and long-term rehabilitation in terms of psychoeducation and other methods at different stages of rehabilitation, such as specific training in data gathering skills.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Because the patients in our study had already gone through group-administered psychoeducation prior to the study, it implies that the majority of the patients most likely need repeated and long-term rehabilitation in terms of psychoeducation and other methods at different stages of rehabilitation, such as specific training in data gathering skills.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Currently, the prediction of NPC prognosis is mainly based on clinical (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) TNM staging.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Currently, the prediction of NPC prognosis is mainly based on clinical (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) TNM staging.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, NPC patients with the same clinical stage often present different clinical outcomes, suggesting that TNM staging is insufficient for precisely predicting the prognosis of this disease.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, NPC patients with the same clinical stage often present different clinical outcomes, suggesting that TNM staging is insufficient for precisely predicting the prognosis of this disease [6] [7] [8] [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6] [7] [8] [9]" ] }, { "text": "The specific genetic changes underlying the development and progression of this neoplasm are not completely understood.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The specific genetic changes underlying the development and progression of this neoplasm are not completely understood.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, the identification of useful biomarkers associated with NPC holds the promise of improved clinical management.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, the identification of useful biomarkers associated with NPC holds the promise of improved clinical management.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "This study indicates that many students in both groups demonstrated an obvious lack of knowledge of calculation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This study indicates that many students in both groups demonstrated an obvious lack of knowledge of calculation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The calculator slightly improved student performance, but it did not help them in solving conceptual problems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The calculator slightly improved student performance, but it did not help them in solving conceptual problems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In clinical practice there is no acceptable margin of error for drug dosage calculation; 100% is the only acceptable score for a drug calculation test.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In clinical practice there is no acceptable margin of error for drug dosage calculation; 100% is the only acceptable score for a drug calculation test.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In order to perform accurate drug calculations student nurses need to have basic mathematical skills in order to calculate mathematical problems, moreover they need to be able to conceptualise clinical information presented to them to formulate a maths calculation to be solved.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to perform accurate drug calculations student nurses need to have basic mathematical skills in order to calculate mathematical problems, moreover they need to be able to conceptualise clinical information presented to them to formulate a maths calculation to be solved [4, 5, 14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4, 5, 14]" ] }, { "text": "However, integrated strategies to improve drug calculation skills in nursing students need to be implemented.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, integrated strategies to improve drug calculation skills in nursing students need to be implemented.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is an important cause of neurological disability and there is no available treatment yet.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is an important cause of neurological disability and there is no available treatment yet.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Mechanisms of SCI are described as primary and secondary.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Mechanisms of SCI are described as primary and secondary [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "In primary injury, there is physical and mechanical trauma to the spinal cord.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In primary injury, there is physical and mechanical trauma to the spinal cord.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Potential recovery after this stage depends on residual physical neural connections even if there is total functional loss.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Potential recovery after this stage depends on residual physical neural connections even if there is total functional loss.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In secondary injury in which the presence of ischemia and microvascular damage, glutamatergic excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation have important roles, most of the cell death occurs and persistent functional loss takes place.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In secondary injury in which the presence of ischemia and microvascular damage, glutamatergic excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation have important roles, most of the cell death occurs and persistent functional loss takes place [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "One widely used prior information of HSI is that the 3D data cube has a low-rank structure under the linear mixing model (LMM).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "One widely used prior information of HSI is that the 3D data cube has a low-rank structure under the linear mixing model (LMM) [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "More specifically, the spectral signature of each pixel is assumed to be a linear combination of a few constituent endmembers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "More specifically, the spectral signature of each pixel is assumed to be a linear combination of a few constituent endmembers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Under such an assumption, low-rank matrix completion and sparse representation techniques have been used for HSI reconstruction.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Under such an assumption, low-rank matrix completion and sparse representation techniques have been used for HSI reconstruction [4, 5, 6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4, 5, 6]" ] }, { "text": "Despite the simplicity of LMM, the linear mixing assumption has been shown to be physically inaccurate in certain situations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite the simplicity of LMM, the linear mixing assumption has been shown to be physically inaccurate in certain situations [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "For example, teachers could frame and construct remixing experiences so that learners are exposed to code-intense projects or to particular concepts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, teachers could frame and construct remixing experiences so that learners are exposed to code-intense projects or to particular concepts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Brennan's work on combining formal learning environments with Scratch is one useful guide for future work in this direction.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Brennan's work on combining formal learning environments with Scratch is one useful guide for future work in this direction [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Larger effects might also be achieved through increased structure within informal environments.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Larger effects might also be achieved through increased structure within informal environments.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, research on other remixing platforms has suggested that large amounts of remixing activity can be encouraged and directed to particular source material by site administrators.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, research on other remixing platforms has suggested that large amounts of remixing activity can be encouraged and directed to particular source material by site administrators [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "Even within Scratch, previous studies document efforts to promote \"high value\" forms of remixing through \"collaboration camps\".", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Even within Scratch, previous studies document efforts to promote \"high value\" forms of remixing through \"collaboration camps\" [38] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF38" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[38]" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Land ecosystems influence the Earth's climate system through multiple biophysical and biogeochemical feedback mechanisms.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Land ecosystems influence the Earth's climate system through multiple biophysical and biogeochemical feedback mechanisms.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These mechanisms operate mainly through net land surface fluxes of greenhouse gases (GHG), variation in land surface albedo, and land-atmosphere exchanges of sensible and latent heat.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These mechanisms operate mainly through net land surface fluxes of greenhouse gases (GHG), variation in land surface albedo, and land-atmosphere exchanges of sensible and latent heat.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A major objective in the development of the community land model (CLM) is to improve prediction of future states of the climate and ecosystems by including new components and processes that contribute to these feedbacks.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A major objective in the development of the community land model (CLM) is to improve prediction of future states of the climate and ecosystems by including new components and processes that contribute to these feedbacks [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "For example, estimating the sign and magnitude of the land component of the global carbon-climate feedback depends on a mechanistic representation of carbon uptake by vegetation, turnover of live plant parts to litter, and decomposition of litter by soil heterotrophs, with return of carbon to the atmosphere by respiration and long-term storage of recalcitrant forms of organic matter in soils.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, estimating the sign and magnitude of the land component of the global carbon-climate feedback depends on a mechanistic representation of carbon uptake by vegetation, turnover of live plant parts to litter, and decomposition of litter by soil heterotrophs, with return of carbon to the atmosphere by respiration and long-term storage of recalcitrant forms of organic matter in soils.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These dynamics are sensitive to spatial and temporal patterns of changing temperature and precipitation, which in turn depend on changes in GHG concentration, resulting in a complex array of feedbacks.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These dynamics are sensitive to spatial and temporal patterns of changing temperature and precipitation, which in turn depend on changes in GHG concentration, resulting in a complex array of feedbacks.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Global sensitivity analysis (GSA) formally connects uncertainties in model output to the underlying uncertainties present in the model inputs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Global sensitivity analysis (GSA) formally connects uncertainties in model output to the underlying uncertainties present in the model inputs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This provides a formal approach to assess model reliability in particular when used in a decision-making framework.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This provides a formal approach to assess model reliability in particular when used in a decision-making framework [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "In this study we employ variance-decomposition methods which are based on the decomposition of the model output variance into fractions associated with input factors and their interactions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this study we employ variance-decomposition methods which are based on the decomposition of the model output variance into fractions associated with input factors and their interactions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The effects of input parameters and their interactions are quantified though Sobol indices.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The effects of input parameters and their interactions are quantified though Sobol indices [3, 4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 4]" ] }, { "text": "While these indices can generally be computed through Monte Carlo (MC) sampling, in practical high performance computing settings, the slow (1/ √ N ) convergence of MC renders these methods prohibitively expensive for reasonable accuracy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "While these indices can generally be computed through Monte Carlo (MC) sampling, in practical high performance computing settings, the slow (1/ √ N ) convergence of MC renders these methods prohibitively expensive for reasonable accuracy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this work we are focusing on developing response surface models to be used as efficient-to-evaluate surrogate models in place of the expensive CLM simulations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this work we are focusing on developing response surface models to be used as efficient-to-evaluate surrogate models in place of the expensive CLM simulations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The energy landscape is changing.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The energy landscape is changing.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Renewables are being integrated at an ever-increasing pace into our energy systems, and much of the current energy demand is electrifying due to e.g. heat pumps and electric vehicles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Renewables are being integrated at an ever-increasing pace into our energy systems, and much of the current energy demand is electrifying due to e.g. heat pumps and electric vehicles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Because of the intermittent character of electricity produced from renewable energy sources (RES), the production of electricity becomes less predictable and controllable.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Because of the intermittent character of electricity produced from renewable energy sources (RES), the production of electricity becomes less predictable and controllable.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Both the electrification and the integration of RES increase the peaks that exist on the electricity networks.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Both the electrification and the integration of RES increase the peaks that exist on the electricity networks.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As current electricity network capacity is based on the maximum power peak, an increase in peak power is always translated into additional investments in the current electricity networks' capacity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As current electricity network capacity is based on the maximum power peak, an increase in peak power is always translated into additional investments in the current electricity networks' capacity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These additional investments are expected to be extremely significant.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These additional investments are expected to be extremely significant (Verbong et al., 2016) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Verbong et al., 2016)" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Secondly, while monitoring their network, DSOs have to respect the privacy of their (household) customers as much as possible, especially taking into account that household customers generally become more vulnerable to (unlawful) privacy breaches if the network is equipped with advanced monitoring capabilities.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Secondly, while monitoring their network, DSOs have to respect the privacy of their (household) customers as much as possible, especially taking into account that household customers generally become more vulnerable to (unlawful) privacy breaches if the network is equipped with advanced monitoring capabilities (Milaj and Mifsud Bonnici, 2016) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Milaj and Mifsud Bonnici, 2016)" ] }, { "text": "Although network monitoring might contribute to more secure, reliable and efficient networks, they might also reduce household customer privacy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although network monitoring might contribute to more secure, reliable and efficient networks, they might also reduce household customer privacy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, a balance has to be struck between both interests.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, a balance has to be struck between both interests.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "The multiple emulsion system for particle preparation is reliant upon a number of factors: amount and chemical/physical nature of the polymer, characteristics of the stabilisers, ratio and volumes of the phases, time and mixing speed of the different emulsifications, solvent choice, etc.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The multiple emulsion system for particle preparation is reliant upon a number of factors: amount and chemical/physical nature of the polymer, characteristics of the stabilisers, ratio and volumes of the phases, time and mixing speed of the different emulsifications, solvent choice, etc.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "With the solvent-evaporation particle preparation procedure the purpose of the surfactant is to stabilise the formed emulsion for a short time, while the solvent evaporates, thus preventing coalescence and aggregation of the droplets within the emulsion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With the solvent-evaporation particle preparation procedure the purpose of the surfactant is to stabilise the formed emulsion for a short time, while the solvent evaporates, thus preventing coalescence and aggregation of the droplets within the emulsion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The choice of stabiliser very much depends on the type of emulsion to be stabilised.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The choice of stabiliser very much depends on the type of emulsion to be stabilised.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The effects of surfactants are not limited to the preparation procedure of the particles, but also have an influence on the characteristics of the particles and hence release of active.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The effects of surfactants are not limited to the preparation procedure of the particles, but also have an influence on the characteristics of the particles and hence release of active (Graves et al., 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Graves et al., 2005)" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "This emulsion is further emulsified with a continuous water phase containing an appropriate stabiliser.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This emulsion is further emulsified with a continuous water phase containing an appropriate stabiliser.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The thus formed water-in-oil-in-water (w 1 /o/w 2 ) emulsion is mixed until the solvent evaporates and solid particles are formed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The thus formed water-in-oil-in-water (w 1 /o/w 2 ) emulsion is mixed until the solvent evaporates and solid particles are formed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such a system should allow for encapsulation of both hydrophilic and lipophilic molecules within the one colloidal system.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Such a system should allow for encapsulation of both hydrophilic and lipophilic molecules within the one colloidal system (Perez et al., 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Perez et al., 2000)" ] }, { "text": "Adaptations to this methodology have allowed for a diverse range of hydrophilic compounds to be encapsulated.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Adaptations to this methodology have allowed for a diverse range of hydrophilic compounds to be encapsulated.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Food chain safety has been sporadically stressed by the presence of chemical hazards as contaminants of many food matrices.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Food chain safety has been sporadically stressed by the presence of chemical hazards as contaminants of many food matrices.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Among these hazards, PCDD, PCDF and PCBs are certainly those of the highest concern because of their high social and economic negative impacts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Among these hazards, PCDD, PCDF and PCBs are certainly those of the highest concern because of their high social and economic negative impacts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the last decade many episodes of food chain contamination with dioxins have been reported in European Union.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the last decade many episodes of food chain contamination with dioxins have been reported in European Union [1] [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2]" ] }, { "text": "In Portugal, during 2008, an episode of a natural poultry meat contamination with dioxins was also reported.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In Portugal, during 2008, an episode of a natural poultry meat contamination with dioxins was also reported [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Many sources have been incriminated as vehicles for dioxins to food of animal origin: commercial organic feed, noncommercial feedstuffs, soil, plants, worms and insects.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Many sources have been incriminated as vehicles for dioxins to food of animal origin: commercial organic feed, noncommercial feedstuffs, soil, plants, worms and insects [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "These are the matrices where original contaminations are systemically searched when some animal production is found carrying higher dioxins contaminations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These are the matrices where original contaminations are systemically searched when some animal production is found carrying higher dioxins contaminations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, in intensive poultry production, the birds do not assess soil or invertebrates.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, in intensive poultry production, the birds do not assess soil or invertebrates.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Some hens are accommodated in cages (laying hens) or inside pavilions without soil contact.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Some hens are accommodated in cages (laying hens) or inside pavilions without soil contact.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "And when, in these circumstances, feed is also confirmed as dioxin free, other sources must be searched to manage the risk efficiently.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "And when, in these circumstances, feed is also confirmed as dioxin free, other sources must be searched to manage the risk efficiently.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "It was verified an equilibrium between the dioxin concentration in the contaminant ingested by chickens (38.85 pg WHO-TEQ/g) and the dioxin concentration in the eggs (42.25 pg WHO-TEQ/g), which is confirmed by other study.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It was verified an equilibrium between the dioxin concentration in the contaminant ingested by chickens (38.85 pg WHO-TEQ/g) and the dioxin concentration in the eggs (42.25 pg WHO-TEQ/g), which is confirmed by other study [1] [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [14]" ] }, { "text": "The fact that the square of the Pearson correlation coefficient (r 2 ) of the different congeners relative concentrations between litters and hatching eggs (r 2 = 0.72 and sd = 0.16) and the graphic representations of the profiles was so consistent, may be explained by the estrogens produced during egg production which stimulate the liver to produce the egg-yolk targeted, very-low density lipoprotein (VLDLy).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The fact that the square of the Pearson correlation coefficient (r 2 ) of the different congeners relative concentrations between litters and hatching eggs (r 2 = 0.72 and sd = 0.16) and the graphic representations of the profiles was so consistent, may be explained by the estrogens produced during egg production which stimulate the liver to produce the egg-yolk targeted, very-low density lipoprotein (VLDLy).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This oestrogen-dependent shift in VLDL synthesis from the production of generic VLDL, which ranges in size from 30 to >200 nm, to smaller, yolk-targeted VLDL, which ranges in diameter from 15 to 55 nm represents a dramatic shift in lipid metabolism associated with changes in the composition and structure of VLDL in egg-producing females.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This oestrogen-dependent shift in VLDL synthesis from the production of generic VLDL, which ranges in size from 30 to >200 nm, to smaller, yolk-targeted VLDL, which ranges in diameter from 15 to 55 nm represents a dramatic shift in lipid metabolism associated with changes in the composition and structure of VLDL in egg-producing females.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Whereas the role of generic VLDL is to transport triglycerides throughout the body for tissue utilization or storage in adipose tissue, the function of VLDLy is to deliver triglycerides to the oocyte, where they will be used as the energy source for the developing embryo.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Whereas the role of generic VLDL is to transport triglycerides throughout the body for tissue utilization or storage in adipose tissue, the function of VLDLy is to deliver triglycerides to the oocyte, where they will be used as the energy source for the developing embryo.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The smaller diameter of VLDLy is thought to be critical for enabling the particles to pass through the pores in the granulosa basal lamina of the ovary, allowing them access to the developing ovarian follicles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The smaller diameter of VLDLy is thought to be critical for enabling the particles to pass through the pores in the granulosa basal lamina of the ovary, allowing them access to the developing ovarian follicles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "VLDLy particles are in high plasma concentrations in laying hens and are resistant to hydrolysis by extra-ovarian tissues which preserves the triglycerol-rich VLDLy for uptake by the developing ovarian follicles.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "VLDLy particles are in high plasma concentrations in laying hens and are resistant to hydrolysis by extra-ovarian tissues which preserves the triglycerol-rich VLDLy for uptake by the developing ovarian follicles [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Genetic algorithm in designing carpet plan and woven fabrics was used.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Genetic algorithm in designing carpet plan and woven fabrics was used (Peivandi et al. 2007a) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Peivandi et al. 2007a)" ] }, { "text": "Also interactive genetic algorithm was used for optimizing the designation of woven fabrics and similar to former research databases containing preliminary supplies were used for initializing optimization process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Also interactive genetic algorithm was used for optimizing the designation of woven fabrics and similar to former research databases containing preliminary supplies were used for initializing optimization process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this method two databases were utilized; one is connected to primary patterns and another is related to colors.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In this method two databases were utilized; one is connected to primary patterns and another is related to colors (Peivandi et al. 2007b) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Peivandi et al. 2007b)" ] }, { "text": "In this paper a software has been constructed to optimize jacquard pattern in weft knitted fabrics based on interactive genetic algorithm.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper a software has been constructed to optimize jacquard pattern in weft knitted fabrics based on interactive genetic algorithm.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Like chromosomes that change in nature because of genes change, in genetic algorithm these elements are also changing continuously in order to become more complete and powerful populations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Like chromosomes that change in nature because of genes change, in genetic algorithm these elements are also changing continuously in order to become more complete and powerful populations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Chromosomes size and number of genes are related to the type of problem; in fact genes are true determiners of required problem optimization variables.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Chromosomes size and number of genes are related to the type of problem; in fact genes are true determiners of required problem optimization variables.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Chromosome fitness determines the efficiency and functionality of the ones for solving required problem.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Chromosome fitness determines the efficiency and functionality of the ones for solving required problem.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In such problems that are related to peoples tastes and feelings direct fitness determination is used instead of its function by the user which are called interactive genetic algorithm.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In such problems that are related to peoples tastes and feelings direct fitness determination is used instead of its function by the user which are called interactive genetic algorithm.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To train the following generations of chromosomes populations, the crossover operator on chromosomes is used which are in different methods; single-point crossover, two points-point crossover, cut & splice, uniform crossover (UX) & half uniform crossover (HUX) and crossover for orders chromosomes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To train the following generations of chromosomes populations, the crossover operator on chromosomes is used which are in different methods; single-point crossover, two points-point crossover, cut & splice, uniform crossover (UX) & half uniform crossover (HUX) and crossover for orders chromosomes (Holland 1975) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Holland 1975)" ] }, { "text": "Another parameter which is effective on chromosomes is a mutation which can change some genes in a low rate accidentally.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Another parameter which is effective on chromosomes is a mutation which can change some genes in a low rate accidentally.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Probably for this operator is normally considered very low, about 0.001.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Probably for this operator is normally considered very low, about 0.001 (Mitchell 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Mitchell 1999)" ] }, { "text": "A mutation in genetic algorithm is used to prevent the local convergence of the algorithm.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A mutation in genetic algorithm is used to prevent the local convergence of the algorithm.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Some of the best chromosomes in each generation are transferred to next one without any changes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Some of the best chromosomes in each generation are transferred to next one without any changes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Using elite chromosome traits in genetic algorithm causes an improvement in its performing trend.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Using elite chromosome traits in genetic algorithm causes an improvement in its performing trend (Mitchell 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Mitchell 1999)" ] }, { "text": "Evolutionary algorithms use different evolutionary simulations in three stages of gene-chromosomes, person and generation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Evolutionary algorithms use different evolutionary simulations in three stages of gene-chromosomes, person and generation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Genetic algorithm uses evolutionary simulation in a gene and chromosome level in which the population is consisted of chromosomes which are the same size arguments.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Genetic algorithm uses evolutionary simulation in a gene and chromosome level in which the population is consisted of chromosomes which are the same size arguments.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Producing new generation is generally caused by chromosome linkage and partially by mutation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Producing new generation is generally caused by chromosome linkage and partially by mutation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "IWS generally seeks to reduce the per capita water demand based on savings in capital and operating costs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "IWS generally seeks to reduce the per capita water demand based on savings in capital and operating costs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, instead of being smart, this strategy brings negative consequences that outweigh the positive factors.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, instead of being smart, this strategy brings negative consequences that outweigh the positive factors [16, 17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16", "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16, 17]" ] }, { "text": "Symptoms of system failure include very low levels of pressure, Generally, the capacity of a water distribution network is considered a qualitative concept, which is usually identified from user complaints of pressure reduction.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Symptoms of system failure include very low levels of pressure, Generally, the capacity of a water distribution network is considered a qualitative concept, which is usually identified from user complaints of pressure reduction [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The world population is increasing at an exponential rate and available water resources are reducing due to pollution and the effects of the climate change that increase the severity of droughts and favor other extreme events.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The world population is increasing at an exponential rate and available water resources are reducing due to pollution and the effects of the climate change that increase the severity of droughts and favor other extreme events [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "This places stress on many public services and dramatically increases the gap between water supply and demand.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This places stress on many public services and dramatically increases the gap between water supply and demand.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In many countries, urban growth has exceeded, and continues exceeding, the growth of supply infrastructure.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In many countries, urban growth has exceeded, and continues exceeding, the growth of supply infrastructure [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "This growth generates the conditions necessary for operators of water supply systems to embrace intermittent water supply (IWS).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This growth generates the conditions necessary for operators of water supply systems to embrace intermittent water supply (IWS) [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Many countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America have IWS.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Many countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America have IWS [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "We propose the use of the theoretical maximum flow calculated with the pressure-restricted setting curve, explained later.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We propose the use of the theoretical maximum flow calculated with the pressure-restricted setting curve, explained later.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To evaluate the capacity of a system network with IWS, the maximum theoretical flow is compared with the maximum flow required by the population in continuous supply.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To evaluate the capacity of a system network with IWS, the maximum theoretical flow is compared with the maximum flow required by the population in continuous supply.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is thus possible to establish the potential of converting CWS into IWS.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is thus possible to establish the potential of converting CWS into IWS.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Intermittent water supply is usually caused by the extension of the distribution network beyond its hydraulic capacity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Intermittent water supply is usually caused by the extension of the distribution network beyond its hydraulic capacity [27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[27]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "In phlox 'John Fanick', addition of sucrose to the vase water promoted flower bud opening, reduced flower abscission, and delayed flower senescence.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In phlox 'John Fanick', addition of sucrose to the vase water promoted flower bud opening, reduced flower abscission, and delayed flower senescence.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Sucrose also counteracted the effects of CEPA and ACC (unpublished results).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Sucrose also counteracted the effects of CEPA and ACC (unpublished results).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The reversal of ethylene-induced effects by sucrose in 'John Fanick' may partially relate to the effect of sucrose on ethylene production and/or sensitivity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The reversal of ethylene-induced effects by sucrose in 'John Fanick' may partially relate to the effect of sucrose on ethylene production and/or sensitivity (Mayak and Dilley, 1976; Ichimura and Hiraya, 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Mayak and Dilley, 1976; Ichimura and Hiraya, 1999)" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Constructability in remodeling projects is regarded as an important criterion for performance evaluation due to the structural constraints of remodeling.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Constructability in remodeling projects is regarded as an important criterion for performance evaluation due to the structural constraints of remodeling.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Constructability can be defined as the degree of ease in the measurement of the degree of difficulty for construction works.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Constructability can be defined as the degree of ease in the measurement of the degree of difficulty for construction works [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "Construction methods for remodeling are classified according to techniques for addition, component relocation, additional installation, exchange, layout change, and scale change.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Construction methods for remodeling are classified according to techniques for addition, component relocation, additional installation, exchange, layout change, and scale change [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "Constructability is evaluated in order to select the most effective method through the comprehensive measurement of safety, environmental feasibility, and economic feasibility in the construction phases.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Constructability is evaluated in order to select the most effective method through the comprehensive measurement of safety, environmental feasibility, and economic feasibility in the construction phases.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The basic procedures for remodeling projects are shown in Figure 1 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The basic procedures for remodeling projects are shown in Figure 1 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Recently, there has been a rapid development of road transportation network throughout the world due to increased human population and economic activities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Recently, there has been a rapid development of road transportation network throughout the world due to increased human population and economic activities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The increase of vehicle on the road has demanded the commitment to improve the current road transportation systems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The increase of vehicle on the road has demanded the commitment to improve the current road transportation systems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Current road transportation system helps the authority in managing road infrastructure effectively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Current road transportation system helps the authority in managing road infrastructure effectively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It can support in terms of monitoring the road infrastructures extensively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It can support in terms of monitoring the road infrastructures extensively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, to keep the road infrastructure in safe condition, a comprehensive monitoring and managing system should be developed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, to keep the road infrastructure in safe condition, a comprehensive monitoring and managing system should be developed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "By providing a comprehensive road management system, the occurrence of road accidents also can be minimized.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "By providing a comprehensive road management system, the occurrence of road accidents also can be minimized [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Several countries have developed road management system for past decades for their countries.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Several countries have developed road management system for past decades for their countries.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the existing system still can be improved for future work and wider scope.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the existing system still can be improved for future work and wider scope [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Geographic information system (GIS) is a powerful tool and has capability to handle and process spatial data in a large volume.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Geographic information system (GIS) is a powerful tool and has capability to handle and process spatial data in a large volume.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "GIS is defined as a system that able to input, store, retrieve, update, display, and comprehensively analyses spatial data based on computer hardware and software.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "GIS is defined as a system that able to input, store, retrieve, update, display, and comprehensively analyses spatial data based on computer hardware and software [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "It is also known as desktop GIS.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is also known as desktop GIS.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "GIS becomes a widespread technique that can create maps, integrate information, visualize and solve problems, and develop valuable solutions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "GIS becomes a widespread technique that can create maps, integrate information, visualize and solve problems, and develop valuable solutions [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "Applying GIS for road management system have been used before in developed countries.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Applying GIS for road management system have been used before in developed countries [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "It is an effective system to monitor all the activities that occur on the roads and store the records for future development.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is an effective system to monitor all the activities that occur on the roads and store the records for future development.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, this system can be as decision support system (DSS) for road development and construction in the future.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, this system can be as decision support system (DSS) for road development and construction in the future.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To make this system ease to access, it is developed as internet platform.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To make this system ease to access, it is developed as internet platform.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The successes of LEWIS • are significant on several levels.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The successes of LEWIS • are significant on several levels.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Philosophically, LEWIS • is most closely related to the original, orbital-free conception of DFT.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Philosophically, LEWIS • is most closely related to the original, orbital-free conception of DFT.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, good orbital-free functionals have proven elusive and the Kohn-Sham orbital approach has become dominant based on its straightforward treatment of the kinetic energy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, good orbital-free functionals have proven elusive and the Kohn-Sham orbital approach has become dominant based on its straightforward treatment of the kinetic energy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The present pointillist representation of the electron charge and spin density has a similarly straightforward evaluation of the kinetic energy, while also approximating other contributions to the energy with efficient and intuitive pairwise potentials.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The present pointillist representation of the electron charge and spin density has a similarly straightforward evaluation of the kinetic energy, while also approximating other contributions to the energy with efficient and intuitive pairwise potentials.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In these respects, it is similar to eFF.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In these respects, it is similar to eFF [27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[27]" ] }, { "text": "However, because eFF assumes that the electrons occupy Gaussian orbitals, its potentials are restricted to forms that do not serve as well as the heuristic forms of LEWIS • .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, because eFF assumes that the electrons occupy Gaussian orbitals, its potentials are restricted to forms that do not serve as well as the heuristic forms of LEWIS • .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Of course, as for functionals in DFT, future exploration in LEWIS • can be expected to provide still better potentials than the ones that we have discovered so far.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Of course, as for functionals in DFT, future exploration in LEWIS • can be expected to provide still better potentials than the ones that we have discovered so far.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "An alternative approach is to retain explicit electrons, but lean hard towards the more intuitive particle side of their wave-particle duality, while incorporating features that arise from their wave behaviour.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "An alternative approach is to retain explicit electrons, but lean hard towards the more intuitive particle side of their wave-particle duality, while incorporating features that arise from their wave behaviour.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The effect is to render the charge and spin densities of DFT in pointillist fashion (to borrow a term from the art world).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The effect is to render the charge and spin densities of DFT in pointillist fashion (to borrow a term from the art world).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The question is whether such a coarse description can do useful chemical work.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The question is whether such a coarse description can do useful chemical work.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To assess the possibilities, we need to start where QM started, i.e. with an account of the atomic properties that are important for ultimately describing molecular behaviour.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To assess the possibilities, we need to start where QM started, i.e. with an account of the atomic properties that are important for ultimately describing molecular behaviour.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Recently, we developed potentials for repulsions between pseudo-particles representing like-spin and unlike-spin electrons.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Recently, we developed potentials for repulsions between pseudo-particles representing like-spin and unlike-spin electrons.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "After designing them on the basis of data for two elements, we then showed that they could also describe aufbau for three other elements scattered among the first three rows of the periodic table.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "After designing them on the basis of data for two elements, we then showed that they could also describe aufbau for three other elements scattered among the first three rows of the periodic table [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] }, { "text": "As the next step, we now wish to fill in the gaps in order to explore the potential for describing trends in periodic properties.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As the next step, we now wish to fill in the gaps in order to explore the potential for describing trends in periodic properties.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Of particular interest, in addition to the ionization and spin excitation energies that contribute to aufbau, are the atomic polarizabilities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Of particular interest, in addition to the ionization and spin excitation energies that contribute to aufbau, are the atomic polarizabilities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "While a great deal of effort has gone into adding polarizabilities to force fields with implicit electrons, polarizabilities are natural features of models with explicit electrons, and we take advantage of that here.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "While a great deal of effort has gone into adding polarizabilities to force fields with implicit electrons, polarizabilities are natural features of models with explicit electrons, and we take advantage of that here.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The combination of ionization energies (IEs), EAs and polarizabilities is a prerequisite for a reliable description of molecules because they respectively reflect the depth and width of the electron potential well.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The combination of ionization energies (IEs), EAs and polarizabilities is a prerequisite for a reliable description of molecules because they respectively reflect the depth and width of the electron potential well.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "In this study, M. glaziovii starch is used as the feedstock to produce bioethanol.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this study, M. glaziovii starch is used as the feedstock to produce bioethanol.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis is performed, with expectation of yielding the optimum quality of the produced reducing sugar.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis is performed, with expectation of yielding the optimum quality of the produced reducing sugar.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Response surface methodology based on the Box-Behnken experimental design was then used to optimize the operating parameters of the hydrolysis processes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Response surface methodology based on the Box-Behnken experimental design was then used to optimize the operating parameters of the hydrolysis processes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Quadratic regression models were developed in this study and used to predict the reducing sugar concentration from hydrolysis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Quadratic regression models were developed in this study and used to predict the reducing sugar concentration from hydrolysis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The physical and chemical properties of the M. glaziovii bioethanol were then measured according to the methods outlined in the ASTM D4806 standard.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The physical and chemical properties of the M. glaziovii bioethanol were then measured according to the methods outlined in the ASTM D4806 standard [9, 26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9, 26]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Manihot glaziovii (M. glaziovii) has been shown to be a promising non-edible feedstock for bioethanol production because of its low cost and high starch content.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Manihot glaziovii (M. glaziovii) has been shown to be a promising non-edible feedstock for bioethanol production because of its low cost and high starch content [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "M. glaziovii holds high starch content of about 70%-85% by dry weight and high rate of production per hectare, and these properties are suitable for bioethanol production.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "M. glaziovii holds high starch content of about 70%-85% by dry weight and high rate of production per hectare, and these properties are suitable for bioethanol production [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] }, { "text": "Moreover, M. glaziovii is drought-resistant and has a short growth cycle, and therefore it can be grown on marginal lands.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, M. glaziovii is drought-resistant and has a short growth cycle, and therefore it can be grown on marginal lands.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "M. glaziovii is native to tropical countries within Africa, South America, South Asia and Southeast Asia regions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "M. glaziovii is native to tropical countries within Africa, South America, South Asia and Southeast Asia regions [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Response surface methodology (RSM) is a technique based on design of experiments (DOE).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Response surface methodology (RSM) is a technique based on design of experiments (DOE).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "RSM is used to analyse the changes of the dependent variable (i.e., response variable) due to changes in the independent variables, and it is also used to optimize the dependent variable.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "RSM is used to analyse the changes of the dependent variable (i.e., response variable) due to changes in the independent variables, and it is also used to optimize the dependent variable.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "RSM has been widely used to optimize the process parameters for bioethanol and biodiesel production.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "RSM has been widely used to optimize the process parameters for bioethanol and biodiesel production [17] [18] [19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16", "BIBREF17", "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17] [18] [19]" ] }, { "text": "RSM has been shown to be an efficient method to optimize every stage of the bioethanol production process, which significantly reduces time, costs and effort associated with conventional experimental techniques.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "RSM has been shown to be an efficient method to optimize every stage of the bioethanol production process, which significantly reduces time, costs and effort associated with conventional experimental techniques [20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The lumen of the hollow fiber was filled with micro-liter amounts of an acceptor phase.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The lumen of the hollow fiber was filled with micro-liter amounts of an acceptor phase.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The analytes were extracted from the aqueous donor phase into the organic solvent, and then captured into the acceptor phase.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The analytes were extracted from the aqueous donor phase into the organic solvent, and then captured into the acceptor phase.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "After extraction, the extracted phase was directly introduced to the analytical instruments.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "After extraction, the extracted phase was directly introduced to the analytical instruments [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] }, { "text": "Three phase HF has been applied to the determination of CPs in this research.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Three phase HF has been applied to the determination of CPs in this research.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Participants Hypotheses were tested by having 319 current and former MBA students from an MBA programme located in the southwestern USA respond to an on-line survey.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Participants Hypotheses were tested by having 319 current and former MBA students from an MBA programme located in the southwestern USA respond to an on-line survey.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The mean age of the sample was 33 years; 69% were male; 78% Caucasian, 18% African-American, and 4% other; 89% had American nationality; the average work experience was 6.2 years.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The mean age of the sample was 33 years; 69% were male; 78% Caucasian, 18% African-American, and 4% other; 89% had American nationality; the average work experience was 6.2 years.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The subjects were recruited via a mass e-mailing to 1,781 individuals, for a response rate of 18%.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The subjects were recruited via a mass e-mailing to 1,781 individuals, for a response rate of 18%.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "With this low response rate, we needed to investigate the possibility of non-response rate bias.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "With this low response rate, we needed to investigate the possibility of non-response rate bias (Rogelberg & Stanton, 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF65" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Rogelberg & Stanton, 2007)" ] }, { "text": "Commonly occurring in survey research, non-response rate may limit the generalizability of research results, especially when the non-response group differs in important ways from the respondent-group.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Commonly occurring in survey research, non-response rate may limit the generalizability of research results, especially when the non-response group differs in important ways from the respondent-group.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Especially, passive non-response rate, i.e., unplanned non-response, should be considered given the mass-e-mailing technique we used for this study.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Especially, passive non-response rate, i.e., unplanned non-response, should be considered given the mass-e-mailing technique we used for this study.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Passive non-response includes surveys that were not received by respondents due to e-mail spam filters unknown to the researchers, or surveys that were forgotten by respondents.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Passive non-response includes surveys that were not received by respondents due to e-mail spam filters unknown to the researchers, or surveys that were forgotten by respondents (Rogelberg & Stanton, 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF65" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Rogelberg & Stanton, 2007)" ] }, { "text": "Research suggests that people in this passive non-response group tend to be very similar to the respondents.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Research suggests that people in this passive non-response group tend to be very similar to the respondents (Rogelberg & Stanton, 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF65" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Rogelberg & Stanton, 2007)" ] }, { "text": "Accordingly, for most surveys, passive non-respondent bias is not problematic.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Accordingly, for most surveys, passive non-respondent bias is not problematic.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To further follow-up on the low response, one of the researchers conducted interviews with the administrative personnel who typically sampled from this particular respondent pool.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To further follow-up on the low response, one of the researchers conducted interviews with the administrative personnel who typically sampled from this particular respondent pool.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These individuals indicated that the response rate was both typical and expected from this pool of respondents.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These individuals indicated that the response rate was both typical and expected from this pool of respondents.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For these reasons, we were not overly concerned by the low response rate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For these reasons, we were not overly concerned by the low response rate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "To test the hypotheses, we performed a series of regressions and general linear models (GLM).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To test the hypotheses, we performed a series of regressions and general linear models (GLM).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We utilized weighted effect coding to represent the three factors (performance history, frequency, and sign as a control variable) and to correct for unequal cell sample sizes in the eight conditions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We utilized weighted effect coding to represent the three factors (performance history, frequency, and sign as a control variable) and to correct for unequal cell sample sizes in the eight conditions (Aiken & West, 1991; Darlington, 1990) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Aiken & West, 1991; Darlington, 1990)" ] }, { "text": "We centred the continuous variables by extracting the grand means of those variables from the subject's original score.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We centred the continuous variables by extracting the grand means of those variables from the subject's original score.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Table 1 displays the means, standard deviations, correlations, and reliabilities of the variables of interest.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Table 1 displays the means, standard deviations, correlations, and reliabilities of the variables of interest.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Of note here is the mean-ease-of-imaging control variable, of 3.97 on a five-point scale, suggesting that subjects found the vignettes imaginable.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Of note here is the mean-ease-of-imaging control variable, of 3.97 on a five-point scale, suggesting that subjects found the vignettes imaginable.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "However, these properties for stochastic Gilpin-Ayala system (4) have not been investigated, which remain an interesting research topic.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, these properties for stochastic Gilpin-Ayala system (4) have not been investigated, which remain an interesting research topic.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We aim to establish new results on these properties for system.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We aim to establish new results on these properties for system (4) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(4)" ] }, { "text": "It is well known that the stochastic Gilpin-Ayala system (4) is a highly nonlinear system; the method for classic Lotka-Volterra system cannot be directly applied to system.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is well known that the stochastic Gilpin-Ayala system (4) is a highly nonlinear system; the method for classic Lotka-Volterra system cannot be directly applied to system (4) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(4)" ] }, { "text": "By the Lyapunov methods, and some techniques to deal with the nonquadratic item, sufficient criteria are established which ensure the existence of a stationary distribution and extinction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "By the Lyapunov methods, and some techniques to deal with the nonquadratic item, sufficient criteria are established which ensure the existence of a stationary distribution and extinction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "By using some stochastic analysis techniques, an asymptotic property for system (4) is obtained.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "By using some stochastic analysis techniques, an asymptotic property for system (4) is obtained.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "We present our conceptual model as a hypothesis for further work (Figure 2 ).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We present our conceptual model as a hypothesis for further work (Figure 2 ).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "While this work describes shifts in EEA potential and the linkage between nutrients and soil enzyme activity within the first years of succession, future work should more closely examine the possible ecological mechanisms that underlie these patterns, such as how specific changes in microbial communities may be driving the observed differences in biogeochemical potential with EEA.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "While this work describes shifts in EEA potential and the linkage between nutrients and soil enzyme activity within the first years of succession, future work should more closely examine the possible ecological mechanisms that underlie these patterns, such as how specific changes in microbial communities may be driving the observed differences in biogeochemical potential with EEA.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Past work at this site in which bacterial communities were sequenced at each time point showed no correlation between bacterial community structure and EEA in the post-fire successional soils (data not shown); however, fungal communities are dominant drivers of EEA as well and further research may reveal to what extent microbial data can explain variation in soil EEA that is responsible for the cycling of C and N in these ecosystems.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Past work at this site in which bacterial communities were sequenced at each time point showed no correlation between bacterial community structure and EEA in the post-fire successional soils (data not shown); however, fungal communities are dominant drivers of EEA as well and further research may reveal to what extent microbial data can explain variation in soil EEA that is responsible for the cycling of C and N in these ecosystems [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The diversity of industrialized products derived from cashew apples generates a large amount of waste that can trigger serious environmental problems.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The diversity of industrialized products derived from cashew apples generates a large amount of waste that can trigger serious environmental problems.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In juice and pulp production, about 40% of the weight of most fruits such as mango, acerola, passion fruit, and cashew apple result in agro-industrial residues.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In juice and pulp production, about 40% of the weight of most fruits such as mango, acerola, passion fruit, and cashew apple result in agro-industrial residues.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such residues, consisting of peel and seeds, usually concentrate relevant quantities of bioactive phytochemicals, which often contain antioxidant capacity that is higher than that found in the fruit pulp.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Such residues, consisting of peel and seeds, usually concentrate relevant quantities of bioactive phytochemicals, which often contain antioxidant capacity that is higher than that found in the fruit pulp (Ajila et al., 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ajila et al., 2007)" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "The most likely reported causes of ECG artefacts that mimic both supraventricular and ventricular tachycardia are body movements, muscular fasciculations or contractions, tremor in patients with Parkinson's disease, poor skin-electrode contact, recorder malfunctioning, and electromagnetic interference.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The most likely reported causes of ECG artefacts that mimic both supraventricular and ventricular tachycardia are body movements, muscular fasciculations or contractions, tremor in patients with Parkinson's disease, poor skin-electrode contact, recorder malfunctioning, and electromagnetic interference [1] [2] [3] 5, 6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] 5, 6]" ] }, { "text": "ECG artefacts simulating both ventricular tachycardia and atrial flutter have been produced-and reproduced-by the arm movements that occur during tooth brushing.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "ECG artefacts simulating both ventricular tachycardia and atrial flutter have been produced-and reproduced-by the arm movements that occur during tooth brushing [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "ECG inscription of diaphragmatic contractions during anesthesia has been reported.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "ECG inscription of diaphragmatic contractions during anesthesia has been reported [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "The probable cause of the ECG artefact in our case was the quivering body movements, and the ECG artefact disappeared after induction of anesthesia and sedation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The probable cause of the ECG artefact in our case was the quivering body movements, and the ECG artefact disappeared after induction of anesthesia and sedation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The doping effects of B and N on atomic and molecular adsorption of hydrogen in SWCNTs were investigated through density functional theory (DFT) calculations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The doping effects of B and N on atomic and molecular adsorption of hydrogen in SWCNTs were investigated through density functional theory (DFT) calculations [21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21]" ] }, { "text": "The results show that the B doping increases the hydrogen atomic adsorption energies both in zigzag and armchair nanotubes and a coordination-like B-H bond forms.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results show that the B doping increases the hydrogen atomic adsorption energies both in zigzag and armchair nanotubes and a coordination-like B-H bond forms.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The N doping decreases the hydrogen atomic adsorption energies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The N doping decreases the hydrogen atomic adsorption energies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Humidity-assisted desorption of SO 2 and NO 2 has been experimentally investigated on carbon nanotubes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Humidity-assisted desorption of SO 2 and NO 2 has been experimentally investigated on carbon nanotubes [22] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22]" ] }, { "text": "The results showed that the resisted desorption of SO 2 on carbon nanotubes in dichloroethane solution increases at high humidity level (92%) and no change was observed in low humidity level, while there was also no change in desorption of NO 2 in the different levels of humidity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results showed that the resisted desorption of SO 2 on carbon nanotubes in dichloroethane solution increases at high humidity level (92%) and no change was observed in low humidity level, while there was also no change in desorption of NO 2 in the different levels of humidity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Sensing gas molecules is crucial for many process control technologies, and advances in chemical and physical sensors continue to get improved sensitivity, lower power consumption, and faster response.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Sensing gas molecules is crucial for many process control technologies, and advances in chemical and physical sensors continue to get improved sensitivity, lower power consumption, and faster response.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There is a strong demand for improved sensitivity, selectivity, stability, and low-power consumption beyond what is offered by commercially available sensors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There is a strong demand for improved sensitivity, selectivity, stability, and low-power consumption beyond what is offered by commercially available sensors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In order to satisfy this demand, nanotechnologies are employed, providing new materials, devices, and systems with structures and components that can exhibit novel and significantly improved physical and chemical properties because of their nanoscale size.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to satisfy this demand, nanotechnologies are employed, providing new materials, devices, and systems with structures and components that can exhibit novel and significantly improved physical and chemical properties because of their nanoscale size [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] }, { "text": "The operation at the room temperature with sensitivity as high as 10 3 , besides their small size, is the main advantage of semiconducting-SWCNT sensors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The operation at the room temperature with sensitivity as high as 10 3 , besides their small size, is the main advantage of semiconducting-SWCNT sensors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The fast response of a nanotube sensor can be attributed to the full exposure of the nanotube surface area to chemical environments.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The fast response of a nanotube sensor can be attributed to the full exposure of the nanotube surface area to chemical environments [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Better use of science, and specifically models, is not the only way that climate change considerations can be accounted for in developing and implementing marine legislation (there are also policy considerations, such as use of evidence) but this would go some way to addressing any potential implementation gap.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Better use of science, and specifically models, is not the only way that climate change considerations can be accounted for in developing and implementing marine legislation (there are also policy considerations, such as use of evidence) but this would go some way to addressing any potential implementation gap.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Among some conservation scientists, there is little appetite for revisiting legislation, and flexibility around issues such as amending annexes is seen as a potentially negative approach, detracting from the need to get on with implementation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Among some conservation scientists, there is little appetite for revisiting legislation, and flexibility around issues such as amending annexes is seen as a potentially negative approach, detracting from the need to get on with implementation (Maes et al., 2013) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF66" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Maes et al., 2013)" ] }, { "text": "This analysis has, however, shown that enough flexibility exists to move forward with implementing marine biodiversity legislation even if there are some areas (e.g. flexibility of marine protected area designations) that may present challenges in the future.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This analysis has, however, shown that enough flexibility exists to move forward with implementing marine biodiversity legislation even if there are some areas (e.g. flexibility of marine protected area designations) that may present challenges in the future.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "To apply this approach, one must obtain estimates of the fifth percentiles of MOR distributions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To apply this approach, one must obtain estimates of the fifth percentiles of MOR distributions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Currently, one method for obtaining estimates involves fitting a two-parameter Weibull distribution to a sample of MORs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Currently, one method for obtaining estimates involves fitting a two-parameter Weibull distribution to a sample of MORs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To obtain this fit, either a maximum likelihood approach or a linear regression approach based on order statistics is permitted under ASTM D5457.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "To obtain this fit, either a maximum likelihood approach or a linear regression approach based on order statistics is permitted under ASTM D5457 [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Finding the best divisions in the LOLIMOT algorithm resembles to finding the center and variance of the Gaussian radial basis functions in an RBF network.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Finding the best divisions in the LOLIMOT algorithm resembles to finding the center and variance of the Gaussian radial basis functions in an RBF network [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "However, the LOLIMOT algorithm has a concrete method for making divisions and assigning locally linear model to them.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the LOLIMOT algorithm has a concrete method for making divisions and assigning locally linear model to them.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The appealing idea to optimize this systematic strategy is to add some stochastic behavior to the creation of division and try to find the best local linear structure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The appealing idea to optimize this systematic strategy is to add some stochastic behavior to the creation of division and try to find the best local linear structure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Surely, this increases the number of calculations but it provides means for reduction in number of linear models and decrease in the overall error of the model.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Surely, this increases the number of calculations but it provides means for reduction in number of linear models and decrease in the overall error of the model.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Different from the spectrum method, PLCI needs to match the optical path difference (OPD) via a birefringence wedge.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Different from the spectrum method, PLCI needs to match the optical path difference (OPD) via a birefringence wedge.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To satisfy various measurement requirements, the OPD of Fabry-Perot (F-P) sensors are usually different, which will lead to redundant configuration of birefringence wedge for each sensor.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To satisfy various measurement requirements, the OPD of Fabry-Perot (F-P) sensors are usually different, which will lead to redundant configuration of birefringence wedge for each sensor.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, for common white light PLCI, the coherence length is short.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, for common white light PLCI, the coherence length is short [23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[23]" ] }, { "text": "However, in consideration of long distance transmission, a much powerful light source, for example, the superluminescent light-emitting diodes (SLD), should be used to maintain the interference intensity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, in consideration of long distance transmission, a much powerful light source, for example, the superluminescent light-emitting diodes (SLD), should be used to maintain the interference intensity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The accompany problem is the broader envelope of interference signal caused by SLD with longer coherence length than LED.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The accompany problem is the broader envelope of interference signal caused by SLD with longer coherence length than LED [24] , [25] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ], [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24]", "[25]" ] }, { "text": "On one hand, this problem limits the shifting scope of the interference fringe and makes simultaneous measurement difficult.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On one hand, this problem limits the shifting scope of the interference fringe and makes simultaneous measurement difficult.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the other hand, it leads to misjudgment of the larger intensity between two adjacent pixels especially near the peak and reduces the demodulation precision.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, it leads to misjudgment of the larger intensity between two adjacent pixels especially near the peak and reduces the demodulation precision.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Efficient pulse compression can be achieved by aML with high total spectral reflectivity coupled with very wide bandwidth, spectral phase compensation, and amplitude reshaping.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Efficient pulse compression can be achieved by aML with high total spectral reflectivity coupled with very wide bandwidth, spectral phase compensation, and amplitude reshaping.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Traditionally, global searching tools need to be employed in a multilayer design process to find a proper aML structure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Traditionally, global searching tools need to be employed in a multilayer design process to find a proper aML structure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As a powerful global optimization method, genetic algorithm (GA) has been used as the optimization tool for aML design in previous papers.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As a powerful global optimization method, genetic algorithm (GA) has been used as the optimization tool for aML design in previous papers [6] , [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ], [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]", "[15]" ] }, { "text": "Generally, the linear combination with weights of attribute values of different objectives, like the spectral reflectivity and group delay dispersion (GDD), has to be designed in the merit function (MF) of the optimization methods.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Generally, the linear combination with weights of attribute values of different objectives, like the spectral reflectivity and group delay dispersion (GDD), has to be designed in the merit function (MF) of the optimization methods.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, such multiobjective optimization could be problematic in GA because the final solution is usually sensitive to small change in weighting factors in the MF, which may lead to low efficiency.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, such multiobjective optimization could be problematic in GA because the final solution is usually sensitive to small change in weighting factors in the MF, which may lead to low efficiency [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Monitoring the balance between training and recovery still remains one of the greatest unresolved challenges in the applied setting of elite sports concerning athletes, coaches, and scientists.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Monitoring the balance between training and recovery still remains one of the greatest unresolved challenges in the applied setting of elite sports concerning athletes, coaches, and scientists (Kenttä et al., 2006; Main & Groove, 2009) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF31", "BIBREF38" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kenttä et al., 2006; Main & Groove, 2009)" ] }, { "text": "This is the case particularly during heavy training, when the dominant approach has focused on assessing stress load (i.e., the training stimulus) and short-term fatigue responses.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is the case particularly during heavy training, when the dominant approach has focused on assessing stress load (i.e., the training stimulus) and short-term fatigue responses.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In contrast, the recovery process has received limited attention, most likely due to the lack of instruments developed to monitor recovery.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In contrast, the recovery process has received limited attention, most likely due to the lack of instruments developed to monitor recovery (Kenttä et al., 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF31" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kenttä et al., 2006)" ] }, { "text": "We believe that the EmRecQ has the potential to shift the focus from primarily monitoring physiological stress.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We believe that the EmRecQ has the potential to shift the focus from primarily monitoring physiological stress.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Consequently, it provides a means for competitive athletes to enhance the monitoring of adequate and functional recovery and thereby increase the possibility to prevent underperformance and maladaptive responses to training.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently, it provides a means for competitive athletes to enhance the monitoring of adequate and functional recovery and thereby increase the possibility to prevent underperformance and maladaptive responses to training.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "A range of emotional questionnaires has been developed and used in the sport psychology research literature during recent decades, but there is still a need for advances in scales for assessing positively toned emotional states.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A range of emotional questionnaires has been developed and used in the sport psychology research literature during recent decades, but there is still a need for advances in scales for assessing positively toned emotional states.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Progress in the theoretical understanding of emotional states related to fatigue or energy, and thus optimal recovery, is largely dependent on an ongoing improvement in the sophistication of the measurements used.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Progress in the theoretical understanding of emotional states related to fatigue or energy, and thus optimal recovery, is largely dependent on an ongoing improvement in the sophistication of the measurements used (O'Connor, 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF43" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(O'Connor, 2004)" ] }, { "text": "The EmRecQ presented in this article was developed to overcome some of this questionnaire sparseness, with a primary focus on advancing the assessment of positive emotional states experienced in relation to athletes' recovery.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The EmRecQ presented in this article was developed to overcome some of this questionnaire sparseness, with a primary focus on advancing the assessment of positive emotional states experienced in relation to athletes' recovery.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The results of this psychometric evaluation indicate that the EmRecQ is a promising questionnaire.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results of this psychometric evaluation indicate that the EmRecQ is a promising questionnaire.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The reliability of the scale was supported in terms of weighted omega reliability and construct reliability coefficient.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The reliability of the scale was supported in terms of weighted omega reliability and construct reliability coefficient.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The CFA supported the factorial validity of the scale as the a priori hypothesized five-factor model revealed an acceptable model fit.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The CFA supported the factorial validity of the scale as the a priori hypothesized five-factor model revealed an acceptable model fit.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The five-factor model was also invariant across gender.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The five-factor model was also invariant across gender.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, throughout all analyses of the global model fit, the results indicated support for the a priori specified five-factor correlated model.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, throughout all analyses of the global model fit, the results indicated support for the a priori specified five-factor correlated model.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The individual case profiles revealed that athletes displayed various response patterns of the five subscales of the EmRecQ when related to their overall recovery and training loads.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The individual case profiles revealed that athletes displayed various response patterns of the five subscales of the EmRecQ when related to their overall recovery and training loads.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These results support the applied value of the five-factor model of the EmRecQ to monitor the individual emotional response to recovery and training load over time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These results support the applied value of the five-factor model of the EmRecQ to monitor the individual emotional response to recovery and training load over time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, these results support that the underlying emotional processes of recovery are multifaceted and that diverse positive emotional responses might be present among athletes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, these results support that the underlying emotional processes of recovery are multifaceted and that diverse positive emotional responses might be present among athletes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Monitoring of athletes' emotional processes over time provides increased opportunities to tailor adequate individual recovery strategies based on their unique emotional profiles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Monitoring of athletes' emotional processes over time provides increased opportunities to tailor adequate individual recovery strategies based on their unique emotional profiles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although the psychometric properties and the applied usefulness of the fivefactor model of the EmRecQ were supported by the results, the second-order factor model displayed only a slightly decreased model fit compared with the five-factor model.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although the psychometric properties and the applied usefulness of the fivefactor model of the EmRecQ were supported by the results, the second-order factor model displayed only a slightly decreased model fit compared with the five-factor model.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "An unexpected finding was also that the global score of the EmRecQ displayed a pattern that was very similar to the TQR score in both the individual case profiles and the group profile of Sample 3.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "An unexpected finding was also that the global score of the EmRecQ displayed a pattern that was very similar to the TQR score in both the individual case profiles and the group profile of Sample 3.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Based on these results, it seems plausible that the global score of the EmRecQ could be an easily accessible indicator of athletes' overall state of psychological recovery.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Based on these results, it seems plausible that the global score of the EmRecQ could be an easily accessible indicator of athletes' overall state of psychological recovery.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Future research is warranted to further investigate the usefulness of the global score of the EmRecQ in comparison with well-established psychological recovery indicators.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Future research is warranted to further investigate the usefulness of the global score of the EmRecQ in comparison with well-established psychological recovery indicators.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "At this point, Fig. 4 informs about the changes in the value of the OCV during the operation tests of the four MFC.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At this point, Fig. 4 informs about the changes in the value of the OCV during the operation tests of the four MFC.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "During the start-up, a rise of the OCV with the load of the catalyst was observed because at this moment, the role of the catalyst is important as the biofilm was not developed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "During the start-up, a rise of the OCV with the load of the catalyst was observed because at this moment, the role of the catalyst is important as the biofilm was not developed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, once the system is working, not great differences are observed in between the values reached but just a very slight increase from a value lower than 0.30 V during the first days up to 0.35 V at the end of the experiment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, once the system is working, not great differences are observed in between the values reached but just a very slight increase from a value lower than 0.30 V during the first days up to 0.35 V at the end of the experiment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Anyhow, both values are low as compared to those expected for two compartment electrochemical cells due to the great dependence on the culture of the biofilm instead of the load of Pt.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Anyhow, both values are low as compared to those expected for two compartment electrochemical cells due to the great dependence on the culture of the biofilm instead of the load of Pt.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Other works with carbon felt in the anode show values of initial OCV in the range of 0.5-0.9.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Other works with carbon felt in the anode show values of initial OCV in the range of 0.5-0.9 [14, 38, 39] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13", "BIBREF37", "BIBREF38" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14, 38, 39]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "To avoid the cathodic reaction limiting the global performance, it is necessary the use of a catalyst, which helps to decrease the activation energy.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To avoid the cathodic reaction limiting the global performance, it is necessary the use of a catalyst, which helps to decrease the activation energy.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This necessity of catalyst could become even higher in the case of air-breathing membranes, because in this technology, the cathode is in direct contact with air.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This necessity of catalyst could become even higher in the case of air-breathing membranes, because in this technology, the cathode is in direct contact with air.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At this point, it is worth to take in mind that despite its high cost, the most effective catalyst is the Pt.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "At this point, it is worth to take in mind that despite its high cost, the most effective catalyst is the Pt [18, [23] [24] [25] [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17", "BIBREF22", "BIBREF23", "BIBREF24", "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18, [23] [24] [25] [26]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Primary cardiac tumors are rare and are usually benign.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Primary cardiac tumors are rare and are usually benign.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Cardiac myxoma is the most common tumor, while papillary fibroelastoma (PFE) is the second most common benign cardiac tumor and usually arises from the heart valves.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Cardiac myxoma is the most common tumor, while papillary fibroelastoma (PFE) is the second most common benign cardiac tumor and usually arises from the heart valves.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It has been reported to account for approximately 14% of all primary cardiac tumors.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It has been reported to account for approximately 14% of all primary cardiac tumors [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "PFE can cause thromboembolism or mechanical interference with valvular function, so surgical therapy is indicated when the patient has symptoms or the tumor is mobile.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "PFE can cause thromboembolism or mechanical interference with valvular function, so surgical therapy is indicated when the patient has symptoms or the tumor is mobile.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We present a rare case of PFE arising from the free wall of the right ventricle.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We present a rare case of PFE arising from the free wall of the right ventricle.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Students come in touch with chemistry and use products based on chemistry in many different contexts, often without explicit awareness.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Students come in touch with chemistry and use products based on chemistry in many different contexts, often without explicit awareness.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In learning processes, these contexts can be taken as starting points to raise chemistry-related questions, to apply and deepen knowledge of and about chemistry, and to develop competencies such as argumentation, again with regard to chemistry.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In learning processes, these contexts can be taken as starting points to raise chemistry-related questions, to apply and deepen knowledge of and about chemistry, and to develop competencies such as argumentation, again with regard to chemistry.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Context-based problems are usually not simple questions that can be answered by rote learning or algorithmic scripts but they require different problem-solving abilities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Context-based problems are usually not simple questions that can be answered by rote learning or algorithmic scripts but they require different problem-solving abilities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Solving problems that are embedded in authentic contexts often implies specific challenges and demands to students' abilities.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Solving problems that are embedded in authentic contexts often implies specific challenges and demands to students' abilities (Leou, Abder, Riordan, & Zoller, 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF31" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Leou, Abder, Riordan, & Zoller, 2006)" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Energy storage systems have become increasingly popular with the advent of electric vehicles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Energy storage systems have become increasingly popular with the advent of electric vehicles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "They have also been used in microgrids to counteract the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources such as wind and solar.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "They have also been used in microgrids to counteract the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources such as wind and solar [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "In California, utilities are required to have 200MW of energy storage by the end of 2014 as part of the implementation of the state's ambitious renewable energy portfolio.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In California, utilities are required to have 200MW of energy storage by the end of 2014 as part of the implementation of the state's ambitious renewable energy portfolio [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "As energy storage is presently accomplished in large majority by series connected electrochemical battery cells, much attention has been given to the management of stacked battery cells.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As energy storage is presently accomplished in large majority by series connected electrochemical battery cells, much attention has been given to the management of stacked battery cells.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "When Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery cells are used, a battery management system (BMS) in the energy storage system is important to prevent catastrophic failures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery cells are used, a battery management system (BMS) in the energy storage system is important to prevent catastrophic failures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "In this paper, material tests were conducted to derive typical material models of aluminum foams.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper, material tests were conducted to derive typical material models of aluminum foams.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The derived models were verified through the explicit analyses of the foam panels by LS-DYNA.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The derived models were verified through the explicit analyses of the foam panels by LS-DYNA [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] }, { "text": "Performance of the foam panels with different scaled distances was evaluated by blast tests.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Performance of the foam panels with different scaled distances was evaluated by blast tests.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Numerical simulations considering the parameters provided basic design guidelines for the protective structures with sacrificial foam panels.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Numerical simulations considering the parameters provided basic design guidelines for the protective structures with sacrificial foam panels.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Tests and simulations verified the proposed concept that properly designed panels for the required blast loads can control the transmitted pressure to the target structure under a certain pressure on the yield strength of the foam.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Tests and simulations verified the proposed concept that properly designed panels for the required blast loads can control the transmitted pressure to the target structure under a certain pressure on the yield strength of the foam.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Aluminum foams have low density and are attractive materials to mitigate high-speed pressure due to high-energy absorption capabilities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Aluminum foams have low density and are attractive materials to mitigate high-speed pressure due to high-energy absorption capabilities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Energy absorbing material such as aluminum foams can be utilized to mitigate the blast pressure instead of strengthening target structures.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Energy absorbing material such as aluminum foams can be utilized to mitigate the blast pressure instead of strengthening target structures [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]" ] }, { "text": "According to different basis of design (BOD), the aluminum foam panel can be designed to control the transmitted pressure lower than the maximum pressure which can be resisted by concrete structures, as presented in Figure 1 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "According to different basis of design (BOD), the aluminum foam panel can be designed to control the transmitted pressure lower than the maximum pressure which can be resisted by concrete structures, as presented in Figure 1 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "According to the density and thickness of a foam panel, the mitigated pressure can be adjusted to satisfy the required pressure level by the blast loads.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "According to the density and thickness of a foam panel, the mitigated pressure can be adjusted to satisfy the required pressure level by the blast loads.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In particular, the foam density is the key parameter to allow a certain level of pressure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, the foam density is the key parameter to allow a certain level of pressure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Short duration of the blast load can be delayed to have long duration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Short duration of the blast load can be delayed to have long duration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A pressure-impulse diagram (PI diagram) is normally required for the design of protective structures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A pressure-impulse diagram (PI diagram) is normally required for the design of protective structures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, designers need to have reliable material models to estimate the pressure mitigation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, designers need to have reliable material models to estimate the pressure mitigation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In order to develop nonlinear material models for the aluminum foam with differing density, mechanical properties of the foam and foam panels under compression, tension, shear and bending moment were obtained by numerous tests.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to develop nonlinear material models for the aluminum foam with differing density, mechanical properties of the foam and foam panels under compression, tension, shear and bending moment were obtained by numerous tests.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Several studies were carried out to investigate the constitutive response of aluminum foams during the past three decades.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Several studies were carried out to investigate the constitutive response of aluminum foams during the past three decades.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Various experimental facilities were used to load the foam at a range of strain and stress rates.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Various experimental facilities were used to load the foam at a range of strain and stress rates [1, 5, 6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1, 5, 6]" ] }, { "text": "They reported that a closed-cell aluminum foam did not exhibit a strain rate effect.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They reported that a closed-cell aluminum foam did not exhibit a strain rate effect.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It was found that the initial elastic modulus is lower than that of fully dense alloys.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It was found that the initial elastic modulus is lower than that of fully dense alloys.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Deformation in the cell walls led to stress concentration around the deformation zone, which resulted in a decrease of the modulus.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Deformation in the cell walls led to stress concentration around the deformation zone, which resulted in a decrease of the modulus.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The deformation of the foam under loads is not spatially uniform.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The deformation of the foam under loads is not spatially uniform.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Deformation first occurs in the weakest region and is propagated in this region until it is completely crushed or becomes fully densified.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Deformation first occurs in the weakest region and is propagated in this region until it is completely crushed or becomes fully densified.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "The process-product leakage explanation predicts that decision time will be a moderator of choice overload effects, as has been proposed by Haynes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The process-product leakage explanation predicts that decision time will be a moderator of choice overload effects, as has been proposed by Haynes [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "Participants were asked to choose a prize to be entered in a drawing from a set of prize descriptions; either three prize descriptions or ten prize descriptions were presented.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Participants were asked to choose a prize to be entered in a drawing from a set of prize descriptions; either three prize descriptions or ten prize descriptions were presented.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The result showed that under the time pressure participants felt the decision was difficult and reported less satisfaction, especially with a large set of options.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The result showed that under the time pressure participants felt the decision was difficult and reported less satisfaction, especially with a large set of options.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The significance of the weak value in the model is particularly apparent when imprecise weak measurements are compared with precise strong measurements.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The significance of the weak value in the model is particularly apparent when imprecise weak measurements are compared with precise strong measurements.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Working within the neoclassical model, we might naively expect a strong measurement to be an accurate measurement of the ontological field.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Working within the neoclassical model, we might naively expect a strong measurement to be an accurate measurement of the ontological field.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Consequently, we should expect the mean result after many repetitions to be the weak value.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently, we should expect the mean result after many repetitions to be the weak value.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Of course, this is incorrect.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Of course, this is incorrect.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Quantum theory tells us that strong measurements are accompanied by measurement back-action which perturbs the state.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Quantum theory tells us that strong measurements are accompanied by measurement back-action which perturbs the state.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Because the neoclassical theory does not include measurement back-action, it fails to agree either quantitatively or qualitatively with the predictions of quantum theory when the measurement is strong.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Because the neoclassical theory does not include measurement back-action, it fails to agree either quantitatively or qualitatively with the predictions of quantum theory when the measurement is strong [31] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[31]" ] }, { "text": "Supplementing our model with the extra baggage required to describe strong measurements goes beyond the scope of this work.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Supplementing our model with the extra baggage required to describe strong measurements goes beyond the scope of this work.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It suffices to note that within such a supplemented model strong measurements still do not reveal the state of the ontological field, which is independent of the measurement.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It suffices to note that within such a supplemented model strong measurements still do not reveal the state of the ontological field, which is independent of the measurement.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A similar argument can be made for single-shot weak measurements, since the uncertainties are large.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A similar argument can be made for single-shot weak measurements, since the uncertainties are large.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, many repetitions can be used to get an estimate of the underlying ontological properties.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, many repetitions can be used to get an estimate of the underlying ontological properties.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As such, weak measurements are better tools than strong measurements for probing the underlying ontology.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As such, weak measurements are better tools than strong measurements for probing the underlying ontology.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These results are consistent with other ontological models such as Bohm theory, where weak measurements can be used to reconstruct particle trajectories.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These results are consistent with other ontological models such as Bohm theory, where weak measurements can be used to reconstruct particle trajectories [35, 36] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF34", "BIBREF35" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[35, 36]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "CBSOL LE dyes are reactive dyes developed for wool dyeing (http://www.colorbandindia.com/cbsol-le-reactivedyes-for-wool.html).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "CBSOL LE dyes are reactive dyes developed for wool dyeing (http://www.colorbandindia.com/cbsol-le-reactivedyes-for-wool.html).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Reactive dyes are azo-based chromophores combined with different types of reactive groups and are most commonly used type of dyes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Reactive dyes are azo-based chromophores combined with different types of reactive groups and are most commonly used type of dyes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Also, reactive dyes are non-biodegradable and can be carcinogenic to human.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Also, reactive dyes are non-biodegradable and can be carcinogenic to human (Gregory 1986) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Gregory 1986)" ] }, { "text": "During the textile processing, large amount of dyes stay behind in wastewater produced, due to which textile wastewater becomes strong in color and toxic.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "During the textile processing, large amount of dyes stay behind in wastewater produced, due to which textile wastewater becomes strong in color and toxic (Yazdani et al. 2012) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF44" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Yazdani et al. 2012)" ] }, { "text": "Hence, the removal of dyes from wastewater is very important from both points of view of environment as well as human health.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, the removal of dyes from wastewater is very important from both points of view of environment as well as human health.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "In Australia, the current Coalition government has used changes in the global economy to justify alterations to Australia's domestic accommodation, winding back the quasi-corporatist Accord arrangements and systematically attempting to utilize business to mount a concerted attack on organised labour.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In Australia, the current Coalition government has used changes in the global economy to justify alterations to Australia's domestic accommodation, winding back the quasi-corporatist Accord arrangements and systematically attempting to utilize business to mount a concerted attack on organised labour (Long and Murphy, 1997) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Long and Murphy, 1997)" ] }, { "text": "Faced with such inherently unfavourable conditions, labour in high-wage Australia has found itself forced to cooperate with local companies in order to achieved higher productivity and production flexibility and slow the shift of manufacturing off-shore.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Faced with such inherently unfavourable conditions, labour in high-wage Australia has found itself forced to cooperate with local companies in order to achieved higher productivity and production flexibility and slow the shift of manufacturing off-shore (van Liemt, 1992) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF47" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(van Liemt, 1992)" ] }, { "text": "In Indonesia the government has maintained state corporatist arrangements as a way of maintaining stringent controls over labour and minimizing potential social disruption.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Indonesia the government has maintained state corporatist arrangements as a way of maintaining stringent controls over labour and minimizing potential social disruption.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Workers are told that their demands are eroding Indonesia's attractiveness -vis à vis other low wage countries like China and Vietnam -as an investment site for labour intensive production.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Workers are told that their demands are eroding Indonesia's attractiveness -vis à vis other low wage countries like China and Vietnam -as an investment site for labour intensive production.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In both countries, however, the external world economy has provided both the imperative and an important justification for the 'necessity' of policies that might otherwise have attracted greater resistance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In both countries, however, the external world economy has provided both the imperative and an important justification for the 'necessity' of policies that might otherwise have attracted greater resistance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "At present, the patterns of government-labour relations in Australia and Indonesia appear to be diverging, convergence theories notwithstanding.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At present, the patterns of government-labour relations in Australia and Indonesia appear to be diverging, convergence theories notwithstanding.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Whereas Indonesia appears to be attempting to retain a form of state corporatism that ensures continuing control of labour, Australia's current Liberal-National coalition government seems intent on dismantling any remnants of state-sponsored wage determination or nationally based negotiation with labour.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Whereas Indonesia appears to be attempting to retain a form of state corporatism that ensures continuing control of labour, Australia's current Liberal-National coalition government seems intent on dismantling any remnants of state-sponsored wage determination or nationally based negotiation with labour.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Despite this apparent divergence of approach, striking resonances in overall governmental logic remain.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite this apparent divergence of approach, striking resonances in overall governmental logic remain.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In both countries the spectre of globalisation in particular and the implacable pressure of international competition in general have been invoked to justify and legitimate different policy initiatives.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In both countries the spectre of globalisation in particular and the implacable pressure of international competition in general have been invoked to justify and legitimate different policy initiatives.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, the notion of globalisation is routinely deployed in Australia to explain the current strategy of promoting labour market and workplace 'flexibility': to make 'Australia' a more competitive place it is important to remove impediments to the efficient operation of market forces within the national economy.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, the notion of globalisation is routinely deployed in Australia to explain the current strategy of promoting labour market and workplace 'flexibility': to make 'Australia' a more competitive place it is important to remove impediments to the efficient operation of market forces within the national economy (Henderson, 1997) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Henderson, 1997)" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "A comparison of the Indonesian and Australian experiences reveals some surprising similarities as well as more predictable differences.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A comparison of the Indonesian and Australian experiences reveals some surprising similarities as well as more predictable differences.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Both are important, firstly as correctives to an undifferentiated globalisation thesis, and secondly because they shed light on the generally neglected role of labour in this process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Both are important, firstly as correctives to an undifferentiated globalisation thesis, and secondly because they shed light on the generally neglected role of labour in this process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In both Indonesia and Australia national governments have developed -or at least experimented with -forms of corporatist social arrangements as a way of adjusting to the demands of international economic structural adjustment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In both Indonesia and Australia national governments have developed -or at least experimented with -forms of corporatist social arrangements as a way of adjusting to the demands of international economic structural adjustment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the historical experiences of the two nations are significantly different, having been shaped by contingent domestic forces.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the historical experiences of the two nations are significantly different, having been shaped by contingent domestic forces.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Australia, the independent and historically influential presence of organised labour within the Australian polity meant that the particular corporatist-style accommodation reached between labour and government during the 1980s was 'consensual,' voluntaristic and embedded in a broadly pluralist political tradition.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Australia, the independent and historically influential presence of organised labour within the Australian polity meant that the particular corporatist-style accommodation reached between labour and government during the 1980s was 'consensual,' voluntaristic and embedded in a broadly pluralist political tradition.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As we have seen, corporatism in Australia was always tentative and incomplete, the result of capital's failure to cooperate, and a government-inspired, market-oriented policy framework that effectively undercut the possibility of more cooperatively negotiated economic outcomes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As we have seen, corporatism in Australia was always tentative and incomplete, the result of capital's failure to cooperate, and a government-inspired, market-oriented policy framework that effectively undercut the possibility of more cooperatively negotiated economic outcomes (McEachern, 1991) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(McEachern, 1991)" ] }, { "text": "What is significant for our purposes, however, is that something approaching a corporatist strategy was seen as appropriate given Australia's deteriorating economic position.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "What is significant for our purposes, however, is that something approaching a corporatist strategy was seen as appropriate given Australia's deteriorating economic position.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "A contemporary dispute in Western Australia, a state dominated by a conservative Liberal-National Party coalition government, illustrates some of these issues and suggests there is little basis for optimism.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A contemporary dispute in Western Australia, a state dominated by a conservative Liberal-National Party coalition government, illustrates some of these issues and suggests there is little basis for optimism.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Controversial industrial relations reforms which radically undermine the organisational capacity and strength of organised labour have been enacted by a state minister who specifically cited the Asian models of industrial relations as his principal influence.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Controversial industrial relations reforms which radically undermine the organisational capacity and strength of organised labour have been enacted by a state minister who specifically cited the Asian models of industrial relations as his principal influence (Pryer, 1997) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF32" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Pryer, 1997)" ] }, { "text": "Despite the unprecedentedly low levels of industrial disputation and an overall decline in the cost of labour that the previous Accord mechanisms delivered, governments in Australia at both the Federal and state levels are taking advantage of changing domestic and international economic: circumstances to consolidate labour relations reforms that are inimical to labour and appear ideologically driven.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Despite the unprecedentedly low levels of industrial disputation and an overall decline in the cost of labour that the previous Accord mechanisms delivered, governments in Australia at both the Federal and state levels are taking advantage of changing domestic and international economic: circumstances to consolidate labour relations reforms that are inimical to labour and appear ideologically driven.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Importantly, they are subscribing to an Asian benchmark.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Importantly, they are subscribing to an Asian benchmark.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Parametric failures induced by subtle defects, such as resistive vias/contacts and weak opens, are hard to detect even when the circuit operates with the lowest performance under the worst environmental condition.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Parametric failures induced by subtle defects, such as resistive vias/contacts and weak opens, are hard to detect even when the circuit operates with the lowest performance under the worst environmental condition.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In these cases, a speed test needs to be applied at two temperatures (hot/cold) and at a particular frequency.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In these cases, a speed test needs to be applied at two temperatures (hot/cold) and at a particular frequency [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] }, { "text": "The defective chips can be screened as outliers by comparing the test results at the two different temperatures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The defective chips can be screened as outliers by comparing the test results at the two different temperatures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Environment-sensitive defects often cause parametric failures that are more and more observed in very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuits manufactured with nanometer technologies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Environment-sensitive defects often cause parametric failures that are more and more observed in very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuits manufactured with nanometer technologies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These environmental parameters include power supply voltage, clock frequency, temperature, radiation, etc.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These environmental parameters include power supply voltage, clock frequency, temperature, radiation, etc.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In recent years, concerns regarding parametric failures are rapidly rising due to widely distributed process variations and the wide spectrum of subtle defects introduced by new manufacturing processes and materials.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In recent years, concerns regarding parametric failures are rapidly rising due to widely distributed process variations and the wide spectrum of subtle defects introduced by new manufacturing processes and materials [18] , [13] , [14] , [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ], [ "BIBREF12" ], [ "BIBREF13" ], [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18]", "[13]", "[14]", "[12]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Excreted carbohydrate was fractionated into a low-M, and a high-M, fraction by precipitating the high-M, fraction with 3 vols ethanol.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Excreted carbohydrate was fractionated into a low-M, and a high-M, fraction by precipitating the high-M, fraction with 3 vols ethanol.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The precipitated succinoglycan was redissolved in water, and the sugar content was measured by the anthrone-H,S04 assay.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The precipitated succinoglycan was redissolved in water, and the sugar content was measured by the anthrone-H,S04 assay.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Repeating units of succinoglycan which remained in the ethanolic supernatant were also quantified by the anthrone-H,SO, assay.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Repeating units of succinoglycan which remained in the ethanolic supernatant were also quantified by the anthrone-H,SO, assay.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The extracellular low-M, carbohydrates of this fraction were separated according to charge on a DEAE-Sepharose anion-exchange column (3 x 25 cm, Pharmacia-LKB), and were eluted with distilled water followed by a linear KCl gradient ( 0 4 . 5 M).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The extracellular low-M, carbohydrates of this fraction were separated according to charge on a DEAE-Sepharose anion-exchange column (3 x 25 cm, Pharmacia-LKB), and were eluted with distilled water followed by a linear KCl gradient ( 0 4 . 5 M).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Fractions (5 ml) were collected, and checked for hexose content by the anthrone method.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Fractions (5 ml) were collected, and checked for hexose content by the anthrone method.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Peak fractions were desalted by gel-filtration over a Bio-Gel P2 column.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Peak fractions were desalted by gel-filtration over a Bio-Gel P2 column.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The amount of succinate found within the collected peak fractions after methanolysis was determined as methylsuccinate on a capillary Wax 57-CB column (Chrompack) connected to a flame ionization detector in a Kipp Analytica 8200 gas chromatograph at 100 \"C.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The amount of succinate found within the collected peak fractions after methanolysis was determined as methylsuccinate on a capillary Wax 57-CB column (Chrompack) connected to a flame ionization detector in a Kipp Analytica 8200 gas chromatograph at 100 \"C (Zevenhuizen & Van Neerven, 1983) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF36" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Zevenhuizen & Van Neerven, 1983)" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Also, due to the associated stigma, men with the problem rarely seek help.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Also, due to the associated stigma, men with the problem rarely seek help [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "Some believe that the condition would resolve on its own (primarily younger men) and others have the perception that ED is a normal part of aging (primarily older men).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Some believe that the condition would resolve on its own (primarily younger men) and others have the perception that ED is a normal part of aging (primarily older men).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Approximately half of men aged 40 to 70 years are said to have some degree of ED.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Approximately half of men aged 40 to 70 years are said to have some degree of ED [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "The age-adjusted prevalence rates of ED among men attending primary care clinics was found to be 57.4% in Nigeria, 63.6% in Egypt, and 80.8% in Pakistan.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The age-adjusted prevalence rates of ED among men attending primary care clinics was found to be 57.4% in Nigeria, 63.6% in Egypt, and 80.8% in Pakistan [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] }, { "text": "World-wide estimates of ED prevalence range from 2% in men younger than 40 years to 86% in men 80 years or older.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "World-wide estimates of ED prevalence range from 2% in men younger than 40 years to 86% in men 80 years or older [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "The most common medical conditions associated with erectile dysfunction are conditions that impair arterial blood flow to the erectile tissues or disrupt the neuronal circuitry.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The most common medical conditions associated with erectile dysfunction are conditions that impair arterial blood flow to the erectile tissues or disrupt the neuronal circuitry.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In a study of men in a hypertension center, ED was found to be highly prevalent and severe in men with hypertension.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In a study of men in a hypertension center, ED was found to be highly prevalent and severe in men with hypertension [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Due to differences in pore filling and fluid-solid interaction mechanisms, the classical thermodynamics-based methods for PSD determination developed separately for micropores and mesopores.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Due to differences in pore filling and fluid-solid interaction mechanisms, the classical thermodynamics-based methods for PSD determination developed separately for micropores and mesopores [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "The more recent methods for PSD determination are based on an inversion of the adsorption integral equation; for a single component adsorptive it can be written as: (1) Here, N(T,P) is the experimental adsorption isotherm data at a given temperature T and pressure P.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The more recent methods for PSD determination are based on an inversion of the adsorption integral equation; for a single component adsorptive it can be written as: (1) Here, N(T,P) is the experimental adsorption isotherm data at a given temperature T and pressure P.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The function ρ(w,T,P) represents a series of simulated isotherms nominally as single pore isotherms or SPIs (kernels) for the same adsorptive within an ideal-shaped pore of a specified dimension, w, and f(w) is a pore size distribution function.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The function ρ(w,T,P) represents a series of simulated isotherms nominally as single pore isotherms or SPIs (kernels) for the same adsorptive within an ideal-shaped pore of a specified dimension, w, and f(w) is a pore size distribution function.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The integration limits as cited are typically adjusted to accommodate the minimum and maximum pore sizes to be defined via the simulated SPIs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The integration limits as cited are typically adjusted to accommodate the minimum and maximum pore sizes to be defined via the simulated SPIs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A PSD derived from the adsorption integral equation method is classified via the approach taken to calculate the SPI.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A PSD derived from the adsorption integral equation method is classified via the approach taken to calculate the SPI.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These isotherms can be developed via either molecular dynamics (MD) calculations, a Monte Carlo (MC) simulation, or using a Density Functional Theory approach.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These isotherms can be developed via either molecular dynamics (MD) calculations, a Monte Carlo (MC) simulation, or using a Density Functional Theory approach.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The inversion of the adsorption integral equation is independent of the SPI-generation method.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The inversion of the adsorption integral equation is independent of the SPI-generation method.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The attenuation length of acoustic waves in South Pole ice is predicted to depend on temperature (and therefore depth).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The attenuation length of acoustic waves in South Pole ice is predicted to depend on temperature (and therefore depth).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The predicted value is several km in the shallowest, coldest 1-2 km of ice.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The predicted value is several km in the shallowest, coldest 1-2 km of ice [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "In order to verify that a large acoustic neutrino experiment could detect a significant rate of cosmogenic neutrinos, the attenuation length should be established to be on the order of 1 km.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to verify that a large acoustic neutrino experiment could detect a significant rate of cosmogenic neutrinos, the attenuation length should be established to be on the order of 1 km.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "An attenuation length of several km is not necessary, because for values above ∼1 km attenuation is dominated by 1/r divergence.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "An attenuation length of several km is not necessary, because for values above ∼1 km attenuation is dominated by 1/r divergence.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "A special data mining task dedicated to finding differences between contrasting groups is contrast set mining.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A special data mining task dedicated to finding differences between contrasting groups is contrast set mining [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The goal of our research is to find discriminative differences between two groups of ischaematic brain stroke patients: patients with thrombolic stroke and those with embolic stroke.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The goal of our research is to find discriminative differences between two groups of ischaematic brain stroke patients: patients with thrombolic stroke and those with embolic stroke.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The problem is introduced in Section 2.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The problem is introduced in Section 2.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Metrical level is a hierarchical structure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Metrical level is a hierarchical structure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The most salient metrical level, called the tactus or beat level, is a moderate metrical level which corresponds to the foot tapping rate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The most salient metrical level, called the tactus or beat level, is a moderate metrical level which corresponds to the foot tapping rate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Here, we will also consider another common metrical level called tatum.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Here, we will also consider another common metrical level called tatum.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The tatum level corresponds to the \"shortest durational values in music that are still more than accidentally encountered \".", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The tatum level corresponds to the \"shortest durational values in music that are still more than accidentally encountered \" [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "Musical signals are divided into units of equal time value called measures or bars.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Musical signals are divided into units of equal time value called measures or bars.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The relationship between measures and tactus/tatum is defined by the meter which is usually indicated by a time signature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The relationship between measures and tactus/tatum is defined by the meter which is usually indicated by a time signature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One important problem related to metrical analysis is finding the position of the downbeat or the first beat of each measure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One important problem related to metrical analysis is finding the position of the downbeat or the first beat of each measure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "NECT is a useful modality for several reasons.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "NECT is a useful modality for several reasons.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Compared with IVP, NECT has simple accessibility, rapid image acquisition time, advanced image quality, and no requirement for contrast material.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Compared with IVP, NECT has simple accessibility, rapid image acquisition time, advanced image quality, and no requirement for contrast material.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Disuse of contrast material avoids the risk of contrast-induced adverse reactions, which occur in 1% to 10% of patients who undergo IVP.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Disuse of contrast material avoids the risk of contrast-induced adverse reactions, which occur in 1% to 10% of patients who undergo IVP [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] }, { "text": "The use of NECT may eliminate the costs of the contrast material.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The use of NECT may eliminate the costs of the contrast material.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, NECT is preferable to IVP in patients with acute flank pain associated with preexisting renal insufficiency because those patients have contraindications for IVP owing to the potential nephrotoxicity of the contrast material.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, NECT is preferable to IVP in patients with acute flank pain associated with preexisting renal insufficiency because those patients have contraindications for IVP owing to the potential nephrotoxicity of the contrast material.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Nevertheless, IL-6 was proposed as a therapeutic target in SLE.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless, IL-6 was proposed as a therapeutic target in SLE [17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17]" ] }, { "text": "Tocilizumab, an anti-IL-6 receptor antibody, initially used in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, was then tried in SLE.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Tocilizumab, an anti-IL-6 receptor antibody, initially used in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, was then tried in SLE [18] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18]" ] }, { "text": "However, anti-IL-6 therapy has not shown significant benefits in SLE, even if it decreased the disease activity and improved outcomes in SLE arthritis were noted.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, anti-IL-6 therapy has not shown significant benefits in SLE, even if it decreased the disease activity and improved outcomes in SLE arthritis were noted [19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19]" ] }, { "text": "Although a possible role of IL-6 as therapeutic target in SLE seems now improbable and this approach could be probably considered for future research only in selected patients, the involvement of IL-6 in SLE's pathogenesis cannot be denied and understanding its role could help clarify the heterogenic immunity of this disease.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although a possible role of IL-6 as therapeutic target in SLE seems now improbable and this approach could be probably considered for future research only in selected patients, the involvement of IL-6 in SLE's pathogenesis cannot be denied and understanding its role could help clarify the heterogenic immunity of this disease.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "In this study, higher urinary not serum IL-6 were related to indices of SLE activity (lower C3 and C4), mostly in patients with kidney involvement, pointing to a renal source of IL-6.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this study, higher urinary not serum IL-6 were related to indices of SLE activity (lower C3 and C4), mostly in patients with kidney involvement, pointing to a renal source of IL-6.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Lower IL-6 was also associated with longer duration of HCQ therapy, supporting an inhibitory action of HCQ on IL-6 production.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Lower IL-6 was also associated with longer duration of HCQ therapy, supporting an inhibitory action of HCQ on IL-6 production.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Patients in the present study were subgrouped into low and high urinary IL-6 based on the median level (7.3 pg/ml) as reference data on serum or urinary IL-6 levels in SLE patients were not consistent.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Patients in the present study were subgrouped into low and high urinary IL-6 based on the median level (7.3 pg/ml) as reference data on serum or urinary IL-6 levels in SLE patients were not consistent [10, [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9", "BIBREF22", "BIBREF23", "BIBREF24", "BIBREF25", "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10, [23] [24] [25] [26] [27]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The general pattern we found was that juveniles with sexually based police contacts had a high volume of non-sex contacts and a low rate of sexual recidivism during their juvenile careers, and an even lower likelihood of continuing their sexual offending behavior into adulthood.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The general pattern we found was that juveniles with sexually based police contacts had a high volume of non-sex contacts and a low rate of sexual recidivism during their juvenile careers, and an even lower likelihood of continuing their sexual offending behavior into adulthood.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The pattern observed was consistent with regarding juvenile sex offenders as a representative group of active delinquents without any pronounced tendencies for sexual specialization as adults.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The pattern observed was consistent with regarding juvenile sex offenders as a representative group of active delinquents without any pronounced tendencies for sexual specialization as adults (Meloy, 2005; Miethe et a[., 2006; Zimring et at., 2007) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16", "BIBREF49" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Meloy, 2005; Miethe et a[., 2006; Zimring et at., 2007)" ] }, { "text": "Overall, from the standpoint of justifying special registration for juvenile sex offenders, it is hard to imagine a more devastating pattern than the comparison between active offenders without juvenile sex records and juvenile sex offenders.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Overall, from the standpoint of justifying special registration for juvenile sex offenders, it is hard to imagine a more devastating pattern than the comparison between active offenders without juvenile sex records and juvenile sex offenders.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Total juvenile police contacts were a more efficient predictor of future sexual danger in young adulthood than a history of juvenile sex offending or the frequency of juvenile sex offending.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Total juvenile police contacts were a more efficient predictor of future sexual danger in young adulthood than a history of juvenile sex offending or the frequency of juvenile sex offending.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The best prediction of an adult sex offense was a highfrequency juvenile police contact record, whether or not any of the youthful contacts involved a sex offense.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The best prediction of an adult sex offense was a highfrequency juvenile police contact record, whether or not any of the youthful contacts involved a sex offense.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Emotion recognition plays a crucial part in all our communications as it enables us to react adequately to our conversation partners and their emotions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Emotion recognition plays a crucial part in all our communications as it enables us to react adequately to our conversation partners and their emotions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Humans use facial expressions in particular to transmit the so-called basic emotions defined by Ekman.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Humans use facial expressions in particular to transmit the so-called basic emotions defined by Ekman (Ekman & Cordaro, 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ekman & Cordaro, 2011)" ] }, { "text": "Theoretically, they are presented facially and recognized correctly within practically every culture on this planet.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Theoretically, they are presented facially and recognized correctly within practically every culture on this planet.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At this point, we would like to emphasize the term \"practically\" because there are some findings in the literature indicating that specific variables may have an impact on emotion recognition ability (e.g., gender and sex hormones).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At this point, we would like to emphasize the term \"practically\" because there are some findings in the literature indicating that specific variables may have an impact on emotion recognition ability (e.g., gender and sex hormones).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "A distinct feature of urban climate is the urban heat island (UHI).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A distinct feature of urban climate is the urban heat island (UHI).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A distinction can be made between surface UHI, the difference in surface temperatures between the urban and rural area, and the atmospheric urban heat island, the corresponding differences in air temperature.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A distinction can be made between surface UHI, the difference in surface temperatures between the urban and rural area, and the atmospheric urban heat island, the corresponding differences in air temperature.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, two types of atmospheric UHI can be distinguished, that of the Urban Boundary Layer (UBL) and that of the Urban Canopy Layer (UCL).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, two types of atmospheric UHI can be distinguished, that of the Urban Boundary Layer (UBL) and that of the Urban Canopy Layer (UCL) [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "This paper reports on the urban climate within the Rotterdam agglomeration, the second largest city in The Netherlands.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This paper reports on the urban climate within the Rotterdam agglomeration, the second largest city in The Netherlands.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Results from earlier meteorological observations indicate the existence of a considerable UHI in densely built areas with values reaching up to 8 K or more.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Results from earlier meteorological observations indicate the existence of a considerable UHI in densely built areas with values reaching up to 8 K or more [22, 23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22", "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22, 23]" ] }, { "text": "The municipality of Rotterdam wishes to anticipate on current and future challenges for human thermal comfort by mainstreaming adaptation measures in the reconstruction of older neighbourhoods and development of new urban areas.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The municipality of Rotterdam wishes to anticipate on current and future challenges for human thermal comfort by mainstreaming adaptation measures in the reconstruction of older neighbourhoods and development of new urban areas.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this context, a monitoring network has been established in 2009.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In this context, a monitoring network has been established in 2009 [24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24]" ] }, { "text": "It currently consists of 14 fixed Automatic Weather Stations (AWS).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It currently consists of 14 fixed Automatic Weather Stations (AWS).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "For outdoor thermal comfort the UCL-UHI is the most important one since people live in the urban canopy layer.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For outdoor thermal comfort the UCL-UHI is the most important one since people live in the urban canopy layer.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, the UCL-UHI is the most commonly observed of the two atmospheric types and often the one referred to in discussions of urban heat islands.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, the UCL-UHI is the most commonly observed of the two atmospheric types and often the one referred to in discussions of urban heat islands.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In contrast to the surface UHI, the atmospheric UHI is mainly a nocturnal phenomenon; it often weak during the late morning and throughout the day and becomes more pronounced after sunset due to the slow release of heat from urban infrastructure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In contrast to the surface UHI, the atmospheric UHI is mainly a nocturnal phenomenon; it often weak during the late morning and throughout the day and becomes more pronounced after sunset due to the slow release of heat from urban infrastructure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "So, maximum UHI intensities (UHI max ) are usually reached after sunset as a result of slower cooling down of the urban areas as compared to the rural surroundings.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "So, maximum UHI intensities (UHI max ) are usually reached after sunset as a result of slower cooling down of the urban areas as compared to the rural surroundings [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "As several flubromazolam users were motivated by various self-medicating purposes, the reality of flubromazolam (and other NPS benzodiazepines) should be considered by healthcare providers to avoid dangerous interactions when prescribing medications.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As several flubromazolam users were motivated by various self-medicating purposes, the reality of flubromazolam (and other NPS benzodiazepines) should be considered by healthcare providers to avoid dangerous interactions when prescribing medications.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, prescribing physicians should be attentive to the fact that certain patients sometimes turn to precarious NPS substances if they do not receive effective treatment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, prescribing physicians should be attentive to the fact that certain patients sometimes turn to precarious NPS substances if they do not receive effective treatment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As described in previous studies, the incentive of \"substance displacement\" -when users are turning to precarious NPS as a substitute for medication or better known substances -is an important consideration both for policy makers and medical personnel.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As described in previous studies, the incentive of \"substance displacement\" -when users are turning to precarious NPS as a substitute for medication or better known substances -is an important consideration both for policy makers and medical personnel (Andersson & Kjellgren, 2016) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Andersson & Kjellgren, 2016)" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "This viewpoint is supported by the fundamental property of interstitialcies-the existence of low frequency resonance vibration modes in their vibration spectrum.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This viewpoint is supported by the fundamental property of interstitialcies-the existence of low frequency resonance vibration modes in their vibration spectrum [27, 34] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28", "BIBREF35" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[27, 34]" ] }, { "text": "These modes correspond to the frequencies, which are by several times smaller than the Debye frequency.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These modes correspond to the frequencies, which are by several times smaller than the Debye frequency.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Consequently, the vibrational entropy of the defect becomes large, by several times bigger than that of the vacancy (for Cu, for instance, for elemental substances is close to 1.2k B , with only a few exceptions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently, the vibrational entropy of the defect becomes large, by several times bigger than that of the vacancy (for Cu, for instance, for elemental substances is close to 1.2k B , with only a few exceptions [37] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF38" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[37]" ] }, { "text": "Assuming that melting is connected with interstitialcy formation, one can calculate exactly this value for S at m.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Assuming that melting is connected with interstitialcy formation, one can calculate exactly this value for S at m [23] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[23]" ] }, { "text": "The other major finding was that the interstitialcy formation enthalpy rapidly decreases (by several times) with their concentration at large c strongly promoting melting.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The other major finding was that the interstitialcy formation enthalpy rapidly decreases (by several times) with their concentration at large c strongly promoting melting [30, 38] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF31", "BIBREF39" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[30, 38]" ] }, { "text": "Within the framework of this approach, one can quantitatively explain the empirical Lindemann rule (αT m = const, where α is the crystal thermal expansion coefficient), as well as the correlation between the melting temperature and shear modulus.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Within the framework of this approach, one can quantitatively explain the empirical Lindemann rule (αT m = const, where α is the crystal thermal expansion coefficient), as well as the correlation between the melting temperature and shear modulus [39] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF40" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[39]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Later, analyzing the thermodynamics of a crystal with interstitialcies, Granato showed that depending on temperature, it is possible to distinguish between several possibilities of stable and metastable equilibrium, which he interpreted as equilibrium/superheated crystal and equilibrium/supercooled liquid states.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Later, analyzing the thermodynamics of a crystal with interstitialcies, Granato showed that depending on temperature, it is possible to distinguish between several possibilities of stable and metastable equilibrium, which he interpreted as equilibrium/superheated crystal and equilibrium/supercooled liquid states [18, 19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18", "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18, 19]" ] }, { "text": "Every stable and metastable state is characterized by its own interstitialcy concentration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Every stable and metastable state is characterized by its own interstitialcy concentration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Melting of a crystal within the framework of this approach is understood as a result of the thermoactivated generation of interstitialcies, which to a large extent define the properties of the equilibrium and supercooled melt.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Melting of a crystal within the framework of this approach is understood as a result of the thermoactivated generation of interstitialcies, which to a large extent define the properties of the equilibrium and supercooled melt.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Granato and co-workers made an important contribution to the understanding of the nature of interstitial defects in crystals.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Granato and co-workers made an important contribution to the understanding of the nature of interstitial defects in crystals.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In particular, they performed a unique experiment (not repeated so far)-irradiation of a copper single crystal by thermal neutrons at T = 4 K with simultaneous measurement of all elastic constants.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, they performed a unique experiment (not repeated so far)-irradiation of a copper single crystal by thermal neutrons at T = 4 K with simultaneous measurement of all elastic constants [31, 32] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF32", "BIBREF33" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[31, 32]" ] }, { "text": "The irradiation results in the formation of long-living (at this temperature) Frenkel pairs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The irradiation results in the formation of long-living (at this temperature) Frenkel pairs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It was found that all elastic moduli decrease with the concentration c of Frenkel pairs, but the shear modulus C 44 decreases most rapidly.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It was found that all elastic moduli decrease with the concentration c of Frenkel pairs, but the shear modulus C 44 decreases most rapidly.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The extrapolation of C 44 (c)-dependence led to the unexpected conclusion that the shear modulus should become zero at c ≈ 2% to 3%.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The extrapolation of C 44 (c)-dependence led to the unexpected conclusion that the shear modulus should become zero at c ≈ 2% to 3%.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Zero (or very low) shear modulus is characteristic of a liquid.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Zero (or very low) shear modulus is characteristic of a liquid [33] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF34" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[33]" ] }, { "text": "The analysis of the magnitude and orientational dependence of this effect provided the evidence that it is conditioned by interstitial atoms in the dumbbell configuration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The analysis of the magnitude and orientational dependence of this effect provided the evidence that it is conditioned by interstitial atoms in the dumbbell configuration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Personalization -a consequence of delivering multiple interpretations is that visitors may be confronted with increasingly large volumes of information.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Personalization -a consequence of delivering multiple interpretations is that visitors may be confronted with increasingly large volumes of information.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The capability of digital technologies to provide access to huge volumes of online information only serves to compound this problem, threatening to distract attention away from the artifacts themselves or even overwhelm the visitor.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The capability of digital technologies to provide access to huge volumes of online information only serves to compound this problem, threatening to distract attention away from the artifacts themselves or even overwhelm the visitor.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At the same time, the vast and diverse range of people who visit museums makes it difficult to design content for an 'average' visitor.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At the same time, the vast and diverse range of people who visit museums makes it difficult to design content for an 'average' visitor.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This has stimulated an interest in personalization, typically by automatically recognizing visitor types or visiting styles and filtering or adapting information accordingly.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This has stimulated an interest in personalization, typically by automatically recognizing visitor types or visiting styles and filtering or adapting information accordingly [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "However, attempts to categorize visitors into different types or styles are often overly simplified and aren't of practical use to exhibition designers.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, attempts to categorize visitors into different types or styles are often overly simplified and aren't of practical use to exhibition designers [25] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[25]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Interpretation -the idea of interpretation lies at the heart of curation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Interpretation -the idea of interpretation lies at the heart of curation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Whereas the traditional role of the gallery or museum was to provide an official interpretation, the contemporary institution is typically more concerned with supporting visitors in engaging with multiple interpretations or in making their own interpretations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Whereas the traditional role of the gallery or museum was to provide an official interpretation, the contemporary institution is typically more concerned with supporting visitors in engaging with multiple interpretations or in making their own interpretations [32] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF32" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[32]" ] }, { "text": "Simon argues that visitors to museums should be active participants rather than passive consumers, and that participation involves visitors being able to \"create, share, and connect with each other around content\".", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Simon argues that visitors to museums should be active participants rather than passive consumers, and that participation involves visitors being able to \"create, share, and connect with each other around content\" [27] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[27]" ] }, { "text": "Ciolfi and McLoughlin also found that visitors' engagement at an open-air living history museum was meaningful when connections were made between the museum content and their own lives.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Ciolfi and McLoughlin also found that visitors' engagement at an open-air living history museum was meaningful when connections were made between the museum content and their own lives [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "The geometric engineering of the N = 2 SU(2) gauge theory with N f = 4 hypermultiplets remains to be done.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The geometric engineering of the N = 2 SU(2) gauge theory with N f = 4 hypermultiplets remains to be done.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It would be very interesting to understand how physics of the N f = 4 theory are geometrically realized in the local mirror model.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It would be very interesting to understand how physics of the N f = 4 theory are geometrically realized in the local mirror model.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Then, we mention an extension of the N = 2 SU(2) gauge theories into five-dimensional gauge theories.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Then, we mention an extension of the N = 2 SU(2) gauge theories into five-dimensional gauge theories.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The five-dimensional theories receive no instanton corrections and it is known how to construct geometrically the gauge theories with N f ≤ 4 hypermultiplets.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The five-dimensional theories receive no instanton corrections and it is known how to construct geometrically the gauge theories with N f ≤ 4 hypermultiplets [28] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[28]" ] }, { "text": "It would be also interesting to tailor the local mirror models to the five-dimensional gauge theories exactly.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It would be also interesting to tailor the local mirror models to the five-dimensional gauge theories exactly.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Meanwhile, there has been a surge of developments in our understanding of supersymmetric gauge theories.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Meanwhile, there has been a surge of developments in our understanding of supersymmetric gauge theories [29] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[29]" ] }, { "text": "It would be interesting to develop a tool for our instanton expansions in this context.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It would be interesting to develop a tool for our instanton expansions in this context.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Precision solar models that include capture and heat transport from standard spindependent or spin-independent ADM can be built to satisfy the solar radius, age and luminosity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Precision solar models that include capture and heat transport from standard spindependent or spin-independent ADM can be built to satisfy the solar radius, age and luminosity [64] [65] [66] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF63", "BIBREF64", "BIBREF65" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[64] [65] [66]" ] }, { "text": "Whilst these models can bring some helioseismological observables into better agreement with data than the SSM, this comes at the cost of an elastic scattering cross-section that is several orders of magnitude higher than allowed by direct detection experiments.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Whilst these models can bring some helioseismological observables into better agreement with data than the SSM, this comes at the cost of an elastic scattering cross-section that is several orders of magnitude higher than allowed by direct detection experiments.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These models also lead to drastic underproduction of solar neutrinos.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These models also lead to drastic underproduction of solar neutrinos.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]