sent_id
stringlengths 3
7
⌀ | english
stringlengths 3
1.06k
| chichewa
stringlengths 4
3.03k
| topic
stringclasses 8
values | source
stringclasses 17
values |
|---|---|---|---|---|
en601 | Liquid formulation should be poured carefully to avoid splashing. Do not spray in high wind, high temperature and rain | Mankhwala a madzi athiridwe mosamala popewa kutayika. Musapopele pamene kuli mphepo yamphamvu, kukutentha kapena kuli mvula | agriculture | agriculture document |
en602 | Avoid drift by selecting proper direction of spraying and also holding nozzle and boom at a proper height | Pewani kuuluka kwa mankhwala posankha mbali yoyenera kupopera komanso pogwira chotulikira mpweya pamtunda woyenera | agriculture | agriculture document |
en603 | Never eat, drink or smoke when mixing or applying pesticides. Never blow out clogged nozzles or hoses with mouth | Musadye, kumwa kapena kusuta pamene mukusakaniza kapena kupopera mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Musapope ndi kamwa yanu motulukira mpweya ngati mwatsekeka | agriculture | agriculture document |
en604 | Follow correct spray technique. Spray plant crop thoroughly by operating sprayer at correct speed and correct pressure. Never allow children or other unauthorized persons to be nearby during mixing | Tsatirani kapopoledwe koyenera. Poperani mbewu mosadumpha poyendetsa sprayer ndi liwiro loyenera komanso mphamvu ya mpweya yoyenera. Musalole ana kapena anthu ena osavomerezeka kukhala pafupi yosakaniza | agriculture | agriculture document |
en605 | Precautions after spraying: Remaining pesticides left in the tank after spraying should be disposed correctly | Kudziteteza pambuyo popopera: mankhwala otsala mu tank ya sprayer pambuyo popopera atayidwe moyenera | agriculture | agriculture document |
en606 | Never empty the tank into irrigation canals or ponds. Do not use empty pesticide containers for any purpose, destroy them-burying/burning | Musataye mankhwala otsala mu sprayer mu ngalande za mthilira kapena muzitsime. Musagwiritze ntchito zosungira mankhwala pa ntchito ina iliyonse, ziwonongeni kapena zikwilireni kapena kudziotcha | agriculture | agriculture document |
en607 | Clean buckets, sticks, measuring jars, etc. used in preparing the spray solution. Wash protective clothing and yourself well and put on clean clothing | Tsuani ndowa zonse, ndodo, zoyezera mankhwala ndi zina zonse zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza mankhwala okapopera | agriculture | agriculture document |
en608 | Prevent persons from entering treated areas until it is safe to do so. Mark the sprayed plots with a flag | Letsani anthu kulowa mmalo omwe mwapoperedwa mankhwala mpaka kuli koyenera kutero. Ikani zizindikiro malo onse omwe apoperedwa ndi mbendera | agriculture | agriculture document |
en609 | Observe the start-up steps before using the sprayer as it will prevent unnecessary and costly breakdowns and improper application, and may increase the lifespan of the spray equipment | Tsatirani ndondomeko zoyambilira zogwiritsira ntchito sprayer pakuti zithandiza kupewa kuwonongekwa kotayitsa ndalama komanso kusapopera moyenera ndipo izi zikhoza kuwonjezera moyo wa sprayer | agriculture | agriculture document |
en610 | Before the first spray application, pump clean water through the system until the discharge is clear of dirt, sludge or scale that might be present in the tank, pump, hoses, filters and nozzles | Musanapopela koyamba, popani madzi oyera mu sprayer mpaka fumbi lonse, matope, mamba zomwe zinali mosungira madzi, mu pump, mma pipe, mosefera madzi komanso motulukira mpweya zichoke | agriculture | agriculture document |
en611 | Flush the pump with a solution that will chemically neutralize the liquid pumped. Check all diaphragms and check valves for corrosion and wear as well as for water or oil leaks | Tsukani chopopera ndi madzi omwe angaphe ululu wa mankhwala omwe akupopedwa. Onani zosefera zonse komanso ma zotchinga madzi ngati akuchita dzimbiri ndikudyeka komanso kudontha kwa madzi ndi mafuta | agriculture | agriculture document |
en612 | For a piston pump, inspect check valves, valve seats, O-rings, seals, plunger cups and cylinders. Change the diaphragms and oil every 500 hours of spraying or every 3 months | Pampu ya piston, onani ngati zotchinga madzi, ma ling'I, zotchingira, zotsekera komanso silinda. Sinthani masefa ndi mafuta maola 500 akadutsa mukupopera kapena pa miyezi itatu iliyonse | agriculture | agriculture document |
en613 | For centrifugal pumps, check for correct operating pressure and leaks. At the end of the season, clean the pump and flush it with a 50% solution (half water) of permanent type automobile antifreeze containing a rust inhibitor. | Ma pampu ozungulira, onani ngati ali pa mpweya woyenera kugwiritsa ntchito komanso onani kudontha. Pomaliza pa nyengo yolima, tsukani pampu ndikuthiramo madzi othandizira kuti musachite dzimbiri | agriculture | agriculture document |
en614 | Examine all hoses and connections for cracks or leaks. Hoses and fittings on the pressure side of the pump must be able to handle the maximum pressure from the pump and withstand pressure surges | Pimani monse modutsira madzi komanso molumikiza monse ngati mwang'ambika kapena mukudontha. Modutsa mankhwala ndi zomagilira zonse kumbali ya pampu zithe kugwira ntchito ndi mphanvu ya mpweya yayikulu ndikupilira pakusintha kwa mphamvu yampweya | agriculture | agriculture document |
en615 | An air leak in the suction hose would seriously interfere with the operation of the pump and pressure gauge. The size of the hoses and their fittings affect the system capacity and under-sized hoses and fittings can severely reduce the capacity of any pump | Kutayika kwa mpweya mu payipi kumasokoneza kochuluka kagwiridwe ntchito ka pampu komanso choyezera mphamvu yampweya. Kukula kwa payipi komanso zomangila zake kumakhuza kuthekera kwa sprayer ndipo ma payipi aang'ono ndi zomangira zake zimachepetsa mphamvu ya pampu | agriculture | agriculture document |
en616 | Strainers (or filters) are installed in the tank opening, between the tank and the pump, aft er the pump, and in the nozzle bodies | Zosefera ziyikidwe potsegula pa thanki, pakati pa thanki ndi pampu, patsogolo pa pampu, komanso mu chotulitsora mpweya | agriculture | agriculture document |
en617 | Some farmers do not use nozzle strainers because they feel they contribute to plugged nozzles but they might be using too small a nozzle strainer. Nozzle strainers capture debris before it damages nozzles and should be installed | Alimi ena samagwiritsa ntchito zosefera ku chotulutsira mpweya chifukwa amaonga ngati zimawonjezera kutsekera kwa chotulutsira mpweya koma amakhala kuti nakugwiritsa ntchito zosefera zazing'ono. Zosefera motulukira mpweya zimagwira zinyalala zomwe zikanaononga zotulukira mpweya ndipo ziyenera kuyikidwa | agriculture | agriculture document |
en618 | Clean the tank and lines thoroughly. Remove the nozzle strainers and scrub them with a bristled brush; flushing will not clear them. Replace all cracked or poorly fitting strainers | Tsukani mosungira madzi moyenera. Chotsani zosefera motulutsira mpweya ndipo zitsukeni podzikhula; kuthira madzi chabe sikungachotse fumbi ndi zinyalala. Bwezeretsani zosefera zonse zong'ambika kapena zomwe sidzikukwana mmalo mwake | agriculture | agriculture document |
en619 | Sprayer regulators with stem packing should be inspected annually. Tight packing restricts stem movement and could lead to fluctuations or dangerously high pressures | Zipangizo zoonera mmene sprayer ikugwilira ntchito zomwe zili ndi zoletsa kudontha apimidwe chaka ndi chaka. Kumangitsa kwambiri kuchepetsa mpata woyendayenda wa zipangizo zoletsa kudontha zomwe zingadzetse kusakhadzikika kapena kukwera moopsa kwa mpweya mu sprayer | agriculture | agriculture document |
en620 | Loose packing may lead to leakage. Certain makes of airblast sprayer may not have adjustable regulators, and may use bypass valves for minor pressure adjustments | Kumanga mosalimba kumayambitsa kudontha. Mitundu ina ya ma sprayer a mpweya ilibe zipangizo zoonera mmene sprayer ikugwilira ntchito zosinthika ndipo imagwiritsa ntchito ma valve owonjezera pofuna kusintha kuchuluka kw mphamvu za mpweya | agriculture | agriculture document |
en621 | Threshing is an operation of detaching the grains from the ear heads, cobs and pods. Thresher is a machine that separate grains from the harvested crop and provide clean grain without much loss and damage | Kumenya ndi ntchito yochotsa maso a mbewu kuchokera ku mitu, zikonyo kapena ndolo. Chomenyera ndi makina omwe amalekanitsa maso a mbewu ndi mbewu yokololedwa ndipo amapeleka maso a mbewu ooneka bwino komanso opanda kutayika kapena kuonongeka kwambiri | agriculture | agriculture document |
en622 | Grain loss in terms of broken grain, un-threshed grain, blown grain, spilled grain etc. should be minimum (not more than 5%, in which broken grain should be less than 2%) | Kutayika kwa mbewu chifukwa chosweka, zosamenyeka, zopetedwa, zokugwa ndi zina zotero kuchepetsedwe, kusapyole 5%, ndipo zonyenyeka zisapyole 2% | agriculture | agriculture document |
en623 | Threshing of crops by traditional method involves drudgery and takes more time to obtain required quality of produce. Due to these, mechanical threshers are widely accepted by the farmers | Kumenya mbewu pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamakolo kumalira antchito ambiri ndipo kumatenga nthawi kuti mulingo wa maonekedwe ufikiridwe. Chifukwa cha izi, makina omenyera mbewu akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi alimi | agriculture | agriculture document |
en624 | A mechanical crop thresher mainly consists of: Feeding device; Threshing cylinder; Concave Blower/aspirator; Sieve-shaker/straw-walker | Makina omenyera mbewu ali ndi izi: malo olowetsera mbewu; mphika omenyera mbewu; malo otsika; chopetera; sefa | agriculture | agriculture document |
en625 | The crop is fed from the feeding tray into the threshing cylinder. The threshing cylinder is fitted with spikes/bars/hammers or wire-loops around its periphery according to the type of thresher | Mbewu ikaponyedwa pamalo olowetsera imapita mumphika womenyera. Mphika womenyera uli ndi zitsulo zopingasa mmakoma mwake potengera ndi mtundu wa makina | agriculture | agriculture document |
en626 | During operation, the crop material is slightly pushed into the threshing cylinder through the feeding chute, which gets into the working slit where the materials are struck several times by the spikes against the ribs | Panthawi yogwira ntchito, mbewu imakankhiridwa pang'ono mu mphika womenyera kudzera molowetsera, ndipo imadutsa pa mpata womwe uli pamwamba pa mphika womenyera komwe zimakakamira ku zitsulo zomwe zayikidwa pamphika womenyerapo | agriculture | agriculture document |
en627 | From the lower concave, the entire or a portion of threshed material falls on to top sieve | Kuchokera ku malo otsikawo, mbewu imagwera pamwamba pa sefa | agriculture | agriculture document |
en628 | In case of spike tooth thresher, an aspirator blower sucks out the lighter material from the top sieve and throws it out from blower outlet. The sieves help in further cleaning of the grain by allowing heavier straw to overflow | Ngati ndi spike tooth thresher, chopetera mbewu chimayamwa zosalemera kuchokera pamwamba pa sefa ndipo chimaponyera kunja. Masefa amathandiza kupukuta maso a mbewu polola kuti busa lolemera lisefukire | agriculture | agriculture document |
en629 | In case of wheat, if farmers want not only clean grain but also fine quality of straw (bhusa) for cattle feed drummy type, hammer mill type and syndicator type threshers are suitable for threshing wheat crops | Ngati ndi tirigu, pamene mlimi akufuna maso a mbewu ooneka bwino komanso busa labwino lodyetsera ng'ombe lokulungidwa, agwiritse ntchito mtundu wa chigayo cha hammer ndi mtundu wa chomenyera cha syndicator zomwe ndi zoyenera kumenyera mbewu za tirigu | agriculture | agriculture document |
en630 | The factors which affect the quality and efficiency of threshing are broadly classified in following three groups: Crop factors: Type of crop; Variety of crop; Moisture in crop material | Zinthu zomwe zimakhuza ubwino wakumenya zayikidwa mmagulu atatu: zokhuza mbewu: mtundu wa mbewu; chinyezi cha mbewu | agriculture | agriculture document |
en631 | Machine factors: Feeding chute angle, Cylinder type, Cylinder diameter, Spike shape, size, and number | Zokhuza makina: kupendeka kwa molowetsera mbewu; mtundu wa mphika; kukula kwa mphika; kakonzedwe ka zitsulo zomenyera, kukula kwawo komanso chiwerengero chawo | agriculture | agriculture document |
en632 | Various adjustments are required before starting threshing operation. The machine has to be put on clean level ground and set according to crop and crop conditions | Kusintha kwambirimbiri kukufunika musanayambe ntchito yomenya mbewu. Makina ayikidwe pamalo opanda fumbi pansi posatsetsereka ndipo ayikidwe pamulingo woyenera mbewuzo | agriculture | agriculture document |
en633 | The adjustments necessary to get best performance from the machine are concave clearance, sieve clearance, sieve slope, stroke length and blower suction opening | Kusintha kofunika kuti agwire ntchito mwapamwamba ndi kuonetsetse kuti malo otsika ndi okwanira, sefa ili ndi mpata wokwanira, kupendekeka kwa sefa, kutalika kwa stroke komanso motsegulira malo opetera | agriculture | agriculture document |
en634 | Besides these, cylinder concave grate, top sieve hole size and cylinder speeds for threshing different crops are important for a multi crop thresher | Kupatula izi, cylinder concave grate, kukula kwa malo a sefa yammwamba ndi kuthamanga kwa mphika komenyera mbewu zosiyanasiyana ndikufonuka ngati makina amamenya mbewu zosiyanasiyana | agriculture | agriculture document |
en635 | At all times, consult the user’s manual that is provided by the manufacturer. | Pamthawi zonse, werengani malangizo omwe anapelekedwa ndi opanga makina | agriculture | agriculture document |
en636 | Adjustments before operating a thresher: Position the thresher on a level area close to the crop stack to minimize losses | Kusintha musanagwiritse ntchito chomenyera: ikani chomenyera pamalo osatsetsereka pafupi ndi mulu wa mbewu pochepetsa kutayika | agriculture | agriculture document |
en637 | Spread cloth, canvas, or mat underneath the thresher to collect spilled grain. Install the cylinder, cover, and feed tray if dismantled during field transport | Yalani nsalu, masaka kapena mphasa pansi pa chomenyera kuti padzigwera maso a mbewu. Mangilirani mphika womenyera, chophimbira, chodyetsera ngati zinamasulidwa popotitsa kumunda | agriculture | agriculture document |
en638 | Position the thresher so that the straw is thrown in the direction of the wind to avoid blowing of straw, chaff, and dust back toward the operator and the threshed grain | Imitsani chomenyera kuti busa lidziponyedwa komwe kukupita mphepo pofuna kupewa kuwulutsa busa, deya ndi fumbi komwe kuli wogwira ntchito komanso mbewu zopetedwa kale | agriculture | agriculture document |
en639 | Check each belt’s alignment and tension. Adjust the idler pulley on the blower/cylinder belt to correct tension. Improper alignment and tension are the major causes of premature belt failure | Onani lamba ngati wayikidwa bwino ndi kulimba kwake. Sunthani idler pulley pa lamba wopetera kuti akungike. Kusayika moyenera komanso kusakungika kumadzetsa kulephera kwa malamba | agriculture | agriculture document |
en640 | Open the cover and check all pegs on the threshing cylinder for tightness. Loose pegs will damage the machine and can be dangerous to the operators | Tsegulani chophimbira ndipo onani zitsulo zonse pa mphika womenyera ngati zalimba. Zitsulo zosamangika zimaononga makina ndipo ndi zoopsa kwa ogwira ntchito | agriculture | agriculture document |
en641 | Rotate the threshing cylinder manually at least five revolutions to ensure that there are no obstructions or interferences. | Zungulitsani mphika womenyera ndi manja kasanu kuti muone ngati palibe zopinga kapena zosokoneza | agriculture | agriculture document |
en642 | Lubricate all bearings with good quality grease but not the belt idler and oscillating screen eccentric bearings which are lubricated for life. Start the engine and allow it to warm up. | Fewetsani ma bearing onse ndi mafuta abwino koma osafewetsa idler wa lamba kapena oscillating screen eccentric bearings omwe amafewetsedwa kwa moyo wawo wonse. Lizani makina ndipo asiyeni kuti atenthe | agriculture | agriculture document |
en643 | Feed the thresher with the crop to be threshed for performance checking. Increase cylinder speed if excessive amounts of unthreshed and unseparated grain are observed with the straw | Lowetsani mbewu zanu mu chomenyera kuti muone mmene makina akugwilira ntchito. Wonjezerani kathamangidwe ka chomenyera ngati zosamenyeka zikuchuluka pa busa | agriculture | agriculture document |
en644 | Operating the thresher: Start the engine. Three to four persons are required to operate the machine. One or two men load and the other feed the machine | Kugwiritsa ntchito chomenyera: Lizani engine. Anthu atatu kapena anayi akufunika kuyendetsa makina. Mmodzi kaoena awiri adzikweza mbewu ndipo enawo adzilowetsa mbewu mu chomenyera | agriculture | agriculture document |
en645 | Another person bags the threshed grain while the other person insures that the cleaning screen is kept free of clinging straw especially when threshing wet material | Munthu wina adziyika mmatumba maso a mbewu pamene wina akuonetsetsa kuti cleaning screen ilibe zotchinga monga busa makamaka pomenya zinthu zonyowa | agriculture | agriculture document |
en646 | Use a stick to remove clinging straw from the oscillating screen to protect hands from possible injury. | Gwiritsani ntchito ndodo pochotsa busa lomwe lakakamira pam screen yomwe ikuzungulira pofuna kuteteza manja kuti asavulale | agriculture | agriculture document |
en647 | Harvested crops must be placed on the feed tray with the panicle away from the operator, so it is fed panicle first into the thresher | Mbewu zokololedwa ziyikidwe mucholowetsera pomwe ngala zake zikuloza molowetsera ndi cholinga chakuti ngala zilowe moyambilira mu chomenyera | agriculture | agriculture document |
en648 | Feed the crop at a maximum and uniform rate without overloading the engine. Adjust the feed rate to match the condition of the material being threshed | Lowetsani zokolola pa mulingo woyenera wochuluka komanso zochuluka mofanana popanda kusenzetsa engine ntchito yambiri. Sinthani mulingo wolowetsera kuti ufanane ndi mmene zinthu zomenyedwa ziliri | agriculture | agriculture document |
en649 | For higher threshing efficiency, briefly hold the crop bundles at the feed opening for partial threshing when the material is longer than 40-50 cm | Kuti mumenye moyenera, gwirani mitolo ya zokolola kwanthawi pang'ono pakhomo lolowetsera kuti ziyambe kumenyedwa pamene zokolola zatalika kuposa 40-50cm | agriculture | agriculture document |
en650 | Long material will reduce machine output and may result in poor threshing and clogging of the machine | Zokolola zazitali zimachepetsa ntchito yomwe makina agwira ndipo zingadzetse kumenya mosayenera komanso kutsekeka kwa makina | agriculture | agriculture document |
en651 | Short, panicle-harvested materials may result in high unthreshed losses because the panicles move fast through the thresher without receiving sufficient threshing Recycling the straw is necessary in this case | Zokolola za ngala zazifupi zimadzetsa kusamenyeka koyenera chifukwa ngala zimadutsa mwachangu mu mphika womenyera opanda kumenyedwa mokwanira. Kulowetsanso busa ndi kofunika pamenepa | agriculture | agriculture document |
en652 | Adjust blower openings (shutters) to give the air flow needed for winnowing. Open slowly to provide more air for a cleaner output until a small amount of mature grain flows over the wind board | Sinthani mabowo a chopetera kuti mudzilowa mpweya oyenera popeta. Tsegulani pang'onopang'ono kuti mulowe mpweya wambiri pofuna kuti zipetedwe bwino mpaka zopetedwa zokhwima zochepa zutaulikira pomwe pakugwera busa | agriculture | agriculture document |
en653 | Reduce feeding rate when threshing wet or partially decomposed materials to avoid overloading. Open the cylinder cover periodically to remove straw and chaff accumulation at the lower concave | Chepetsani mulingo wolowetsa pomenya zonyowa kapena zowola pang'ono pofuna kupewa kubanikitsa engine. Tsegulani chophimbira mphika pakadutsa nthawi kuti muchotse busa komanso deya wotsakamira pansi pa lower conclave | agriculture | agriculture document |
en654 | Safety precautions in threshing operation: Leave all guards and shields in place when operating the machine. Before cleaning, servicing, or repairing the machine, disconnect the power to the unit. | Kudziteteza pamene mukugwira ntchito yomenya zokolola: Siyani zotchingira zonse mmalo mwake pamene mukugwiritsa ntchito makina. Musanapukute kapena kukonza makina, thimitsani mphamvu yamagetsi | agriculture | agriculture document |
en655 | Keep hands out of threshing belt entry area. Do not wear loose clothing when operating this machine | Manja akhale kunja kwa malo olowera lamba womenyera. Musavale zovala zazikulu pogwiritsa ntchito makinawa | agriculture | agriculture document |
en656 | Clothing can be grabbed by chain drives or rotating shafts and severe injury can result. Keep hands and feet away from chain drives and v-belts when machine is running | Zovala zimakoledwa ndi makako kapena rotating shaft ndipo zimazetsa kuvulala kwakukulu. Manja ndi mapazi zitalikirane ndi makako komanso malamba a V pamene makina akulira | agriculture | agriculture document |
en657 | Guidelines for maintenance of a crop thresher: Lubricate cylinder and fan bearings with good-quality general purpose grease every 25 hours of operation and also apply a small amount of oil to all hinge points | Malangizo osamaloira chomenyera zokolola: Fewetsani mphika ndi fa bearings ndi mafuta abwino pakatha maola 25 aliwonse ogwilira ntchito ndipo thirani mafuta pang'ono monse mopindika | agriculture | agriculture document |
en658 | Inspect the machine regularly for loose, worn, or damaged peg teeth, concave bars, cylinder, discharge paddles and other parts, and tighten, repair, or replace them immediately | Pimani makina pafupipafupi kuti muone mano omasuka, akutha kapena oonongeka, concabe bars, mphika, discharge paddles ndi magawo ena, ndipo mangitsani, konzani kapena bwezeretsani nthawi yomweyo | agriculture | agriculture document |
en659 | Reduce belt tensions by loosening the idler pulley and engine mounting bolts when the machine will not be used for an extended period to minimize deterioration | Chepetsani kukungika kwa lamba pomasula idler pulley ndi zomangira engine pamene makina sagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali pofuna kuchepetsa kuguga | agriculture | agriculture document |
en660 | Check engine crankcase oil level at least every 4 operating hours and follow the engine manufacturer’s recommendations for oil change intervals and oil grade | Onani kuchuluka kwa mafuta mu crankcase ya engine pakadutsa maola anayi aliwonse ogwira ntchito ndipo tsatirani malangizo a wopanga makina panthawi zosintira mafuta komanso mtundu wa mafuta | agriculture | agriculture document |
en661 | Service the air cleaner, fuel filter, fuel line, carburetor, and spark plug regularly according to engine manufacturer’s instructions | Konsani chosefera mpweya, chosefera mafuta, modutsa mafuta, carburetor ndi ma spark plug pafupipafupi kutengera ndi malangizo a okonza engine | agriculture | agriculture document |
en662 | Guidelines for storage of a threshing machine include: Clean the machine thoroughly. Remove belts and store in a dry place | Malangizo osungira makina omenyera mbewu: Pukutani makina bwinobwino. Chotsani malamba ndipo muwasunge pamalo ouma | agriculture | agriculture document |
en663 | Store the machine in a clean, dry location and cover to reduce damage from dust. Paint parts that need repainting | Sungani makina pamalo aukhondo, ouma komanso phimbani pofuna kuchepetsa kuonongeka ndi fumbi. Pakani utoto malo onse oyenera kupakidwa | agriculture | agriculture document |
en664 | Clean and apply oil to exposed metal surfaces to prevent rusting. Follow the manufacturer’s recommendations on engine storage | Pukutani ndipo pakani mafuta zitsulo zonse zomwe zili pambalambanda pofuna kupewa dzimbiri. Tsatirani malangizo a okonza pofuna kusunga engine | agriculture | agriculture document |
en665 | A plough is a farm implement for loosening the soil to make it suitable for crop development. It cuts the soil, turns it to bury residues and weeds from the soil surface in order to enhance decomposition | Plough ndi chida cha ulimi chomasulira dothi kuti likhale loyenera pakukula kwa mbewu. Imadula, kutembenuza dothi kuti likwilire zinyalala ndi tchire kuchokera pamwamba ndi cholinga chofuna kulimbikitsa kuwola | agriculture | agriculture document |
en666 | Before use, the plough should be set accordingly to achieve the required depth and width of the furrow | Isanagwire ntchito, plough icheredwe moyenera pofuna kupeza kuzama ndi mulifupi moyenera | agriculture | agriculture document |
en667 | It is important that settings should be made regularly as required. Farm machinery and extension staff should train farmers on setting of the plough | Ndikofunika kuti kutchera kudzichitika pafupipafupi. Makina a ulimi komanso alangizi aphunzitse alimi kutchera plough | agriculture | agriculture document |
en668 | The wearing parts of the ridger are the share, breast- plate, wings and the rudder which should be maintained regularly and replaced when worn out | Zipangizo zomwe zimadyeka pa plough ndi share, breastplate, ma wing komanso rudder zomwe zikuyenera kusamalidwa pafupipafupi ndi kubwezeretsedwa zikalala | agriculture | agriculture document |
en669 | The ridger should be properly lubricated with oil if it will not be used within five days but for long term storage, painting with oil based paint is recommended | Chopangira mizere chifewetsedwe ndi mafuta ngati sichigwira ntchito pamasiku asanu koma posunga kwa nthawi yayitali, chipakidwe utoto wokhala ndi mafuta | agriculture | agriculture document |
en670 | A cultivator is normally used to remove weeds between rows and not between planting stations | Chobzalira chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchotsa tchire pakati pa mizere osati pakati pamapando | agriculture | agriculture document |
en671 | It can also be used in seedbed preparation to cut, break and loosen the soil. Parts of a cultivator include wheel and axle, hillers, sweeps and tines | Chikhozanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mabedi a mbewu podula, kuswa komanso kufewetsa dothi. Zigawo za chobzalira ndi monga matayala ndi axle, hillers, sweeps ndi tines | agriculture | agriculture document |
en672 | There are two types of cultivators; adjustable cultivators and rigid cultivators. Adjustable cultivators can be set to suit the width of plant rows while in the process of cultivating crops | Pali mitundu iwiri ya zobzalira: zobzalira zotheka kusintha ndi zobzalira zosasinthika. Zobzalira zotheka kusintha zikhoza kutcheredwa kuti zifanane ndi kutalikira kwa mizere panthawi yobzala mbewu | agriculture | agriculture document |
en673 | Rigid cultivators cannot be adjusted during cultivation. The tines can be set to suit the row spacing but the working width of the cultivator cannot be altered during the process of cultivation | Zobzalira zosasinthikazi sidzingatheke kutchera panthawi yobzalal. Ma tine amatcheredwa kuti afananane ndi kutalika kwa mizere koma mulifupi mogwilira ntchito mwa chobzalira simungasinthidwe panthawi yobzala | agriculture | agriculture document |
en674 | The wheel helps to control the depth of an operation and mobility. Replace the wheel and axle when broken or worn out. The wheel and axle may break or wear out after several years of farm operations | Matayala amathandizira kulamulira kuzama kwa ntchito komanso kayendedwe. Sinthani tayala ndi axle pamene zasweka kapena zalala. Tayala ndi axle zikhoza kusweka kapena kulala pakatha zaka zambiri zikugwira ntchito zakumunda | agriculture | agriculture document |
en675 | The farm-cart is important to a farmer as a means of transport. When using farm- carts, farmers should be advised on the following: Not to overload; To keep the load upfront on the cart and not on the rear | Ngolo ndi chida chofunika kwambiri ngati njira yonyamulira zinthu. Pogwiritsa ntchito ngolo, alimi alangizidwe pa zotsatirazi: Isanyamule katundu mopyola muyezo, katundu ayikidwe chakutsogolo kwa ngolo osati kumbuyo | agriculture | agriculture document |
en676 | If the load is on the rear, the dissel boom will tilt the cart upwards and the straps will choke the animals | Ngati katundu ali pafupi ndi kumbuyo, mtengo womangilira ngolo ku goli umapendekeka mmwamba ndipo zingwe zimathina pakhozi pa zinyama | agriculture | agriculture document |
en677 | Yokes play an important role in the use of various farm implements. Farmers must have different lengths of yokes for farm implements such as ploughs, ridgers and farm-carts | Goli ndilofunikira kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito zida zakumunda zosiyanasiyana. Alimi akhale ndi magoli osiyana katalikidwe pa zida zakumunda monga khasu lolimira, khasu lopangira mizere komanso zonyamulira katundu | agriculture | agriculture document |
en678 | Farmers can acquire animals from government farms, fellow farmers and own sources. Farmers are therefore encouraged to breed their own animals. Cultivators use the same yoke as ridgers | Alimi angathe kupeza zinyama kuchokera kuminda ya boma, kwa alimi anzawo kapena komwe iwo angapeze paokha. Alimi akulimbikitsidwa kuweta okha zinyama. Zipangizo zobzalira zimagwiritsa ntchito goli lomwelo lopangira mizere. | agriculture | agriculture document |
en679 | To ensure proper upkeep and prolonged use, yokes should be properly stored in a shed to avoid damage | Pofuna kusunga bwino ndi kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali, magoli asungidwe bwino pamalo a nthunzi kupewa kuonongeka | agriculture | agriculture document |
en680 | The most important measurements are those between the centers of two pairs of skeis on the yoke shaft | Muyeso wofunikira ndi umene uli pakati pa chikatikati cha malo awiri omangilirapo zinyama pa golipo | agriculture | agriculture document |
en681 | Total yoke length should be 150 cm. The space between 2pairs of skeis on the yoke shaft should be 90cm | Kutalika kwa goli kukhale 150cm. Mpata wapakati pa malo awiri omangilirapo zinyama pa goli ukhale 90cm | agriculture | agriculture document |
en682 | Any ridge spacing will have its own yoke size. Correct ridge spacing can be obtained with correct yoke length | Kutalikirana kulikonse kwa mizere kudzikhala ndi goli lakelake. Kutalikirana mizere kolondola kungapezeke pogwiritsa ntchito kutalika koneyera kwa goli | agriculture | agriculture document |
en683 | Ridge spacing of 75 cm: total length of the yoke shaft should be 210cm and the space between 2 pairs of skeis should be 150cm | Kutalikirana kwa mizere kwa 75cm: kutalika konse kwa goli kukhale 210cm ndipo mpata womwe uli pakati pa malo omangilira zinyama ukhale 150cm | agriculture | agriculture document |
en684 | Ridge spacing of 90 cm: Total length of the yoke shaft should be 240 cm and the space between 2 pairs of skeis should be 180 cm | Kutalikirana kwa mizere ya 90cm: kutalika konse kwa goli kukhale 240cm ndipo mpata womwe uli pakati pa malo omangilirapo zinyama ukhale 180cm | agriculture | agriculture document |
en685 | Ridge spacing of 120 cm: Total length of the yoke shaft should be 300 cm and the space between 2 pairs of skeis should be 240 cm | Kutalikirana mizere kwa 120cm: kutalika konse kwa goli kukhale 300cm ndipo mpata womwe uli pakati pa malo awiri omangilirapo zinyama ukhale 240cm | agriculture | agriculture document |
en686 | Transport or cart yoke: Total length of the yoke should be 170 cm and the space between 2 pairs of skeis should be 110cm | Ngolo zonyamula katundu: kutalika konse kwa goli kukhale 170cm ndipo mpata womwe uli pakati pomangilirapo zinyama ukhae 110cm | agriculture | agriculture document |
en687 | Animals for use and for sale: The work oxen have to be adequately fed to increase their capacity to work in addition to keeping them healthy | Zinyama zogwiritsa tchito komanso zogulitsa: ng'ombe za ngolo ziyenera kudyetsedwa bwino pofuna kuwonjezera mphamvu zawo kuti zigwire ntchito kuphatikizapo kuti zikhale zathanzi | agriculture | agriculture document |
en688 | Government has ox-trainers who can assist farmers to train work oxen, however farmers should participate in training their own oxen | Boma liri ndi aphunzitsi a ng'ombe za ngolo omwe angathandize alimi kuphunzitsa ng'ombe zangolo, komabe alimi ayenera kutengapo gawo pophunzitsa ng'ombe zawo zomwe | agriculture | agriculture document |
en689 | To get the best results from draught animals on the farm, they must be provided with rain proof housing and must be properly constructed and maintained | Pofuna kupeza zotsatira zabwino kuchokera ku zinyama zokoka ngolo pamunda, zipatsidwe malo ogona osafika mvula ndipo amangidwe moyenera ndi kusamalidwa | agriculture | agriculture document |
en690 | As a guide, housing for 2 animals should be 8 m long and 4 m wide. The height of supporting posts should be 2 m, whereas the center roof-post height should be 3m. The roof should be properly thatched | Ngati mlozo, nyumba ya zinyama ziwiri ikhale yayitali mamita 8 ndipo mulifupi mikhale mamita 4. Mitengo yoyimitsira ikhale yayitali mamita awiri, ndipo mitengo yoyomitsa pakati padenga italike mamita atatu. Denga likhale lofolela bwino | agriculture | agriculture document |
en691 | Draught animals have less grazing time as they spend part of the day working. Farmers should be encouraged to carry feeds for working animals so that they can be given to animals during work breaks | Zinyama zokoka ngolo zili ndi nthawi yochepa yodyera chifukwa nthawi zambiri zimakhala zikugwira ntchito. Alimi akulimbikitsidwa kunyamula zakudya za zinyama zomwe zikugwira ntchito ndi cholinga chakuti akapatsire zinyama panthawi yopuma | agriculture | agriculture document |
en692 | After working, the animals should be given some maize bran and water to drink, thereafter, the animals should be allowed to graze | Pambuyo pogwira ntchito, zinyama zipatsidwe deya ndi madzi akumwa, kenako zipatsidwe mpata wokadya udzu | agriculture | agriculture document |
en693 | Two to three kilograms of concentrate per day are essential for energy production. These can be maize or rice bran, cereals, cotton and groundnut cake | Makilogalamu awiri kapena atatu a zakudya zokhathamira pa tsiku ndi oyenera kuti zidzikhala ndi mphamvu. Izi zikhoza kukhala deya wachimanga kapena wampunga, udzu wobzala, mthanga za thonje kapena zotsalira za mtedza | agriculture | agriculture document |
en694 | Draught animals should work for a maximum of 4 hours in the morning and 3 hours in the afternoon | Zinyama zokoka ngolo zigwire ntchito kwa maola anayi mmawa ndiponso atatu kumadzulo | agriculture | agriculture document |
en695 | Thereafter they should be allowed to graze and rest. Animals should preferably be used very early in the morning or late in the afternoon to enable them work during cool period | Pambuyo pake zipatsidwe mwayi wokadya komanso kupuma. Nyama ziyenera kugwira ntchito mmawa kwambiri kapena chigawo chakumadzulo kuti zidzigwira ntchito kukuzizira | agriculture | agriculture document |
en696 | Farmers should dip animals regularly. They should also be encouraged to purchase and stock animal drugs in groups | Alimi adzisambitsa nyama zawo mankhwala pafupipafupi. Alimbikitsidwenso kugula ndi kusunga mankwala mmagulu | agriculture | agriculture document |
en697 | A large portion of fruits produced by smallholder farmers is lost through poor postharvest handling. This has necessitated development and fabrication of simple fruit processing machines | Gawo lalikulu la zipatso zolimidwa ndi alimi ang'onoang'ono zimaonongeka posadzisamala moyenera pambuyo pokolola. Izi zazetsa kukonza makina ofinyira zipatso | agriculture | agriculture document |
en698 | Some of the recommended fruit processing machines are Mfinyazipatso Owerama (Horizontal fruit juice extractor) and Mfinyazipatso Oyimilira (Vertical fruit juice extractor). The two machines extract juices from the pulp of indigenous and exotic fruits that can be made into fruit juices, jams and purees | Ena mwa makina ovomerezeka ofinyira zipatso ndi monga mfinyazipatso owerama, mfinyazipatso oyimilira. Makina awiriwa amafinya ndi kutulutsa madzi a zipatso kuchokera mu zipatso zachilengedwe komanso zobwera omwe angapangidwe kukhala juice, jam ndi puree | agriculture | agriculture document |
en699 | Horizontal Fruit Juice Extractor contains a tapped horizontal screw outside of which is a barrel that squeezes the fruit pulp or juice using horizontal and side compressive forces | Mfinyazipatso owerama amakhala ndi chotsekera cha mpopi kunja kwa mfuti womwe umafinya madzi a zipatso pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zofinyira mowerama ndiponso chambali | agriculture | agriculture document |
en700 | The machine is designed in such a way that one end is bigger (16 cm in diameter) than the other end (9.5cmindiameter) giving a compression ratio of 1.6:1. This machine has been performance tested on a wide range of fruits and has a pulp fruit juice extraction rate of 11-15 L/ hr, an extraction efficiency of 75-85% and a stone/seed breakage of zero | Makinawa anakonzedwa kuti mbali imodzi ndiyayikulu kufika 16cm kuposa mbali inayo yomwe ndi 9.5cm kuthandiza kupeleka mphamvu zofonyira za 1.6:1. Kagwiridwe ntchito ka makina kayezedwa pa zipatso zosiyanasiyana ndipo ali ndi mulingo wofinya madzi a zipatso wa 11-15L pa ola limodzi, kuthekera kofinya madzi onse a zipatso kwapakati pa 75% mpaka 85% ndipo kuthekera kophwanya mthanga kwa 0% | agriculture | agriculture document |