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en801 | Where farmers cannot afford overalls and gum boots, they should improvise with plastic bags or any other plastic materials; and where they cannot afford masks, they should improvise with pieces of cloth. Sprayers that are leaking should be repaired before use | Pamene alimi sangakwaitse kugula zovala zotchinga thupi lonse ndi nsapato zazitali, agwiritse tchito zomwe ali nazo monga majumbo kapena mapepala a plastic; ndipo pomwe sangakwanitse kugula zotchinga kunkhope, abise nkhope yawo ndi nsalu. Zopopera zomwe zikudontha zikonzedwe zisanagwiritsidwe ntchito | agriculture | agriculture document |
en802 | To avoid disposal problems of left over pesticides, farmers should be advised to mix just enough quantity of pesticide for the crop area to be treated | Popewa mavuto otaya mankhwala omwe atsala, alimi alangizidwe kusakaniza mulingo woyenera wamankhwala wokwanira dera lomwe akufuna kupopera | agriculture | agriculture document |
en803 | If, however, a small quantity of a pesticide remains in the sprayer tank or mixing bucket this should quickly be sprayed over the crop or another crop specified on the label until all is used up | Koma ngati mulingo wochepa wamankhwala watsala mu chipangizo chopopera kapena mu ndowa yosakanizira, izi zithilidwe ku mbewu mwachangu kapena kumbewu ina yomwe yalembedwa pa botolopo mpaka onse atathamo | agriculture | agriculture document |
en804 | It is recommended that sprayers and mixing buckets should be rinsed at least three times with clean water | Ndikoyenera kuti zipangizo zopopera ndi ndowa zonse zogwiritsa ntchito posakaniza mankhwala zitsukidwe kosachepera katatu ndi madzi oyera | agriculture | agriculture document |
en805 | Rinsing water should not be disposed of on grazing areas, in open water masses (ponds, streams, rivers and lakes), or sites draining into open water masses as most of them are toxic to human beings, animals, fish and other aquatic organisms | Madzi otsukira asatayidwe pamalo odyetserea ziweto, mmadzi monga pachitsime, mumtsinje, munyanja kapena malo omwe mumadutsa madzi okalowa muzitsime chifukwa ambiri ndi oopsa pa moyo wa munthu, zinyama, nsomba ndi zamoyo zina zammadzi | agriculture | agriculture document |
en806 | Rinsing water should be buried in a small pit in the field. Paper and polythene packs should be burned in a pit in open air | Madzi otsukura akwiliridwe ma denje laling'ono mmundamo. Mapepala a plastic awontchedwe mu dzenje podutsa mpweya | agriculture | agriculture document |
en807 | The burning has to be done in an open space with plenty of air since some pesticides can produce fumes that are dangerous | Kuotcha kuchitike pabwalo, podutsa mpweya wambiri chifukwa mankhwala ena amatulutsa utsi woyipa | agriculture | agriculture document |
en808 | Alternatively burn in an incinerator. Metal container should be perforated and flattened, plastic containers cut and glass containers broken before being buried in a pit | Njira ina ndikuotcha mumphika. Zipangizo za zitsulo zibooledwe ndukuphwanidwa, zipangizo za plastic zidulidwe ndipo za glass ziswedwe zisanakwiliridwe mu dzenje | agriculture | agriculture document |
en809 | Wherever possible farmers should buy pesticides in small quantities just enough for the season and mixing just enough for that day’s spraying to avoid storage and disposal problems | Ngati nkotheka alimi agule mankhwala ophera tizilombo mmilingo ing'onoing'ono ongokwanira nyengo imeneyo ndikusakaniza okhawo okwanira kuthira patsikulo popewa mavuto akusunga komanso kutaya mankhwala | agriculture | agriculture document |
en810 | Little is known about the use of natural products such as fish bean (Tephrosia vogelii), neem, dema etc. but small-scale farmers may be using these to control pests | Zochepa zikudziwika pa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mankhwala achilengedwe monga fish bean (Tephrosia vogelii), neem ndi dema mwa zina koma alimi ang'onoang'ono amagwiritsa ntchito zimenezi pothana ndi tizilombo | agriculture | agriculture document |
en811 | Use of such natural plant products on a commercial scale is not allowed without prior permission from the Ministry of Agriculture | Kugwiritsa ntchito mbewu zachilengedwe pantchito ya ulimi wamalonda sikololedwa popanda chilolezo kuchokera ku unduna wa za malimidwe | agriculture | agriculture document |
en812 | When a person handling a pesticide is contaminated with splashes or spillage, contaminated clothes should be removed and the skin washed with plenty of clean water and soap | Pamene munthu yemwe amagwira mankhwala wayipitsidwa ndi mankhwalawo pomugwera kapena kumutayikira pathupi, zovala zomwe zayipitsidwa ndi mankhwalazo zivulidwe ndipo atsuke khungu lake ndi madzi aukhondo ambirimbiri komanso ndi sopo | agriculture | agriculture document |
en813 | Contaminated eyes should be rinsed with clean water for at least 15 minutes. In case of poisoning, medical attention should be sought | Ngati mankhwala anagwera mmaso, atsukidwe ndi madzi kw mphindi 15. Ngati mwangozi wamwa mankhwalawa, akasake chithandizo kwa azaumoyo | agriculture | agriculture document |
en814 | Where possible, first aid as stated on the label can be given before the patient reaches the hospital | Pomwe ndizotheka, chithandizo choyamba chipelekedwe monga mmene alembera pa malangizo omwe ali kunja kwa chipangizo chosungira mankhwala munthu asanafike kuchipatala | agriculture | agriculture document |
en815 | Make sure to bring to the hospital the pesticide container so that the doctor is able to check specifications on the label | Onetsetsani kuti mwatenga chipangizo chosungira mankhwala ophera tizilombo popita kuchipatala ndi cholinga chakuti adokotala akadziwe zambiri zamkhwalawo pa uthenga umenewo | agriculture | agriculture document |
en816 | The Department of Agricultural Research Services runs several plant laboratory clinics for pest diagnostic services such as plant disease and insect pest identification | Mthambi yoona kafukufuku wa ulimi imayendetsa ntchito zachipatala cha mbewu zambiri pofuna kupima mbewu monga kuzindikira matenda a mbewu ndi tizilombo towononga | agriculture | agriculture document |
en817 | After the pest has been identified, its identity and control options are communicated to the farmer if necessary | Kachilombo kaja kakazindikiridwa, zozindikiritsa zake komanso njira zothanirana nako zimalengezedwa kwa alimi ngati nkofunika kutero | agriculture | agriculture document |
en818 | Deficiencies in soil nutrients in different parts of the country affects crop production negatively. This is addressed through use of fertilizers | Kuchepa kwa michere munthaka mmadera osiyanasiyana mdziko muno amakhudza ulimi wa mbewu moyipa. Izi zimakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito feteleza | agriculture | agriculture document |
en819 | Chemical fertilizers improve crop yields tremendously, especially in maize, tobacco, rice and horticultural crops | Mankhwala a feteleza amachulukitsa zokolola kwambiri makamaka chimanga, fodya, mpunga ndi mbewu zolimidwa mmanyumba | agriculture | agriculture document |
en820 | They also contribute towards quality improvement for the produce especially when balanced plant nutrients are provided | Zimathandizanso kuwonjezera ubwino wa zokolola makamaka ngati zayikidwa pamulingo woyenera | agriculture | agriculture document |
en821 | Fertilizers give best results when crop husbandry practices are of high standard. Failure to observe these fundamental principles of good farming will only result in a waste of money spent on fertilizers | Feteleza amabweretsa zotsatira zabwino pamene mbewu zasamalidwa mwa ukadaulo. Kulephera kutsatira mfundo za kalimidwe koyenera kumachititsa kuti ndalama zitayike pogula feteleza | agriculture | agriculture document |
en822 | When crops are infested with pests, the yield and quality are reduced. It is therefore important that farmers control pests both in the field and in storage | Pamene mbewu zagwidwa ndi tizilombo, zokolola komanso ubwino wa zokolola umatsika. Kotero, nkofunika kuti alimi athane ndi tizilombo mminda komanso munkhokwe | agriculture | agriculture document |
en823 | Pesticides should only be used if the level of the pest/ disease is at or exceeds the economic threshold level (value of crop saved crop exceeds the cost of control | Mankhwala ophera tizilombo agwiritsidwe ntchito pokhapokha ngati mulingo wa tizilombo kapena matenda wafika kapena wapyola mulingo wachuma chomwe chingadze ku mbewu (ngati ndalama zomwe mbewu zingabweretse zikupyola ndalama zogwiritsa ntchito kuthana ndi tizilombo) | agriculture | agriculture document |
en824 | Farm implements and draught animals facilitate tillage operations, transport, and proper application of pesticides | Zipangizo za kumunda komanso nyama zokoka zipangizo zimathandiza ntchito yolima, kunyamuka katundu komanso kuthira mankhwala moyenera | agriculture | agriculture document |
en825 | These include ploughs, ridgers, cultivators, tool bars and treck chains for tillage, farm carts and wheelbarrows for transport | Izi ndi monga zogaulira, zopangira mizere zobzalira, zokokera makasu olimira, ngolo komanso mawilibala zonyamulira katundu | agriculture | agriculture document |
en826 | Other inputs provided are dairy cows, milking equipment, draught animals, stall feeders and poultry | Zipangizo zina ndi ng'ombe zamkaka, zipangizo zokamira mkaka, zinyama zokoka ngolo, modyetsera ziweto komanso ziweto zamtundu wa mbalame | agriculture | agriculture document |
en827 | Inputs for livestock production include dairy cows, draught animals, breeding stock, poultry, milking equipment, feeds, drugs and pesticides | Zipangizo zofunikira pa ulimi wa ziweto ndi monga ng'ombe zamkaka, zinyama zokoka ngolo, zinyama zochulukitsira, ziweto za mtundu wa mbalame, zipangizo zokamira mkaka, zakudya, mankhwala komanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo | agriculture | agriculture document |
en828 | The animals can be sourced from Government farms and other farmers. Feeds, feeders, drinkers can be sourced from agrodealers; drugs, pesticides and vaccines can be sourced from veterinary pharmacies | Zinyamazi zikhoza kupezeda ku minda ya boma ndiponso kwa alimi ena. Zakudya, modyetsera, momwera zikhoza kupezedwa kwa ochita malonda a zaulimi; mankhwala, mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi katemera akhoza kupezeka ku ochita malonda ogulitsa mankhwala a ziweto | agriculture | agriculture document |
en829 | To ensure adequate supply of farm inputs, estimates should be made in line with demand. Staff should closely monitor their availability, distribution, purchase and use | Pofuna kukhala ndi zipangizo zokwanira nthawi zonse, mulingo woyerekeza upangidwe potengera kuchuluka kwa zipangizo zomwe zikufunidwa. Ogwira ntchito adziyang'ana kupezeka kwawo, kagawidwe, kagulidwe ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito | agriculture | agriculture document |
en830 | Soil is a medium for plant growth and is a crucial asset of importance in agricultural production | Dothi ndi chida chothandizira mbewu kuti zikule ndipo ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa ulimi | agriculture | agriculture document |
en831 | Unfortunately soils in Malawi have a serious problem of nutrient deficiency which is caused by a number of factors | Mwatsoka dothi ku Malawi liri ndi mavuto osowa michere zomwe zimadza kamba ka zinthu zingapo | agriculture | agriculture document |
en832 | Continuous cultivation on the same piece of land with no crop residue incorporation and lack of or inadequate application of chemical fertilizer, has greatly affected soil crop productivity | Kulima mosadukiza pamalo amodzimodzi mopanda kusakaniza zinyalala za mbewu komanso kusathira kapena kusathira makwanira mankhwala a feteleza, zomwe zawononga kwambiri phindu la dothi | agriculture | agriculture document |
en833 | Most of Malawi soils are depleted of their nutrients and organic matter. Loss of soil cations has reduced soil pH, thus increasing soil acidity | Dothi lambiri ku Malawi lilibe michere ndi chonde. Kutayika kwa michere kwakwachepetsa pH ya dothi motero kuwonjezera kuwawasa kwa dothi | agriculture | agriculture document |
en834 | The pressure to produce more from the soil is growing proportionally with the rapid increase in population | Mpanipani wofuna kuchulukitsa zokolola kuchokera mu dothi kukukula kwambiri chifukwa cha kukwera kwa chiwerengero cha anthu | agriculture | agriculture document |
en835 | Smallholder farmers traditionally practiced shifting cultivation, with soil fertility being rejuvenated by long fallow periods | Alimi ang'onoang'ono akhala akutsatira ulimi wotsatira chonde, pomwe mthaka imasiyidwa osalimidwa kuti mphamvu zake zibwelere | agriculture | agriculture document |
en836 | However, pressure from rapidly increasing population has led to reduced-fallow periods and little or no rotation. Poor land and soil management practices under smallholder agriculture causes a serious increase in soil erosion, surface runoff and nutrient depletion | Komabe, mpanipani wodza kamba kakuchuluka chiwerengero wachepetsa nthawi yosiya malo osawalima komanso kulima opanda kasinthasintha. Kasamalidwe ka malo ndi dothi kosayenera chifukwa cha alimi ang'onoang'ono kumawonjezera kukoloka kwa dothi, madzi othamanga komanso kusuluka kwa michere mdothi | agriculture | agriculture document |
en837 | Declining soil fertility, especially nutrient deficiencies and poor soil physical conditions are among the most significant factors constraining crop production in Malawi | Kuguga kwa nthaka, makakaka kuchepa kwa michere ndi kuonongeka kwa dothi ndi zina mwa zinthu zikuluzikulu zomwe zikutsamwitsa ulimi mMalawi | agriculture | agriculture document |
en838 | The soil’s inherent capacity to supply available soil nutrients in adequate amounts and suitable proportions decreases with continued cropping with little or no nutrient added | Mphamvu zachibadwa za dothi kuti zipeleke michere yoyenera komanso pa mulingo woyenera zimachepa chifukwa cholimapo mbewu mosadukiza komanso mosawonjezera michere ina | agriculture | agriculture document |
en839 | Continuous cropping without proper management of external nutrients exacerbate the mining of nutrients from the soils | Kulima mbewu mosadukisa popanda kusamala michere yowonjezera kwakuza kuchoka kwa michere mu dothi | agriculture | agriculture document |
en840 | To ensure a sustainable increase in crop production, application of fertilizers and manure is very important | Pofuna kulima mbewu zochuluka mosaononga, kuthita feteleza ndi manyowa ndi kofunika kwambiri | agriculture | agriculture document |
en841 | The use of fertilizers without first testing the soil for its nutrient status is like taking medicine without first consulting a medical doctor to establish the problem | Kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza popanda kuyeza dothi kuti muone mulingo wa michere yake ndi chimodzimodzi kumwa mankhwala kaye usanayezedwe ndi adokotala kuti udziwe vuto | agriculture | agriculture document |
en842 | Soil nutrient deficiencies should be identified through soil testing to benefit from fertilizer application | Kuchepa kwa michere ya dothi kudziwike poyeza dothi kuti kuthira feteleza kukhale kopindula | agriculture | agriculture document |
en843 | Recently, the cost of chemical fertilizer has more than doubled, and fertilizer use should be restricted to sites of real nutrient deficiencies to reduce the cost of production | Posachedwapa, mitengo ya feteleza yakwera kwambiri ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza kuchitike pamalo omwe palibiretu michere ina iliyonse pofuna kuchepetsa ndalama zolimitsira | agriculture | agriculture document |
en844 | Soil testing is essential as the first step in obtaining high yield and maximum returns from the money invested in fertilizer | kuyeza dothi ndikofunika ngati njira yoyamba yopezera zokolola zochuluka komanso kuchulukitsa phindu pa ndalama zomwe zaguliridwa feteleza | agriculture | agriculture document |
en845 | Efficient use of fertilizer is a major factor in any programme designed to bring about high economic returns in agricultural production, and this can be achieved only when the application of fertilizer is based on information derived from a soil test | Kagwiritsidwe ntchito koyenera ka feteleza ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri mu ntchito zilizonse zomwe cholinga chake ndikubweretsa phindu lachuma lochuluka pa ulimi, ndipo izi zingakwaniritsidwe pokhapokha kuthira feteleza kukutsamira ma mauthenga onse ochokera pa kuyeza dothi | agriculture | agriculture document |
en846 | Each recommendation based on a soil test takes into account the values obtained from soil analysis, the research work so far conducted on the crop in the particular soil area, and the management practices of the concerned farmer | Langizo lirilonse lochokera pakuyeza dothi limaunikira zotsatira zomwe zapezeka pakuyeza dothilo, kafukufuku yemwe wakhala akuchitika pa mbewuyo kuderako, komanso njira zakasamalidwe zomwe mlimi wokhuzidwa amatsatira | agriculture | agriculture document |
en847 | The national aim therefore is to provide soil testing services which would be a guide to the expected contribution of particular soil nutrients and making a judicious fertilizer recommendation for profitable agriculture production | Choncho cholinga cha dziko ndi kubweretsa ntchito zoyeza dothi zomwe zikhale mlozo wa zomwe tikuyenbezera kupeza pa michere irilonse ndiponso kupeleka uphundu pa feteleza woyenera kuti ulimi ukhale wopindulitsa | agriculture | agriculture document |
en848 | A useful soil testing service starts with collection of representative soil samples. A fertilizer recommendation made after analyzing the soil can only be as good as the sample on which it is based | Kuyeza kopindulitsa kwa dothi kumayamba ndi kutolera dothi loyerekeza. Upangiri pa feteleza wopelekedwa pambuyo pakuyeza dothi umakhala wabwino ngati zotsatira za dothi lomwe lagwiritsidwa ntchito | agriculture | agriculture document |
en849 | One field can be treated as a simple sampling unit if only the soil is relatively uniform and does not exceed two hectares | Munda wina ukhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati potengera dothi lachitsanzo, koma dothi likhale lofanana ndipo munda usapyole ma hectare awiri | agriculture | agriculture document |
en850 | Variations in slope, colour, texture, management, and crop pattern should be taken into account and separate composite samples should be collected for each area | Kusiyana pa kutsetsereka kwa malo, maonekedwe a dothi, kasamalidwe ndi mbewu zomwe zimalimidwa pamalopo zigwiritsidwe ntchito ndipo dothi ltengedwe mmalo osiyanasiyana | agriculture | agriculture document |
en851 | To obtain a composite soil sample adequately representing the field, follow the procedure given below: Sample each field separately | Kuti atenge dothi lokwanira lokayeza loyimira munda wonse, tsatirani ndondomeko zomwe zili mmunsizi: tengani dothi mmunda uliwonse paokha | agriculture | agriculture document |
en852 | However, where the areas within a field differ distinctively in crop growth, appearance of the soil, or in elevation, or are known to have been cropped or fertilized and manure applied differently, divide the field and sample each area separately | Komabe, pomwe pali kusiyana pakakulidwe ka mbewu mmundamo, maonekedwe a dothi kapena kukwera kwa gawo lamunda, kapena zikudziwika kuti panalimidwa kapena panathiridwa feteleza ndi manyowa mosiyana, gawani munda ndipo mbali iloyonse patengedwe dothi paokha | agriculture | agriculture document |
en853 | Take a composite sample for each area. Scrape away surface litter, then take a small sample from the surface to plough depth (20cm) from a number of plots in the field (20 to 30 per hectare). Collect these samples in a clean bucket or a wide container | Tengani dothi losiyanasiyana pamagawo onsewo. Palani zinyalala zapamwamba, kenako tengani dothi pang'ono pamwambapo kulowa pansi mpaka 20cm kuchokera mmalo angapo osiyanasiyana padera lokwana ma hectare 20 mpaka 30. Tengani dothili ndi kuliyika mu zonyamulira zaukhondo | agriculture | agriculture document |
en854 | Where crops have been planted in lines (rows), sample between the lines. Do not sample unusual areas. Avoid areas recently fertilized, old bunds, marshy spots, near trees, compost piles, or other non-representative locations | Pomwe mbewu zabzalidwa mmakako, tengani dothi pakati pa makako. Musatenge dothi pamalo odabwitsa. Pewani malo omwe pathiridwa feteleza posachedwa, milambala yakale, malo odikha madzi, pafupi ndi mitengo, pomwe paunjikidwa zinyalala, kapena malo ena omwe sipakuyenera kutengedwa dothi | agriculture | agriculture document |
en855 | Use proper sampling tools. Satisfactory samples can be taken with a soil tube, auger, spade, trowel or pick-axe | Gwiritsani ntchito zipangizo zoyenera zotengera dothi. Dothi loyerekeza lokwanira likhoza kutengedwa ndi soil tube, auger, spade, trowel kapena pick-axe | agriculture | agriculture document |
en856 | Take a uniformly thick sample from the surface to plough depth. If a spade or trow are used, dig a V-shaped hole, then cut out a uniformly thick (2cm) slice of soil from the bottom to the top of the exposed soil face. Collect the sample on the blade or in your hand and place it in the bucket | Tengani dothi lofanana kuchokera pamwamba kulowa pansi. Ngati mwagwiritsa ntchito spade kapena tromel, kumbani ngati V ndipo dulani 2cm ya dothi kuchokera pansi kufika pamwamba pa dothi. Tengani dothilo pa mpeni kapena manja ndipo muliyike mosungira | agriculture | agriculture document |
en857 | Pour soil from the bucket on a piece of clean cloth or paper and mix thoroughly. Discard by quartering all but 500g to 1 kg of soil | Thirani dothi pa nsalu yoyera kapena papepala kuchokera mosungira kapena ndipo mulisakanize mokwanira. Tayani dothi kupatula lomwe mwaligawa mzigawo ziyani zofanana lolemera pakati pa 500g ndi 1kg | agriculture | agriculture document |
en858 | Quartering may be done by mixing the remaining two portions; again dividing into four parts and discarding two opposite quarters | Kugawa dothi mzigawo zinayi kukhozanso kuchitika posakaniza magawo awiri otsala; kenako kuwagawa mzigawo zinayi zofanana, ndikutaya magawo awiri oyang'anizana | agriculture | agriculture document |
en859 | The sample should be dried in the shade for an hour or two before it is put in a cloth bag container | Dothi liwumitsidwe pamthunzi kwa ola limodzi kapena awiri lisayikidwe mu thumba la nsalu | agriculture | agriculture document |
en860 | Each cloth bag should be large enough to hold 500g or 1kg of soil and should be properly marked to identify the sample | Thumba lirilonse lansalu likhale lalikulu kuti lisunge dothi lolomera 500g mpaka 1kg ndipo liyikidwe chizindikiro chooneka pofuna kuzindikira bwino dothi lachitsanzoli | agriculture | agriculture document |
en861 | Fill out soil sample information sheet for each sample. ADDs can obtain these forms from Chitedze and Bvumbwe Agricutural Research Stations. These forms may be sent separately to the laboratory or enclosed with the soil sample | Lembani uthenga wonse wofunika wokhuza dothi lirilonse pa mapepala oyenera. Ma ADD akhoza kupeza mapepala olembapo uthenga wokhuza dothiwu kuchokera ku Chitedze ndi Bvumwe Research Stations. Mapepala authenga amenewa akhoza kutumizidwa paokha kunyumba zoyenezera kapena kutsekeredwa mkati mwa dothi | agriculture | agriculture document |
en862 | Keep a record of the areas sampled and simple sketch map for reference when you get the soil test and fertilizer recommendation report from the soil testing laboratory | Sungani uthenga okhuza komwe dothi latengedwa ndipo jambulani mapu a komwe kuli munda ngati zofanizira pamene mwauzidwa malangizo okhuza dothi ndi feteleza zimene zakayazedwa kunyumba zoyezera | agriculture | agriculture document |
en863 | As indicated, soil testing should be used as a basis for fertilizer application in order to obtain better economic returns from the money invested in the purchase of fertilizers | Ngati mmene zaotsedwa, kuyeza dothi kugwiritsidwe ntchito ngati nsanamira yothira feteleza kuti mupeze phindu lachuma pa ndalama iliyonse imene yagwiritsidwa ntchito pogula feteleza | agriculture | agriculture document |
en864 | Extension workers are strongly urged to encourage smallholder farmers to submit soil samples to Bvumbwe or Chitedze Research Station for analysis | Alangizi akudera akumemezedwa kuti alimbikitse alimi ang'onoang'no kupeleka dothi ku malo akafukufuku wa ulimi kwa Bvumbwe kapena Chitedze kuti likayezedwe | agriculture | agriculture document |
en865 | In taking such Samples field staff should help farmers in order to obtain more reliable recommendation | Potenga dothi kuchokera mminda, alangizi athandize alimi kuti apeze malangizo oyenera | agriculture | agriculture document |
en866 | If for some reason a farmer fails to have his or her soils analyzed, the blanket fertilizer recommendation may be used as a basis for fertilizer application with the clear knowledge that he/she may be applying quantities of fertilizers that may not bring about an economic increase in crop production | Ngati pa zifukwa zina alimi alephera kukayezetsa dothi lawo, agwiritse ntchito ulangizi waderalo wokhuza kathiridwe ka feteleza ndi upangiri wakuti akuthira mulingo wa feteleza womwe mwina suwonjezera mwaphindu zokolola | agriculture | agriculture document |
en867 | The aim of the Agribusiness extension is to promote commercialization of agriculture especially among smallholder farmers for food security and income generations | Cholinga cholimbikitsa ulimi ngati malonda ndi kufuna kupititsa patsogolo malonda a ulimi makamaka pakati pam alimi ang'onoang'ono kuti adzidzidalira pachakudya komanso adzipeza ndalama | agriculture | agriculture document |
en868 | The national aim will be achieved through the following policy objectives: To increase farm-income by effective, efficient and sustainable use of the production resources such as land, labour, capital and management | Cholinga cha dziko chidzakwaniritsidwa kudzera mu mfundo zotsatirazi: kukweza chuma chochokera mu ulimi pogwiritsa ntchito moyenera, mosaononga zioangizo za ulimi monga malo, antchito, ndalama zolowa komanso kasamalidwe | agriculture | agriculture document |
en869 | To promote farmer organizations such as associations, cooperatives, companies and trusts to link them effectively to service providers such as input suppliers, commodity markets and extension services | Kupititsa patsogolo mabungwe a zaulimi monga magulu a alimi, ma cooperative, makampani a za ulimi ndikuwalumikizitsa ndi opeleka ntchito monga ogulitsa zipangizo, ogulitsa mbewu ndi ntchito za ulangizi | agriculture | agriculture document |
en870 | To encourage market oriented production in order to move from subsistence to commercial farming. To achieve the objectives, farmers need to have adequate resources for production | Kulimbikitsa ulimi wolingalira misika pofuna kuchoka ku ulimi wachiponyeponye kupita ku ulimi ngati malonda. Pofuna kukwaniritsa zolinga izi, alimi ayenera kukhala ndi zipangizo zokwanira pa ulimi wawo | agriculture | agriculture document |
en871 | Management involves decision making on the effective combination of the above mentioned factors of production | Kasamalidwe kamaphatikiza kupanga ziganizo pa kuphatikiza moyenera ndondomeko zomwe zakambidwa mmwambazi | agriculture | agriculture document |
en872 | Good farm-management results in higher profits than poor management using the same quantities of land, labour and capital | Kasamalidwe koyenera ka ulimi kamapezetsa phindu lochuluka kuposa kusamala kopelewera pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zomwezo za malo, antchito ndi ndalama | agriculture | agriculture document |
en873 | Farmers have to acquire knowledge and skills in farm planning in order to make right decisions as to what, when, where and how farm resources should be used in order to derive maximum benefits | Alimi apeze upangiri ndi luso zokonzera dongosolo la ntchito zakumunda ndi cholinga choti adzipanga ziganizo zoyenera zokhuza chani, liti, kuti komanso mmene zipangizo zikuyenera kugwilira ntchito pofuna kuchulikitsa phindu | agriculture | agriculture document |
en874 | These are costs directly linked to production of a specified enterprise. They may also be called production costs and change according to level of production | Izi ndi ndalama zomwe zikukhuza mwachindunji kuoangidwa kwa katundu. Zikhoza kutchulidwanso kuti ndalama zopangira katundu potengera mulingo wopangira katundu | agriculture | agriculture document |
en875 | Variable costs mainly consist of costs incurred from land preparation up to harvesting, for example: planting material, fertilizer, pesticides, labour, hire of machinery and water | Ndalama zosakhadzikika makamaka zimaphatikiza ndalama zogwira ntchito pokonza malo olima mpaka kukolola mwachitsanzo: mbewu, feteleza, mankhwala, antchito, kubwereka makina ndi madzi | agriculture | agriculture document |
en876 | These are costs incurred regardless of whether or not output is produced. They are also called “common costs” or “overhead costs”. These costs are difficult to estimate per enterprise since they need to be allocated to the various enterprises produced on the farm | Izi ndi ndalama zogwira ntchito zomwe sidzitengera kuti zinthu zapangidwa. Zimatchulidwanso kuti ndalama zogwira ntchito nthawi zonse. Ndalama izi zimavuta kuwerengetsa pa ntchito iliyonse chifukwa zimayenera kupelekedwa pa zochitika zosiyanasiyana zopangidwa pamunda | agriculture | agriculture document |
en877 | Examples of these costs may include buildings machinery, taxes, insurance permanent labour cost, depreciation and interests paid on loans. Since they remain fixed they are not considered in the Gross Margin Analysis, but they are used for other budgeting purposes | Zitsanzo za ndalama zimenezi ndi monga nyumba, makina, misonkho, insurance, atchito okhadzikika, kugwa mitengo kwa zinthu ndi chiongoladzanja pa ngongole. Chifukwa chakuti zimakhala zosasinthika, sidzimawerengeredwa powerengetsa phindu la ulimi koma zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza ndondomeko za chuma pa ulimi | agriculture | agriculture document |
en878 | The Calculating return per area: This is calculated by dividing the gross margin by the area used for calculating the revenue and the costs, which in most cases is 1 hectare or 1 acre. This method is used when land is the most limiting factor | Kuwerengera phindu pa munda: kuwerengera kumachitika pogawira phindu ndi kukula kwa malo omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito koanso ndalama zonse zomwe zagwira ntchito; omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala hectare imodzi. Njira iyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malo ndi wovuta | agriculture | agriculture document |
en879 | Calculating return on labour: Is calculated by dividing the gross margin by the person days. Family labour should not be included in the calculation of gross margin itself | Kuwerengera phindu la antchito: zimawerengeredwa pogawira phindu ndi anthu komanso masiku omwe ntchito yagwiridwa. Ntchito zapabanja zisawerengeredwe powerengera phindulo | agriculture | agriculture document |
en880 | This method is used when labour is the most limiting factor. Calculating return on capital: This is calculated by dividing gross margin by variable costs | Njira iyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamene antchito ndi cholepheretsa chachikulu. Kuwerengera phindu pa mpamba: zimawerengeredwa pogawira phindu ndi ndalama zonse zomwe zalowa | agriculture | agriculture document |
en881 | This will tell you the return for the capital invested. This method is used when capital is the most limiting factor | Izi zikudziwitsani phindu lomwe lapezeka pa mpamba womwe wagwira ntchito. Njira iyi iamgwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mpamba ndi cholepheretsa chachikulu | agriculture | agriculture document |
en882 | Break even yield is calculated by dividing variable costs by price of commodity. This will give you the level of yield to be achieved in order to just cover the expenses | Kusapeza phindu kapena kusataya ndalama zimawerengeredwa pogawira ndalama zonse zomwe zagwira ntchito ndi ndalama zomwe zapezeka pogulitsa katundu. Izi zipeleka kuchuluka kwa zokolola zomwe zikufunika kuti mukwanitse kulipira zonse zofunika | agriculture | agriculture document |
en883 | Breakeven price is calculated by dividing variable costs by yield. This will give you the price where you neither have a profit nor a loss | Mitengo ya kusapeza phindu kapena kusataya ndalama imawerengeredwa pogawira ndalama zolowa ndi zokolola. Izi zimapeleka mtengo womwe sipakhala phindu kapena kutaya ndalama | agriculture | agriculture document |
en884 | This is the cost of fertilizer or pesticide at farm-gate. Therefore, you have to take the prices at the shops and add all costs involved to bring that fertilizer/pesticide to your farm gate | Uwu ndi mtengo wa feteleza kapena mankhwala ophera tizilombo wapamunda. Choncho mudziwe mitengo yogulira zinthu kwa ogulitsa ndikuyiphatikiza ndi ndalama zofunika kunyamula katunduyo kufika naye kumunda | agriculture | agriculture document |
en885 | This includes land preparation, planting, fertilizing, weeding, spraying, harvesting, cleaning, grading and packaging | Izi zimaphatikiza kukonza munda, kubzala, kuthitra feteleza, kupalira, kupopera mankhwala, zaukhondo, kusankha komanso kuyika mu zipangizo zosungira | agriculture | agriculture document |
en886 | These are the opportunity costs of family labour (money which the farmer could have earned otherwise by engaging in for example casual (ganyu) labour, small business instead of farming | Uwu ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito antchito apabanja monga ndalama zomwe mlimi akanapeza akanagwira ganyu kumunda, kugulitsa zinthu zing'onizing'ono mmalo molima | agriculture | agriculture document |
en887 | Complete budgets look at the whole farm system and not only on one or two enterprises of that farm | Ndondomeko za chuma zachikwanekwane zimayang'ana ntchito zonse zapamunda osati imodzi kapena ziwiri zokha | agriculture | agriculture document |
en888 | Complete budgeting will therefore include all expenses and receipts incurred in the farm system | Kupanga ndondomeko zachuma zachikwanekwane zimaphatikiza ndalama zonse zogwilira ntchito komanso zonse zomwe zalandiliridwa pa ulimi | agriculture | agriculture document |
en889 | This is the main difference to marginal costing techniques like gross margin or partial budgeting | Uku ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa njira zowerengetsera monga kupeza phindu kapena ndondomeko za chuma zoyerekeza | agriculture | agriculture document |
en890 | Smallholder farmers usually experienced shortage of initial capital to start businesses as individuals and cannot negotiate competitively for prices on the market | Alimi ang'onoang'ono kwambiri amakumana ndi kupelewera kwa mpamba woyambira ntchito zamalonda paokha ndipo alibe kuthekera konenera mitengo yabwino kumisika | agriculture | agriculture document |
en891 | One way of addressing the problem is to encourage farmers to establish farmer organizations. Farmer organizations are either formal or informal | Njira imodzi yothanirana ndi vutoli ndi kulimbikitsa alimi kukhadzikitsa magulu a alimi. Magulu a alimi amakhala ovomerezeka ndi boma kapena osavomerezeka | agriculture | agriculture document |
en892 | Farmers’ organizations operating like a business entity need a certain organizational form in order to function effectively, efficiently and in accordance with the laws | Magulu a alimi ogwira ntchito ngati a malonda amafunika kukhala ndi utsogoleri ndi cholinga chakuti adzigwira ntchito moyenera, mwachangu, komanso motsatira malamulo | agriculture | agriculture document |
en893 | The laws of Malawi provide different options for setting up a business. Some of the criteria used to differentiate these organizational forms are: Who owns the business? | Malamulo a dziko la Malawi amapeleka njira zosiyanasiyana zokhadzikitsira ntchito zamalonda. Zina mwa zofunikira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kusiyanitsa magulu amenewa ndi monga: ntchito yamalondayo ndi yandani? | agriculture | agriculture document |
en894 | Who controls the business? Who profits from the business? Who uses the services offered by the business? Who is liable for debts of the business and to what extent? | Akulamulira ntchito ya malonda ndi ndani? Akupindula pa malondawo ndi ndani? Akugwiritsa ntchito zomwe zikugulitsidwa ndi ndani? Akuyenera kubwenza ngongole za ntchitoyo ndi ndani ndipo kufika mulingo wanji? | agriculture | agriculture document |
en895 | Though a cooperative is also a corporation it is mentioned here as a separate category. The reason being that it is an independent legal entity | Ngakhale cooperative ilinso ngati bungwe, sinatchulidwe pano ngati gulu losiyana. Chifukwa chake ndi chakuti ndiyoyima payokha pamalamulo | agriculture | agriculture document |
en896 | A co-operative might experience more governmental influence through the Registrar’s office unlike a Trust under the “Trustees Incorporation Act” or a Private Company | Cooperative ikhoza kukumana ndi zochitika za boma kudzera ku mthambi yolembetsa ma kampani zomwe ndi zosiyana ndi Trust yomwe ili pansi pa Trustees Incorporation Act kapena ngati kampani yomwe siyaboma | agriculture | agriculture document |
en897 | However, one has to keep in mind that most of the powers given to the Registrar are meant to promote the co-operative’s business and to protect its members from unlawful or fraudulent actions of its directors | Komabe, munthu ayenera kusunga mmalingaliro kuti mphamvu zambiri zomwe zili ndi mthambi yolembetsa makampani ndi zothandiza kupititsa patsogolo ntchito za ma cooperative ndi kuteteza mamembala ake ku mtchitidwe wophwanya malamulo kapena wa umbava kwa oyendetsa ntchitozi | agriculture | agriculture document |
en898 | One might classify this particular feature as an advantage or disadvantage depending on how it is implemented by the people in charge | Munthu akhoza kuyika ichi ngati ubwino kapena kuyipa potengera ndi mmene omwe akuyendetsa akukwaniritsila ntchitozo | agriculture | agriculture document |
en899 | The purpose of a farmers’ co-operative is to improve the economic conditions of its members by increasing their profits from farming | Cholinga cha ma cooperative a alimi ndi kupititsa patsogolo ntchito zachuma za mamembala ake pokweza phindu kuchokera mu ulimi | agriculture | agriculture document |
en900 | This is achieved by offering tailor made from services such as input supply, marketing, education and credit-schemes | Izi zimakwaniritsidwa popeleka ntchito ndi upangili womwe alimiwo akufuna monga zipangizo zogwiritsa ntchito, kusatsa malonda, maphunziro komanso ngongole za ulimi | agriculture | agriculture document |