Datasets:

copenlu

/

citeworth

like 3

Follow

CopeNLU 20

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Plants, whether glycophyte or halophyte, cannot tolerate large amounts of salt in the cytoplasm, so, they develop a plethora of mechanisms to cope with salt stress and to facilitate their metabolic functions.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Plants, whether glycophyte or halophyte, cannot tolerate large amounts of salt in the cytoplasm, so, they develop a plethora of mechanisms to cope with salt stress and to facilitate their metabolic functions (Zhu, 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF50" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Zhu, 2003)" ] }, { "text": "In fact, salt stress affects all the major processes such as growth, photosynthesis, protein synthesis, and energy and lipid metabolism.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In fact, salt stress affects all the major processes such as growth, photosynthesis, protein synthesis, and energy and lipid metabolism (Parida and Das, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF39" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Parida and Das, 2005)" ] }, { "text": "However, some moderately or highly salt tolerant plants can survive in salty environments.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, some moderately or highly salt tolerant plants can survive in salty environments.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These species are able to avoid ion toxicity and maintain water uptake in the presence of high salt concentrations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These species are able to avoid ion toxicity and maintain water uptake in the presence of high salt concentrations (Munns, 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Munns, 2002)" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Traditional ontology engineering approaches are tedious and labor-intensive, as the successful construction of high-quality ontologies requires a wide range of skill sets as well as an ability to deal with very complex and formal representations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Traditional ontology engineering approaches are tedious and labor-intensive, as the successful construction of high-quality ontologies requires a wide range of skill sets as well as an ability to deal with very complex and formal representations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The ontologies are expensive to develop and maintain, and it is often hard to manage and coordinate the contributions from various types of domain experts and ontology modelers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The ontologies are expensive to develop and maintain, and it is often hard to manage and coordinate the contributions from various types of domain experts and ontology modelers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The subsea petroleum ontology developed by the Integrated Information Platform project, for example, currently contains more than 55.000 classes, has been constructed on the basis of existing ISO standards over 3 years in a 3 million Euro project and is still not ready as a new ISO standard.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The subsea petroleum ontology developed by the Integrated Information Platform project, for example, currently contains more than 55.000 classes, has been constructed on the basis of existing ISO standards over 3 years in a 3 million Euro project and is still not ready as a new ISO standard [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "At the same time, the ontologies are vital in Semantic Web applications, as they provide the vocabulary for semantic annotation of data and help applications to interoperate and people to collaborate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At the same time, the ontologies are vital in Semantic Web applications, as they provide the vocabulary for semantic annotation of data and help applications to interoperate and people to collaborate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "This study was aimed to evaluate whether the way of processing numerical information changes as a function of learning a second language.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This study was aimed to evaluate whether the way of processing numerical information changes as a function of learning a second language.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The response to this question is affirmative.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The response to this question is affirmative.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Two groups of German/English bilinguals which varied in their L2 experience and fluency performed a number comparison task while the compatibility effect was taken as an index of the manner in which they processed number words.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Two groups of German/English bilinguals which varied in their L2 experience and fluency performed a number comparison task while the compatibility effect was taken as an index of the manner in which they processed number words.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Regardless of their L2 acquisition stage, all bilinguals showed regular compatibility effect with Arabic digits.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Regardless of their L2 acquisition stage, all bilinguals showed regular compatibility effect with Arabic digits.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The same pattern of results was obtained in monolingual participants without knowledge of a second language.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The same pattern of results was obtained in monolingual participants without knowledge of a second language.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These results suggest that the processing of Arabic digits is not permeable to either linguistic influences or learning of a second language.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These results suggest that the processing of Arabic digits is not permeable to either linguistic influences or learning of a second language.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the processing of verbal numbers was determined by the bilingual's fluency.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the processing of verbal numbers was determined by the bilingual's fluency.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Low fluency bilinguals presented the same compatibility effect as monolinguals in each of their languages, regular compatibility effect in German (L1) and reverse compatibility effect in English (L2).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Low fluency bilinguals presented the same compatibility effect as monolinguals in each of their languages, regular compatibility effect in German (L1) and reverse compatibility effect in English (L2).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These findings suggest that participants with little experience in a second language are vulnerable to influences of the language in which numbers are presented.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These findings suggest that participants with little experience in a second language are vulnerable to influences of the language in which numbers are presented.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "According to the interpretation of the compatibility effect, although low fluency bilinguals processed the unit and the decade separately irrespective of the language (German or English), they focused more on the unit digit when they processed in L1 than when they processed in L2 in which the mainly focused on the decade.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "According to the interpretation of the compatibility effect, although low fluency bilinguals processed the unit and the decade separately irrespective of the language (German or English), they focused more on the unit digit when they processed in L1 than when they processed in L2 in which the mainly focused on the decade.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Previous research in the field of bilingualism corroborates that participants with low experience with L2 process linguistic information more lexically.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Previous research in the field of bilingualism corroborates that participants with low experience with L2 process linguistic information more lexically (Sunderman & Kroll, 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Sunderman & Kroll, 2006)" ] }, { "text": "The current study shows that lexical influences extend to the processing of numerals.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The current study shows that lexical influences extend to the processing of numerals.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "On the other hand, participants with extensive knowledge of L2 did not show compatibility effect in L1 or L2.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, participants with extensive knowledge of L2 did not show compatibility effect in L1 or L2.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, they presented a different pattern of results from monolinguals of German and English.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, they presented a different pattern of results from monolinguals of German and English.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These findings clearly suggest that participants with high L2 fluency were not affected by lexical properties of their languages (German with inversion property and English with no inversion property).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These findings clearly suggest that participants with high L2 fluency were not affected by lexical properties of their languages (German with inversion property and English with no inversion property).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Otherwise, they might be shown differences in the compatibility effect across their languages.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Otherwise, they might be shown differences in the compatibility effect across their languages.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, the absence of linguistic influences on number processing was observed not only in L2 but also in the way of processing numbers in their first language.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, the absence of linguistic influences on number processing was observed not only in L2 but also in the way of processing numbers in their first language.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This observation is surprising: Language modulations are easy to observe in the bilinguals' L2, but they are difficult to find in the bilinguals' L1.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This observation is surprising: Language modulations are easy to observe in the bilinguals' L2, but they are difficult to find in the bilinguals' L1 (Kroll & Stewart, 1994) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kroll & Stewart, 1994)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Moreover the results obtained in this study indicate that bilinguals with low experience in L2 decompose the processing of two-digit verbal numbers (compatibility effect) while high fluency bilinguals process two-digit numbers holistically (no compatibility effect).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover the results obtained in this study indicate that bilinguals with low experience in L2 decompose the processing of two-digit verbal numbers (compatibility effect) while high fluency bilinguals process two-digit numbers holistically (no compatibility effect).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although speculative at the present time, it might be possible that the holistic processing of verbal numbers in experienced bilinguals might be the result of their increased WM capacity which let them to process numbers as a whole.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although speculative at the present time, it might be possible that the holistic processing of verbal numbers in experienced bilinguals might be the result of their increased WM capacity which let them to process numbers as a whole.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "First, it has been observed that bilinguals have superior WM capacities as compared to monolinguals.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "First, it has been observed that bilinguals have superior WM capacities as compared to monolinguals (Macizo & Bajo, 2006) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Macizo & Bajo, 2006)" ] }, { "text": "Second, when the processing of numerical information requires the participation of WM (e.g., sequential presentation of the two numbers to be compared) the compatibility effect disappears suggesting that participants maintain the numbers as a whole during the comparison process.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Second, when the processing of numerical information requires the participation of WM (e.g., sequential presentation of the two numbers to be compared) the compatibility effect disappears suggesting that participants maintain the numbers as a whole during the comparison process (Ganor-Stern et al., 2009) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ganor-Stern et al., 2009)" ] }, { "text": "Third, large compatibility effects are associated with reduced WM capacity while small compatibility effects are linked to large WM capacity (Macizo, Herrera & Pestelli, submitted) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Third, large compatibility effects are associated with reduced WM capacity while small compatibility effects are linked to large WM capacity (Macizo, Herrera & Pestelli, submitted) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Delamination is known to be one of the most dangerous and in the same time widespread damage and failure mode.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Delamination is known to be one of the most dangerous and in the same time widespread damage and failure mode.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Delamination affects the vibratory behaviour of laminates and thus vibrations can be useful delamination diagnosis.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Delamination affects the vibratory behaviour of laminates and thus vibrations can be useful delamination diagnosis [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "From such a view point this study also investigated the delamination resistance of nylon interleaved GFRP laminates.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "From such a view point this study also investigated the delamination resistance of nylon interleaved GFRP laminates.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "This work aims to investigate some dynamic properties of nylon nano-modified GFRP composites and their delamination resistance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This work aims to investigate some dynamic properties of nylon nano-modified GFRP composites and their delamination resistance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The dynamical properties are evaluated experimentally using free vibration test and numerically using finite element modelling (FEM).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The dynamical properties are evaluated experimentally using free vibration test and numerically using finite element modelling (FEM).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In terms of delamination resistance, the interlaminar strength is determined using ASTM D 2344 international standard test for determining short beam strength of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials and Their Laminates.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In terms of delamination resistance, the interlaminar strength is determined using ASTM D 2344 international standard test for determining short beam strength of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials and Their Laminates [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "The results of the latter experiments are also simulated in ANSYS Workbench.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The results of the latter experiments are also simulated in ANSYS Workbench.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The paper offers experimental results which come to verify our FEM models and simulation results.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The paper offers experimental results which come to verify our FEM models and simulation results.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Eventually a discussion on the experimental and the simulation results is proposed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Eventually a discussion on the experimental and the simulation results is proposed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The paper ends with some conclusions and trends for future research in terms of potential applications for the nano-modified composites.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The paper ends with some conclusions and trends for future research in terms of potential applications for the nano-modified composites.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Vibrations are one of the most common and important motions of most mechanical, civil and aerospace structures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Vibrations are one of the most common and important motions of most mechanical, civil and aerospace structures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Vibrations can directly and adversely affect the working condition and the health of machines and structures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Vibrations can directly and adversely affect the working condition and the health of machines and structures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In such a sense vibration analysis is of critical importance for purposes of equipment maintenance and environmental safety.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In such a sense vibration analysis is of critical importance for purposes of equipment maintenance and environmental safety.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Vibrations are responsible for a considerable number of failures in structures made of composite materials including aircrafts, buildings and bridges failures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Vibrations are responsible for a considerable number of failures in structures made of composite materials including aircrafts, buildings and bridges failures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The interleaving with nano-fibres of composite laminates can be also used for purposes of vibration amplitude reduction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The interleaving with nano-fibres of composite laminates can be also used for purposes of vibration amplitude reduction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus several studies suggest the inclusion of nylon nanofibers in composite laminates with the aim of improving its properties.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus several studies suggest the inclusion of nylon nanofibers in composite laminates with the aim of improving its properties [3, 4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 4]" ] }, { "text": "It should be said that on the other hand very little is known about the effect of nylon interleaving on the macro properties of the resulting composite including its dynamics and vibratory behaviour.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It should be said that on the other hand very little is known about the effect of nylon interleaving on the macro properties of the resulting composite including its dynamics and vibratory behaviour.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There are only a couple of studies that consider the dynamic behaviour of nano-interleaved composite laminates.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There are only a couple of studies that consider the dynamic behaviour of nano-interleaved composite laminates [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Composite laminates interleaved with nanofibers has become rather popular recently because the inclusion of nanofibers can enhance some material properties drastically.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Composite laminates interleaved with nanofibers has become rather popular recently because the inclusion of nanofibers can enhance some material properties drastically.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One of the most frequent failure modes in composite materials is delamination.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One of the most frequent failure modes in composite materials is delamination.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Delamination is difficult to detect because it takes place and grows under the surface without being visible from outside and it may cause catastrophic failure in the whole structure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Delamination is difficult to detect because it takes place and grows under the surface without being visible from outside and it may cause catastrophic failure in the whole structure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One of the methods to prevent delamination is the introduction of nanofibers into epoxy-based composite laminate materials.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "One of the methods to prevent delamination is the introduction of nanofibers into epoxy-based composite laminate materials [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Composites interleaved with nanofibers are supposed to increase their delamination resistance as compared to the virgin ones.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Composites interleaved with nanofibers are supposed to increase their delamination resistance as compared to the virgin ones [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "The interleaving with nano-fibers can be also used to increase the stiffness and other macro-properties of epoxy-based composite laminates.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The interleaving with nano-fibers can be also used to increase the stiffness and other macro-properties of epoxy-based composite laminates.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "In this paper, we apply a modified version of a bilinear regularised regression model (BEN) proposed for the task of voting intention inference from Twitter content.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper, we apply a modified version of a bilinear regularised regression model (BEN) proposed for the task of voting intention inference from Twitter content (Lampos et al., 2013) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Lampos et al., 2013)" ] }, { "text": "The main characteristic of BEN is the ability of modelling word frequencies as well as individual user importance in a joint optimisation task.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main characteristic of BEN is the ability of modelling word frequencies as well as individual user importance in a joint optimisation task.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "By applying it in the context of supervised news analysis, we are able to visualise relevant discourse to a particular socioeconomic factor, identifying relevant words together with important outlets.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "By applying it in the context of supervised news analysis, we are able to visualise relevant discourse to a particular socioeconomic factor, identifying relevant words together with important outlets.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Plant height had negative direct effect (p = -0.332) on grain yield.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Plant height had negative direct effect (p = -0.332) on grain yield.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Its indirect effects on grain yield through maturity, number of filled grains per panicle, number of spikelets per panicle, and 1000-grain weight were negative, but it had positive indirect effect via number of productive tillers per hill.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Its indirect effects on grain yield through maturity, number of filled grains per panicle, number of spikelets per panicle, and 1000-grain weight were negative, but it had positive indirect effect via number of productive tillers per hill.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Product of these direct and indirect effects made this characters negatively correlated (r = -0.258) with grain yield.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Product of these direct and indirect effects made this characters negatively correlated (r = -0.258) with grain yield.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Number of productive tillers had positive and moderate direct effect (p = 0.356) on grain yield, however its indirect effect through other characters was mostly negative.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Number of productive tillers had positive and moderate direct effect (p = 0.356) on grain yield, however its indirect effect through other characters was mostly negative.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This character only had positive indirect effect through spikelet fertility per panicle (rp = 0.032).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This character only had positive indirect effect through spikelet fertility per panicle (rp = 0.032).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "When positive direct effect of number of productive tillers added with its indirect effect through other agronomic traits, the sum (correlation between number of productive tillers and grain yield) was very low (r = 0.056).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When positive direct effect of number of productive tillers added with its indirect effect through other agronomic traits, the sum (correlation between number of productive tillers and grain yield) was very low (r = 0.056).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Previous papers also mentioned that number of tillers had positive direct effect on grain yield.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Previous papers also mentioned that number of tillers had positive direct effect on grain yield (Samonte et al. 1998; Oad et al. 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9", "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Samonte et al. 1998; Oad et al. 2002)" ] }, { "text": "On the other hand, the low correlation between maturity and grain yield was figured by its low direct and indirect effects through other yield related traits.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, the low correlation between maturity and grain yield was figured by its low direct and indirect effects through other yield related traits.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Its negative indirect effects through number of productive tillers, spikelet fertility, and 1000-grain weight resulted in negative correlation between maturity and grain yield.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Its negative indirect effects through number of productive tillers, spikelet fertility, and 1000-grain weight resulted in negative correlation between maturity and grain yield.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Rice improvement program for tidal swamp areas is addressed to develop rice varieties which can adapt with the problems which hamper rice growth in this type of ecosystem.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Rice improvement program for tidal swamp areas is addressed to develop rice varieties which can adapt with the problems which hamper rice growth in this type of ecosystem (Hairmansis et al. 2008) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hairmansis et al. 2008)" ] }, { "text": "Some important traits are required for rice to adapt with tidal land condition which is different with irrigated lowland rice.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Some important traits are required for rice to adapt with tidal land condition which is different with irrigated lowland rice.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Rice varieties for tidal land are generally tall and grow rapidly, have strong culms and medium growth duration, and tolerant to abiotic stresses such as soil acidity and salinity.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Rice varieties for tidal land are generally tall and grow rapidly, have strong culms and medium growth duration, and tolerant to abiotic stresses such as soil acidity and salinity (Harahap and Silitonga 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Harahap and Silitonga 1998)" ] }, { "text": "Further information on relationship among plant characteristics is important to optimize selection for desirable rice breeding lines which are suitable for tidal land.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Further information on relationship among plant characteristics is important to optimize selection for desirable rice breeding lines which are suitable for tidal land.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Improvement of rice grain yield is the main target of breeding program to develop rice varieties for diverse ecosystems including tidal swamp areas.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Improvement of rice grain yield is the main target of breeding program to develop rice varieties for diverse ecosystems including tidal swamp areas.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, grain yield is a complex trait, controlled by many genes and highly affected by environment.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, grain yield is a complex trait, controlled by many genes and highly affected by environment (Jennings et al. 1979) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Jennings et al. 1979)" ] }, { "text": "In addition, grain yield also related with other characters such as plant type, growth duration, and yield components.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, grain yield also related with other characters such as plant type, growth duration, and yield components (Yoshida 1981) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Yoshida 1981)" ] }, { "text": "The low heritability of grain yield characters made selection for high yielding varieties usually use secondary traits associated with yield.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The low heritability of grain yield characters made selection for high yielding varieties usually use secondary traits associated with yield (Atlin 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Atlin 2003)" ] }, { "text": "Thus, information on contribution of each plant character to grain yield is important to make selection process more efficient.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, information on contribution of each plant character to grain yield is important to make selection process more efficient.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Number of filled grains per panicle showed the highest correlation (r = 0.677) with grain yield compared to the other characters.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Number of filled grains per panicle showed the highest correlation (r = 0.677) with grain yield compared to the other characters.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This strong relationship was mostly determined by its direct effect on grain yield (p = 0.544).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This strong relationship was mostly determined by its direct effect on grain yield (p = 0.544).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Its low indirect effects through other traits indicated that direct selection using this trait to select high yielding breeding lines will be effective.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Its low indirect effects through other traits indicated that direct selection using this trait to select high yielding breeding lines will be effective.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This result coincided with the previous studies which also reported that number of filled grains per panicle had significant positive direct effect on rice grain yield.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This result coincided with the previous studies which also reported that number of filled grains per panicle had significant positive direct effect on rice grain yield (Gravois and Helms 1992; Samonte et al. 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Gravois and Helms 1992; Samonte et al. 1998)" ] }, { "text": "On the contrary, number of spikelets per panicle exhibited very weak direct effect (p = 0.080) on grain yield, even though its correlation coefficient with number of filled grains per panicle was significantly positive.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the contrary, number of spikelets per panicle exhibited very weak direct effect (p = 0.080) on grain yield, even though its correlation coefficient with number of filled grains per panicle was significantly positive.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "By empirically examining at the business unit level the profit implications and the exogeneity assumption of the entry order, this study addresses two key gaps in the literature.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "By empirically examining at the business unit level the profit implications and the exogeneity assumption of the entry order, this study addresses two key gaps in the literature (Lieberman and Montgomery 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Lieberman and Montgomery 1998)" ] }, { "text": "In doing so, it makes a number of substantive contributions and a methodological contribution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In doing so, it makes a number of substantive contributions and a methodological contribution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Several papers in marketing have shown how to control for omitted fixed factors when the strategic action of interest varies over time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Several papers in marketing have shown how to control for omitted fixed factors when the strategic action of interest varies over time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To our knowledge, this is the first paper in marketing that controls for unobserved fixed factors when the strategic action of interest, i.e., the entry order, is itself fixed over time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To our knowledge, this is the first paper in marketing that controls for unobserved fixed factors when the strategic action of interest, i.e., the entry order, is itself fixed over time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is important because strategic actions tend to be fixed over the typical research horizon.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is important because strategic actions tend to be fixed over the typical research horizon.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Important examples in marketing include the use of CRM or the degree of market orientation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Important examples in marketing include the use of CRM or the degree of market orientation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Camelina (Camelina sativa L.) Grantz, named camelina, German sesame, false flax, gold-of-pleasure, Siberian oilseed, linseed dodder or wild flax, is an oil plant belonging to the cabbage family (Brassicaceae).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Camelina (Camelina sativa L.) Grantz, named camelina, German sesame, false flax, gold-of-pleasure, Siberian oilseed, linseed dodder or wild flax, is an oil plant belonging to the cabbage family (Brassicaceae).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is an annual plant, available in spring and winter varieties.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is an annual plant, available in spring and winter varieties.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Externally, it looks similar to the most important Polish oil plant-the rapeseed; it has similar, tiny yellow flowers, but its seeds are much smaller.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Externally, it looks similar to the most important Polish oil plant-the rapeseed; it has similar, tiny yellow flowers, but its seeds are much smaller.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is indigenous to the entire Central European Plain; however, it is not common.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is indigenous to the entire Central European Plain; however, it is not common.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Due to its low soil requirements and high resistance to low temperatures and periodic water deficits, it can be an attractive plant for sustainable agriculture.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Due to its low soil requirements and high resistance to low temperatures and periodic water deficits, it can be an attractive plant for sustainable agriculture.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It was cultivated as early as 2000 years ago in Poland and in Scandinavia.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It was cultivated as early as 2000 years ago in Poland and in Scandinavia.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since the end of World War II, its large-scale cultivation was suspended; however, nowadays, interest in it has been growing rapidly.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Since the end of World War II, its large-scale cultivation was suspended; however, nowadays, interest in it has been growing rapidly [1] [2] [3] [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4]" ] } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Here, we report an alternative procedure for preparing patterned AuNP arrays by combining electron beam lithography which allows control of lateral dimensions down to 20 nm, with self-assembly of silanes on silicon oxide in the micrometer and submicrometer range to direct the AuNPs assembly.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Here, we report an alternative procedure for preparing patterned AuNP arrays by combining electron beam lithography which allows control of lateral dimensions down to 20 nm, with self-assembly of silanes on silicon oxide in the micrometer and submicrometer range to direct the AuNPs assembly.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A thin polymer layer on a substrate was patterned.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A thin polymer layer on a substrate was patterned.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The substrate consisted of a polymer relief pattern with exposed substrate regions in between, where (3-aminopropyl)-dimethylethoxysilane (APDMES) was grafted.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The substrate consisted of a polymer relief pattern with exposed substrate regions in between, where (3-aminopropyl)-dimethylethoxysilane (APDMES) was grafted.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This substrate could be converted to chemically patterned substrates by removing the polymer template.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This substrate could be converted to chemically patterned substrates by removing the polymer template.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Then, substrates were used to attach AuNPs by immersion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Then, substrates were used to attach AuNPs by immersion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this manner, close packing was found on micrometer-sized features, and typical confined particle geometries were observed on submicrometer features.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this manner, close packing was found on micrometer-sized features, and typical confined particle geometries were observed on submicrometer features.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The self-assembly of monolayers of AuNPs on organosilanecoated substrates yields macroscopic surfaces that are highly active for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The self-assembly of monolayers of AuNPs on organosilanecoated substrates yields macroscopic surfaces that are highly active for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) [1, 19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF18" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1, 19]" ] }, { "text": "The strategy delineated herein was the utilization of gold particles to form a well-ordered close-packed 2D nanostructure.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The strategy delineated herein was the utilization of gold particles to form a well-ordered close-packed 2D nanostructure.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Then, thanks to e-beam lithography, given a regular and uniform distribution of lines and circles, we were able to perform a Raman study as a function of the density of nanoparticles adsorbed on the surface and the distance between them.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Then, thanks to e-beam lithography, given a regular and uniform distribution of lines and circles, we were able to perform a Raman study as a function of the density of nanoparticles adsorbed on the surface and the distance between them.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Movement is also important in the mating behaviour of many species.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Movement is also important in the mating behaviour of many species.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, female fruitflies choose males on the basis of their ability to dance, which signals their neuromuscular condition.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, female fruitflies choose males on the basis of their ability to dance, which signals their neuromuscular condition (Maynard-Smith, 1956) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Maynard-Smith, 1956)" ] }, { "text": "Likewise, male funnelweb spiders that sway their abdomens at high frequency are more successful at mating.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Likewise, male funnelweb spiders that sway their abdomens at high frequency are more successful at mating (Singer et al., 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Singer et al., 2000)" ] }, { "text": "Video editing and computer animation techniques have allowed experimental manipulation of such dynamic behaviours while keeping other cues constant.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Video editing and computer animation techniques have allowed experimental manipulation of such dynamic behaviours while keeping other cues constant.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, video footage of male sticklebacks edited to manipulate the tempo of their courtship displays revealed that females prefer sequences that were speeded up.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, video footage of male sticklebacks edited to manipulate the tempo of their courtship displays revealed that females prefer sequences that were speeded up (Rowland, 1995) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Rowland, 1995)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Our findings lead us to question why people should pay heed to dynamic cues when assessing attractiveness.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our findings lead us to question why people should pay heed to dynamic cues when assessing attractiveness.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "At first glance, it seems that dynamic cues could be faked, and fakeable cues should not be important.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "At first glance, it seems that dynamic cues could be faked, and fakeable cues should not be important (Krebs & Dawkins, 1984) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Krebs & Dawkins, 1984)" ] }, { "text": "If all it takes to be attractive is to walk a certain way, we might expect people to do it easily and naturally, and consequently there should be little variation in that trait and it should not be attractive.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If all it takes to be attractive is to walk a certain way, we might expect people to do it easily and naturally, and consequently there should be little variation in that trait and it should not be attractive.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, body shape may indicate and/or constrain the way a woman can move, and so she cannot fake attractive motion because her body shape does not allow it.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, body shape may indicate and/or constrain the way a woman can move, and so she cannot fake attractive motion because her body shape does not allow it.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our results suggest that different aspects of body shape might be conveyed differentially through static and dynamic cues.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our results suggest that different aspects of body shape might be conveyed differentially through static and dynamic cues.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "WHR seems to be more conveyed through static than dynamic cues, and BMI more through dynamic than static cues.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "WHR seems to be more conveyed through static than dynamic cues, and BMI more through dynamic than static cues.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, it remains to be tested whether the attractiveness of gait can be faked, for example by asking people to walk attractively.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, it remains to be tested whether the attractiveness of gait can be faked, for example by asking people to walk attractively.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If static cues do constrain dynamic cues, then people should not be able to alter the attractiveness of their walks much, and it should remain constrained by their body shape.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If static cues do constrain dynamic cues, then people should not be able to alter the attractiveness of their walks much, and it should remain constrained by their body shape.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On the other hand, if movement can change attractiveness, we might expect people to do so in situations when they want to attract a potential mate (or indeed decrease it when they do not wish to do so).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, if movement can change attractiveness, we might expect people to do so in situations when they want to attract a potential mate (or indeed decrease it when they do not wish to do so).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Road traffic accident in Ethiopia is a cause of significant losses of human and economic resources.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Road traffic accident in Ethiopia is a cause of significant losses of human and economic resources.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The occurrence of traffic accidents is increasing in the country as the exposure to this risk increases with rapid motorization (without appropriate regulation), rapid population growth, and increase in the road network coupled with poor attitude and safety culture of road users.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The occurrence of traffic accidents is increasing in the country as the exposure to this risk increases with rapid motorization (without appropriate regulation), rapid population growth, and increase in the road network coupled with poor attitude and safety culture of road users [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "There is also no clear road safety policy, strategy, or program in the country, despite pervasiveness of the extent and severity of road traffic accident to road transport.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There is also no clear road safety policy, strategy, or program in the country, despite pervasiveness of the extent and severity of road traffic accident to road transport.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Reports demonstrate that about 12,140 fatal and 29,454 injury crashes occurred between July 2005 and June 2011 in Ethiopia.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Reports demonstrate that about 12,140 fatal and 29,454 injury crashes occurred between July 2005 and June 2011 in Ethiopia [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "According to that report, the fatal crashes involved 1070 drivers, 5702 passengers, and 7770 pedestrians, totaling 14,542 fatalities, an average of 1.2 road user fatalities per crash.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "According to that report, the fatal crashes involved 1070 drivers, 5702 passengers, and 7770 pedestrians, totaling 14,542 fatalities, an average of 1.2 road user fatalities per crash.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The report also exhibited that the majorities of the crashes occur during daytime hours, involve males, and involve persons in the 18-50 age groups, and crashes frequently occur in mid-blocks or roadways.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The report also exhibited that the majorities of the crashes occur during daytime hours, involve males, and involve persons in the 18-50 age groups, and crashes frequently occur in mid-blocks or roadways.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The predominant collision between motor vehicles and pedestrians was a rollover on a road tangent section and failing to observe the priority of pedestrians and speeding were the major causes of crashes attributed by police in accordance with that study.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The predominant collision between motor vehicles and pedestrians was a rollover on a road tangent section and failing to observe the priority of pedestrians and speeding were the major causes of crashes attributed by police in accordance with that study.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Compared to developed nations of the world, like the US, a study demonstrates that the fatality rate or injury crash is about 30 times higher in Ethiopia.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Compared to developed nations of the world, like the US, a study demonstrates that the fatality rate or injury crash is about 30 times higher in Ethiopia [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) has adopted 20 headline targets as part of its new Strategic Plan.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) has adopted 20 headline targets as part of its new Strategic Plan [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The new targets include, for example, reducing the rate of loss of all natural habitats, eliminating incentives harmful to biodiversity, conserving target percentages of terrestrial and marine areas, maintaining ecosystems that provide essential services, restoring a target percentage of degraded lands, and improving our biodiversity knowledge base.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The new targets include, for example, reducing the rate of loss of all natural habitats, eliminating incentives harmful to biodiversity, conserving target percentages of terrestrial and marine areas, maintaining ecosystems that provide essential services, restoring a target percentage of degraded lands, and improving our biodiversity knowledge base.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These are to serve an overall Mission of the Strategic Plan to -take effective and urgent action to halt the loss of biodiversity in order to ensure that OPEN ACCESS by 2020 ecosystems are resilient and continue to provide essential services‖.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These are to serve an overall Mission of the Strategic Plan to -take effective and urgent action to halt the loss of biodiversity in order to ensure that OPEN ACCESS by 2020 ecosystems are resilient and continue to provide essential services‖ [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The Strategic Plan also incorporates a flexible framework in which individual countries are to devise their own goals and targets.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The Strategic Plan also incorporates a flexible framework in which individual countries are to devise their own goals and targets.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These will take into account specific national needs, as well as anticipated contributions to the broader global targets of the Strategic Plan.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These will take into account specific national needs, as well as anticipated contributions to the broader global targets of the Strategic Plan.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "When the dam is in critical state, small perturbation will lead the dam away from the equilibrium state into the instability quickly.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When the dam is in critical state, small perturbation will lead the dam away from the equilibrium state into the instability quickly.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "According to the dissipative structure theory, in the course of dam failure, some abnormal deformations appear certainly with the reduction of system entropy.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "According to the dissipative structure theory, in the course of dam failure, some abnormal deformations appear certainly with the reduction of system entropy [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Thereby, in this paper, RCCD failure criterion is put forward combining the entropy theory and catastrophe theory.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thereby, in this paper, RCCD failure criterion is put forward combining the entropy theory and catastrophe theory.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Roller compacted concrete dams (RCCDs) are now constructed with great frequency in the world.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Roller compacted concrete dams (RCCDs) are now constructed with great frequency in the world.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Over the past two decades, many high RCCDs have been built, such as the 130 m high Baise dam and the 200.5 m high Guangzhao dam in China.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Over the past two decades, many high RCCDs have been built, such as the 130 m high Baise dam and the 200.5 m high Guangzhao dam in China.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Currently the highest dam of this type is Longtan Dam at 216 m in China, with Diamer-Bhasha Dam planned at 272 m in Pakistan.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Currently the highest dam of this type is Longtan Dam at 216 m in China, with Diamer-Bhasha Dam planned at 272 m in Pakistan [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "And if some actors are worse off, why do they accept current systems of bargaining coordination?", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "And if some actors are worse off, why do they accept current systems of bargaining coordination?", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The above quotation stresses the positive-sum nature of coordination in situations of high interdependence, but this could obscure power relations and uneven distributive consequences of coordination.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The above quotation stresses the positive-sum nature of coordination in situations of high interdependence, but this could obscure power relations and uneven distributive consequences of coordination.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Indeed, there are good reasons to believe that the current systems of coordinated bargaining entail winners and losers, e.g. from rising wage inequality.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Indeed, there are good reasons to believe that the current systems of coordinated bargaining entail winners and losers, e.g. from rising wage inequality (Baccaro and Howell, 2011; Palier and Thelen, 2010; OECD, 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF59", "BIBREF57" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Baccaro and Howell, 2011; Palier and Thelen, 2010; OECD, 2011)" ] }, { "text": "Accordingly, we need to ask about the practices and outcomes of coordination to critically explore coordination as a political practice with potential distributional consequences.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Accordingly, we need to ask about the practices and outcomes of coordination to critically explore coordination as a political practice with potential distributional consequences.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In other words, we need a concept of power in studies of bargaining coordination that identifies the causal mechanisms behind bargaining coordination.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In other words, we need a concept of power in studies of bargaining coordination that identifies the causal mechanisms behind bargaining coordination.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "The highly eVective antitumor action of ATO in APL occurs at low concentrations of drug (less than 0.5 M).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The highly eVective antitumor action of ATO in APL occurs at low concentrations of drug (less than 0.5 M) [21] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[21]" ] }, { "text": "In contrast, most studies of solid tumor cells require strikingly higher doses in order to induce substantial apoptosis or growth inhibition.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In contrast, most studies of solid tumor cells require strikingly higher doses in order to induce substantial apoptosis or growth inhibition.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the incidence of ATOmediated side eVects makes the administration of the higher doses needed to achieve these levels clinically impractical.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the incidence of ATOmediated side eVects makes the administration of the higher doses needed to achieve these levels clinically impractical.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although not speciWcally discussed in reports on the clinical trials of ATO in metastatic melanoma, the relative lack of sensitivity of melanoma cell lines in vitro suggests that the modest eVect observed in clinical trials may be due in large part to dosing limitations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although not speciWcally discussed in reports on the clinical trials of ATO in metastatic melanoma, the relative lack of sensitivity of melanoma cell lines in vitro suggests that the modest eVect observed in clinical trials may be due in large part to dosing limitations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In order to overcome this clinical limitation, we sought to identify agents that sensitize Fig. 3 Thiostrepton decreases the level of COXI in M-14 cells in a time-dependent manner.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to overcome this clinical limitation, we sought to identify agents that sensitize Fig. 3 Thiostrepton decreases the level of COXI in M-14 cells in a time-dependent manner.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Cells were incubated with 1 M thiostrepton for multiple time periods (0-48 h) followed by western blotting for COXI (38 kDa).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Cells were incubated with 1 M thiostrepton for multiple time periods (0-48 h) followed by western blotting for COXI (38 kDa).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "An untreated sample was used as a negative control.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "An untreated sample was used as a negative control.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Afterwards, the membrane was stripped and reprobed with anti--actin antibody (45 kDa) as a loading control melanoma cells to ATO, thereby potentially allowing for the enhancement of antitumor eVects to be achieved in patients without raising the concentration of ATO administered to toxic levels.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Afterwards, the membrane was stripped and reprobed with anti--actin antibody (45 kDa) as a loading control melanoma cells to ATO, thereby potentially allowing for the enhancement of antitumor eVects to be achieved in patients without raising the concentration of ATO administered to toxic levels.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this study, treatment of melanoma cells with the antibiotic thiostrepton in combination with ATO resulted in robust growth inhibition at low concentrations of ATO that are readily achievable in patients (Fig. 1) .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this study, treatment of melanoma cells with the antibiotic thiostrepton in combination with ATO resulted in robust growth inhibition at low concentrations of ATO that are readily achievable in patients (Fig. 1) .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "However such calculations till now were carried out only for collisionalless case.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However such calculations till now were carried out only for collisionalless case.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The matter is that correct expression for the transverse dielectric permeability of quantum plasma existed till now only for gas of the free electrons.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The matter is that correct expression for the transverse dielectric permeability of quantum plasma existed till now only for gas of the free electrons.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Expression known till now for the transverse dielectric permeability in a collisional case gave incorrect transition to the classical case.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Expression known till now for the transverse dielectric permeability in a collisional case gave incorrect transition to the classical case [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "So this expression were accordingly incorrect.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "So this expression were accordingly incorrect.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "In our work, 4 μm spacers were chosen to satisfy the halfwave condition for the tested wavelength with no need for voltage driving.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In our work, 4 μm spacers were chosen to satisfy the halfwave condition for the tested wavelength with no need for voltage driving.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The condition is valid for the infrared range where the birefringence of LC E7 is not changing much.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The condition is valid for the infrared range where the birefringence of LC E7 is not changing much.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Moreover, the cell gap can be optimized for a narrow wavelength range or monochromatic light in the other band (visible, infrared, or terahertz).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, the cell gap can be optimized for a narrow wavelength range or monochromatic light in the other band (visible, infrared, or terahertz [24, 25] ).", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23", "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24, 25]" ] }, { "text": "It is worth mentioning that the SD1 could be reoriented by blue or UV light, which restricts its applications in the corresponding wavelength range.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is worth mentioning that the SD1 could be reoriented by blue or UV light, which restricts its applications in the corresponding wavelength range.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the problem could be solved by introducing non-erasable alignment agents.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the problem could be solved by introducing non-erasable alignment agents [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26]" ] }, { "text": "Additionally, thanks to the electro-optical tunability of LCs, the depolarizer could also be electrically tuned to operate at different wavelengths, and the switch between ON and OFF states of the depolarization is achievable.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Additionally, thanks to the electro-optical tunability of LCs, the depolarizer could also be electrically tuned to operate at different wavelengths, and the switch between ON and OFF states of the depolarization is achievable.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Previous researches mostly focus on the depolarization of linearly polarized light.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Previous researches mostly focus on the depolarization of linearly polarized light.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Here, we further studied the depolarizing effects in the whole process from linear to circular polarization.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Here, we further studied the depolarizing effects in the whole process from linear to circular polarization.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We found that the DOP would increase gradually from <5% to nearly 100%.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We found that the DOP would increase gradually from <5% to nearly 100%.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Fortunately, by electrically tuning the phase retardation to quarter-wave condition, the DOP of incident circular polarization was suppressed to <5% as well.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Fortunately, by electrically tuning the phase retardation to quarter-wave condition, the DOP of incident circular polarization was suppressed to <5% as well.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For intermediate cases, the DOP could also be effectively reduced via optimizing the phase retardation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For intermediate cases, the DOP could also be effectively reduced via optimizing the phase retardation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The size of our LC depolarizer is 1.4 mm × 1 mm, which perfectly matches the diameter of the beam used in the characterization setup (∼1 mm).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The size of our LC depolarizer is 1.4 mm × 1 mm, which perfectly matches the diameter of the beam used in the characterization setup (∼1 mm).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Because the minification and magnification can be easily tuned by adjusting the objective in the DMD microlithography system, the size of final LC depolarizer is adjustable to satisfy incident beams with different sizes, thus enabling the LC depolarizer obtain high depolarization performances under different situations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Because the minification and magnification can be easily tuned by adjusting the objective in the DMD microlithography system, the size of final LC depolarizer is adjustable to satisfy incident beams with different sizes, thus enabling the LC depolarizer obtain high depolarization performances under different situations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "At the end of the last century articles devoted to the study of singularly perturbed integral-differential systems with rapidly changing kernels began to appear.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "At the end of the last century articles devoted to the study of singularly perturbed integral-differential systems with rapidly changing kernels began to appear [3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2", "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5", "BIBREF7", "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11", "BIBREF12", "BIBREF13", "BIBREF15", "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17]" ] }, { "text": "Integral operators with rapidly decreasing kernel create in the structure of solutions of the original problem a new type of singularities by a small parameter, which describes the internal boundary layer.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Integral operators with rapidly decreasing kernel create in the structure of solutions of the original problem a new type of singularities by a small parameter, which describes the internal boundary layer.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this paper we consider an integral-differential system with zero values of the spectrum at discrete points and spectral singularities of the kernel of the integral operator.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper we consider an integral-differential system with zero values of the spectrum at discrete points and spectral singularities of the kernel of the integral operator.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Mathematical theory of the boundary layer is associated with correct description singular dependence of solutions of the corresponding problem on a small parameter, i.e. with structure of solutions by a small parameter.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Mathematical theory of the boundary layer is associated with correct description singular dependence of solutions of the corresponding problem on a small parameter, i.e. with structure of solutions by a small parameter.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In turn, description singular dependence of solutions on a small parameter is related to properties of a spectrum of the limit operator or properties of roots of the characteristic equations, and therefore, in each problem it is necessary to allocate basis of singularities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In turn, description singular dependence of solutions on a small parameter is related to properties of a spectrum of the limit operator or properties of roots of the characteristic equations, and therefore, in each problem it is necessary to allocate basis of singularities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Spectrum of the operator, as we know, can be either discrete or continuous.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Spectrum of the operator, as we know, can be either discrete or continuous.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence discrete or continuum description singular dependence on the corresponding small parameter appears, that requires to distinguish discrete and continuum boundary layer.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence discrete or continuum description singular dependence on the corresponding small parameter appears, that requires to distinguish discrete and continuum boundary layer [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "More work is needed to generalize our analysis of vacuum and equilibrium magnetic fields on a flat toroidal shell to a real torus.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "More work is needed to generalize our analysis of vacuum and equilibrium magnetic fields on a flat toroidal shell to a real torus.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In particular, it is of importance to understand the general form of the constraints that we encountered in this work.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, it is of importance to understand the general form of the constraints that we encountered in this work.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For the amplitude expansion case, we saw that a discrete symmetry like stellarator symmetry could satisfy the constraints.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For the amplitude expansion case, we saw that a discrete symmetry like stellarator symmetry could satisfy the constraints.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We remind the reader that while stellarator symmetry was used to verify construction of solutions to all orders in many of the expansions, it was not necessary for the expansion of an equilibrium given data on an initial flux surface.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We remind the reader that while stellarator symmetry was used to verify construction of solutions to all orders in many of the expansions, it was not necessary for the expansion of an equilibrium given data on an initial flux surface (Weitzner 2016) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF48" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Weitzner 2016)" ] }, { "text": "It would be of interest to check what (if any) other classes of solutions that break stellarator symmetry, can still satisfy the constraints.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It would be of interest to check what (if any) other classes of solutions that break stellarator symmetry, can still satisfy the constraints.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Similarly, we would like to investigate if more general non-symmetric vacuum magnetic field expansions besides the \"snake-like\" equilibrium exist.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Similarly, we would like to investigate if more general non-symmetric vacuum magnetic field expansions besides the \"snake-like\" equilibrium exist.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "The aim of this study is the zoning of the area of interest, in this case South Africa, into geographical regions that indicate the most likely sources of strong winds, particularly the annual maxima of 2-3 second wind gusts.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The aim of this study is the zoning of the area of interest, in this case South Africa, into geographical regions that indicate the most likely sources of strong winds, particularly the annual maxima of 2-3 second wind gusts.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The awareness of different sources or mechanisms of extreme winds is recommended in the subsequent statistical analysis of high wind speeds, as it is an important factor in the selection or development of the most appropriate extreme value distributions to be fitted to the wind data.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The awareness of different sources or mechanisms of extreme winds is recommended in the subsequent statistical analysis of high wind speeds, as it is an important factor in the selection or development of the most appropriate extreme value distributions to be fitted to the wind data.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In mixed strong wind climates, alternative approaches to the traditional Gumbel analysis method to estimate extreme wind speed probabilities are advised.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In mixed strong wind climates, alternative approaches to the traditional Gumbel analysis method to estimate extreme wind speed probabilities are advised.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These are based on the premise that data produced by different phenomena should be analysed separately, and then combined into a distribution of mutually exclusive events.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These are based on the premise that data produced by different phenomena should be analysed separately, and then combined into a distribution of mutually exclusive events (Palutikof, et al. 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Palutikof, et al. 1999)" ] }, { "text": "Such methods then tend to yield more accurate estimates of annual wind speed maxima, especially for long return periods greater than 50 years.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such methods then tend to yield more accurate estimates of annual wind speed maxima, especially for long return periods greater than 50 years.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is usually due to the increased variance of the data of the extremes related to the mechanism of the strongest wind speeds, if compared to the data of annual maxima.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This is usually due to the increased variance of the data of the extremes related to the mechanism of the strongest wind speeds, if compared to the data of annual maxima (Gomes and Vickery 1978; Palutikof, et al. 1999; Twisdale and Vickery 1992) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3", "BIBREF10", "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Gomes and Vickery 1978; Palutikof, et al. 1999; Twisdale and Vickery 1992)" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The microsatellite marker Xgwm538 and corresponding primer sequences are protected by U.S. patent.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The microsatellite marker Xgwm538 and corresponding primer sequences are protected by U.S. patent (Rö der et al., 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Rö der et al., 2004)" ] }, { "text": "This patent also covers utility of gwm538snpF1, since it was derived from patented sequence.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This patent also covers utility of gwm538snpF1, since it was derived from patented sequence.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Use of the markers described herein should be arranged through material transfer agreement with the inventors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Use of the markers described herein should be arranged through material transfer agreement with the inventors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "A common and basic localization method called dead reckoning (DR) is used to estimate the position by counting wheel rotations with the help of encoders.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A common and basic localization method called dead reckoning (DR) is used to estimate the position by counting wheel rotations with the help of encoders.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "An encoder is a kind of simple and important sensor and is mounted on most mobile robots with wheels.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "An encoder is a kind of simple and important sensor and is mounted on most mobile robots with wheels.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, there are unavoidable accumulated errors for DR-based localization over long distances, in that it needs to utilize the previous position to estimate the next relative one and during which, the drift, the wheel slippage, the uneven floor and the uncertainty about the structure of the robot will together cause errors.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, there are unavoidable accumulated errors for DR-based localization over long distances, in that it needs to utilize the previous position to estimate the next relative one and during which, the drift, the wheel slippage, the uneven floor and the uncertainty about the structure of the robot will together cause errors [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Since the uncertainty of dead reckoning must be compensated for by precise localization, combining this technique with external sensors and odometry has become a new trend.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Since the uncertainty of dead reckoning must be compensated for by precise localization, combining this technique with external sensors and odometry has become a new trend [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "KNOWITALL was inspired, in part, by the WebKB project.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "KNOWITALL was inspired, in part, by the WebKB project [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] }, { "text": "However, the two projects rely on very different architectures and learning techniques.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the two projects rely on very different architectures and learning techniques.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, WebKB relies on supervised learning methods that take as input hand-labeled hypertext regions to classify Web pages, whereas KNOWITALL employs unsupervised learning methods that extract facts by using search engines to home in on easy-to-understand sentences scattered throughout the Web.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, WebKB relies on supervised learning methods that take as input hand-labeled hypertext regions to classify Web pages, whereas KNOWITALL employs unsupervised learning methods that extract facts by using search engines to home in on easy-to-understand sentences scattered throughout the Web.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Unlike the homogeneous wave, the evanescent wave contains much higher transversal-frequency components and, therefore, carries important information about the scatterer.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Unlike the homogeneous wave, the evanescent wave contains much higher transversal-frequency components and, therefore, carries important information about the scatterer [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The intensity of an evanescent wave is so weak that it may not be sensed by ordinary detectors due to the noise interference existed in transmission links.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The intensity of an evanescent wave is so weak that it may not be sensed by ordinary detectors due to the noise interference existed in transmission links.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, it is feasible to convert the evanescent wave into a comparable homogeneous counterpart that is more convenient to be used for measuring structural parameters of the scatterer.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, it is feasible to convert the evanescent wave into a comparable homogeneous counterpart that is more convenient to be used for measuring structural parameters of the scatterer.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Although scientists have tried to solve such problem, however, the scattering of light from particles with specified scattering potentials were only considered for the far-field cases.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Although scientists have tried to solve such problem, however, the scattering of light from particles with specified scattering potentials were only considered for the far-field cases [28] - [31] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF27" ], [ "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[28]", "[31]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "In this paper, we perform studies on the near-field scattering properties of light from the ellipsoidal and cylindrical particles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this paper, we perform studies on the near-field scattering properties of light from the ellipsoidal and cylindrical particles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Analytic expressions are derived for the scattered evanescent fields of which the numerical results are presented for revealing the dependences of the scattered intensity distributions on structural parameters of both particles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Analytic expressions are derived for the scattered evanescent fields of which the numerical results are presented for revealing the dependences of the scattered intensity distributions on structural parameters of both particles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is shown that the scattered intensities behave in different properties along the transversal and longitudinal directions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is shown that the scattered intensities behave in different properties along the transversal and longitudinal directions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Furthermore, we find that the scattered intensities are susceptible to the variations of the summation indices and ERSPs of the particles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Furthermore, we find that the scattered intensities are susceptible to the variations of the summation indices and ERSPs of the particles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our results have potential applications to the near-field imaging technique, especially the determination of structural parameters of tiny particles and molecules by using the near-zone scattered light.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our results have potential applications to the near-field imaging technique, especially the determination of structural parameters of tiny particles and molecules by using the near-zone scattered light.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "To explore the statistical properties of a near-field evanescent wave that scatters from a spatially random or deterministic medium.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To explore the statistical properties of a near-field evanescent wave that scatters from a spatially random or deterministic medium.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Within the validity of the first-order Born approximation, the spectral shift of the evanescent wave scattered from a spatially anisotropic medium was shown by using the angular spectrum representation.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Within the validity of the first-order Born approximation, the spectral shift of the evanescent wave scattered from a spatially anisotropic medium was shown by using the angular spectrum representation [14] - [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ], [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]", "[16]" ] }, { "text": "For the laser probing in a near-zone scattered field, how to determine the correlation function of the scattering potential of a specific medium becomes the crucial problem.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For the laser probing in a near-zone scattered field, how to determine the correlation function of the scattering potential of a specific medium becomes the crucial problem.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "The model stresses the importance of facilitating communication between individuals involved throughout the decision-making process so that they share knowledge and arrive at a common understanding of the issues at stake.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The model stresses the importance of facilitating communication between individuals involved throughout the decision-making process so that they share knowledge and arrive at a common understanding of the issues at stake.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This goal is congruent with a model of interprofessional collaboration that emphasises the necessity for healthcare professionals to share their knowledge and understanding in order to develop a collaborative relationship that exceeds the implicit limits of each profession .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This goal is congruent with a model of interprofessional collaboration that emphasises the necessity for healthcare professionals to share their knowledge and understanding in order to develop a collaborative relationship that exceeds the implicit limits of each profession .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In an interprofessional approach, information exchange does not only occur among healthcare professionals, the patient, and his/her family members, but also among different healthcare professionals.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In an interprofessional approach, information exchange does not only occur among healthcare professionals, the patient, and his/her family members, but also among different healthcare professionals.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In order to achieve fruitful communication among professionals, the professionals must be familiar with each other's expertise, roles, and responsibilities: otherwise, collaboration is not possible.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to achieve fruitful communication among professionals, the professionals must be familiar with each other's expertise, roles, and responsibilities: otherwise, collaboration is not possible.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Communication allows team members to transcend their inclination towards their own field and find common interprofessional territory.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Communication allows team members to transcend their inclination towards their own field and find common interprofessional territory (D'Amour & Oandasan, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(D'Amour & Oandasan, 2005)" ] }, { "text": "This collaborative relationship can help implement continuous and evolving interaction between professionals.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This collaborative relationship can help implement continuous and evolving interaction between professionals.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the IP-SDM model, the necessity that professionals share knowledge is illustrated by dotted lines.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the IP-SDM model, the necessity that professionals share knowledge is illustrated by dotted lines.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "To further characterize the system, the saturated output optical power for the free-running and chaotic states is plotted in Fig. 5 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To further characterize the system, the saturated output optical power for the free-running and chaotic states is plotted in Fig. 5 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The data points are fit to expð−αlÞP th p using Eq. (1).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The data points are fit to expð−αlÞP th p using Eq. (1).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The saturated power for the chaotic state increases by 19 dB as compared to the free-running state.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The saturated power for the chaotic state increases by 19 dB as compared to the free-running state.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The increment is a bit less than the estimated 22 dB from the measurements of linewidths Δν p in Fig. 2 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The increment is a bit less than the estimated 22 dB from the measurements of linewidths Δν p in Fig. 2 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is possibly due to overestimation of the linewidth of the chaotic signal when fitting to a Lorentzian function.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This is possibly due to overestimation of the linewidth of the chaotic signal when fitting to a Lorentzian function.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the experiments, the saturated power does not depend on the state of polarization at the input of the fiber, which is due to polarization scrambling by residual fluctuating birefringence in the fiber.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the experiments, the saturated power does not depend on the state of polarization at the input of the fiber, which is due to polarization scrambling by residual fluctuating birefringence in the fiber [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Moreover, Fig. 4 shows the associated electrical power P R after optoelectronic conversion using the PV converter for demonstration.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, Fig. 4 shows the associated electrical power P R after optoelectronic conversion using the PV converter for demonstration.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The performance of the PV converter limits the input power to only 24:5 dBm in order to prevent damage.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The performance of the PV converter limits the input power to only 24:5 dBm in order to prevent damage.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nonetheless, the electrical power obtained over a 5 km fiber using the free-running state saturates at 0:8 dBm due to SBS, while at least 16:4 dBm of electrical power is obtained using the chaotic state.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nonetheless, the electrical power obtained over a 5 km fiber using the free-running state saturates at 0:8 dBm due to SBS, while at least 16:4 dBm of electrical power is obtained using the chaotic state.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This electrical power level is only limited by the PV converter used, but it is already adequate for powering some advanced remote units.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This electrical power level is only limited by the PV converter used, but it is already adequate for powering some advanced remote units [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Once a fiber is chosen, the only way to raise P th p is to increase the pump wave linewidth Δν p .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Once a fiber is chosen, the only way to raise P th p is to increase the pump wave linewidth Δν p .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A possibility is to employ high-power multimode laser diodes as the light source.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A possibility is to employ high-power multimode laser diodes as the light source [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] }, { "text": "However, the coupling loss into the fiber is large for multitransverse mode lasers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the coupling loss into the fiber is large for multitransverse mode lasers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The multilongitudinal mode emission also takes up a large wavelength band, which causes difficulties multiplexing with data.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The multilongitudinal mode emission also takes up a large wavelength band, which causes difficulties multiplexing with data.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A recent solution employed a single-mode laser that was modulated externally and amplified optically.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A recent solution employed a single-mode laser that was modulated externally and amplified optically [14, 15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13", "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14, 15]" ] }, { "text": "The method used external modulators together with highspeed driving electronics to broaden Δν p .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The method used external modulators together with highspeed driving electronics to broaden Δν p .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Related methods often require extra dithering electronics, multitone microwave sources, high-speed pseudorandom bit generators, or strongly amplified microwave noise sources.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Related methods often require extra dithering electronics, multitone microwave sources, high-speed pseudorandom bit generators, or strongly amplified microwave noise sources [16, 17] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16", "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16, 17]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Power over fiber (PoF) is a technique that uses optical fiber for power distribution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Power over fiber (PoF) is a technique that uses optical fiber for power distribution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In a PoF system, optical power generated by a high-power light source is coupled into an optical fiber and transmitted to the remote site for optoelectronic conversion using photovoltaics (PVs).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In a PoF system, optical power generated by a high-power light source is coupled into an optical fiber and transmitted to the remote site for optoelectronic conversion using photovoltaics (PVs).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Compared to traditional copperwire power supply systems, PoF systems provide excellent isolation, low distributed loss, and immunity to electromagnetic noise.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Compared to traditional copperwire power supply systems, PoF systems provide excellent isolation, low distributed loss, and immunity to electromagnetic noise.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "With the advances of lowpower devices, PoF has found applications in sensor networks, data links in high-voltage environments, and integration with the currently existing fiber communication networks and radio-over-fiber systems.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "With the advances of lowpower devices, PoF has found applications in sensor networks, data links in high-voltage environments, and integration with the currently existing fiber communication networks and radio-over-fiber systems [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]" ] }, { "text": "Although multimode fibers are often applied for PoF, single-mode fibers are sometimes preferred.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Although multimode fibers are often applied for PoF, single-mode fibers are sometimes preferred.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The main advantage of single-mode fibers for PoF is their relatively low bending loss.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The main advantage of single-mode fibers for PoF is their relatively low bending loss [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "Single-mode fibers are also compatible with most deployed highspeed data networks and sensing devices.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Single-mode fibers are also compatible with most deployed highspeed data networks and sensing devices [1, 2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1, 2]" ] } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "The flexibility of the biased models is examined by using it to cluster entities found in HTML pages.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The flexibility of the biased models is examined by using it to cluster entities found in HTML pages [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "While our model can be used for a variety of tasks, we focus on the HTML entities clustering tasks since it requires the use of several kinds of features (obtained from semi-structured data from the tables) and permits us to demonstrate ways in which intuition and limited supervision about different kinds of features can be incorporated.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "While our model can be used for a variety of tasks, we focus on the HTML entities clustering tasks since it requires the use of several kinds of features (obtained from semi-structured data from the tables) and permits us to demonstrate ways in which intuition and limited supervision about different kinds of features can be incorporated.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this task, potentially useful features of an entity includes features like the headers of columns (e.g. the entity apple might be found under the headers company or fruit) and domains (e.g. food.com, finance.com, etc.).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this task, potentially useful features of an entity includes features like the headers of columns (e.g. the entity apple might be found under the headers company or fruit) and domains (e.g. food.com, finance.com, etc.).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The biasing technique presented could be used to capture domain knowledge that features of a certain type are more topic-indicative than other features.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The biasing technique presented could be used to capture domain knowledge that features of a certain type are more topic-indicative than other features.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "When the bias term is set high, the features to which it is applied are deemed to be more strongly indicative of topic and are strongly discouraged from assuming multiple latent roles in the mixed membership model.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When the bias term is set high, the features to which it is applied are deemed to be more strongly indicative of topic and are strongly discouraged from assuming multiple latent roles in the mixed membership model.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The bias is accomplished using a regularization term in the model which represents a noisy copy of the entropy of the latent role distribution of the word.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The bias is accomplished using a regularization term in the model which represents a noisy copy of the entropy of the latent role distribution of the word.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The polysemy is reduced by pushing the entropy towards a pre-specified desired value that is a hyperparameter to the model.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The polysemy is reduced by pushing the entropy towards a pre-specified desired value that is a hyperparameter to the model.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Like any other sector, nowadays manufacturing sector has been striving to survive against the economic downturn all over the world.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Like any other sector, nowadays manufacturing sector has been striving to survive against the economic downturn all over the world.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence, firms look for more options for survival of the fittest.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence, firms look for more options for survival of the fittest.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Undoubtedly, one of the most effective manufacturing strategies is reconfiguration of the production facilities.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Undoubtedly, one of the most effective manufacturing strategies is reconfiguration of the production facilities [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "Many types of production configurations have been proposed and provide revolution in the manufacturing industry.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Many types of production configurations have been proposed and provide revolution in the manufacturing industry.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If demand structure is characterized by high volume and less variety, a product type layout is the most efficient.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If demand structure is characterized by high volume and less variety, a product type layout is the most efficient.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the case of low-to-medium volume and unstable demand, a functional type layout is suggested.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the case of low-to-medium volume and unstable demand, a functional type layout is suggested.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is well known that while a product type layout limits flexibility, a functional type layout suffers from deficiency.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is well known that while a product type layout limits flexibility, a functional type layout suffers from deficiency.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "In the present competitive business environment, many businesses focus their attention especially on the rapidity for responding to their customers' needs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the present competitive business environment, many businesses focus their attention especially on the rapidity for responding to their customers' needs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For this reason, continuous improvements are needed to increase response times to customer changes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For this reason, continuous improvements are needed to increase response times to customer changes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One of the strategies followed are cellular manufacturing (CM).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One of the strategies followed are cellular manufacturing (CM).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is a manufacturing philosophy that has attracted a lot of attention because of its positive impact on the flow shop production.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is a manufacturing philosophy that has attracted a lot of attention because of its positive impact on the flow shop production.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The design of this system has been viewed as an important manufacturing strategy that has contributed to improve productivity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The design of this system has been viewed as an important manufacturing strategy that has contributed to improve productivity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Similar parts are grouped into families and associated machines into groups so that one or more part families can be proc-essed within a cell.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Similar parts are grouped into families and associated machines into groups so that one or more part families can be proc-essed within a cell.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The process of determining the part families and machine groups is referred to as the cell formation (CF) problem.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The process of determining the part families and machine groups is referred to as the cell formation (CF) problem [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "CM has been considered as an alternative to conventional flow shop manufacturing where different parts are produced intermittently in small lot sizes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "CM has been considered as an alternative to conventional flow shop manufacturing where different parts are produced intermittently in small lot sizes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In a conventional flow shop group scheduling problem, each stage has only one machine.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In a conventional flow shop group scheduling problem, each stage has only one machine.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Concrete is a composite material primarily composed of aggregate, cement and water.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Concrete is a composite material primarily composed of aggregate, cement and water.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is the most widely used man-made material in the world.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is the most widely used man-made material in the world.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The cement, commonly Portland cement and other cementitious materials such as fly ash and slag cement, serve as a binder for the aggregate.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The cement, commonly Portland cement and other cementitious materials such as fly ash and slag cement, serve as a binder for the aggregate.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In recent years, durability of concrete has become a main concern for safety, economic and environmental reasons.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In recent years, durability of concrete has become a main concern for safety, economic and environmental reasons.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is well known that durability issues, such as chloride-induced corrosion of reinforcing steel, carbonation, freeze-thaw action and so on are closely associated with fluid and ion transport in cementitious materials.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is well known that durability issues, such as chloride-induced corrosion of reinforcing steel, carbonation, freeze-thaw action and so on are closely associated with fluid and ion transport in cementitious materials.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As such, fluid permeability (e.g. water permeability and gas permeability) of cementitious materials is considered as an important indicator to evaluate the durability and predict the service life of reinforced concrete structures.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "As such, fluid permeability (e.g. water permeability and gas permeability) of cementitious materials is considered as an important indicator to evaluate the durability and predict the service life of reinforced concrete structures [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "In practice, concrete is rarely in a state of full saturation during construction and throughout its long lifetimes due to self-desiccation and wettingdrying cycles.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In practice, concrete is rarely in a state of full saturation during construction and throughout its long lifetimes due to self-desiccation and wettingdrying cycles [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] }, { "text": "In addition, the corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete occurs only in an unsaturated state, whereby the oxygen can get access to the rebar surface.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, the corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete occurs only in an unsaturated state, whereby the oxygen can get access to the rebar surface.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, it is vital to estimate permeability of partially saturated cementitious materials in order to make an accurate prediction of service life and assessment of durability of reinforced concrete structures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, it is vital to estimate permeability of partially saturated cementitious materials in order to make an accurate prediction of service life and assessment of durability of reinforced concrete structures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "In addition, cement paste at 1 day contains more big pores compared to 7 and 28-day old cement pastes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, cement paste at 1 day contains more big pores compared to 7 and 28-day old cement pastes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The representative elementary volume (REV) for transport properties of cement paste was found to be 100 × 100 × 100 µm 3.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The representative elementary volume (REV) for transport properties of cement paste was found to be 100 × 100 × 100 µm 3 [26] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF25" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[26]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, a cubic volume of interest (VOI) of 100 × 100 × 100 µm 3 was extracted from the centre of ROI for following simulations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, a cubic volume of interest (VOI) of 100 × 100 × 100 µm 3 was extracted from the centre of ROI for following simulations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The 3D microstructure and pore structure of VOI of cement paste with curing ages of 1 day and 7 days are shown in Fig. 4 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The 3D microstructure and pore structure of VOI of cement paste with curing ages of 1 day and 7 days are shown in Fig. 4 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "This research aims to investigate the relationship between role overload and burnout with personality type A auditor as the moderation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This research aims to investigate the relationship between role overload and burnout with personality type A auditor as the moderation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Personality type A is a response of behavior that is characterized in a form of personality that has competitiveness, strong will, serious in reaching the goal; appreciate time, aggressive, hostile, hyper-alertness and inability to respond body signs on stress.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Personality type A is a response of behavior that is characterized in a form of personality that has competitiveness, strong will, serious in reaching the goal; appreciate time, aggressive, hostile, hyper-alertness and inability to respond body signs on stress (Choo 1983) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Choo 1983)" ] }, { "text": "The relationship between burnout and one of its antecedents needs to be reviewed in the context of accountant public profession in Indonesia to build general findings of previous research.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The relationship between burnout and one of its antecedents needs to be reviewed in the context of accountant public profession in Indonesia to build general findings of previous research.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Next, this research also broadens the previous research by investigating the effect of moderation from behavior pattern of personality type A.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Next, this research also broadens the previous research by investigating the effect of moderation from behavior pattern of personality type A.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Then for each estimator we compared the standardised meta-analytic statistic to the z-statistic obtained with the reference approach.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Then for each estimator we compared the standardised meta-analytic statistic to the z-statistic obtained with the reference approach.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Overestimation of zstatistic leads to overly optimistic detections while underestimation outline a reduced sensitivity of the approach.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Overestimation of zstatistic leads to overly optimistic detections while underestimation outline a reduced sensitivity of the approach.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Fig. 1 displays the false positive rate at p < 0.05 obtained for the eight estimators over all set of parameters in the absence and presence of between-study variation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Fig. 1 displays the false positive rate at p < 0.05 obtained for the eight estimators over all set of parameters in the absence and presence of between-study variation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As expected, the fixed-effects meta-analytic summary statistics, i.e. Fisher's, Stouffer's and weighted Stouffer's estimates, are liberal in the presence of study heterogeneity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As expected, the fixed-effects meta-analytic summary statistics, i.e. Fisher's, Stouffer's and weighted Stouffer's estimates, are liberal in the presence of study heterogeneity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The original Fisher's approach is the most invalid.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The original Fisher's approach is the most invalid.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "More surprising, FFX GLM is also invalid with homogeneous studies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "More surprising, FFX GLM is also invalid with homogeneous studies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The explanation is over-estimation of degrees-of-freedom (DF); while DF is computed as ( n − 1) − 1, under heteroscasdicity (from σ i or n i ) it will be much lower.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The explanation is over-estimation of degrees-of-freedom (DF); while DF is computed as ( n − 1) − 1, under heteroscasdicity (from σ i or n i ) it will be much lower [11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11]" ] }, { "text": "Z MFX and GLM RFX provide valid estimates, and the permutation estimates are valid but tend to be conservative with greater variation in false positive rates.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Z MFX and GLM RFX provide valid estimates, and the permutation estimates are valid but tend to be conservative with greater variation in false positive rates.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "We have compared eight meta-analytic approaches in the context of one-sample test.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We have compared eight meta-analytic approaches in the context of one-sample test.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Through simulations, we found the expected invalidity of standard FFX approaches in the presence of study heterogeneity, but also of FFX GLM even with no between-study variation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Through simulations, we found the expected invalidity of standard FFX approaches in the presence of study heterogeneity, but also of FFX GLM even with no between-study variation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In a real dataset of 21 studies of pain, there was evidence for substantial between-study variation that supports the use of RFX meta-analytic statistics.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In a real dataset of 21 studies of pain, there was evidence for substantial between-study variation that supports the use of RFX meta-analytic statistics.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "When only contrast estimates are available, RFX GLM was valid.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When only contrast estimates are available, RFX GLM was valid.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is in line with previous results on within-group one-sample t-tests studies.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This is in line with previous results on within-group one-sample t-tests studies [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "When only standardised estimates are available, permutation is the preferred option as the one providing the most faithful results.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "When only standardised estimates are available, permutation is the preferred option as the one providing the most faithful results.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Further investigations are needed in order to assess the behaviour of these estimators in other configurations, including meta-analyses focusing on between-study differences.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Further investigations are needed in order to assess the behaviour of these estimators in other configurations, including meta-analyses focusing on between-study differences.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The paper is organized as follows.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The paper is organized as follows.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We begin in Section 2 by recalling the BDG bijection between planar maps and planar mobiles.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We begin in Section 2 by recalling the BDG bijection between planar maps and planar mobiles.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Section 3 we introduce a bijection from the set of planar trees to itself which allows us to translate results on the condensed phase of simply generated trees to our setting.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Section 3 we introduce a bijection from the set of planar trees to itself which allows us to translate results on the condensed phase of simply generated trees to our setting.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In Section 4 we state and prove Theorem 4.2 which was described informally above.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In Section 4 we state and prove Theorem 4.2 which was described informally above.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Section 5 is devoted to the proof of Theorem 1.1.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Section 5 is devoted to the proof of Theorem 1.1.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We end with some concluding remarks in Section 6 and Appendix A containing further results on the random Galton-Watson trees used here and their relation to the two-type Galton-Watson trees used by Marckert and Miermont.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "We end with some concluding remarks in Section 6 and Appendix A containing further results on the random Galton-Watson trees used here and their relation to the two-type Galton-Watson trees used by Marckert and Miermont [40] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF39" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[40]" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Compounds 2 and 3 have been prepared in reactions of the lithium stannate 1 upon addition of tin(II) or lead(II) amide E{N(SiMe 3 ) 2 } 2 (E = Sn, Pb) in a 3:1 stoichiometry (Scheme 1).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Compounds 2 and 3 have been prepared in reactions of the lithium stannate 1 upon addition of tin(II) or lead(II) amide E{N(SiMe 3 ) 2 } 2 (E = Sn, Pb) in a 3:1 stoichiometry (Scheme 1).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The initial yellow THF solution of 1 gradually changed to a reddish-brownish solution of 2 and a green solution of 3.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The initial yellow THF solution of 1 gradually changed to a reddish-brownish solution of 2 and a green solution of 3.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The complexes were obtained as the only products in good isolated yields as colorless (2) as well as yellow (3) crystalline material upon work up and re-crystallization from toluene or benzene.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The complexes were obtained as the only products in good isolated yields as colorless (2) as well as yellow (3) crystalline material upon work up and re-crystallization from toluene or benzene.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is likely that neutral E{Sn(2-py 6OtBu ) 3 } 2 was initially generated.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is likely that neutral E{Sn(2-py 6OtBu ) 3 } 2 was initially generated.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, this molecule, which could neither be isolated nor detected, may have then reacted further with another equiv of 1 to give the lithium complexes 2 or 3, respectively, by virtue of a donor-acceptor interaction between two low valent group 14 element species.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, this molecule, which could neither be isolated nor detected, may have then reacted further with another equiv of 1 to give the lithium complexes 2 or 3, respectively, by virtue of a donor-acceptor interaction between two low valent group 14 element species.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This may be explained with the less steric requirement of the pyridyl ligand as well as the pronounced two-electron donor ability of 1 comparable to other tris(2-pyridyl)stannates.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This may be explained with the less steric requirement of the pyridyl ligand as well as the pronounced two-electron donor ability of 1 comparable to other tris(2-pyridyl)stannates [22] [23] [24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24", "BIBREF25", "BIBREF26" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22] [23] [24]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Why are these companies important?", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Why are these companies important?", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For one thing, mMNEs enjoy advantages that are unavailable to SMEs operating in a single market, such as being able to benefit from global variations in knowledge, skills and labour costs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For one thing, mMNEs enjoy advantages that are unavailable to SMEs operating in a single market, such as being able to benefit from global variations in knowledge, skills and labour costs (Varian, 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF83" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Varian, 2011)" ] }, { "text": "They can conduct their business around the world and around the clock across multiple time zones (ibid.).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "They can conduct their business around the world and around the clock across multiple time zones (ibid.).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Many of them operate in industries in which the products are intangible and thus easily transferable, such as the software domain.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Many of them operate in industries in which the products are intangible and thus easily transferable, such as the software domain.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Maybe the German Chancellor Dr. Angela Merkel-who holds a doctorate in physical (quantum) chemistry-had similar thoughts after the shocking events in Japan in March 2011 as Albert Einstein had after the first nuclear bomb hit Hiroshima.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Maybe the German Chancellor Dr. Angela Merkel-who holds a doctorate in physical (quantum) chemistry-had similar thoughts after the shocking events in Japan in March 2011 as Albert Einstein had after the first nuclear bomb hit Hiroshima.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In any case, she has clearly changed her mind at some point since 1998 when she wrote in Science: \"An honest consideration of our options indicates that we cannot afford to discontinue peaceful use of nuclear energy\".", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In any case, she has clearly changed her mind at some point since 1998 when she wrote in Science: \"An honest consideration of our options indicates that we cannot afford to discontinue peaceful use of nuclear energy\" (Merkel, 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Merkel, 1998)" ] }, { "text": "Such a change of her mind would explain Germany's unique and unexpected, but yet determined reaction to Fukushima to immediately shutdown almost half of the country's nuclear power plants and to introduce a three-month moratorium on extending the lives of others.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such a change of her mind would explain Germany's unique and unexpected, but yet determined reaction to Fukushima to immediately shutdown almost half of the country's nuclear power plants and to introduce a three-month moratorium on extending the lives of others.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The reaction marked yet another change in Germany's nuclear policy; this time, however, the change came overnight and without change of government.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The reaction marked yet another change in Germany's nuclear policy; this time, however, the change came overnight and without change of government.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "The main improvement of R-CNN against with the competitor methods comes from the Potential answers, which are much less than other two type of answers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main improvement of R-CNN against with the competitor methods comes from the Potential answers, which are much less than other two type of answers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It demonstrates that R-CNN is able to process the unbalance data.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It demonstrates that R-CNN is able to process the unbalance data.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In fact, the Potential answers are most difficult to identify among the three types of answers as Potential is an intermediate category.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In fact, the Potential answers are most difficult to identify among the three types of answers as Potential is an intermediate category (Màrquez et al., 2015) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Màrquez et al., 2015)" ] }, { "text": "Nevertheless, R-CNN achieves the highest F1 score of 15.22% on Potential answers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless, R-CNN achieves the highest F1 score of 15.22% on Potential answers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In CQA, Q&A archives usually form one multi-parties conversation when the asker gives feedbacks (e.g., \"ok\" and \"please\") to users responses, indicating that the answers of one question are sematic related.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In CQA, Q&A archives usually form one multi-parties conversation when the asker gives feedbacks (e.g., \"ok\" and \"please\") to users responses, indicating that the answers of one question are sematic related.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, it is easy to understand that R-CNN performs better performance than competitor methods, especially on the recall.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, it is easy to understand that R-CNN performs better performance than competitor methods, especially on the recall.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The reason is that R-CNN can model semantic correlations between successive answers to learn the context and the long range dependencies in the answer sequence.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The reason is that R-CNN can model semantic correlations between successive answers to learn the context and the long range dependencies in the answer sequence.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The current findings, coupled with evidence from the relationship processes literature, justify further research from a developmental perspective.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The current findings, coupled with evidence from the relationship processes literature, justify further research from a developmental perspective.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "More precise and frequent measurement of the various components of intimacy and father competence over time may yield a clearer picture of these associations, and also yield a more nuanced picture of how marital processes positively and negatively affect parent-child relations.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "More precise and frequent measurement of the various components of intimacy and father competence over time may yield a clearer picture of these associations, and also yield a more nuanced picture of how marital processes positively and negatively affect parent-child relations (Buehler & Gerard, 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Buehler & Gerard, 2002)" ] }, { "text": "Further research should also include the study of larger, more diverse samples.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Further research should also include the study of larger, more diverse samples.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "The connection between intimacy and fathering does not represent a universal pathway that applies to all fathers because of the great diversity of the course of human development.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The connection between intimacy and fathering does not represent a universal pathway that applies to all fathers because of the great diversity of the course of human development.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The present study was limited to married couples as are the findings.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The present study was limited to married couples as are the findings.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Further research is needed regarding the extent to which similar learning processes occur in relationships outside of traditional marriage.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Further research is needed regarding the extent to which similar learning processes occur in relationships outside of traditional marriage.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There are also considerable limitations in the sample due to the small sample size as well as the homogeneity of ethnicity, religion, SES, and maternal employment status.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "There are also considerable limitations in the sample due to the small sample size as well as the homogeneity of ethnicity, religion, SES, and maternal employment status.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is important to note that pathways of learning competent fathering are likely very diverse.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is important to note that pathways of learning competent fathering are likely very diverse (Hetherington, Bridges, & Insabella, 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF36" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hetherington, Bridges, & Insabella, 1998)" ] }, { "text": "However, our goal in this study was to test an element of adult development that, while not universal, may constitute an important developmental course.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, our goal in this study was to test an element of adult development that, while not universal, may constitute an important developmental course.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Materials Science" ]

[ { "text": "Particularly, the integration of sensors and electronics on the same substrate potentiate the benefits of the devices, improving functionalities like signal amplification, calibration and better signal to noise ratio.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Particularly, the integration of sensors and electronics on the same substrate potentiate the benefits of the devices, improving functionalities like signal amplification, calibration and better signal to noise ratio.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "All these advantages drive to call the attention for the studying and producing of ISFETs to apply them in many knowledge areas.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "All these advantages drive to call the attention for the studying and producing of ISFETs to apply them in many knowledge areas.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The basic requirements that a sensor must accomplish are 1) the superficial dielectric located in the IS-FET gate region must have a sensibility as great as pos-sible to detect the pH levels of the analyzed solution with rapidness, efficiency and reliability; 2) the selected dielectric material must present an amount of drift current and hysteresis as minimum as possible during measurements, which is important if the ISFETs are used to measure pH levels for long periods of time.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The basic requirements that a sensor must accomplish are 1) the superficial dielectric located in the IS-FET gate region must have a sensibility as great as pos-sible to detect the pH levels of the analyzed solution with rapidness, efficiency and reliability; 2) the selected dielectric material must present an amount of drift current and hysteresis as minimum as possible during measurements, which is important if the ISFETs are used to measure pH levels for long periods of time.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This last condition makes them very useful in biomedical field.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This last condition makes them very useful in biomedical field [18, 27, 30] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16", "BIBREF25", "BIBREF28" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[18, 27, 30]" ] }, { "text": "During the last years, the design and research of ISFETs and readout circuits have been developed in different ways, some authors do the research about the sensor and the others use the standard consumer CMOS technology, where the pH sensors and readout circuits are on the same substrate, including a reference electrode that is connected externally.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "During the last years, the design and research of ISFETs and readout circuits have been developed in different ways, some authors do the research about the sensor and the others use the standard consumer CMOS technology, where the pH sensors and readout circuits are on the same substrate, including a reference electrode that is connected externally [31, 32] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF29", "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[31, 32]" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Over the past decades, more and more attentions have been paid to the process monitoring from both academia and industry because of its indispensable role in guaranteeing safe operation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Over the past decades, more and more attentions have been paid to the process monitoring from both academia and industry because of its indispensable role in guaranteeing safe operation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Complex chemical processes usually operate at multiple operating modes, resulting from various factors, such as changes in market demand, set point modifications, and feedstock changes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Complex chemical processes usually operate at multiple operating modes, resulting from various factors, such as changes in market demand, set point modifications, and feedstock changes (Hwang and Han, 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Hwang and Han, 1999)" ] }, { "text": "The realtime monitoring and warning of danger in multimode processes is a challenging problem, which has drawn increasing attention recently.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The realtime monitoring and warning of danger in multimode processes is a challenging problem, which has drawn increasing attention recently (Zhao et al., 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Zhao et al., 2010)" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Fatty acids are almost entirely straight chain aliphatic monocarboxylic acids.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Fatty acids are almost entirely straight chain aliphatic monocarboxylic acids.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The broadest definition includes all chain lengths, but most natural fatty acids are C4 to C22.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The broadest definition includes all chain lengths, but most natural fatty acids are C4 to C22.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Naturally, occurring fatty acids share a common biosynthesis.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Naturally, occurring fatty acids share a common biosynthesis.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The chain is built from two carbon units and cis double bonds are inserted by desaturase enzymes at specific positions relative to the carboxyl group.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The chain is built from two carbon units and cis double bonds are inserted by desaturase enzymes at specific positions relative to the carboxyl group.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This results in even-chain-length fatty acids with a characteristic pattern of methylene interrupted cis double bonds.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This results in even-chain-length fatty acids with a characteristic pattern of methylene interrupted cis double bonds.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A large number of fatty acids, varying in chain length and unsaturation, result from this pathway.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A large number of fatty acids, varying in chain length and unsaturation, result from this pathway (Scrimgeour, 2005) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF98" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Scrimgeour, 2005)" ] }, { "text": "Several methods to reduce the high viscosity of vegetable oils to enable their use in common diesel engines without operational problems such as engine deposits have been investigated: blending with petrodiesel, pyrolysis, microemulsification (cosolvent blending) and transesterification.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Several methods to reduce the high viscosity of vegetable oils to enable their use in common diesel engines without operational problems such as engine deposits have been investigated: blending with petrodiesel, pyrolysis, microemulsification (cosolvent blending) and transesterification (Ma and Hanna, 1999) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF78" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Ma and Hanna, 1999)" ] }, { "text": "Among these the transesterification reaction is the only which leads to the product commonly known as biodiesel, i.e., alkyl esters of oils and fats .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Among these the transesterification reaction is the only which leads to the product commonly known as biodiesel, i.e., alkyl esters of oils and fats .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Android mobile application development is based on Java language codes became an important platform to develop mobile application using the software provided in the Google Android SDK.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Android mobile application development is based on Java language codes became an important platform to develop mobile application using the software provided in the Google Android SDK [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "The proposed KAFA mobile apps will be designed to run on android supporting mobile devices, because as stated \"Most major mobile service providers carry an Android device.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The proposed KAFA mobile apps will be designed to run on android supporting mobile devices, because as stated \"Most major mobile service providers carry an Android device.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "From Q2 of 2009 in the second quarter of 2010, Android's worldwide market share rose by 850% from 1.8% to 17.2%.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "From Q2 of 2009 in the second quarter of 2010, Android's worldwide market share rose by 850% from 1.8% to 17.2%.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "On 15 November 2011, Android reached 52.5% of the global Smartphone market share\".", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "On 15 November 2011, Android reached 52.5% of the global Smartphone market share\" [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Consequently, several applications have gone beyond a communication tool, but also as a part of the people's daily life items.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Consequently, several applications have gone beyond a communication tool, but also as a part of the people's daily life items.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The development of the mobile application should focus more to the user's experience because user's are the person who going to use the applications.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The development of the mobile application should focus more to the user's experience because user's are the person who going to use the applications [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "With ubiquitous mobility, students can facilitate learning activity everywhere and connect to other peers by connecting to the network.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "With ubiquitous mobility, students can facilitate learning activity everywhere and connect to other peers by connecting to the network.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Mobile technologies offer rich content of mobile learning and deliver information effectively for students during their learning activities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Mobile technologies offer rich content of mobile learning and deliver information effectively for students during their learning activities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Here C is the total RR-potential, and B is the NSNS-potential which is globally defined on the brane worldvolume because the Freed-Witten anomaly cancellation condition ensures that the NSNS-field strength H is trivializable on the D-brane.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Here C is the total RR-potential, and B is the NSNS-potential which is globally defined on the brane worldvolume because the Freed-Witten anomaly cancellation condition ensures that the NSNS-field strength H is trivializable on the D-brane.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This formula is incomplete in many ways.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This formula is incomplete in many ways.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, we could add a gauge field on the Dbrane.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, we could add a gauge field on the Dbrane.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For a single D-brane, this is accomplished by replacing B by the gauge-invariant combination B + F .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For a single D-brane, this is accomplished by replacing B by the gauge-invariant combination B + F .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For a stack of D-branes, however, we have a non-Abelian gauge field, and we need to add a more complicated set of terms due to Myers.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For a stack of D-branes, however, we have a non-Abelian gauge field, and we need to add a more complicated set of terms due to Myers [10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10]" ] }, { "text": "We will ignore these terms here, although their incorporation into this formalism is an interesting puzzle.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We will ignore these terms here, although their incorporation into this formalism is an interesting puzzle.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Instead, we will concentrate on certain α ′ corrections to (1.1).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Instead, we will concentrate on certain α ′ corrections to (1.1).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In particular, these have a topological character and are usually given as where NX is the normal bundle to the D-brane, X. The topological nature of these corrections arises because they can be derived by anomaly inflow arguments.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In particular, these have a topological character and are usually given as where NX is the normal bundle to the D-brane, X. The topological nature of these corrections arises because they can be derived by anomaly inflow arguments [11, 12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[11, 12]" ] }, { "text": "It is important to note that, while the total anomaly is given by the integral over a product of characteristic classes and is independent of the choice of forms that represent those classes, as e B C is not closed, (1.2) depends on the explicit form of the A-roof genus and not just on its cohomology class.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is important to note that, while the total anomaly is given by the integral over a product of characteristic classes and is independent of the choice of forms that represent those classes, as e B C is not closed, (1.2) depends on the explicit form of the A-roof genus and not just on its cohomology class.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Thus, it is an interesting question to ask the specific form of the above corrections.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Thus, it is an interesting question to ask the specific form of the above corrections.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, one could form the A-roof genus out of the Levi-Civita connection, an H-connection or some other connection on the bundles associated to the tangent and normal bundles to X.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, one could form the A-roof genus out of the Levi-Civita connection, an H-connection or some other connection on the bundles associated to the tangent and normal bundles to X.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "SHF resonators were fabricated with a simplified, 2 mask AlN process without a bottom electrode or dielectric.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "SHF resonators were fabricated with a simplified, 2 mask AlN process without a bottom electrode or dielectric.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The simplified process yields better AlN performance and higher resonator sound velocity enabling the use of optical lithography.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The simplified process yields better AlN performance and higher resonator sound velocity enabling the use of optical lithography.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A 6.8 GHz device is shown in Figure 1a .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A 6.8 GHz device is shown in Figure 1a .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The solidly anchored WE resonator has a finger pitch of λ/2 = 760 nm.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The solidly anchored WE resonator has a finger pitch of λ/2 = 760 nm.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The active area of this device is L e = 200μm by W d = 58.52 μm and the overall device length is 600μm.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The active area of this device is L e = 200μm by W d = 58.52 μm and the overall device length is 600μm.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It was hypothesized that the acoustic wave (launched in the ydirection, Figure 1a ) is well confined and has minimal propagation in x-direction.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It was hypothesized that the acoustic wave (launched in the ydirection, Figure 1a ) is well confined and has minimal propagation in x-direction.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, anchoring loss should not change significantly between solidly anchored and traditional contour mode resonators anchored via narrow beams.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, anchoring loss should not change significantly between solidly anchored and traditional contour mode resonators anchored via narrow beams [1] [2] [3] [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2] [3] [4]" ] }, { "text": "To test this hypothesis, WE resonators with beam anchors (Figure 1b varying the WE resonator length (L e ), shown in Figure 1a , from 200μm to 500μm for a 4.1 GHz device.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "To test this hypothesis, WE resonators with beam anchors (Figure 1b varying the WE resonator length (L e ), shown in Figure 1a , from 200μm to 500μm for a 4.1 GHz device.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This comparison showed that increasing electrode area via L e did very little to improve IL while increasing capacitive feed through and resistive loss.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This comparison showed that increasing electrode area via L e did very little to improve IL while increasing capacitive feed through and resistive loss.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hence increasing device area did not significantly improve IL.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hence increasing device area did not significantly improve IL.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This was mainly due to the series resistance, R f , of the resonator fingers since it scales with resonator length.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This was mainly due to the series resistance, R f , of the resonator fingers since it scales with resonator length.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Shunt capacitance (C shunt ) also plays a role however it can be resonated out with integrated inductors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Shunt capacitance (C shunt ) also plays a role however it can be resonated out with integrated inductors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These parasitics (C shunt , R f ) present a significant limitation on resonator scaling.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These parasitics (C shunt , R f ) present a significant limitation on resonator scaling.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "There has been recent progress in extending AlN resonator frequencies to super high frequency (SHF) bands using electron beam lithography.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There has been recent progress in extending AlN resonator frequencies to super high frequency (SHF) bands using electron beam lithography [1] [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1] [2]" ] }, { "text": "We present SHF (up to 6.8 GHz) width extensional (WE) resonators that are patterned optically.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We present SHF (up to 6.8 GHz) width extensional (WE) resonators that are patterned optically.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the past contour mode resonators have been anchored using quarter wave beams to minimize anchor loss.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the past contour mode resonators have been anchored using quarter wave beams to minimize anchor loss.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this work we compare the performance of solidly anchored resonators to resonators anchored with quarter wave beams.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this work we compare the performance of solidly anchored resonators to resonators anchored with quarter wave beams.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Finally, it is assumed that as resonator area is scaled its insertion loss will decrease.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Finally, it is assumed that as resonator area is scaled its insertion loss will decrease.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the resonator shunt capacitance and added series resistance from increased finger length (L e ) causes their IL to increase or decrease less than expected.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the resonator shunt capacitance and added series resistance from increased finger length (L e ) causes their IL to increase or decrease less than expected.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The adverse effect of expression of the SL enzyme in B. juncea chloroplasts appears to be related to produced Se 0 since the transgenics showed a normal phenotype in the absence of Se.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The adverse effect of expression of the SL enzyme in B. juncea chloroplasts appears to be related to produced Se 0 since the transgenics showed a normal phenotype in the absence of Se.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It is feasible that the produced Se 0 interferes with chloroplast S metabolism.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is feasible that the produced Se 0 interferes with chloroplast S metabolism.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The chloroplast is a site of iron-sulphur (Fe-S) cluster formation, as well as for biosynthesis of biotin, thiamine and molybdenum cofactor.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The chloroplast is a site of iron-sulphur (Fe-S) cluster formation, as well as for biosynthesis of biotin, thiamine and molybdenum cofactor.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Elemental S (S 0 ) is thought to be one of the substrates for these processes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Elemental S (S 0 ) is thought to be one of the substrates for these processes (Mihara et al. 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Mihara et al. 2002)" ] }, { "text": "It is feasible that Se 0 can compete with S 0 and disrupt the formation or functioning of these compounds, especially since enzymes involved in S metabolism typically have an equal or higher affinity for the Se analogue compared to their S substrate.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "It is feasible that Se 0 can compete with S 0 and disrupt the formation or functioning of these compounds, especially since enzymes involved in S metabolism typically have an equal or higher affinity for the Se analogue compared to their S substrate (Anderson 1993) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Anderson 1993)" ] } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "On the other hand, there are two types of soldering irons (guns or pencil presentations) especially designed to perform the welding of electronic components on printed circuit boards (PCB), mostly in electronic labs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the other hand, there are two types of soldering irons (guns or pencil presentations) especially designed to perform the welding of electronic components on printed circuit boards (PCB), mostly in electronic labs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The more common ones are mainly composed of an electrical resistance wrapped around a heating element that transmits the heat to a soldering tip to melt the wire of lead/tin.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The more common ones are mainly composed of an electrical resistance wrapped around a heating element that transmits the heat to a soldering tip to melt the wire of lead/tin.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, in the last few years, it has been possible to acquire high frequency soldering irons that work by using magnetic induction.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, in the last few years, it has been possible to acquire high frequency soldering irons that work by using magnetic induction [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "Due to a very different physical principle, these devices exhibit a higher performance to melt the wire in contrast to the devices of resistance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Due to a very different physical principle, these devices exhibit a higher performance to melt the wire in contrast to the devices of resistance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These presentations of soldering irons (with resistances or induction) possess a cable directly connected to a domestic tension line or a control station.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These presentations of soldering irons (with resistances or induction) possess a cable directly connected to a domestic tension line or a control station.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This fact represents a source of possible accidents, imprecise welds or an obstacle in the soldering process.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This fact represents a source of possible accidents, imprecise welds or an obstacle in the soldering process.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In order to tackle this issue, the present work aims to develop a cordless soldering iron via induction heating.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to tackle this issue, the present work aims to develop a cordless soldering iron via induction heating.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This device is a powerful tool, which allows comfortable welding, and is a good alternative for the development of tasks in the electronic lab.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This device is a powerful tool, which allows comfortable welding, and is a good alternative for the development of tasks in the electronic lab.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "Drainage contractors use two main methods for the installation of subsurface drains.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Drainage contractors use two main methods for the installation of subsurface drains.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One method is the trench method, in which an open ditch of proper depth is dug with a high speed chain or wheel trencher and the drain pipe is laid on the floor of the trench.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One method is the trench method, in which an open ditch of proper depth is dug with a high speed chain or wheel trencher and the drain pipe is laid on the floor of the trench.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The second method is a trenchless drain plow (plow-in) method, whereby a tunnel is made in the ground by a plow at a prescribed depth without soil excavation, and the tubing is placed in the tunnel.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The second method is a trenchless drain plow (plow-in) method, whereby a tunnel is made in the ground by a plow at a prescribed depth without soil excavation, and the tubing is placed in the tunnel.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The plow blade is designed to lift and split the soil as it moves forward.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The plow blade is designed to lift and split the soil as it moves forward.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The tubing is fed in behind the plow blade and the soil falls back around the pipe.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The tubing is fed in behind the plow blade and the soil falls back around the pipe.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Whatever installation method is used, the pipe must be well bedded so that alignment and grade can be maintained and external loads supported without deformation of the pipe.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Whatever installation method is used, the pipe must be well bedded so that alignment and grade can be maintained and external loads supported without deformation of the pipe (Spoor and Fry, 1983) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Spoor and Fry, 1983)" ] } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Even though the cultivation of oil palms has less impact on the environment, it is important to note the need for the preservation of gallery forests.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Even though the cultivation of oil palms has less impact on the environment, it is important to note the need for the preservation of gallery forests.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Under Brazilian legislation (the Brazilian Forest Code, federal law number 12 651/12), a 30-meter wide riparian zone of natural vegetation must be maintained permanently over any watercourse of less than 10 m in width.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Under Brazilian legislation (the Brazilian Forest Code, federal law number 12 651/12), a 30-meter wide riparian zone of natural vegetation must be maintained permanently over any watercourse of less than 10 m in width.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "These areas of permanent preservation, together with the legal reserves of natural vegetation required for any rural property, may provide an important buffer that reduces runoff and the transfer of nutrients and other material into local bodies of water.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "These areas of permanent preservation, together with the legal reserves of natural vegetation required for any rural property, may provide an important buffer that reduces runoff and the transfer of nutrients and other material into local bodies of water (Scha¨ffer et al., 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF48" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Scha¨ffer et al., 2011)" ] }, { "text": "Within the area of the present study, most of the streams have areas of permanent preservation, which almost certainly contribute to reduced impact of this land use.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Within the area of the present study, most of the streams have areas of permanent preservation, which almost certainly contribute to reduced impact of this land use.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Here M h [v h ] denotes a stable and consistent discretization of det D 2 v for a smooth convex function v. There are several notions of discrete convexity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Here M h [v h ] denotes a stable and consistent discretization of det D 2 v for a smooth convex function v. There are several notions of discrete convexity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We require that the uniform limit on compact subsets of mesh convex functions is a convex function and that a locally bounded sequence of such functions is locally equicontinuous.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We require that the uniform limit on compact subsets of mesh convex functions is a convex function and that a locally bounded sequence of such functions is locally equicontinuous.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Of course we also require (1.2) to have a solution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Of course we also require (1.2) to have a solution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "A sufficient condition is degenerate ellipticity and Lipschitz continuity as defined by Oberman.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "A sufficient condition is degenerate ellipticity and Lipschitz continuity as defined by Oberman [15] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[15]" ] }, { "text": "We show that a family of solutions u h of (1.2) converges uniformly on compact subsets to the unique Aleksandrov solution of (1.1).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We show that a family of solutions u h of (1.2) converges uniformly on compact subsets to the unique Aleksandrov solution of (1.1).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The main aim of this article is to document a priori how various types of PBL schemes behave on scales that permit resolved eddies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The main aim of this article is to document a priori how various types of PBL schemes behave on scales that permit resolved eddies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Our study is differentiated from the previous studies that evaluated the conventional PBL schemes in the gray zone, in that we compare the performance of various types of PBL schemes under the same experimental conditions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Our study is differentiated from the previous studies that evaluated the conventional PBL schemes in the gray zone, in that we compare the performance of various types of PBL schemes under the same experimental conditions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This study is also different from other intercomparison studies that compare the PBL parameterizations for grid sizes where the turbulent motions in the CBL are entirely SGS.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This study is also different from other intercomparison studies that compare the PBL parameterizations for grid sizes where the turbulent motions in the CBL are entirely SGS.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The studies were limited to evaluating the parameterizations in terms of mean profiles and parameterized total turbulent transport profiles.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The studies were limited to evaluating the parameterizations in terms of mean profiles and parameterized total turbulent transport profiles (Pleim 2007b; Li and Pu 2008; Steeneveld et al. 2008; Hu et al. 2010; Shin and Hong 2011) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF28", "BIBREF21", "BIBREF32", "BIBREF14", "BIBREF30" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Pleim 2007b; Li and Pu 2008; Steeneveld et al. 2008; Hu et al. 2010; Shin and Hong 2011)" ] }, { "text": "However, for subkilometer grid sizes it is seen that some PBL schemes start to allow resolved-scale motions, and resolved turbulence statistics parameters should be evaluated, especially considering the expectations for the improvement in resolved fields by using fine meshes.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, for subkilometer grid sizes it is seen that some PBL schemes start to allow resolved-scale motions, and resolved turbulence statistics parameters should be evaluated, especially considering the expectations for the improvement in resolved fields by using fine meshes.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The performance of the five CBL parameterizations is evaluated for the time period of 3t 0 -4t 0 , against the LES and filtered LES (i.e., the reference) data for the same time period, unless otherwise specified.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The performance of the five CBL parameterizations is evaluated for the time period of 3t 0 -4t 0 , against the LES and filtered LES (i.e., the reference) data for the same time period, unless otherwise specified.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Here, t 0 5 6t * (t * is the large-eddy turnover time), and it is the time required for the dynamic flow field of an LES run to reach a statistically quasi-equilibrium state.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Here, t 0 5 6t * (t * is the large-eddy turnover time), and it is the time required for the dynamic flow field of an LES run to reach a statistically quasi-equilibrium state (Moeng and Sullivan 1994) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Moeng and Sullivan 1994)" ] }, { "text": "The value of t 0 is roughly 3600 s for our CBL case.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The value of t 0 is roughly 3600 s for our CBL case.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The time averaging keeps the sample size for turbulent statistics larger than 1000; without the time averaging, the sample size for the reference data at 1000-m grid spacing is only 64.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The time averaging keeps the sample size for turbulent statistics larger than 1000; without the time averaging, the sample size for the reference data at 1000-m grid spacing is only 64.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Major dust storm events typically develop in China in the spring, brought about by cold frontal systems and the Mongolian cyclonic depression.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Major dust storm events typically develop in China in the spring, brought about by cold frontal systems and the Mongolian cyclonic depression (Sun et al., 2001) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF98" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Sun et al., 2001)" ] }, { "text": "The Gobi Deserts in Mongolia and northern China, and the Taklimakan Desert in western China, are the two dominant source regions of dust in east Asia.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The Gobi Deserts in Mongolia and northern China, and the Taklimakan Desert in western China, are the two dominant source regions of dust in east Asia.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Once lofted to high altitudes, dust can then become entrained in the jet stream and may be transported long distances over the Pacific Ocean to North America.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Once lofted to high altitudes, dust can then become entrained in the jet stream and may be transported long distances over the Pacific Ocean to North America (Cahill, 2003; Duce et al., 1980; Jaffe et al., 1999; Thulasiraman et al., 2002) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF18", "BIBREF32", "BIBREF48", "BIBREF101" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Cahill, 2003; Duce et al., 1980; Jaffe et al., 1999; Thulasiraman et al., 2002)" ] }, { "text": "The Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-Asia) in 2001 was designed to study the impact these spring dust events have on the physical, chemical and radiative properties of the Asian aerosol as it is transported over the mainland and the Pacific Ocean.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-Asia) in 2001 was designed to study the impact these spring dust events have on the physical, chemical and radiative properties of the Asian aerosol as it is transported over the mainland and the Pacific Ocean (Huebert et al., 2003; Seinfeld et al., 2004) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF47", "BIBREF87" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Huebert et al., 2003; Seinfeld et al., 2004)" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "If successful, this program may also be used to make predictions that can be tested in the near future.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If successful, this program may also be used to make predictions that can be tested in the near future.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the brane inflationary scenario, cosmic strings are produced towards the end of inflation and they will leave signatures to be detected.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In the brane inflationary scenario, cosmic strings are produced towards the end of inflation and they will leave signatures to be detected [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF37", "BIBREF38", "BIBREF39", "BIBREF40", "BIBREF41", "BIBREF42", "BIBREF43", "BIBREF44" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45]" ] }, { "text": "However, the type/property of the cosmic strings produced depends crucially on the particular brane inflationary scenario that had taken place.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the type/property of the cosmic strings produced depends crucially on the particular brane inflationary scenario that had taken place.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If SOUP can select the specific brane inflationary universe emerging from tunneling, it will give predictions on the type/property of the cosmic strings to be detected.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If SOUP can select the specific brane inflationary universe emerging from tunneling, it will give predictions on the type/property of the cosmic strings to be detected.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "A mobile robot that moves from place to place in a large scale environment needs to know its position in the environment to successfully plan its path and its movements.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "A mobile robot that moves from place to place in a large scale environment needs to know its position in the environment to successfully plan its path and its movements.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The general approach to this problem is to provide the robot with a detailed description of the environment (usually a geometrical map) and to use some kind of sensors mounted on the robot to locate itself in its world representation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The general approach to this problem is to provide the robot with a detailed description of the environment (usually a geometrical map) and to use some kind of sensors mounted on the robot to locate itself in its world representation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Unfortunately, the sensors used by the robots are noisy, and they are easily misled by the complexity of the environment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Unfortunately, the sensors used by the robots are noisy, and they are easily misled by the complexity of the environment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Nevertheless, several works successfully addressed this solution using high precision sensors like laser range scanners combined with very robust uncertainty management systems.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Nevertheless, several works successfully addressed this solution using high precision sensors like laser range scanners combined with very robust uncertainty management systems [19] [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19", "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19] [2]" ] }, { "text": "Another solution, very popular in real-life robot applications, is the management of the environment.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Another solution, very popular in real-life robot applications, is the management of the environment.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "If artificial landmarks, such as stripes or reflecting dots, are added to the environment, the robot can use these objects, which are easy to spot and locate, to calculate its position on a geometrical map.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "If artificial landmarks, such as stripes or reflecting dots, are added to the environment, the robot can use these objects, which are easy to spot and locate, to calculate its position on a geometrical map.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "An example of a successful application of this method is the work of Hu.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "An example of a successful application of this method is the work of Hu [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "For other aspects, the EMSs seem to be implemented in a more comprehensive and effective way by EMAS-registered organizations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For other aspects, the EMSs seem to be implemented in a more comprehensive and effective way by EMAS-registered organizations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For instance, environmental planning capabilities are usually stronger and better ''rooted'' in the EMAS-registered organization and, consequently, they are able to generate positive effects on environmental performance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For instance, environmental planning capabilities are usually stronger and better ''rooted'' in the EMAS-registered organization and, consequently, they are able to generate positive effects on environmental performance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This confirms that an actual performance improvement can be achieved only when those elements of an EMS which can be fully integrated in the management dynamics of a firm start to work effectively.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This confirms that an actual performance improvement can be achieved only when those elements of an EMS which can be fully integrated in the management dynamics of a firm start to work effectively [14] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Most of the studies and researches on EMAS implementation by companies pointed out that the competitive advantages of EMAS registration are perceived by adopters only in the long run.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Most of the studies and researches on EMAS implementation by companies pointed out that the competitive advantages of EMAS registration are perceived by adopters only in the long run [14, 47] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF13", "BIBREF47" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[14, 47]" ] }, { "text": "Moreover, some studies emphasise that there is a strong relation between the extent to which these advantages are perceived and the degree of EMS implementation (i.e.: proportional to the experience in time).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, some studies emphasise that there is a strong relation between the extent to which these advantages are perceived and the degree of EMS implementation (i.e.: proportional to the experience in time) [7, 10] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6", "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7, 10]" ] }, { "text": "On the basis of these considerations, we implicitly tested another hypothesis in our model: the age of the EMAS-registered EMS (as an exogenous variable) can influence the way in which the organizations perceive the benefits from a competitive point of view.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "On the basis of these considerations, we implicitly tested another hypothesis in our model: the age of the EMAS-registered EMS (as an exogenous variable) can influence the way in which the organizations perceive the benefits from a competitive point of view.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "As it clearly emerges from Table 6 , this hypothesis is falsified by the empirical evidence collected in the EVER study, since there is no explicit correlation in any of the equations of the model.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As it clearly emerges from Table 6 , this hypothesis is falsified by the empirical evidence collected in the EVER study, since there is no explicit correlation in any of the equations of the model.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "It does not seem to be a matter of time if a company perceives competitive benefits linked to their environmental performance or not.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It does not seem to be a matter of time if a company perceives competitive benefits linked to their environmental performance or not.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "Among the independent variables that are included in the model, the ability to carry out effective planning and to achieve foreseen targets seem to have the strongest impact on environmental performance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Among the independent variables that are included in the model, the ability to carry out effective planning and to achieve foreseen targets seem to have the strongest impact on environmental performance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Hypothesis 2, i.e. the existence of a positive influence of target-definition and successful planning on environmental performance, is fully confirmed by the results we achieved.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Hypothesis 2, i.e. the existence of a positive influence of target-definition and successful planning on environmental performance, is fully confirmed by the results we achieved.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In this case, the intensity of the detected impact is high (see the dF/dx value) and 95% significance is provided by the model.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this case, the intensity of the detected impact is high (see the dF/dx value) and 95% significance is provided by the model.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The most important indication emerging from this result concerns the organizations' approach in implementing their EMSs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The most important indication emerging from this result concerns the organizations' approach in implementing their EMSs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The organizations involved in the EMAS scheme clearly showed different attitudes when considering their EMS.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The organizations involved in the EMAS scheme clearly showed different attitudes when considering their EMS.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The two opposites being a ''certificate-oriented'' approach (to obtain EMAS registration and preserving it as a reputational tool) and a more ''strategic'' approach, aiming at using the EMS to guarantee legal compliance and gradually improving the environmental efficiency of corporate activities.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The two opposites being a ''certificate-oriented'' approach (to obtain EMAS registration and preserving it as a reputational tool) and a more ''strategic'' approach, aiming at using the EMS to guarantee legal compliance and gradually improving the environmental efficiency of corporate activities [44] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF43" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[44]" ] }, { "text": "It is rather clear, from our results, that the more an organization considers its EMS as an integral part of its whole management system and includes the environmental targets and programmes in the day-to-day operational planning activities, the more it is able to effectively achieve a higher environmental performance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is rather clear, from our results, that the more an organization considers its EMS as an integral part of its whole management system and includes the environmental targets and programmes in the day-to-day operational planning activities, the more it is able to effectively achieve a higher environmental performance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "The organism is ubiquitous in food products, being found in milk powder, rice, vegetables, cheese, sausage meat, teas, and various spices.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The organism is ubiquitous in food products, being found in milk powder, rice, vegetables, cheese, sausage meat, teas, and various spices [5, 6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5, 6]" ] }, { "text": "Moreover, E. sakazakii has been identified in the hospital environment in association with infant bottle brushes and food preparation equipment such as blenders.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, E. sakazakii has been identified in the hospital environment in association with infant bottle brushes and food preparation equipment such as blenders [7] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF6" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "However, most of the attention to E. sakazakii-related contamination of food products has focused on powdered infant formula.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, most of the attention to E. sakazakii-related contamination of food products has focused on powdered infant formula.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "According World Health Organization (OMS) and Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), between 50 and 80% of PIF cases are the vehicle and the source of E. sakazakii-illness in the world.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "According World Health Organization (OMS) and Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), between 50 and 80% of PIF cases are the vehicle and the source of E. sakazakii-illness in the world [8] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8]" ] }, { "text": "In 2002, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) published a warning regarding the presence of E. sakazakii in baby formula.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In 2002, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) published a warning regarding the presence of E. sakazakii in baby formula [9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[9]" ] }, { "text": "In addition, there have been several recalls of formula in Asia, Europe, and North and South America as a result of E. sakazakii contamination.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, there have been several recalls of formula in Asia, Europe, and North and South America as a result of E. sakazakii contamination [5, 10, 11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4", "BIBREF9", "BIBREF10" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5, 10, 11]" ] }, { "text": "This has resulted in increased efforts to implement appropriate strategies to reduce health risks associated with the use of PIF.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This has resulted in increased efforts to implement appropriate strategies to reduce health risks associated with the use of PIF.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In contrast, there is dearth information on contamination of PIF sold in Africa, particularly in Côte d'Ivoire.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In contrast, there is dearth information on contamination of PIF sold in Africa, particularly in Côte d'Ivoire.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The aims of this study is to determine the occurrence of E. sakazakii and other Enterobacteriaceae in commercial PIF in Abidjan.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The aims of this study is to determine the occurrence of E. sakazakii and other Enterobacteriaceae in commercial PIF in Abidjan.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Computer Science" ]

[ { "text": "Much of this related work appears to place less emphasis on the quality of the optimization algorithm than in implementation details.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Much of this related work appears to place less emphasis on the quality of the optimization algorithm than in implementation details.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, MENNDL is described by its authors as using a very simple GA, while PBT lacks features such as sexual reproduction with crossover.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, MENNDL is described by its authors as using a very simple GA, while PBT lacks features such as sexual reproduction with crossover.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such HPO approaches can generally run at large node counts, but a lack of an efficient search algorithm can mean that most of those compute cycles are wasted on poorly-performing areas of the hyperparameter space.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such HPO approaches can generally run at large node counts, but a lack of an efficient search algorithm can mean that most of those compute cycles are wasted on poorly-performing areas of the hyperparameter space.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This work first frames PBT as a genetic algorithm and then generalizes and extends it in Section 3.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This work first frames PBT as a genetic algorithm and then generalizes and extends it in Section 3.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The original version of PBT can be thought of as a genetic algorithm with the following characteristics: overlapping generations, genes comprised of hyperparameters and parameters, GA generations running concurrently with SGD training epochs, asexual reproduction without crossover, two possibilities for viability selection (tournament and rank), and a fitness function customized for each of the NN objectives (e.g., using the BLUE score for neural machine translation).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The original version of PBT can be thought of as a genetic algorithm with the following characteristics: overlapping generations, genes comprised of hyperparameters and parameters, GA generations running concurrently with SGD training epochs, asexual reproduction without crossover, two possibilities for viability selection (tournament and rank), and a fitness function customized for each of the NN objectives (e.g., using the BLUE score for neural machine translation [22] ).", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF21" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[22]" ] }, { "text": "Crossover (i.e., recombination), discussed in more detail in Section 3, combines hyperparameters from two parents to create a new child, as depicted in Figure 2 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Crossover (i.e., recombination), discussed in more detail in Section 3, combines hyperparameters from two parents to create a new child, as depicted in Figure 2 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This provides not only a possibility for the aggregation of beneficial genes, but helps shed deleterious mutations from the population.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This provides not only a possibility for the aggregation of beneficial genes, but helps shed deleterious mutations from the population.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "The recent development of group LAV technology has a great number of interests within the intelligence gathering and remote sensing communities.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The recent development of group LAV technology has a great number of interests within the intelligence gathering and remote sensing communities [3] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF2" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[3]" ] }, { "text": "Through cooperation, the team can reconfigure its distribution architecture to minimize the performance degradation to such expected failures.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Through cooperation, the team can reconfigure its distribution architecture to minimize the performance degradation to such expected failures.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such cooperation should take advantage of the following capabilities available to the group: Global Information, Resource Management, and Robustness.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such cooperation should take advantage of the following capabilities available to the group: Global Information, Resource Management, and Robustness.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "In the past few years, the problem of cooperation problems has been widely studied by researchers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the past few years, the problem of cooperation problems has been widely studied by researchers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Group cooperation is the strongest degree of cohesive group action.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Group cooperation is the strongest degree of cohesive group action.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Consider a set of LAVs that have been designated to be part of the group; the group could have more than one payoff function that it wishes to optimize, which would then entail multiobjective optimization.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Consider a set of LAVs that have been designated to be part of the group; the group could have more than one payoff function that it wishes to optimize, which would then entail multiobjective optimization [4] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF3" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[4]" ] } ]

[ "Physics" ]

[ { "text": "Here we provide for the first time, a detailed derivation of the dynamic coupled-mode equations for cascaded BSBS in fibers, which includes all phase-sensitive KFWM and BEFWM interactions.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Here we provide for the first time, a detailed derivation of the dynamic coupled-mode equations for cascaded BSBS in fibers, which includes all phase-sensitive KFWM and BEFWM interactions.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such equations are necessary to correctly describe phase-locked cascaded BSBS for a wide range of resonator lengths.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such equations are necessary to correctly describe phase-locked cascaded BSBS for a wide range of resonator lengths.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The full equations are derived by describing the acoustic field with a single acoustic wave as well as with a superposition of several acoustic waves.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The full equations are derived by describing the acoustic field with a single acoustic wave as well as with a superposition of several acoustic waves.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The validity of both approaches is demonstrated, thereby resolving questions that have recently arisen over the appropriate formalism.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The validity of both approaches is demonstrated, thereby resolving questions that have recently arisen over the appropriate formalism [20] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[20]" ] }, { "text": "We use our equations to examine the relative importance of the different FWM interactions with regard to phase-locking and numerically simulate cascaded BSBS in low-finesse FP resonators of different lengths.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We use our equations to examine the relative importance of the different FWM interactions with regard to phase-locking and numerically simulate cascaded BSBS in low-finesse FP resonators of different lengths.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We find that depending on the length scale on which the field amplitudes vary, different FWM interactions are relevant for phase-locking of the BFCs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We find that depending on the length scale on which the field amplitudes vary, different FWM interactions are relevant for phase-locking of the BFCs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Stability of the nanoconjugates under the physiological salt concentrations (150 mM NaCl) and in biological fluids (PBS and mouse plasma) demonstrates the suitability of these nanoconjugates for in vivo use.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Stability of the nanoconjugates under the physiological salt concentrations (150 mM NaCl) and in biological fluids (PBS and mouse plasma) demonstrates the suitability of these nanoconjugates for in vivo use.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Only 12% of gemcitabine was released over a 24 hr period in mouse plasma.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Only 12% of gemcitabine was released over a 24 hr period in mouse plasma.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Previously, we demonstrated a similar amount of C225 released under various physiological environments.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Previously, we demonstrated a similar amount of C225 released under various physiological environments [24] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF23" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[24]" ] } ]

[ "Medicine" ]

[ { "text": "Bladder cancer (BC) is the second most common urologic cancer and has the highest recurrence ratio of any malignancy.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Bladder cancer (BC) is the second most common urologic cancer and has the highest recurrence ratio of any malignancy [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Approximately 75-85% of all BC are non-muscle invasive (NMIBC), which includes carcinoma in situ (CIS) and papillary tumors confined to the mucosa or submucosa (Ta/T1).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Approximately 75-85% of all BC are non-muscle invasive (NMIBC), which includes carcinoma in situ (CIS) and papillary tumors confined to the mucosa or submucosa (Ta/T1) [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The NMIBC risk classification divides patients into low, intermediate and high-risk categories for recurrence and progression.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The NMIBC risk classification divides patients into low, intermediate and high-risk categories for recurrence and progression [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "The gold standard treatment for intermediate/high risk patients is intravesical instillations with Bacillus CalmetteGuérin (BCG).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The gold standard treatment for intermediate/high risk patients is intravesical instillations with Bacillus CalmetteGuérin (BCG) [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "However, 30-50% of patients fail to respond, and 15% show progression to muscle-invasive disease.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, 30-50% of patients fail to respond, and 15% show progression to muscle-invasive disease.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In these cases, radical cystectomy is the treatment to follow.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In these cases, radical cystectomy is the treatment to follow [2] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "There is a general consensus on the need for EIA in discussions on environmental protection in the Area across multiple stakeholders, including contractors, industry, intergovernmental organizations, scientists, lawyers and the ISA.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There is a general consensus on the need for EIA in discussions on environmental protection in the Area across multiple stakeholders, including contractors, industry, intergovernmental organizations, scientists, lawyers and the ISA [8, 9] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF8", "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[8, 9]" ] }, { "text": "Moreover, EIA is an independent direct obligation of states under Article 206 of UNCLOS, and the Seabed Disputes Chamber confirmed EIA to be a specific requirement of the sponsoring states' obligation of due diligence in relation to DSM.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Moreover, EIA is an independent direct obligation of states under Article 206 of UNCLOS, and the Seabed Disputes Chamber confirmed EIA to be a specific requirement of the sponsoring states' obligation of due diligence in relation to DSM [10, 11] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF10", "BIBREF11" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[10, 11]" ] }, { "text": "The EIA process should enable the ISA to ensure that uniform and consistently high environmental standards are applied to all contractors.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The EIA process should enable the ISA to ensure that uniform and consistently high environmental standards are applied to all contractors.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, the legal instruments requiring states and contractors to undertake EIA are still incomplete, notably lacking a global detailed legally-binding requirement and mechanisms for supervision, compliance and enforcement.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "However, the legal instruments requiring states and contractors to undertake EIA are still incomplete, notably lacking a global detailed legally-binding requirement and mechanisms for supervision, compliance and enforcement [12] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF12" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[12]" ] } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "EIA is also an important mechanism for the International Seabed Authority (ISA), the body governing deep-sea mining (DSM) at the seabed in areas beyond national jurisdiction ('the Area').", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "EIA is also an important mechanism for the International Seabed Authority (ISA), the body governing deep-sea mining (DSM) at the seabed in areas beyond national jurisdiction ('the Area').", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Through EIA, the ISA and its member states can operationalise several of their key obligations, such as applying the precautionary approach [3-5, paragraphs 131-132 in 6] and ensuring effective protection of the marine environment from harmful effects of DSM, as required by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) (Part XI Article 145).", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Through EIA, the ISA and its member states can operationalise several of their key obligations, such as applying the precautionary approach [3-5, paragraphs 131-132 in 6] and ensuring effective protection of the marine environment from harmful effects of DSM, as required by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) (Part XI Article 145 [7] ).", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF7" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[7]" ] }, { "text": "Part XI Article 145 in the EIA process allows identification and mitigation of such harmful effects to facilitate environmental protection.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Part XI Article 145 in the EIA process allows identification and mitigation of such harmful effects to facilitate environmental protection.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "The sales force is the link that personalises each company for customers, functioning as a differentiating factor that creates more competitive advantages for companies.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The sales force is the link that personalises each company for customers, functioning as a differentiating factor that creates more competitive advantages for companies.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Sale people are the most 'visible' representatives of companies, and sales teams are usually the first and often the only employees who are in direct contact with customers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Sale people are the most 'visible' representatives of companies, and sales teams are usually the first and often the only employees who are in direct contact with customers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Therefore, companies' sales force play a key role in diagnosing customer needs, developing customer trust, and strengthening commercial relations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, companies' sales force play a key role in diagnosing customer needs, developing customer trust, and strengthening commercial relations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In addition, sales teams are responsible for implementing their company's marketing strategies, as these teams not only represent the organisations to their customers but also keep companies informed about clients' unmet needs.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In addition, sales teams are responsible for implementing their company's marketing strategies, as these teams not only represent the organisations to their customers but also keep companies informed about clients' unmet needs (Spiro, Rich & Stanton, 2009) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Spiro, Rich & Stanton, 2009)" ] }, { "text": "In this sense, it is fundamental that managers be able to oversee and keep their sales force motivated by, identified with and committed to the success of their organisation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this sense, it is fundamental that managers be able to oversee and keep their sales force motivated by, identified with and committed to the success of their organisation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "As shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3 , the average scores -based on a seven-point Likert scale -for all intrinsic factors are high and close to each other, with the highest value given to 'personal goals' and the lowest to 'competition'.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3 , the average scores -based on a seven-point Likert scale -for all intrinsic factors are high and close to each other, with the highest value given to 'personal goals' and the lowest to 'competition'.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For extrinsic factors, the average scores are also high and close to each other, with the highest value going to 'transparency and loyalty in interactions with bosses' and the lowest value to 'status'.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For extrinsic factors, the average scores are also high and close to each other, with the highest value going to 'transparency and loyalty in interactions with bosses' and the lowest value to 'status'.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Regarding performance, the variables 'attitude' and 'commitment' have the highest averages, as shown in Figure 4 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Regarding performance, the variables 'attitude' and 'commitment' have the highest averages, as shown in Figure 4 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The variables 'customer satisfaction' and 'achievement of goals and objectives' were given greater importance by the respondents.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The variables 'customer satisfaction' and 'achievement of goals and objectives' were given greater importance by the respondents.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The proposed structural model suggests that intrinsic and extrinsic factors affect motivation.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The proposed structural model suggests that intrinsic and extrinsic factors affect motivation.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In order to measure the direct effect of motivation on behavioural and performance results, these constructs were analysed using regressions, followed by path analysis.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In order to measure the direct effect of motivation on behavioural and performance results, these constructs were analysed using regressions, followed by path analysis (Marôco, 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Marôco, 2010)" ] } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "The effect of NH 4 -N removal under different NO 3 -N/NH 4 -N ratios in hybrid constructed wetland systems was significant, and the removal rate reduces with the decrease in NO 3 -N/NH 4 -N ratio.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The effect of NH 4 -N removal under different NO 3 -N/NH 4 -N ratios in hybrid constructed wetland systems was significant, and the removal rate reduces with the decrease in NO 3 -N/NH 4 -N ratio.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "When the ratio of NH 4 -N/NO 3 -N was 1:1, there was little impact on NH 4 -N removal, a possible reason was which being that an insufficient amount of oxygen in the subsurface wetlands limits these processes.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "When the ratio of NH 4 -N/NO 3 -N was 1:1, there was little impact on NH 4 -N removal, a possible reason was which being that an insufficient amount of oxygen in the subsurface wetlands limits these processes [43] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF43" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[43]" ] }, { "text": "For NO 3 -N removal, there is variation between both experimental setups.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For NO 3 -N removal, there is variation between both experimental setups.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In the first setup, the surface wetland removed a high concentration of NO 3 -N compared to the subsurface constructed wetland, whereas the second setup showed quite the opposite result.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In the first setup, the surface wetland removed a high concentration of NO 3 -N compared to the subsurface constructed wetland, whereas the second setup showed quite the opposite result.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The nitrification processes are effected by pH, temperature, inorganic carbon source, alkalinity, dissolve oxygen, and NH 4 -N concentration.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The nitrification processes are effected by pH, temperature, inorganic carbon source, alkalinity, dissolve oxygen, and NH 4 -N concentration [39] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF39" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[39]" ] }, { "text": "NH 4 -N uptake consumes more oxygen compared to NO 3 -N. Ammonium breakdown occurs in roots and reacts with sugar, and this sugar is delivered from leaves to roots, whereas NO 3 -N is transported to leaves and reduces to ammonium and then reacts with sugar.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "NH 4 -N uptake consumes more oxygen compared to NO 3 -N. Ammonium breakdown occurs in roots and reacts with sugar, and this sugar is delivered from leaves to roots, whereas NO 3 -N is transported to leaves and reduces to ammonium and then reacts with sugar [44] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF44" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[44]" ] }, { "text": "At higher respiration, plants consumes more sugar, leaving less available for NH 4 -N metabolism.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "At higher respiration, plants consumes more sugar, leaving less available for NH 4 -N metabolism.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "S. melongena in the HFCW and I. aquatica in the CFW have well developed root systems, and their oxygen transfer ability is strong, rendering a good aerobic environment around the root system, which ultimately favors nitrifying bacteria and increases the removal ability of NH 4 -N.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "S. melongena in the HFCW and I. aquatica in the CFW have well developed root systems, and their oxygen transfer ability is strong, rendering a good aerobic environment around the root system, which ultimately favors nitrifying bacteria and increases the removal ability of NH 4 -N.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "This section exposes the results obtained when investigating the teachers´ perceptions about giftedness and special needs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This section exposes the results obtained when investigating the teachers´ perceptions about giftedness and special needs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The analysis was developed according to a content analysis procedure though an inductive categorization which was theoretically based.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The analysis was developed according to a content analysis procedure though an inductive categorization which was theoretically based [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "The organization divides the data into categories, subcategories, indicators and frequencies, and gathers the discourses of all the teachers about different characteristics and specific subjects into units of significance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The organization divides the data into categories, subcategories, indicators and frequencies, and gathers the discourses of all the teachers about different characteristics and specific subjects into units of significance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "In this section, we describe the qualitative methodology used in this research, as well as the instrument that was employed, the procedure, and the participants.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this section, we describe the qualitative methodology used in this research, as well as the instrument that was employed, the procedure, and the participants.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This study presents partial results of a broader research that aimed at investigating the perception of early childhood Brazilian and Portuguese teachers about giftedness and creativity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This study presents partial results of a broader research that aimed at investigating the perception of early childhood Brazilian and Portuguese teachers about giftedness and creativity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Specifically, the part of the larger research that uses a qualitative method is presented in order to reveal teachers' perceptions of giftedness and inclusion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Specifically, the part of the larger research that uses a qualitative method is presented in order to reveal teachers' perceptions of giftedness and inclusion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The applied qualitative methodology is based on an interview aiming at understanding the perceptions and difficulties of teachers in the identification and recognition of gifted children and of their specific educational needs.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The applied qualitative methodology is based on an interview aiming at understanding the perceptions and difficulties of teachers in the identification and recognition of gifted children and of their specific educational needs.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The aim of this research is, thus, to expose what teachers conceive as giftedness and observe as characteristics of giftedness in children's actions in preschool as well as their conception of inclusion.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The aim of this research is, thus, to expose what teachers conceive as giftedness and observe as characteristics of giftedness in children's actions in preschool as well as their conception of inclusion.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Teachers' answers were analyzed through a content analysis procedure.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Teachers' answers were analyzed through a content analysis procedure [6] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF5" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[6]" ] }, { "text": "Two judges confronted the categories and reached a total agreement.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Two judges confronted the categories and reached a total agreement.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "These results suggest comprise the behavior, the development and the learning of the student in evaluating giftedness.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "These results suggest comprise the behavior, the development and the learning of the student in evaluating giftedness.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This is similar to what happens when teachers need to help and incentive a gifted student when teaching him/her.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "This is similar to what happens when teachers need to help and incentive a gifted student when teaching him/her [19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[19]" ] }, { "text": "The problem is not about the perceptions of giftedness, the problem is what he/she needs to do with the gifted student.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The problem is not about the perceptions of giftedness, the problem is what he/she needs to do with the gifted student [17, 19] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF20", "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[17, 19]" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "This study aims to expose what teachers from two different cultures observe as characteristics of giftedness in preschool children.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This study aims to expose what teachers from two different cultures observe as characteristics of giftedness in preschool children.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The applied qualitative methodology is based in an interview, which focuses on understanding teachers' difficulties and perceptions in identifying and recognizing a gifted child.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The applied qualitative methodology is based in an interview, which focuses on understanding teachers' difficulties and perceptions in identifying and recognizing a gifted child.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "According to Heller, knowing what teachers understand about giftedness and how they recognize gifted students is important.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "According to Heller, knowing what teachers understand about giftedness and how they recognize gifted students is important [13] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF16" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[13]" ] }, { "text": "Pérez and Freitas describe that teachers play a significant role in the recognition and evaluation processes of the gifted student.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Pérez and Freitas describe that teachers play a significant role in the recognition and evaluation processes of the gifted student [16] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[16]" ] }, { "text": "In this study, the research problem focuses on how and based on what preschool teachers define the giftedness and the gifted student.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In this study, the research problem focuses on how and based on what preschool teachers define the giftedness and the gifted student.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Economics" ]

[ { "text": "This study is concerned with the occupational safety and health of workers.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This study is concerned with the occupational safety and health of workers.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The provision of safe working environment in the formal sector of the economy is the normal role of a firm looking for ways to maximize its returns.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The provision of safe working environment in the formal sector of the economy is the normal role of a firm looking for ways to maximize its returns.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "By investing in the safety and health of workers, a profit maximizing firm minimizes its internal production costs as the provision of safe gadgets and decent working environment enhances safety of workers and improve productivity.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "By investing in the safety and health of workers, a profit maximizing firm minimizes its internal production costs as the provision of safe gadgets and decent working environment enhances safety of workers and improve productivity.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The equilibrium level of safety is the point where the rising marginal cost of job safety intersects the downward sloping marginal benefit from job safety.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The equilibrium level of safety is the point where the rising marginal cost of job safety intersects the downward sloping marginal benefit from job safety (McConnell, Brue, & Macpherson, 2010) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF9" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(McConnell, Brue, & Macpherson, 2010)" ] }, { "text": "However, evidences in most countries have shown that the level of safety attained is affected by a low level of investment in safe working environment by private firms and this has motivated public intervention to reverse the trend.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, evidences in most countries have shown that the level of safety attained is affected by a low level of investment in safe working environment by private firms and this has motivated public intervention to reverse the trend.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "One important way of such public intervention into the labour market is through governments' enactment and enforcement of the laws required for safety in the work place.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "One important way of such public intervention into the labour market is through governments' enactment and enforcement of the laws required for safety in the work place.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Such laws provide among other issues, safety regulations and minimum wage levels.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Such laws provide among other issues, safety regulations and minimum wage levels.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "With particular reference to occupational health and safety, governments do intervene by promulgating laws to regulate minimum health and safety conditions for work in factories, mines and workshops; and laws relating to compensations for temporary and permanent disabilities and death.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "With particular reference to occupational health and safety, governments do intervene by promulgating laws to regulate minimum health and safety conditions for work in factories, mines and workshops; and laws relating to compensations for temporary and permanent disabilities and death (Roever, 2006; Tsitsi, 2003) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF14", "BIBREF17" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Roever, 2006; Tsitsi, 2003)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "As information and communications technologies for both on campus and distance education students are developed, progress is being made in using ICT to teach science at the university level in exciting and engaging ways.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As information and communications technologies for both on campus and distance education students are developed, progress is being made in using ICT to teach science at the university level in exciting and engaging ways.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In chemistry, for instance innovative, interactive visualisation programs give students vastly improved opportunities to understand processes occurring at the molecular level.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In chemistry, for instance innovative, interactive visualisation programs give students vastly improved opportunities to understand processes occurring at the molecular level (Kozma et al, 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF19" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kozma et al, 2000)" ] }, { "text": "In many science subjects simulations of processes and experiments allow students to explore concepts in new ways, enabling students to become self directed learners.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "In many science subjects simulations of processes and experiments allow students to explore concepts in new ways, enabling students to become self directed learners.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "For example, the Cognition and Technology Group at Vanderbilt has developed and evaluated multimedia based instruction designed to help students to think, reason and solve problems.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "For example, the Cognition and Technology Group at Vanderbilt has developed and evaluated multimedia based instruction designed to help students to think, reason and solve problems (Vye et al, 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF36" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Vye et al, 1998)" ] } ]

[ "Psychology" ]

[ { "text": "Networked learning environments enabling student-student and studentlecturer communications are now open, flexible and more democratic through the use of email, bulletin boards and chat rooms, while students enjoy the autonomy of gaining access to expertise worldwide through Internet resources.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Networked learning environments enabling student-student and studentlecturer communications are now open, flexible and more democratic through the use of email, bulletin boards and chat rooms, while students enjoy the autonomy of gaining access to expertise worldwide through Internet resources.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, structured learning environments that support specific skills relevant to problem solving in science are much needed.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, structured learning environments that support specific skills relevant to problem solving in science are much needed.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "In response to this, there is also a growing emphasis on developing higher order cognitive skills of university science students.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "In response to this, there is also a growing emphasis on developing higher order cognitive skills of university science students (Barouch, 1997; Sleet et al, 1996; Bucat & Shand, 1996) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0", "BIBREF32", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Barouch, 1997; Sleet et al, 1996; Bucat & Shand, 1996)" ] }, { "text": "Essentially what matters most in learning in the sciences is the capacity to analyse and classify data, to gather evidence about solutions, to solve problems and to apply and test theories.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Essentially what matters most in learning in the sciences is the capacity to analyse and classify data, to gather evidence about solutions, to solve problems and to apply and test theories.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Clearly, the knowledge base in science is expanding too fast to ensure that students cover all aspects of scientific knowledge within the duration of a university course.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Clearly, the knowledge base in science is expanding too fast to ensure that students cover all aspects of scientific knowledge within the duration of a university course.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The alternative is to offer students learning experiences that allow for conceptual exploration and acquisition of thinking skills needed for their future learning.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The alternative is to offer students learning experiences that allow for conceptual exploration and acquisition of thinking skills needed for their future learning (McLoughlin & Luca, 2000; McLoughlin & Oliver, 1998) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF26", "BIBREF24" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(McLoughlin & Luca, 2000; McLoughlin & Oliver, 1998)" ] }, { "text": "It is on this assumption that we seek to develop an online environment for development of metacognitive skills.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "It is on this assumption that we seek to develop an online environment for development of metacognitive skills.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Biology" ]

[ { "text": "Nearly isogenic lines (NILs) contain introgressions in a defined region of the genome and are obtained through backcrosses and marker-assisted selection.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Nearly isogenic lines (NILs) contain introgressions in a defined region of the genome and are obtained through backcrosses and marker-assisted selection.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "NILs have been used to study and isolate genes responsible for different agronomic traits.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "NILs have been used to study and isolate genes responsible for different agronomic traits.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "NILs allow for studying the behavior of specific genomic regions, offering an alternative to classic strategies of mapping based on F 2 populations.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "NILs allow for studying the behavior of specific genomic regions, offering an alternative to classic strategies of mapping based on F 2 populations.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "F2 mapping populations are ephemeral, while those of NILs are permanent.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "F2 mapping populations are ephemeral, while those of NILs are permanent.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This facilitates the identification of QTLs in multi-year studies in various localities.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This facilitates the identification of QTLs in multi-year studies in various localities.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "However, it requires more time to form a NIL population than an F2.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "However, it requires more time to form a NIL population than an F2.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "NILs express different characteristics among themselves through their allelic combination and are developed to study genes involved in morphogenesis and metabolic regulation, as well as to introduce new genetic variability in germplasm of interest.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "NILs express different characteristics among themselves through their allelic combination and are developed to study genes involved in morphogenesis and metabolic regulation, as well as to introduce new genetic variability in germplasm of interest (Monforte and Tanksley, 2000) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF15" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Monforte and Tanksley, 2000)" ] } ]

[ "Mathematics" ]

[ { "text": "Mikhalkin's approach is to count tropical curves of certain combinatorial types through a number of points in general position.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Mikhalkin's approach is to count tropical curves of certain combinatorial types through a number of points in general position.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Each curve is weighted by an integer that has to do with the combinatorial type of its dual subdivision.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Each curve is weighted by an integer that has to do with the combinatorial type of its dual subdivision.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "This count turns out to be independent of the position of the points and is equal to Gromov-Witten invariants.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "This count turns out to be independent of the position of the points and is equal to Gromov-Witten invariants.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "There is a similar tropical count for Welschinger invariants and for relative Gromov-Witten invariants.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "There is a similar tropical count for Welschinger invariants and for relative Gromov-Witten invariants [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[5]" ] }, { "text": "We ask the following question: which other weights of tropical curves give a number that is independent of the position of the points.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We ask the following question: which other weights of tropical curves give a number that is independent of the position of the points.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "We call such numbers invariants.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "We call such numbers invariants.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Chemistry" ]

[ { "text": "Reactive absorption of acid gas components (such as CO 2 and H 2 S) from industrial and natural gas streams has been an important part in many industrial processes for decades.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Reactive absorption of acid gas components (such as CO 2 and H 2 S) from industrial and natural gas streams has been an important part in many industrial processes for decades.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The solvents used in these gas treating processes are usually aqueous solutions of alkanolamines.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "The solvents used in these gas treating processes are usually aqueous solutions of alkanolamines (Kohl and Nielsen, 1997) .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF22" ] ], "citation_text": [ "(Kohl and Nielsen, 1997)" ] }, { "text": "For particular applications, however, also combinations of solvents are used (e.g. the shell sulfolane process).", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "For particular applications, however, also combinations of solvents are used (e.g. the shell sulfolane process).", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The suitability of an alkanolamine for a certain process is-among others-determined by the characteristics of its kinetics with CO 2 .", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The suitability of an alkanolamine for a certain process is-among others-determined by the characteristics of its kinetics with CO 2 .", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Since the reaction of all alkanolamines with H 2 S only involves a proton transfer, its rate can be considered as instantaneous with respect to mass transfer, and thus detailed knowledge of the reaction kinetics of H 2 S is of no importance.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Since the reaction of all alkanolamines with H 2 S only involves a proton transfer, its rate can be considered as instantaneous with respect to mass transfer, and thus detailed knowledge of the reaction kinetics of H 2 S is of no importance.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Recent interest and developments in the bulk removal of CO 2 , owing to the Kyoto agreement, involve the addition of an activator (usually a primary or secondary amine) to an aqueous N -methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) solution.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "Recent interest and developments in the bulk removal of CO 2 , owing to the Kyoto agreement, involve the addition of an activator (usually a primary or secondary amine) to an aqueous N -methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) solution.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "The reason for the use of such a blend is related to the relatively high rate of reaction of CO 2 with the activator combined with the advantages of MDEA concerning regeneration and stoichiometric loading capacity, which leads to higher rates of absorption in the absorber column while maintaining a low heat of regeneration in the stripper section.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "The reason for the use of such a blend is related to the relatively high rate of reaction of CO 2 with the activator combined with the advantages of MDEA concerning regeneration and stoichiometric loading capacity, which leads to higher rates of absorption in the absorber column while maintaining a low heat of regeneration in the stripper section.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null } ]

[ "Engineering" ]

[ { "text": "As industrial waste continuously accumulates, it is becoming a major problem for the environment as well as for public health.", "label": "non-check-worthy", "original_text": "As industrial waste continuously accumulates, it is becoming a major problem for the environment as well as for public health.", "ref_ids": null, "citation_text": null }, { "text": "Another environmental problem, which is becoming an increasingly significant concern due to its negative impact on human health, is noise pollution.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Another environmental problem, which is becoming an increasingly significant concern due to its negative impact on human health, is noise pollution [1] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF0" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[1]" ] }, { "text": "Therefore, research and development of efficient and environmentally friendly sound absorbing materials is important.", "label": "check-worthy", "original_text": "Therefore, research and development of efficient and environmentally friendly sound absorbing materials is important [2] [3] [4] [5] .", "ref_ids": [ [ "BIBREF1", "BIBREF2", "BIBREF3", "BIBREF4" ] ], "citation_text": [ "[2] [3] [4] [5]" ] } ]