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[ { "contents": "Appollo (dog)\n\n\nAppollo was a search and rescue dog who served with the K-9 unit of the New York Police Department. He was awarded the Dickin Medal, the animals' equivalent of the Victoria Cross, in recognition of the work done by all search and rescue dogs following the September 11 attacks. Appollo and his handler were working at the World Trade Center site soon after the attacks. Appollo was a German Shepherd born around 1992, who was in service with the K-9 unit of the New York Police Department (NYPD). In 1994", "id": "3459675" }, { "contents": "Appollo (dog)\n\n\nin to assist with the rescue operations after the September 11 terror attacks. They arrived at the World Trade Center site fifteen minutes after the fall of the twin towers, making Appollo the first search and rescue dog to arrive at the site. At one point, Appollo was almost killed by flames and falling debris. However, he survived, having been drenched after falling into a pool of water just before this incident. Appollo started working again as soon as Davis had brushed the debris off him. Appollo received the Dickin Medal", "id": "3459677" }, { "contents": "Appollo (dog)\n\n\n, he graduated from the NYPD Canine Special Operations Division, and was one of the first dogs to learn search and rescue. Appollo passed Type-II training in Florida in 1997, and Type-I in Indianapolis in 1999. He was also part of the first NYPD K-9 team to pass them for Urban Search and Rescue New York Task Force 1. Appollo and his handler Peter Davis also worked in the Dominican Republic after a hurricane. Appollo died in November 2006. Appollo and his handler, Peter Davis, were called", "id": "3459676" }, { "contents": "Appollo (dog)\n\n\n, the animal equivalent of the Victoria Cross, on behalf of all the search and rescue dogs who participated in the rescue operations at the World Trade Center site and the Pentagon. He received the award along with guide dogs Roselle and Salty, who rescued their owners from the World Trade Center. The citation for the award was as follows: Appollo received the American Kennel Club Ace award in 2001. He was also honoured for his work at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show of 2002, in which he and several other dogs", "id": "3459678" }, { "contents": "Salty and Roselle\n\n\nYork on September 11, 2001.\" This was not the only Dickin Medal to be awarded for actions related to the attacks; German Shepherd Appollo received a medal on behalf of all the work done by all search and rescue dogs following the attacks. The Dickin Medal is often referred to as the animal metaphorical equivalent of the Victoria Cross. In addition to the Dickin Medal, Salty and Roselle were also each recognized by the British Guide Dogs for the Blind Association. Salty and Rivera were awarded a 'Partners in Courage'", "id": "14082899" }, { "contents": "Jake (rescue dog)\n\n\n.\" Jake was most noted for his work following the September 11 attacks, where he helped search for human remains at Ground Zero. Jake, like other rescue workers and dogs, was honored by New Yorkers as a hero. Jake, wearing his search and rescue vest, was treated to a free steak dinner at an upscale Manhattan restaurant on the evening he arrived to work in New York City. Jake served as a rescue dog at the World Trade Center site for 17 days. Like the humans and other rescue dogs", "id": "12469735" }, { "contents": "Urban Search and Rescue Colorado Task Force 1\n\n\nUrban Search and Rescue Colorado Task Force 1 (CO-TF1) is a FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force based in Colorado. They were one of the 20 FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force teams deployed to the World Trade Center site after the September 11, 2001 attacks. The task force is sponsored by the West Metro Fire Protection District and is made up of 70 positions with over 200 trained members including firefighters, paramedics, engineers and canine handlers. CO-TF1 has taken part in the following deployments:", "id": "640137" }, { "contents": "Jake (rescue dog)\n\n\nof Oakley, Utah, before his death. Jake was 12 years old when he died. It is unknown whether Jake's cancer can be linked to his rescue work at Ground Zero. Cancer is a very common disease for dogs around Jake's age. Some rescue dog owners have claimed that their dogs have died because of their exposure to the air at the World Trade Center site in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks. However, scientists who have studied the health of rescue animals who worked Ground Zero have found no", "id": "12469738" }, { "contents": "LAPD Metropolitan Division\n\n\nhandlers and their canine partners to conduct searches and apprehend felony suspects throughout the Los Angeles area. K-9 personnel are deployed around-the-clock, seven days a week. They are available to assist any LAPD department with searches for felony suspects. Two K-9 officers have also been trained in search and rescue operations using dogs. In 1990, the Liberty Award was created for police dogs who are killed or seriously injured in the line of duty. The medal, which is named after Liberty, a Metropolitan Division K-9 who was", "id": "4910429" }, { "contents": "Caroline Hebard\n\n\nArmenia, Japan and Turkey, using the ability of the dogs to located trapped survivors. She also participated with her dogs in rescue and recovery operations involving bridge collapses, floods, fires, and people lost in the wilderness. She and her dogs also participated in search and rescue operations in the aftermath of the Oklahoma City bombing and the September 11 World Trade Center attack. Hebard received various honors for her work and is the subject of a book, \"So That Others May Live: Carolyn Hebard and Her Search-and", "id": "18581753" }, { "contents": "Peter (dog)\n\n\nreceived a kiss on the nose from Princess Elizabeth, the future Elizabeth II. He was later used to demonstrate mountain rescue techniques to other rescue dogs and handlers. He returned home to Mrs Stables, and moved to a PDSA animal sanctuary before he died. Peter was buried at the PDSA's Ilford Animal Cemetery on 20 November 1952, one of twelve recipients of the Dickin Medal to be buried there. Peter was awarded the Dickin Medal, considered to be the Victoria Cross for animals, in November 1945. His citation read", "id": "6093678" }, { "contents": "Vinnie Ferrari\n\n\na wrestler. He was booked for the first time as a wrestler in 1999, when he lost to Big Poppa Chill in Cheektowaga, New York. In late 1999/early 2001 Vinnie began training future independent wrestling star \"Poison\" Appollo Starr. Appollo would go on to get further training from Jimmy KillKillia and American Kickboxer at the R.A.A.G.E. Dojo. He still credits Vinnie for teaching him to work left, how to bump and some of the finer points of pro wrestling as well helping him get booked for his first match", "id": "1416977" }, { "contents": "Rex (search and rescue dog)\n\n\nRex was a dog who received the Dickin Medal in April, 1945 from the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals for bravery in service during the Second World War. This MAP Civil Defence Rescue Dog performed “outstanding good work\" finding casualties \"in burning buildings.\" Rex intrepidly worked in a harsh environment of \"smouldering debris, thick smoke, intense heat and jets of water\" using a rare combination of determination and intelligence to follow scents to those who were trapped. The Dickin Medal is often referred to as the animal", "id": "12484985" }, { "contents": "Ana (search dog)\n\n\nAna (July 4, 1995 – November 12, 2008) was a golden retriever search and rescue dog, known for having been the first graduate of the Search Dog Foundation's training program. Ana was one of the first search dogs to be deployed to the site of the World Trade Center. Ana was born to a backyard breeder, and proved to be too active to work as an assistance dog. Bonnie Bergin, the Executive Director of the Assistance Dog Institute, decided that Ana might be better suited as a search", "id": "5821095" }, { "contents": "Ana (search dog)\n\n\nand rescue dog, and suggested her to Wilma Melville, the head of the Search Dog Foundation. Ana was trained at a kennel in Gilroy, California, and, upon graduation, she was the first nationally certified Fire Department Disaster Search Canine and the first dog certified by the Search Dog Foundation. Ana was assigned to the Sacramento, California Fire Department, where she was paired with fire captain Rick Lee. Besides the World Trade Center search, Ana and Captain Lee were involved in several other searches, including the sites of", "id": "5821096" }, { "contents": "Peter (dog)\n\n\nPeter (1941–1952) was a collie dog who in 1945 was awarded the Dickin Medal, considered to be the Victoria Cross for animals. During the later stages of the Second World War he served as a search and rescue dog in London. He attended the 1946 Civil Defence Stand–Down parade, where he was presented to the King and Queen, and Princess Elizabeth. His medal was auctioned in 2000 for £4,600 (US$6,964). Peter was born in 1941, and was purchased by Mrs Audrey Stables, of", "id": "6093674" }, { "contents": "Rip (dog)\n\n\nsearch and rescue work, but took to it instinctively. In twelve months between 1940 and 1941, he found over a hundred victims of the air raids in London. His success has been held partially responsible for prompting the authorities to train search and rescue dogs towards the end of World War II. Rip was awarded the Dickin Medal in 1945, two years after it was introduced. The citation reads: \"For locating many air-raid victims during the blitz of 1940\". He would go on to wear the medal", "id": "12182233" }, { "contents": "Gautam Das\n\n\nthat they had killed Gautam Das for publishing news on the corruption of Faridpur Mujib Road repairing works in the newspaper. Of the nine convicts, Appollo went in hiding on June 19, 2013 after the court had fixed June 27, 2013 for delivering the judgment in the case. Punishment of Appollo was effective from the day of his arrest or surrender, added by the court. Judge Shahed Noor Uddin also fined 50,000 each and in default they will have to suffer one additional year in jail. During the court date, 27", "id": "12993285" }, { "contents": "Rip (dog)\n\n\nRip (died 1946), a mixed-breed terrier, was a Second World War search and rescue dog who was awarded the Dickin Medal for bravery in 1945. He was found in Poplar, London, in 1940 by an Air Raid warden, and became the service's first search and rescue dog. He is credited with saving the lives of over 100 people. He was the first of twelve Dickin Medal winners to be buried in the PDSA's cemetery in Ilford, Essex. Rip was found as a stray following", "id": "12182231" }, { "contents": "FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force\n\n\nto be family pets by the handlers when the dogs are not on duty. The canine rescuers will become unmotivated if they are unsuccessful in locating victims, as they consider search and rescue to be a type of game. To keep the canines engaged after long hours of working, one of the Task Force members will hide in the rubble so the dog will have a successful 'find'. In most instances, the dogs do not wear any equipment (collars, vests, booties, etc.) while working a debris", "id": "21101737" }, { "contents": "Beauty (dog)\n\n\nBeauty (4 January 1939 – 17 October 1950), a wirehaired terrier, was a Second World War search and rescue dog considered to be the first rescue dog, who was awarded the Dickin Medal for bravery in 1945. She is among a number of Dickin Medal winners who are buried in Ilford Animal Cemetery. Beauty was born on 4 January 1939, and was owned by PDSA Superintendent Bill Barnet, who led one of the rescue squads in London for animals during the Blitz. The dog would accompany Barnet on rescue missions", "id": "13803419" }, { "contents": "Jake (rescue dog)\n\n\n1. Utah Task Force 1 is a federal search and rescue team trained to respond to disasters. Following his recovery from his injuries, Flood helped to train Jake to become a federal \"U.S. government certified\" rescue dog. There are fewer than 200 of these dogs, who are trained to respond within 24 hours to disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes, wilderness, water rescue, terrorist attacks, or avalanches. Jake's owner later commented, \"...\"against all odds he became a world-class rescue dog\"", "id": "12469734" }, { "contents": "Sheila (dog)\n\n\nthe bombs on the B-17 detonated. Because of their actions, Lt George Kyle, Sgt Howard Delaney, Sgt George Smith and Sgt Joel Berly survived the crash. For the rescue of the airmen, Sheila was awarded the Dickin Medal by the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals. It is often referred to as the animal equivalent of the Victoria Cross. It was the first time that the medal had been awarded to a non-military dog, this time a search and rescue dog. Meanwhile, Dagg was given the British", "id": "12484683" }, { "contents": "Photios of Korytsa\n\n\nthe initiative for the creation of the \"Appollo\" music association and the charitable society \"Love thy Neighbour\" as part of his educational, cultural and social initiatives in Korce. Moreover, \"Appollo\" for a short term period was also undertaking concerts and theatrical performances. Photios was assassinated on September 9, 1906 by a band of Albanian kachak nationalists, led by Bajo Topulli. The assassination was committed because Photios was against the development of Albanian cultural activity, as well as an act of revenge for the killing of the", "id": "17493402" }, { "contents": "Bretagne (rescue dog)\n\n\nBretagne (c. September 1999 – June 7, 2016) was a Golden Retriever rescue dog who searched for survivors at Ground Zero after the September 11 attacks. It was the first assignment for her and her owner and trainer, Denise Corliss. She appeared on the \"Today Show\" along with NBC News’ Tom Brokaw. She later participated in rescue efforts after Hurricanes Katrina and Ivan. She was retired at the age of 9. After her retirement, she continued her community service as a reading dog at a local elementary", "id": "13232350" }, { "contents": "September 11 attacks\n\n\nissued evacuation warnings. Due to technical difficulties with malfunctioning radio repeater systems, many firefighters never heard the evacuation orders. 9-1-1 dispatchers also received information from callers that was not passed along to commanders on the scene. Within hours of the attack, a substantial search and rescue operation was launched. After months of around-the-clock operations, the World Trade Center site was cleared by the end of May 2002. The aftermath of the 9/11 attack resulted in immediate responses to the event, including domestic reactions", "id": "20633661" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nPlaza, were in danger of collapsing. The search and rescue effort in the immediate aftermath at the World Trade Center site involved ironworkers, structural engineers, heavy machinery operators, asbestos workers, boilermakers, carpenters, cement masons, construction managers, electricians, insulation workers, machinists, plumbers and pipefitters, riggers, sheet metal workers, steelworkers, truckers and teamsters, American Red Cross volunteers, and many others. Lower Manhattan, south of 14th Street, was off-limits, except for rescue and recovery workers. There were", "id": "8345871" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nalso about 400 working dogs, the largest deployment of dogs in the nation's history. New York City Office of Emergency Management was the agency responsible for coordination of the City's response to the attacks. Headed by then-Director Richard Sheirer, the agency was forced to vacate its headquarters, located in 7 World Trade Center, within hours of the attack. The building later collapsed. OEM reestablished operations temporarily at the police academy, where Mayor Giuliani gave many press conferences throughout the afternoon and evening of September 11. By", "id": "8345872" }, { "contents": "Salty and Roselle\n\n\nSalty and Roselle were two guide dogs who were with their owners in the World Trade Center during the September 11 attacks in New York City. They each successfully guided their owners out of the burning towers before they collapsed, feats which were later recognized when they were awarded the Dickin Medal by the British charity the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals. Roselle went on to be posthumously named American Hero Dog of the Year 2011 by American Humane, and has a book written about her. Salty (December 12, 1996 – March", "id": "14082890" }, { "contents": "Jake (rescue dog)\n\n\nJake (1995 – July 25, 2007) was an American black labrador who served as a search and rescue dog following the September 11 attacks and Hurricane Katrina. Jake served as a rescue dog from 1997 until his retirement because of cancer in 2006. Jake was adopted when he was 10 months old by his owner, Mary Flood. Jake had been found abandoned on the streets with several injuries, including a dislocated hip and a broken leg. Jake's final owner, Mary Flood, is a member of Utah Task Force", "id": "12469733" }, { "contents": "Aftermath of the September 11 attacks\n\n\nthe American Medical Association, \"...the number of blood donations in the weeks after the September 11, 2001, attacks was markedly greater than in the corresponding weeks of 2000 (2.5 times greater in the first week after the attacks; 1.3–1.4 times greater in the second to fourth weeks after the attack).\" At the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show that took place in New York in February 2002, a tribute was paid to the search and rescue dogs who not only assisted in locating survivors and bodies from the rubble,", "id": "7792842" }, { "contents": "James Zadroga\n\n\nJames Zadroga (February 8, 1971January 5, 2006) was a New York City Police Department (NYPD) officer who died of a respiratory disease that has been attributed to his participation in rescue and recovery operations in the rubble of the World Trade Center following the September 11 attacks. Zadroga was the first NYPD officer whose death was attributed to exposure to his contact with toxic chemicals at the attack site. Zadroga had joined the New York City Police Department in 1992 and attained the rank of Detective. He was a healthy non", "id": "8614630" }, { "contents": "Pawprints of Katrina\n\n\nbook begins on September 11, 2005, at a freeway off-ramp used as a boat launch, with New York City Parks Enforcement (Search & Rescue Team) Department's Captain Scott Shields, known for the efforts of his search-and-rescue dog, Bear, at the World Trade Center on 9/11. An excerpt from that chapter describes the moment: \"Before we set out on a boat to look for stranded pets, the captain asked us to take a moment to remember those lost on 9/11. There", "id": "10227638" }, { "contents": "Connecticut State Environmental Conservation Police\n\n\nState Police and became certified handlers in the areas of search and rescue and evidence detection. The officers and their partners went through four weeks of vigorous training before becoming certified. The Agency obtained three of the dogs from Connecticut Labrador Rescue Inc, in Haddam and Michael Case, a private breeder from Colebrook, Connecticut who donated the fourth K-9 to the Department. Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the EnCon Police have been tasked with a number of responsibilities related to Homeland Security. As a result of these attacks", "id": "14319049" }, { "contents": "Jake (rescue dog)\n\n\nhe worked with, Jake was exposed to the physical hazards of Ground Zero, including sharp debris and suspected unhealthy air. Jake also served in his search and rescue team following Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Jake, along with his Utah Task Force, drove over 30 hours from Utah to Mississippi to help search for survivors and victims of following the hurricane's landfall. Jake was also deployed to the Gulf Coast in the aftermath of Hurricane Rita. In his later years, Jake helped to train younger prospective rescue dogs, as well", "id": "12469736" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nNYPD set up its incident command center at Church Street and Vesey Street, on the opposite side of the World Trade Center from where the FDNY was commanding its operations. NYPD helicopters were soon at the scene, reporting on the status of the burning buildings. When the buildings collapsed, 23 NYPD officers were killed, along with 37 Port Authority Police Department officers. The NYPD helped facilitate the evacuation of civilians out of Lower Manhattan, including approximately 5,000 civilians evacuated by the Harbor Unit to Staten Island and to New Jersey. In", "id": "8345865" }, { "contents": "Fire and Rescue Department of Malaysia\n\n\ndogs to operate in the Search and Rescue (SAR) operations and investigation. K9 Unit can be attached to the regular firefighting unit or JBPM Special Forces thus all dog handlers together with their dogs are trained for a variety of situations, including the urban and the jungle operations. A support team task to support JBPM Special Forces with water transportation during operations involving of lake, river and sea. The boat crews are trained in water survival and able to perform water rescue to JBPM personnel and civilians if things go south. Special", "id": "20633271" }, { "contents": "Peter (dog)\n\n\nGregory Avenue, Weoley Castle, for 25 shillings. He was noted by his owner as having dual talents; for destruction of his owner's home and for ignoring every command given. He was transferred into war service, serving with Air Ministry dog-handler Archie Knight at the Civil Defence depot in Chelsea. He was known as Rescue Dog No. 2664/9288 Peter. Active from early 1945 until the end of the Second World War, Peter acted as a search and rescue dog in London. Knight wrote of the dog in", "id": "6093675" }, { "contents": "Jet of Iada\n\n\n. Corporal Wardle and Jet were the first handler and dog to be used in an official capacity in Civil Defence rescue duties. He was awarded the Dickin Medal on 12 January 1945 for saving the lives of over fifty people trapped in bombed buildings. The dedication read \"For being responsible for the rescue of persons trapped under blitzed buildings while serving with the Civil Defence Services of London.\" Following the war, he was returned to his owner in Liverpool. The Dickin Medal is often referred to as the animal metaphorical equivalent of", "id": "14817122" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nIMTs) also provided support beginning in the days after the attacks to help manage operations. A nearby Burger King restaurant was used as a center for police operations. Given that workers worked at the site, or \"The Pile\", for shifts as long as twelve hours, a specific culture developed at the site, leading to workers developing their own argot. \"The Pile\" was the term coined by the rescue workers to describe the 1.8 million tons of wreckage left from the collapse of the World Trade Center. They", "id": "8345876" }, { "contents": "William M. Feehan\n\n\ndeath in the line of duty during the collapse of the North Tower of the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, at the age of 71. Along with FDNY Chief of department Peter Ganci, Commissioner Feehan was found by the FDNY's Search and Rescue K-9 \"Bear.\" Feehan was survived by his daughters, Elizabeth Feehan and Tara Davan, and sons, William Feehan and firefighter John Feehan, who had worked in Squad Company 252 and is currently Captain of Engine 249. He was also survived by six grandchildren", "id": "20321815" }, { "contents": "Sam (army dog)\n\n\nrefuge. Sam's team managed to force their way into the compound and he held off the rioters until reinforcements arrived. Sam retired from service two years later, at the age of 10. He died from natural causes soon afterwards. Sam posthumously received the Dickin Medal, the animals' equivalent of the Victoria Cross, in 2003 in recognition of his work in Bosnia and Herzegovina. He was the fifty ninth animal to receive the award, and was also the first army dog to receive the Dickin Medal since 1944. The", "id": "3758045" }, { "contents": "Niagara Parks Police Service\n\n\n, the Niagara Parks Police have established their first Canine Unit consisting of one handler and his dog \"Nia\" trained in search and rescue and explosives detection. In summer 2013, K-9 Nia retired due to a chronic illness which prevented her from continuing as an active police dog. In September 2013 new police K-9 Cinder began his training as Nia's replacement. The Niagara Parks Police are responsible for, but not limited to, the following: During peak tourist season the Parks Police employ approximately thirty students, most of whom are", "id": "6172110" }, { "contents": "Crumstone Irma\n\n\nCrumstone Irma, a.k.a. Irma, was a German Shepherd Dog who assisted in the rescue of 191 people trapped under blitzed buildings while serving with London's Civil Defence Services during the Second World War. During this period she worked with her handler and owner, Mrs Margaret Griffin, and another dog named Psyche. Noted for her ability to tell if buried victims were dead or alive, she was awarded the Dickin Medal in 1945, and is buried at the PDSA Animal Cemetery, Ilford. Irma was initially used as a messenger", "id": "14817125" }, { "contents": "World Trade Center Health Program\n\n\nThe WTC Health Program covers responders who worked or volunteered in the rescue, recovery, or clean up efforts at the World Trade Center site in New York, the Pentagon, or the plane crash site in Shanksville, Pennsylvania. It also provides benefits for people who lived, worked, went to school, attended daycare, or adult daycare in the New York City disaster area after September 11. Responders include members of the Fire Department of New York City who participated in the rescue and recovery effort at the World Trade Center sites", "id": "8808395" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nBecause of this, 343 firefighters died in the collapse of the towers. The command post located across West Street was taken out when the South Tower collapsed, making command and control even more difficult and disorganized. When the North Tower collapsed, falling debris killed Peter Ganci, the FDNY chief. Following the collapse of the World Trade Center, a command post was set up at a firehouse in Greenwich Village. The FDNY deployed 200 units (half of all units) to the site, with more than 400 firefighters on the", "id": "8345858" }, { "contents": "Jet of Iada\n\n\nJet of Iada a.k.a. Jet (21 July 1942 – 18 October 1949) was a German Shepherd Dog, who assisted in the rescue of 150 people trapped under blitzed buildings. He was a pedigree dog born in Liverpool, and served with the Civil Defence Services of London. He was awarded both the Dickin Medal and the RSPCA's Medallion of Valor for his rescue efforts. Jet was born in Liverpool in the Iada kennel of Mrs Babcock Cleaver in July 1942. He was a black German Shepherd Dog, and in the", "id": "14817120" }, { "contents": "Dogs with Jobs\n\n\nDogs with Jobs is a Canadian documentary television series about working dogs and show dogs. Each half-hour episode consists of two to three segments on individual dogs from around the world. The family-friendly series has featured service dogs, search and rescue dogs, police dogs, herding dogs, and others. Segments show footage of dogs on the job, and also include stories of their rescue, training, and relationships with their owners and handlers. The idea for the series came from Canadian writer Merrily Weisbord and her daughter", "id": "20398279" }, { "contents": "Search and rescue dog\n\n\nThe use of dogs in search and rescue (SAR) is a valuable component in wilderness tracking, natural disasters, mass casualty events, and in locating missing people. Dedicated handlers and well-trained dogs are required for the use of dogs to be effective in search efforts. Search and rescue dogs are typically worked, by a small team on foot. Search and rescue dogs detect human scent. Although the exact processes are still researched, it may include skin rafts (scent-carrying skin cells that drop off living humans", "id": "15944256" }, { "contents": "World Trade Center station (PATH)\n\n\nits pre-9/11 design, save for a door on display that has the words \"MATF 1 / 9 13\" spray-painted on it (a message from Urban Search and Rescue Massachusetts Task Force 1 of Beverly, Massachusetts, who searched the World Trade Center site on September 13, 2001). There is a plaque above the spray-painting, explaining the message on the door. PATH was required to preserve the passageway's original design as per Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act, as a condition for getting", "id": "12359425" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\n, shortly before United Airlines Flight 175 hit the South Tower, the FDNY chief had arrived and took over command of the response operations. Due to falling debris and safety concerns, he moved the incident command center to a spot located across West Street, but numerous fire chiefs remained in the lobby which continued to serve as an operations post where alarms, elevators, communications systems, and other equipment were operated. The initial response by the FDNY was on rescue and evacuation of building occupants, which involved sending firefighters up to assist", "id": "8345854" }, { "contents": "Urban Search and Rescue Florida Task Force 1\n\n\nspecialists are brought in as needed. In addition, FL-TF1 has nine FEMA certified canine teams, each composed of a handler and a search dog. In the early 1980s two fire departments, Miami-Dade Fire Rescue and the Fairfax County Fire and Rescue Department out of Fairfax County, Virginia worked together under an agreement with the Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance to provide international search and rescue assistance in times of disaster. Starting in 1991, FEMA incorporated a USAR team into its federal response plan. These 20+ teams", "id": "640142" }, { "contents": "Rescue robot\n\n\nThus, the European Commission's Directorate-General for Enterprise and Industry decided to fund ICARUS, a Research project (global budget: 17.5M€) which aims to develop robotic tools which can assist “human” crisis intervention teams. Rescue robots were used in the search for victims and survivors after the September 11 attacks in New York. During September 11 disasters rescue robots were first really tested. They were sent into the rubble to look for survivors and bodies. The robots had trouble working in the rubble of the World Trade Center", "id": "3098116" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nThe local, state, federal and global reaction to the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center was unprecedented. The equally unsurpassed events of that day elicited the largest response of local emergency and rescue personnel to assist in the evacuation of the two towers and also contributed to the largest loss of the same personnel when the towers collapsed. After the attacks, the media termed the World Trade Center site \"Ground Zero\", while rescue personnel referred to it as \"the Pile\". In the ensuing recovery and cleanup efforts", "id": "8345850" }, { "contents": "FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force\n\n\nis a specialist in one of four areas: The search and rescue personnel are organized into four Rescue Squads, each composed of an Officer and five Rescue Specialists, and are capable of working 12-hour alternating shifts. The medical personnel include two task force physicians and four Medical Specialists. The canine rescuers are a critical element of each US&R Task Force as their keen sense of smell allows them to locate victims that might go undiscovered. The majority of the dog handlers on the Task Forces are civilian volunteers. The dogs are usually considered", "id": "21101736" }, { "contents": "City University of New York Public Safety Department\n\n\n. CUNY has not yet obtained an Operating Certificate to be recognized by NYSDOH, NYCREMSCO & FDNY to operate as an EMS provider. Currently there is only one member of the unit. Over the years, there have been five German shepherds in the CUNY Canine unit. The K-9 officers go through 17 weeks of training provided by the Yonkers Police Department and they receive Certification from the New York State Department of Criminal Justice Services. After the World Trade Center attacks on 9/11, the CUNY K-9 Unit dispatched four dogs to assist during", "id": "13853184" }, { "contents": "Search and rescue dog\n\n\nfor this job are St. Bernards, German Shepherd Dogs, and Labrador Retrievers. Missing animal search (MAS) dogs use tracking, trailing and air scenting techniques in order to locate missing, trapped or injured animals and can be trained to locate deceased animals or remains. The Missing Animal Search Dogs Association based in Herefordshire in the UK is carrying out research in this area of search and rescue. Training is a rigorous, time-consuming and comprehensive process for both the dog and the handler. For the dog, training is", "id": "15944270" }, { "contents": "Mountain rescue in England and Wales\n\n\nchosen to train in this field. Each team has its own primary area of responsibility but frequently deploy outside these areas in support of other teams. Cave rescue had its own umbrella organisation, the British Cave Rescue Council, but some teams operate as both cave rescue teams and mountain rescue teams. There are also regional organisations dedicated to the training of search dogs and their handlers. England has two associations, the Search and Rescue Dog Association England SARDA(E) and the Lake District Mountain Rescue Search Dog Association (LDMRSD). Wales", "id": "18467192" }, { "contents": "Chambers Street–World Trade Center/Park Place/Cortlandt Street station\n\n\nDecember 19, 2016. The newly reopened passageway retained its pre-9/11 design, save for a door on display that has the words \"MATF 1 / 9 13\" spray-painted on it (a message from Urban Search and Rescue Massachusetts Task Force 1 of Beverly, Massachusetts, who searched the World Trade Center site on September 13, 2001). There is a plaque above the spray-painting, explaining the message on the door. PATH was required to preserve the passageway's original design as per Section 106 of the", "id": "17711006" }, { "contents": "Dustin J. Lee\n\n\nMeridian, Mississippi. From around five years old, Lee worked with rescue dogs by hiding in woods and allowing them to find him. According to his father, he was so moved by the September 11 attacks that he signed up for the military before graduating high school. Lee grew up in Quitman, Mississippi and graduated from Quitman High School in 2004. Lee finished first in his training class as a dog handler in 2005. He was noted by the kennel master, William W. Reynolds, to be \"uncanny as a", "id": "17545654" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nout of the rubble. The final survivor, Port Authority secretary Genelle Guzman-McMillan, was rescued 27 hours after the collapse of the North Tower. Some firefighters and civilians who survived made cell phone calls from voids beneath the rubble, though the amount of debris made it difficult for rescue workers to get to them. By Wednesday night, 82 deaths had been confirmed by officials in New York City. Rescue efforts were paused numerous times in the days after the attack, due to concerns that nearby buildings, including One Liberty", "id": "8345870" }, { "contents": "Ilford Animal Cemetery\n\n\nbeen tasked with responding to the many letters received by the ship's heroic cat, Simon, who is buried at Ilford. The burials are a mixture of family pets and military animals, including thirteen recipients of the Dickin Medal for bravery (a fifth of all Dickin Medal recipients are buried at Ilford). The first Dickin Medal recipient to be buried at Ilford was Rip, a Second World War search and rescue dog. Information boards recounting the stories of several of the animals were constructed during the recent restoration. The cemetery", "id": "15333774" }, { "contents": "German Shepherd\n\n\nAs part of the Herding Group, German Shepherds are working dogs developed originally for herding sheep. Since that time however, because of their strength, intelligence, trainability, and obedience, German Shepherds around the world are often the preferred breed for many types of work, including disability assistance, search-and-rescue, police and military roles, and acting. The German Shepherd is the second-most registered breed by the American Kennel Club and seventh-most registered breed by The Kennel Club in the United Kingdom. German", "id": "1990214" }, { "contents": "Priya Ravichandran\n\n\nvictims.. She was admitted at the Appollo Hospitals and Chief Minister J.Jayalalitha visited her at the hospital and assured the support of the Government in her speedy recovery to her kith and kin . In recognition of her brave deed she was awarded the Anna Medal for Bravery - the first of its kind to a Government employee . She was also awarded the President Medal for gallantry .She is the first woman officer in the Department to be awarded with the President medal. She also became the first Officer to be promoted and posted as Deputy Director", "id": "10111038" }, { "contents": "U.S. government response to the September 11 attacks\n\n\nof the National September 11 Memorial & Museum. Within hours of the attacks in New York, a massive search and rescue (SAR) operation was launched, which included over 350 search and rescue dogs. Initially, only a handful of wounded people were found at the site, and in the weeks that followed it became evident that there weren't any survivors to be found. Only twenty survivors were found alive in the rubble. Rescue and recovery efforts took months to complete. It took several weeks to put out the fires", "id": "8345829" }, { "contents": "Kuga (dog)\n\n\nKuga was posthumously awarded the 71st Dickin Medal for bravery by the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals (PDSA). The medal was received on Kuga’s behalf by a Victoria Cross recipient, Mark Donaldson VC, who was also a Special forces dog handler, along with another military dog, Odin. A spokesperson for the PDSA said, \"The reason he got the Dickin Medal was he just was so courageous. He saved the lives, without doubt I think, of that patrol.” Donaldson said, \"I personally", "id": "11401200" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nMilitary Police Company, and 69th Infantry Regiment based in Manhattan were the first military force to secure Ground Zero on September 11th. The 69th Infantry's armory on Lexington Avenue became the Family Information Center to assist persons in locating missing family members. The National Guard supplemented the NYPD and FDNY, with 2,250 guard members on the scene by the next morning. Eventually thousands of New York Army and Air National Guardsmen participated in the rescue/recovery efforts. They conducted site security at the WTC, and at other locations. They provided", "id": "8345886" }, { "contents": "Mountain rescue in England and Wales\n\n\nalso has two associations the Search and Rescue Dog Association Wales (SARDA Wales) responding to incidents in North Wales and the Search and Rescue Dog Association South Wales (SARDA South Wales). Handlers must be full team members of a mountain rescue team and, once graded, will operate alongside that team, but can also be deployed in support of other teams. The co-ordinating body for Mountain & Mine Search and Rescue Teams in the Lake District is the The co-ordinating body for South Wales is covered by the", "id": "18467193" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nand military police, they greatly aided in the clean-up effort. F-16s from the 174th Fighter Wing also ramped up their flying sorties and patrolled the skies. The New Jersey National Guard assisted the New York National Guard's efforts following the attacks. U.S. Marines were also present to assist in the rescue efforts. No official numbers of men who helped out was released but there was evidence that they were there. Films such as 2006 docudrama \"World Trade Center\" talked of two Marines who rescued two trapped police officers in", "id": "8345888" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\n, to oversee the structural engineering operations at the site. To make the effort more manageable, the World Trade Center site was divided into four quadrants or zones. Each zone was assigned a lead contractor, and a team of three structural engineers, subcontractors, and rescue workers. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the United States Army Corps of Engineers, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the New York City Office of Emergency Management (OEM) provided support. Forestry incident management teams (", "id": "8345875" }, { "contents": "FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force\n\n\nreach of the handler, it is critical to minimize the possibility of the dog becoming trapped in a confined space or choking from an entangled collar. Because of the distinct possibility of injury from broken glass and metal, the medical unit maintains supplies for the canine rescuers. After first passing an evaluation of basic obedience, alert, directional control, agility and search skills currently known as an FSA (Foundational Skills Assessment), all canine/handler teams must pass an advanced certification known as a Certification Evaluation (or CE).", "id": "21101739" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\navoided the use of \"ground zero\", which describes the epicenter of a bomb explosion. Numerous volunteers organized to form \"bucket brigades\", which passed 5-gallon buckets full of debris down a line to investigators, who sifted through the debris in search of evidence and human remains. Ironworkers helped cut up steel beams into more manageable sizes for removal. Much of the debris was hauled off to the Fresh Kills Landfill on Staten Island where it was further searched and sorted. Some of the steel was reused for memorials. New", "id": "8345877" }, { "contents": "Norfolk Fire and Rescue Service\n\n\nin the number of fire's they attend, however an increasing response to Road Traffic Collisions (RTC) on Norfolk's roads. Pods: CBRN Response: Incident Response Unit (IRU): H9 Urban Search & Rescue Unit (USAR): Norfolk also hosts one of the UK's Urban Search and Rescue teams, these were originally set up as a response to the 9/11 tragedy in New York. The Norfolk team comprises 15 wholetime USAR technicians and 16 retained technicians along with a search dog. The team is based in", "id": "6559273" }, { "contents": "Shiloh Shepherd dog\n\n\nShilohs have been trained as search and rescue dogs. In March 2007, a Shiloh named Gandalf received national media attention after finding a Boy Scout lost in the mountains of North Carolina. Shilohs' gentleness and calm temperament allow them to be a part of therapy work. Their intelligence and willingness to please make them highly suitable for work as assistance dogs. They respond quickly to training and retain the capacity to make independent decisions when situations change. They are frequent recipients of the AKCs \"Canine Good Citizen\" Award and have been", "id": "3146056" }, { "contents": "International Rescue Dog Organisation\n\n\nOCHA, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. IRO is organising trainings and competitions where the rescue dog teams practice the search of mission persons. At the World Championships of rescue dogs every year the best teams are identified: in 2013 for the 19th time. Every two years experts meet at a rescue dog symposium to discuss current affairs and frame conditions of the search and rescue work. Since 2010 IRO calls for participation among rescue dog organisations to participate in form of presentations in the public in the Int. Day of", "id": "12797617" }, { "contents": "Quinson Valentino\n\n\nPickering Markets on September 30-October 1. It was around this time that Barry returned to the States to join Daryk St. Holmes in AWA Brew City Wrestling as one-half of The Aristocrats (replacing Danny Scott). The team feuded with The Soul Shooters (\"Poison\" Appollo Starr and Drew \"The Don\" Johnson) over the BCW Tag Team Championship and eventually lost the belts to them in Waukesha, Wisconsin the following year. On December 9, 2006, he beat Reggie Marley at Mecca Pro Wrestling's \"Holiday", "id": "20492783" }, { "contents": "Working dog\n\n\nsimilar desirable characteristics, such as loyalty and good temperament, were bred. As a result, many working breeds are sought after as family pets. For search and rescue work, typical breeds seen in the field include Labrador Retrievers, Border Collies, German Shepherd Dogs and certain members of the hound group. These dogs should have a good prey drive, desire to please the handler, ability to work on and off lead, and be sociable in public settings. Working dogs make excellent pets as long as potential owners realize that", "id": "16947830" }, { "contents": "Urban Search and Rescue Pennsylvania Task Force 1\n\n\n, as well as the in-state US&R response system. PA-TF-1 has been deployed to numerous incidents of national significance. The Task Force's first federal deployment was to North Carolina in 1999 for Hurricane Floyd. During this deployment, PA-TF1 gained distinction for several swift water rescues. PA-TF1 was deployed to the 2001 World Trade Center Attacks, the 2005 Hurricane Katrina/Rita event, and the 2008 Hurricane Ike/Gustav storm. PA-TF1 has also been deployed for National Special Security Events.", "id": "750535" }, { "contents": "Sasha (dog)\n\n\nSasha DM (2004–2008) was a Labrador Retriever who served as a bomb detection dog for the British Army whilst stationed in Afghanistan. Sasha and her handler, Lance Corporal Kenneth Rowe, were killed in July 2008. Sasha was awarded the Dickin Medal, also known as the animals' Victoria Cross, in 2014. Sasha was originally assigned as a bomb detection search dog to Marianne Hay, who gave Sasha up as she felt that they couldn't work in the field together as they had become too close. Sasha was assigned", "id": "18646286" }, { "contents": "Sam (army dog)\n\n\nSam (died 2000) was an army dog who served with the Royal Army Veterinary Corps Dog Unit. While serving in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 1990s, Sam helped to apprehend an armed man and also to hold back an armed mob besieging a compound where Serbs were taking refuge. He received the Dickin Medal, the animals' equivalent of the Victoria Cross, in 2003 for these acts of bravery. Sam was a German Shepherd that served with the Dog Unit of the Royal Army Veterinary Corps. Sam and his handler,", "id": "3758043" }, { "contents": "Freddie Mwila\n\n\nchanged its name to the Atlanta Appollos after a change of ownership. Apart from playing in Atlanta, he was supposed to go to England for a full-time coaching course but he achieved neither ambition. He returned home with Kapengwe in August who was also frustrated. The outspoken Mwila accused the FAZ of standing in his way by not giving him an international clearance to rejoin Chiefs. During their time in Atlanta, neither of them played a single match but they spent their time coaching young American footballers in colleges. Mwila stated", "id": "19455812" }, { "contents": "Search and rescue dog\n\n\nanimal vs human scent discrimination'. Dr. Komar worked with cadaver dog teams from the RCMP Civilian Search Dog Program now the Canadian Search Dog Association and the Search and Rescue Dog Association of Alberta. This study showed the accuracy rates of cadaver dogs in moderate to adverse winter weather conditions, and also the dogs' capabilities to discriminate between animal and human remains. It indicated that an accuracy rate near 100% can be achieved through careful and directed training. Her work has been published in the Journal of Forensic Anthropology. Of key", "id": "15944268" }, { "contents": "St. Bernard (dog)\n\n\nused for breeding while they were performing rescues. In an attempt to preserve the breed, the remaining St. Bernards were crossed with Newfoundlands brought from the Colony of Newfoundland in the 1850s, and so lost much of their use as rescue dogs in the snowy climate of the alps because the long fur they inherited would freeze and weigh them down. The dogs never received any special training from the monks. Instead, younger dogs would learn how to perform search and rescue operations from older dogs. The Swiss St. Bernard Club was founded", "id": "8124102" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\n, personnel related to metalwork and construction professions would descend on the site to offer their services and remained until the site was cleared in May 2002. In the years since, investigations and studies have examined effects upon those who participated, noting a variety of afflictions attributed to the debris and stress. After American Airlines Flight 11 crashed into the North Tower (1 WTC) of the World Trade Center, a standard announcement was given to tenants in the South Tower (2 WTC) to stay put and that the building was secure", "id": "8345851" }, { "contents": "National September 11 Memorial & Museum\n\n\nmemorial and museum at the World Trade Center site. A memorial was planned in the immediate aftermath of the attacks and destruction of the World Trade Center for the victims and those involved in rescue and recovery operations. The winner of the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition was Israeli-American architect Michael Arad of Handel Architects, a New York- and San Francisco-based firm. Arad worked with landscape-architecture firm Peter Walker and Partners on the design, creating a forest of swamp white oak trees with two square reflecting pools in", "id": "9525029" }, { "contents": "Trakr\n\n\nTrakr (c.1994 - April 2009) was a German Shepherd police dog who along with his handler, Canadian police officer James Symington, discovered the last survivor of the September 11 attacks at the World Trade Center in New York City in 2001. For his accomplishments, Trakr was named one of history’s most heroic animals by \"Time\" magazine. In 2008 Symington won an essay contest sponsored by BioArts International to find the world's most \"cloneworthy dog\", as a result of which Trakr was cloned, producing five puppies", "id": "8624062" }, { "contents": "Korean Jindo\n\n\n, Park Nam-sun (박남순), an expert search dog handler in South Korea, testified that Jindo dogs are not fit as rescue dogs and search dogs. It is because Jindo dogs' hunting instincts are too strong (they can forget their mission because of their hunting instincts), and they usually give their loyalty only to the first owner, while handlers of search dogs and rescue dogs can frequently change. In 2010, Son Min-suk (손민석), a member of Korean Security Forum, wrote that", "id": "8072086" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nbuilding. Problems with radio communication caused commanders to lose contact with many of the firefighters who went into the buildings. The repeater system in the World Trade Center, which was required for portable radio signals to transmit reliably, was malfunctioning after the impact of the planes. As a result, firefighters were unable to report to commanders on their progress, and were unable to hear evacuation orders. Also, many off-duty firefighters arrived to help, without their radios. FDNY commanders lacked communication with the NYPD, who had helicopters", "id": "8345856" }, { "contents": "AB 1634\n\n\nwas generally supported by animal shelter directors and workers, animal rights groups, animal rescue groups, Societies for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, humane societies, and the Los Angeles city government. The bill received an enormous amount of media attention. The bill was generally opposed by pet owners, breed clubs, breeders of working dogs, search-and-rescue dog associations, K9 law enforcement associations, organizations that provide guide dogs for the blind and service dogs for the disabled, California's agriculture industry, animal rescue groups", "id": "20734587" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nYork City firefighters donated a cross made of steel from the World Trade Center to the Shanksville Volunteer Fire Company in Shanksville, Pennsylvania. The beam, mounted atop a platform shaped like the Pentagon, was erected outside the Shanksville's firehouse near the crash site of United Airlines Flight 93. Twenty-four tons of the steel used in construction of USS \"New York\" (LPD-21) came from the small amount of rubble from the World Trade Center preserved for posterity. Hazards at the World Trade Center site included a diesel fuel", "id": "8345878" }, { "contents": "Sadie (dog)\n\n\nYardley, were deployed to search for explosive devices outside the United Nations headquarters in Kabul following a suicide attack. Sadie picked up the scent of a second device through a thick concrete wall, giving disposal experts the opportunity to defuse the bomb which was a pressure cooker bomb -- a pressure cooker filled with TNT. The bomb had been covered with sandbags, in order to kill and injure rescue workers following the suicide attack. For her actions, Sadie was awarded the Dickin Medal. Awarded by the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals", "id": "10285152" }, { "contents": "West Midlands Police\n\n\ndogs in the West Midlands Police Dog Section are products of an in-house breeding program which the force has been running at its Balsall Common training centre since 1994. Specialist search dogs including Springer Spaniels and Labradors are also used by the Dogs Unit to locate drugs or firearms and explosives. Dogs are continually recruited from rescue centres and from members of the public. All specialist dogs are handled by officers who already have a general purpose police dog, giving the handler responsibility in both training and operational deployment. There are currently 69", "id": "20163058" }, { "contents": "Paul Rieckhoff\n\n\nStreet on September 7, 2001, with plans to travel and complete additional military schooling. On the morning of September 11, Rieckhoff was at his apartment in Manhattan when the first plane hit the World Trade Center. He participated in the rescue efforts at ground zero. His unit was formally activated for rescue and security operations later that evening. Rieckhoff recounted his 9/11 experiences for the 9/11 Tribute Center for a project called \"Stories of 9/11 told by those who were there\" In 2002, Rieckhoff volunteered for the invasion of Iraq", "id": "6584696" }, { "contents": "Cornwall Search & Rescue Team\n\n\nof severe weather and during major incidents, having played a key role in the Boscastle flood and during heavy snowfall across the higher parts of Cornwall, e.g. in the winter of 2009/10. This is in addition to the more specialist roles which the team also has including the provision of casualty carers and technical specialists. Led by a Team Leader and one deputy, the team currently has around 45 surface search and rescue team members, based throughout Cornwall and one Search and Rescue Dog Association dog handler. Equipment is carried in three team", "id": "19252875" }, { "contents": "Icelandic Association for Search and Rescue\n\n\nrecent years, specialization within rescue teams has increased, making the work more purposeful: land groups, sea groups, diving groups, advance groups, high-angle rescue groups, search dog groups, etc. Also working within the association is a rescue team for international projects, co-operating with rescue teams in other countries, for example, when major earthquakes occur, as in Turkey in 1999, Algeria in 2003, Morocco in 2004, and Haiti in 2010. ICE-SAR operates an international urban rescue unit,", "id": "7426408" }, { "contents": "Animal rescue group\n\n\n. In the United Kingdom, both shelter and rescue organisations are described using the blanket term \"rescue\", whether they have their own premises, buy in accommodation from commercial kennels, or operate a network of foster homes, where volunteers keep the animals in their homes until adoption. Kennels that have a council contract to take in stray dogs are usually referred to as dog pounds. Some dog pounds also carry out rescue and rehoming work and are effectively rescue groups that operate a pound service. Some rescue groups work with pounds", "id": "3526009" }, { "contents": "Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks\n\n\nbillion until 2015 to monitor and treat injuries stemming from exposure to toxic dust and debris at World Trade Center site. There are nearly 60,000 people enrolled in health-monitoring and treatment programs related to the 9/11 attack. The bill is formally known as the James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act, named after a New York police detective who took part in the rescue efforts at ground zero and later developed breathing complications. On October 28, 2007, Jim Riches reported that the City of New York and litigating first responders have shown", "id": "12662036" }, { "contents": "McNab dog\n\n\ndog competitions, and flyball. They are also exceptional competitors in barn hunt and nose work. Many ranchers are competing with McNabs in the relatively new sport of Ranch Dog Herding where dog and handler on horseback work as a team herding three head of cattle through five obstacles and then into a stock trailer. The McNabs reputation as an indefatigable \"all-weather\" dog is also opening up a new avenue of work for the dog: Search and Rescue. Currently McNabs are working as evidence search dogs, cadaver dogs, archaeology", "id": "2074501" }, { "contents": "Peter (dog)\n\n\nI hated to work him like this – but I also hated to refuse the rescue parties who were asking for him.\" Peter's rescue efforts were not limited to saving people; on one occasion he indicated a trapped victim which turned out to be a grey parrot. On another occasion he saved six people in a single attack. In 1946, Peter and his handler were present at the Civil Defence Stand–Down parade in Hyde Park, London. It was there that he was presented to King and Queen, and", "id": "6093677" }, { "contents": "Giovanni Battista Viola\n\n\nGiovanni Battista Viola (June 16, 1576 – August 10, 1622) was an Italian painter of the early Baroque period in Rome. Giovanni was born in Bologna. His skills were initially noticed by Annibale Carracci. He collaborated with Domenichino in the \"Room of Appollo\" in Villa Aldobrandini in Frascati (1616–18), where Viola painted the landscapes and Domenichino, the figures. He appears to have worked for the Giustiniani in Bassano di Sutri. In 1612, he was sharing a house with Francesco Albani. In 1612,", "id": "13001088" } ]

[ { "contents": "Appollo (dog)\n\n\nAppollo was a search and rescue dog who served with the K-9 unit of the New York Police Department. He was awarded the Dickin Medal, the animals' equivalent of the Victoria Cross, in recognition of the work done by all search and rescue dogs following the September 11 attacks. Appollo and his handler were working at the World Trade Center site soon after the attacks. Appollo was a German Shepherd born around 1992, who was in service with the K-9 unit of the New York Police Department (NYPD). In 1994", "id": "3459675" }, { "contents": "Appollo (dog)\n\n\nin to assist with the rescue operations after the September 11 terror attacks. They arrived at the World Trade Center site fifteen minutes after the fall of the twin towers, making Appollo the first search and rescue dog to arrive at the site. At one point, Appollo was almost killed by flames and falling debris. However, he survived, having been drenched after falling into a pool of water just before this incident. Appollo started working again as soon as Davis had brushed the debris off him. Appollo received the Dickin Medal", "id": "3459677" }, { "contents": "Appollo (dog)\n\n\n, he graduated from the NYPD Canine Special Operations Division, and was one of the first dogs to learn search and rescue. Appollo passed Type-II training in Florida in 1997, and Type-I in Indianapolis in 1999. He was also part of the first NYPD K-9 team to pass them for Urban Search and Rescue New York Task Force 1. Appollo and his handler Peter Davis also worked in the Dominican Republic after a hurricane. Appollo died in November 2006. Appollo and his handler, Peter Davis, were called", "id": "3459676" }, { "contents": "Appollo (dog)\n\n\n, the animal equivalent of the Victoria Cross, on behalf of all the search and rescue dogs who participated in the rescue operations at the World Trade Center site and the Pentagon. He received the award along with guide dogs Roselle and Salty, who rescued their owners from the World Trade Center. The citation for the award was as follows: Appollo received the American Kennel Club Ace award in 2001. He was also honoured for his work at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show of 2002, in which he and several other dogs", "id": "3459678" }, { "contents": "Salty and Roselle\n\n\nYork on September 11, 2001.\" This was not the only Dickin Medal to be awarded for actions related to the attacks; German Shepherd Appollo received a medal on behalf of all the work done by all search and rescue dogs following the attacks. The Dickin Medal is often referred to as the animal metaphorical equivalent of the Victoria Cross. In addition to the Dickin Medal, Salty and Roselle were also each recognized by the British Guide Dogs for the Blind Association. Salty and Rivera were awarded a 'Partners in Courage'", "id": "14082899" }, { "contents": "Jake (rescue dog)\n\n\n.\" Jake was most noted for his work following the September 11 attacks, where he helped search for human remains at Ground Zero. Jake, like other rescue workers and dogs, was honored by New Yorkers as a hero. Jake, wearing his search and rescue vest, was treated to a free steak dinner at an upscale Manhattan restaurant on the evening he arrived to work in New York City. Jake served as a rescue dog at the World Trade Center site for 17 days. Like the humans and other rescue dogs", "id": "12469735" }, { "contents": "Urban Search and Rescue Colorado Task Force 1\n\n\nUrban Search and Rescue Colorado Task Force 1 (CO-TF1) is a FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force based in Colorado. They were one of the 20 FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force teams deployed to the World Trade Center site after the September 11, 2001 attacks. The task force is sponsored by the West Metro Fire Protection District and is made up of 70 positions with over 200 trained members including firefighters, paramedics, engineers and canine handlers. CO-TF1 has taken part in the following deployments:", "id": "640137" }, { "contents": "Jake (rescue dog)\n\n\nof Oakley, Utah, before his death. Jake was 12 years old when he died. It is unknown whether Jake's cancer can be linked to his rescue work at Ground Zero. Cancer is a very common disease for dogs around Jake's age. Some rescue dog owners have claimed that their dogs have died because of their exposure to the air at the World Trade Center site in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks. However, scientists who have studied the health of rescue animals who worked Ground Zero have found no", "id": "12469738" }, { "contents": "LAPD Metropolitan Division\n\n\nhandlers and their canine partners to conduct searches and apprehend felony suspects throughout the Los Angeles area. K-9 personnel are deployed around-the-clock, seven days a week. They are available to assist any LAPD department with searches for felony suspects. Two K-9 officers have also been trained in search and rescue operations using dogs. In 1990, the Liberty Award was created for police dogs who are killed or seriously injured in the line of duty. The medal, which is named after Liberty, a Metropolitan Division K-9 who was", "id": "4910429" }, { "contents": "Caroline Hebard\n\n\nArmenia, Japan and Turkey, using the ability of the dogs to located trapped survivors. She also participated with her dogs in rescue and recovery operations involving bridge collapses, floods, fires, and people lost in the wilderness. She and her dogs also participated in search and rescue operations in the aftermath of the Oklahoma City bombing and the September 11 World Trade Center attack. Hebard received various honors for her work and is the subject of a book, \"So That Others May Live: Carolyn Hebard and Her Search-and", "id": "18581753" }, { "contents": "Peter (dog)\n\n\nreceived a kiss on the nose from Princess Elizabeth, the future Elizabeth II. He was later used to demonstrate mountain rescue techniques to other rescue dogs and handlers. He returned home to Mrs Stables, and moved to a PDSA animal sanctuary before he died. Peter was buried at the PDSA's Ilford Animal Cemetery on 20 November 1952, one of twelve recipients of the Dickin Medal to be buried there. Peter was awarded the Dickin Medal, considered to be the Victoria Cross for animals, in November 1945. His citation read", "id": "6093678" }, { "contents": "Vinnie Ferrari\n\n\na wrestler. He was booked for the first time as a wrestler in 1999, when he lost to Big Poppa Chill in Cheektowaga, New York. In late 1999/early 2001 Vinnie began training future independent wrestling star \"Poison\" Appollo Starr. Appollo would go on to get further training from Jimmy KillKillia and American Kickboxer at the R.A.A.G.E. Dojo. He still credits Vinnie for teaching him to work left, how to bump and some of the finer points of pro wrestling as well helping him get booked for his first match", "id": "1416977" }, { "contents": "Rex (search and rescue dog)\n\n\nRex was a dog who received the Dickin Medal in April, 1945 from the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals for bravery in service during the Second World War. This MAP Civil Defence Rescue Dog performed “outstanding good work\" finding casualties \"in burning buildings.\" Rex intrepidly worked in a harsh environment of \"smouldering debris, thick smoke, intense heat and jets of water\" using a rare combination of determination and intelligence to follow scents to those who were trapped. The Dickin Medal is often referred to as the animal", "id": "12484985" }, { "contents": "Ana (search dog)\n\n\nAna (July 4, 1995 – November 12, 2008) was a golden retriever search and rescue dog, known for having been the first graduate of the Search Dog Foundation's training program. Ana was one of the first search dogs to be deployed to the site of the World Trade Center. Ana was born to a backyard breeder, and proved to be too active to work as an assistance dog. Bonnie Bergin, the Executive Director of the Assistance Dog Institute, decided that Ana might be better suited as a search", "id": "5821095" }, { "contents": "Ana (search dog)\n\n\nand rescue dog, and suggested her to Wilma Melville, the head of the Search Dog Foundation. Ana was trained at a kennel in Gilroy, California, and, upon graduation, she was the first nationally certified Fire Department Disaster Search Canine and the first dog certified by the Search Dog Foundation. Ana was assigned to the Sacramento, California Fire Department, where she was paired with fire captain Rick Lee. Besides the World Trade Center search, Ana and Captain Lee were involved in several other searches, including the sites of", "id": "5821096" }, { "contents": "Peter (dog)\n\n\nPeter (1941–1952) was a collie dog who in 1945 was awarded the Dickin Medal, considered to be the Victoria Cross for animals. During the later stages of the Second World War he served as a search and rescue dog in London. He attended the 1946 Civil Defence Stand–Down parade, where he was presented to the King and Queen, and Princess Elizabeth. His medal was auctioned in 2000 for £4,600 (US$6,964). Peter was born in 1941, and was purchased by Mrs Audrey Stables, of", "id": "6093674" }, { "contents": "Rip (dog)\n\n\nsearch and rescue work, but took to it instinctively. In twelve months between 1940 and 1941, he found over a hundred victims of the air raids in London. His success has been held partially responsible for prompting the authorities to train search and rescue dogs towards the end of World War II. Rip was awarded the Dickin Medal in 1945, two years after it was introduced. The citation reads: \"For locating many air-raid victims during the blitz of 1940\". He would go on to wear the medal", "id": "12182233" }, { "contents": "Gautam Das\n\n\nthat they had killed Gautam Das for publishing news on the corruption of Faridpur Mujib Road repairing works in the newspaper. Of the nine convicts, Appollo went in hiding on June 19, 2013 after the court had fixed June 27, 2013 for delivering the judgment in the case. Punishment of Appollo was effective from the day of his arrest or surrender, added by the court. Judge Shahed Noor Uddin also fined 50,000 each and in default they will have to suffer one additional year in jail. During the court date, 27", "id": "12993285" }, { "contents": "Rip (dog)\n\n\nRip (died 1946), a mixed-breed terrier, was a Second World War search and rescue dog who was awarded the Dickin Medal for bravery in 1945. He was found in Poplar, London, in 1940 by an Air Raid warden, and became the service's first search and rescue dog. He is credited with saving the lives of over 100 people. He was the first of twelve Dickin Medal winners to be buried in the PDSA's cemetery in Ilford, Essex. Rip was found as a stray following", "id": "12182231" }, { "contents": "FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force\n\n\nto be family pets by the handlers when the dogs are not on duty. The canine rescuers will become unmotivated if they are unsuccessful in locating victims, as they consider search and rescue to be a type of game. To keep the canines engaged after long hours of working, one of the Task Force members will hide in the rubble so the dog will have a successful 'find'. In most instances, the dogs do not wear any equipment (collars, vests, booties, etc.) while working a debris", "id": "21101737" }, { "contents": "Beauty (dog)\n\n\nBeauty (4 January 1939 – 17 October 1950), a wirehaired terrier, was a Second World War search and rescue dog considered to be the first rescue dog, who was awarded the Dickin Medal for bravery in 1945. She is among a number of Dickin Medal winners who are buried in Ilford Animal Cemetery. Beauty was born on 4 January 1939, and was owned by PDSA Superintendent Bill Barnet, who led one of the rescue squads in London for animals during the Blitz. The dog would accompany Barnet on rescue missions", "id": "13803419" }, { "contents": "Jake (rescue dog)\n\n\n1. Utah Task Force 1 is a federal search and rescue team trained to respond to disasters. Following his recovery from his injuries, Flood helped to train Jake to become a federal \"U.S. government certified\" rescue dog. There are fewer than 200 of these dogs, who are trained to respond within 24 hours to disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes, wilderness, water rescue, terrorist attacks, or avalanches. Jake's owner later commented, \"...\"against all odds he became a world-class rescue dog\"", "id": "12469734" }, { "contents": "Sheila (dog)\n\n\nthe bombs on the B-17 detonated. Because of their actions, Lt George Kyle, Sgt Howard Delaney, Sgt George Smith and Sgt Joel Berly survived the crash. For the rescue of the airmen, Sheila was awarded the Dickin Medal by the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals. It is often referred to as the animal equivalent of the Victoria Cross. It was the first time that the medal had been awarded to a non-military dog, this time a search and rescue dog. Meanwhile, Dagg was given the British", "id": "12484683" }, { "contents": "Photios of Korytsa\n\n\nthe initiative for the creation of the \"Appollo\" music association and the charitable society \"Love thy Neighbour\" as part of his educational, cultural and social initiatives in Korce. Moreover, \"Appollo\" for a short term period was also undertaking concerts and theatrical performances. Photios was assassinated on September 9, 1906 by a band of Albanian kachak nationalists, led by Bajo Topulli. The assassination was committed because Photios was against the development of Albanian cultural activity, as well as an act of revenge for the killing of the", "id": "17493402" }, { "contents": "Bretagne (rescue dog)\n\n\nBretagne (c. September 1999 – June 7, 2016) was a Golden Retriever rescue dog who searched for survivors at Ground Zero after the September 11 attacks. It was the first assignment for her and her owner and trainer, Denise Corliss. She appeared on the \"Today Show\" along with NBC News’ Tom Brokaw. She later participated in rescue efforts after Hurricanes Katrina and Ivan. She was retired at the age of 9. After her retirement, she continued her community service as a reading dog at a local elementary", "id": "13232350" }, { "contents": "September 11 attacks\n\n\nissued evacuation warnings. Due to technical difficulties with malfunctioning radio repeater systems, many firefighters never heard the evacuation orders. 9-1-1 dispatchers also received information from callers that was not passed along to commanders on the scene. Within hours of the attack, a substantial search and rescue operation was launched. After months of around-the-clock operations, the World Trade Center site was cleared by the end of May 2002. The aftermath of the 9/11 attack resulted in immediate responses to the event, including domestic reactions", "id": "20633661" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nPlaza, were in danger of collapsing. The search and rescue effort in the immediate aftermath at the World Trade Center site involved ironworkers, structural engineers, heavy machinery operators, asbestos workers, boilermakers, carpenters, cement masons, construction managers, electricians, insulation workers, machinists, plumbers and pipefitters, riggers, sheet metal workers, steelworkers, truckers and teamsters, American Red Cross volunteers, and many others. Lower Manhattan, south of 14th Street, was off-limits, except for rescue and recovery workers. There were", "id": "8345871" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nalso about 400 working dogs, the largest deployment of dogs in the nation's history. New York City Office of Emergency Management was the agency responsible for coordination of the City's response to the attacks. Headed by then-Director Richard Sheirer, the agency was forced to vacate its headquarters, located in 7 World Trade Center, within hours of the attack. The building later collapsed. OEM reestablished operations temporarily at the police academy, where Mayor Giuliani gave many press conferences throughout the afternoon and evening of September 11. By", "id": "8345872" }, { "contents": "Salty and Roselle\n\n\nSalty and Roselle were two guide dogs who were with their owners in the World Trade Center during the September 11 attacks in New York City. They each successfully guided their owners out of the burning towers before they collapsed, feats which were later recognized when they were awarded the Dickin Medal by the British charity the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals. Roselle went on to be posthumously named American Hero Dog of the Year 2011 by American Humane, and has a book written about her. Salty (December 12, 1996 – March", "id": "14082890" }, { "contents": "Jake (rescue dog)\n\n\nJake (1995 – July 25, 2007) was an American black labrador who served as a search and rescue dog following the September 11 attacks and Hurricane Katrina. Jake served as a rescue dog from 1997 until his retirement because of cancer in 2006. Jake was adopted when he was 10 months old by his owner, Mary Flood. Jake had been found abandoned on the streets with several injuries, including a dislocated hip and a broken leg. Jake's final owner, Mary Flood, is a member of Utah Task Force", "id": "12469733" }, { "contents": "Aftermath of the September 11 attacks\n\n\nthe American Medical Association, \"...the number of blood donations in the weeks after the September 11, 2001, attacks was markedly greater than in the corresponding weeks of 2000 (2.5 times greater in the first week after the attacks; 1.3–1.4 times greater in the second to fourth weeks after the attack).\" At the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show that took place in New York in February 2002, a tribute was paid to the search and rescue dogs who not only assisted in locating survivors and bodies from the rubble,", "id": "7792842" }, { "contents": "James Zadroga\n\n\nJames Zadroga (February 8, 1971January 5, 2006) was a New York City Police Department (NYPD) officer who died of a respiratory disease that has been attributed to his participation in rescue and recovery operations in the rubble of the World Trade Center following the September 11 attacks. Zadroga was the first NYPD officer whose death was attributed to exposure to his contact with toxic chemicals at the attack site. Zadroga had joined the New York City Police Department in 1992 and attained the rank of Detective. He was a healthy non", "id": "8614630" }, { "contents": "Pawprints of Katrina\n\n\nbook begins on September 11, 2005, at a freeway off-ramp used as a boat launch, with New York City Parks Enforcement (Search & Rescue Team) Department's Captain Scott Shields, known for the efforts of his search-and-rescue dog, Bear, at the World Trade Center on 9/11. An excerpt from that chapter describes the moment: \"Before we set out on a boat to look for stranded pets, the captain asked us to take a moment to remember those lost on 9/11. There", "id": "10227638" }, { "contents": "Connecticut State Environmental Conservation Police\n\n\nState Police and became certified handlers in the areas of search and rescue and evidence detection. The officers and their partners went through four weeks of vigorous training before becoming certified. The Agency obtained three of the dogs from Connecticut Labrador Rescue Inc, in Haddam and Michael Case, a private breeder from Colebrook, Connecticut who donated the fourth K-9 to the Department. Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the EnCon Police have been tasked with a number of responsibilities related to Homeland Security. As a result of these attacks", "id": "14319049" }, { "contents": "Jake (rescue dog)\n\n\nhe worked with, Jake was exposed to the physical hazards of Ground Zero, including sharp debris and suspected unhealthy air. Jake also served in his search and rescue team following Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Jake, along with his Utah Task Force, drove over 30 hours from Utah to Mississippi to help search for survivors and victims of following the hurricane's landfall. Jake was also deployed to the Gulf Coast in the aftermath of Hurricane Rita. In his later years, Jake helped to train younger prospective rescue dogs, as well", "id": "12469736" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nNYPD set up its incident command center at Church Street and Vesey Street, on the opposite side of the World Trade Center from where the FDNY was commanding its operations. NYPD helicopters were soon at the scene, reporting on the status of the burning buildings. When the buildings collapsed, 23 NYPD officers were killed, along with 37 Port Authority Police Department officers. The NYPD helped facilitate the evacuation of civilians out of Lower Manhattan, including approximately 5,000 civilians evacuated by the Harbor Unit to Staten Island and to New Jersey. In", "id": "8345865" }, { "contents": "Fire and Rescue Department of Malaysia\n\n\ndogs to operate in the Search and Rescue (SAR) operations and investigation. K9 Unit can be attached to the regular firefighting unit or JBPM Special Forces thus all dog handlers together with their dogs are trained for a variety of situations, including the urban and the jungle operations. A support team task to support JBPM Special Forces with water transportation during operations involving of lake, river and sea. The boat crews are trained in water survival and able to perform water rescue to JBPM personnel and civilians if things go south. Special", "id": "20633271" }, { "contents": "Peter (dog)\n\n\nGregory Avenue, Weoley Castle, for 25 shillings. He was noted by his owner as having dual talents; for destruction of his owner's home and for ignoring every command given. He was transferred into war service, serving with Air Ministry dog-handler Archie Knight at the Civil Defence depot in Chelsea. He was known as Rescue Dog No. 2664/9288 Peter. Active from early 1945 until the end of the Second World War, Peter acted as a search and rescue dog in London. Knight wrote of the dog in", "id": "6093675" }, { "contents": "Jet of Iada\n\n\n. Corporal Wardle and Jet were the first handler and dog to be used in an official capacity in Civil Defence rescue duties. He was awarded the Dickin Medal on 12 January 1945 for saving the lives of over fifty people trapped in bombed buildings. The dedication read \"For being responsible for the rescue of persons trapped under blitzed buildings while serving with the Civil Defence Services of London.\" Following the war, he was returned to his owner in Liverpool. The Dickin Medal is often referred to as the animal metaphorical equivalent of", "id": "14817122" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nIMTs) also provided support beginning in the days after the attacks to help manage operations. A nearby Burger King restaurant was used as a center for police operations. Given that workers worked at the site, or \"The Pile\", for shifts as long as twelve hours, a specific culture developed at the site, leading to workers developing their own argot. \"The Pile\" was the term coined by the rescue workers to describe the 1.8 million tons of wreckage left from the collapse of the World Trade Center. They", "id": "8345876" }, { "contents": "William M. Feehan\n\n\ndeath in the line of duty during the collapse of the North Tower of the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, at the age of 71. Along with FDNY Chief of department Peter Ganci, Commissioner Feehan was found by the FDNY's Search and Rescue K-9 \"Bear.\" Feehan was survived by his daughters, Elizabeth Feehan and Tara Davan, and sons, William Feehan and firefighter John Feehan, who had worked in Squad Company 252 and is currently Captain of Engine 249. He was also survived by six grandchildren", "id": "20321815" }, { "contents": "Sam (army dog)\n\n\nrefuge. Sam's team managed to force their way into the compound and he held off the rioters until reinforcements arrived. Sam retired from service two years later, at the age of 10. He died from natural causes soon afterwards. Sam posthumously received the Dickin Medal, the animals' equivalent of the Victoria Cross, in 2003 in recognition of his work in Bosnia and Herzegovina. He was the fifty ninth animal to receive the award, and was also the first army dog to receive the Dickin Medal since 1944. The", "id": "3758045" }, { "contents": "Niagara Parks Police Service\n\n\n, the Niagara Parks Police have established their first Canine Unit consisting of one handler and his dog \"Nia\" trained in search and rescue and explosives detection. In summer 2013, K-9 Nia retired due to a chronic illness which prevented her from continuing as an active police dog. In September 2013 new police K-9 Cinder began his training as Nia's replacement. The Niagara Parks Police are responsible for, but not limited to, the following: During peak tourist season the Parks Police employ approximately thirty students, most of whom are", "id": "6172110" }, { "contents": "Crumstone Irma\n\n\nCrumstone Irma, a.k.a. Irma, was a German Shepherd Dog who assisted in the rescue of 191 people trapped under blitzed buildings while serving with London's Civil Defence Services during the Second World War. During this period she worked with her handler and owner, Mrs Margaret Griffin, and another dog named Psyche. Noted for her ability to tell if buried victims were dead or alive, she was awarded the Dickin Medal in 1945, and is buried at the PDSA Animal Cemetery, Ilford. Irma was initially used as a messenger", "id": "14817125" }, { "contents": "World Trade Center Health Program\n\n\nThe WTC Health Program covers responders who worked or volunteered in the rescue, recovery, or clean up efforts at the World Trade Center site in New York, the Pentagon, or the plane crash site in Shanksville, Pennsylvania. It also provides benefits for people who lived, worked, went to school, attended daycare, or adult daycare in the New York City disaster area after September 11. Responders include members of the Fire Department of New York City who participated in the rescue and recovery effort at the World Trade Center sites", "id": "8808395" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nBecause of this, 343 firefighters died in the collapse of the towers. The command post located across West Street was taken out when the South Tower collapsed, making command and control even more difficult and disorganized. When the North Tower collapsed, falling debris killed Peter Ganci, the FDNY chief. Following the collapse of the World Trade Center, a command post was set up at a firehouse in Greenwich Village. The FDNY deployed 200 units (half of all units) to the site, with more than 400 firefighters on the", "id": "8345858" }, { "contents": "Jet of Iada\n\n\nJet of Iada a.k.a. Jet (21 July 1942 – 18 October 1949) was a German Shepherd Dog, who assisted in the rescue of 150 people trapped under blitzed buildings. He was a pedigree dog born in Liverpool, and served with the Civil Defence Services of London. He was awarded both the Dickin Medal and the RSPCA's Medallion of Valor for his rescue efforts. Jet was born in Liverpool in the Iada kennel of Mrs Babcock Cleaver in July 1942. He was a black German Shepherd Dog, and in the", "id": "14817120" }, { "contents": "Dogs with Jobs\n\n\nDogs with Jobs is a Canadian documentary television series about working dogs and show dogs. Each half-hour episode consists of two to three segments on individual dogs from around the world. The family-friendly series has featured service dogs, search and rescue dogs, police dogs, herding dogs, and others. Segments show footage of dogs on the job, and also include stories of their rescue, training, and relationships with their owners and handlers. The idea for the series came from Canadian writer Merrily Weisbord and her daughter", "id": "20398279" }, { "contents": "Search and rescue dog\n\n\nThe use of dogs in search and rescue (SAR) is a valuable component in wilderness tracking, natural disasters, mass casualty events, and in locating missing people. Dedicated handlers and well-trained dogs are required for the use of dogs to be effective in search efforts. Search and rescue dogs are typically worked, by a small team on foot. Search and rescue dogs detect human scent. Although the exact processes are still researched, it may include skin rafts (scent-carrying skin cells that drop off living humans", "id": "15944256" }, { "contents": "World Trade Center station (PATH)\n\n\nits pre-9/11 design, save for a door on display that has the words \"MATF 1 / 9 13\" spray-painted on it (a message from Urban Search and Rescue Massachusetts Task Force 1 of Beverly, Massachusetts, who searched the World Trade Center site on September 13, 2001). There is a plaque above the spray-painting, explaining the message on the door. PATH was required to preserve the passageway's original design as per Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act, as a condition for getting", "id": "12359425" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\n, shortly before United Airlines Flight 175 hit the South Tower, the FDNY chief had arrived and took over command of the response operations. Due to falling debris and safety concerns, he moved the incident command center to a spot located across West Street, but numerous fire chiefs remained in the lobby which continued to serve as an operations post where alarms, elevators, communications systems, and other equipment were operated. The initial response by the FDNY was on rescue and evacuation of building occupants, which involved sending firefighters up to assist", "id": "8345854" }, { "contents": "Urban Search and Rescue Florida Task Force 1\n\n\nspecialists are brought in as needed. In addition, FL-TF1 has nine FEMA certified canine teams, each composed of a handler and a search dog. In the early 1980s two fire departments, Miami-Dade Fire Rescue and the Fairfax County Fire and Rescue Department out of Fairfax County, Virginia worked together under an agreement with the Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance to provide international search and rescue assistance in times of disaster. Starting in 1991, FEMA incorporated a USAR team into its federal response plan. These 20+ teams", "id": "640142" }, { "contents": "Rescue robot\n\n\nThus, the European Commission's Directorate-General for Enterprise and Industry decided to fund ICARUS, a Research project (global budget: 17.5M€) which aims to develop robotic tools which can assist “human” crisis intervention teams. Rescue robots were used in the search for victims and survivors after the September 11 attacks in New York. During September 11 disasters rescue robots were first really tested. They were sent into the rubble to look for survivors and bodies. The robots had trouble working in the rubble of the World Trade Center", "id": "3098116" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nThe local, state, federal and global reaction to the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center was unprecedented. The equally unsurpassed events of that day elicited the largest response of local emergency and rescue personnel to assist in the evacuation of the two towers and also contributed to the largest loss of the same personnel when the towers collapsed. After the attacks, the media termed the World Trade Center site \"Ground Zero\", while rescue personnel referred to it as \"the Pile\". In the ensuing recovery and cleanup efforts", "id": "8345850" }, { "contents": "FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force\n\n\nis a specialist in one of four areas: The search and rescue personnel are organized into four Rescue Squads, each composed of an Officer and five Rescue Specialists, and are capable of working 12-hour alternating shifts. The medical personnel include two task force physicians and four Medical Specialists. The canine rescuers are a critical element of each US&R Task Force as their keen sense of smell allows them to locate victims that might go undiscovered. The majority of the dog handlers on the Task Forces are civilian volunteers. The dogs are usually considered", "id": "21101736" }, { "contents": "City University of New York Public Safety Department\n\n\n. CUNY has not yet obtained an Operating Certificate to be recognized by NYSDOH, NYCREMSCO & FDNY to operate as an EMS provider. Currently there is only one member of the unit. Over the years, there have been five German shepherds in the CUNY Canine unit. The K-9 officers go through 17 weeks of training provided by the Yonkers Police Department and they receive Certification from the New York State Department of Criminal Justice Services. After the World Trade Center attacks on 9/11, the CUNY K-9 Unit dispatched four dogs to assist during", "id": "13853184" }, { "contents": "Search and rescue dog\n\n\nfor this job are St. Bernards, German Shepherd Dogs, and Labrador Retrievers. Missing animal search (MAS) dogs use tracking, trailing and air scenting techniques in order to locate missing, trapped or injured animals and can be trained to locate deceased animals or remains. The Missing Animal Search Dogs Association based in Herefordshire in the UK is carrying out research in this area of search and rescue. Training is a rigorous, time-consuming and comprehensive process for both the dog and the handler. For the dog, training is", "id": "15944270" }, { "contents": "Mountain rescue in England and Wales\n\n\nchosen to train in this field. Each team has its own primary area of responsibility but frequently deploy outside these areas in support of other teams. Cave rescue had its own umbrella organisation, the British Cave Rescue Council, but some teams operate as both cave rescue teams and mountain rescue teams. There are also regional organisations dedicated to the training of search dogs and their handlers. England has two associations, the Search and Rescue Dog Association England SARDA(E) and the Lake District Mountain Rescue Search Dog Association (LDMRSD). Wales", "id": "18467192" }, { "contents": "Chambers Street–World Trade Center/Park Place/Cortlandt Street station\n\n\nDecember 19, 2016. The newly reopened passageway retained its pre-9/11 design, save for a door on display that has the words \"MATF 1 / 9 13\" spray-painted on it (a message from Urban Search and Rescue Massachusetts Task Force 1 of Beverly, Massachusetts, who searched the World Trade Center site on September 13, 2001). There is a plaque above the spray-painting, explaining the message on the door. PATH was required to preserve the passageway's original design as per Section 106 of the", "id": "17711006" }, { "contents": "Dustin J. Lee\n\n\nMeridian, Mississippi. From around five years old, Lee worked with rescue dogs by hiding in woods and allowing them to find him. According to his father, he was so moved by the September 11 attacks that he signed up for the military before graduating high school. Lee grew up in Quitman, Mississippi and graduated from Quitman High School in 2004. Lee finished first in his training class as a dog handler in 2005. He was noted by the kennel master, William W. Reynolds, to be \"uncanny as a", "id": "17545654" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nout of the rubble. The final survivor, Port Authority secretary Genelle Guzman-McMillan, was rescued 27 hours after the collapse of the North Tower. Some firefighters and civilians who survived made cell phone calls from voids beneath the rubble, though the amount of debris made it difficult for rescue workers to get to them. By Wednesday night, 82 deaths had been confirmed by officials in New York City. Rescue efforts were paused numerous times in the days after the attack, due to concerns that nearby buildings, including One Liberty", "id": "8345870" }, { "contents": "Ilford Animal Cemetery\n\n\nbeen tasked with responding to the many letters received by the ship's heroic cat, Simon, who is buried at Ilford. The burials are a mixture of family pets and military animals, including thirteen recipients of the Dickin Medal for bravery (a fifth of all Dickin Medal recipients are buried at Ilford). The first Dickin Medal recipient to be buried at Ilford was Rip, a Second World War search and rescue dog. Information boards recounting the stories of several of the animals were constructed during the recent restoration. The cemetery", "id": "15333774" }, { "contents": "German Shepherd\n\n\nAs part of the Herding Group, German Shepherds are working dogs developed originally for herding sheep. Since that time however, because of their strength, intelligence, trainability, and obedience, German Shepherds around the world are often the preferred breed for many types of work, including disability assistance, search-and-rescue, police and military roles, and acting. The German Shepherd is the second-most registered breed by the American Kennel Club and seventh-most registered breed by The Kennel Club in the United Kingdom. German", "id": "1990214" }, { "contents": "Priya Ravichandran\n\n\nvictims.. She was admitted at the Appollo Hospitals and Chief Minister J.Jayalalitha visited her at the hospital and assured the support of the Government in her speedy recovery to her kith and kin . In recognition of her brave deed she was awarded the Anna Medal for Bravery - the first of its kind to a Government employee . She was also awarded the President Medal for gallantry .She is the first woman officer in the Department to be awarded with the President medal. She also became the first Officer to be promoted and posted as Deputy Director", "id": "10111038" }, { "contents": "U.S. government response to the September 11 attacks\n\n\nof the National September 11 Memorial & Museum. Within hours of the attacks in New York, a massive search and rescue (SAR) operation was launched, which included over 350 search and rescue dogs. Initially, only a handful of wounded people were found at the site, and in the weeks that followed it became evident that there weren't any survivors to be found. Only twenty survivors were found alive in the rubble. Rescue and recovery efforts took months to complete. It took several weeks to put out the fires", "id": "8345829" }, { "contents": "Kuga (dog)\n\n\nKuga was posthumously awarded the 71st Dickin Medal for bravery by the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals (PDSA). The medal was received on Kuga’s behalf by a Victoria Cross recipient, Mark Donaldson VC, who was also a Special forces dog handler, along with another military dog, Odin. A spokesperson for the PDSA said, \"The reason he got the Dickin Medal was he just was so courageous. He saved the lives, without doubt I think, of that patrol.” Donaldson said, \"I personally", "id": "11401200" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nMilitary Police Company, and 69th Infantry Regiment based in Manhattan were the first military force to secure Ground Zero on September 11th. The 69th Infantry's armory on Lexington Avenue became the Family Information Center to assist persons in locating missing family members. The National Guard supplemented the NYPD and FDNY, with 2,250 guard members on the scene by the next morning. Eventually thousands of New York Army and Air National Guardsmen participated in the rescue/recovery efforts. They conducted site security at the WTC, and at other locations. They provided", "id": "8345886" }, { "contents": "Mountain rescue in England and Wales\n\n\nalso has two associations the Search and Rescue Dog Association Wales (SARDA Wales) responding to incidents in North Wales and the Search and Rescue Dog Association South Wales (SARDA South Wales). Handlers must be full team members of a mountain rescue team and, once graded, will operate alongside that team, but can also be deployed in support of other teams. The co-ordinating body for Mountain & Mine Search and Rescue Teams in the Lake District is the The co-ordinating body for South Wales is covered by the", "id": "18467193" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nand military police, they greatly aided in the clean-up effort. F-16s from the 174th Fighter Wing also ramped up their flying sorties and patrolled the skies. The New Jersey National Guard assisted the New York National Guard's efforts following the attacks. U.S. Marines were also present to assist in the rescue efforts. No official numbers of men who helped out was released but there was evidence that they were there. Films such as 2006 docudrama \"World Trade Center\" talked of two Marines who rescued two trapped police officers in", "id": "8345888" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\n, to oversee the structural engineering operations at the site. To make the effort more manageable, the World Trade Center site was divided into four quadrants or zones. Each zone was assigned a lead contractor, and a team of three structural engineers, subcontractors, and rescue workers. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the United States Army Corps of Engineers, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the New York City Office of Emergency Management (OEM) provided support. Forestry incident management teams (", "id": "8345875" }, { "contents": "FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force\n\n\nreach of the handler, it is critical to minimize the possibility of the dog becoming trapped in a confined space or choking from an entangled collar. Because of the distinct possibility of injury from broken glass and metal, the medical unit maintains supplies for the canine rescuers. After first passing an evaluation of basic obedience, alert, directional control, agility and search skills currently known as an FSA (Foundational Skills Assessment), all canine/handler teams must pass an advanced certification known as a Certification Evaluation (or CE).", "id": "21101739" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\navoided the use of \"ground zero\", which describes the epicenter of a bomb explosion. Numerous volunteers organized to form \"bucket brigades\", which passed 5-gallon buckets full of debris down a line to investigators, who sifted through the debris in search of evidence and human remains. Ironworkers helped cut up steel beams into more manageable sizes for removal. Much of the debris was hauled off to the Fresh Kills Landfill on Staten Island where it was further searched and sorted. Some of the steel was reused for memorials. New", "id": "8345877" }, { "contents": "Norfolk Fire and Rescue Service\n\n\nin the number of fire's they attend, however an increasing response to Road Traffic Collisions (RTC) on Norfolk's roads. Pods: CBRN Response: Incident Response Unit (IRU): H9 Urban Search & Rescue Unit (USAR): Norfolk also hosts one of the UK's Urban Search and Rescue teams, these were originally set up as a response to the 9/11 tragedy in New York. The Norfolk team comprises 15 wholetime USAR technicians and 16 retained technicians along with a search dog. The team is based in", "id": "6559273" }, { "contents": "Shiloh Shepherd dog\n\n\nShilohs have been trained as search and rescue dogs. In March 2007, a Shiloh named Gandalf received national media attention after finding a Boy Scout lost in the mountains of North Carolina. Shilohs' gentleness and calm temperament allow them to be a part of therapy work. Their intelligence and willingness to please make them highly suitable for work as assistance dogs. They respond quickly to training and retain the capacity to make independent decisions when situations change. They are frequent recipients of the AKCs \"Canine Good Citizen\" Award and have been", "id": "3146056" }, { "contents": "International Rescue Dog Organisation\n\n\nOCHA, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. IRO is organising trainings and competitions where the rescue dog teams practice the search of mission persons. At the World Championships of rescue dogs every year the best teams are identified: in 2013 for the 19th time. Every two years experts meet at a rescue dog symposium to discuss current affairs and frame conditions of the search and rescue work. Since 2010 IRO calls for participation among rescue dog organisations to participate in form of presentations in the public in the Int. Day of", "id": "12797617" }, { "contents": "Quinson Valentino\n\n\nPickering Markets on September 30-October 1. It was around this time that Barry returned to the States to join Daryk St. Holmes in AWA Brew City Wrestling as one-half of The Aristocrats (replacing Danny Scott). The team feuded with The Soul Shooters (\"Poison\" Appollo Starr and Drew \"The Don\" Johnson) over the BCW Tag Team Championship and eventually lost the belts to them in Waukesha, Wisconsin the following year. On December 9, 2006, he beat Reggie Marley at Mecca Pro Wrestling's \"Holiday", "id": "20492783" }, { "contents": "Working dog\n\n\nsimilar desirable characteristics, such as loyalty and good temperament, were bred. As a result, many working breeds are sought after as family pets. For search and rescue work, typical breeds seen in the field include Labrador Retrievers, Border Collies, German Shepherd Dogs and certain members of the hound group. These dogs should have a good prey drive, desire to please the handler, ability to work on and off lead, and be sociable in public settings. Working dogs make excellent pets as long as potential owners realize that", "id": "16947830" }, { "contents": "Urban Search and Rescue Pennsylvania Task Force 1\n\n\n, as well as the in-state US&R response system. PA-TF-1 has been deployed to numerous incidents of national significance. The Task Force's first federal deployment was to North Carolina in 1999 for Hurricane Floyd. During this deployment, PA-TF1 gained distinction for several swift water rescues. PA-TF1 was deployed to the 2001 World Trade Center Attacks, the 2005 Hurricane Katrina/Rita event, and the 2008 Hurricane Ike/Gustav storm. PA-TF1 has also been deployed for National Special Security Events.", "id": "750535" }, { "contents": "Sasha (dog)\n\n\nSasha DM (2004–2008) was a Labrador Retriever who served as a bomb detection dog for the British Army whilst stationed in Afghanistan. Sasha and her handler, Lance Corporal Kenneth Rowe, were killed in July 2008. Sasha was awarded the Dickin Medal, also known as the animals' Victoria Cross, in 2014. Sasha was originally assigned as a bomb detection search dog to Marianne Hay, who gave Sasha up as she felt that they couldn't work in the field together as they had become too close. Sasha was assigned", "id": "18646286" }, { "contents": "Sam (army dog)\n\n\nSam (died 2000) was an army dog who served with the Royal Army Veterinary Corps Dog Unit. While serving in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 1990s, Sam helped to apprehend an armed man and also to hold back an armed mob besieging a compound where Serbs were taking refuge. He received the Dickin Medal, the animals' equivalent of the Victoria Cross, in 2003 for these acts of bravery. Sam was a German Shepherd that served with the Dog Unit of the Royal Army Veterinary Corps. Sam and his handler,", "id": "3758043" }, { "contents": "Freddie Mwila\n\n\nchanged its name to the Atlanta Appollos after a change of ownership. Apart from playing in Atlanta, he was supposed to go to England for a full-time coaching course but he achieved neither ambition. He returned home with Kapengwe in August who was also frustrated. The outspoken Mwila accused the FAZ of standing in his way by not giving him an international clearance to rejoin Chiefs. During their time in Atlanta, neither of them played a single match but they spent their time coaching young American footballers in colleges. Mwila stated", "id": "19455812" }, { "contents": "Search and rescue dog\n\n\nanimal vs human scent discrimination'. Dr. Komar worked with cadaver dog teams from the RCMP Civilian Search Dog Program now the Canadian Search Dog Association and the Search and Rescue Dog Association of Alberta. This study showed the accuracy rates of cadaver dogs in moderate to adverse winter weather conditions, and also the dogs' capabilities to discriminate between animal and human remains. It indicated that an accuracy rate near 100% can be achieved through careful and directed training. Her work has been published in the Journal of Forensic Anthropology. Of key", "id": "15944268" }, { "contents": "St. Bernard (dog)\n\n\nused for breeding while they were performing rescues. In an attempt to preserve the breed, the remaining St. Bernards were crossed with Newfoundlands brought from the Colony of Newfoundland in the 1850s, and so lost much of their use as rescue dogs in the snowy climate of the alps because the long fur they inherited would freeze and weigh them down. The dogs never received any special training from the monks. Instead, younger dogs would learn how to perform search and rescue operations from older dogs. The Swiss St. Bernard Club was founded", "id": "8124102" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\n, personnel related to metalwork and construction professions would descend on the site to offer their services and remained until the site was cleared in May 2002. In the years since, investigations and studies have examined effects upon those who participated, noting a variety of afflictions attributed to the debris and stress. After American Airlines Flight 11 crashed into the North Tower (1 WTC) of the World Trade Center, a standard announcement was given to tenants in the South Tower (2 WTC) to stay put and that the building was secure", "id": "8345851" }, { "contents": "National September 11 Memorial & Museum\n\n\nmemorial and museum at the World Trade Center site. A memorial was planned in the immediate aftermath of the attacks and destruction of the World Trade Center for the victims and those involved in rescue and recovery operations. The winner of the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition was Israeli-American architect Michael Arad of Handel Architects, a New York- and San Francisco-based firm. Arad worked with landscape-architecture firm Peter Walker and Partners on the design, creating a forest of swamp white oak trees with two square reflecting pools in", "id": "9525029" }, { "contents": "Trakr\n\n\nTrakr (c.1994 - April 2009) was a German Shepherd police dog who along with his handler, Canadian police officer James Symington, discovered the last survivor of the September 11 attacks at the World Trade Center in New York City in 2001. For his accomplishments, Trakr was named one of history’s most heroic animals by \"Time\" magazine. In 2008 Symington won an essay contest sponsored by BioArts International to find the world's most \"cloneworthy dog\", as a result of which Trakr was cloned, producing five puppies", "id": "8624062" }, { "contents": "Korean Jindo\n\n\n, Park Nam-sun (박남순), an expert search dog handler in South Korea, testified that Jindo dogs are not fit as rescue dogs and search dogs. It is because Jindo dogs' hunting instincts are too strong (they can forget their mission because of their hunting instincts), and they usually give their loyalty only to the first owner, while handlers of search dogs and rescue dogs can frequently change. In 2010, Son Min-suk (손민석), a member of Korean Security Forum, wrote that", "id": "8072086" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nbuilding. Problems with radio communication caused commanders to lose contact with many of the firefighters who went into the buildings. The repeater system in the World Trade Center, which was required for portable radio signals to transmit reliably, was malfunctioning after the impact of the planes. As a result, firefighters were unable to report to commanders on their progress, and were unable to hear evacuation orders. Also, many off-duty firefighters arrived to help, without their radios. FDNY commanders lacked communication with the NYPD, who had helicopters", "id": "8345856" }, { "contents": "AB 1634\n\n\nwas generally supported by animal shelter directors and workers, animal rights groups, animal rescue groups, Societies for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, humane societies, and the Los Angeles city government. The bill received an enormous amount of media attention. The bill was generally opposed by pet owners, breed clubs, breeders of working dogs, search-and-rescue dog associations, K9 law enforcement associations, organizations that provide guide dogs for the blind and service dogs for the disabled, California's agriculture industry, animal rescue groups", "id": "20734587" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nYork City firefighters donated a cross made of steel from the World Trade Center to the Shanksville Volunteer Fire Company in Shanksville, Pennsylvania. The beam, mounted atop a platform shaped like the Pentagon, was erected outside the Shanksville's firehouse near the crash site of United Airlines Flight 93. Twenty-four tons of the steel used in construction of USS \"New York\" (LPD-21) came from the small amount of rubble from the World Trade Center preserved for posterity. Hazards at the World Trade Center site included a diesel fuel", "id": "8345878" }, { "contents": "Sadie (dog)\n\n\nYardley, were deployed to search for explosive devices outside the United Nations headquarters in Kabul following a suicide attack. Sadie picked up the scent of a second device through a thick concrete wall, giving disposal experts the opportunity to defuse the bomb which was a pressure cooker bomb -- a pressure cooker filled with TNT. The bomb had been covered with sandbags, in order to kill and injure rescue workers following the suicide attack. For her actions, Sadie was awarded the Dickin Medal. Awarded by the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals", "id": "10285152" }, { "contents": "West Midlands Police\n\n\ndogs in the West Midlands Police Dog Section are products of an in-house breeding program which the force has been running at its Balsall Common training centre since 1994. Specialist search dogs including Springer Spaniels and Labradors are also used by the Dogs Unit to locate drugs or firearms and explosives. Dogs are continually recruited from rescue centres and from members of the public. All specialist dogs are handled by officers who already have a general purpose police dog, giving the handler responsibility in both training and operational deployment. There are currently 69", "id": "20163058" }, { "contents": "Paul Rieckhoff\n\n\nStreet on September 7, 2001, with plans to travel and complete additional military schooling. On the morning of September 11, Rieckhoff was at his apartment in Manhattan when the first plane hit the World Trade Center. He participated in the rescue efforts at ground zero. His unit was formally activated for rescue and security operations later that evening. Rieckhoff recounted his 9/11 experiences for the 9/11 Tribute Center for a project called \"Stories of 9/11 told by those who were there\" In 2002, Rieckhoff volunteered for the invasion of Iraq", "id": "6584696" }, { "contents": "Cornwall Search & Rescue Team\n\n\nof severe weather and during major incidents, having played a key role in the Boscastle flood and during heavy snowfall across the higher parts of Cornwall, e.g. in the winter of 2009/10. This is in addition to the more specialist roles which the team also has including the provision of casualty carers and technical specialists. Led by a Team Leader and one deputy, the team currently has around 45 surface search and rescue team members, based throughout Cornwall and one Search and Rescue Dog Association dog handler. Equipment is carried in three team", "id": "19252875" }, { "contents": "Icelandic Association for Search and Rescue\n\n\nrecent years, specialization within rescue teams has increased, making the work more purposeful: land groups, sea groups, diving groups, advance groups, high-angle rescue groups, search dog groups, etc. Also working within the association is a rescue team for international projects, co-operating with rescue teams in other countries, for example, when major earthquakes occur, as in Turkey in 1999, Algeria in 2003, Morocco in 2004, and Haiti in 2010. ICE-SAR operates an international urban rescue unit,", "id": "7426408" }, { "contents": "Animal rescue group\n\n\n. In the United Kingdom, both shelter and rescue organisations are described using the blanket term \"rescue\", whether they have their own premises, buy in accommodation from commercial kennels, or operate a network of foster homes, where volunteers keep the animals in their homes until adoption. Kennels that have a council contract to take in stray dogs are usually referred to as dog pounds. Some dog pounds also carry out rescue and rehoming work and are effectively rescue groups that operate a pound service. Some rescue groups work with pounds", "id": "3526009" }, { "contents": "Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks\n\n\nbillion until 2015 to monitor and treat injuries stemming from exposure to toxic dust and debris at World Trade Center site. There are nearly 60,000 people enrolled in health-monitoring and treatment programs related to the 9/11 attack. The bill is formally known as the James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act, named after a New York police detective who took part in the rescue efforts at ground zero and later developed breathing complications. On October 28, 2007, Jim Riches reported that the City of New York and litigating first responders have shown", "id": "12662036" }, { "contents": "McNab dog\n\n\ndog competitions, and flyball. They are also exceptional competitors in barn hunt and nose work. Many ranchers are competing with McNabs in the relatively new sport of Ranch Dog Herding where dog and handler on horseback work as a team herding three head of cattle through five obstacles and then into a stock trailer. The McNabs reputation as an indefatigable \"all-weather\" dog is also opening up a new avenue of work for the dog: Search and Rescue. Currently McNabs are working as evidence search dogs, cadaver dogs, archaeology", "id": "2074501" }, { "contents": "Peter (dog)\n\n\nI hated to work him like this – but I also hated to refuse the rescue parties who were asking for him.\" Peter's rescue efforts were not limited to saving people; on one occasion he indicated a trapped victim which turned out to be a grey parrot. On another occasion he saved six people in a single attack. In 1946, Peter and his handler were present at the Civil Defence Stand–Down parade in Hyde Park, London. It was there that he was presented to King and Queen, and", "id": "6093677" }, { "contents": "Giovanni Battista Viola\n\n\nGiovanni Battista Viola (June 16, 1576 – August 10, 1622) was an Italian painter of the early Baroque period in Rome. Giovanni was born in Bologna. His skills were initially noticed by Annibale Carracci. He collaborated with Domenichino in the \"Room of Appollo\" in Villa Aldobrandini in Frascati (1616–18), where Viola painted the landscapes and Domenichino, the figures. He appears to have worked for the Giustiniani in Bassano di Sutri. In 1612, he was sharing a house with Francesco Albani. In 1612,", "id": "13001088" } ]

[ { "contents": "Appollo (dog)\n\n\nAppollo was a search and rescue dog who served with the K-9 unit of the New York Police Department. He was awarded the Dickin Medal, the animals' equivalent of the Victoria Cross, in recognition of the work done by all search and rescue dogs following the September 11 attacks. Appollo and his handler were working at the World Trade Center site soon after the attacks. Appollo was a German Shepherd born around 1992, who was in service with the K-9 unit of the New York Police Department (NYPD). In 1994", "id": "3459675" }, { "contents": "Appollo (dog)\n\n\nin to assist with the rescue operations after the September 11 terror attacks. They arrived at the World Trade Center site fifteen minutes after the fall of the twin towers, making Appollo the first search and rescue dog to arrive at the site. At one point, Appollo was almost killed by flames and falling debris. However, he survived, having been drenched after falling into a pool of water just before this incident. Appollo started working again as soon as Davis had brushed the debris off him. Appollo received the Dickin Medal", "id": "3459677" }, { "contents": "Appollo (dog)\n\n\n, he graduated from the NYPD Canine Special Operations Division, and was one of the first dogs to learn search and rescue. Appollo passed Type-II training in Florida in 1997, and Type-I in Indianapolis in 1999. He was also part of the first NYPD K-9 team to pass them for Urban Search and Rescue New York Task Force 1. Appollo and his handler Peter Davis also worked in the Dominican Republic after a hurricane. Appollo died in November 2006. Appollo and his handler, Peter Davis, were called", "id": "3459676" }, { "contents": "Appollo (dog)\n\n\n, the animal equivalent of the Victoria Cross, on behalf of all the search and rescue dogs who participated in the rescue operations at the World Trade Center site and the Pentagon. He received the award along with guide dogs Roselle and Salty, who rescued their owners from the World Trade Center. The citation for the award was as follows: Appollo received the American Kennel Club Ace award in 2001. He was also honoured for his work at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show of 2002, in which he and several other dogs", "id": "3459678" }, { "contents": "Salty and Roselle\n\n\nYork on September 11, 2001.\" This was not the only Dickin Medal to be awarded for actions related to the attacks; German Shepherd Appollo received a medal on behalf of all the work done by all search and rescue dogs following the attacks. The Dickin Medal is often referred to as the animal metaphorical equivalent of the Victoria Cross. In addition to the Dickin Medal, Salty and Roselle were also each recognized by the British Guide Dogs for the Blind Association. Salty and Rivera were awarded a 'Partners in Courage'", "id": "14082899" }, { "contents": "Jake (rescue dog)\n\n\n.\" Jake was most noted for his work following the September 11 attacks, where he helped search for human remains at Ground Zero. Jake, like other rescue workers and dogs, was honored by New Yorkers as a hero. Jake, wearing his search and rescue vest, was treated to a free steak dinner at an upscale Manhattan restaurant on the evening he arrived to work in New York City. Jake served as a rescue dog at the World Trade Center site for 17 days. Like the humans and other rescue dogs", "id": "12469735" }, { "contents": "Urban Search and Rescue Colorado Task Force 1\n\n\nUrban Search and Rescue Colorado Task Force 1 (CO-TF1) is a FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force based in Colorado. They were one of the 20 FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force teams deployed to the World Trade Center site after the September 11, 2001 attacks. The task force is sponsored by the West Metro Fire Protection District and is made up of 70 positions with over 200 trained members including firefighters, paramedics, engineers and canine handlers. CO-TF1 has taken part in the following deployments:", "id": "640137" }, { "contents": "Jake (rescue dog)\n\n\nof Oakley, Utah, before his death. Jake was 12 years old when he died. It is unknown whether Jake's cancer can be linked to his rescue work at Ground Zero. Cancer is a very common disease for dogs around Jake's age. Some rescue dog owners have claimed that their dogs have died because of their exposure to the air at the World Trade Center site in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks. However, scientists who have studied the health of rescue animals who worked Ground Zero have found no", "id": "12469738" }, { "contents": "LAPD Metropolitan Division\n\n\nhandlers and their canine partners to conduct searches and apprehend felony suspects throughout the Los Angeles area. K-9 personnel are deployed around-the-clock, seven days a week. They are available to assist any LAPD department with searches for felony suspects. Two K-9 officers have also been trained in search and rescue operations using dogs. In 1990, the Liberty Award was created for police dogs who are killed or seriously injured in the line of duty. The medal, which is named after Liberty, a Metropolitan Division K-9 who was", "id": "4910429" }, { "contents": "Caroline Hebard\n\n\nArmenia, Japan and Turkey, using the ability of the dogs to located trapped survivors. She also participated with her dogs in rescue and recovery operations involving bridge collapses, floods, fires, and people lost in the wilderness. She and her dogs also participated in search and rescue operations in the aftermath of the Oklahoma City bombing and the September 11 World Trade Center attack. Hebard received various honors for her work and is the subject of a book, \"So That Others May Live: Carolyn Hebard and Her Search-and", "id": "18581753" }, { "contents": "Peter (dog)\n\n\nreceived a kiss on the nose from Princess Elizabeth, the future Elizabeth II. He was later used to demonstrate mountain rescue techniques to other rescue dogs and handlers. He returned home to Mrs Stables, and moved to a PDSA animal sanctuary before he died. Peter was buried at the PDSA's Ilford Animal Cemetery on 20 November 1952, one of twelve recipients of the Dickin Medal to be buried there. Peter was awarded the Dickin Medal, considered to be the Victoria Cross for animals, in November 1945. His citation read", "id": "6093678" }, { "contents": "Vinnie Ferrari\n\n\na wrestler. He was booked for the first time as a wrestler in 1999, when he lost to Big Poppa Chill in Cheektowaga, New York. In late 1999/early 2001 Vinnie began training future independent wrestling star \"Poison\" Appollo Starr. Appollo would go on to get further training from Jimmy KillKillia and American Kickboxer at the R.A.A.G.E. Dojo. He still credits Vinnie for teaching him to work left, how to bump and some of the finer points of pro wrestling as well helping him get booked for his first match", "id": "1416977" }, { "contents": "Rex (search and rescue dog)\n\n\nRex was a dog who received the Dickin Medal in April, 1945 from the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals for bravery in service during the Second World War. This MAP Civil Defence Rescue Dog performed “outstanding good work\" finding casualties \"in burning buildings.\" Rex intrepidly worked in a harsh environment of \"smouldering debris, thick smoke, intense heat and jets of water\" using a rare combination of determination and intelligence to follow scents to those who were trapped. The Dickin Medal is often referred to as the animal", "id": "12484985" }, { "contents": "Ana (search dog)\n\n\nAna (July 4, 1995 – November 12, 2008) was a golden retriever search and rescue dog, known for having been the first graduate of the Search Dog Foundation's training program. Ana was one of the first search dogs to be deployed to the site of the World Trade Center. Ana was born to a backyard breeder, and proved to be too active to work as an assistance dog. Bonnie Bergin, the Executive Director of the Assistance Dog Institute, decided that Ana might be better suited as a search", "id": "5821095" }, { "contents": "Ana (search dog)\n\n\nand rescue dog, and suggested her to Wilma Melville, the head of the Search Dog Foundation. Ana was trained at a kennel in Gilroy, California, and, upon graduation, she was the first nationally certified Fire Department Disaster Search Canine and the first dog certified by the Search Dog Foundation. Ana was assigned to the Sacramento, California Fire Department, where she was paired with fire captain Rick Lee. Besides the World Trade Center search, Ana and Captain Lee were involved in several other searches, including the sites of", "id": "5821096" }, { "contents": "Peter (dog)\n\n\nPeter (1941–1952) was a collie dog who in 1945 was awarded the Dickin Medal, considered to be the Victoria Cross for animals. During the later stages of the Second World War he served as a search and rescue dog in London. He attended the 1946 Civil Defence Stand–Down parade, where he was presented to the King and Queen, and Princess Elizabeth. His medal was auctioned in 2000 for £4,600 (US$6,964). Peter was born in 1941, and was purchased by Mrs Audrey Stables, of", "id": "6093674" }, { "contents": "Rip (dog)\n\n\nsearch and rescue work, but took to it instinctively. In twelve months between 1940 and 1941, he found over a hundred victims of the air raids in London. His success has been held partially responsible for prompting the authorities to train search and rescue dogs towards the end of World War II. Rip was awarded the Dickin Medal in 1945, two years after it was introduced. The citation reads: \"For locating many air-raid victims during the blitz of 1940\". He would go on to wear the medal", "id": "12182233" }, { "contents": "Gautam Das\n\n\nthat they had killed Gautam Das for publishing news on the corruption of Faridpur Mujib Road repairing works in the newspaper. Of the nine convicts, Appollo went in hiding on June 19, 2013 after the court had fixed June 27, 2013 for delivering the judgment in the case. Punishment of Appollo was effective from the day of his arrest or surrender, added by the court. Judge Shahed Noor Uddin also fined 50,000 each and in default they will have to suffer one additional year in jail. During the court date, 27", "id": "12993285" }, { "contents": "Rip (dog)\n\n\nRip (died 1946), a mixed-breed terrier, was a Second World War search and rescue dog who was awarded the Dickin Medal for bravery in 1945. He was found in Poplar, London, in 1940 by an Air Raid warden, and became the service's first search and rescue dog. He is credited with saving the lives of over 100 people. He was the first of twelve Dickin Medal winners to be buried in the PDSA's cemetery in Ilford, Essex. Rip was found as a stray following", "id": "12182231" }, { "contents": "FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force\n\n\nto be family pets by the handlers when the dogs are not on duty. The canine rescuers will become unmotivated if they are unsuccessful in locating victims, as they consider search and rescue to be a type of game. To keep the canines engaged after long hours of working, one of the Task Force members will hide in the rubble so the dog will have a successful 'find'. In most instances, the dogs do not wear any equipment (collars, vests, booties, etc.) while working a debris", "id": "21101737" }, { "contents": "Beauty (dog)\n\n\nBeauty (4 January 1939 – 17 October 1950), a wirehaired terrier, was a Second World War search and rescue dog considered to be the first rescue dog, who was awarded the Dickin Medal for bravery in 1945. She is among a number of Dickin Medal winners who are buried in Ilford Animal Cemetery. Beauty was born on 4 January 1939, and was owned by PDSA Superintendent Bill Barnet, who led one of the rescue squads in London for animals during the Blitz. The dog would accompany Barnet on rescue missions", "id": "13803419" }, { "contents": "Jake (rescue dog)\n\n\n1. Utah Task Force 1 is a federal search and rescue team trained to respond to disasters. Following his recovery from his injuries, Flood helped to train Jake to become a federal \"U.S. government certified\" rescue dog. There are fewer than 200 of these dogs, who are trained to respond within 24 hours to disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes, wilderness, water rescue, terrorist attacks, or avalanches. Jake's owner later commented, \"...\"against all odds he became a world-class rescue dog\"", "id": "12469734" }, { "contents": "Sheila (dog)\n\n\nthe bombs on the B-17 detonated. Because of their actions, Lt George Kyle, Sgt Howard Delaney, Sgt George Smith and Sgt Joel Berly survived the crash. For the rescue of the airmen, Sheila was awarded the Dickin Medal by the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals. It is often referred to as the animal equivalent of the Victoria Cross. It was the first time that the medal had been awarded to a non-military dog, this time a search and rescue dog. Meanwhile, Dagg was given the British", "id": "12484683" }, { "contents": "Photios of Korytsa\n\n\nthe initiative for the creation of the \"Appollo\" music association and the charitable society \"Love thy Neighbour\" as part of his educational, cultural and social initiatives in Korce. Moreover, \"Appollo\" for a short term period was also undertaking concerts and theatrical performances. Photios was assassinated on September 9, 1906 by a band of Albanian kachak nationalists, led by Bajo Topulli. The assassination was committed because Photios was against the development of Albanian cultural activity, as well as an act of revenge for the killing of the", "id": "17493402" }, { "contents": "Bretagne (rescue dog)\n\n\nBretagne (c. September 1999 – June 7, 2016) was a Golden Retriever rescue dog who searched for survivors at Ground Zero after the September 11 attacks. It was the first assignment for her and her owner and trainer, Denise Corliss. She appeared on the \"Today Show\" along with NBC News’ Tom Brokaw. She later participated in rescue efforts after Hurricanes Katrina and Ivan. She was retired at the age of 9. After her retirement, she continued her community service as a reading dog at a local elementary", "id": "13232350" }, { "contents": "September 11 attacks\n\n\nissued evacuation warnings. Due to technical difficulties with malfunctioning radio repeater systems, many firefighters never heard the evacuation orders. 9-1-1 dispatchers also received information from callers that was not passed along to commanders on the scene. Within hours of the attack, a substantial search and rescue operation was launched. After months of around-the-clock operations, the World Trade Center site was cleared by the end of May 2002. The aftermath of the 9/11 attack resulted in immediate responses to the event, including domestic reactions", "id": "20633661" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nPlaza, were in danger of collapsing. The search and rescue effort in the immediate aftermath at the World Trade Center site involved ironworkers, structural engineers, heavy machinery operators, asbestos workers, boilermakers, carpenters, cement masons, construction managers, electricians, insulation workers, machinists, plumbers and pipefitters, riggers, sheet metal workers, steelworkers, truckers and teamsters, American Red Cross volunteers, and many others. Lower Manhattan, south of 14th Street, was off-limits, except for rescue and recovery workers. There were", "id": "8345871" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nalso about 400 working dogs, the largest deployment of dogs in the nation's history. New York City Office of Emergency Management was the agency responsible for coordination of the City's response to the attacks. Headed by then-Director Richard Sheirer, the agency was forced to vacate its headquarters, located in 7 World Trade Center, within hours of the attack. The building later collapsed. OEM reestablished operations temporarily at the police academy, where Mayor Giuliani gave many press conferences throughout the afternoon and evening of September 11. By", "id": "8345872" }, { "contents": "Salty and Roselle\n\n\nSalty and Roselle were two guide dogs who were with their owners in the World Trade Center during the September 11 attacks in New York City. They each successfully guided their owners out of the burning towers before they collapsed, feats which were later recognized when they were awarded the Dickin Medal by the British charity the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals. Roselle went on to be posthumously named American Hero Dog of the Year 2011 by American Humane, and has a book written about her. Salty (December 12, 1996 – March", "id": "14082890" }, { "contents": "Jake (rescue dog)\n\n\nJake (1995 – July 25, 2007) was an American black labrador who served as a search and rescue dog following the September 11 attacks and Hurricane Katrina. Jake served as a rescue dog from 1997 until his retirement because of cancer in 2006. Jake was adopted when he was 10 months old by his owner, Mary Flood. Jake had been found abandoned on the streets with several injuries, including a dislocated hip and a broken leg. Jake's final owner, Mary Flood, is a member of Utah Task Force", "id": "12469733" }, { "contents": "Aftermath of the September 11 attacks\n\n\nthe American Medical Association, \"...the number of blood donations in the weeks after the September 11, 2001, attacks was markedly greater than in the corresponding weeks of 2000 (2.5 times greater in the first week after the attacks; 1.3–1.4 times greater in the second to fourth weeks after the attack).\" At the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show that took place in New York in February 2002, a tribute was paid to the search and rescue dogs who not only assisted in locating survivors and bodies from the rubble,", "id": "7792842" }, { "contents": "James Zadroga\n\n\nJames Zadroga (February 8, 1971January 5, 2006) was a New York City Police Department (NYPD) officer who died of a respiratory disease that has been attributed to his participation in rescue and recovery operations in the rubble of the World Trade Center following the September 11 attacks. Zadroga was the first NYPD officer whose death was attributed to exposure to his contact with toxic chemicals at the attack site. Zadroga had joined the New York City Police Department in 1992 and attained the rank of Detective. He was a healthy non", "id": "8614630" }, { "contents": "Pawprints of Katrina\n\n\nbook begins on September 11, 2005, at a freeway off-ramp used as a boat launch, with New York City Parks Enforcement (Search & Rescue Team) Department's Captain Scott Shields, known for the efforts of his search-and-rescue dog, Bear, at the World Trade Center on 9/11. An excerpt from that chapter describes the moment: \"Before we set out on a boat to look for stranded pets, the captain asked us to take a moment to remember those lost on 9/11. There", "id": "10227638" }, { "contents": "Connecticut State Environmental Conservation Police\n\n\nState Police and became certified handlers in the areas of search and rescue and evidence detection. The officers and their partners went through four weeks of vigorous training before becoming certified. The Agency obtained three of the dogs from Connecticut Labrador Rescue Inc, in Haddam and Michael Case, a private breeder from Colebrook, Connecticut who donated the fourth K-9 to the Department. Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the EnCon Police have been tasked with a number of responsibilities related to Homeland Security. As a result of these attacks", "id": "14319049" }, { "contents": "Jake (rescue dog)\n\n\nhe worked with, Jake was exposed to the physical hazards of Ground Zero, including sharp debris and suspected unhealthy air. Jake also served in his search and rescue team following Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Jake, along with his Utah Task Force, drove over 30 hours from Utah to Mississippi to help search for survivors and victims of following the hurricane's landfall. Jake was also deployed to the Gulf Coast in the aftermath of Hurricane Rita. In his later years, Jake helped to train younger prospective rescue dogs, as well", "id": "12469736" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nNYPD set up its incident command center at Church Street and Vesey Street, on the opposite side of the World Trade Center from where the FDNY was commanding its operations. NYPD helicopters were soon at the scene, reporting on the status of the burning buildings. When the buildings collapsed, 23 NYPD officers were killed, along with 37 Port Authority Police Department officers. The NYPD helped facilitate the evacuation of civilians out of Lower Manhattan, including approximately 5,000 civilians evacuated by the Harbor Unit to Staten Island and to New Jersey. In", "id": "8345865" }, { "contents": "Fire and Rescue Department of Malaysia\n\n\ndogs to operate in the Search and Rescue (SAR) operations and investigation. K9 Unit can be attached to the regular firefighting unit or JBPM Special Forces thus all dog handlers together with their dogs are trained for a variety of situations, including the urban and the jungle operations. A support team task to support JBPM Special Forces with water transportation during operations involving of lake, river and sea. The boat crews are trained in water survival and able to perform water rescue to JBPM personnel and civilians if things go south. Special", "id": "20633271" }, { "contents": "Peter (dog)\n\n\nGregory Avenue, Weoley Castle, for 25 shillings. He was noted by his owner as having dual talents; for destruction of his owner's home and for ignoring every command given. He was transferred into war service, serving with Air Ministry dog-handler Archie Knight at the Civil Defence depot in Chelsea. He was known as Rescue Dog No. 2664/9288 Peter. Active from early 1945 until the end of the Second World War, Peter acted as a search and rescue dog in London. Knight wrote of the dog in", "id": "6093675" }, { "contents": "Jet of Iada\n\n\n. Corporal Wardle and Jet were the first handler and dog to be used in an official capacity in Civil Defence rescue duties. He was awarded the Dickin Medal on 12 January 1945 for saving the lives of over fifty people trapped in bombed buildings. The dedication read \"For being responsible for the rescue of persons trapped under blitzed buildings while serving with the Civil Defence Services of London.\" Following the war, he was returned to his owner in Liverpool. The Dickin Medal is often referred to as the animal metaphorical equivalent of", "id": "14817122" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nIMTs) also provided support beginning in the days after the attacks to help manage operations. A nearby Burger King restaurant was used as a center for police operations. Given that workers worked at the site, or \"The Pile\", for shifts as long as twelve hours, a specific culture developed at the site, leading to workers developing their own argot. \"The Pile\" was the term coined by the rescue workers to describe the 1.8 million tons of wreckage left from the collapse of the World Trade Center. They", "id": "8345876" }, { "contents": "William M. Feehan\n\n\ndeath in the line of duty during the collapse of the North Tower of the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, at the age of 71. Along with FDNY Chief of department Peter Ganci, Commissioner Feehan was found by the FDNY's Search and Rescue K-9 \"Bear.\" Feehan was survived by his daughters, Elizabeth Feehan and Tara Davan, and sons, William Feehan and firefighter John Feehan, who had worked in Squad Company 252 and is currently Captain of Engine 249. He was also survived by six grandchildren", "id": "20321815" }, { "contents": "Sam (army dog)\n\n\nrefuge. Sam's team managed to force their way into the compound and he held off the rioters until reinforcements arrived. Sam retired from service two years later, at the age of 10. He died from natural causes soon afterwards. Sam posthumously received the Dickin Medal, the animals' equivalent of the Victoria Cross, in 2003 in recognition of his work in Bosnia and Herzegovina. He was the fifty ninth animal to receive the award, and was also the first army dog to receive the Dickin Medal since 1944. The", "id": "3758045" }, { "contents": "Niagara Parks Police Service\n\n\n, the Niagara Parks Police have established their first Canine Unit consisting of one handler and his dog \"Nia\" trained in search and rescue and explosives detection. In summer 2013, K-9 Nia retired due to a chronic illness which prevented her from continuing as an active police dog. In September 2013 new police K-9 Cinder began his training as Nia's replacement. The Niagara Parks Police are responsible for, but not limited to, the following: During peak tourist season the Parks Police employ approximately thirty students, most of whom are", "id": "6172110" }, { "contents": "Crumstone Irma\n\n\nCrumstone Irma, a.k.a. Irma, was a German Shepherd Dog who assisted in the rescue of 191 people trapped under blitzed buildings while serving with London's Civil Defence Services during the Second World War. During this period she worked with her handler and owner, Mrs Margaret Griffin, and another dog named Psyche. Noted for her ability to tell if buried victims were dead or alive, she was awarded the Dickin Medal in 1945, and is buried at the PDSA Animal Cemetery, Ilford. Irma was initially used as a messenger", "id": "14817125" }, { "contents": "World Trade Center Health Program\n\n\nThe WTC Health Program covers responders who worked or volunteered in the rescue, recovery, or clean up efforts at the World Trade Center site in New York, the Pentagon, or the plane crash site in Shanksville, Pennsylvania. It also provides benefits for people who lived, worked, went to school, attended daycare, or adult daycare in the New York City disaster area after September 11. Responders include members of the Fire Department of New York City who participated in the rescue and recovery effort at the World Trade Center sites", "id": "8808395" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nBecause of this, 343 firefighters died in the collapse of the towers. The command post located across West Street was taken out when the South Tower collapsed, making command and control even more difficult and disorganized. When the North Tower collapsed, falling debris killed Peter Ganci, the FDNY chief. Following the collapse of the World Trade Center, a command post was set up at a firehouse in Greenwich Village. The FDNY deployed 200 units (half of all units) to the site, with more than 400 firefighters on the", "id": "8345858" }, { "contents": "Jet of Iada\n\n\nJet of Iada a.k.a. Jet (21 July 1942 – 18 October 1949) was a German Shepherd Dog, who assisted in the rescue of 150 people trapped under blitzed buildings. He was a pedigree dog born in Liverpool, and served with the Civil Defence Services of London. He was awarded both the Dickin Medal and the RSPCA's Medallion of Valor for his rescue efforts. Jet was born in Liverpool in the Iada kennel of Mrs Babcock Cleaver in July 1942. He was a black German Shepherd Dog, and in the", "id": "14817120" }, { "contents": "Dogs with Jobs\n\n\nDogs with Jobs is a Canadian documentary television series about working dogs and show dogs. Each half-hour episode consists of two to three segments on individual dogs from around the world. The family-friendly series has featured service dogs, search and rescue dogs, police dogs, herding dogs, and others. Segments show footage of dogs on the job, and also include stories of their rescue, training, and relationships with their owners and handlers. The idea for the series came from Canadian writer Merrily Weisbord and her daughter", "id": "20398279" }, { "contents": "Search and rescue dog\n\n\nThe use of dogs in search and rescue (SAR) is a valuable component in wilderness tracking, natural disasters, mass casualty events, and in locating missing people. Dedicated handlers and well-trained dogs are required for the use of dogs to be effective in search efforts. Search and rescue dogs are typically worked, by a small team on foot. Search and rescue dogs detect human scent. Although the exact processes are still researched, it may include skin rafts (scent-carrying skin cells that drop off living humans", "id": "15944256" }, { "contents": "World Trade Center station (PATH)\n\n\nits pre-9/11 design, save for a door on display that has the words \"MATF 1 / 9 13\" spray-painted on it (a message from Urban Search and Rescue Massachusetts Task Force 1 of Beverly, Massachusetts, who searched the World Trade Center site on September 13, 2001). There is a plaque above the spray-painting, explaining the message on the door. PATH was required to preserve the passageway's original design as per Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act, as a condition for getting", "id": "12359425" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\n, shortly before United Airlines Flight 175 hit the South Tower, the FDNY chief had arrived and took over command of the response operations. Due to falling debris and safety concerns, he moved the incident command center to a spot located across West Street, but numerous fire chiefs remained in the lobby which continued to serve as an operations post where alarms, elevators, communications systems, and other equipment were operated. The initial response by the FDNY was on rescue and evacuation of building occupants, which involved sending firefighters up to assist", "id": "8345854" }, { "contents": "Urban Search and Rescue Florida Task Force 1\n\n\nspecialists are brought in as needed. In addition, FL-TF1 has nine FEMA certified canine teams, each composed of a handler and a search dog. In the early 1980s two fire departments, Miami-Dade Fire Rescue and the Fairfax County Fire and Rescue Department out of Fairfax County, Virginia worked together under an agreement with the Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance to provide international search and rescue assistance in times of disaster. Starting in 1991, FEMA incorporated a USAR team into its federal response plan. These 20+ teams", "id": "640142" }, { "contents": "Rescue robot\n\n\nThus, the European Commission's Directorate-General for Enterprise and Industry decided to fund ICARUS, a Research project (global budget: 17.5M€) which aims to develop robotic tools which can assist “human” crisis intervention teams. Rescue robots were used in the search for victims and survivors after the September 11 attacks in New York. During September 11 disasters rescue robots were first really tested. They were sent into the rubble to look for survivors and bodies. The robots had trouble working in the rubble of the World Trade Center", "id": "3098116" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nThe local, state, federal and global reaction to the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center was unprecedented. The equally unsurpassed events of that day elicited the largest response of local emergency and rescue personnel to assist in the evacuation of the two towers and also contributed to the largest loss of the same personnel when the towers collapsed. After the attacks, the media termed the World Trade Center site \"Ground Zero\", while rescue personnel referred to it as \"the Pile\". In the ensuing recovery and cleanup efforts", "id": "8345850" }, { "contents": "FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force\n\n\nis a specialist in one of four areas: The search and rescue personnel are organized into four Rescue Squads, each composed of an Officer and five Rescue Specialists, and are capable of working 12-hour alternating shifts. The medical personnel include two task force physicians and four Medical Specialists. The canine rescuers are a critical element of each US&R Task Force as their keen sense of smell allows them to locate victims that might go undiscovered. The majority of the dog handlers on the Task Forces are civilian volunteers. The dogs are usually considered", "id": "21101736" }, { "contents": "City University of New York Public Safety Department\n\n\n. CUNY has not yet obtained an Operating Certificate to be recognized by NYSDOH, NYCREMSCO & FDNY to operate as an EMS provider. Currently there is only one member of the unit. Over the years, there have been five German shepherds in the CUNY Canine unit. The K-9 officers go through 17 weeks of training provided by the Yonkers Police Department and they receive Certification from the New York State Department of Criminal Justice Services. After the World Trade Center attacks on 9/11, the CUNY K-9 Unit dispatched four dogs to assist during", "id": "13853184" }, { "contents": "Search and rescue dog\n\n\nfor this job are St. Bernards, German Shepherd Dogs, and Labrador Retrievers. Missing animal search (MAS) dogs use tracking, trailing and air scenting techniques in order to locate missing, trapped or injured animals and can be trained to locate deceased animals or remains. The Missing Animal Search Dogs Association based in Herefordshire in the UK is carrying out research in this area of search and rescue. Training is a rigorous, time-consuming and comprehensive process for both the dog and the handler. For the dog, training is", "id": "15944270" }, { "contents": "Mountain rescue in England and Wales\n\n\nchosen to train in this field. Each team has its own primary area of responsibility but frequently deploy outside these areas in support of other teams. Cave rescue had its own umbrella organisation, the British Cave Rescue Council, but some teams operate as both cave rescue teams and mountain rescue teams. There are also regional organisations dedicated to the training of search dogs and their handlers. England has two associations, the Search and Rescue Dog Association England SARDA(E) and the Lake District Mountain Rescue Search Dog Association (LDMRSD). Wales", "id": "18467192" }, { "contents": "Chambers Street–World Trade Center/Park Place/Cortlandt Street station\n\n\nDecember 19, 2016. The newly reopened passageway retained its pre-9/11 design, save for a door on display that has the words \"MATF 1 / 9 13\" spray-painted on it (a message from Urban Search and Rescue Massachusetts Task Force 1 of Beverly, Massachusetts, who searched the World Trade Center site on September 13, 2001). There is a plaque above the spray-painting, explaining the message on the door. PATH was required to preserve the passageway's original design as per Section 106 of the", "id": "17711006" }, { "contents": "Dustin J. Lee\n\n\nMeridian, Mississippi. From around five years old, Lee worked with rescue dogs by hiding in woods and allowing them to find him. According to his father, he was so moved by the September 11 attacks that he signed up for the military before graduating high school. Lee grew up in Quitman, Mississippi and graduated from Quitman High School in 2004. Lee finished first in his training class as a dog handler in 2005. He was noted by the kennel master, William W. Reynolds, to be \"uncanny as a", "id": "17545654" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nout of the rubble. The final survivor, Port Authority secretary Genelle Guzman-McMillan, was rescued 27 hours after the collapse of the North Tower. Some firefighters and civilians who survived made cell phone calls from voids beneath the rubble, though the amount of debris made it difficult for rescue workers to get to them. By Wednesday night, 82 deaths had been confirmed by officials in New York City. Rescue efforts were paused numerous times in the days after the attack, due to concerns that nearby buildings, including One Liberty", "id": "8345870" }, { "contents": "Ilford Animal Cemetery\n\n\nbeen tasked with responding to the many letters received by the ship's heroic cat, Simon, who is buried at Ilford. The burials are a mixture of family pets and military animals, including thirteen recipients of the Dickin Medal for bravery (a fifth of all Dickin Medal recipients are buried at Ilford). The first Dickin Medal recipient to be buried at Ilford was Rip, a Second World War search and rescue dog. Information boards recounting the stories of several of the animals were constructed during the recent restoration. The cemetery", "id": "15333774" }, { "contents": "German Shepherd\n\n\nAs part of the Herding Group, German Shepherds are working dogs developed originally for herding sheep. Since that time however, because of their strength, intelligence, trainability, and obedience, German Shepherds around the world are often the preferred breed for many types of work, including disability assistance, search-and-rescue, police and military roles, and acting. The German Shepherd is the second-most registered breed by the American Kennel Club and seventh-most registered breed by The Kennel Club in the United Kingdom. German", "id": "1990214" }, { "contents": "Priya Ravichandran\n\n\nvictims.. She was admitted at the Appollo Hospitals and Chief Minister J.Jayalalitha visited her at the hospital and assured the support of the Government in her speedy recovery to her kith and kin . In recognition of her brave deed she was awarded the Anna Medal for Bravery - the first of its kind to a Government employee . She was also awarded the President Medal for gallantry .She is the first woman officer in the Department to be awarded with the President medal. She also became the first Officer to be promoted and posted as Deputy Director", "id": "10111038" }, { "contents": "U.S. government response to the September 11 attacks\n\n\nof the National September 11 Memorial & Museum. Within hours of the attacks in New York, a massive search and rescue (SAR) operation was launched, which included over 350 search and rescue dogs. Initially, only a handful of wounded people were found at the site, and in the weeks that followed it became evident that there weren't any survivors to be found. Only twenty survivors were found alive in the rubble. Rescue and recovery efforts took months to complete. It took several weeks to put out the fires", "id": "8345829" }, { "contents": "Kuga (dog)\n\n\nKuga was posthumously awarded the 71st Dickin Medal for bravery by the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals (PDSA). The medal was received on Kuga’s behalf by a Victoria Cross recipient, Mark Donaldson VC, who was also a Special forces dog handler, along with another military dog, Odin. A spokesperson for the PDSA said, \"The reason he got the Dickin Medal was he just was so courageous. He saved the lives, without doubt I think, of that patrol.” Donaldson said, \"I personally", "id": "11401200" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nMilitary Police Company, and 69th Infantry Regiment based in Manhattan were the first military force to secure Ground Zero on September 11th. The 69th Infantry's armory on Lexington Avenue became the Family Information Center to assist persons in locating missing family members. The National Guard supplemented the NYPD and FDNY, with 2,250 guard members on the scene by the next morning. Eventually thousands of New York Army and Air National Guardsmen participated in the rescue/recovery efforts. They conducted site security at the WTC, and at other locations. They provided", "id": "8345886" }, { "contents": "Mountain rescue in England and Wales\n\n\nalso has two associations the Search and Rescue Dog Association Wales (SARDA Wales) responding to incidents in North Wales and the Search and Rescue Dog Association South Wales (SARDA South Wales). Handlers must be full team members of a mountain rescue team and, once graded, will operate alongside that team, but can also be deployed in support of other teams. The co-ordinating body for Mountain & Mine Search and Rescue Teams in the Lake District is the The co-ordinating body for South Wales is covered by the", "id": "18467193" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nand military police, they greatly aided in the clean-up effort. F-16s from the 174th Fighter Wing also ramped up their flying sorties and patrolled the skies. The New Jersey National Guard assisted the New York National Guard's efforts following the attacks. U.S. Marines were also present to assist in the rescue efforts. No official numbers of men who helped out was released but there was evidence that they were there. Films such as 2006 docudrama \"World Trade Center\" talked of two Marines who rescued two trapped police officers in", "id": "8345888" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\n, to oversee the structural engineering operations at the site. To make the effort more manageable, the World Trade Center site was divided into four quadrants or zones. Each zone was assigned a lead contractor, and a team of three structural engineers, subcontractors, and rescue workers. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the United States Army Corps of Engineers, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the New York City Office of Emergency Management (OEM) provided support. Forestry incident management teams (", "id": "8345875" }, { "contents": "FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force\n\n\nreach of the handler, it is critical to minimize the possibility of the dog becoming trapped in a confined space or choking from an entangled collar. Because of the distinct possibility of injury from broken glass and metal, the medical unit maintains supplies for the canine rescuers. After first passing an evaluation of basic obedience, alert, directional control, agility and search skills currently known as an FSA (Foundational Skills Assessment), all canine/handler teams must pass an advanced certification known as a Certification Evaluation (or CE).", "id": "21101739" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\navoided the use of \"ground zero\", which describes the epicenter of a bomb explosion. Numerous volunteers organized to form \"bucket brigades\", which passed 5-gallon buckets full of debris down a line to investigators, who sifted through the debris in search of evidence and human remains. Ironworkers helped cut up steel beams into more manageable sizes for removal. Much of the debris was hauled off to the Fresh Kills Landfill on Staten Island where it was further searched and sorted. Some of the steel was reused for memorials. New", "id": "8345877" }, { "contents": "Norfolk Fire and Rescue Service\n\n\nin the number of fire's they attend, however an increasing response to Road Traffic Collisions (RTC) on Norfolk's roads. Pods: CBRN Response: Incident Response Unit (IRU): H9 Urban Search & Rescue Unit (USAR): Norfolk also hosts one of the UK's Urban Search and Rescue teams, these were originally set up as a response to the 9/11 tragedy in New York. The Norfolk team comprises 15 wholetime USAR technicians and 16 retained technicians along with a search dog. The team is based in", "id": "6559273" }, { "contents": "Shiloh Shepherd dog\n\n\nShilohs have been trained as search and rescue dogs. In March 2007, a Shiloh named Gandalf received national media attention after finding a Boy Scout lost in the mountains of North Carolina. Shilohs' gentleness and calm temperament allow them to be a part of therapy work. Their intelligence and willingness to please make them highly suitable for work as assistance dogs. They respond quickly to training and retain the capacity to make independent decisions when situations change. They are frequent recipients of the AKCs \"Canine Good Citizen\" Award and have been", "id": "3146056" }, { "contents": "International Rescue Dog Organisation\n\n\nOCHA, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. IRO is organising trainings and competitions where the rescue dog teams practice the search of mission persons. At the World Championships of rescue dogs every year the best teams are identified: in 2013 for the 19th time. Every two years experts meet at a rescue dog symposium to discuss current affairs and frame conditions of the search and rescue work. Since 2010 IRO calls for participation among rescue dog organisations to participate in form of presentations in the public in the Int. Day of", "id": "12797617" }, { "contents": "Quinson Valentino\n\n\nPickering Markets on September 30-October 1. It was around this time that Barry returned to the States to join Daryk St. Holmes in AWA Brew City Wrestling as one-half of The Aristocrats (replacing Danny Scott). The team feuded with The Soul Shooters (\"Poison\" Appollo Starr and Drew \"The Don\" Johnson) over the BCW Tag Team Championship and eventually lost the belts to them in Waukesha, Wisconsin the following year. On December 9, 2006, he beat Reggie Marley at Mecca Pro Wrestling's \"Holiday", "id": "20492783" }, { "contents": "Working dog\n\n\nsimilar desirable characteristics, such as loyalty and good temperament, were bred. As a result, many working breeds are sought after as family pets. For search and rescue work, typical breeds seen in the field include Labrador Retrievers, Border Collies, German Shepherd Dogs and certain members of the hound group. These dogs should have a good prey drive, desire to please the handler, ability to work on and off lead, and be sociable in public settings. Working dogs make excellent pets as long as potential owners realize that", "id": "16947830" }, { "contents": "Urban Search and Rescue Pennsylvania Task Force 1\n\n\n, as well as the in-state US&R response system. PA-TF-1 has been deployed to numerous incidents of national significance. The Task Force's first federal deployment was to North Carolina in 1999 for Hurricane Floyd. During this deployment, PA-TF1 gained distinction for several swift water rescues. PA-TF1 was deployed to the 2001 World Trade Center Attacks, the 2005 Hurricane Katrina/Rita event, and the 2008 Hurricane Ike/Gustav storm. PA-TF1 has also been deployed for National Special Security Events.", "id": "750535" }, { "contents": "Sasha (dog)\n\n\nSasha DM (2004–2008) was a Labrador Retriever who served as a bomb detection dog for the British Army whilst stationed in Afghanistan. Sasha and her handler, Lance Corporal Kenneth Rowe, were killed in July 2008. Sasha was awarded the Dickin Medal, also known as the animals' Victoria Cross, in 2014. Sasha was originally assigned as a bomb detection search dog to Marianne Hay, who gave Sasha up as she felt that they couldn't work in the field together as they had become too close. Sasha was assigned", "id": "18646286" }, { "contents": "Sam (army dog)\n\n\nSam (died 2000) was an army dog who served with the Royal Army Veterinary Corps Dog Unit. While serving in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 1990s, Sam helped to apprehend an armed man and also to hold back an armed mob besieging a compound where Serbs were taking refuge. He received the Dickin Medal, the animals' equivalent of the Victoria Cross, in 2003 for these acts of bravery. Sam was a German Shepherd that served with the Dog Unit of the Royal Army Veterinary Corps. Sam and his handler,", "id": "3758043" }, { "contents": "Freddie Mwila\n\n\nchanged its name to the Atlanta Appollos after a change of ownership. Apart from playing in Atlanta, he was supposed to go to England for a full-time coaching course but he achieved neither ambition. He returned home with Kapengwe in August who was also frustrated. The outspoken Mwila accused the FAZ of standing in his way by not giving him an international clearance to rejoin Chiefs. During their time in Atlanta, neither of them played a single match but they spent their time coaching young American footballers in colleges. Mwila stated", "id": "19455812" }, { "contents": "Search and rescue dog\n\n\nanimal vs human scent discrimination'. Dr. Komar worked with cadaver dog teams from the RCMP Civilian Search Dog Program now the Canadian Search Dog Association and the Search and Rescue Dog Association of Alberta. This study showed the accuracy rates of cadaver dogs in moderate to adverse winter weather conditions, and also the dogs' capabilities to discriminate between animal and human remains. It indicated that an accuracy rate near 100% can be achieved through careful and directed training. Her work has been published in the Journal of Forensic Anthropology. Of key", "id": "15944268" }, { "contents": "St. Bernard (dog)\n\n\nused for breeding while they were performing rescues. In an attempt to preserve the breed, the remaining St. Bernards were crossed with Newfoundlands brought from the Colony of Newfoundland in the 1850s, and so lost much of their use as rescue dogs in the snowy climate of the alps because the long fur they inherited would freeze and weigh them down. The dogs never received any special training from the monks. Instead, younger dogs would learn how to perform search and rescue operations from older dogs. The Swiss St. Bernard Club was founded", "id": "8124102" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\n, personnel related to metalwork and construction professions would descend on the site to offer their services and remained until the site was cleared in May 2002. In the years since, investigations and studies have examined effects upon those who participated, noting a variety of afflictions attributed to the debris and stress. After American Airlines Flight 11 crashed into the North Tower (1 WTC) of the World Trade Center, a standard announcement was given to tenants in the South Tower (2 WTC) to stay put and that the building was secure", "id": "8345851" }, { "contents": "National September 11 Memorial & Museum\n\n\nmemorial and museum at the World Trade Center site. A memorial was planned in the immediate aftermath of the attacks and destruction of the World Trade Center for the victims and those involved in rescue and recovery operations. The winner of the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition was Israeli-American architect Michael Arad of Handel Architects, a New York- and San Francisco-based firm. Arad worked with landscape-architecture firm Peter Walker and Partners on the design, creating a forest of swamp white oak trees with two square reflecting pools in", "id": "9525029" }, { "contents": "Trakr\n\n\nTrakr (c.1994 - April 2009) was a German Shepherd police dog who along with his handler, Canadian police officer James Symington, discovered the last survivor of the September 11 attacks at the World Trade Center in New York City in 2001. For his accomplishments, Trakr was named one of history’s most heroic animals by \"Time\" magazine. In 2008 Symington won an essay contest sponsored by BioArts International to find the world's most \"cloneworthy dog\", as a result of which Trakr was cloned, producing five puppies", "id": "8624062" }, { "contents": "Korean Jindo\n\n\n, Park Nam-sun (박남순), an expert search dog handler in South Korea, testified that Jindo dogs are not fit as rescue dogs and search dogs. It is because Jindo dogs' hunting instincts are too strong (they can forget their mission because of their hunting instincts), and they usually give their loyalty only to the first owner, while handlers of search dogs and rescue dogs can frequently change. In 2010, Son Min-suk (손민석), a member of Korean Security Forum, wrote that", "id": "8072086" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nbuilding. Problems with radio communication caused commanders to lose contact with many of the firefighters who went into the buildings. The repeater system in the World Trade Center, which was required for portable radio signals to transmit reliably, was malfunctioning after the impact of the planes. As a result, firefighters were unable to report to commanders on their progress, and were unable to hear evacuation orders. Also, many off-duty firefighters arrived to help, without their radios. FDNY commanders lacked communication with the NYPD, who had helicopters", "id": "8345856" }, { "contents": "AB 1634\n\n\nwas generally supported by animal shelter directors and workers, animal rights groups, animal rescue groups, Societies for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, humane societies, and the Los Angeles city government. The bill received an enormous amount of media attention. The bill was generally opposed by pet owners, breed clubs, breeders of working dogs, search-and-rescue dog associations, K9 law enforcement associations, organizations that provide guide dogs for the blind and service dogs for the disabled, California's agriculture industry, animal rescue groups", "id": "20734587" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nYork City firefighters donated a cross made of steel from the World Trade Center to the Shanksville Volunteer Fire Company in Shanksville, Pennsylvania. The beam, mounted atop a platform shaped like the Pentagon, was erected outside the Shanksville's firehouse near the crash site of United Airlines Flight 93. Twenty-four tons of the steel used in construction of USS \"New York\" (LPD-21) came from the small amount of rubble from the World Trade Center preserved for posterity. Hazards at the World Trade Center site included a diesel fuel", "id": "8345878" }, { "contents": "Sadie (dog)\n\n\nYardley, were deployed to search for explosive devices outside the United Nations headquarters in Kabul following a suicide attack. Sadie picked up the scent of a second device through a thick concrete wall, giving disposal experts the opportunity to defuse the bomb which was a pressure cooker bomb -- a pressure cooker filled with TNT. The bomb had been covered with sandbags, in order to kill and injure rescue workers following the suicide attack. For her actions, Sadie was awarded the Dickin Medal. Awarded by the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals", "id": "10285152" }, { "contents": "West Midlands Police\n\n\ndogs in the West Midlands Police Dog Section are products of an in-house breeding program which the force has been running at its Balsall Common training centre since 1994. Specialist search dogs including Springer Spaniels and Labradors are also used by the Dogs Unit to locate drugs or firearms and explosives. Dogs are continually recruited from rescue centres and from members of the public. All specialist dogs are handled by officers who already have a general purpose police dog, giving the handler responsibility in both training and operational deployment. There are currently 69", "id": "20163058" }, { "contents": "Paul Rieckhoff\n\n\nStreet on September 7, 2001, with plans to travel and complete additional military schooling. On the morning of September 11, Rieckhoff was at his apartment in Manhattan when the first plane hit the World Trade Center. He participated in the rescue efforts at ground zero. His unit was formally activated for rescue and security operations later that evening. Rieckhoff recounted his 9/11 experiences for the 9/11 Tribute Center for a project called \"Stories of 9/11 told by those who were there\" In 2002, Rieckhoff volunteered for the invasion of Iraq", "id": "6584696" }, { "contents": "Cornwall Search & Rescue Team\n\n\nof severe weather and during major incidents, having played a key role in the Boscastle flood and during heavy snowfall across the higher parts of Cornwall, e.g. in the winter of 2009/10. This is in addition to the more specialist roles which the team also has including the provision of casualty carers and technical specialists. Led by a Team Leader and one deputy, the team currently has around 45 surface search and rescue team members, based throughout Cornwall and one Search and Rescue Dog Association dog handler. Equipment is carried in three team", "id": "19252875" }, { "contents": "Icelandic Association for Search and Rescue\n\n\nrecent years, specialization within rescue teams has increased, making the work more purposeful: land groups, sea groups, diving groups, advance groups, high-angle rescue groups, search dog groups, etc. Also working within the association is a rescue team for international projects, co-operating with rescue teams in other countries, for example, when major earthquakes occur, as in Turkey in 1999, Algeria in 2003, Morocco in 2004, and Haiti in 2010. ICE-SAR operates an international urban rescue unit,", "id": "7426408" }, { "contents": "Animal rescue group\n\n\n. In the United Kingdom, both shelter and rescue organisations are described using the blanket term \"rescue\", whether they have their own premises, buy in accommodation from commercial kennels, or operate a network of foster homes, where volunteers keep the animals in their homes until adoption. Kennels that have a council contract to take in stray dogs are usually referred to as dog pounds. Some dog pounds also carry out rescue and rehoming work and are effectively rescue groups that operate a pound service. Some rescue groups work with pounds", "id": "3526009" }, { "contents": "Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks\n\n\nbillion until 2015 to monitor and treat injuries stemming from exposure to toxic dust and debris at World Trade Center site. There are nearly 60,000 people enrolled in health-monitoring and treatment programs related to the 9/11 attack. The bill is formally known as the James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act, named after a New York police detective who took part in the rescue efforts at ground zero and later developed breathing complications. On October 28, 2007, Jim Riches reported that the City of New York and litigating first responders have shown", "id": "12662036" }, { "contents": "McNab dog\n\n\ndog competitions, and flyball. They are also exceptional competitors in barn hunt and nose work. Many ranchers are competing with McNabs in the relatively new sport of Ranch Dog Herding where dog and handler on horseback work as a team herding three head of cattle through five obstacles and then into a stock trailer. The McNabs reputation as an indefatigable \"all-weather\" dog is also opening up a new avenue of work for the dog: Search and Rescue. Currently McNabs are working as evidence search dogs, cadaver dogs, archaeology", "id": "2074501" }, { "contents": "Peter (dog)\n\n\nI hated to work him like this – but I also hated to refuse the rescue parties who were asking for him.\" Peter's rescue efforts were not limited to saving people; on one occasion he indicated a trapped victim which turned out to be a grey parrot. On another occasion he saved six people in a single attack. In 1946, Peter and his handler were present at the Civil Defence Stand–Down parade in Hyde Park, London. It was there that he was presented to King and Queen, and", "id": "6093677" }, { "contents": "Giovanni Battista Viola\n\n\nGiovanni Battista Viola (June 16, 1576 – August 10, 1622) was an Italian painter of the early Baroque period in Rome. Giovanni was born in Bologna. His skills were initially noticed by Annibale Carracci. He collaborated with Domenichino in the \"Room of Appollo\" in Villa Aldobrandini in Frascati (1616–18), where Viola painted the landscapes and Domenichino, the figures. He appears to have worked for the Giustiniani in Bassano di Sutri. In 1612, he was sharing a house with Francesco Albani. In 1612,", "id": "13001088" } ]

[ { "contents": "Appollo (dog)\n\n\nAppollo was a search and rescue dog who served with the K-9 unit of the New York Police Department. He was awarded the Dickin Medal, the animals' equivalent of the Victoria Cross, in recognition of the work done by all search and rescue dogs following the September 11 attacks. Appollo and his handler were working at the World Trade Center site soon after the attacks. Appollo was a German Shepherd born around 1992, who was in service with the K-9 unit of the New York Police Department (NYPD). In 1994", "id": "3459675" }, { "contents": "Appollo (dog)\n\n\nin to assist with the rescue operations after the September 11 terror attacks. They arrived at the World Trade Center site fifteen minutes after the fall of the twin towers, making Appollo the first search and rescue dog to arrive at the site. At one point, Appollo was almost killed by flames and falling debris. However, he survived, having been drenched after falling into a pool of water just before this incident. Appollo started working again as soon as Davis had brushed the debris off him. Appollo received the Dickin Medal", "id": "3459677" }, { "contents": "Appollo (dog)\n\n\n, he graduated from the NYPD Canine Special Operations Division, and was one of the first dogs to learn search and rescue. Appollo passed Type-II training in Florida in 1997, and Type-I in Indianapolis in 1999. He was also part of the first NYPD K-9 team to pass them for Urban Search and Rescue New York Task Force 1. Appollo and his handler Peter Davis also worked in the Dominican Republic after a hurricane. Appollo died in November 2006. Appollo and his handler, Peter Davis, were called", "id": "3459676" }, { "contents": "Appollo (dog)\n\n\n, the animal equivalent of the Victoria Cross, on behalf of all the search and rescue dogs who participated in the rescue operations at the World Trade Center site and the Pentagon. He received the award along with guide dogs Roselle and Salty, who rescued their owners from the World Trade Center. The citation for the award was as follows: Appollo received the American Kennel Club Ace award in 2001. He was also honoured for his work at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show of 2002, in which he and several other dogs", "id": "3459678" }, { "contents": "Salty and Roselle\n\n\nYork on September 11, 2001.\" This was not the only Dickin Medal to be awarded for actions related to the attacks; German Shepherd Appollo received a medal on behalf of all the work done by all search and rescue dogs following the attacks. The Dickin Medal is often referred to as the animal metaphorical equivalent of the Victoria Cross. In addition to the Dickin Medal, Salty and Roselle were also each recognized by the British Guide Dogs for the Blind Association. Salty and Rivera were awarded a 'Partners in Courage'", "id": "14082899" }, { "contents": "Jake (rescue dog)\n\n\n.\" Jake was most noted for his work following the September 11 attacks, where he helped search for human remains at Ground Zero. Jake, like other rescue workers and dogs, was honored by New Yorkers as a hero. Jake, wearing his search and rescue vest, was treated to a free steak dinner at an upscale Manhattan restaurant on the evening he arrived to work in New York City. Jake served as a rescue dog at the World Trade Center site for 17 days. Like the humans and other rescue dogs", "id": "12469735" }, { "contents": "Urban Search and Rescue Colorado Task Force 1\n\n\nUrban Search and Rescue Colorado Task Force 1 (CO-TF1) is a FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force based in Colorado. They were one of the 20 FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force teams deployed to the World Trade Center site after the September 11, 2001 attacks. The task force is sponsored by the West Metro Fire Protection District and is made up of 70 positions with over 200 trained members including firefighters, paramedics, engineers and canine handlers. CO-TF1 has taken part in the following deployments:", "id": "640137" }, { "contents": "Jake (rescue dog)\n\n\nof Oakley, Utah, before his death. Jake was 12 years old when he died. It is unknown whether Jake's cancer can be linked to his rescue work at Ground Zero. Cancer is a very common disease for dogs around Jake's age. Some rescue dog owners have claimed that their dogs have died because of their exposure to the air at the World Trade Center site in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks. However, scientists who have studied the health of rescue animals who worked Ground Zero have found no", "id": "12469738" }, { "contents": "LAPD Metropolitan Division\n\n\nhandlers and their canine partners to conduct searches and apprehend felony suspects throughout the Los Angeles area. K-9 personnel are deployed around-the-clock, seven days a week. They are available to assist any LAPD department with searches for felony suspects. Two K-9 officers have also been trained in search and rescue operations using dogs. In 1990, the Liberty Award was created for police dogs who are killed or seriously injured in the line of duty. The medal, which is named after Liberty, a Metropolitan Division K-9 who was", "id": "4910429" }, { "contents": "Caroline Hebard\n\n\nArmenia, Japan and Turkey, using the ability of the dogs to located trapped survivors. She also participated with her dogs in rescue and recovery operations involving bridge collapses, floods, fires, and people lost in the wilderness. She and her dogs also participated in search and rescue operations in the aftermath of the Oklahoma City bombing and the September 11 World Trade Center attack. Hebard received various honors for her work and is the subject of a book, \"So That Others May Live: Carolyn Hebard and Her Search-and", "id": "18581753" }, { "contents": "Peter (dog)\n\n\nreceived a kiss on the nose from Princess Elizabeth, the future Elizabeth II. He was later used to demonstrate mountain rescue techniques to other rescue dogs and handlers. He returned home to Mrs Stables, and moved to a PDSA animal sanctuary before he died. Peter was buried at the PDSA's Ilford Animal Cemetery on 20 November 1952, one of twelve recipients of the Dickin Medal to be buried there. Peter was awarded the Dickin Medal, considered to be the Victoria Cross for animals, in November 1945. His citation read", "id": "6093678" }, { "contents": "Vinnie Ferrari\n\n\na wrestler. He was booked for the first time as a wrestler in 1999, when he lost to Big Poppa Chill in Cheektowaga, New York. In late 1999/early 2001 Vinnie began training future independent wrestling star \"Poison\" Appollo Starr. Appollo would go on to get further training from Jimmy KillKillia and American Kickboxer at the R.A.A.G.E. Dojo. He still credits Vinnie for teaching him to work left, how to bump and some of the finer points of pro wrestling as well helping him get booked for his first match", "id": "1416977" }, { "contents": "Rex (search and rescue dog)\n\n\nRex was a dog who received the Dickin Medal in April, 1945 from the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals for bravery in service during the Second World War. This MAP Civil Defence Rescue Dog performed “outstanding good work\" finding casualties \"in burning buildings.\" Rex intrepidly worked in a harsh environment of \"smouldering debris, thick smoke, intense heat and jets of water\" using a rare combination of determination and intelligence to follow scents to those who were trapped. The Dickin Medal is often referred to as the animal", "id": "12484985" }, { "contents": "Ana (search dog)\n\n\nAna (July 4, 1995 – November 12, 2008) was a golden retriever search and rescue dog, known for having been the first graduate of the Search Dog Foundation's training program. Ana was one of the first search dogs to be deployed to the site of the World Trade Center. Ana was born to a backyard breeder, and proved to be too active to work as an assistance dog. Bonnie Bergin, the Executive Director of the Assistance Dog Institute, decided that Ana might be better suited as a search", "id": "5821095" }, { "contents": "Ana (search dog)\n\n\nand rescue dog, and suggested her to Wilma Melville, the head of the Search Dog Foundation. Ana was trained at a kennel in Gilroy, California, and, upon graduation, she was the first nationally certified Fire Department Disaster Search Canine and the first dog certified by the Search Dog Foundation. Ana was assigned to the Sacramento, California Fire Department, where she was paired with fire captain Rick Lee. Besides the World Trade Center search, Ana and Captain Lee were involved in several other searches, including the sites of", "id": "5821096" }, { "contents": "Peter (dog)\n\n\nPeter (1941–1952) was a collie dog who in 1945 was awarded the Dickin Medal, considered to be the Victoria Cross for animals. During the later stages of the Second World War he served as a search and rescue dog in London. He attended the 1946 Civil Defence Stand–Down parade, where he was presented to the King and Queen, and Princess Elizabeth. His medal was auctioned in 2000 for £4,600 (US$6,964). Peter was born in 1941, and was purchased by Mrs Audrey Stables, of", "id": "6093674" }, { "contents": "Rip (dog)\n\n\nsearch and rescue work, but took to it instinctively. In twelve months between 1940 and 1941, he found over a hundred victims of the air raids in London. His success has been held partially responsible for prompting the authorities to train search and rescue dogs towards the end of World War II. Rip was awarded the Dickin Medal in 1945, two years after it was introduced. The citation reads: \"For locating many air-raid victims during the blitz of 1940\". He would go on to wear the medal", "id": "12182233" }, { "contents": "Gautam Das\n\n\nthat they had killed Gautam Das for publishing news on the corruption of Faridpur Mujib Road repairing works in the newspaper. Of the nine convicts, Appollo went in hiding on June 19, 2013 after the court had fixed June 27, 2013 for delivering the judgment in the case. Punishment of Appollo was effective from the day of his arrest or surrender, added by the court. Judge Shahed Noor Uddin also fined 50,000 each and in default they will have to suffer one additional year in jail. During the court date, 27", "id": "12993285" }, { "contents": "Rip (dog)\n\n\nRip (died 1946), a mixed-breed terrier, was a Second World War search and rescue dog who was awarded the Dickin Medal for bravery in 1945. He was found in Poplar, London, in 1940 by an Air Raid warden, and became the service's first search and rescue dog. He is credited with saving the lives of over 100 people. He was the first of twelve Dickin Medal winners to be buried in the PDSA's cemetery in Ilford, Essex. Rip was found as a stray following", "id": "12182231" }, { "contents": "FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force\n\n\nto be family pets by the handlers when the dogs are not on duty. The canine rescuers will become unmotivated if they are unsuccessful in locating victims, as they consider search and rescue to be a type of game. To keep the canines engaged after long hours of working, one of the Task Force members will hide in the rubble so the dog will have a successful 'find'. In most instances, the dogs do not wear any equipment (collars, vests, booties, etc.) while working a debris", "id": "21101737" }, { "contents": "Beauty (dog)\n\n\nBeauty (4 January 1939 – 17 October 1950), a wirehaired terrier, was a Second World War search and rescue dog considered to be the first rescue dog, who was awarded the Dickin Medal for bravery in 1945. She is among a number of Dickin Medal winners who are buried in Ilford Animal Cemetery. Beauty was born on 4 January 1939, and was owned by PDSA Superintendent Bill Barnet, who led one of the rescue squads in London for animals during the Blitz. The dog would accompany Barnet on rescue missions", "id": "13803419" }, { "contents": "Jake (rescue dog)\n\n\n1. Utah Task Force 1 is a federal search and rescue team trained to respond to disasters. Following his recovery from his injuries, Flood helped to train Jake to become a federal \"U.S. government certified\" rescue dog. There are fewer than 200 of these dogs, who are trained to respond within 24 hours to disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes, wilderness, water rescue, terrorist attacks, or avalanches. Jake's owner later commented, \"...\"against all odds he became a world-class rescue dog\"", "id": "12469734" }, { "contents": "Sheila (dog)\n\n\nthe bombs on the B-17 detonated. Because of their actions, Lt George Kyle, Sgt Howard Delaney, Sgt George Smith and Sgt Joel Berly survived the crash. For the rescue of the airmen, Sheila was awarded the Dickin Medal by the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals. It is often referred to as the animal equivalent of the Victoria Cross. It was the first time that the medal had been awarded to a non-military dog, this time a search and rescue dog. Meanwhile, Dagg was given the British", "id": "12484683" }, { "contents": "Photios of Korytsa\n\n\nthe initiative for the creation of the \"Appollo\" music association and the charitable society \"Love thy Neighbour\" as part of his educational, cultural and social initiatives in Korce. Moreover, \"Appollo\" for a short term period was also undertaking concerts and theatrical performances. Photios was assassinated on September 9, 1906 by a band of Albanian kachak nationalists, led by Bajo Topulli. The assassination was committed because Photios was against the development of Albanian cultural activity, as well as an act of revenge for the killing of the", "id": "17493402" }, { "contents": "Bretagne (rescue dog)\n\n\nBretagne (c. September 1999 – June 7, 2016) was a Golden Retriever rescue dog who searched for survivors at Ground Zero after the September 11 attacks. It was the first assignment for her and her owner and trainer, Denise Corliss. She appeared on the \"Today Show\" along with NBC News’ Tom Brokaw. She later participated in rescue efforts after Hurricanes Katrina and Ivan. She was retired at the age of 9. After her retirement, she continued her community service as a reading dog at a local elementary", "id": "13232350" }, { "contents": "September 11 attacks\n\n\nissued evacuation warnings. Due to technical difficulties with malfunctioning radio repeater systems, many firefighters never heard the evacuation orders. 9-1-1 dispatchers also received information from callers that was not passed along to commanders on the scene. Within hours of the attack, a substantial search and rescue operation was launched. After months of around-the-clock operations, the World Trade Center site was cleared by the end of May 2002. The aftermath of the 9/11 attack resulted in immediate responses to the event, including domestic reactions", "id": "20633661" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nPlaza, were in danger of collapsing. The search and rescue effort in the immediate aftermath at the World Trade Center site involved ironworkers, structural engineers, heavy machinery operators, asbestos workers, boilermakers, carpenters, cement masons, construction managers, electricians, insulation workers, machinists, plumbers and pipefitters, riggers, sheet metal workers, steelworkers, truckers and teamsters, American Red Cross volunteers, and many others. Lower Manhattan, south of 14th Street, was off-limits, except for rescue and recovery workers. There were", "id": "8345871" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nalso about 400 working dogs, the largest deployment of dogs in the nation's history. New York City Office of Emergency Management was the agency responsible for coordination of the City's response to the attacks. Headed by then-Director Richard Sheirer, the agency was forced to vacate its headquarters, located in 7 World Trade Center, within hours of the attack. The building later collapsed. OEM reestablished operations temporarily at the police academy, where Mayor Giuliani gave many press conferences throughout the afternoon and evening of September 11. By", "id": "8345872" }, { "contents": "Salty and Roselle\n\n\nSalty and Roselle were two guide dogs who were with their owners in the World Trade Center during the September 11 attacks in New York City. They each successfully guided their owners out of the burning towers before they collapsed, feats which were later recognized when they were awarded the Dickin Medal by the British charity the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals. Roselle went on to be posthumously named American Hero Dog of the Year 2011 by American Humane, and has a book written about her. Salty (December 12, 1996 – March", "id": "14082890" }, { "contents": "Jake (rescue dog)\n\n\nJake (1995 – July 25, 2007) was an American black labrador who served as a search and rescue dog following the September 11 attacks and Hurricane Katrina. Jake served as a rescue dog from 1997 until his retirement because of cancer in 2006. Jake was adopted when he was 10 months old by his owner, Mary Flood. Jake had been found abandoned on the streets with several injuries, including a dislocated hip and a broken leg. Jake's final owner, Mary Flood, is a member of Utah Task Force", "id": "12469733" }, { "contents": "Aftermath of the September 11 attacks\n\n\nthe American Medical Association, \"...the number of blood donations in the weeks after the September 11, 2001, attacks was markedly greater than in the corresponding weeks of 2000 (2.5 times greater in the first week after the attacks; 1.3–1.4 times greater in the second to fourth weeks after the attack).\" At the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show that took place in New York in February 2002, a tribute was paid to the search and rescue dogs who not only assisted in locating survivors and bodies from the rubble,", "id": "7792842" }, { "contents": "James Zadroga\n\n\nJames Zadroga (February 8, 1971January 5, 2006) was a New York City Police Department (NYPD) officer who died of a respiratory disease that has been attributed to his participation in rescue and recovery operations in the rubble of the World Trade Center following the September 11 attacks. Zadroga was the first NYPD officer whose death was attributed to exposure to his contact with toxic chemicals at the attack site. Zadroga had joined the New York City Police Department in 1992 and attained the rank of Detective. He was a healthy non", "id": "8614630" }, { "contents": "Pawprints of Katrina\n\n\nbook begins on September 11, 2005, at a freeway off-ramp used as a boat launch, with New York City Parks Enforcement (Search & Rescue Team) Department's Captain Scott Shields, known for the efforts of his search-and-rescue dog, Bear, at the World Trade Center on 9/11. An excerpt from that chapter describes the moment: \"Before we set out on a boat to look for stranded pets, the captain asked us to take a moment to remember those lost on 9/11. There", "id": "10227638" }, { "contents": "Connecticut State Environmental Conservation Police\n\n\nState Police and became certified handlers in the areas of search and rescue and evidence detection. The officers and their partners went through four weeks of vigorous training before becoming certified. The Agency obtained three of the dogs from Connecticut Labrador Rescue Inc, in Haddam and Michael Case, a private breeder from Colebrook, Connecticut who donated the fourth K-9 to the Department. Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the EnCon Police have been tasked with a number of responsibilities related to Homeland Security. As a result of these attacks", "id": "14319049" }, { "contents": "Jake (rescue dog)\n\n\nhe worked with, Jake was exposed to the physical hazards of Ground Zero, including sharp debris and suspected unhealthy air. Jake also served in his search and rescue team following Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Jake, along with his Utah Task Force, drove over 30 hours from Utah to Mississippi to help search for survivors and victims of following the hurricane's landfall. Jake was also deployed to the Gulf Coast in the aftermath of Hurricane Rita. In his later years, Jake helped to train younger prospective rescue dogs, as well", "id": "12469736" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nNYPD set up its incident command center at Church Street and Vesey Street, on the opposite side of the World Trade Center from where the FDNY was commanding its operations. NYPD helicopters were soon at the scene, reporting on the status of the burning buildings. When the buildings collapsed, 23 NYPD officers were killed, along with 37 Port Authority Police Department officers. The NYPD helped facilitate the evacuation of civilians out of Lower Manhattan, including approximately 5,000 civilians evacuated by the Harbor Unit to Staten Island and to New Jersey. In", "id": "8345865" }, { "contents": "Fire and Rescue Department of Malaysia\n\n\ndogs to operate in the Search and Rescue (SAR) operations and investigation. K9 Unit can be attached to the regular firefighting unit or JBPM Special Forces thus all dog handlers together with their dogs are trained for a variety of situations, including the urban and the jungle operations. A support team task to support JBPM Special Forces with water transportation during operations involving of lake, river and sea. The boat crews are trained in water survival and able to perform water rescue to JBPM personnel and civilians if things go south. Special", "id": "20633271" }, { "contents": "Peter (dog)\n\n\nGregory Avenue, Weoley Castle, for 25 shillings. He was noted by his owner as having dual talents; for destruction of his owner's home and for ignoring every command given. He was transferred into war service, serving with Air Ministry dog-handler Archie Knight at the Civil Defence depot in Chelsea. He was known as Rescue Dog No. 2664/9288 Peter. Active from early 1945 until the end of the Second World War, Peter acted as a search and rescue dog in London. Knight wrote of the dog in", "id": "6093675" }, { "contents": "Jet of Iada\n\n\n. Corporal Wardle and Jet were the first handler and dog to be used in an official capacity in Civil Defence rescue duties. He was awarded the Dickin Medal on 12 January 1945 for saving the lives of over fifty people trapped in bombed buildings. The dedication read \"For being responsible for the rescue of persons trapped under blitzed buildings while serving with the Civil Defence Services of London.\" Following the war, he was returned to his owner in Liverpool. The Dickin Medal is often referred to as the animal metaphorical equivalent of", "id": "14817122" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nIMTs) also provided support beginning in the days after the attacks to help manage operations. A nearby Burger King restaurant was used as a center for police operations. Given that workers worked at the site, or \"The Pile\", for shifts as long as twelve hours, a specific culture developed at the site, leading to workers developing their own argot. \"The Pile\" was the term coined by the rescue workers to describe the 1.8 million tons of wreckage left from the collapse of the World Trade Center. They", "id": "8345876" }, { "contents": "William M. Feehan\n\n\ndeath in the line of duty during the collapse of the North Tower of the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, at the age of 71. Along with FDNY Chief of department Peter Ganci, Commissioner Feehan was found by the FDNY's Search and Rescue K-9 \"Bear.\" Feehan was survived by his daughters, Elizabeth Feehan and Tara Davan, and sons, William Feehan and firefighter John Feehan, who had worked in Squad Company 252 and is currently Captain of Engine 249. He was also survived by six grandchildren", "id": "20321815" }, { "contents": "Sam (army dog)\n\n\nrefuge. Sam's team managed to force their way into the compound and he held off the rioters until reinforcements arrived. Sam retired from service two years later, at the age of 10. He died from natural causes soon afterwards. Sam posthumously received the Dickin Medal, the animals' equivalent of the Victoria Cross, in 2003 in recognition of his work in Bosnia and Herzegovina. He was the fifty ninth animal to receive the award, and was also the first army dog to receive the Dickin Medal since 1944. The", "id": "3758045" }, { "contents": "Niagara Parks Police Service\n\n\n, the Niagara Parks Police have established their first Canine Unit consisting of one handler and his dog \"Nia\" trained in search and rescue and explosives detection. In summer 2013, K-9 Nia retired due to a chronic illness which prevented her from continuing as an active police dog. In September 2013 new police K-9 Cinder began his training as Nia's replacement. The Niagara Parks Police are responsible for, but not limited to, the following: During peak tourist season the Parks Police employ approximately thirty students, most of whom are", "id": "6172110" }, { "contents": "Crumstone Irma\n\n\nCrumstone Irma, a.k.a. Irma, was a German Shepherd Dog who assisted in the rescue of 191 people trapped under blitzed buildings while serving with London's Civil Defence Services during the Second World War. During this period she worked with her handler and owner, Mrs Margaret Griffin, and another dog named Psyche. Noted for her ability to tell if buried victims were dead or alive, she was awarded the Dickin Medal in 1945, and is buried at the PDSA Animal Cemetery, Ilford. Irma was initially used as a messenger", "id": "14817125" }, { "contents": "World Trade Center Health Program\n\n\nThe WTC Health Program covers responders who worked or volunteered in the rescue, recovery, or clean up efforts at the World Trade Center site in New York, the Pentagon, or the plane crash site in Shanksville, Pennsylvania. It also provides benefits for people who lived, worked, went to school, attended daycare, or adult daycare in the New York City disaster area after September 11. Responders include members of the Fire Department of New York City who participated in the rescue and recovery effort at the World Trade Center sites", "id": "8808395" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nBecause of this, 343 firefighters died in the collapse of the towers. The command post located across West Street was taken out when the South Tower collapsed, making command and control even more difficult and disorganized. When the North Tower collapsed, falling debris killed Peter Ganci, the FDNY chief. Following the collapse of the World Trade Center, a command post was set up at a firehouse in Greenwich Village. The FDNY deployed 200 units (half of all units) to the site, with more than 400 firefighters on the", "id": "8345858" }, { "contents": "Jet of Iada\n\n\nJet of Iada a.k.a. Jet (21 July 1942 – 18 October 1949) was a German Shepherd Dog, who assisted in the rescue of 150 people trapped under blitzed buildings. He was a pedigree dog born in Liverpool, and served with the Civil Defence Services of London. He was awarded both the Dickin Medal and the RSPCA's Medallion of Valor for his rescue efforts. Jet was born in Liverpool in the Iada kennel of Mrs Babcock Cleaver in July 1942. He was a black German Shepherd Dog, and in the", "id": "14817120" }, { "contents": "Dogs with Jobs\n\n\nDogs with Jobs is a Canadian documentary television series about working dogs and show dogs. Each half-hour episode consists of two to three segments on individual dogs from around the world. The family-friendly series has featured service dogs, search and rescue dogs, police dogs, herding dogs, and others. Segments show footage of dogs on the job, and also include stories of their rescue, training, and relationships with their owners and handlers. The idea for the series came from Canadian writer Merrily Weisbord and her daughter", "id": "20398279" }, { "contents": "Search and rescue dog\n\n\nThe use of dogs in search and rescue (SAR) is a valuable component in wilderness tracking, natural disasters, mass casualty events, and in locating missing people. Dedicated handlers and well-trained dogs are required for the use of dogs to be effective in search efforts. Search and rescue dogs are typically worked, by a small team on foot. Search and rescue dogs detect human scent. Although the exact processes are still researched, it may include skin rafts (scent-carrying skin cells that drop off living humans", "id": "15944256" }, { "contents": "World Trade Center station (PATH)\n\n\nits pre-9/11 design, save for a door on display that has the words \"MATF 1 / 9 13\" spray-painted on it (a message from Urban Search and Rescue Massachusetts Task Force 1 of Beverly, Massachusetts, who searched the World Trade Center site on September 13, 2001). There is a plaque above the spray-painting, explaining the message on the door. PATH was required to preserve the passageway's original design as per Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act, as a condition for getting", "id": "12359425" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\n, shortly before United Airlines Flight 175 hit the South Tower, the FDNY chief had arrived and took over command of the response operations. Due to falling debris and safety concerns, he moved the incident command center to a spot located across West Street, but numerous fire chiefs remained in the lobby which continued to serve as an operations post where alarms, elevators, communications systems, and other equipment were operated. The initial response by the FDNY was on rescue and evacuation of building occupants, which involved sending firefighters up to assist", "id": "8345854" }, { "contents": "Urban Search and Rescue Florida Task Force 1\n\n\nspecialists are brought in as needed. In addition, FL-TF1 has nine FEMA certified canine teams, each composed of a handler and a search dog. In the early 1980s two fire departments, Miami-Dade Fire Rescue and the Fairfax County Fire and Rescue Department out of Fairfax County, Virginia worked together under an agreement with the Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance to provide international search and rescue assistance in times of disaster. Starting in 1991, FEMA incorporated a USAR team into its federal response plan. These 20+ teams", "id": "640142" }, { "contents": "Rescue robot\n\n\nThus, the European Commission's Directorate-General for Enterprise and Industry decided to fund ICARUS, a Research project (global budget: 17.5M€) which aims to develop robotic tools which can assist “human” crisis intervention teams. Rescue robots were used in the search for victims and survivors after the September 11 attacks in New York. During September 11 disasters rescue robots were first really tested. They were sent into the rubble to look for survivors and bodies. The robots had trouble working in the rubble of the World Trade Center", "id": "3098116" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nThe local, state, federal and global reaction to the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center was unprecedented. The equally unsurpassed events of that day elicited the largest response of local emergency and rescue personnel to assist in the evacuation of the two towers and also contributed to the largest loss of the same personnel when the towers collapsed. After the attacks, the media termed the World Trade Center site \"Ground Zero\", while rescue personnel referred to it as \"the Pile\". In the ensuing recovery and cleanup efforts", "id": "8345850" }, { "contents": "FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force\n\n\nis a specialist in one of four areas: The search and rescue personnel are organized into four Rescue Squads, each composed of an Officer and five Rescue Specialists, and are capable of working 12-hour alternating shifts. The medical personnel include two task force physicians and four Medical Specialists. The canine rescuers are a critical element of each US&R Task Force as their keen sense of smell allows them to locate victims that might go undiscovered. The majority of the dog handlers on the Task Forces are civilian volunteers. The dogs are usually considered", "id": "21101736" }, { "contents": "City University of New York Public Safety Department\n\n\n. CUNY has not yet obtained an Operating Certificate to be recognized by NYSDOH, NYCREMSCO & FDNY to operate as an EMS provider. Currently there is only one member of the unit. Over the years, there have been five German shepherds in the CUNY Canine unit. The K-9 officers go through 17 weeks of training provided by the Yonkers Police Department and they receive Certification from the New York State Department of Criminal Justice Services. After the World Trade Center attacks on 9/11, the CUNY K-9 Unit dispatched four dogs to assist during", "id": "13853184" }, { "contents": "Search and rescue dog\n\n\nfor this job are St. Bernards, German Shepherd Dogs, and Labrador Retrievers. Missing animal search (MAS) dogs use tracking, trailing and air scenting techniques in order to locate missing, trapped or injured animals and can be trained to locate deceased animals or remains. The Missing Animal Search Dogs Association based in Herefordshire in the UK is carrying out research in this area of search and rescue. Training is a rigorous, time-consuming and comprehensive process for both the dog and the handler. For the dog, training is", "id": "15944270" }, { "contents": "Mountain rescue in England and Wales\n\n\nchosen to train in this field. Each team has its own primary area of responsibility but frequently deploy outside these areas in support of other teams. Cave rescue had its own umbrella organisation, the British Cave Rescue Council, but some teams operate as both cave rescue teams and mountain rescue teams. There are also regional organisations dedicated to the training of search dogs and their handlers. England has two associations, the Search and Rescue Dog Association England SARDA(E) and the Lake District Mountain Rescue Search Dog Association (LDMRSD). Wales", "id": "18467192" }, { "contents": "Chambers Street–World Trade Center/Park Place/Cortlandt Street station\n\n\nDecember 19, 2016. The newly reopened passageway retained its pre-9/11 design, save for a door on display that has the words \"MATF 1 / 9 13\" spray-painted on it (a message from Urban Search and Rescue Massachusetts Task Force 1 of Beverly, Massachusetts, who searched the World Trade Center site on September 13, 2001). There is a plaque above the spray-painting, explaining the message on the door. PATH was required to preserve the passageway's original design as per Section 106 of the", "id": "17711006" }, { "contents": "Dustin J. Lee\n\n\nMeridian, Mississippi. From around five years old, Lee worked with rescue dogs by hiding in woods and allowing them to find him. According to his father, he was so moved by the September 11 attacks that he signed up for the military before graduating high school. Lee grew up in Quitman, Mississippi and graduated from Quitman High School in 2004. Lee finished first in his training class as a dog handler in 2005. He was noted by the kennel master, William W. Reynolds, to be \"uncanny as a", "id": "17545654" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nout of the rubble. The final survivor, Port Authority secretary Genelle Guzman-McMillan, was rescued 27 hours after the collapse of the North Tower. Some firefighters and civilians who survived made cell phone calls from voids beneath the rubble, though the amount of debris made it difficult for rescue workers to get to them. By Wednesday night, 82 deaths had been confirmed by officials in New York City. Rescue efforts were paused numerous times in the days after the attack, due to concerns that nearby buildings, including One Liberty", "id": "8345870" }, { "contents": "Ilford Animal Cemetery\n\n\nbeen tasked with responding to the many letters received by the ship's heroic cat, Simon, who is buried at Ilford. The burials are a mixture of family pets and military animals, including thirteen recipients of the Dickin Medal for bravery (a fifth of all Dickin Medal recipients are buried at Ilford). The first Dickin Medal recipient to be buried at Ilford was Rip, a Second World War search and rescue dog. Information boards recounting the stories of several of the animals were constructed during the recent restoration. The cemetery", "id": "15333774" }, { "contents": "German Shepherd\n\n\nAs part of the Herding Group, German Shepherds are working dogs developed originally for herding sheep. Since that time however, because of their strength, intelligence, trainability, and obedience, German Shepherds around the world are often the preferred breed for many types of work, including disability assistance, search-and-rescue, police and military roles, and acting. The German Shepherd is the second-most registered breed by the American Kennel Club and seventh-most registered breed by The Kennel Club in the United Kingdom. German", "id": "1990214" }, { "contents": "Priya Ravichandran\n\n\nvictims.. She was admitted at the Appollo Hospitals and Chief Minister J.Jayalalitha visited her at the hospital and assured the support of the Government in her speedy recovery to her kith and kin . In recognition of her brave deed she was awarded the Anna Medal for Bravery - the first of its kind to a Government employee . She was also awarded the President Medal for gallantry .She is the first woman officer in the Department to be awarded with the President medal. She also became the first Officer to be promoted and posted as Deputy Director", "id": "10111038" }, { "contents": "U.S. government response to the September 11 attacks\n\n\nof the National September 11 Memorial & Museum. Within hours of the attacks in New York, a massive search and rescue (SAR) operation was launched, which included over 350 search and rescue dogs. Initially, only a handful of wounded people were found at the site, and in the weeks that followed it became evident that there weren't any survivors to be found. Only twenty survivors were found alive in the rubble. Rescue and recovery efforts took months to complete. It took several weeks to put out the fires", "id": "8345829" }, { "contents": "Kuga (dog)\n\n\nKuga was posthumously awarded the 71st Dickin Medal for bravery by the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals (PDSA). The medal was received on Kuga’s behalf by a Victoria Cross recipient, Mark Donaldson VC, who was also a Special forces dog handler, along with another military dog, Odin. A spokesperson for the PDSA said, \"The reason he got the Dickin Medal was he just was so courageous. He saved the lives, without doubt I think, of that patrol.” Donaldson said, \"I personally", "id": "11401200" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nMilitary Police Company, and 69th Infantry Regiment based in Manhattan were the first military force to secure Ground Zero on September 11th. The 69th Infantry's armory on Lexington Avenue became the Family Information Center to assist persons in locating missing family members. The National Guard supplemented the NYPD and FDNY, with 2,250 guard members on the scene by the next morning. Eventually thousands of New York Army and Air National Guardsmen participated in the rescue/recovery efforts. They conducted site security at the WTC, and at other locations. They provided", "id": "8345886" }, { "contents": "Mountain rescue in England and Wales\n\n\nalso has two associations the Search and Rescue Dog Association Wales (SARDA Wales) responding to incidents in North Wales and the Search and Rescue Dog Association South Wales (SARDA South Wales). Handlers must be full team members of a mountain rescue team and, once graded, will operate alongside that team, but can also be deployed in support of other teams. The co-ordinating body for Mountain & Mine Search and Rescue Teams in the Lake District is the The co-ordinating body for South Wales is covered by the", "id": "18467193" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nand military police, they greatly aided in the clean-up effort. F-16s from the 174th Fighter Wing also ramped up their flying sorties and patrolled the skies. The New Jersey National Guard assisted the New York National Guard's efforts following the attacks. U.S. Marines were also present to assist in the rescue efforts. No official numbers of men who helped out was released but there was evidence that they were there. Films such as 2006 docudrama \"World Trade Center\" talked of two Marines who rescued two trapped police officers in", "id": "8345888" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\n, to oversee the structural engineering operations at the site. To make the effort more manageable, the World Trade Center site was divided into four quadrants or zones. Each zone was assigned a lead contractor, and a team of three structural engineers, subcontractors, and rescue workers. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the United States Army Corps of Engineers, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the New York City Office of Emergency Management (OEM) provided support. Forestry incident management teams (", "id": "8345875" }, { "contents": "FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force\n\n\nreach of the handler, it is critical to minimize the possibility of the dog becoming trapped in a confined space or choking from an entangled collar. Because of the distinct possibility of injury from broken glass and metal, the medical unit maintains supplies for the canine rescuers. After first passing an evaluation of basic obedience, alert, directional control, agility and search skills currently known as an FSA (Foundational Skills Assessment), all canine/handler teams must pass an advanced certification known as a Certification Evaluation (or CE).", "id": "21101739" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\navoided the use of \"ground zero\", which describes the epicenter of a bomb explosion. Numerous volunteers organized to form \"bucket brigades\", which passed 5-gallon buckets full of debris down a line to investigators, who sifted through the debris in search of evidence and human remains. Ironworkers helped cut up steel beams into more manageable sizes for removal. Much of the debris was hauled off to the Fresh Kills Landfill on Staten Island where it was further searched and sorted. Some of the steel was reused for memorials. New", "id": "8345877" }, { "contents": "Norfolk Fire and Rescue Service\n\n\nin the number of fire's they attend, however an increasing response to Road Traffic Collisions (RTC) on Norfolk's roads. Pods: CBRN Response: Incident Response Unit (IRU): H9 Urban Search & Rescue Unit (USAR): Norfolk also hosts one of the UK's Urban Search and Rescue teams, these were originally set up as a response to the 9/11 tragedy in New York. The Norfolk team comprises 15 wholetime USAR technicians and 16 retained technicians along with a search dog. The team is based in", "id": "6559273" }, { "contents": "Shiloh Shepherd dog\n\n\nShilohs have been trained as search and rescue dogs. In March 2007, a Shiloh named Gandalf received national media attention after finding a Boy Scout lost in the mountains of North Carolina. Shilohs' gentleness and calm temperament allow them to be a part of therapy work. Their intelligence and willingness to please make them highly suitable for work as assistance dogs. They respond quickly to training and retain the capacity to make independent decisions when situations change. They are frequent recipients of the AKCs \"Canine Good Citizen\" Award and have been", "id": "3146056" }, { "contents": "International Rescue Dog Organisation\n\n\nOCHA, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. IRO is organising trainings and competitions where the rescue dog teams practice the search of mission persons. At the World Championships of rescue dogs every year the best teams are identified: in 2013 for the 19th time. Every two years experts meet at a rescue dog symposium to discuss current affairs and frame conditions of the search and rescue work. Since 2010 IRO calls for participation among rescue dog organisations to participate in form of presentations in the public in the Int. Day of", "id": "12797617" }, { "contents": "Quinson Valentino\n\n\nPickering Markets on September 30-October 1. It was around this time that Barry returned to the States to join Daryk St. Holmes in AWA Brew City Wrestling as one-half of The Aristocrats (replacing Danny Scott). The team feuded with The Soul Shooters (\"Poison\" Appollo Starr and Drew \"The Don\" Johnson) over the BCW Tag Team Championship and eventually lost the belts to them in Waukesha, Wisconsin the following year. On December 9, 2006, he beat Reggie Marley at Mecca Pro Wrestling's \"Holiday", "id": "20492783" }, { "contents": "Working dog\n\n\nsimilar desirable characteristics, such as loyalty and good temperament, were bred. As a result, many working breeds are sought after as family pets. For search and rescue work, typical breeds seen in the field include Labrador Retrievers, Border Collies, German Shepherd Dogs and certain members of the hound group. These dogs should have a good prey drive, desire to please the handler, ability to work on and off lead, and be sociable in public settings. Working dogs make excellent pets as long as potential owners realize that", "id": "16947830" }, { "contents": "Urban Search and Rescue Pennsylvania Task Force 1\n\n\n, as well as the in-state US&R response system. PA-TF-1 has been deployed to numerous incidents of national significance. The Task Force's first federal deployment was to North Carolina in 1999 for Hurricane Floyd. During this deployment, PA-TF1 gained distinction for several swift water rescues. PA-TF1 was deployed to the 2001 World Trade Center Attacks, the 2005 Hurricane Katrina/Rita event, and the 2008 Hurricane Ike/Gustav storm. PA-TF1 has also been deployed for National Special Security Events.", "id": "750535" }, { "contents": "Sasha (dog)\n\n\nSasha DM (2004–2008) was a Labrador Retriever who served as a bomb detection dog for the British Army whilst stationed in Afghanistan. Sasha and her handler, Lance Corporal Kenneth Rowe, were killed in July 2008. Sasha was awarded the Dickin Medal, also known as the animals' Victoria Cross, in 2014. Sasha was originally assigned as a bomb detection search dog to Marianne Hay, who gave Sasha up as she felt that they couldn't work in the field together as they had become too close. Sasha was assigned", "id": "18646286" }, { "contents": "Sam (army dog)\n\n\nSam (died 2000) was an army dog who served with the Royal Army Veterinary Corps Dog Unit. While serving in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 1990s, Sam helped to apprehend an armed man and also to hold back an armed mob besieging a compound where Serbs were taking refuge. He received the Dickin Medal, the animals' equivalent of the Victoria Cross, in 2003 for these acts of bravery. Sam was a German Shepherd that served with the Dog Unit of the Royal Army Veterinary Corps. Sam and his handler,", "id": "3758043" }, { "contents": "Freddie Mwila\n\n\nchanged its name to the Atlanta Appollos after a change of ownership. Apart from playing in Atlanta, he was supposed to go to England for a full-time coaching course but he achieved neither ambition. He returned home with Kapengwe in August who was also frustrated. The outspoken Mwila accused the FAZ of standing in his way by not giving him an international clearance to rejoin Chiefs. During their time in Atlanta, neither of them played a single match but they spent their time coaching young American footballers in colleges. Mwila stated", "id": "19455812" }, { "contents": "Search and rescue dog\n\n\nanimal vs human scent discrimination'. Dr. Komar worked with cadaver dog teams from the RCMP Civilian Search Dog Program now the Canadian Search Dog Association and the Search and Rescue Dog Association of Alberta. This study showed the accuracy rates of cadaver dogs in moderate to adverse winter weather conditions, and also the dogs' capabilities to discriminate between animal and human remains. It indicated that an accuracy rate near 100% can be achieved through careful and directed training. Her work has been published in the Journal of Forensic Anthropology. Of key", "id": "15944268" }, { "contents": "St. Bernard (dog)\n\n\nused for breeding while they were performing rescues. In an attempt to preserve the breed, the remaining St. Bernards were crossed with Newfoundlands brought from the Colony of Newfoundland in the 1850s, and so lost much of their use as rescue dogs in the snowy climate of the alps because the long fur they inherited would freeze and weigh them down. The dogs never received any special training from the monks. Instead, younger dogs would learn how to perform search and rescue operations from older dogs. The Swiss St. Bernard Club was founded", "id": "8124102" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\n, personnel related to metalwork and construction professions would descend on the site to offer their services and remained until the site was cleared in May 2002. In the years since, investigations and studies have examined effects upon those who participated, noting a variety of afflictions attributed to the debris and stress. After American Airlines Flight 11 crashed into the North Tower (1 WTC) of the World Trade Center, a standard announcement was given to tenants in the South Tower (2 WTC) to stay put and that the building was secure", "id": "8345851" }, { "contents": "National September 11 Memorial & Museum\n\n\nmemorial and museum at the World Trade Center site. A memorial was planned in the immediate aftermath of the attacks and destruction of the World Trade Center for the victims and those involved in rescue and recovery operations. The winner of the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition was Israeli-American architect Michael Arad of Handel Architects, a New York- and San Francisco-based firm. Arad worked with landscape-architecture firm Peter Walker and Partners on the design, creating a forest of swamp white oak trees with two square reflecting pools in", "id": "9525029" }, { "contents": "Trakr\n\n\nTrakr (c.1994 - April 2009) was a German Shepherd police dog who along with his handler, Canadian police officer James Symington, discovered the last survivor of the September 11 attacks at the World Trade Center in New York City in 2001. For his accomplishments, Trakr was named one of history’s most heroic animals by \"Time\" magazine. In 2008 Symington won an essay contest sponsored by BioArts International to find the world's most \"cloneworthy dog\", as a result of which Trakr was cloned, producing five puppies", "id": "8624062" }, { "contents": "Korean Jindo\n\n\n, Park Nam-sun (박남순), an expert search dog handler in South Korea, testified that Jindo dogs are not fit as rescue dogs and search dogs. It is because Jindo dogs' hunting instincts are too strong (they can forget their mission because of their hunting instincts), and they usually give their loyalty only to the first owner, while handlers of search dogs and rescue dogs can frequently change. In 2010, Son Min-suk (손민석), a member of Korean Security Forum, wrote that", "id": "8072086" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nbuilding. Problems with radio communication caused commanders to lose contact with many of the firefighters who went into the buildings. The repeater system in the World Trade Center, which was required for portable radio signals to transmit reliably, was malfunctioning after the impact of the planes. As a result, firefighters were unable to report to commanders on their progress, and were unable to hear evacuation orders. Also, many off-duty firefighters arrived to help, without their radios. FDNY commanders lacked communication with the NYPD, who had helicopters", "id": "8345856" }, { "contents": "AB 1634\n\n\nwas generally supported by animal shelter directors and workers, animal rights groups, animal rescue groups, Societies for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, humane societies, and the Los Angeles city government. The bill received an enormous amount of media attention. The bill was generally opposed by pet owners, breed clubs, breeders of working dogs, search-and-rescue dog associations, K9 law enforcement associations, organizations that provide guide dogs for the blind and service dogs for the disabled, California's agriculture industry, animal rescue groups", "id": "20734587" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nYork City firefighters donated a cross made of steel from the World Trade Center to the Shanksville Volunteer Fire Company in Shanksville, Pennsylvania. The beam, mounted atop a platform shaped like the Pentagon, was erected outside the Shanksville's firehouse near the crash site of United Airlines Flight 93. Twenty-four tons of the steel used in construction of USS \"New York\" (LPD-21) came from the small amount of rubble from the World Trade Center preserved for posterity. Hazards at the World Trade Center site included a diesel fuel", "id": "8345878" }, { "contents": "Sadie (dog)\n\n\nYardley, were deployed to search for explosive devices outside the United Nations headquarters in Kabul following a suicide attack. Sadie picked up the scent of a second device through a thick concrete wall, giving disposal experts the opportunity to defuse the bomb which was a pressure cooker bomb -- a pressure cooker filled with TNT. The bomb had been covered with sandbags, in order to kill and injure rescue workers following the suicide attack. For her actions, Sadie was awarded the Dickin Medal. Awarded by the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals", "id": "10285152" }, { "contents": "West Midlands Police\n\n\ndogs in the West Midlands Police Dog Section are products of an in-house breeding program which the force has been running at its Balsall Common training centre since 1994. Specialist search dogs including Springer Spaniels and Labradors are also used by the Dogs Unit to locate drugs or firearms and explosives. Dogs are continually recruited from rescue centres and from members of the public. All specialist dogs are handled by officers who already have a general purpose police dog, giving the handler responsibility in both training and operational deployment. There are currently 69", "id": "20163058" }, { "contents": "Paul Rieckhoff\n\n\nStreet on September 7, 2001, with plans to travel and complete additional military schooling. On the morning of September 11, Rieckhoff was at his apartment in Manhattan when the first plane hit the World Trade Center. He participated in the rescue efforts at ground zero. His unit was formally activated for rescue and security operations later that evening. Rieckhoff recounted his 9/11 experiences for the 9/11 Tribute Center for a project called \"Stories of 9/11 told by those who were there\" In 2002, Rieckhoff volunteered for the invasion of Iraq", "id": "6584696" }, { "contents": "Cornwall Search & Rescue Team\n\n\nof severe weather and during major incidents, having played a key role in the Boscastle flood and during heavy snowfall across the higher parts of Cornwall, e.g. in the winter of 2009/10. This is in addition to the more specialist roles which the team also has including the provision of casualty carers and technical specialists. Led by a Team Leader and one deputy, the team currently has around 45 surface search and rescue team members, based throughout Cornwall and one Search and Rescue Dog Association dog handler. Equipment is carried in three team", "id": "19252875" }, { "contents": "Icelandic Association for Search and Rescue\n\n\nrecent years, specialization within rescue teams has increased, making the work more purposeful: land groups, sea groups, diving groups, advance groups, high-angle rescue groups, search dog groups, etc. Also working within the association is a rescue team for international projects, co-operating with rescue teams in other countries, for example, when major earthquakes occur, as in Turkey in 1999, Algeria in 2003, Morocco in 2004, and Haiti in 2010. ICE-SAR operates an international urban rescue unit,", "id": "7426408" }, { "contents": "Animal rescue group\n\n\n. In the United Kingdom, both shelter and rescue organisations are described using the blanket term \"rescue\", whether they have their own premises, buy in accommodation from commercial kennels, or operate a network of foster homes, where volunteers keep the animals in their homes until adoption. Kennels that have a council contract to take in stray dogs are usually referred to as dog pounds. Some dog pounds also carry out rescue and rehoming work and are effectively rescue groups that operate a pound service. Some rescue groups work with pounds", "id": "3526009" }, { "contents": "Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks\n\n\nbillion until 2015 to monitor and treat injuries stemming from exposure to toxic dust and debris at World Trade Center site. There are nearly 60,000 people enrolled in health-monitoring and treatment programs related to the 9/11 attack. The bill is formally known as the James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act, named after a New York police detective who took part in the rescue efforts at ground zero and later developed breathing complications. On October 28, 2007, Jim Riches reported that the City of New York and litigating first responders have shown", "id": "12662036" }, { "contents": "McNab dog\n\n\ndog competitions, and flyball. They are also exceptional competitors in barn hunt and nose work. Many ranchers are competing with McNabs in the relatively new sport of Ranch Dog Herding where dog and handler on horseback work as a team herding three head of cattle through five obstacles and then into a stock trailer. The McNabs reputation as an indefatigable \"all-weather\" dog is also opening up a new avenue of work for the dog: Search and Rescue. Currently McNabs are working as evidence search dogs, cadaver dogs, archaeology", "id": "2074501" }, { "contents": "Peter (dog)\n\n\nI hated to work him like this – but I also hated to refuse the rescue parties who were asking for him.\" Peter's rescue efforts were not limited to saving people; on one occasion he indicated a trapped victim which turned out to be a grey parrot. On another occasion he saved six people in a single attack. In 1946, Peter and his handler were present at the Civil Defence Stand–Down parade in Hyde Park, London. It was there that he was presented to King and Queen, and", "id": "6093677" }, { "contents": "Giovanni Battista Viola\n\n\nGiovanni Battista Viola (June 16, 1576 – August 10, 1622) was an Italian painter of the early Baroque period in Rome. Giovanni was born in Bologna. His skills were initially noticed by Annibale Carracci. He collaborated with Domenichino in the \"Room of Appollo\" in Villa Aldobrandini in Frascati (1616–18), where Viola painted the landscapes and Domenichino, the figures. He appears to have worked for the Giustiniani in Bassano di Sutri. In 1612, he was sharing a house with Francesco Albani. In 1612,", "id": "13001088" } ]

[ { "contents": "Appollo (dog)\n\n\nAppollo was a search and rescue dog who served with the K-9 unit of the New York Police Department. He was awarded the Dickin Medal, the animals' equivalent of the Victoria Cross, in recognition of the work done by all search and rescue dogs following the September 11 attacks. Appollo and his handler were working at the World Trade Center site soon after the attacks. Appollo was a German Shepherd born around 1992, who was in service with the K-9 unit of the New York Police Department (NYPD). In 1994", "id": "3459675" }, { "contents": "Appollo (dog)\n\n\nin to assist with the rescue operations after the September 11 terror attacks. They arrived at the World Trade Center site fifteen minutes after the fall of the twin towers, making Appollo the first search and rescue dog to arrive at the site. At one point, Appollo was almost killed by flames and falling debris. However, he survived, having been drenched after falling into a pool of water just before this incident. Appollo started working again as soon as Davis had brushed the debris off him. Appollo received the Dickin Medal", "id": "3459677" }, { "contents": "Appollo (dog)\n\n\n, he graduated from the NYPD Canine Special Operations Division, and was one of the first dogs to learn search and rescue. Appollo passed Type-II training in Florida in 1997, and Type-I in Indianapolis in 1999. He was also part of the first NYPD K-9 team to pass them for Urban Search and Rescue New York Task Force 1. Appollo and his handler Peter Davis also worked in the Dominican Republic after a hurricane. Appollo died in November 2006. Appollo and his handler, Peter Davis, were called", "id": "3459676" }, { "contents": "Appollo (dog)\n\n\n, the animal equivalent of the Victoria Cross, on behalf of all the search and rescue dogs who participated in the rescue operations at the World Trade Center site and the Pentagon. He received the award along with guide dogs Roselle and Salty, who rescued their owners from the World Trade Center. The citation for the award was as follows: Appollo received the American Kennel Club Ace award in 2001. He was also honoured for his work at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show of 2002, in which he and several other dogs", "id": "3459678" }, { "contents": "Salty and Roselle\n\n\nYork on September 11, 2001.\" This was not the only Dickin Medal to be awarded for actions related to the attacks; German Shepherd Appollo received a medal on behalf of all the work done by all search and rescue dogs following the attacks. The Dickin Medal is often referred to as the animal metaphorical equivalent of the Victoria Cross. In addition to the Dickin Medal, Salty and Roselle were also each recognized by the British Guide Dogs for the Blind Association. Salty and Rivera were awarded a 'Partners in Courage'", "id": "14082899" }, { "contents": "Jake (rescue dog)\n\n\n.\" Jake was most noted for his work following the September 11 attacks, where he helped search for human remains at Ground Zero. Jake, like other rescue workers and dogs, was honored by New Yorkers as a hero. Jake, wearing his search and rescue vest, was treated to a free steak dinner at an upscale Manhattan restaurant on the evening he arrived to work in New York City. Jake served as a rescue dog at the World Trade Center site for 17 days. Like the humans and other rescue dogs", "id": "12469735" }, { "contents": "Urban Search and Rescue Colorado Task Force 1\n\n\nUrban Search and Rescue Colorado Task Force 1 (CO-TF1) is a FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force based in Colorado. They were one of the 20 FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force teams deployed to the World Trade Center site after the September 11, 2001 attacks. The task force is sponsored by the West Metro Fire Protection District and is made up of 70 positions with over 200 trained members including firefighters, paramedics, engineers and canine handlers. CO-TF1 has taken part in the following deployments:", "id": "640137" }, { "contents": "Jake (rescue dog)\n\n\nof Oakley, Utah, before his death. Jake was 12 years old when he died. It is unknown whether Jake's cancer can be linked to his rescue work at Ground Zero. Cancer is a very common disease for dogs around Jake's age. Some rescue dog owners have claimed that their dogs have died because of their exposure to the air at the World Trade Center site in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks. However, scientists who have studied the health of rescue animals who worked Ground Zero have found no", "id": "12469738" }, { "contents": "LAPD Metropolitan Division\n\n\nhandlers and their canine partners to conduct searches and apprehend felony suspects throughout the Los Angeles area. K-9 personnel are deployed around-the-clock, seven days a week. They are available to assist any LAPD department with searches for felony suspects. Two K-9 officers have also been trained in search and rescue operations using dogs. In 1990, the Liberty Award was created for police dogs who are killed or seriously injured in the line of duty. The medal, which is named after Liberty, a Metropolitan Division K-9 who was", "id": "4910429" }, { "contents": "Caroline Hebard\n\n\nArmenia, Japan and Turkey, using the ability of the dogs to located trapped survivors. She also participated with her dogs in rescue and recovery operations involving bridge collapses, floods, fires, and people lost in the wilderness. She and her dogs also participated in search and rescue operations in the aftermath of the Oklahoma City bombing and the September 11 World Trade Center attack. Hebard received various honors for her work and is the subject of a book, \"So That Others May Live: Carolyn Hebard and Her Search-and", "id": "18581753" }, { "contents": "Peter (dog)\n\n\nreceived a kiss on the nose from Princess Elizabeth, the future Elizabeth II. He was later used to demonstrate mountain rescue techniques to other rescue dogs and handlers. He returned home to Mrs Stables, and moved to a PDSA animal sanctuary before he died. Peter was buried at the PDSA's Ilford Animal Cemetery on 20 November 1952, one of twelve recipients of the Dickin Medal to be buried there. Peter was awarded the Dickin Medal, considered to be the Victoria Cross for animals, in November 1945. His citation read", "id": "6093678" }, { "contents": "Vinnie Ferrari\n\n\na wrestler. He was booked for the first time as a wrestler in 1999, when he lost to Big Poppa Chill in Cheektowaga, New York. In late 1999/early 2001 Vinnie began training future independent wrestling star \"Poison\" Appollo Starr. Appollo would go on to get further training from Jimmy KillKillia and American Kickboxer at the R.A.A.G.E. Dojo. He still credits Vinnie for teaching him to work left, how to bump and some of the finer points of pro wrestling as well helping him get booked for his first match", "id": "1416977" }, { "contents": "Rex (search and rescue dog)\n\n\nRex was a dog who received the Dickin Medal in April, 1945 from the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals for bravery in service during the Second World War. This MAP Civil Defence Rescue Dog performed “outstanding good work\" finding casualties \"in burning buildings.\" Rex intrepidly worked in a harsh environment of \"smouldering debris, thick smoke, intense heat and jets of water\" using a rare combination of determination and intelligence to follow scents to those who were trapped. The Dickin Medal is often referred to as the animal", "id": "12484985" }, { "contents": "Ana (search dog)\n\n\nAna (July 4, 1995 – November 12, 2008) was a golden retriever search and rescue dog, known for having been the first graduate of the Search Dog Foundation's training program. Ana was one of the first search dogs to be deployed to the site of the World Trade Center. Ana was born to a backyard breeder, and proved to be too active to work as an assistance dog. Bonnie Bergin, the Executive Director of the Assistance Dog Institute, decided that Ana might be better suited as a search", "id": "5821095" }, { "contents": "Ana (search dog)\n\n\nand rescue dog, and suggested her to Wilma Melville, the head of the Search Dog Foundation. Ana was trained at a kennel in Gilroy, California, and, upon graduation, she was the first nationally certified Fire Department Disaster Search Canine and the first dog certified by the Search Dog Foundation. Ana was assigned to the Sacramento, California Fire Department, where she was paired with fire captain Rick Lee. Besides the World Trade Center search, Ana and Captain Lee were involved in several other searches, including the sites of", "id": "5821096" }, { "contents": "Peter (dog)\n\n\nPeter (1941–1952) was a collie dog who in 1945 was awarded the Dickin Medal, considered to be the Victoria Cross for animals. During the later stages of the Second World War he served as a search and rescue dog in London. He attended the 1946 Civil Defence Stand–Down parade, where he was presented to the King and Queen, and Princess Elizabeth. His medal was auctioned in 2000 for £4,600 (US$6,964). Peter was born in 1941, and was purchased by Mrs Audrey Stables, of", "id": "6093674" }, { "contents": "Rip (dog)\n\n\nsearch and rescue work, but took to it instinctively. In twelve months between 1940 and 1941, he found over a hundred victims of the air raids in London. His success has been held partially responsible for prompting the authorities to train search and rescue dogs towards the end of World War II. Rip was awarded the Dickin Medal in 1945, two years after it was introduced. The citation reads: \"For locating many air-raid victims during the blitz of 1940\". He would go on to wear the medal", "id": "12182233" }, { "contents": "Gautam Das\n\n\nthat they had killed Gautam Das for publishing news on the corruption of Faridpur Mujib Road repairing works in the newspaper. Of the nine convicts, Appollo went in hiding on June 19, 2013 after the court had fixed June 27, 2013 for delivering the judgment in the case. Punishment of Appollo was effective from the day of his arrest or surrender, added by the court. Judge Shahed Noor Uddin also fined 50,000 each and in default they will have to suffer one additional year in jail. During the court date, 27", "id": "12993285" }, { "contents": "Rip (dog)\n\n\nRip (died 1946), a mixed-breed terrier, was a Second World War search and rescue dog who was awarded the Dickin Medal for bravery in 1945. He was found in Poplar, London, in 1940 by an Air Raid warden, and became the service's first search and rescue dog. He is credited with saving the lives of over 100 people. He was the first of twelve Dickin Medal winners to be buried in the PDSA's cemetery in Ilford, Essex. Rip was found as a stray following", "id": "12182231" }, { "contents": "FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force\n\n\nto be family pets by the handlers when the dogs are not on duty. The canine rescuers will become unmotivated if they are unsuccessful in locating victims, as they consider search and rescue to be a type of game. To keep the canines engaged after long hours of working, one of the Task Force members will hide in the rubble so the dog will have a successful 'find'. In most instances, the dogs do not wear any equipment (collars, vests, booties, etc.) while working a debris", "id": "21101737" }, { "contents": "Beauty (dog)\n\n\nBeauty (4 January 1939 – 17 October 1950), a wirehaired terrier, was a Second World War search and rescue dog considered to be the first rescue dog, who was awarded the Dickin Medal for bravery in 1945. She is among a number of Dickin Medal winners who are buried in Ilford Animal Cemetery. Beauty was born on 4 January 1939, and was owned by PDSA Superintendent Bill Barnet, who led one of the rescue squads in London for animals during the Blitz. The dog would accompany Barnet on rescue missions", "id": "13803419" }, { "contents": "Jake (rescue dog)\n\n\n1. Utah Task Force 1 is a federal search and rescue team trained to respond to disasters. Following his recovery from his injuries, Flood helped to train Jake to become a federal \"U.S. government certified\" rescue dog. There are fewer than 200 of these dogs, who are trained to respond within 24 hours to disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes, wilderness, water rescue, terrorist attacks, or avalanches. Jake's owner later commented, \"...\"against all odds he became a world-class rescue dog\"", "id": "12469734" }, { "contents": "Sheila (dog)\n\n\nthe bombs on the B-17 detonated. Because of their actions, Lt George Kyle, Sgt Howard Delaney, Sgt George Smith and Sgt Joel Berly survived the crash. For the rescue of the airmen, Sheila was awarded the Dickin Medal by the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals. It is often referred to as the animal equivalent of the Victoria Cross. It was the first time that the medal had been awarded to a non-military dog, this time a search and rescue dog. Meanwhile, Dagg was given the British", "id": "12484683" }, { "contents": "Photios of Korytsa\n\n\nthe initiative for the creation of the \"Appollo\" music association and the charitable society \"Love thy Neighbour\" as part of his educational, cultural and social initiatives in Korce. Moreover, \"Appollo\" for a short term period was also undertaking concerts and theatrical performances. Photios was assassinated on September 9, 1906 by a band of Albanian kachak nationalists, led by Bajo Topulli. The assassination was committed because Photios was against the development of Albanian cultural activity, as well as an act of revenge for the killing of the", "id": "17493402" }, { "contents": "Bretagne (rescue dog)\n\n\nBretagne (c. September 1999 – June 7, 2016) was a Golden Retriever rescue dog who searched for survivors at Ground Zero after the September 11 attacks. It was the first assignment for her and her owner and trainer, Denise Corliss. She appeared on the \"Today Show\" along with NBC News’ Tom Brokaw. She later participated in rescue efforts after Hurricanes Katrina and Ivan. She was retired at the age of 9. After her retirement, she continued her community service as a reading dog at a local elementary", "id": "13232350" }, { "contents": "September 11 attacks\n\n\nissued evacuation warnings. Due to technical difficulties with malfunctioning radio repeater systems, many firefighters never heard the evacuation orders. 9-1-1 dispatchers also received information from callers that was not passed along to commanders on the scene. Within hours of the attack, a substantial search and rescue operation was launched. After months of around-the-clock operations, the World Trade Center site was cleared by the end of May 2002. The aftermath of the 9/11 attack resulted in immediate responses to the event, including domestic reactions", "id": "20633661" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nPlaza, were in danger of collapsing. The search and rescue effort in the immediate aftermath at the World Trade Center site involved ironworkers, structural engineers, heavy machinery operators, asbestos workers, boilermakers, carpenters, cement masons, construction managers, electricians, insulation workers, machinists, plumbers and pipefitters, riggers, sheet metal workers, steelworkers, truckers and teamsters, American Red Cross volunteers, and many others. Lower Manhattan, south of 14th Street, was off-limits, except for rescue and recovery workers. There were", "id": "8345871" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nalso about 400 working dogs, the largest deployment of dogs in the nation's history. New York City Office of Emergency Management was the agency responsible for coordination of the City's response to the attacks. Headed by then-Director Richard Sheirer, the agency was forced to vacate its headquarters, located in 7 World Trade Center, within hours of the attack. The building later collapsed. OEM reestablished operations temporarily at the police academy, where Mayor Giuliani gave many press conferences throughout the afternoon and evening of September 11. By", "id": "8345872" }, { "contents": "Salty and Roselle\n\n\nSalty and Roselle were two guide dogs who were with their owners in the World Trade Center during the September 11 attacks in New York City. They each successfully guided their owners out of the burning towers before they collapsed, feats which were later recognized when they were awarded the Dickin Medal by the British charity the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals. Roselle went on to be posthumously named American Hero Dog of the Year 2011 by American Humane, and has a book written about her. Salty (December 12, 1996 – March", "id": "14082890" }, { "contents": "Jake (rescue dog)\n\n\nJake (1995 – July 25, 2007) was an American black labrador who served as a search and rescue dog following the September 11 attacks and Hurricane Katrina. Jake served as a rescue dog from 1997 until his retirement because of cancer in 2006. Jake was adopted when he was 10 months old by his owner, Mary Flood. Jake had been found abandoned on the streets with several injuries, including a dislocated hip and a broken leg. Jake's final owner, Mary Flood, is a member of Utah Task Force", "id": "12469733" }, { "contents": "Aftermath of the September 11 attacks\n\n\nthe American Medical Association, \"...the number of blood donations in the weeks after the September 11, 2001, attacks was markedly greater than in the corresponding weeks of 2000 (2.5 times greater in the first week after the attacks; 1.3–1.4 times greater in the second to fourth weeks after the attack).\" At the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show that took place in New York in February 2002, a tribute was paid to the search and rescue dogs who not only assisted in locating survivors and bodies from the rubble,", "id": "7792842" }, { "contents": "James Zadroga\n\n\nJames Zadroga (February 8, 1971January 5, 2006) was a New York City Police Department (NYPD) officer who died of a respiratory disease that has been attributed to his participation in rescue and recovery operations in the rubble of the World Trade Center following the September 11 attacks. Zadroga was the first NYPD officer whose death was attributed to exposure to his contact with toxic chemicals at the attack site. Zadroga had joined the New York City Police Department in 1992 and attained the rank of Detective. He was a healthy non", "id": "8614630" }, { "contents": "Pawprints of Katrina\n\n\nbook begins on September 11, 2005, at a freeway off-ramp used as a boat launch, with New York City Parks Enforcement (Search & Rescue Team) Department's Captain Scott Shields, known for the efforts of his search-and-rescue dog, Bear, at the World Trade Center on 9/11. An excerpt from that chapter describes the moment: \"Before we set out on a boat to look for stranded pets, the captain asked us to take a moment to remember those lost on 9/11. There", "id": "10227638" }, { "contents": "Connecticut State Environmental Conservation Police\n\n\nState Police and became certified handlers in the areas of search and rescue and evidence detection. The officers and their partners went through four weeks of vigorous training before becoming certified. The Agency obtained three of the dogs from Connecticut Labrador Rescue Inc, in Haddam and Michael Case, a private breeder from Colebrook, Connecticut who donated the fourth K-9 to the Department. Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the EnCon Police have been tasked with a number of responsibilities related to Homeland Security. As a result of these attacks", "id": "14319049" }, { "contents": "Jake (rescue dog)\n\n\nhe worked with, Jake was exposed to the physical hazards of Ground Zero, including sharp debris and suspected unhealthy air. Jake also served in his search and rescue team following Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Jake, along with his Utah Task Force, drove over 30 hours from Utah to Mississippi to help search for survivors and victims of following the hurricane's landfall. Jake was also deployed to the Gulf Coast in the aftermath of Hurricane Rita. In his later years, Jake helped to train younger prospective rescue dogs, as well", "id": "12469736" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nNYPD set up its incident command center at Church Street and Vesey Street, on the opposite side of the World Trade Center from where the FDNY was commanding its operations. NYPD helicopters were soon at the scene, reporting on the status of the burning buildings. When the buildings collapsed, 23 NYPD officers were killed, along with 37 Port Authority Police Department officers. The NYPD helped facilitate the evacuation of civilians out of Lower Manhattan, including approximately 5,000 civilians evacuated by the Harbor Unit to Staten Island and to New Jersey. In", "id": "8345865" }, { "contents": "Fire and Rescue Department of Malaysia\n\n\ndogs to operate in the Search and Rescue (SAR) operations and investigation. K9 Unit can be attached to the regular firefighting unit or JBPM Special Forces thus all dog handlers together with their dogs are trained for a variety of situations, including the urban and the jungle operations. A support team task to support JBPM Special Forces with water transportation during operations involving of lake, river and sea. The boat crews are trained in water survival and able to perform water rescue to JBPM personnel and civilians if things go south. Special", "id": "20633271" }, { "contents": "Peter (dog)\n\n\nGregory Avenue, Weoley Castle, for 25 shillings. He was noted by his owner as having dual talents; for destruction of his owner's home and for ignoring every command given. He was transferred into war service, serving with Air Ministry dog-handler Archie Knight at the Civil Defence depot in Chelsea. He was known as Rescue Dog No. 2664/9288 Peter. Active from early 1945 until the end of the Second World War, Peter acted as a search and rescue dog in London. Knight wrote of the dog in", "id": "6093675" }, { "contents": "Jet of Iada\n\n\n. Corporal Wardle and Jet were the first handler and dog to be used in an official capacity in Civil Defence rescue duties. He was awarded the Dickin Medal on 12 January 1945 for saving the lives of over fifty people trapped in bombed buildings. The dedication read \"For being responsible for the rescue of persons trapped under blitzed buildings while serving with the Civil Defence Services of London.\" Following the war, he was returned to his owner in Liverpool. The Dickin Medal is often referred to as the animal metaphorical equivalent of", "id": "14817122" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nIMTs) also provided support beginning in the days after the attacks to help manage operations. A nearby Burger King restaurant was used as a center for police operations. Given that workers worked at the site, or \"The Pile\", for shifts as long as twelve hours, a specific culture developed at the site, leading to workers developing their own argot. \"The Pile\" was the term coined by the rescue workers to describe the 1.8 million tons of wreckage left from the collapse of the World Trade Center. They", "id": "8345876" }, { "contents": "William M. Feehan\n\n\ndeath in the line of duty during the collapse of the North Tower of the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, at the age of 71. Along with FDNY Chief of department Peter Ganci, Commissioner Feehan was found by the FDNY's Search and Rescue K-9 \"Bear.\" Feehan was survived by his daughters, Elizabeth Feehan and Tara Davan, and sons, William Feehan and firefighter John Feehan, who had worked in Squad Company 252 and is currently Captain of Engine 249. He was also survived by six grandchildren", "id": "20321815" }, { "contents": "Sam (army dog)\n\n\nrefuge. Sam's team managed to force their way into the compound and he held off the rioters until reinforcements arrived. Sam retired from service two years later, at the age of 10. He died from natural causes soon afterwards. Sam posthumously received the Dickin Medal, the animals' equivalent of the Victoria Cross, in 2003 in recognition of his work in Bosnia and Herzegovina. He was the fifty ninth animal to receive the award, and was also the first army dog to receive the Dickin Medal since 1944. The", "id": "3758045" }, { "contents": "Niagara Parks Police Service\n\n\n, the Niagara Parks Police have established their first Canine Unit consisting of one handler and his dog \"Nia\" trained in search and rescue and explosives detection. In summer 2013, K-9 Nia retired due to a chronic illness which prevented her from continuing as an active police dog. In September 2013 new police K-9 Cinder began his training as Nia's replacement. The Niagara Parks Police are responsible for, but not limited to, the following: During peak tourist season the Parks Police employ approximately thirty students, most of whom are", "id": "6172110" }, { "contents": "Crumstone Irma\n\n\nCrumstone Irma, a.k.a. Irma, was a German Shepherd Dog who assisted in the rescue of 191 people trapped under blitzed buildings while serving with London's Civil Defence Services during the Second World War. During this period she worked with her handler and owner, Mrs Margaret Griffin, and another dog named Psyche. Noted for her ability to tell if buried victims were dead or alive, she was awarded the Dickin Medal in 1945, and is buried at the PDSA Animal Cemetery, Ilford. Irma was initially used as a messenger", "id": "14817125" }, { "contents": "World Trade Center Health Program\n\n\nThe WTC Health Program covers responders who worked or volunteered in the rescue, recovery, or clean up efforts at the World Trade Center site in New York, the Pentagon, or the plane crash site in Shanksville, Pennsylvania. It also provides benefits for people who lived, worked, went to school, attended daycare, or adult daycare in the New York City disaster area after September 11. Responders include members of the Fire Department of New York City who participated in the rescue and recovery effort at the World Trade Center sites", "id": "8808395" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nBecause of this, 343 firefighters died in the collapse of the towers. The command post located across West Street was taken out when the South Tower collapsed, making command and control even more difficult and disorganized. When the North Tower collapsed, falling debris killed Peter Ganci, the FDNY chief. Following the collapse of the World Trade Center, a command post was set up at a firehouse in Greenwich Village. The FDNY deployed 200 units (half of all units) to the site, with more than 400 firefighters on the", "id": "8345858" }, { "contents": "Jet of Iada\n\n\nJet of Iada a.k.a. Jet (21 July 1942 – 18 October 1949) was a German Shepherd Dog, who assisted in the rescue of 150 people trapped under blitzed buildings. He was a pedigree dog born in Liverpool, and served with the Civil Defence Services of London. He was awarded both the Dickin Medal and the RSPCA's Medallion of Valor for his rescue efforts. Jet was born in Liverpool in the Iada kennel of Mrs Babcock Cleaver in July 1942. He was a black German Shepherd Dog, and in the", "id": "14817120" }, { "contents": "Dogs with Jobs\n\n\nDogs with Jobs is a Canadian documentary television series about working dogs and show dogs. Each half-hour episode consists of two to three segments on individual dogs from around the world. The family-friendly series has featured service dogs, search and rescue dogs, police dogs, herding dogs, and others. Segments show footage of dogs on the job, and also include stories of their rescue, training, and relationships with their owners and handlers. The idea for the series came from Canadian writer Merrily Weisbord and her daughter", "id": "20398279" }, { "contents": "Search and rescue dog\n\n\nThe use of dogs in search and rescue (SAR) is a valuable component in wilderness tracking, natural disasters, mass casualty events, and in locating missing people. Dedicated handlers and well-trained dogs are required for the use of dogs to be effective in search efforts. Search and rescue dogs are typically worked, by a small team on foot. Search and rescue dogs detect human scent. Although the exact processes are still researched, it may include skin rafts (scent-carrying skin cells that drop off living humans", "id": "15944256" }, { "contents": "World Trade Center station (PATH)\n\n\nits pre-9/11 design, save for a door on display that has the words \"MATF 1 / 9 13\" spray-painted on it (a message from Urban Search and Rescue Massachusetts Task Force 1 of Beverly, Massachusetts, who searched the World Trade Center site on September 13, 2001). There is a plaque above the spray-painting, explaining the message on the door. PATH was required to preserve the passageway's original design as per Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act, as a condition for getting", "id": "12359425" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\n, shortly before United Airlines Flight 175 hit the South Tower, the FDNY chief had arrived and took over command of the response operations. Due to falling debris and safety concerns, he moved the incident command center to a spot located across West Street, but numerous fire chiefs remained in the lobby which continued to serve as an operations post where alarms, elevators, communications systems, and other equipment were operated. The initial response by the FDNY was on rescue and evacuation of building occupants, which involved sending firefighters up to assist", "id": "8345854" }, { "contents": "Urban Search and Rescue Florida Task Force 1\n\n\nspecialists are brought in as needed. In addition, FL-TF1 has nine FEMA certified canine teams, each composed of a handler and a search dog. In the early 1980s two fire departments, Miami-Dade Fire Rescue and the Fairfax County Fire and Rescue Department out of Fairfax County, Virginia worked together under an agreement with the Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance to provide international search and rescue assistance in times of disaster. Starting in 1991, FEMA incorporated a USAR team into its federal response plan. These 20+ teams", "id": "640142" }, { "contents": "Rescue robot\n\n\nThus, the European Commission's Directorate-General for Enterprise and Industry decided to fund ICARUS, a Research project (global budget: 17.5M€) which aims to develop robotic tools which can assist “human” crisis intervention teams. Rescue robots were used in the search for victims and survivors after the September 11 attacks in New York. During September 11 disasters rescue robots were first really tested. They were sent into the rubble to look for survivors and bodies. The robots had trouble working in the rubble of the World Trade Center", "id": "3098116" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nThe local, state, federal and global reaction to the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center was unprecedented. The equally unsurpassed events of that day elicited the largest response of local emergency and rescue personnel to assist in the evacuation of the two towers and also contributed to the largest loss of the same personnel when the towers collapsed. After the attacks, the media termed the World Trade Center site \"Ground Zero\", while rescue personnel referred to it as \"the Pile\". In the ensuing recovery and cleanup efforts", "id": "8345850" }, { "contents": "FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force\n\n\nis a specialist in one of four areas: The search and rescue personnel are organized into four Rescue Squads, each composed of an Officer and five Rescue Specialists, and are capable of working 12-hour alternating shifts. The medical personnel include two task force physicians and four Medical Specialists. The canine rescuers are a critical element of each US&R Task Force as their keen sense of smell allows them to locate victims that might go undiscovered. The majority of the dog handlers on the Task Forces are civilian volunteers. The dogs are usually considered", "id": "21101736" }, { "contents": "City University of New York Public Safety Department\n\n\n. CUNY has not yet obtained an Operating Certificate to be recognized by NYSDOH, NYCREMSCO & FDNY to operate as an EMS provider. Currently there is only one member of the unit. Over the years, there have been five German shepherds in the CUNY Canine unit. The K-9 officers go through 17 weeks of training provided by the Yonkers Police Department and they receive Certification from the New York State Department of Criminal Justice Services. After the World Trade Center attacks on 9/11, the CUNY K-9 Unit dispatched four dogs to assist during", "id": "13853184" }, { "contents": "Search and rescue dog\n\n\nfor this job are St. Bernards, German Shepherd Dogs, and Labrador Retrievers. Missing animal search (MAS) dogs use tracking, trailing and air scenting techniques in order to locate missing, trapped or injured animals and can be trained to locate deceased animals or remains. The Missing Animal Search Dogs Association based in Herefordshire in the UK is carrying out research in this area of search and rescue. Training is a rigorous, time-consuming and comprehensive process for both the dog and the handler. For the dog, training is", "id": "15944270" }, { "contents": "Mountain rescue in England and Wales\n\n\nchosen to train in this field. Each team has its own primary area of responsibility but frequently deploy outside these areas in support of other teams. Cave rescue had its own umbrella organisation, the British Cave Rescue Council, but some teams operate as both cave rescue teams and mountain rescue teams. There are also regional organisations dedicated to the training of search dogs and their handlers. England has two associations, the Search and Rescue Dog Association England SARDA(E) and the Lake District Mountain Rescue Search Dog Association (LDMRSD). Wales", "id": "18467192" }, { "contents": "Chambers Street–World Trade Center/Park Place/Cortlandt Street station\n\n\nDecember 19, 2016. The newly reopened passageway retained its pre-9/11 design, save for a door on display that has the words \"MATF 1 / 9 13\" spray-painted on it (a message from Urban Search and Rescue Massachusetts Task Force 1 of Beverly, Massachusetts, who searched the World Trade Center site on September 13, 2001). There is a plaque above the spray-painting, explaining the message on the door. PATH was required to preserve the passageway's original design as per Section 106 of the", "id": "17711006" }, { "contents": "Dustin J. Lee\n\n\nMeridian, Mississippi. From around five years old, Lee worked with rescue dogs by hiding in woods and allowing them to find him. According to his father, he was so moved by the September 11 attacks that he signed up for the military before graduating high school. Lee grew up in Quitman, Mississippi and graduated from Quitman High School in 2004. Lee finished first in his training class as a dog handler in 2005. He was noted by the kennel master, William W. Reynolds, to be \"uncanny as a", "id": "17545654" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nout of the rubble. The final survivor, Port Authority secretary Genelle Guzman-McMillan, was rescued 27 hours after the collapse of the North Tower. Some firefighters and civilians who survived made cell phone calls from voids beneath the rubble, though the amount of debris made it difficult for rescue workers to get to them. By Wednesday night, 82 deaths had been confirmed by officials in New York City. Rescue efforts were paused numerous times in the days after the attack, due to concerns that nearby buildings, including One Liberty", "id": "8345870" }, { "contents": "Ilford Animal Cemetery\n\n\nbeen tasked with responding to the many letters received by the ship's heroic cat, Simon, who is buried at Ilford. The burials are a mixture of family pets and military animals, including thirteen recipients of the Dickin Medal for bravery (a fifth of all Dickin Medal recipients are buried at Ilford). The first Dickin Medal recipient to be buried at Ilford was Rip, a Second World War search and rescue dog. Information boards recounting the stories of several of the animals were constructed during the recent restoration. The cemetery", "id": "15333774" }, { "contents": "German Shepherd\n\n\nAs part of the Herding Group, German Shepherds are working dogs developed originally for herding sheep. Since that time however, because of their strength, intelligence, trainability, and obedience, German Shepherds around the world are often the preferred breed for many types of work, including disability assistance, search-and-rescue, police and military roles, and acting. The German Shepherd is the second-most registered breed by the American Kennel Club and seventh-most registered breed by The Kennel Club in the United Kingdom. German", "id": "1990214" }, { "contents": "Priya Ravichandran\n\n\nvictims.. She was admitted at the Appollo Hospitals and Chief Minister J.Jayalalitha visited her at the hospital and assured the support of the Government in her speedy recovery to her kith and kin . In recognition of her brave deed she was awarded the Anna Medal for Bravery - the first of its kind to a Government employee . She was also awarded the President Medal for gallantry .She is the first woman officer in the Department to be awarded with the President medal. She also became the first Officer to be promoted and posted as Deputy Director", "id": "10111038" }, { "contents": "U.S. government response to the September 11 attacks\n\n\nof the National September 11 Memorial & Museum. Within hours of the attacks in New York, a massive search and rescue (SAR) operation was launched, which included over 350 search and rescue dogs. Initially, only a handful of wounded people were found at the site, and in the weeks that followed it became evident that there weren't any survivors to be found. Only twenty survivors were found alive in the rubble. Rescue and recovery efforts took months to complete. It took several weeks to put out the fires", "id": "8345829" }, { "contents": "Kuga (dog)\n\n\nKuga was posthumously awarded the 71st Dickin Medal for bravery by the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals (PDSA). The medal was received on Kuga’s behalf by a Victoria Cross recipient, Mark Donaldson VC, who was also a Special forces dog handler, along with another military dog, Odin. A spokesperson for the PDSA said, \"The reason he got the Dickin Medal was he just was so courageous. He saved the lives, without doubt I think, of that patrol.” Donaldson said, \"I personally", "id": "11401200" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nMilitary Police Company, and 69th Infantry Regiment based in Manhattan were the first military force to secure Ground Zero on September 11th. The 69th Infantry's armory on Lexington Avenue became the Family Information Center to assist persons in locating missing family members. The National Guard supplemented the NYPD and FDNY, with 2,250 guard members on the scene by the next morning. Eventually thousands of New York Army and Air National Guardsmen participated in the rescue/recovery efforts. They conducted site security at the WTC, and at other locations. They provided", "id": "8345886" }, { "contents": "Mountain rescue in England and Wales\n\n\nalso has two associations the Search and Rescue Dog Association Wales (SARDA Wales) responding to incidents in North Wales and the Search and Rescue Dog Association South Wales (SARDA South Wales). Handlers must be full team members of a mountain rescue team and, once graded, will operate alongside that team, but can also be deployed in support of other teams. The co-ordinating body for Mountain & Mine Search and Rescue Teams in the Lake District is the The co-ordinating body for South Wales is covered by the", "id": "18467193" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nand military police, they greatly aided in the clean-up effort. F-16s from the 174th Fighter Wing also ramped up their flying sorties and patrolled the skies. The New Jersey National Guard assisted the New York National Guard's efforts following the attacks. U.S. Marines were also present to assist in the rescue efforts. No official numbers of men who helped out was released but there was evidence that they were there. Films such as 2006 docudrama \"World Trade Center\" talked of two Marines who rescued two trapped police officers in", "id": "8345888" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\n, to oversee the structural engineering operations at the site. To make the effort more manageable, the World Trade Center site was divided into four quadrants or zones. Each zone was assigned a lead contractor, and a team of three structural engineers, subcontractors, and rescue workers. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the United States Army Corps of Engineers, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the New York City Office of Emergency Management (OEM) provided support. Forestry incident management teams (", "id": "8345875" }, { "contents": "FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force\n\n\nreach of the handler, it is critical to minimize the possibility of the dog becoming trapped in a confined space or choking from an entangled collar. Because of the distinct possibility of injury from broken glass and metal, the medical unit maintains supplies for the canine rescuers. After first passing an evaluation of basic obedience, alert, directional control, agility and search skills currently known as an FSA (Foundational Skills Assessment), all canine/handler teams must pass an advanced certification known as a Certification Evaluation (or CE).", "id": "21101739" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\navoided the use of \"ground zero\", which describes the epicenter of a bomb explosion. Numerous volunteers organized to form \"bucket brigades\", which passed 5-gallon buckets full of debris down a line to investigators, who sifted through the debris in search of evidence and human remains. Ironworkers helped cut up steel beams into more manageable sizes for removal. Much of the debris was hauled off to the Fresh Kills Landfill on Staten Island where it was further searched and sorted. Some of the steel was reused for memorials. New", "id": "8345877" }, { "contents": "Norfolk Fire and Rescue Service\n\n\nin the number of fire's they attend, however an increasing response to Road Traffic Collisions (RTC) on Norfolk's roads. Pods: CBRN Response: Incident Response Unit (IRU): H9 Urban Search & Rescue Unit (USAR): Norfolk also hosts one of the UK's Urban Search and Rescue teams, these were originally set up as a response to the 9/11 tragedy in New York. The Norfolk team comprises 15 wholetime USAR technicians and 16 retained technicians along with a search dog. The team is based in", "id": "6559273" }, { "contents": "Shiloh Shepherd dog\n\n\nShilohs have been trained as search and rescue dogs. In March 2007, a Shiloh named Gandalf received national media attention after finding a Boy Scout lost in the mountains of North Carolina. Shilohs' gentleness and calm temperament allow them to be a part of therapy work. Their intelligence and willingness to please make them highly suitable for work as assistance dogs. They respond quickly to training and retain the capacity to make independent decisions when situations change. They are frequent recipients of the AKCs \"Canine Good Citizen\" Award and have been", "id": "3146056" }, { "contents": "International Rescue Dog Organisation\n\n\nOCHA, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. IRO is organising trainings and competitions where the rescue dog teams practice the search of mission persons. At the World Championships of rescue dogs every year the best teams are identified: in 2013 for the 19th time. Every two years experts meet at a rescue dog symposium to discuss current affairs and frame conditions of the search and rescue work. Since 2010 IRO calls for participation among rescue dog organisations to participate in form of presentations in the public in the Int. Day of", "id": "12797617" }, { "contents": "Quinson Valentino\n\n\nPickering Markets on September 30-October 1. It was around this time that Barry returned to the States to join Daryk St. Holmes in AWA Brew City Wrestling as one-half of The Aristocrats (replacing Danny Scott). The team feuded with The Soul Shooters (\"Poison\" Appollo Starr and Drew \"The Don\" Johnson) over the BCW Tag Team Championship and eventually lost the belts to them in Waukesha, Wisconsin the following year. On December 9, 2006, he beat Reggie Marley at Mecca Pro Wrestling's \"Holiday", "id": "20492783" }, { "contents": "Working dog\n\n\nsimilar desirable characteristics, such as loyalty and good temperament, were bred. As a result, many working breeds are sought after as family pets. For search and rescue work, typical breeds seen in the field include Labrador Retrievers, Border Collies, German Shepherd Dogs and certain members of the hound group. These dogs should have a good prey drive, desire to please the handler, ability to work on and off lead, and be sociable in public settings. Working dogs make excellent pets as long as potential owners realize that", "id": "16947830" }, { "contents": "Urban Search and Rescue Pennsylvania Task Force 1\n\n\n, as well as the in-state US&R response system. PA-TF-1 has been deployed to numerous incidents of national significance. The Task Force's first federal deployment was to North Carolina in 1999 for Hurricane Floyd. During this deployment, PA-TF1 gained distinction for several swift water rescues. PA-TF1 was deployed to the 2001 World Trade Center Attacks, the 2005 Hurricane Katrina/Rita event, and the 2008 Hurricane Ike/Gustav storm. PA-TF1 has also been deployed for National Special Security Events.", "id": "750535" }, { "contents": "Sasha (dog)\n\n\nSasha DM (2004–2008) was a Labrador Retriever who served as a bomb detection dog for the British Army whilst stationed in Afghanistan. Sasha and her handler, Lance Corporal Kenneth Rowe, were killed in July 2008. Sasha was awarded the Dickin Medal, also known as the animals' Victoria Cross, in 2014. Sasha was originally assigned as a bomb detection search dog to Marianne Hay, who gave Sasha up as she felt that they couldn't work in the field together as they had become too close. Sasha was assigned", "id": "18646286" }, { "contents": "Sam (army dog)\n\n\nSam (died 2000) was an army dog who served with the Royal Army Veterinary Corps Dog Unit. While serving in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 1990s, Sam helped to apprehend an armed man and also to hold back an armed mob besieging a compound where Serbs were taking refuge. He received the Dickin Medal, the animals' equivalent of the Victoria Cross, in 2003 for these acts of bravery. Sam was a German Shepherd that served with the Dog Unit of the Royal Army Veterinary Corps. Sam and his handler,", "id": "3758043" }, { "contents": "Freddie Mwila\n\n\nchanged its name to the Atlanta Appollos after a change of ownership. Apart from playing in Atlanta, he was supposed to go to England for a full-time coaching course but he achieved neither ambition. He returned home with Kapengwe in August who was also frustrated. The outspoken Mwila accused the FAZ of standing in his way by not giving him an international clearance to rejoin Chiefs. During their time in Atlanta, neither of them played a single match but they spent their time coaching young American footballers in colleges. Mwila stated", "id": "19455812" }, { "contents": "Search and rescue dog\n\n\nanimal vs human scent discrimination'. Dr. Komar worked with cadaver dog teams from the RCMP Civilian Search Dog Program now the Canadian Search Dog Association and the Search and Rescue Dog Association of Alberta. This study showed the accuracy rates of cadaver dogs in moderate to adverse winter weather conditions, and also the dogs' capabilities to discriminate between animal and human remains. It indicated that an accuracy rate near 100% can be achieved through careful and directed training. Her work has been published in the Journal of Forensic Anthropology. Of key", "id": "15944268" }, { "contents": "St. Bernard (dog)\n\n\nused for breeding while they were performing rescues. In an attempt to preserve the breed, the remaining St. Bernards were crossed with Newfoundlands brought from the Colony of Newfoundland in the 1850s, and so lost much of their use as rescue dogs in the snowy climate of the alps because the long fur they inherited would freeze and weigh them down. The dogs never received any special training from the monks. Instead, younger dogs would learn how to perform search and rescue operations from older dogs. The Swiss St. Bernard Club was founded", "id": "8124102" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\n, personnel related to metalwork and construction professions would descend on the site to offer their services and remained until the site was cleared in May 2002. In the years since, investigations and studies have examined effects upon those who participated, noting a variety of afflictions attributed to the debris and stress. After American Airlines Flight 11 crashed into the North Tower (1 WTC) of the World Trade Center, a standard announcement was given to tenants in the South Tower (2 WTC) to stay put and that the building was secure", "id": "8345851" }, { "contents": "National September 11 Memorial & Museum\n\n\nmemorial and museum at the World Trade Center site. A memorial was planned in the immediate aftermath of the attacks and destruction of the World Trade Center for the victims and those involved in rescue and recovery operations. The winner of the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition was Israeli-American architect Michael Arad of Handel Architects, a New York- and San Francisco-based firm. Arad worked with landscape-architecture firm Peter Walker and Partners on the design, creating a forest of swamp white oak trees with two square reflecting pools in", "id": "9525029" }, { "contents": "Trakr\n\n\nTrakr (c.1994 - April 2009) was a German Shepherd police dog who along with his handler, Canadian police officer James Symington, discovered the last survivor of the September 11 attacks at the World Trade Center in New York City in 2001. For his accomplishments, Trakr was named one of history’s most heroic animals by \"Time\" magazine. In 2008 Symington won an essay contest sponsored by BioArts International to find the world's most \"cloneworthy dog\", as a result of which Trakr was cloned, producing five puppies", "id": "8624062" }, { "contents": "Korean Jindo\n\n\n, Park Nam-sun (박남순), an expert search dog handler in South Korea, testified that Jindo dogs are not fit as rescue dogs and search dogs. It is because Jindo dogs' hunting instincts are too strong (they can forget their mission because of their hunting instincts), and they usually give their loyalty only to the first owner, while handlers of search dogs and rescue dogs can frequently change. In 2010, Son Min-suk (손민석), a member of Korean Security Forum, wrote that", "id": "8072086" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nbuilding. Problems with radio communication caused commanders to lose contact with many of the firefighters who went into the buildings. The repeater system in the World Trade Center, which was required for portable radio signals to transmit reliably, was malfunctioning after the impact of the planes. As a result, firefighters were unable to report to commanders on their progress, and were unable to hear evacuation orders. Also, many off-duty firefighters arrived to help, without their radios. FDNY commanders lacked communication with the NYPD, who had helicopters", "id": "8345856" }, { "contents": "AB 1634\n\n\nwas generally supported by animal shelter directors and workers, animal rights groups, animal rescue groups, Societies for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, humane societies, and the Los Angeles city government. The bill received an enormous amount of media attention. The bill was generally opposed by pet owners, breed clubs, breeders of working dogs, search-and-rescue dog associations, K9 law enforcement associations, organizations that provide guide dogs for the blind and service dogs for the disabled, California's agriculture industry, animal rescue groups", "id": "20734587" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nYork City firefighters donated a cross made of steel from the World Trade Center to the Shanksville Volunteer Fire Company in Shanksville, Pennsylvania. The beam, mounted atop a platform shaped like the Pentagon, was erected outside the Shanksville's firehouse near the crash site of United Airlines Flight 93. Twenty-four tons of the steel used in construction of USS \"New York\" (LPD-21) came from the small amount of rubble from the World Trade Center preserved for posterity. Hazards at the World Trade Center site included a diesel fuel", "id": "8345878" }, { "contents": "Sadie (dog)\n\n\nYardley, were deployed to search for explosive devices outside the United Nations headquarters in Kabul following a suicide attack. Sadie picked up the scent of a second device through a thick concrete wall, giving disposal experts the opportunity to defuse the bomb which was a pressure cooker bomb -- a pressure cooker filled with TNT. The bomb had been covered with sandbags, in order to kill and injure rescue workers following the suicide attack. For her actions, Sadie was awarded the Dickin Medal. Awarded by the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals", "id": "10285152" }, { "contents": "West Midlands Police\n\n\ndogs in the West Midlands Police Dog Section are products of an in-house breeding program which the force has been running at its Balsall Common training centre since 1994. Specialist search dogs including Springer Spaniels and Labradors are also used by the Dogs Unit to locate drugs or firearms and explosives. Dogs are continually recruited from rescue centres and from members of the public. All specialist dogs are handled by officers who already have a general purpose police dog, giving the handler responsibility in both training and operational deployment. There are currently 69", "id": "20163058" }, { "contents": "Paul Rieckhoff\n\n\nStreet on September 7, 2001, with plans to travel and complete additional military schooling. On the morning of September 11, Rieckhoff was at his apartment in Manhattan when the first plane hit the World Trade Center. He participated in the rescue efforts at ground zero. His unit was formally activated for rescue and security operations later that evening. Rieckhoff recounted his 9/11 experiences for the 9/11 Tribute Center for a project called \"Stories of 9/11 told by those who were there\" In 2002, Rieckhoff volunteered for the invasion of Iraq", "id": "6584696" }, { "contents": "Cornwall Search & Rescue Team\n\n\nof severe weather and during major incidents, having played a key role in the Boscastle flood and during heavy snowfall across the higher parts of Cornwall, e.g. in the winter of 2009/10. This is in addition to the more specialist roles which the team also has including the provision of casualty carers and technical specialists. Led by a Team Leader and one deputy, the team currently has around 45 surface search and rescue team members, based throughout Cornwall and one Search and Rescue Dog Association dog handler. Equipment is carried in three team", "id": "19252875" }, { "contents": "Icelandic Association for Search and Rescue\n\n\nrecent years, specialization within rescue teams has increased, making the work more purposeful: land groups, sea groups, diving groups, advance groups, high-angle rescue groups, search dog groups, etc. Also working within the association is a rescue team for international projects, co-operating with rescue teams in other countries, for example, when major earthquakes occur, as in Turkey in 1999, Algeria in 2003, Morocco in 2004, and Haiti in 2010. ICE-SAR operates an international urban rescue unit,", "id": "7426408" }, { "contents": "Animal rescue group\n\n\n. In the United Kingdom, both shelter and rescue organisations are described using the blanket term \"rescue\", whether they have their own premises, buy in accommodation from commercial kennels, or operate a network of foster homes, where volunteers keep the animals in their homes until adoption. Kennels that have a council contract to take in stray dogs are usually referred to as dog pounds. Some dog pounds also carry out rescue and rehoming work and are effectively rescue groups that operate a pound service. Some rescue groups work with pounds", "id": "3526009" }, { "contents": "Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks\n\n\nbillion until 2015 to monitor and treat injuries stemming from exposure to toxic dust and debris at World Trade Center site. There are nearly 60,000 people enrolled in health-monitoring and treatment programs related to the 9/11 attack. The bill is formally known as the James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act, named after a New York police detective who took part in the rescue efforts at ground zero and later developed breathing complications. On October 28, 2007, Jim Riches reported that the City of New York and litigating first responders have shown", "id": "12662036" }, { "contents": "McNab dog\n\n\ndog competitions, and flyball. They are also exceptional competitors in barn hunt and nose work. Many ranchers are competing with McNabs in the relatively new sport of Ranch Dog Herding where dog and handler on horseback work as a team herding three head of cattle through five obstacles and then into a stock trailer. The McNabs reputation as an indefatigable \"all-weather\" dog is also opening up a new avenue of work for the dog: Search and Rescue. Currently McNabs are working as evidence search dogs, cadaver dogs, archaeology", "id": "2074501" }, { "contents": "Peter (dog)\n\n\nI hated to work him like this – but I also hated to refuse the rescue parties who were asking for him.\" Peter's rescue efforts were not limited to saving people; on one occasion he indicated a trapped victim which turned out to be a grey parrot. On another occasion he saved six people in a single attack. In 1946, Peter and his handler were present at the Civil Defence Stand–Down parade in Hyde Park, London. It was there that he was presented to King and Queen, and", "id": "6093677" }, { "contents": "Giovanni Battista Viola\n\n\nGiovanni Battista Viola (June 16, 1576 – August 10, 1622) was an Italian painter of the early Baroque period in Rome. Giovanni was born in Bologna. His skills were initially noticed by Annibale Carracci. He collaborated with Domenichino in the \"Room of Appollo\" in Villa Aldobrandini in Frascati (1616–18), where Viola painted the landscapes and Domenichino, the figures. He appears to have worked for the Giustiniani in Bassano di Sutri. In 1612, he was sharing a house with Francesco Albani. In 1612,", "id": "13001088" } ]

[ { "contents": "Appollo (dog)\n\n\nAppollo was a search and rescue dog who served with the K-9 unit of the New York Police Department. He was awarded the Dickin Medal, the animals' equivalent of the Victoria Cross, in recognition of the work done by all search and rescue dogs following the September 11 attacks. Appollo and his handler were working at the World Trade Center site soon after the attacks. Appollo was a German Shepherd born around 1992, who was in service with the K-9 unit of the New York Police Department (NYPD). In 1994", "id": "3459675" }, { "contents": "Appollo (dog)\n\n\nin to assist with the rescue operations after the September 11 terror attacks. They arrived at the World Trade Center site fifteen minutes after the fall of the twin towers, making Appollo the first search and rescue dog to arrive at the site. At one point, Appollo was almost killed by flames and falling debris. However, he survived, having been drenched after falling into a pool of water just before this incident. Appollo started working again as soon as Davis had brushed the debris off him. Appollo received the Dickin Medal", "id": "3459677" }, { "contents": "Appollo (dog)\n\n\n, he graduated from the NYPD Canine Special Operations Division, and was one of the first dogs to learn search and rescue. Appollo passed Type-II training in Florida in 1997, and Type-I in Indianapolis in 1999. He was also part of the first NYPD K-9 team to pass them for Urban Search and Rescue New York Task Force 1. Appollo and his handler Peter Davis also worked in the Dominican Republic after a hurricane. Appollo died in November 2006. Appollo and his handler, Peter Davis, were called", "id": "3459676" }, { "contents": "Appollo (dog)\n\n\n, the animal equivalent of the Victoria Cross, on behalf of all the search and rescue dogs who participated in the rescue operations at the World Trade Center site and the Pentagon. He received the award along with guide dogs Roselle and Salty, who rescued their owners from the World Trade Center. The citation for the award was as follows: Appollo received the American Kennel Club Ace award in 2001. He was also honoured for his work at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show of 2002, in which he and several other dogs", "id": "3459678" }, { "contents": "Salty and Roselle\n\n\nYork on September 11, 2001.\" This was not the only Dickin Medal to be awarded for actions related to the attacks; German Shepherd Appollo received a medal on behalf of all the work done by all search and rescue dogs following the attacks. The Dickin Medal is often referred to as the animal metaphorical equivalent of the Victoria Cross. In addition to the Dickin Medal, Salty and Roselle were also each recognized by the British Guide Dogs for the Blind Association. Salty and Rivera were awarded a 'Partners in Courage'", "id": "14082899" }, { "contents": "Jake (rescue dog)\n\n\n.\" Jake was most noted for his work following the September 11 attacks, where he helped search for human remains at Ground Zero. Jake, like other rescue workers and dogs, was honored by New Yorkers as a hero. Jake, wearing his search and rescue vest, was treated to a free steak dinner at an upscale Manhattan restaurant on the evening he arrived to work in New York City. Jake served as a rescue dog at the World Trade Center site for 17 days. Like the humans and other rescue dogs", "id": "12469735" }, { "contents": "Urban Search and Rescue Colorado Task Force 1\n\n\nUrban Search and Rescue Colorado Task Force 1 (CO-TF1) is a FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force based in Colorado. They were one of the 20 FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force teams deployed to the World Trade Center site after the September 11, 2001 attacks. The task force is sponsored by the West Metro Fire Protection District and is made up of 70 positions with over 200 trained members including firefighters, paramedics, engineers and canine handlers. CO-TF1 has taken part in the following deployments:", "id": "640137" }, { "contents": "Jake (rescue dog)\n\n\nof Oakley, Utah, before his death. Jake was 12 years old when he died. It is unknown whether Jake's cancer can be linked to his rescue work at Ground Zero. Cancer is a very common disease for dogs around Jake's age. Some rescue dog owners have claimed that their dogs have died because of their exposure to the air at the World Trade Center site in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks. However, scientists who have studied the health of rescue animals who worked Ground Zero have found no", "id": "12469738" }, { "contents": "LAPD Metropolitan Division\n\n\nhandlers and their canine partners to conduct searches and apprehend felony suspects throughout the Los Angeles area. K-9 personnel are deployed around-the-clock, seven days a week. They are available to assist any LAPD department with searches for felony suspects. Two K-9 officers have also been trained in search and rescue operations using dogs. In 1990, the Liberty Award was created for police dogs who are killed or seriously injured in the line of duty. The medal, which is named after Liberty, a Metropolitan Division K-9 who was", "id": "4910429" }, { "contents": "Caroline Hebard\n\n\nArmenia, Japan and Turkey, using the ability of the dogs to located trapped survivors. She also participated with her dogs in rescue and recovery operations involving bridge collapses, floods, fires, and people lost in the wilderness. She and her dogs also participated in search and rescue operations in the aftermath of the Oklahoma City bombing and the September 11 World Trade Center attack. Hebard received various honors for her work and is the subject of a book, \"So That Others May Live: Carolyn Hebard and Her Search-and", "id": "18581753" }, { "contents": "Peter (dog)\n\n\nreceived a kiss on the nose from Princess Elizabeth, the future Elizabeth II. He was later used to demonstrate mountain rescue techniques to other rescue dogs and handlers. He returned home to Mrs Stables, and moved to a PDSA animal sanctuary before he died. Peter was buried at the PDSA's Ilford Animal Cemetery on 20 November 1952, one of twelve recipients of the Dickin Medal to be buried there. Peter was awarded the Dickin Medal, considered to be the Victoria Cross for animals, in November 1945. His citation read", "id": "6093678" }, { "contents": "Vinnie Ferrari\n\n\na wrestler. He was booked for the first time as a wrestler in 1999, when he lost to Big Poppa Chill in Cheektowaga, New York. In late 1999/early 2001 Vinnie began training future independent wrestling star \"Poison\" Appollo Starr. Appollo would go on to get further training from Jimmy KillKillia and American Kickboxer at the R.A.A.G.E. Dojo. He still credits Vinnie for teaching him to work left, how to bump and some of the finer points of pro wrestling as well helping him get booked for his first match", "id": "1416977" }, { "contents": "Rex (search and rescue dog)\n\n\nRex was a dog who received the Dickin Medal in April, 1945 from the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals for bravery in service during the Second World War. This MAP Civil Defence Rescue Dog performed “outstanding good work\" finding casualties \"in burning buildings.\" Rex intrepidly worked in a harsh environment of \"smouldering debris, thick smoke, intense heat and jets of water\" using a rare combination of determination and intelligence to follow scents to those who were trapped. The Dickin Medal is often referred to as the animal", "id": "12484985" }, { "contents": "Ana (search dog)\n\n\nAna (July 4, 1995 – November 12, 2008) was a golden retriever search and rescue dog, known for having been the first graduate of the Search Dog Foundation's training program. Ana was one of the first search dogs to be deployed to the site of the World Trade Center. Ana was born to a backyard breeder, and proved to be too active to work as an assistance dog. Bonnie Bergin, the Executive Director of the Assistance Dog Institute, decided that Ana might be better suited as a search", "id": "5821095" }, { "contents": "Ana (search dog)\n\n\nand rescue dog, and suggested her to Wilma Melville, the head of the Search Dog Foundation. Ana was trained at a kennel in Gilroy, California, and, upon graduation, she was the first nationally certified Fire Department Disaster Search Canine and the first dog certified by the Search Dog Foundation. Ana was assigned to the Sacramento, California Fire Department, where she was paired with fire captain Rick Lee. Besides the World Trade Center search, Ana and Captain Lee were involved in several other searches, including the sites of", "id": "5821096" }, { "contents": "Peter (dog)\n\n\nPeter (1941–1952) was a collie dog who in 1945 was awarded the Dickin Medal, considered to be the Victoria Cross for animals. During the later stages of the Second World War he served as a search and rescue dog in London. He attended the 1946 Civil Defence Stand–Down parade, where he was presented to the King and Queen, and Princess Elizabeth. His medal was auctioned in 2000 for £4,600 (US$6,964). Peter was born in 1941, and was purchased by Mrs Audrey Stables, of", "id": "6093674" }, { "contents": "Rip (dog)\n\n\nsearch and rescue work, but took to it instinctively. In twelve months between 1940 and 1941, he found over a hundred victims of the air raids in London. His success has been held partially responsible for prompting the authorities to train search and rescue dogs towards the end of World War II. Rip was awarded the Dickin Medal in 1945, two years after it was introduced. The citation reads: \"For locating many air-raid victims during the blitz of 1940\". He would go on to wear the medal", "id": "12182233" }, { "contents": "Gautam Das\n\n\nthat they had killed Gautam Das for publishing news on the corruption of Faridpur Mujib Road repairing works in the newspaper. Of the nine convicts, Appollo went in hiding on June 19, 2013 after the court had fixed June 27, 2013 for delivering the judgment in the case. Punishment of Appollo was effective from the day of his arrest or surrender, added by the court. Judge Shahed Noor Uddin also fined 50,000 each and in default they will have to suffer one additional year in jail. During the court date, 27", "id": "12993285" }, { "contents": "Rip (dog)\n\n\nRip (died 1946), a mixed-breed terrier, was a Second World War search and rescue dog who was awarded the Dickin Medal for bravery in 1945. He was found in Poplar, London, in 1940 by an Air Raid warden, and became the service's first search and rescue dog. He is credited with saving the lives of over 100 people. He was the first of twelve Dickin Medal winners to be buried in the PDSA's cemetery in Ilford, Essex. Rip was found as a stray following", "id": "12182231" }, { "contents": "FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force\n\n\nto be family pets by the handlers when the dogs are not on duty. The canine rescuers will become unmotivated if they are unsuccessful in locating victims, as they consider search and rescue to be a type of game. To keep the canines engaged after long hours of working, one of the Task Force members will hide in the rubble so the dog will have a successful 'find'. In most instances, the dogs do not wear any equipment (collars, vests, booties, etc.) while working a debris", "id": "21101737" }, { "contents": "Beauty (dog)\n\n\nBeauty (4 January 1939 – 17 October 1950), a wirehaired terrier, was a Second World War search and rescue dog considered to be the first rescue dog, who was awarded the Dickin Medal for bravery in 1945. She is among a number of Dickin Medal winners who are buried in Ilford Animal Cemetery. Beauty was born on 4 January 1939, and was owned by PDSA Superintendent Bill Barnet, who led one of the rescue squads in London for animals during the Blitz. The dog would accompany Barnet on rescue missions", "id": "13803419" }, { "contents": "Jake (rescue dog)\n\n\n1. Utah Task Force 1 is a federal search and rescue team trained to respond to disasters. Following his recovery from his injuries, Flood helped to train Jake to become a federal \"U.S. government certified\" rescue dog. There are fewer than 200 of these dogs, who are trained to respond within 24 hours to disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes, wilderness, water rescue, terrorist attacks, or avalanches. Jake's owner later commented, \"...\"against all odds he became a world-class rescue dog\"", "id": "12469734" }, { "contents": "Sheila (dog)\n\n\nthe bombs on the B-17 detonated. Because of their actions, Lt George Kyle, Sgt Howard Delaney, Sgt George Smith and Sgt Joel Berly survived the crash. For the rescue of the airmen, Sheila was awarded the Dickin Medal by the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals. It is often referred to as the animal equivalent of the Victoria Cross. It was the first time that the medal had been awarded to a non-military dog, this time a search and rescue dog. Meanwhile, Dagg was given the British", "id": "12484683" }, { "contents": "Photios of Korytsa\n\n\nthe initiative for the creation of the \"Appollo\" music association and the charitable society \"Love thy Neighbour\" as part of his educational, cultural and social initiatives in Korce. Moreover, \"Appollo\" for a short term period was also undertaking concerts and theatrical performances. Photios was assassinated on September 9, 1906 by a band of Albanian kachak nationalists, led by Bajo Topulli. The assassination was committed because Photios was against the development of Albanian cultural activity, as well as an act of revenge for the killing of the", "id": "17493402" }, { "contents": "Bretagne (rescue dog)\n\n\nBretagne (c. September 1999 – June 7, 2016) was a Golden Retriever rescue dog who searched for survivors at Ground Zero after the September 11 attacks. It was the first assignment for her and her owner and trainer, Denise Corliss. She appeared on the \"Today Show\" along with NBC News’ Tom Brokaw. She later participated in rescue efforts after Hurricanes Katrina and Ivan. She was retired at the age of 9. After her retirement, she continued her community service as a reading dog at a local elementary", "id": "13232350" }, { "contents": "September 11 attacks\n\n\nissued evacuation warnings. Due to technical difficulties with malfunctioning radio repeater systems, many firefighters never heard the evacuation orders. 9-1-1 dispatchers also received information from callers that was not passed along to commanders on the scene. Within hours of the attack, a substantial search and rescue operation was launched. After months of around-the-clock operations, the World Trade Center site was cleared by the end of May 2002. The aftermath of the 9/11 attack resulted in immediate responses to the event, including domestic reactions", "id": "20633661" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nPlaza, were in danger of collapsing. The search and rescue effort in the immediate aftermath at the World Trade Center site involved ironworkers, structural engineers, heavy machinery operators, asbestos workers, boilermakers, carpenters, cement masons, construction managers, electricians, insulation workers, machinists, plumbers and pipefitters, riggers, sheet metal workers, steelworkers, truckers and teamsters, American Red Cross volunteers, and many others. Lower Manhattan, south of 14th Street, was off-limits, except for rescue and recovery workers. There were", "id": "8345871" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nalso about 400 working dogs, the largest deployment of dogs in the nation's history. New York City Office of Emergency Management was the agency responsible for coordination of the City's response to the attacks. Headed by then-Director Richard Sheirer, the agency was forced to vacate its headquarters, located in 7 World Trade Center, within hours of the attack. The building later collapsed. OEM reestablished operations temporarily at the police academy, where Mayor Giuliani gave many press conferences throughout the afternoon and evening of September 11. By", "id": "8345872" }, { "contents": "Salty and Roselle\n\n\nSalty and Roselle were two guide dogs who were with their owners in the World Trade Center during the September 11 attacks in New York City. They each successfully guided their owners out of the burning towers before they collapsed, feats which were later recognized when they were awarded the Dickin Medal by the British charity the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals. Roselle went on to be posthumously named American Hero Dog of the Year 2011 by American Humane, and has a book written about her. Salty (December 12, 1996 – March", "id": "14082890" }, { "contents": "Jake (rescue dog)\n\n\nJake (1995 – July 25, 2007) was an American black labrador who served as a search and rescue dog following the September 11 attacks and Hurricane Katrina. Jake served as a rescue dog from 1997 until his retirement because of cancer in 2006. Jake was adopted when he was 10 months old by his owner, Mary Flood. Jake had been found abandoned on the streets with several injuries, including a dislocated hip and a broken leg. Jake's final owner, Mary Flood, is a member of Utah Task Force", "id": "12469733" }, { "contents": "Aftermath of the September 11 attacks\n\n\nthe American Medical Association, \"...the number of blood donations in the weeks after the September 11, 2001, attacks was markedly greater than in the corresponding weeks of 2000 (2.5 times greater in the first week after the attacks; 1.3–1.4 times greater in the second to fourth weeks after the attack).\" At the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show that took place in New York in February 2002, a tribute was paid to the search and rescue dogs who not only assisted in locating survivors and bodies from the rubble,", "id": "7792842" }, { "contents": "James Zadroga\n\n\nJames Zadroga (February 8, 1971January 5, 2006) was a New York City Police Department (NYPD) officer who died of a respiratory disease that has been attributed to his participation in rescue and recovery operations in the rubble of the World Trade Center following the September 11 attacks. Zadroga was the first NYPD officer whose death was attributed to exposure to his contact with toxic chemicals at the attack site. Zadroga had joined the New York City Police Department in 1992 and attained the rank of Detective. He was a healthy non", "id": "8614630" }, { "contents": "Pawprints of Katrina\n\n\nbook begins on September 11, 2005, at a freeway off-ramp used as a boat launch, with New York City Parks Enforcement (Search & Rescue Team) Department's Captain Scott Shields, known for the efforts of his search-and-rescue dog, Bear, at the World Trade Center on 9/11. An excerpt from that chapter describes the moment: \"Before we set out on a boat to look for stranded pets, the captain asked us to take a moment to remember those lost on 9/11. There", "id": "10227638" }, { "contents": "Connecticut State Environmental Conservation Police\n\n\nState Police and became certified handlers in the areas of search and rescue and evidence detection. The officers and their partners went through four weeks of vigorous training before becoming certified. The Agency obtained three of the dogs from Connecticut Labrador Rescue Inc, in Haddam and Michael Case, a private breeder from Colebrook, Connecticut who donated the fourth K-9 to the Department. Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the EnCon Police have been tasked with a number of responsibilities related to Homeland Security. As a result of these attacks", "id": "14319049" }, { "contents": "Jake (rescue dog)\n\n\nhe worked with, Jake was exposed to the physical hazards of Ground Zero, including sharp debris and suspected unhealthy air. Jake also served in his search and rescue team following Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Jake, along with his Utah Task Force, drove over 30 hours from Utah to Mississippi to help search for survivors and victims of following the hurricane's landfall. Jake was also deployed to the Gulf Coast in the aftermath of Hurricane Rita. In his later years, Jake helped to train younger prospective rescue dogs, as well", "id": "12469736" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nNYPD set up its incident command center at Church Street and Vesey Street, on the opposite side of the World Trade Center from where the FDNY was commanding its operations. NYPD helicopters were soon at the scene, reporting on the status of the burning buildings. When the buildings collapsed, 23 NYPD officers were killed, along with 37 Port Authority Police Department officers. The NYPD helped facilitate the evacuation of civilians out of Lower Manhattan, including approximately 5,000 civilians evacuated by the Harbor Unit to Staten Island and to New Jersey. In", "id": "8345865" }, { "contents": "Fire and Rescue Department of Malaysia\n\n\ndogs to operate in the Search and Rescue (SAR) operations and investigation. K9 Unit can be attached to the regular firefighting unit or JBPM Special Forces thus all dog handlers together with their dogs are trained for a variety of situations, including the urban and the jungle operations. A support team task to support JBPM Special Forces with water transportation during operations involving of lake, river and sea. The boat crews are trained in water survival and able to perform water rescue to JBPM personnel and civilians if things go south. Special", "id": "20633271" }, { "contents": "Peter (dog)\n\n\nGregory Avenue, Weoley Castle, for 25 shillings. He was noted by his owner as having dual talents; for destruction of his owner's home and for ignoring every command given. He was transferred into war service, serving with Air Ministry dog-handler Archie Knight at the Civil Defence depot in Chelsea. He was known as Rescue Dog No. 2664/9288 Peter. Active from early 1945 until the end of the Second World War, Peter acted as a search and rescue dog in London. Knight wrote of the dog in", "id": "6093675" }, { "contents": "Jet of Iada\n\n\n. Corporal Wardle and Jet were the first handler and dog to be used in an official capacity in Civil Defence rescue duties. He was awarded the Dickin Medal on 12 January 1945 for saving the lives of over fifty people trapped in bombed buildings. The dedication read \"For being responsible for the rescue of persons trapped under blitzed buildings while serving with the Civil Defence Services of London.\" Following the war, he was returned to his owner in Liverpool. The Dickin Medal is often referred to as the animal metaphorical equivalent of", "id": "14817122" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nIMTs) also provided support beginning in the days after the attacks to help manage operations. A nearby Burger King restaurant was used as a center for police operations. Given that workers worked at the site, or \"The Pile\", for shifts as long as twelve hours, a specific culture developed at the site, leading to workers developing their own argot. \"The Pile\" was the term coined by the rescue workers to describe the 1.8 million tons of wreckage left from the collapse of the World Trade Center. They", "id": "8345876" }, { "contents": "William M. Feehan\n\n\ndeath in the line of duty during the collapse of the North Tower of the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, at the age of 71. Along with FDNY Chief of department Peter Ganci, Commissioner Feehan was found by the FDNY's Search and Rescue K-9 \"Bear.\" Feehan was survived by his daughters, Elizabeth Feehan and Tara Davan, and sons, William Feehan and firefighter John Feehan, who had worked in Squad Company 252 and is currently Captain of Engine 249. He was also survived by six grandchildren", "id": "20321815" }, { "contents": "Sam (army dog)\n\n\nrefuge. Sam's team managed to force their way into the compound and he held off the rioters until reinforcements arrived. Sam retired from service two years later, at the age of 10. He died from natural causes soon afterwards. Sam posthumously received the Dickin Medal, the animals' equivalent of the Victoria Cross, in 2003 in recognition of his work in Bosnia and Herzegovina. He was the fifty ninth animal to receive the award, and was also the first army dog to receive the Dickin Medal since 1944. The", "id": "3758045" }, { "contents": "Niagara Parks Police Service\n\n\n, the Niagara Parks Police have established their first Canine Unit consisting of one handler and his dog \"Nia\" trained in search and rescue and explosives detection. In summer 2013, K-9 Nia retired due to a chronic illness which prevented her from continuing as an active police dog. In September 2013 new police K-9 Cinder began his training as Nia's replacement. The Niagara Parks Police are responsible for, but not limited to, the following: During peak tourist season the Parks Police employ approximately thirty students, most of whom are", "id": "6172110" }, { "contents": "Crumstone Irma\n\n\nCrumstone Irma, a.k.a. Irma, was a German Shepherd Dog who assisted in the rescue of 191 people trapped under blitzed buildings while serving with London's Civil Defence Services during the Second World War. During this period she worked with her handler and owner, Mrs Margaret Griffin, and another dog named Psyche. Noted for her ability to tell if buried victims were dead or alive, she was awarded the Dickin Medal in 1945, and is buried at the PDSA Animal Cemetery, Ilford. Irma was initially used as a messenger", "id": "14817125" }, { "contents": "World Trade Center Health Program\n\n\nThe WTC Health Program covers responders who worked or volunteered in the rescue, recovery, or clean up efforts at the World Trade Center site in New York, the Pentagon, or the plane crash site in Shanksville, Pennsylvania. It also provides benefits for people who lived, worked, went to school, attended daycare, or adult daycare in the New York City disaster area after September 11. Responders include members of the Fire Department of New York City who participated in the rescue and recovery effort at the World Trade Center sites", "id": "8808395" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nBecause of this, 343 firefighters died in the collapse of the towers. The command post located across West Street was taken out when the South Tower collapsed, making command and control even more difficult and disorganized. When the North Tower collapsed, falling debris killed Peter Ganci, the FDNY chief. Following the collapse of the World Trade Center, a command post was set up at a firehouse in Greenwich Village. The FDNY deployed 200 units (half of all units) to the site, with more than 400 firefighters on the", "id": "8345858" }, { "contents": "Jet of Iada\n\n\nJet of Iada a.k.a. Jet (21 July 1942 – 18 October 1949) was a German Shepherd Dog, who assisted in the rescue of 150 people trapped under blitzed buildings. He was a pedigree dog born in Liverpool, and served with the Civil Defence Services of London. He was awarded both the Dickin Medal and the RSPCA's Medallion of Valor for his rescue efforts. Jet was born in Liverpool in the Iada kennel of Mrs Babcock Cleaver in July 1942. He was a black German Shepherd Dog, and in the", "id": "14817120" }, { "contents": "Dogs with Jobs\n\n\nDogs with Jobs is a Canadian documentary television series about working dogs and show dogs. Each half-hour episode consists of two to three segments on individual dogs from around the world. The family-friendly series has featured service dogs, search and rescue dogs, police dogs, herding dogs, and others. Segments show footage of dogs on the job, and also include stories of their rescue, training, and relationships with their owners and handlers. The idea for the series came from Canadian writer Merrily Weisbord and her daughter", "id": "20398279" }, { "contents": "Search and rescue dog\n\n\nThe use of dogs in search and rescue (SAR) is a valuable component in wilderness tracking, natural disasters, mass casualty events, and in locating missing people. Dedicated handlers and well-trained dogs are required for the use of dogs to be effective in search efforts. Search and rescue dogs are typically worked, by a small team on foot. Search and rescue dogs detect human scent. Although the exact processes are still researched, it may include skin rafts (scent-carrying skin cells that drop off living humans", "id": "15944256" }, { "contents": "World Trade Center station (PATH)\n\n\nits pre-9/11 design, save for a door on display that has the words \"MATF 1 / 9 13\" spray-painted on it (a message from Urban Search and Rescue Massachusetts Task Force 1 of Beverly, Massachusetts, who searched the World Trade Center site on September 13, 2001). There is a plaque above the spray-painting, explaining the message on the door. PATH was required to preserve the passageway's original design as per Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act, as a condition for getting", "id": "12359425" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\n, shortly before United Airlines Flight 175 hit the South Tower, the FDNY chief had arrived and took over command of the response operations. Due to falling debris and safety concerns, he moved the incident command center to a spot located across West Street, but numerous fire chiefs remained in the lobby which continued to serve as an operations post where alarms, elevators, communications systems, and other equipment were operated. The initial response by the FDNY was on rescue and evacuation of building occupants, which involved sending firefighters up to assist", "id": "8345854" }, { "contents": "Urban Search and Rescue Florida Task Force 1\n\n\nspecialists are brought in as needed. In addition, FL-TF1 has nine FEMA certified canine teams, each composed of a handler and a search dog. In the early 1980s two fire departments, Miami-Dade Fire Rescue and the Fairfax County Fire and Rescue Department out of Fairfax County, Virginia worked together under an agreement with the Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance to provide international search and rescue assistance in times of disaster. Starting in 1991, FEMA incorporated a USAR team into its federal response plan. These 20+ teams", "id": "640142" }, { "contents": "Rescue robot\n\n\nThus, the European Commission's Directorate-General for Enterprise and Industry decided to fund ICARUS, a Research project (global budget: 17.5M€) which aims to develop robotic tools which can assist “human” crisis intervention teams. Rescue robots were used in the search for victims and survivors after the September 11 attacks in New York. During September 11 disasters rescue robots were first really tested. They were sent into the rubble to look for survivors and bodies. The robots had trouble working in the rubble of the World Trade Center", "id": "3098116" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nThe local, state, federal and global reaction to the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center was unprecedented. The equally unsurpassed events of that day elicited the largest response of local emergency and rescue personnel to assist in the evacuation of the two towers and also contributed to the largest loss of the same personnel when the towers collapsed. After the attacks, the media termed the World Trade Center site \"Ground Zero\", while rescue personnel referred to it as \"the Pile\". In the ensuing recovery and cleanup efforts", "id": "8345850" }, { "contents": "FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force\n\n\nis a specialist in one of four areas: The search and rescue personnel are organized into four Rescue Squads, each composed of an Officer and five Rescue Specialists, and are capable of working 12-hour alternating shifts. The medical personnel include two task force physicians and four Medical Specialists. The canine rescuers are a critical element of each US&R Task Force as their keen sense of smell allows them to locate victims that might go undiscovered. The majority of the dog handlers on the Task Forces are civilian volunteers. The dogs are usually considered", "id": "21101736" }, { "contents": "City University of New York Public Safety Department\n\n\n. CUNY has not yet obtained an Operating Certificate to be recognized by NYSDOH, NYCREMSCO & FDNY to operate as an EMS provider. Currently there is only one member of the unit. Over the years, there have been five German shepherds in the CUNY Canine unit. The K-9 officers go through 17 weeks of training provided by the Yonkers Police Department and they receive Certification from the New York State Department of Criminal Justice Services. After the World Trade Center attacks on 9/11, the CUNY K-9 Unit dispatched four dogs to assist during", "id": "13853184" }, { "contents": "Search and rescue dog\n\n\nfor this job are St. Bernards, German Shepherd Dogs, and Labrador Retrievers. Missing animal search (MAS) dogs use tracking, trailing and air scenting techniques in order to locate missing, trapped or injured animals and can be trained to locate deceased animals or remains. The Missing Animal Search Dogs Association based in Herefordshire in the UK is carrying out research in this area of search and rescue. Training is a rigorous, time-consuming and comprehensive process for both the dog and the handler. For the dog, training is", "id": "15944270" }, { "contents": "Mountain rescue in England and Wales\n\n\nchosen to train in this field. Each team has its own primary area of responsibility but frequently deploy outside these areas in support of other teams. Cave rescue had its own umbrella organisation, the British Cave Rescue Council, but some teams operate as both cave rescue teams and mountain rescue teams. There are also regional organisations dedicated to the training of search dogs and their handlers. England has two associations, the Search and Rescue Dog Association England SARDA(E) and the Lake District Mountain Rescue Search Dog Association (LDMRSD). Wales", "id": "18467192" }, { "contents": "Chambers Street–World Trade Center/Park Place/Cortlandt Street station\n\n\nDecember 19, 2016. The newly reopened passageway retained its pre-9/11 design, save for a door on display that has the words \"MATF 1 / 9 13\" spray-painted on it (a message from Urban Search and Rescue Massachusetts Task Force 1 of Beverly, Massachusetts, who searched the World Trade Center site on September 13, 2001). There is a plaque above the spray-painting, explaining the message on the door. PATH was required to preserve the passageway's original design as per Section 106 of the", "id": "17711006" }, { "contents": "Dustin J. Lee\n\n\nMeridian, Mississippi. From around five years old, Lee worked with rescue dogs by hiding in woods and allowing them to find him. According to his father, he was so moved by the September 11 attacks that he signed up for the military before graduating high school. Lee grew up in Quitman, Mississippi and graduated from Quitman High School in 2004. Lee finished first in his training class as a dog handler in 2005. He was noted by the kennel master, William W. Reynolds, to be \"uncanny as a", "id": "17545654" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nout of the rubble. The final survivor, Port Authority secretary Genelle Guzman-McMillan, was rescued 27 hours after the collapse of the North Tower. Some firefighters and civilians who survived made cell phone calls from voids beneath the rubble, though the amount of debris made it difficult for rescue workers to get to them. By Wednesday night, 82 deaths had been confirmed by officials in New York City. Rescue efforts were paused numerous times in the days after the attack, due to concerns that nearby buildings, including One Liberty", "id": "8345870" }, { "contents": "Ilford Animal Cemetery\n\n\nbeen tasked with responding to the many letters received by the ship's heroic cat, Simon, who is buried at Ilford. The burials are a mixture of family pets and military animals, including thirteen recipients of the Dickin Medal for bravery (a fifth of all Dickin Medal recipients are buried at Ilford). The first Dickin Medal recipient to be buried at Ilford was Rip, a Second World War search and rescue dog. Information boards recounting the stories of several of the animals were constructed during the recent restoration. The cemetery", "id": "15333774" }, { "contents": "German Shepherd\n\n\nAs part of the Herding Group, German Shepherds are working dogs developed originally for herding sheep. Since that time however, because of their strength, intelligence, trainability, and obedience, German Shepherds around the world are often the preferred breed for many types of work, including disability assistance, search-and-rescue, police and military roles, and acting. The German Shepherd is the second-most registered breed by the American Kennel Club and seventh-most registered breed by The Kennel Club in the United Kingdom. German", "id": "1990214" }, { "contents": "Priya Ravichandran\n\n\nvictims.. She was admitted at the Appollo Hospitals and Chief Minister J.Jayalalitha visited her at the hospital and assured the support of the Government in her speedy recovery to her kith and kin . In recognition of her brave deed she was awarded the Anna Medal for Bravery - the first of its kind to a Government employee . She was also awarded the President Medal for gallantry .She is the first woman officer in the Department to be awarded with the President medal. She also became the first Officer to be promoted and posted as Deputy Director", "id": "10111038" }, { "contents": "U.S. government response to the September 11 attacks\n\n\nof the National September 11 Memorial & Museum. Within hours of the attacks in New York, a massive search and rescue (SAR) operation was launched, which included over 350 search and rescue dogs. Initially, only a handful of wounded people were found at the site, and in the weeks that followed it became evident that there weren't any survivors to be found. Only twenty survivors were found alive in the rubble. Rescue and recovery efforts took months to complete. It took several weeks to put out the fires", "id": "8345829" }, { "contents": "Kuga (dog)\n\n\nKuga was posthumously awarded the 71st Dickin Medal for bravery by the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals (PDSA). The medal was received on Kuga’s behalf by a Victoria Cross recipient, Mark Donaldson VC, who was also a Special forces dog handler, along with another military dog, Odin. A spokesperson for the PDSA said, \"The reason he got the Dickin Medal was he just was so courageous. He saved the lives, without doubt I think, of that patrol.” Donaldson said, \"I personally", "id": "11401200" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nMilitary Police Company, and 69th Infantry Regiment based in Manhattan were the first military force to secure Ground Zero on September 11th. The 69th Infantry's armory on Lexington Avenue became the Family Information Center to assist persons in locating missing family members. The National Guard supplemented the NYPD and FDNY, with 2,250 guard members on the scene by the next morning. Eventually thousands of New York Army and Air National Guardsmen participated in the rescue/recovery efforts. They conducted site security at the WTC, and at other locations. They provided", "id": "8345886" }, { "contents": "Mountain rescue in England and Wales\n\n\nalso has two associations the Search and Rescue Dog Association Wales (SARDA Wales) responding to incidents in North Wales and the Search and Rescue Dog Association South Wales (SARDA South Wales). Handlers must be full team members of a mountain rescue team and, once graded, will operate alongside that team, but can also be deployed in support of other teams. The co-ordinating body for Mountain & Mine Search and Rescue Teams in the Lake District is the The co-ordinating body for South Wales is covered by the", "id": "18467193" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nand military police, they greatly aided in the clean-up effort. F-16s from the 174th Fighter Wing also ramped up their flying sorties and patrolled the skies. The New Jersey National Guard assisted the New York National Guard's efforts following the attacks. U.S. Marines were also present to assist in the rescue efforts. No official numbers of men who helped out was released but there was evidence that they were there. Films such as 2006 docudrama \"World Trade Center\" talked of two Marines who rescued two trapped police officers in", "id": "8345888" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\n, to oversee the structural engineering operations at the site. To make the effort more manageable, the World Trade Center site was divided into four quadrants or zones. Each zone was assigned a lead contractor, and a team of three structural engineers, subcontractors, and rescue workers. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the United States Army Corps of Engineers, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the New York City Office of Emergency Management (OEM) provided support. Forestry incident management teams (", "id": "8345875" }, { "contents": "FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force\n\n\nreach of the handler, it is critical to minimize the possibility of the dog becoming trapped in a confined space or choking from an entangled collar. Because of the distinct possibility of injury from broken glass and metal, the medical unit maintains supplies for the canine rescuers. After first passing an evaluation of basic obedience, alert, directional control, agility and search skills currently known as an FSA (Foundational Skills Assessment), all canine/handler teams must pass an advanced certification known as a Certification Evaluation (or CE).", "id": "21101739" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\navoided the use of \"ground zero\", which describes the epicenter of a bomb explosion. Numerous volunteers organized to form \"bucket brigades\", which passed 5-gallon buckets full of debris down a line to investigators, who sifted through the debris in search of evidence and human remains. Ironworkers helped cut up steel beams into more manageable sizes for removal. Much of the debris was hauled off to the Fresh Kills Landfill on Staten Island where it was further searched and sorted. Some of the steel was reused for memorials. New", "id": "8345877" }, { "contents": "Norfolk Fire and Rescue Service\n\n\nin the number of fire's they attend, however an increasing response to Road Traffic Collisions (RTC) on Norfolk's roads. Pods: CBRN Response: Incident Response Unit (IRU): H9 Urban Search & Rescue Unit (USAR): Norfolk also hosts one of the UK's Urban Search and Rescue teams, these were originally set up as a response to the 9/11 tragedy in New York. The Norfolk team comprises 15 wholetime USAR technicians and 16 retained technicians along with a search dog. The team is based in", "id": "6559273" }, { "contents": "Shiloh Shepherd dog\n\n\nShilohs have been trained as search and rescue dogs. In March 2007, a Shiloh named Gandalf received national media attention after finding a Boy Scout lost in the mountains of North Carolina. Shilohs' gentleness and calm temperament allow them to be a part of therapy work. Their intelligence and willingness to please make them highly suitable for work as assistance dogs. They respond quickly to training and retain the capacity to make independent decisions when situations change. They are frequent recipients of the AKCs \"Canine Good Citizen\" Award and have been", "id": "3146056" }, { "contents": "International Rescue Dog Organisation\n\n\nOCHA, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. IRO is organising trainings and competitions where the rescue dog teams practice the search of mission persons. At the World Championships of rescue dogs every year the best teams are identified: in 2013 for the 19th time. Every two years experts meet at a rescue dog symposium to discuss current affairs and frame conditions of the search and rescue work. Since 2010 IRO calls for participation among rescue dog organisations to participate in form of presentations in the public in the Int. Day of", "id": "12797617" }, { "contents": "Quinson Valentino\n\n\nPickering Markets on September 30-October 1. It was around this time that Barry returned to the States to join Daryk St. Holmes in AWA Brew City Wrestling as one-half of The Aristocrats (replacing Danny Scott). The team feuded with The Soul Shooters (\"Poison\" Appollo Starr and Drew \"The Don\" Johnson) over the BCW Tag Team Championship and eventually lost the belts to them in Waukesha, Wisconsin the following year. On December 9, 2006, he beat Reggie Marley at Mecca Pro Wrestling's \"Holiday", "id": "20492783" }, { "contents": "Working dog\n\n\nsimilar desirable characteristics, such as loyalty and good temperament, were bred. As a result, many working breeds are sought after as family pets. For search and rescue work, typical breeds seen in the field include Labrador Retrievers, Border Collies, German Shepherd Dogs and certain members of the hound group. These dogs should have a good prey drive, desire to please the handler, ability to work on and off lead, and be sociable in public settings. Working dogs make excellent pets as long as potential owners realize that", "id": "16947830" }, { "contents": "Urban Search and Rescue Pennsylvania Task Force 1\n\n\n, as well as the in-state US&R response system. PA-TF-1 has been deployed to numerous incidents of national significance. The Task Force's first federal deployment was to North Carolina in 1999 for Hurricane Floyd. During this deployment, PA-TF1 gained distinction for several swift water rescues. PA-TF1 was deployed to the 2001 World Trade Center Attacks, the 2005 Hurricane Katrina/Rita event, and the 2008 Hurricane Ike/Gustav storm. PA-TF1 has also been deployed for National Special Security Events.", "id": "750535" }, { "contents": "Sasha (dog)\n\n\nSasha DM (2004–2008) was a Labrador Retriever who served as a bomb detection dog for the British Army whilst stationed in Afghanistan. Sasha and her handler, Lance Corporal Kenneth Rowe, were killed in July 2008. Sasha was awarded the Dickin Medal, also known as the animals' Victoria Cross, in 2014. Sasha was originally assigned as a bomb detection search dog to Marianne Hay, who gave Sasha up as she felt that they couldn't work in the field together as they had become too close. Sasha was assigned", "id": "18646286" }, { "contents": "Sam (army dog)\n\n\nSam (died 2000) was an army dog who served with the Royal Army Veterinary Corps Dog Unit. While serving in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 1990s, Sam helped to apprehend an armed man and also to hold back an armed mob besieging a compound where Serbs were taking refuge. He received the Dickin Medal, the animals' equivalent of the Victoria Cross, in 2003 for these acts of bravery. Sam was a German Shepherd that served with the Dog Unit of the Royal Army Veterinary Corps. Sam and his handler,", "id": "3758043" }, { "contents": "Freddie Mwila\n\n\nchanged its name to the Atlanta Appollos after a change of ownership. Apart from playing in Atlanta, he was supposed to go to England for a full-time coaching course but he achieved neither ambition. He returned home with Kapengwe in August who was also frustrated. The outspoken Mwila accused the FAZ of standing in his way by not giving him an international clearance to rejoin Chiefs. During their time in Atlanta, neither of them played a single match but they spent their time coaching young American footballers in colleges. Mwila stated", "id": "19455812" }, { "contents": "Search and rescue dog\n\n\nanimal vs human scent discrimination'. Dr. Komar worked with cadaver dog teams from the RCMP Civilian Search Dog Program now the Canadian Search Dog Association and the Search and Rescue Dog Association of Alberta. This study showed the accuracy rates of cadaver dogs in moderate to adverse winter weather conditions, and also the dogs' capabilities to discriminate between animal and human remains. It indicated that an accuracy rate near 100% can be achieved through careful and directed training. Her work has been published in the Journal of Forensic Anthropology. Of key", "id": "15944268" }, { "contents": "St. Bernard (dog)\n\n\nused for breeding while they were performing rescues. In an attempt to preserve the breed, the remaining St. Bernards were crossed with Newfoundlands brought from the Colony of Newfoundland in the 1850s, and so lost much of their use as rescue dogs in the snowy climate of the alps because the long fur they inherited would freeze and weigh them down. The dogs never received any special training from the monks. Instead, younger dogs would learn how to perform search and rescue operations from older dogs. The Swiss St. Bernard Club was founded", "id": "8124102" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\n, personnel related to metalwork and construction professions would descend on the site to offer their services and remained until the site was cleared in May 2002. In the years since, investigations and studies have examined effects upon those who participated, noting a variety of afflictions attributed to the debris and stress. After American Airlines Flight 11 crashed into the North Tower (1 WTC) of the World Trade Center, a standard announcement was given to tenants in the South Tower (2 WTC) to stay put and that the building was secure", "id": "8345851" }, { "contents": "National September 11 Memorial & Museum\n\n\nmemorial and museum at the World Trade Center site. A memorial was planned in the immediate aftermath of the attacks and destruction of the World Trade Center for the victims and those involved in rescue and recovery operations. The winner of the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition was Israeli-American architect Michael Arad of Handel Architects, a New York- and San Francisco-based firm. Arad worked with landscape-architecture firm Peter Walker and Partners on the design, creating a forest of swamp white oak trees with two square reflecting pools in", "id": "9525029" }, { "contents": "Trakr\n\n\nTrakr (c.1994 - April 2009) was a German Shepherd police dog who along with his handler, Canadian police officer James Symington, discovered the last survivor of the September 11 attacks at the World Trade Center in New York City in 2001. For his accomplishments, Trakr was named one of history’s most heroic animals by \"Time\" magazine. In 2008 Symington won an essay contest sponsored by BioArts International to find the world's most \"cloneworthy dog\", as a result of which Trakr was cloned, producing five puppies", "id": "8624062" }, { "contents": "Korean Jindo\n\n\n, Park Nam-sun (박남순), an expert search dog handler in South Korea, testified that Jindo dogs are not fit as rescue dogs and search dogs. It is because Jindo dogs' hunting instincts are too strong (they can forget their mission because of their hunting instincts), and they usually give their loyalty only to the first owner, while handlers of search dogs and rescue dogs can frequently change. In 2010, Son Min-suk (손민석), a member of Korean Security Forum, wrote that", "id": "8072086" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nbuilding. Problems with radio communication caused commanders to lose contact with many of the firefighters who went into the buildings. The repeater system in the World Trade Center, which was required for portable radio signals to transmit reliably, was malfunctioning after the impact of the planes. As a result, firefighters were unable to report to commanders on their progress, and were unable to hear evacuation orders. Also, many off-duty firefighters arrived to help, without their radios. FDNY commanders lacked communication with the NYPD, who had helicopters", "id": "8345856" }, { "contents": "AB 1634\n\n\nwas generally supported by animal shelter directors and workers, animal rights groups, animal rescue groups, Societies for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, humane societies, and the Los Angeles city government. The bill received an enormous amount of media attention. The bill was generally opposed by pet owners, breed clubs, breeders of working dogs, search-and-rescue dog associations, K9 law enforcement associations, organizations that provide guide dogs for the blind and service dogs for the disabled, California's agriculture industry, animal rescue groups", "id": "20734587" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nYork City firefighters donated a cross made of steel from the World Trade Center to the Shanksville Volunteer Fire Company in Shanksville, Pennsylvania. The beam, mounted atop a platform shaped like the Pentagon, was erected outside the Shanksville's firehouse near the crash site of United Airlines Flight 93. Twenty-four tons of the steel used in construction of USS \"New York\" (LPD-21) came from the small amount of rubble from the World Trade Center preserved for posterity. Hazards at the World Trade Center site included a diesel fuel", "id": "8345878" }, { "contents": "Sadie (dog)\n\n\nYardley, were deployed to search for explosive devices outside the United Nations headquarters in Kabul following a suicide attack. Sadie picked up the scent of a second device through a thick concrete wall, giving disposal experts the opportunity to defuse the bomb which was a pressure cooker bomb -- a pressure cooker filled with TNT. The bomb had been covered with sandbags, in order to kill and injure rescue workers following the suicide attack. For her actions, Sadie was awarded the Dickin Medal. Awarded by the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals", "id": "10285152" }, { "contents": "West Midlands Police\n\n\ndogs in the West Midlands Police Dog Section are products of an in-house breeding program which the force has been running at its Balsall Common training centre since 1994. Specialist search dogs including Springer Spaniels and Labradors are also used by the Dogs Unit to locate drugs or firearms and explosives. Dogs are continually recruited from rescue centres and from members of the public. All specialist dogs are handled by officers who already have a general purpose police dog, giving the handler responsibility in both training and operational deployment. There are currently 69", "id": "20163058" }, { "contents": "Paul Rieckhoff\n\n\nStreet on September 7, 2001, with plans to travel and complete additional military schooling. On the morning of September 11, Rieckhoff was at his apartment in Manhattan when the first plane hit the World Trade Center. He participated in the rescue efforts at ground zero. His unit was formally activated for rescue and security operations later that evening. Rieckhoff recounted his 9/11 experiences for the 9/11 Tribute Center for a project called \"Stories of 9/11 told by those who were there\" In 2002, Rieckhoff volunteered for the invasion of Iraq", "id": "6584696" }, { "contents": "Cornwall Search & Rescue Team\n\n\nof severe weather and during major incidents, having played a key role in the Boscastle flood and during heavy snowfall across the higher parts of Cornwall, e.g. in the winter of 2009/10. This is in addition to the more specialist roles which the team also has including the provision of casualty carers and technical specialists. Led by a Team Leader and one deputy, the team currently has around 45 surface search and rescue team members, based throughout Cornwall and one Search and Rescue Dog Association dog handler. Equipment is carried in three team", "id": "19252875" }, { "contents": "Icelandic Association for Search and Rescue\n\n\nrecent years, specialization within rescue teams has increased, making the work more purposeful: land groups, sea groups, diving groups, advance groups, high-angle rescue groups, search dog groups, etc. Also working within the association is a rescue team for international projects, co-operating with rescue teams in other countries, for example, when major earthquakes occur, as in Turkey in 1999, Algeria in 2003, Morocco in 2004, and Haiti in 2010. ICE-SAR operates an international urban rescue unit,", "id": "7426408" }, { "contents": "Animal rescue group\n\n\n. In the United Kingdom, both shelter and rescue organisations are described using the blanket term \"rescue\", whether they have their own premises, buy in accommodation from commercial kennels, or operate a network of foster homes, where volunteers keep the animals in their homes until adoption. Kennels that have a council contract to take in stray dogs are usually referred to as dog pounds. Some dog pounds also carry out rescue and rehoming work and are effectively rescue groups that operate a pound service. Some rescue groups work with pounds", "id": "3526009" }, { "contents": "Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks\n\n\nbillion until 2015 to monitor and treat injuries stemming from exposure to toxic dust and debris at World Trade Center site. There are nearly 60,000 people enrolled in health-monitoring and treatment programs related to the 9/11 attack. The bill is formally known as the James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act, named after a New York police detective who took part in the rescue efforts at ground zero and later developed breathing complications. On October 28, 2007, Jim Riches reported that the City of New York and litigating first responders have shown", "id": "12662036" }, { "contents": "McNab dog\n\n\ndog competitions, and flyball. They are also exceptional competitors in barn hunt and nose work. Many ranchers are competing with McNabs in the relatively new sport of Ranch Dog Herding where dog and handler on horseback work as a team herding three head of cattle through five obstacles and then into a stock trailer. The McNabs reputation as an indefatigable \"all-weather\" dog is also opening up a new avenue of work for the dog: Search and Rescue. Currently McNabs are working as evidence search dogs, cadaver dogs, archaeology", "id": "2074501" }, { "contents": "Peter (dog)\n\n\nI hated to work him like this – but I also hated to refuse the rescue parties who were asking for him.\" Peter's rescue efforts were not limited to saving people; on one occasion he indicated a trapped victim which turned out to be a grey parrot. On another occasion he saved six people in a single attack. In 1946, Peter and his handler were present at the Civil Defence Stand–Down parade in Hyde Park, London. It was there that he was presented to King and Queen, and", "id": "6093677" }, { "contents": "Giovanni Battista Viola\n\n\nGiovanni Battista Viola (June 16, 1576 – August 10, 1622) was an Italian painter of the early Baroque period in Rome. Giovanni was born in Bologna. His skills were initially noticed by Annibale Carracci. He collaborated with Domenichino in the \"Room of Appollo\" in Villa Aldobrandini in Frascati (1616–18), where Viola painted the landscapes and Domenichino, the figures. He appears to have worked for the Giustiniani in Bassano di Sutri. In 1612, he was sharing a house with Francesco Albani. In 1612,", "id": "13001088" } ]

[ { "contents": "Appollo (dog)\n\n\nAppollo was a search and rescue dog who served with the K-9 unit of the New York Police Department. He was awarded the Dickin Medal, the animals' equivalent of the Victoria Cross, in recognition of the work done by all search and rescue dogs following the September 11 attacks. Appollo and his handler were working at the World Trade Center site soon after the attacks. Appollo was a German Shepherd born around 1992, who was in service with the K-9 unit of the New York Police Department (NYPD). In 1994", "id": "3459675" }, { "contents": "Appollo (dog)\n\n\nin to assist with the rescue operations after the September 11 terror attacks. They arrived at the World Trade Center site fifteen minutes after the fall of the twin towers, making Appollo the first search and rescue dog to arrive at the site. At one point, Appollo was almost killed by flames and falling debris. However, he survived, having been drenched after falling into a pool of water just before this incident. Appollo started working again as soon as Davis had brushed the debris off him. Appollo received the Dickin Medal", "id": "3459677" }, { "contents": "Appollo (dog)\n\n\n, he graduated from the NYPD Canine Special Operations Division, and was one of the first dogs to learn search and rescue. Appollo passed Type-II training in Florida in 1997, and Type-I in Indianapolis in 1999. He was also part of the first NYPD K-9 team to pass them for Urban Search and Rescue New York Task Force 1. Appollo and his handler Peter Davis also worked in the Dominican Republic after a hurricane. Appollo died in November 2006. Appollo and his handler, Peter Davis, were called", "id": "3459676" }, { "contents": "Appollo (dog)\n\n\n, the animal equivalent of the Victoria Cross, on behalf of all the search and rescue dogs who participated in the rescue operations at the World Trade Center site and the Pentagon. He received the award along with guide dogs Roselle and Salty, who rescued their owners from the World Trade Center. The citation for the award was as follows: Appollo received the American Kennel Club Ace award in 2001. He was also honoured for his work at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show of 2002, in which he and several other dogs", "id": "3459678" }, { "contents": "Salty and Roselle\n\n\nYork on September 11, 2001.\" This was not the only Dickin Medal to be awarded for actions related to the attacks; German Shepherd Appollo received a medal on behalf of all the work done by all search and rescue dogs following the attacks. The Dickin Medal is often referred to as the animal metaphorical equivalent of the Victoria Cross. In addition to the Dickin Medal, Salty and Roselle were also each recognized by the British Guide Dogs for the Blind Association. Salty and Rivera were awarded a 'Partners in Courage'", "id": "14082899" }, { "contents": "Jake (rescue dog)\n\n\n.\" Jake was most noted for his work following the September 11 attacks, where he helped search for human remains at Ground Zero. Jake, like other rescue workers and dogs, was honored by New Yorkers as a hero. Jake, wearing his search and rescue vest, was treated to a free steak dinner at an upscale Manhattan restaurant on the evening he arrived to work in New York City. Jake served as a rescue dog at the World Trade Center site for 17 days. Like the humans and other rescue dogs", "id": "12469735" }, { "contents": "Urban Search and Rescue Colorado Task Force 1\n\n\nUrban Search and Rescue Colorado Task Force 1 (CO-TF1) is a FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force based in Colorado. They were one of the 20 FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force teams deployed to the World Trade Center site after the September 11, 2001 attacks. The task force is sponsored by the West Metro Fire Protection District and is made up of 70 positions with over 200 trained members including firefighters, paramedics, engineers and canine handlers. CO-TF1 has taken part in the following deployments:", "id": "640137" }, { "contents": "Jake (rescue dog)\n\n\nof Oakley, Utah, before his death. Jake was 12 years old when he died. It is unknown whether Jake's cancer can be linked to his rescue work at Ground Zero. Cancer is a very common disease for dogs around Jake's age. Some rescue dog owners have claimed that their dogs have died because of their exposure to the air at the World Trade Center site in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks. However, scientists who have studied the health of rescue animals who worked Ground Zero have found no", "id": "12469738" }, { "contents": "LAPD Metropolitan Division\n\n\nhandlers and their canine partners to conduct searches and apprehend felony suspects throughout the Los Angeles area. K-9 personnel are deployed around-the-clock, seven days a week. They are available to assist any LAPD department with searches for felony suspects. Two K-9 officers have also been trained in search and rescue operations using dogs. In 1990, the Liberty Award was created for police dogs who are killed or seriously injured in the line of duty. The medal, which is named after Liberty, a Metropolitan Division K-9 who was", "id": "4910429" }, { "contents": "Caroline Hebard\n\n\nArmenia, Japan and Turkey, using the ability of the dogs to located trapped survivors. She also participated with her dogs in rescue and recovery operations involving bridge collapses, floods, fires, and people lost in the wilderness. She and her dogs also participated in search and rescue operations in the aftermath of the Oklahoma City bombing and the September 11 World Trade Center attack. Hebard received various honors for her work and is the subject of a book, \"So That Others May Live: Carolyn Hebard and Her Search-and", "id": "18581753" }, { "contents": "Peter (dog)\n\n\nreceived a kiss on the nose from Princess Elizabeth, the future Elizabeth II. He was later used to demonstrate mountain rescue techniques to other rescue dogs and handlers. He returned home to Mrs Stables, and moved to a PDSA animal sanctuary before he died. Peter was buried at the PDSA's Ilford Animal Cemetery on 20 November 1952, one of twelve recipients of the Dickin Medal to be buried there. Peter was awarded the Dickin Medal, considered to be the Victoria Cross for animals, in November 1945. His citation read", "id": "6093678" }, { "contents": "Vinnie Ferrari\n\n\na wrestler. He was booked for the first time as a wrestler in 1999, when he lost to Big Poppa Chill in Cheektowaga, New York. In late 1999/early 2001 Vinnie began training future independent wrestling star \"Poison\" Appollo Starr. Appollo would go on to get further training from Jimmy KillKillia and American Kickboxer at the R.A.A.G.E. Dojo. He still credits Vinnie for teaching him to work left, how to bump and some of the finer points of pro wrestling as well helping him get booked for his first match", "id": "1416977" }, { "contents": "Rex (search and rescue dog)\n\n\nRex was a dog who received the Dickin Medal in April, 1945 from the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals for bravery in service during the Second World War. This MAP Civil Defence Rescue Dog performed “outstanding good work\" finding casualties \"in burning buildings.\" Rex intrepidly worked in a harsh environment of \"smouldering debris, thick smoke, intense heat and jets of water\" using a rare combination of determination and intelligence to follow scents to those who were trapped. The Dickin Medal is often referred to as the animal", "id": "12484985" }, { "contents": "Ana (search dog)\n\n\nAna (July 4, 1995 – November 12, 2008) was a golden retriever search and rescue dog, known for having been the first graduate of the Search Dog Foundation's training program. Ana was one of the first search dogs to be deployed to the site of the World Trade Center. Ana was born to a backyard breeder, and proved to be too active to work as an assistance dog. Bonnie Bergin, the Executive Director of the Assistance Dog Institute, decided that Ana might be better suited as a search", "id": "5821095" }, { "contents": "Ana (search dog)\n\n\nand rescue dog, and suggested her to Wilma Melville, the head of the Search Dog Foundation. Ana was trained at a kennel in Gilroy, California, and, upon graduation, she was the first nationally certified Fire Department Disaster Search Canine and the first dog certified by the Search Dog Foundation. Ana was assigned to the Sacramento, California Fire Department, where she was paired with fire captain Rick Lee. Besides the World Trade Center search, Ana and Captain Lee were involved in several other searches, including the sites of", "id": "5821096" }, { "contents": "Peter (dog)\n\n\nPeter (1941–1952) was a collie dog who in 1945 was awarded the Dickin Medal, considered to be the Victoria Cross for animals. During the later stages of the Second World War he served as a search and rescue dog in London. He attended the 1946 Civil Defence Stand–Down parade, where he was presented to the King and Queen, and Princess Elizabeth. His medal was auctioned in 2000 for £4,600 (US$6,964). Peter was born in 1941, and was purchased by Mrs Audrey Stables, of", "id": "6093674" }, { "contents": "Rip (dog)\n\n\nsearch and rescue work, but took to it instinctively. In twelve months between 1940 and 1941, he found over a hundred victims of the air raids in London. His success has been held partially responsible for prompting the authorities to train search and rescue dogs towards the end of World War II. Rip was awarded the Dickin Medal in 1945, two years after it was introduced. The citation reads: \"For locating many air-raid victims during the blitz of 1940\". He would go on to wear the medal", "id": "12182233" }, { "contents": "Gautam Das\n\n\nthat they had killed Gautam Das for publishing news on the corruption of Faridpur Mujib Road repairing works in the newspaper. Of the nine convicts, Appollo went in hiding on June 19, 2013 after the court had fixed June 27, 2013 for delivering the judgment in the case. Punishment of Appollo was effective from the day of his arrest or surrender, added by the court. Judge Shahed Noor Uddin also fined 50,000 each and in default they will have to suffer one additional year in jail. During the court date, 27", "id": "12993285" }, { "contents": "Rip (dog)\n\n\nRip (died 1946), a mixed-breed terrier, was a Second World War search and rescue dog who was awarded the Dickin Medal for bravery in 1945. He was found in Poplar, London, in 1940 by an Air Raid warden, and became the service's first search and rescue dog. He is credited with saving the lives of over 100 people. He was the first of twelve Dickin Medal winners to be buried in the PDSA's cemetery in Ilford, Essex. Rip was found as a stray following", "id": "12182231" }, { "contents": "FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force\n\n\nto be family pets by the handlers when the dogs are not on duty. The canine rescuers will become unmotivated if they are unsuccessful in locating victims, as they consider search and rescue to be a type of game. To keep the canines engaged after long hours of working, one of the Task Force members will hide in the rubble so the dog will have a successful 'find'. In most instances, the dogs do not wear any equipment (collars, vests, booties, etc.) while working a debris", "id": "21101737" }, { "contents": "Beauty (dog)\n\n\nBeauty (4 January 1939 – 17 October 1950), a wirehaired terrier, was a Second World War search and rescue dog considered to be the first rescue dog, who was awarded the Dickin Medal for bravery in 1945. She is among a number of Dickin Medal winners who are buried in Ilford Animal Cemetery. Beauty was born on 4 January 1939, and was owned by PDSA Superintendent Bill Barnet, who led one of the rescue squads in London for animals during the Blitz. The dog would accompany Barnet on rescue missions", "id": "13803419" }, { "contents": "Jake (rescue dog)\n\n\n1. Utah Task Force 1 is a federal search and rescue team trained to respond to disasters. Following his recovery from his injuries, Flood helped to train Jake to become a federal \"U.S. government certified\" rescue dog. There are fewer than 200 of these dogs, who are trained to respond within 24 hours to disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes, wilderness, water rescue, terrorist attacks, or avalanches. Jake's owner later commented, \"...\"against all odds he became a world-class rescue dog\"", "id": "12469734" }, { "contents": "Sheila (dog)\n\n\nthe bombs on the B-17 detonated. Because of their actions, Lt George Kyle, Sgt Howard Delaney, Sgt George Smith and Sgt Joel Berly survived the crash. For the rescue of the airmen, Sheila was awarded the Dickin Medal by the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals. It is often referred to as the animal equivalent of the Victoria Cross. It was the first time that the medal had been awarded to a non-military dog, this time a search and rescue dog. Meanwhile, Dagg was given the British", "id": "12484683" }, { "contents": "Photios of Korytsa\n\n\nthe initiative for the creation of the \"Appollo\" music association and the charitable society \"Love thy Neighbour\" as part of his educational, cultural and social initiatives in Korce. Moreover, \"Appollo\" for a short term period was also undertaking concerts and theatrical performances. Photios was assassinated on September 9, 1906 by a band of Albanian kachak nationalists, led by Bajo Topulli. The assassination was committed because Photios was against the development of Albanian cultural activity, as well as an act of revenge for the killing of the", "id": "17493402" }, { "contents": "Bretagne (rescue dog)\n\n\nBretagne (c. September 1999 – June 7, 2016) was a Golden Retriever rescue dog who searched for survivors at Ground Zero after the September 11 attacks. It was the first assignment for her and her owner and trainer, Denise Corliss. She appeared on the \"Today Show\" along with NBC News’ Tom Brokaw. She later participated in rescue efforts after Hurricanes Katrina and Ivan. She was retired at the age of 9. After her retirement, she continued her community service as a reading dog at a local elementary", "id": "13232350" }, { "contents": "September 11 attacks\n\n\nissued evacuation warnings. Due to technical difficulties with malfunctioning radio repeater systems, many firefighters never heard the evacuation orders. 9-1-1 dispatchers also received information from callers that was not passed along to commanders on the scene. Within hours of the attack, a substantial search and rescue operation was launched. After months of around-the-clock operations, the World Trade Center site was cleared by the end of May 2002. The aftermath of the 9/11 attack resulted in immediate responses to the event, including domestic reactions", "id": "20633661" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nPlaza, were in danger of collapsing. The search and rescue effort in the immediate aftermath at the World Trade Center site involved ironworkers, structural engineers, heavy machinery operators, asbestos workers, boilermakers, carpenters, cement masons, construction managers, electricians, insulation workers, machinists, plumbers and pipefitters, riggers, sheet metal workers, steelworkers, truckers and teamsters, American Red Cross volunteers, and many others. Lower Manhattan, south of 14th Street, was off-limits, except for rescue and recovery workers. There were", "id": "8345871" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nalso about 400 working dogs, the largest deployment of dogs in the nation's history. New York City Office of Emergency Management was the agency responsible for coordination of the City's response to the attacks. Headed by then-Director Richard Sheirer, the agency was forced to vacate its headquarters, located in 7 World Trade Center, within hours of the attack. The building later collapsed. OEM reestablished operations temporarily at the police academy, where Mayor Giuliani gave many press conferences throughout the afternoon and evening of September 11. By", "id": "8345872" }, { "contents": "Salty and Roselle\n\n\nSalty and Roselle were two guide dogs who were with their owners in the World Trade Center during the September 11 attacks in New York City. They each successfully guided their owners out of the burning towers before they collapsed, feats which were later recognized when they were awarded the Dickin Medal by the British charity the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals. Roselle went on to be posthumously named American Hero Dog of the Year 2011 by American Humane, and has a book written about her. Salty (December 12, 1996 – March", "id": "14082890" }, { "contents": "Jake (rescue dog)\n\n\nJake (1995 – July 25, 2007) was an American black labrador who served as a search and rescue dog following the September 11 attacks and Hurricane Katrina. Jake served as a rescue dog from 1997 until his retirement because of cancer in 2006. Jake was adopted when he was 10 months old by his owner, Mary Flood. Jake had been found abandoned on the streets with several injuries, including a dislocated hip and a broken leg. Jake's final owner, Mary Flood, is a member of Utah Task Force", "id": "12469733" }, { "contents": "Aftermath of the September 11 attacks\n\n\nthe American Medical Association, \"...the number of blood donations in the weeks after the September 11, 2001, attacks was markedly greater than in the corresponding weeks of 2000 (2.5 times greater in the first week after the attacks; 1.3–1.4 times greater in the second to fourth weeks after the attack).\" At the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show that took place in New York in February 2002, a tribute was paid to the search and rescue dogs who not only assisted in locating survivors and bodies from the rubble,", "id": "7792842" }, { "contents": "James Zadroga\n\n\nJames Zadroga (February 8, 1971January 5, 2006) was a New York City Police Department (NYPD) officer who died of a respiratory disease that has been attributed to his participation in rescue and recovery operations in the rubble of the World Trade Center following the September 11 attacks. Zadroga was the first NYPD officer whose death was attributed to exposure to his contact with toxic chemicals at the attack site. Zadroga had joined the New York City Police Department in 1992 and attained the rank of Detective. He was a healthy non", "id": "8614630" }, { "contents": "Pawprints of Katrina\n\n\nbook begins on September 11, 2005, at a freeway off-ramp used as a boat launch, with New York City Parks Enforcement (Search & Rescue Team) Department's Captain Scott Shields, known for the efforts of his search-and-rescue dog, Bear, at the World Trade Center on 9/11. An excerpt from that chapter describes the moment: \"Before we set out on a boat to look for stranded pets, the captain asked us to take a moment to remember those lost on 9/11. There", "id": "10227638" }, { "contents": "Connecticut State Environmental Conservation Police\n\n\nState Police and became certified handlers in the areas of search and rescue and evidence detection. The officers and their partners went through four weeks of vigorous training before becoming certified. The Agency obtained three of the dogs from Connecticut Labrador Rescue Inc, in Haddam and Michael Case, a private breeder from Colebrook, Connecticut who donated the fourth K-9 to the Department. Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the EnCon Police have been tasked with a number of responsibilities related to Homeland Security. As a result of these attacks", "id": "14319049" }, { "contents": "Jake (rescue dog)\n\n\nhe worked with, Jake was exposed to the physical hazards of Ground Zero, including sharp debris and suspected unhealthy air. Jake also served in his search and rescue team following Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Jake, along with his Utah Task Force, drove over 30 hours from Utah to Mississippi to help search for survivors and victims of following the hurricane's landfall. Jake was also deployed to the Gulf Coast in the aftermath of Hurricane Rita. In his later years, Jake helped to train younger prospective rescue dogs, as well", "id": "12469736" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nNYPD set up its incident command center at Church Street and Vesey Street, on the opposite side of the World Trade Center from where the FDNY was commanding its operations. NYPD helicopters were soon at the scene, reporting on the status of the burning buildings. When the buildings collapsed, 23 NYPD officers were killed, along with 37 Port Authority Police Department officers. The NYPD helped facilitate the evacuation of civilians out of Lower Manhattan, including approximately 5,000 civilians evacuated by the Harbor Unit to Staten Island and to New Jersey. In", "id": "8345865" }, { "contents": "Fire and Rescue Department of Malaysia\n\n\ndogs to operate in the Search and Rescue (SAR) operations and investigation. K9 Unit can be attached to the regular firefighting unit or JBPM Special Forces thus all dog handlers together with their dogs are trained for a variety of situations, including the urban and the jungle operations. A support team task to support JBPM Special Forces with water transportation during operations involving of lake, river and sea. The boat crews are trained in water survival and able to perform water rescue to JBPM personnel and civilians if things go south. Special", "id": "20633271" }, { "contents": "Peter (dog)\n\n\nGregory Avenue, Weoley Castle, for 25 shillings. He was noted by his owner as having dual talents; for destruction of his owner's home and for ignoring every command given. He was transferred into war service, serving with Air Ministry dog-handler Archie Knight at the Civil Defence depot in Chelsea. He was known as Rescue Dog No. 2664/9288 Peter. Active from early 1945 until the end of the Second World War, Peter acted as a search and rescue dog in London. Knight wrote of the dog in", "id": "6093675" }, { "contents": "Jet of Iada\n\n\n. Corporal Wardle and Jet were the first handler and dog to be used in an official capacity in Civil Defence rescue duties. He was awarded the Dickin Medal on 12 January 1945 for saving the lives of over fifty people trapped in bombed buildings. The dedication read \"For being responsible for the rescue of persons trapped under blitzed buildings while serving with the Civil Defence Services of London.\" Following the war, he was returned to his owner in Liverpool. The Dickin Medal is often referred to as the animal metaphorical equivalent of", "id": "14817122" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nIMTs) also provided support beginning in the days after the attacks to help manage operations. A nearby Burger King restaurant was used as a center for police operations. Given that workers worked at the site, or \"The Pile\", for shifts as long as twelve hours, a specific culture developed at the site, leading to workers developing their own argot. \"The Pile\" was the term coined by the rescue workers to describe the 1.8 million tons of wreckage left from the collapse of the World Trade Center. They", "id": "8345876" }, { "contents": "William M. Feehan\n\n\ndeath in the line of duty during the collapse of the North Tower of the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, at the age of 71. Along with FDNY Chief of department Peter Ganci, Commissioner Feehan was found by the FDNY's Search and Rescue K-9 \"Bear.\" Feehan was survived by his daughters, Elizabeth Feehan and Tara Davan, and sons, William Feehan and firefighter John Feehan, who had worked in Squad Company 252 and is currently Captain of Engine 249. He was also survived by six grandchildren", "id": "20321815" }, { "contents": "Sam (army dog)\n\n\nrefuge. Sam's team managed to force their way into the compound and he held off the rioters until reinforcements arrived. Sam retired from service two years later, at the age of 10. He died from natural causes soon afterwards. Sam posthumously received the Dickin Medal, the animals' equivalent of the Victoria Cross, in 2003 in recognition of his work in Bosnia and Herzegovina. He was the fifty ninth animal to receive the award, and was also the first army dog to receive the Dickin Medal since 1944. The", "id": "3758045" }, { "contents": "Niagara Parks Police Service\n\n\n, the Niagara Parks Police have established their first Canine Unit consisting of one handler and his dog \"Nia\" trained in search and rescue and explosives detection. In summer 2013, K-9 Nia retired due to a chronic illness which prevented her from continuing as an active police dog. In September 2013 new police K-9 Cinder began his training as Nia's replacement. The Niagara Parks Police are responsible for, but not limited to, the following: During peak tourist season the Parks Police employ approximately thirty students, most of whom are", "id": "6172110" }, { "contents": "Crumstone Irma\n\n\nCrumstone Irma, a.k.a. Irma, was a German Shepherd Dog who assisted in the rescue of 191 people trapped under blitzed buildings while serving with London's Civil Defence Services during the Second World War. During this period she worked with her handler and owner, Mrs Margaret Griffin, and another dog named Psyche. Noted for her ability to tell if buried victims were dead or alive, she was awarded the Dickin Medal in 1945, and is buried at the PDSA Animal Cemetery, Ilford. Irma was initially used as a messenger", "id": "14817125" }, { "contents": "World Trade Center Health Program\n\n\nThe WTC Health Program covers responders who worked or volunteered in the rescue, recovery, or clean up efforts at the World Trade Center site in New York, the Pentagon, or the plane crash site in Shanksville, Pennsylvania. It also provides benefits for people who lived, worked, went to school, attended daycare, or adult daycare in the New York City disaster area after September 11. Responders include members of the Fire Department of New York City who participated in the rescue and recovery effort at the World Trade Center sites", "id": "8808395" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nBecause of this, 343 firefighters died in the collapse of the towers. The command post located across West Street was taken out when the South Tower collapsed, making command and control even more difficult and disorganized. When the North Tower collapsed, falling debris killed Peter Ganci, the FDNY chief. Following the collapse of the World Trade Center, a command post was set up at a firehouse in Greenwich Village. The FDNY deployed 200 units (half of all units) to the site, with more than 400 firefighters on the", "id": "8345858" }, { "contents": "Jet of Iada\n\n\nJet of Iada a.k.a. Jet (21 July 1942 – 18 October 1949) was a German Shepherd Dog, who assisted in the rescue of 150 people trapped under blitzed buildings. He was a pedigree dog born in Liverpool, and served with the Civil Defence Services of London. He was awarded both the Dickin Medal and the RSPCA's Medallion of Valor for his rescue efforts. Jet was born in Liverpool in the Iada kennel of Mrs Babcock Cleaver in July 1942. He was a black German Shepherd Dog, and in the", "id": "14817120" }, { "contents": "Dogs with Jobs\n\n\nDogs with Jobs is a Canadian documentary television series about working dogs and show dogs. Each half-hour episode consists of two to three segments on individual dogs from around the world. The family-friendly series has featured service dogs, search and rescue dogs, police dogs, herding dogs, and others. Segments show footage of dogs on the job, and also include stories of their rescue, training, and relationships with their owners and handlers. The idea for the series came from Canadian writer Merrily Weisbord and her daughter", "id": "20398279" }, { "contents": "Search and rescue dog\n\n\nThe use of dogs in search and rescue (SAR) is a valuable component in wilderness tracking, natural disasters, mass casualty events, and in locating missing people. Dedicated handlers and well-trained dogs are required for the use of dogs to be effective in search efforts. Search and rescue dogs are typically worked, by a small team on foot. Search and rescue dogs detect human scent. Although the exact processes are still researched, it may include skin rafts (scent-carrying skin cells that drop off living humans", "id": "15944256" }, { "contents": "World Trade Center station (PATH)\n\n\nits pre-9/11 design, save for a door on display that has the words \"MATF 1 / 9 13\" spray-painted on it (a message from Urban Search and Rescue Massachusetts Task Force 1 of Beverly, Massachusetts, who searched the World Trade Center site on September 13, 2001). There is a plaque above the spray-painting, explaining the message on the door. PATH was required to preserve the passageway's original design as per Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act, as a condition for getting", "id": "12359425" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\n, shortly before United Airlines Flight 175 hit the South Tower, the FDNY chief had arrived and took over command of the response operations. Due to falling debris and safety concerns, he moved the incident command center to a spot located across West Street, but numerous fire chiefs remained in the lobby which continued to serve as an operations post where alarms, elevators, communications systems, and other equipment were operated. The initial response by the FDNY was on rescue and evacuation of building occupants, which involved sending firefighters up to assist", "id": "8345854" }, { "contents": "Urban Search and Rescue Florida Task Force 1\n\n\nspecialists are brought in as needed. In addition, FL-TF1 has nine FEMA certified canine teams, each composed of a handler and a search dog. In the early 1980s two fire departments, Miami-Dade Fire Rescue and the Fairfax County Fire and Rescue Department out of Fairfax County, Virginia worked together under an agreement with the Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance to provide international search and rescue assistance in times of disaster. Starting in 1991, FEMA incorporated a USAR team into its federal response plan. These 20+ teams", "id": "640142" }, { "contents": "Rescue robot\n\n\nThus, the European Commission's Directorate-General for Enterprise and Industry decided to fund ICARUS, a Research project (global budget: 17.5M€) which aims to develop robotic tools which can assist “human” crisis intervention teams. Rescue robots were used in the search for victims and survivors after the September 11 attacks in New York. During September 11 disasters rescue robots were first really tested. They were sent into the rubble to look for survivors and bodies. The robots had trouble working in the rubble of the World Trade Center", "id": "3098116" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nThe local, state, federal and global reaction to the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center was unprecedented. The equally unsurpassed events of that day elicited the largest response of local emergency and rescue personnel to assist in the evacuation of the two towers and also contributed to the largest loss of the same personnel when the towers collapsed. After the attacks, the media termed the World Trade Center site \"Ground Zero\", while rescue personnel referred to it as \"the Pile\". In the ensuing recovery and cleanup efforts", "id": "8345850" }, { "contents": "FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force\n\n\nis a specialist in one of four areas: The search and rescue personnel are organized into four Rescue Squads, each composed of an Officer and five Rescue Specialists, and are capable of working 12-hour alternating shifts. The medical personnel include two task force physicians and four Medical Specialists. The canine rescuers are a critical element of each US&R Task Force as their keen sense of smell allows them to locate victims that might go undiscovered. The majority of the dog handlers on the Task Forces are civilian volunteers. The dogs are usually considered", "id": "21101736" }, { "contents": "City University of New York Public Safety Department\n\n\n. CUNY has not yet obtained an Operating Certificate to be recognized by NYSDOH, NYCREMSCO & FDNY to operate as an EMS provider. Currently there is only one member of the unit. Over the years, there have been five German shepherds in the CUNY Canine unit. The K-9 officers go through 17 weeks of training provided by the Yonkers Police Department and they receive Certification from the New York State Department of Criminal Justice Services. After the World Trade Center attacks on 9/11, the CUNY K-9 Unit dispatched four dogs to assist during", "id": "13853184" }, { "contents": "Search and rescue dog\n\n\nfor this job are St. Bernards, German Shepherd Dogs, and Labrador Retrievers. Missing animal search (MAS) dogs use tracking, trailing and air scenting techniques in order to locate missing, trapped or injured animals and can be trained to locate deceased animals or remains. The Missing Animal Search Dogs Association based in Herefordshire in the UK is carrying out research in this area of search and rescue. Training is a rigorous, time-consuming and comprehensive process for both the dog and the handler. For the dog, training is", "id": "15944270" }, { "contents": "Mountain rescue in England and Wales\n\n\nchosen to train in this field. Each team has its own primary area of responsibility but frequently deploy outside these areas in support of other teams. Cave rescue had its own umbrella organisation, the British Cave Rescue Council, but some teams operate as both cave rescue teams and mountain rescue teams. There are also regional organisations dedicated to the training of search dogs and their handlers. England has two associations, the Search and Rescue Dog Association England SARDA(E) and the Lake District Mountain Rescue Search Dog Association (LDMRSD). Wales", "id": "18467192" }, { "contents": "Chambers Street–World Trade Center/Park Place/Cortlandt Street station\n\n\nDecember 19, 2016. The newly reopened passageway retained its pre-9/11 design, save for a door on display that has the words \"MATF 1 / 9 13\" spray-painted on it (a message from Urban Search and Rescue Massachusetts Task Force 1 of Beverly, Massachusetts, who searched the World Trade Center site on September 13, 2001). There is a plaque above the spray-painting, explaining the message on the door. PATH was required to preserve the passageway's original design as per Section 106 of the", "id": "17711006" }, { "contents": "Dustin J. Lee\n\n\nMeridian, Mississippi. From around five years old, Lee worked with rescue dogs by hiding in woods and allowing them to find him. According to his father, he was so moved by the September 11 attacks that he signed up for the military before graduating high school. Lee grew up in Quitman, Mississippi and graduated from Quitman High School in 2004. Lee finished first in his training class as a dog handler in 2005. He was noted by the kennel master, William W. Reynolds, to be \"uncanny as a", "id": "17545654" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nout of the rubble. The final survivor, Port Authority secretary Genelle Guzman-McMillan, was rescued 27 hours after the collapse of the North Tower. Some firefighters and civilians who survived made cell phone calls from voids beneath the rubble, though the amount of debris made it difficult for rescue workers to get to them. By Wednesday night, 82 deaths had been confirmed by officials in New York City. Rescue efforts were paused numerous times in the days after the attack, due to concerns that nearby buildings, including One Liberty", "id": "8345870" }, { "contents": "Ilford Animal Cemetery\n\n\nbeen tasked with responding to the many letters received by the ship's heroic cat, Simon, who is buried at Ilford. The burials are a mixture of family pets and military animals, including thirteen recipients of the Dickin Medal for bravery (a fifth of all Dickin Medal recipients are buried at Ilford). The first Dickin Medal recipient to be buried at Ilford was Rip, a Second World War search and rescue dog. Information boards recounting the stories of several of the animals were constructed during the recent restoration. The cemetery", "id": "15333774" }, { "contents": "German Shepherd\n\n\nAs part of the Herding Group, German Shepherds are working dogs developed originally for herding sheep. Since that time however, because of their strength, intelligence, trainability, and obedience, German Shepherds around the world are often the preferred breed for many types of work, including disability assistance, search-and-rescue, police and military roles, and acting. The German Shepherd is the second-most registered breed by the American Kennel Club and seventh-most registered breed by The Kennel Club in the United Kingdom. German", "id": "1990214" }, { "contents": "Priya Ravichandran\n\n\nvictims.. She was admitted at the Appollo Hospitals and Chief Minister J.Jayalalitha visited her at the hospital and assured the support of the Government in her speedy recovery to her kith and kin . In recognition of her brave deed she was awarded the Anna Medal for Bravery - the first of its kind to a Government employee . She was also awarded the President Medal for gallantry .She is the first woman officer in the Department to be awarded with the President medal. She also became the first Officer to be promoted and posted as Deputy Director", "id": "10111038" }, { "contents": "U.S. government response to the September 11 attacks\n\n\nof the National September 11 Memorial & Museum. Within hours of the attacks in New York, a massive search and rescue (SAR) operation was launched, which included over 350 search and rescue dogs. Initially, only a handful of wounded people were found at the site, and in the weeks that followed it became evident that there weren't any survivors to be found. Only twenty survivors were found alive in the rubble. Rescue and recovery efforts took months to complete. It took several weeks to put out the fires", "id": "8345829" }, { "contents": "Kuga (dog)\n\n\nKuga was posthumously awarded the 71st Dickin Medal for bravery by the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals (PDSA). The medal was received on Kuga’s behalf by a Victoria Cross recipient, Mark Donaldson VC, who was also a Special forces dog handler, along with another military dog, Odin. A spokesperson for the PDSA said, \"The reason he got the Dickin Medal was he just was so courageous. He saved the lives, without doubt I think, of that patrol.” Donaldson said, \"I personally", "id": "11401200" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nMilitary Police Company, and 69th Infantry Regiment based in Manhattan were the first military force to secure Ground Zero on September 11th. The 69th Infantry's armory on Lexington Avenue became the Family Information Center to assist persons in locating missing family members. The National Guard supplemented the NYPD and FDNY, with 2,250 guard members on the scene by the next morning. Eventually thousands of New York Army and Air National Guardsmen participated in the rescue/recovery efforts. They conducted site security at the WTC, and at other locations. They provided", "id": "8345886" }, { "contents": "Mountain rescue in England and Wales\n\n\nalso has two associations the Search and Rescue Dog Association Wales (SARDA Wales) responding to incidents in North Wales and the Search and Rescue Dog Association South Wales (SARDA South Wales). Handlers must be full team members of a mountain rescue team and, once graded, will operate alongside that team, but can also be deployed in support of other teams. The co-ordinating body for Mountain & Mine Search and Rescue Teams in the Lake District is the The co-ordinating body for South Wales is covered by the", "id": "18467193" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nand military police, they greatly aided in the clean-up effort. F-16s from the 174th Fighter Wing also ramped up their flying sorties and patrolled the skies. The New Jersey National Guard assisted the New York National Guard's efforts following the attacks. U.S. Marines were also present to assist in the rescue efforts. No official numbers of men who helped out was released but there was evidence that they were there. Films such as 2006 docudrama \"World Trade Center\" talked of two Marines who rescued two trapped police officers in", "id": "8345888" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\n, to oversee the structural engineering operations at the site. To make the effort more manageable, the World Trade Center site was divided into four quadrants or zones. Each zone was assigned a lead contractor, and a team of three structural engineers, subcontractors, and rescue workers. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the United States Army Corps of Engineers, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the New York City Office of Emergency Management (OEM) provided support. Forestry incident management teams (", "id": "8345875" }, { "contents": "FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force\n\n\nreach of the handler, it is critical to minimize the possibility of the dog becoming trapped in a confined space or choking from an entangled collar. Because of the distinct possibility of injury from broken glass and metal, the medical unit maintains supplies for the canine rescuers. After first passing an evaluation of basic obedience, alert, directional control, agility and search skills currently known as an FSA (Foundational Skills Assessment), all canine/handler teams must pass an advanced certification known as a Certification Evaluation (or CE).", "id": "21101739" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\navoided the use of \"ground zero\", which describes the epicenter of a bomb explosion. Numerous volunteers organized to form \"bucket brigades\", which passed 5-gallon buckets full of debris down a line to investigators, who sifted through the debris in search of evidence and human remains. Ironworkers helped cut up steel beams into more manageable sizes for removal. Much of the debris was hauled off to the Fresh Kills Landfill on Staten Island where it was further searched and sorted. Some of the steel was reused for memorials. New", "id": "8345877" }, { "contents": "Norfolk Fire and Rescue Service\n\n\nin the number of fire's they attend, however an increasing response to Road Traffic Collisions (RTC) on Norfolk's roads. Pods: CBRN Response: Incident Response Unit (IRU): H9 Urban Search & Rescue Unit (USAR): Norfolk also hosts one of the UK's Urban Search and Rescue teams, these were originally set up as a response to the 9/11 tragedy in New York. The Norfolk team comprises 15 wholetime USAR technicians and 16 retained technicians along with a search dog. The team is based in", "id": "6559273" }, { "contents": "Shiloh Shepherd dog\n\n\nShilohs have been trained as search and rescue dogs. In March 2007, a Shiloh named Gandalf received national media attention after finding a Boy Scout lost in the mountains of North Carolina. Shilohs' gentleness and calm temperament allow them to be a part of therapy work. Their intelligence and willingness to please make them highly suitable for work as assistance dogs. They respond quickly to training and retain the capacity to make independent decisions when situations change. They are frequent recipients of the AKCs \"Canine Good Citizen\" Award and have been", "id": "3146056" }, { "contents": "International Rescue Dog Organisation\n\n\nOCHA, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. IRO is organising trainings and competitions where the rescue dog teams practice the search of mission persons. At the World Championships of rescue dogs every year the best teams are identified: in 2013 for the 19th time. Every two years experts meet at a rescue dog symposium to discuss current affairs and frame conditions of the search and rescue work. Since 2010 IRO calls for participation among rescue dog organisations to participate in form of presentations in the public in the Int. Day of", "id": "12797617" }, { "contents": "Quinson Valentino\n\n\nPickering Markets on September 30-October 1. It was around this time that Barry returned to the States to join Daryk St. Holmes in AWA Brew City Wrestling as one-half of The Aristocrats (replacing Danny Scott). The team feuded with The Soul Shooters (\"Poison\" Appollo Starr and Drew \"The Don\" Johnson) over the BCW Tag Team Championship and eventually lost the belts to them in Waukesha, Wisconsin the following year. On December 9, 2006, he beat Reggie Marley at Mecca Pro Wrestling's \"Holiday", "id": "20492783" }, { "contents": "Working dog\n\n\nsimilar desirable characteristics, such as loyalty and good temperament, were bred. As a result, many working breeds are sought after as family pets. For search and rescue work, typical breeds seen in the field include Labrador Retrievers, Border Collies, German Shepherd Dogs and certain members of the hound group. These dogs should have a good prey drive, desire to please the handler, ability to work on and off lead, and be sociable in public settings. Working dogs make excellent pets as long as potential owners realize that", "id": "16947830" }, { "contents": "Urban Search and Rescue Pennsylvania Task Force 1\n\n\n, as well as the in-state US&R response system. PA-TF-1 has been deployed to numerous incidents of national significance. The Task Force's first federal deployment was to North Carolina in 1999 for Hurricane Floyd. During this deployment, PA-TF1 gained distinction for several swift water rescues. PA-TF1 was deployed to the 2001 World Trade Center Attacks, the 2005 Hurricane Katrina/Rita event, and the 2008 Hurricane Ike/Gustav storm. PA-TF1 has also been deployed for National Special Security Events.", "id": "750535" }, { "contents": "Sasha (dog)\n\n\nSasha DM (2004–2008) was a Labrador Retriever who served as a bomb detection dog for the British Army whilst stationed in Afghanistan. Sasha and her handler, Lance Corporal Kenneth Rowe, were killed in July 2008. Sasha was awarded the Dickin Medal, also known as the animals' Victoria Cross, in 2014. Sasha was originally assigned as a bomb detection search dog to Marianne Hay, who gave Sasha up as she felt that they couldn't work in the field together as they had become too close. Sasha was assigned", "id": "18646286" }, { "contents": "Sam (army dog)\n\n\nSam (died 2000) was an army dog who served with the Royal Army Veterinary Corps Dog Unit. While serving in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 1990s, Sam helped to apprehend an armed man and also to hold back an armed mob besieging a compound where Serbs were taking refuge. He received the Dickin Medal, the animals' equivalent of the Victoria Cross, in 2003 for these acts of bravery. Sam was a German Shepherd that served with the Dog Unit of the Royal Army Veterinary Corps. Sam and his handler,", "id": "3758043" }, { "contents": "Freddie Mwila\n\n\nchanged its name to the Atlanta Appollos after a change of ownership. Apart from playing in Atlanta, he was supposed to go to England for a full-time coaching course but he achieved neither ambition. He returned home with Kapengwe in August who was also frustrated. The outspoken Mwila accused the FAZ of standing in his way by not giving him an international clearance to rejoin Chiefs. During their time in Atlanta, neither of them played a single match but they spent their time coaching young American footballers in colleges. Mwila stated", "id": "19455812" }, { "contents": "Search and rescue dog\n\n\nanimal vs human scent discrimination'. Dr. Komar worked with cadaver dog teams from the RCMP Civilian Search Dog Program now the Canadian Search Dog Association and the Search and Rescue Dog Association of Alberta. This study showed the accuracy rates of cadaver dogs in moderate to adverse winter weather conditions, and also the dogs' capabilities to discriminate between animal and human remains. It indicated that an accuracy rate near 100% can be achieved through careful and directed training. Her work has been published in the Journal of Forensic Anthropology. Of key", "id": "15944268" }, { "contents": "St. Bernard (dog)\n\n\nused for breeding while they were performing rescues. In an attempt to preserve the breed, the remaining St. Bernards were crossed with Newfoundlands brought from the Colony of Newfoundland in the 1850s, and so lost much of their use as rescue dogs in the snowy climate of the alps because the long fur they inherited would freeze and weigh them down. The dogs never received any special training from the monks. Instead, younger dogs would learn how to perform search and rescue operations from older dogs. The Swiss St. Bernard Club was founded", "id": "8124102" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\n, personnel related to metalwork and construction professions would descend on the site to offer their services and remained until the site was cleared in May 2002. In the years since, investigations and studies have examined effects upon those who participated, noting a variety of afflictions attributed to the debris and stress. After American Airlines Flight 11 crashed into the North Tower (1 WTC) of the World Trade Center, a standard announcement was given to tenants in the South Tower (2 WTC) to stay put and that the building was secure", "id": "8345851" }, { "contents": "National September 11 Memorial & Museum\n\n\nmemorial and museum at the World Trade Center site. A memorial was planned in the immediate aftermath of the attacks and destruction of the World Trade Center for the victims and those involved in rescue and recovery operations. The winner of the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition was Israeli-American architect Michael Arad of Handel Architects, a New York- and San Francisco-based firm. Arad worked with landscape-architecture firm Peter Walker and Partners on the design, creating a forest of swamp white oak trees with two square reflecting pools in", "id": "9525029" }, { "contents": "Trakr\n\n\nTrakr (c.1994 - April 2009) was a German Shepherd police dog who along with his handler, Canadian police officer James Symington, discovered the last survivor of the September 11 attacks at the World Trade Center in New York City in 2001. For his accomplishments, Trakr was named one of history’s most heroic animals by \"Time\" magazine. In 2008 Symington won an essay contest sponsored by BioArts International to find the world's most \"cloneworthy dog\", as a result of which Trakr was cloned, producing five puppies", "id": "8624062" }, { "contents": "Korean Jindo\n\n\n, Park Nam-sun (박남순), an expert search dog handler in South Korea, testified that Jindo dogs are not fit as rescue dogs and search dogs. It is because Jindo dogs' hunting instincts are too strong (they can forget their mission because of their hunting instincts), and they usually give their loyalty only to the first owner, while handlers of search dogs and rescue dogs can frequently change. In 2010, Son Min-suk (손민석), a member of Korean Security Forum, wrote that", "id": "8072086" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nbuilding. Problems with radio communication caused commanders to lose contact with many of the firefighters who went into the buildings. The repeater system in the World Trade Center, which was required for portable radio signals to transmit reliably, was malfunctioning after the impact of the planes. As a result, firefighters were unable to report to commanders on their progress, and were unable to hear evacuation orders. Also, many off-duty firefighters arrived to help, without their radios. FDNY commanders lacked communication with the NYPD, who had helicopters", "id": "8345856" }, { "contents": "AB 1634\n\n\nwas generally supported by animal shelter directors and workers, animal rights groups, animal rescue groups, Societies for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, humane societies, and the Los Angeles city government. The bill received an enormous amount of media attention. The bill was generally opposed by pet owners, breed clubs, breeders of working dogs, search-and-rescue dog associations, K9 law enforcement associations, organizations that provide guide dogs for the blind and service dogs for the disabled, California's agriculture industry, animal rescue groups", "id": "20734587" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nYork City firefighters donated a cross made of steel from the World Trade Center to the Shanksville Volunteer Fire Company in Shanksville, Pennsylvania. The beam, mounted atop a platform shaped like the Pentagon, was erected outside the Shanksville's firehouse near the crash site of United Airlines Flight 93. Twenty-four tons of the steel used in construction of USS \"New York\" (LPD-21) came from the small amount of rubble from the World Trade Center preserved for posterity. Hazards at the World Trade Center site included a diesel fuel", "id": "8345878" }, { "contents": "Sadie (dog)\n\n\nYardley, were deployed to search for explosive devices outside the United Nations headquarters in Kabul following a suicide attack. Sadie picked up the scent of a second device through a thick concrete wall, giving disposal experts the opportunity to defuse the bomb which was a pressure cooker bomb -- a pressure cooker filled with TNT. The bomb had been covered with sandbags, in order to kill and injure rescue workers following the suicide attack. For her actions, Sadie was awarded the Dickin Medal. Awarded by the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals", "id": "10285152" }, { "contents": "West Midlands Police\n\n\ndogs in the West Midlands Police Dog Section are products of an in-house breeding program which the force has been running at its Balsall Common training centre since 1994. Specialist search dogs including Springer Spaniels and Labradors are also used by the Dogs Unit to locate drugs or firearms and explosives. Dogs are continually recruited from rescue centres and from members of the public. All specialist dogs are handled by officers who already have a general purpose police dog, giving the handler responsibility in both training and operational deployment. There are currently 69", "id": "20163058" }, { "contents": "Paul Rieckhoff\n\n\nStreet on September 7, 2001, with plans to travel and complete additional military schooling. On the morning of September 11, Rieckhoff was at his apartment in Manhattan when the first plane hit the World Trade Center. He participated in the rescue efforts at ground zero. His unit was formally activated for rescue and security operations later that evening. Rieckhoff recounted his 9/11 experiences for the 9/11 Tribute Center for a project called \"Stories of 9/11 told by those who were there\" In 2002, Rieckhoff volunteered for the invasion of Iraq", "id": "6584696" }, { "contents": "Cornwall Search & Rescue Team\n\n\nof severe weather and during major incidents, having played a key role in the Boscastle flood and during heavy snowfall across the higher parts of Cornwall, e.g. in the winter of 2009/10. This is in addition to the more specialist roles which the team also has including the provision of casualty carers and technical specialists. Led by a Team Leader and one deputy, the team currently has around 45 surface search and rescue team members, based throughout Cornwall and one Search and Rescue Dog Association dog handler. Equipment is carried in three team", "id": "19252875" }, { "contents": "Icelandic Association for Search and Rescue\n\n\nrecent years, specialization within rescue teams has increased, making the work more purposeful: land groups, sea groups, diving groups, advance groups, high-angle rescue groups, search dog groups, etc. Also working within the association is a rescue team for international projects, co-operating with rescue teams in other countries, for example, when major earthquakes occur, as in Turkey in 1999, Algeria in 2003, Morocco in 2004, and Haiti in 2010. ICE-SAR operates an international urban rescue unit,", "id": "7426408" }, { "contents": "Animal rescue group\n\n\n. In the United Kingdom, both shelter and rescue organisations are described using the blanket term \"rescue\", whether they have their own premises, buy in accommodation from commercial kennels, or operate a network of foster homes, where volunteers keep the animals in their homes until adoption. Kennels that have a council contract to take in stray dogs are usually referred to as dog pounds. Some dog pounds also carry out rescue and rehoming work and are effectively rescue groups that operate a pound service. Some rescue groups work with pounds", "id": "3526009" }, { "contents": "Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks\n\n\nbillion until 2015 to monitor and treat injuries stemming from exposure to toxic dust and debris at World Trade Center site. There are nearly 60,000 people enrolled in health-monitoring and treatment programs related to the 9/11 attack. The bill is formally known as the James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act, named after a New York police detective who took part in the rescue efforts at ground zero and later developed breathing complications. On October 28, 2007, Jim Riches reported that the City of New York and litigating first responders have shown", "id": "12662036" }, { "contents": "McNab dog\n\n\ndog competitions, and flyball. They are also exceptional competitors in barn hunt and nose work. Many ranchers are competing with McNabs in the relatively new sport of Ranch Dog Herding where dog and handler on horseback work as a team herding three head of cattle through five obstacles and then into a stock trailer. The McNabs reputation as an indefatigable \"all-weather\" dog is also opening up a new avenue of work for the dog: Search and Rescue. Currently McNabs are working as evidence search dogs, cadaver dogs, archaeology", "id": "2074501" }, { "contents": "Peter (dog)\n\n\nI hated to work him like this – but I also hated to refuse the rescue parties who were asking for him.\" Peter's rescue efforts were not limited to saving people; on one occasion he indicated a trapped victim which turned out to be a grey parrot. On another occasion he saved six people in a single attack. In 1946, Peter and his handler were present at the Civil Defence Stand–Down parade in Hyde Park, London. It was there that he was presented to King and Queen, and", "id": "6093677" }, { "contents": "Giovanni Battista Viola\n\n\nGiovanni Battista Viola (June 16, 1576 – August 10, 1622) was an Italian painter of the early Baroque period in Rome. Giovanni was born in Bologna. His skills were initially noticed by Annibale Carracci. He collaborated with Domenichino in the \"Room of Appollo\" in Villa Aldobrandini in Frascati (1616–18), where Viola painted the landscapes and Domenichino, the figures. He appears to have worked for the Giustiniani in Bassano di Sutri. In 1612, he was sharing a house with Francesco Albani. In 1612,", "id": "13001088" } ]

[ { "contents": "Appollo (dog)\n\n\nAppollo was a search and rescue dog who served with the K-9 unit of the New York Police Department. He was awarded the Dickin Medal, the animals' equivalent of the Victoria Cross, in recognition of the work done by all search and rescue dogs following the September 11 attacks. Appollo and his handler were working at the World Trade Center site soon after the attacks. Appollo was a German Shepherd born around 1992, who was in service with the K-9 unit of the New York Police Department (NYPD). In 1994", "id": "3459675" }, { "contents": "Appollo (dog)\n\n\nin to assist with the rescue operations after the September 11 terror attacks. They arrived at the World Trade Center site fifteen minutes after the fall of the twin towers, making Appollo the first search and rescue dog to arrive at the site. At one point, Appollo was almost killed by flames and falling debris. However, he survived, having been drenched after falling into a pool of water just before this incident. Appollo started working again as soon as Davis had brushed the debris off him. Appollo received the Dickin Medal", "id": "3459677" }, { "contents": "Appollo (dog)\n\n\n, he graduated from the NYPD Canine Special Operations Division, and was one of the first dogs to learn search and rescue. Appollo passed Type-II training in Florida in 1997, and Type-I in Indianapolis in 1999. He was also part of the first NYPD K-9 team to pass them for Urban Search and Rescue New York Task Force 1. Appollo and his handler Peter Davis also worked in the Dominican Republic after a hurricane. Appollo died in November 2006. Appollo and his handler, Peter Davis, were called", "id": "3459676" }, { "contents": "Appollo (dog)\n\n\n, the animal equivalent of the Victoria Cross, on behalf of all the search and rescue dogs who participated in the rescue operations at the World Trade Center site and the Pentagon. He received the award along with guide dogs Roselle and Salty, who rescued their owners from the World Trade Center. The citation for the award was as follows: Appollo received the American Kennel Club Ace award in 2001. He was also honoured for his work at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show of 2002, in which he and several other dogs", "id": "3459678" }, { "contents": "Salty and Roselle\n\n\nYork on September 11, 2001.\" This was not the only Dickin Medal to be awarded for actions related to the attacks; German Shepherd Appollo received a medal on behalf of all the work done by all search and rescue dogs following the attacks. The Dickin Medal is often referred to as the animal metaphorical equivalent of the Victoria Cross. In addition to the Dickin Medal, Salty and Roselle were also each recognized by the British Guide Dogs for the Blind Association. Salty and Rivera were awarded a 'Partners in Courage'", "id": "14082899" }, { "contents": "Jake (rescue dog)\n\n\n.\" Jake was most noted for his work following the September 11 attacks, where he helped search for human remains at Ground Zero. Jake, like other rescue workers and dogs, was honored by New Yorkers as a hero. Jake, wearing his search and rescue vest, was treated to a free steak dinner at an upscale Manhattan restaurant on the evening he arrived to work in New York City. Jake served as a rescue dog at the World Trade Center site for 17 days. Like the humans and other rescue dogs", "id": "12469735" }, { "contents": "Urban Search and Rescue Colorado Task Force 1\n\n\nUrban Search and Rescue Colorado Task Force 1 (CO-TF1) is a FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force based in Colorado. They were one of the 20 FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force teams deployed to the World Trade Center site after the September 11, 2001 attacks. The task force is sponsored by the West Metro Fire Protection District and is made up of 70 positions with over 200 trained members including firefighters, paramedics, engineers and canine handlers. CO-TF1 has taken part in the following deployments:", "id": "640137" }, { "contents": "Jake (rescue dog)\n\n\nof Oakley, Utah, before his death. Jake was 12 years old when he died. It is unknown whether Jake's cancer can be linked to his rescue work at Ground Zero. Cancer is a very common disease for dogs around Jake's age. Some rescue dog owners have claimed that their dogs have died because of their exposure to the air at the World Trade Center site in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks. However, scientists who have studied the health of rescue animals who worked Ground Zero have found no", "id": "12469738" }, { "contents": "LAPD Metropolitan Division\n\n\nhandlers and their canine partners to conduct searches and apprehend felony suspects throughout the Los Angeles area. K-9 personnel are deployed around-the-clock, seven days a week. They are available to assist any LAPD department with searches for felony suspects. Two K-9 officers have also been trained in search and rescue operations using dogs. In 1990, the Liberty Award was created for police dogs who are killed or seriously injured in the line of duty. The medal, which is named after Liberty, a Metropolitan Division K-9 who was", "id": "4910429" }, { "contents": "Caroline Hebard\n\n\nArmenia, Japan and Turkey, using the ability of the dogs to located trapped survivors. She also participated with her dogs in rescue and recovery operations involving bridge collapses, floods, fires, and people lost in the wilderness. She and her dogs also participated in search and rescue operations in the aftermath of the Oklahoma City bombing and the September 11 World Trade Center attack. Hebard received various honors for her work and is the subject of a book, \"So That Others May Live: Carolyn Hebard and Her Search-and", "id": "18581753" }, { "contents": "Peter (dog)\n\n\nreceived a kiss on the nose from Princess Elizabeth, the future Elizabeth II. He was later used to demonstrate mountain rescue techniques to other rescue dogs and handlers. He returned home to Mrs Stables, and moved to a PDSA animal sanctuary before he died. Peter was buried at the PDSA's Ilford Animal Cemetery on 20 November 1952, one of twelve recipients of the Dickin Medal to be buried there. Peter was awarded the Dickin Medal, considered to be the Victoria Cross for animals, in November 1945. His citation read", "id": "6093678" }, { "contents": "Vinnie Ferrari\n\n\na wrestler. He was booked for the first time as a wrestler in 1999, when he lost to Big Poppa Chill in Cheektowaga, New York. In late 1999/early 2001 Vinnie began training future independent wrestling star \"Poison\" Appollo Starr. Appollo would go on to get further training from Jimmy KillKillia and American Kickboxer at the R.A.A.G.E. Dojo. He still credits Vinnie for teaching him to work left, how to bump and some of the finer points of pro wrestling as well helping him get booked for his first match", "id": "1416977" }, { "contents": "Rex (search and rescue dog)\n\n\nRex was a dog who received the Dickin Medal in April, 1945 from the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals for bravery in service during the Second World War. This MAP Civil Defence Rescue Dog performed “outstanding good work\" finding casualties \"in burning buildings.\" Rex intrepidly worked in a harsh environment of \"smouldering debris, thick smoke, intense heat and jets of water\" using a rare combination of determination and intelligence to follow scents to those who were trapped. The Dickin Medal is often referred to as the animal", "id": "12484985" }, { "contents": "Ana (search dog)\n\n\nAna (July 4, 1995 – November 12, 2008) was a golden retriever search and rescue dog, known for having been the first graduate of the Search Dog Foundation's training program. Ana was one of the first search dogs to be deployed to the site of the World Trade Center. Ana was born to a backyard breeder, and proved to be too active to work as an assistance dog. Bonnie Bergin, the Executive Director of the Assistance Dog Institute, decided that Ana might be better suited as a search", "id": "5821095" }, { "contents": "Ana (search dog)\n\n\nand rescue dog, and suggested her to Wilma Melville, the head of the Search Dog Foundation. Ana was trained at a kennel in Gilroy, California, and, upon graduation, she was the first nationally certified Fire Department Disaster Search Canine and the first dog certified by the Search Dog Foundation. Ana was assigned to the Sacramento, California Fire Department, where she was paired with fire captain Rick Lee. Besides the World Trade Center search, Ana and Captain Lee were involved in several other searches, including the sites of", "id": "5821096" }, { "contents": "Peter (dog)\n\n\nPeter (1941–1952) was a collie dog who in 1945 was awarded the Dickin Medal, considered to be the Victoria Cross for animals. During the later stages of the Second World War he served as a search and rescue dog in London. He attended the 1946 Civil Defence Stand–Down parade, where he was presented to the King and Queen, and Princess Elizabeth. His medal was auctioned in 2000 for £4,600 (US$6,964). Peter was born in 1941, and was purchased by Mrs Audrey Stables, of", "id": "6093674" }, { "contents": "Rip (dog)\n\n\nsearch and rescue work, but took to it instinctively. In twelve months between 1940 and 1941, he found over a hundred victims of the air raids in London. His success has been held partially responsible for prompting the authorities to train search and rescue dogs towards the end of World War II. Rip was awarded the Dickin Medal in 1945, two years after it was introduced. The citation reads: \"For locating many air-raid victims during the blitz of 1940\". He would go on to wear the medal", "id": "12182233" }, { "contents": "Gautam Das\n\n\nthat they had killed Gautam Das for publishing news on the corruption of Faridpur Mujib Road repairing works in the newspaper. Of the nine convicts, Appollo went in hiding on June 19, 2013 after the court had fixed June 27, 2013 for delivering the judgment in the case. Punishment of Appollo was effective from the day of his arrest or surrender, added by the court. Judge Shahed Noor Uddin also fined 50,000 each and in default they will have to suffer one additional year in jail. During the court date, 27", "id": "12993285" }, { "contents": "Rip (dog)\n\n\nRip (died 1946), a mixed-breed terrier, was a Second World War search and rescue dog who was awarded the Dickin Medal for bravery in 1945. He was found in Poplar, London, in 1940 by an Air Raid warden, and became the service's first search and rescue dog. He is credited with saving the lives of over 100 people. He was the first of twelve Dickin Medal winners to be buried in the PDSA's cemetery in Ilford, Essex. Rip was found as a stray following", "id": "12182231" }, { "contents": "FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force\n\n\nto be family pets by the handlers when the dogs are not on duty. The canine rescuers will become unmotivated if they are unsuccessful in locating victims, as they consider search and rescue to be a type of game. To keep the canines engaged after long hours of working, one of the Task Force members will hide in the rubble so the dog will have a successful 'find'. In most instances, the dogs do not wear any equipment (collars, vests, booties, etc.) while working a debris", "id": "21101737" }, { "contents": "Beauty (dog)\n\n\nBeauty (4 January 1939 – 17 October 1950), a wirehaired terrier, was a Second World War search and rescue dog considered to be the first rescue dog, who was awarded the Dickin Medal for bravery in 1945. She is among a number of Dickin Medal winners who are buried in Ilford Animal Cemetery. Beauty was born on 4 January 1939, and was owned by PDSA Superintendent Bill Barnet, who led one of the rescue squads in London for animals during the Blitz. The dog would accompany Barnet on rescue missions", "id": "13803419" }, { "contents": "Jake (rescue dog)\n\n\n1. Utah Task Force 1 is a federal search and rescue team trained to respond to disasters. Following his recovery from his injuries, Flood helped to train Jake to become a federal \"U.S. government certified\" rescue dog. There are fewer than 200 of these dogs, who are trained to respond within 24 hours to disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes, wilderness, water rescue, terrorist attacks, or avalanches. Jake's owner later commented, \"...\"against all odds he became a world-class rescue dog\"", "id": "12469734" }, { "contents": "Sheila (dog)\n\n\nthe bombs on the B-17 detonated. Because of their actions, Lt George Kyle, Sgt Howard Delaney, Sgt George Smith and Sgt Joel Berly survived the crash. For the rescue of the airmen, Sheila was awarded the Dickin Medal by the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals. It is often referred to as the animal equivalent of the Victoria Cross. It was the first time that the medal had been awarded to a non-military dog, this time a search and rescue dog. Meanwhile, Dagg was given the British", "id": "12484683" }, { "contents": "Photios of Korytsa\n\n\nthe initiative for the creation of the \"Appollo\" music association and the charitable society \"Love thy Neighbour\" as part of his educational, cultural and social initiatives in Korce. Moreover, \"Appollo\" for a short term period was also undertaking concerts and theatrical performances. Photios was assassinated on September 9, 1906 by a band of Albanian kachak nationalists, led by Bajo Topulli. The assassination was committed because Photios was against the development of Albanian cultural activity, as well as an act of revenge for the killing of the", "id": "17493402" }, { "contents": "Bretagne (rescue dog)\n\n\nBretagne (c. September 1999 – June 7, 2016) was a Golden Retriever rescue dog who searched for survivors at Ground Zero after the September 11 attacks. It was the first assignment for her and her owner and trainer, Denise Corliss. She appeared on the \"Today Show\" along with NBC News’ Tom Brokaw. She later participated in rescue efforts after Hurricanes Katrina and Ivan. She was retired at the age of 9. After her retirement, she continued her community service as a reading dog at a local elementary", "id": "13232350" }, { "contents": "September 11 attacks\n\n\nissued evacuation warnings. Due to technical difficulties with malfunctioning radio repeater systems, many firefighters never heard the evacuation orders. 9-1-1 dispatchers also received information from callers that was not passed along to commanders on the scene. Within hours of the attack, a substantial search and rescue operation was launched. After months of around-the-clock operations, the World Trade Center site was cleared by the end of May 2002. The aftermath of the 9/11 attack resulted in immediate responses to the event, including domestic reactions", "id": "20633661" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nPlaza, were in danger of collapsing. The search and rescue effort in the immediate aftermath at the World Trade Center site involved ironworkers, structural engineers, heavy machinery operators, asbestos workers, boilermakers, carpenters, cement masons, construction managers, electricians, insulation workers, machinists, plumbers and pipefitters, riggers, sheet metal workers, steelworkers, truckers and teamsters, American Red Cross volunteers, and many others. Lower Manhattan, south of 14th Street, was off-limits, except for rescue and recovery workers. There were", "id": "8345871" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nalso about 400 working dogs, the largest deployment of dogs in the nation's history. New York City Office of Emergency Management was the agency responsible for coordination of the City's response to the attacks. Headed by then-Director Richard Sheirer, the agency was forced to vacate its headquarters, located in 7 World Trade Center, within hours of the attack. The building later collapsed. OEM reestablished operations temporarily at the police academy, where Mayor Giuliani gave many press conferences throughout the afternoon and evening of September 11. By", "id": "8345872" }, { "contents": "Salty and Roselle\n\n\nSalty and Roselle were two guide dogs who were with their owners in the World Trade Center during the September 11 attacks in New York City. They each successfully guided their owners out of the burning towers before they collapsed, feats which were later recognized when they were awarded the Dickin Medal by the British charity the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals. Roselle went on to be posthumously named American Hero Dog of the Year 2011 by American Humane, and has a book written about her. Salty (December 12, 1996 – March", "id": "14082890" }, { "contents": "Jake (rescue dog)\n\n\nJake (1995 – July 25, 2007) was an American black labrador who served as a search and rescue dog following the September 11 attacks and Hurricane Katrina. Jake served as a rescue dog from 1997 until his retirement because of cancer in 2006. Jake was adopted when he was 10 months old by his owner, Mary Flood. Jake had been found abandoned on the streets with several injuries, including a dislocated hip and a broken leg. Jake's final owner, Mary Flood, is a member of Utah Task Force", "id": "12469733" }, { "contents": "Aftermath of the September 11 attacks\n\n\nthe American Medical Association, \"...the number of blood donations in the weeks after the September 11, 2001, attacks was markedly greater than in the corresponding weeks of 2000 (2.5 times greater in the first week after the attacks; 1.3–1.4 times greater in the second to fourth weeks after the attack).\" At the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show that took place in New York in February 2002, a tribute was paid to the search and rescue dogs who not only assisted in locating survivors and bodies from the rubble,", "id": "7792842" }, { "contents": "James Zadroga\n\n\nJames Zadroga (February 8, 1971January 5, 2006) was a New York City Police Department (NYPD) officer who died of a respiratory disease that has been attributed to his participation in rescue and recovery operations in the rubble of the World Trade Center following the September 11 attacks. Zadroga was the first NYPD officer whose death was attributed to exposure to his contact with toxic chemicals at the attack site. Zadroga had joined the New York City Police Department in 1992 and attained the rank of Detective. He was a healthy non", "id": "8614630" }, { "contents": "Pawprints of Katrina\n\n\nbook begins on September 11, 2005, at a freeway off-ramp used as a boat launch, with New York City Parks Enforcement (Search & Rescue Team) Department's Captain Scott Shields, known for the efforts of his search-and-rescue dog, Bear, at the World Trade Center on 9/11. An excerpt from that chapter describes the moment: \"Before we set out on a boat to look for stranded pets, the captain asked us to take a moment to remember those lost on 9/11. There", "id": "10227638" }, { "contents": "Connecticut State Environmental Conservation Police\n\n\nState Police and became certified handlers in the areas of search and rescue and evidence detection. The officers and their partners went through four weeks of vigorous training before becoming certified. The Agency obtained three of the dogs from Connecticut Labrador Rescue Inc, in Haddam and Michael Case, a private breeder from Colebrook, Connecticut who donated the fourth K-9 to the Department. Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the EnCon Police have been tasked with a number of responsibilities related to Homeland Security. As a result of these attacks", "id": "14319049" }, { "contents": "Jake (rescue dog)\n\n\nhe worked with, Jake was exposed to the physical hazards of Ground Zero, including sharp debris and suspected unhealthy air. Jake also served in his search and rescue team following Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Jake, along with his Utah Task Force, drove over 30 hours from Utah to Mississippi to help search for survivors and victims of following the hurricane's landfall. Jake was also deployed to the Gulf Coast in the aftermath of Hurricane Rita. In his later years, Jake helped to train younger prospective rescue dogs, as well", "id": "12469736" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nNYPD set up its incident command center at Church Street and Vesey Street, on the opposite side of the World Trade Center from where the FDNY was commanding its operations. NYPD helicopters were soon at the scene, reporting on the status of the burning buildings. When the buildings collapsed, 23 NYPD officers were killed, along with 37 Port Authority Police Department officers. The NYPD helped facilitate the evacuation of civilians out of Lower Manhattan, including approximately 5,000 civilians evacuated by the Harbor Unit to Staten Island and to New Jersey. In", "id": "8345865" }, { "contents": "Fire and Rescue Department of Malaysia\n\n\ndogs to operate in the Search and Rescue (SAR) operations and investigation. K9 Unit can be attached to the regular firefighting unit or JBPM Special Forces thus all dog handlers together with their dogs are trained for a variety of situations, including the urban and the jungle operations. A support team task to support JBPM Special Forces with water transportation during operations involving of lake, river and sea. The boat crews are trained in water survival and able to perform water rescue to JBPM personnel and civilians if things go south. Special", "id": "20633271" }, { "contents": "Peter (dog)\n\n\nGregory Avenue, Weoley Castle, for 25 shillings. He was noted by his owner as having dual talents; for destruction of his owner's home and for ignoring every command given. He was transferred into war service, serving with Air Ministry dog-handler Archie Knight at the Civil Defence depot in Chelsea. He was known as Rescue Dog No. 2664/9288 Peter. Active from early 1945 until the end of the Second World War, Peter acted as a search and rescue dog in London. Knight wrote of the dog in", "id": "6093675" }, { "contents": "Jet of Iada\n\n\n. Corporal Wardle and Jet were the first handler and dog to be used in an official capacity in Civil Defence rescue duties. He was awarded the Dickin Medal on 12 January 1945 for saving the lives of over fifty people trapped in bombed buildings. The dedication read \"For being responsible for the rescue of persons trapped under blitzed buildings while serving with the Civil Defence Services of London.\" Following the war, he was returned to his owner in Liverpool. The Dickin Medal is often referred to as the animal metaphorical equivalent of", "id": "14817122" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nIMTs) also provided support beginning in the days after the attacks to help manage operations. A nearby Burger King restaurant was used as a center for police operations. Given that workers worked at the site, or \"The Pile\", for shifts as long as twelve hours, a specific culture developed at the site, leading to workers developing their own argot. \"The Pile\" was the term coined by the rescue workers to describe the 1.8 million tons of wreckage left from the collapse of the World Trade Center. They", "id": "8345876" }, { "contents": "William M. Feehan\n\n\ndeath in the line of duty during the collapse of the North Tower of the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, at the age of 71. Along with FDNY Chief of department Peter Ganci, Commissioner Feehan was found by the FDNY's Search and Rescue K-9 \"Bear.\" Feehan was survived by his daughters, Elizabeth Feehan and Tara Davan, and sons, William Feehan and firefighter John Feehan, who had worked in Squad Company 252 and is currently Captain of Engine 249. He was also survived by six grandchildren", "id": "20321815" }, { "contents": "Sam (army dog)\n\n\nrefuge. Sam's team managed to force their way into the compound and he held off the rioters until reinforcements arrived. Sam retired from service two years later, at the age of 10. He died from natural causes soon afterwards. Sam posthumously received the Dickin Medal, the animals' equivalent of the Victoria Cross, in 2003 in recognition of his work in Bosnia and Herzegovina. He was the fifty ninth animal to receive the award, and was also the first army dog to receive the Dickin Medal since 1944. The", "id": "3758045" }, { "contents": "Niagara Parks Police Service\n\n\n, the Niagara Parks Police have established their first Canine Unit consisting of one handler and his dog \"Nia\" trained in search and rescue and explosives detection. In summer 2013, K-9 Nia retired due to a chronic illness which prevented her from continuing as an active police dog. In September 2013 new police K-9 Cinder began his training as Nia's replacement. The Niagara Parks Police are responsible for, but not limited to, the following: During peak tourist season the Parks Police employ approximately thirty students, most of whom are", "id": "6172110" }, { "contents": "Crumstone Irma\n\n\nCrumstone Irma, a.k.a. Irma, was a German Shepherd Dog who assisted in the rescue of 191 people trapped under blitzed buildings while serving with London's Civil Defence Services during the Second World War. During this period she worked with her handler and owner, Mrs Margaret Griffin, and another dog named Psyche. Noted for her ability to tell if buried victims were dead or alive, she was awarded the Dickin Medal in 1945, and is buried at the PDSA Animal Cemetery, Ilford. Irma was initially used as a messenger", "id": "14817125" }, { "contents": "World Trade Center Health Program\n\n\nThe WTC Health Program covers responders who worked or volunteered in the rescue, recovery, or clean up efforts at the World Trade Center site in New York, the Pentagon, or the plane crash site in Shanksville, Pennsylvania. It also provides benefits for people who lived, worked, went to school, attended daycare, or adult daycare in the New York City disaster area after September 11. Responders include members of the Fire Department of New York City who participated in the rescue and recovery effort at the World Trade Center sites", "id": "8808395" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nBecause of this, 343 firefighters died in the collapse of the towers. The command post located across West Street was taken out when the South Tower collapsed, making command and control even more difficult and disorganized. When the North Tower collapsed, falling debris killed Peter Ganci, the FDNY chief. Following the collapse of the World Trade Center, a command post was set up at a firehouse in Greenwich Village. The FDNY deployed 200 units (half of all units) to the site, with more than 400 firefighters on the", "id": "8345858" }, { "contents": "Jet of Iada\n\n\nJet of Iada a.k.a. Jet (21 July 1942 – 18 October 1949) was a German Shepherd Dog, who assisted in the rescue of 150 people trapped under blitzed buildings. He was a pedigree dog born in Liverpool, and served with the Civil Defence Services of London. He was awarded both the Dickin Medal and the RSPCA's Medallion of Valor for his rescue efforts. Jet was born in Liverpool in the Iada kennel of Mrs Babcock Cleaver in July 1942. He was a black German Shepherd Dog, and in the", "id": "14817120" }, { "contents": "Dogs with Jobs\n\n\nDogs with Jobs is a Canadian documentary television series about working dogs and show dogs. Each half-hour episode consists of two to three segments on individual dogs from around the world. The family-friendly series has featured service dogs, search and rescue dogs, police dogs, herding dogs, and others. Segments show footage of dogs on the job, and also include stories of their rescue, training, and relationships with their owners and handlers. The idea for the series came from Canadian writer Merrily Weisbord and her daughter", "id": "20398279" }, { "contents": "Search and rescue dog\n\n\nThe use of dogs in search and rescue (SAR) is a valuable component in wilderness tracking, natural disasters, mass casualty events, and in locating missing people. Dedicated handlers and well-trained dogs are required for the use of dogs to be effective in search efforts. Search and rescue dogs are typically worked, by a small team on foot. Search and rescue dogs detect human scent. Although the exact processes are still researched, it may include skin rafts (scent-carrying skin cells that drop off living humans", "id": "15944256" }, { "contents": "World Trade Center station (PATH)\n\n\nits pre-9/11 design, save for a door on display that has the words \"MATF 1 / 9 13\" spray-painted on it (a message from Urban Search and Rescue Massachusetts Task Force 1 of Beverly, Massachusetts, who searched the World Trade Center site on September 13, 2001). There is a plaque above the spray-painting, explaining the message on the door. PATH was required to preserve the passageway's original design as per Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act, as a condition for getting", "id": "12359425" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\n, shortly before United Airlines Flight 175 hit the South Tower, the FDNY chief had arrived and took over command of the response operations. Due to falling debris and safety concerns, he moved the incident command center to a spot located across West Street, but numerous fire chiefs remained in the lobby which continued to serve as an operations post where alarms, elevators, communications systems, and other equipment were operated. The initial response by the FDNY was on rescue and evacuation of building occupants, which involved sending firefighters up to assist", "id": "8345854" }, { "contents": "Urban Search and Rescue Florida Task Force 1\n\n\nspecialists are brought in as needed. In addition, FL-TF1 has nine FEMA certified canine teams, each composed of a handler and a search dog. In the early 1980s two fire departments, Miami-Dade Fire Rescue and the Fairfax County Fire and Rescue Department out of Fairfax County, Virginia worked together under an agreement with the Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance to provide international search and rescue assistance in times of disaster. Starting in 1991, FEMA incorporated a USAR team into its federal response plan. These 20+ teams", "id": "640142" }, { "contents": "Rescue robot\n\n\nThus, the European Commission's Directorate-General for Enterprise and Industry decided to fund ICARUS, a Research project (global budget: 17.5M€) which aims to develop robotic tools which can assist “human” crisis intervention teams. Rescue robots were used in the search for victims and survivors after the September 11 attacks in New York. During September 11 disasters rescue robots were first really tested. They were sent into the rubble to look for survivors and bodies. The robots had trouble working in the rubble of the World Trade Center", "id": "3098116" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nThe local, state, federal and global reaction to the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center was unprecedented. The equally unsurpassed events of that day elicited the largest response of local emergency and rescue personnel to assist in the evacuation of the two towers and also contributed to the largest loss of the same personnel when the towers collapsed. After the attacks, the media termed the World Trade Center site \"Ground Zero\", while rescue personnel referred to it as \"the Pile\". In the ensuing recovery and cleanup efforts", "id": "8345850" }, { "contents": "FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force\n\n\nis a specialist in one of four areas: The search and rescue personnel are organized into four Rescue Squads, each composed of an Officer and five Rescue Specialists, and are capable of working 12-hour alternating shifts. The medical personnel include two task force physicians and four Medical Specialists. The canine rescuers are a critical element of each US&R Task Force as their keen sense of smell allows them to locate victims that might go undiscovered. The majority of the dog handlers on the Task Forces are civilian volunteers. The dogs are usually considered", "id": "21101736" }, { "contents": "City University of New York Public Safety Department\n\n\n. CUNY has not yet obtained an Operating Certificate to be recognized by NYSDOH, NYCREMSCO & FDNY to operate as an EMS provider. Currently there is only one member of the unit. Over the years, there have been five German shepherds in the CUNY Canine unit. The K-9 officers go through 17 weeks of training provided by the Yonkers Police Department and they receive Certification from the New York State Department of Criminal Justice Services. After the World Trade Center attacks on 9/11, the CUNY K-9 Unit dispatched four dogs to assist during", "id": "13853184" }, { "contents": "Search and rescue dog\n\n\nfor this job are St. Bernards, German Shepherd Dogs, and Labrador Retrievers. Missing animal search (MAS) dogs use tracking, trailing and air scenting techniques in order to locate missing, trapped or injured animals and can be trained to locate deceased animals or remains. The Missing Animal Search Dogs Association based in Herefordshire in the UK is carrying out research in this area of search and rescue. Training is a rigorous, time-consuming and comprehensive process for both the dog and the handler. For the dog, training is", "id": "15944270" }, { "contents": "Mountain rescue in England and Wales\n\n\nchosen to train in this field. Each team has its own primary area of responsibility but frequently deploy outside these areas in support of other teams. Cave rescue had its own umbrella organisation, the British Cave Rescue Council, but some teams operate as both cave rescue teams and mountain rescue teams. There are also regional organisations dedicated to the training of search dogs and their handlers. England has two associations, the Search and Rescue Dog Association England SARDA(E) and the Lake District Mountain Rescue Search Dog Association (LDMRSD). Wales", "id": "18467192" }, { "contents": "Chambers Street–World Trade Center/Park Place/Cortlandt Street station\n\n\nDecember 19, 2016. The newly reopened passageway retained its pre-9/11 design, save for a door on display that has the words \"MATF 1 / 9 13\" spray-painted on it (a message from Urban Search and Rescue Massachusetts Task Force 1 of Beverly, Massachusetts, who searched the World Trade Center site on September 13, 2001). There is a plaque above the spray-painting, explaining the message on the door. PATH was required to preserve the passageway's original design as per Section 106 of the", "id": "17711006" }, { "contents": "Dustin J. Lee\n\n\nMeridian, Mississippi. From around five years old, Lee worked with rescue dogs by hiding in woods and allowing them to find him. According to his father, he was so moved by the September 11 attacks that he signed up for the military before graduating high school. Lee grew up in Quitman, Mississippi and graduated from Quitman High School in 2004. Lee finished first in his training class as a dog handler in 2005. He was noted by the kennel master, William W. Reynolds, to be \"uncanny as a", "id": "17545654" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nout of the rubble. The final survivor, Port Authority secretary Genelle Guzman-McMillan, was rescued 27 hours after the collapse of the North Tower. Some firefighters and civilians who survived made cell phone calls from voids beneath the rubble, though the amount of debris made it difficult for rescue workers to get to them. By Wednesday night, 82 deaths had been confirmed by officials in New York City. Rescue efforts were paused numerous times in the days after the attack, due to concerns that nearby buildings, including One Liberty", "id": "8345870" }, { "contents": "Ilford Animal Cemetery\n\n\nbeen tasked with responding to the many letters received by the ship's heroic cat, Simon, who is buried at Ilford. The burials are a mixture of family pets and military animals, including thirteen recipients of the Dickin Medal for bravery (a fifth of all Dickin Medal recipients are buried at Ilford). The first Dickin Medal recipient to be buried at Ilford was Rip, a Second World War search and rescue dog. Information boards recounting the stories of several of the animals were constructed during the recent restoration. The cemetery", "id": "15333774" }, { "contents": "German Shepherd\n\n\nAs part of the Herding Group, German Shepherds are working dogs developed originally for herding sheep. Since that time however, because of their strength, intelligence, trainability, and obedience, German Shepherds around the world are often the preferred breed for many types of work, including disability assistance, search-and-rescue, police and military roles, and acting. The German Shepherd is the second-most registered breed by the American Kennel Club and seventh-most registered breed by The Kennel Club in the United Kingdom. German", "id": "1990214" }, { "contents": "Priya Ravichandran\n\n\nvictims.. She was admitted at the Appollo Hospitals and Chief Minister J.Jayalalitha visited her at the hospital and assured the support of the Government in her speedy recovery to her kith and kin . In recognition of her brave deed she was awarded the Anna Medal for Bravery - the first of its kind to a Government employee . She was also awarded the President Medal for gallantry .She is the first woman officer in the Department to be awarded with the President medal. She also became the first Officer to be promoted and posted as Deputy Director", "id": "10111038" }, { "contents": "U.S. government response to the September 11 attacks\n\n\nof the National September 11 Memorial & Museum. Within hours of the attacks in New York, a massive search and rescue (SAR) operation was launched, which included over 350 search and rescue dogs. Initially, only a handful of wounded people were found at the site, and in the weeks that followed it became evident that there weren't any survivors to be found. Only twenty survivors were found alive in the rubble. Rescue and recovery efforts took months to complete. It took several weeks to put out the fires", "id": "8345829" }, { "contents": "Kuga (dog)\n\n\nKuga was posthumously awarded the 71st Dickin Medal for bravery by the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals (PDSA). The medal was received on Kuga’s behalf by a Victoria Cross recipient, Mark Donaldson VC, who was also a Special forces dog handler, along with another military dog, Odin. A spokesperson for the PDSA said, \"The reason he got the Dickin Medal was he just was so courageous. He saved the lives, without doubt I think, of that patrol.” Donaldson said, \"I personally", "id": "11401200" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nMilitary Police Company, and 69th Infantry Regiment based in Manhattan were the first military force to secure Ground Zero on September 11th. The 69th Infantry's armory on Lexington Avenue became the Family Information Center to assist persons in locating missing family members. The National Guard supplemented the NYPD and FDNY, with 2,250 guard members on the scene by the next morning. Eventually thousands of New York Army and Air National Guardsmen participated in the rescue/recovery efforts. They conducted site security at the WTC, and at other locations. They provided", "id": "8345886" }, { "contents": "Mountain rescue in England and Wales\n\n\nalso has two associations the Search and Rescue Dog Association Wales (SARDA Wales) responding to incidents in North Wales and the Search and Rescue Dog Association South Wales (SARDA South Wales). Handlers must be full team members of a mountain rescue team and, once graded, will operate alongside that team, but can also be deployed in support of other teams. The co-ordinating body for Mountain & Mine Search and Rescue Teams in the Lake District is the The co-ordinating body for South Wales is covered by the", "id": "18467193" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nand military police, they greatly aided in the clean-up effort. F-16s from the 174th Fighter Wing also ramped up their flying sorties and patrolled the skies. The New Jersey National Guard assisted the New York National Guard's efforts following the attacks. U.S. Marines were also present to assist in the rescue efforts. No official numbers of men who helped out was released but there was evidence that they were there. Films such as 2006 docudrama \"World Trade Center\" talked of two Marines who rescued two trapped police officers in", "id": "8345888" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\n, to oversee the structural engineering operations at the site. To make the effort more manageable, the World Trade Center site was divided into four quadrants or zones. Each zone was assigned a lead contractor, and a team of three structural engineers, subcontractors, and rescue workers. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the United States Army Corps of Engineers, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the New York City Office of Emergency Management (OEM) provided support. Forestry incident management teams (", "id": "8345875" }, { "contents": "FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force\n\n\nreach of the handler, it is critical to minimize the possibility of the dog becoming trapped in a confined space or choking from an entangled collar. Because of the distinct possibility of injury from broken glass and metal, the medical unit maintains supplies for the canine rescuers. After first passing an evaluation of basic obedience, alert, directional control, agility and search skills currently known as an FSA (Foundational Skills Assessment), all canine/handler teams must pass an advanced certification known as a Certification Evaluation (or CE).", "id": "21101739" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\navoided the use of \"ground zero\", which describes the epicenter of a bomb explosion. Numerous volunteers organized to form \"bucket brigades\", which passed 5-gallon buckets full of debris down a line to investigators, who sifted through the debris in search of evidence and human remains. Ironworkers helped cut up steel beams into more manageable sizes for removal. Much of the debris was hauled off to the Fresh Kills Landfill on Staten Island where it was further searched and sorted. Some of the steel was reused for memorials. New", "id": "8345877" }, { "contents": "Norfolk Fire and Rescue Service\n\n\nin the number of fire's they attend, however an increasing response to Road Traffic Collisions (RTC) on Norfolk's roads. Pods: CBRN Response: Incident Response Unit (IRU): H9 Urban Search & Rescue Unit (USAR): Norfolk also hosts one of the UK's Urban Search and Rescue teams, these were originally set up as a response to the 9/11 tragedy in New York. The Norfolk team comprises 15 wholetime USAR technicians and 16 retained technicians along with a search dog. The team is based in", "id": "6559273" }, { "contents": "Shiloh Shepherd dog\n\n\nShilohs have been trained as search and rescue dogs. In March 2007, a Shiloh named Gandalf received national media attention after finding a Boy Scout lost in the mountains of North Carolina. Shilohs' gentleness and calm temperament allow them to be a part of therapy work. Their intelligence and willingness to please make them highly suitable for work as assistance dogs. They respond quickly to training and retain the capacity to make independent decisions when situations change. They are frequent recipients of the AKCs \"Canine Good Citizen\" Award and have been", "id": "3146056" }, { "contents": "International Rescue Dog Organisation\n\n\nOCHA, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. IRO is organising trainings and competitions where the rescue dog teams practice the search of mission persons. At the World Championships of rescue dogs every year the best teams are identified: in 2013 for the 19th time. Every two years experts meet at a rescue dog symposium to discuss current affairs and frame conditions of the search and rescue work. Since 2010 IRO calls for participation among rescue dog organisations to participate in form of presentations in the public in the Int. Day of", "id": "12797617" }, { "contents": "Quinson Valentino\n\n\nPickering Markets on September 30-October 1. It was around this time that Barry returned to the States to join Daryk St. Holmes in AWA Brew City Wrestling as one-half of The Aristocrats (replacing Danny Scott). The team feuded with The Soul Shooters (\"Poison\" Appollo Starr and Drew \"The Don\" Johnson) over the BCW Tag Team Championship and eventually lost the belts to them in Waukesha, Wisconsin the following year. On December 9, 2006, he beat Reggie Marley at Mecca Pro Wrestling's \"Holiday", "id": "20492783" }, { "contents": "Working dog\n\n\nsimilar desirable characteristics, such as loyalty and good temperament, were bred. As a result, many working breeds are sought after as family pets. For search and rescue work, typical breeds seen in the field include Labrador Retrievers, Border Collies, German Shepherd Dogs and certain members of the hound group. These dogs should have a good prey drive, desire to please the handler, ability to work on and off lead, and be sociable in public settings. Working dogs make excellent pets as long as potential owners realize that", "id": "16947830" }, { "contents": "Urban Search and Rescue Pennsylvania Task Force 1\n\n\n, as well as the in-state US&R response system. PA-TF-1 has been deployed to numerous incidents of national significance. The Task Force's first federal deployment was to North Carolina in 1999 for Hurricane Floyd. During this deployment, PA-TF1 gained distinction for several swift water rescues. PA-TF1 was deployed to the 2001 World Trade Center Attacks, the 2005 Hurricane Katrina/Rita event, and the 2008 Hurricane Ike/Gustav storm. PA-TF1 has also been deployed for National Special Security Events.", "id": "750535" }, { "contents": "Sasha (dog)\n\n\nSasha DM (2004–2008) was a Labrador Retriever who served as a bomb detection dog for the British Army whilst stationed in Afghanistan. Sasha and her handler, Lance Corporal Kenneth Rowe, were killed in July 2008. Sasha was awarded the Dickin Medal, also known as the animals' Victoria Cross, in 2014. Sasha was originally assigned as a bomb detection search dog to Marianne Hay, who gave Sasha up as she felt that they couldn't work in the field together as they had become too close. Sasha was assigned", "id": "18646286" }, { "contents": "Sam (army dog)\n\n\nSam (died 2000) was an army dog who served with the Royal Army Veterinary Corps Dog Unit. While serving in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 1990s, Sam helped to apprehend an armed man and also to hold back an armed mob besieging a compound where Serbs were taking refuge. He received the Dickin Medal, the animals' equivalent of the Victoria Cross, in 2003 for these acts of bravery. Sam was a German Shepherd that served with the Dog Unit of the Royal Army Veterinary Corps. Sam and his handler,", "id": "3758043" }, { "contents": "Freddie Mwila\n\n\nchanged its name to the Atlanta Appollos after a change of ownership. Apart from playing in Atlanta, he was supposed to go to England for a full-time coaching course but he achieved neither ambition. He returned home with Kapengwe in August who was also frustrated. The outspoken Mwila accused the FAZ of standing in his way by not giving him an international clearance to rejoin Chiefs. During their time in Atlanta, neither of them played a single match but they spent their time coaching young American footballers in colleges. Mwila stated", "id": "19455812" }, { "contents": "Search and rescue dog\n\n\nanimal vs human scent discrimination'. Dr. Komar worked with cadaver dog teams from the RCMP Civilian Search Dog Program now the Canadian Search Dog Association and the Search and Rescue Dog Association of Alberta. This study showed the accuracy rates of cadaver dogs in moderate to adverse winter weather conditions, and also the dogs' capabilities to discriminate between animal and human remains. It indicated that an accuracy rate near 100% can be achieved through careful and directed training. Her work has been published in the Journal of Forensic Anthropology. Of key", "id": "15944268" }, { "contents": "St. Bernard (dog)\n\n\nused for breeding while they were performing rescues. In an attempt to preserve the breed, the remaining St. Bernards were crossed with Newfoundlands brought from the Colony of Newfoundland in the 1850s, and so lost much of their use as rescue dogs in the snowy climate of the alps because the long fur they inherited would freeze and weigh them down. The dogs never received any special training from the monks. Instead, younger dogs would learn how to perform search and rescue operations from older dogs. The Swiss St. Bernard Club was founded", "id": "8124102" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\n, personnel related to metalwork and construction professions would descend on the site to offer their services and remained until the site was cleared in May 2002. In the years since, investigations and studies have examined effects upon those who participated, noting a variety of afflictions attributed to the debris and stress. After American Airlines Flight 11 crashed into the North Tower (1 WTC) of the World Trade Center, a standard announcement was given to tenants in the South Tower (2 WTC) to stay put and that the building was secure", "id": "8345851" }, { "contents": "National September 11 Memorial & Museum\n\n\nmemorial and museum at the World Trade Center site. A memorial was planned in the immediate aftermath of the attacks and destruction of the World Trade Center for the victims and those involved in rescue and recovery operations. The winner of the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition was Israeli-American architect Michael Arad of Handel Architects, a New York- and San Francisco-based firm. Arad worked with landscape-architecture firm Peter Walker and Partners on the design, creating a forest of swamp white oak trees with two square reflecting pools in", "id": "9525029" }, { "contents": "Trakr\n\n\nTrakr (c.1994 - April 2009) was a German Shepherd police dog who along with his handler, Canadian police officer James Symington, discovered the last survivor of the September 11 attacks at the World Trade Center in New York City in 2001. For his accomplishments, Trakr was named one of history’s most heroic animals by \"Time\" magazine. In 2008 Symington won an essay contest sponsored by BioArts International to find the world's most \"cloneworthy dog\", as a result of which Trakr was cloned, producing five puppies", "id": "8624062" }, { "contents": "Korean Jindo\n\n\n, Park Nam-sun (박남순), an expert search dog handler in South Korea, testified that Jindo dogs are not fit as rescue dogs and search dogs. It is because Jindo dogs' hunting instincts are too strong (they can forget their mission because of their hunting instincts), and they usually give their loyalty only to the first owner, while handlers of search dogs and rescue dogs can frequently change. In 2010, Son Min-suk (손민석), a member of Korean Security Forum, wrote that", "id": "8072086" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nbuilding. Problems with radio communication caused commanders to lose contact with many of the firefighters who went into the buildings. The repeater system in the World Trade Center, which was required for portable radio signals to transmit reliably, was malfunctioning after the impact of the planes. As a result, firefighters were unable to report to commanders on their progress, and were unable to hear evacuation orders. Also, many off-duty firefighters arrived to help, without their radios. FDNY commanders lacked communication with the NYPD, who had helicopters", "id": "8345856" }, { "contents": "AB 1634\n\n\nwas generally supported by animal shelter directors and workers, animal rights groups, animal rescue groups, Societies for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, humane societies, and the Los Angeles city government. The bill received an enormous amount of media attention. The bill was generally opposed by pet owners, breed clubs, breeders of working dogs, search-and-rescue dog associations, K9 law enforcement associations, organizations that provide guide dogs for the blind and service dogs for the disabled, California's agriculture industry, animal rescue groups", "id": "20734587" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nYork City firefighters donated a cross made of steel from the World Trade Center to the Shanksville Volunteer Fire Company in Shanksville, Pennsylvania. The beam, mounted atop a platform shaped like the Pentagon, was erected outside the Shanksville's firehouse near the crash site of United Airlines Flight 93. Twenty-four tons of the steel used in construction of USS \"New York\" (LPD-21) came from the small amount of rubble from the World Trade Center preserved for posterity. Hazards at the World Trade Center site included a diesel fuel", "id": "8345878" }, { "contents": "Sadie (dog)\n\n\nYardley, were deployed to search for explosive devices outside the United Nations headquarters in Kabul following a suicide attack. Sadie picked up the scent of a second device through a thick concrete wall, giving disposal experts the opportunity to defuse the bomb which was a pressure cooker bomb -- a pressure cooker filled with TNT. The bomb had been covered with sandbags, in order to kill and injure rescue workers following the suicide attack. For her actions, Sadie was awarded the Dickin Medal. Awarded by the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals", "id": "10285152" }, { "contents": "West Midlands Police\n\n\ndogs in the West Midlands Police Dog Section are products of an in-house breeding program which the force has been running at its Balsall Common training centre since 1994. Specialist search dogs including Springer Spaniels and Labradors are also used by the Dogs Unit to locate drugs or firearms and explosives. Dogs are continually recruited from rescue centres and from members of the public. All specialist dogs are handled by officers who already have a general purpose police dog, giving the handler responsibility in both training and operational deployment. There are currently 69", "id": "20163058" }, { "contents": "Paul Rieckhoff\n\n\nStreet on September 7, 2001, with plans to travel and complete additional military schooling. On the morning of September 11, Rieckhoff was at his apartment in Manhattan when the first plane hit the World Trade Center. He participated in the rescue efforts at ground zero. His unit was formally activated for rescue and security operations later that evening. Rieckhoff recounted his 9/11 experiences for the 9/11 Tribute Center for a project called \"Stories of 9/11 told by those who were there\" In 2002, Rieckhoff volunteered for the invasion of Iraq", "id": "6584696" }, { "contents": "Cornwall Search & Rescue Team\n\n\nof severe weather and during major incidents, having played a key role in the Boscastle flood and during heavy snowfall across the higher parts of Cornwall, e.g. in the winter of 2009/10. This is in addition to the more specialist roles which the team also has including the provision of casualty carers and technical specialists. Led by a Team Leader and one deputy, the team currently has around 45 surface search and rescue team members, based throughout Cornwall and one Search and Rescue Dog Association dog handler. Equipment is carried in three team", "id": "19252875" }, { "contents": "Icelandic Association for Search and Rescue\n\n\nrecent years, specialization within rescue teams has increased, making the work more purposeful: land groups, sea groups, diving groups, advance groups, high-angle rescue groups, search dog groups, etc. Also working within the association is a rescue team for international projects, co-operating with rescue teams in other countries, for example, when major earthquakes occur, as in Turkey in 1999, Algeria in 2003, Morocco in 2004, and Haiti in 2010. ICE-SAR operates an international urban rescue unit,", "id": "7426408" }, { "contents": "Animal rescue group\n\n\n. In the United Kingdom, both shelter and rescue organisations are described using the blanket term \"rescue\", whether they have their own premises, buy in accommodation from commercial kennels, or operate a network of foster homes, where volunteers keep the animals in their homes until adoption. Kennels that have a council contract to take in stray dogs are usually referred to as dog pounds. Some dog pounds also carry out rescue and rehoming work and are effectively rescue groups that operate a pound service. Some rescue groups work with pounds", "id": "3526009" }, { "contents": "Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks\n\n\nbillion until 2015 to monitor and treat injuries stemming from exposure to toxic dust and debris at World Trade Center site. There are nearly 60,000 people enrolled in health-monitoring and treatment programs related to the 9/11 attack. The bill is formally known as the James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act, named after a New York police detective who took part in the rescue efforts at ground zero and later developed breathing complications. On October 28, 2007, Jim Riches reported that the City of New York and litigating first responders have shown", "id": "12662036" }, { "contents": "McNab dog\n\n\ndog competitions, and flyball. They are also exceptional competitors in barn hunt and nose work. Many ranchers are competing with McNabs in the relatively new sport of Ranch Dog Herding where dog and handler on horseback work as a team herding three head of cattle through five obstacles and then into a stock trailer. The McNabs reputation as an indefatigable \"all-weather\" dog is also opening up a new avenue of work for the dog: Search and Rescue. Currently McNabs are working as evidence search dogs, cadaver dogs, archaeology", "id": "2074501" }, { "contents": "Peter (dog)\n\n\nI hated to work him like this – but I also hated to refuse the rescue parties who were asking for him.\" Peter's rescue efforts were not limited to saving people; on one occasion he indicated a trapped victim which turned out to be a grey parrot. On another occasion he saved six people in a single attack. In 1946, Peter and his handler were present at the Civil Defence Stand–Down parade in Hyde Park, London. It was there that he was presented to King and Queen, and", "id": "6093677" }, { "contents": "Giovanni Battista Viola\n\n\nGiovanni Battista Viola (June 16, 1576 – August 10, 1622) was an Italian painter of the early Baroque period in Rome. Giovanni was born in Bologna. His skills were initially noticed by Annibale Carracci. He collaborated with Domenichino in the \"Room of Appollo\" in Villa Aldobrandini in Frascati (1616–18), where Viola painted the landscapes and Domenichino, the figures. He appears to have worked for the Giustiniani in Bassano di Sutri. In 1612, he was sharing a house with Francesco Albani. In 1612,", "id": "13001088" } ]

[ { "contents": "Appollo (dog)\n\n\nAppollo was a search and rescue dog who served with the K-9 unit of the New York Police Department. He was awarded the Dickin Medal, the animals' equivalent of the Victoria Cross, in recognition of the work done by all search and rescue dogs following the September 11 attacks. Appollo and his handler were working at the World Trade Center site soon after the attacks. Appollo was a German Shepherd born around 1992, who was in service with the K-9 unit of the New York Police Department (NYPD). In 1994", "id": "3459675" }, { "contents": "Appollo (dog)\n\n\nin to assist with the rescue operations after the September 11 terror attacks. They arrived at the World Trade Center site fifteen minutes after the fall of the twin towers, making Appollo the first search and rescue dog to arrive at the site. At one point, Appollo was almost killed by flames and falling debris. However, he survived, having been drenched after falling into a pool of water just before this incident. Appollo started working again as soon as Davis had brushed the debris off him. Appollo received the Dickin Medal", "id": "3459677" }, { "contents": "Appollo (dog)\n\n\n, he graduated from the NYPD Canine Special Operations Division, and was one of the first dogs to learn search and rescue. Appollo passed Type-II training in Florida in 1997, and Type-I in Indianapolis in 1999. He was also part of the first NYPD K-9 team to pass them for Urban Search and Rescue New York Task Force 1. Appollo and his handler Peter Davis also worked in the Dominican Republic after a hurricane. Appollo died in November 2006. Appollo and his handler, Peter Davis, were called", "id": "3459676" }, { "contents": "Appollo (dog)\n\n\n, the animal equivalent of the Victoria Cross, on behalf of all the search and rescue dogs who participated in the rescue operations at the World Trade Center site and the Pentagon. He received the award along with guide dogs Roselle and Salty, who rescued their owners from the World Trade Center. The citation for the award was as follows: Appollo received the American Kennel Club Ace award in 2001. He was also honoured for his work at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show of 2002, in which he and several other dogs", "id": "3459678" }, { "contents": "Salty and Roselle\n\n\nYork on September 11, 2001.\" This was not the only Dickin Medal to be awarded for actions related to the attacks; German Shepherd Appollo received a medal on behalf of all the work done by all search and rescue dogs following the attacks. The Dickin Medal is often referred to as the animal metaphorical equivalent of the Victoria Cross. In addition to the Dickin Medal, Salty and Roselle were also each recognized by the British Guide Dogs for the Blind Association. Salty and Rivera were awarded a 'Partners in Courage'", "id": "14082899" }, { "contents": "Jake (rescue dog)\n\n\n.\" Jake was most noted for his work following the September 11 attacks, where he helped search for human remains at Ground Zero. Jake, like other rescue workers and dogs, was honored by New Yorkers as a hero. Jake, wearing his search and rescue vest, was treated to a free steak dinner at an upscale Manhattan restaurant on the evening he arrived to work in New York City. Jake served as a rescue dog at the World Trade Center site for 17 days. Like the humans and other rescue dogs", "id": "12469735" }, { "contents": "Urban Search and Rescue Colorado Task Force 1\n\n\nUrban Search and Rescue Colorado Task Force 1 (CO-TF1) is a FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force based in Colorado. They were one of the 20 FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force teams deployed to the World Trade Center site after the September 11, 2001 attacks. The task force is sponsored by the West Metro Fire Protection District and is made up of 70 positions with over 200 trained members including firefighters, paramedics, engineers and canine handlers. CO-TF1 has taken part in the following deployments:", "id": "640137" }, { "contents": "Jake (rescue dog)\n\n\nof Oakley, Utah, before his death. Jake was 12 years old when he died. It is unknown whether Jake's cancer can be linked to his rescue work at Ground Zero. Cancer is a very common disease for dogs around Jake's age. Some rescue dog owners have claimed that their dogs have died because of their exposure to the air at the World Trade Center site in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks. However, scientists who have studied the health of rescue animals who worked Ground Zero have found no", "id": "12469738" }, { "contents": "LAPD Metropolitan Division\n\n\nhandlers and their canine partners to conduct searches and apprehend felony suspects throughout the Los Angeles area. K-9 personnel are deployed around-the-clock, seven days a week. They are available to assist any LAPD department with searches for felony suspects. Two K-9 officers have also been trained in search and rescue operations using dogs. In 1990, the Liberty Award was created for police dogs who are killed or seriously injured in the line of duty. The medal, which is named after Liberty, a Metropolitan Division K-9 who was", "id": "4910429" }, { "contents": "Caroline Hebard\n\n\nArmenia, Japan and Turkey, using the ability of the dogs to located trapped survivors. She also participated with her dogs in rescue and recovery operations involving bridge collapses, floods, fires, and people lost in the wilderness. She and her dogs also participated in search and rescue operations in the aftermath of the Oklahoma City bombing and the September 11 World Trade Center attack. Hebard received various honors for her work and is the subject of a book, \"So That Others May Live: Carolyn Hebard and Her Search-and", "id": "18581753" }, { "contents": "Peter (dog)\n\n\nreceived a kiss on the nose from Princess Elizabeth, the future Elizabeth II. He was later used to demonstrate mountain rescue techniques to other rescue dogs and handlers. He returned home to Mrs Stables, and moved to a PDSA animal sanctuary before he died. Peter was buried at the PDSA's Ilford Animal Cemetery on 20 November 1952, one of twelve recipients of the Dickin Medal to be buried there. Peter was awarded the Dickin Medal, considered to be the Victoria Cross for animals, in November 1945. His citation read", "id": "6093678" }, { "contents": "Vinnie Ferrari\n\n\na wrestler. He was booked for the first time as a wrestler in 1999, when he lost to Big Poppa Chill in Cheektowaga, New York. In late 1999/early 2001 Vinnie began training future independent wrestling star \"Poison\" Appollo Starr. Appollo would go on to get further training from Jimmy KillKillia and American Kickboxer at the R.A.A.G.E. Dojo. He still credits Vinnie for teaching him to work left, how to bump and some of the finer points of pro wrestling as well helping him get booked for his first match", "id": "1416977" }, { "contents": "Rex (search and rescue dog)\n\n\nRex was a dog who received the Dickin Medal in April, 1945 from the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals for bravery in service during the Second World War. This MAP Civil Defence Rescue Dog performed “outstanding good work\" finding casualties \"in burning buildings.\" Rex intrepidly worked in a harsh environment of \"smouldering debris, thick smoke, intense heat and jets of water\" using a rare combination of determination and intelligence to follow scents to those who were trapped. The Dickin Medal is often referred to as the animal", "id": "12484985" }, { "contents": "Ana (search dog)\n\n\nAna (July 4, 1995 – November 12, 2008) was a golden retriever search and rescue dog, known for having been the first graduate of the Search Dog Foundation's training program. Ana was one of the first search dogs to be deployed to the site of the World Trade Center. Ana was born to a backyard breeder, and proved to be too active to work as an assistance dog. Bonnie Bergin, the Executive Director of the Assistance Dog Institute, decided that Ana might be better suited as a search", "id": "5821095" }, { "contents": "Ana (search dog)\n\n\nand rescue dog, and suggested her to Wilma Melville, the head of the Search Dog Foundation. Ana was trained at a kennel in Gilroy, California, and, upon graduation, she was the first nationally certified Fire Department Disaster Search Canine and the first dog certified by the Search Dog Foundation. Ana was assigned to the Sacramento, California Fire Department, where she was paired with fire captain Rick Lee. Besides the World Trade Center search, Ana and Captain Lee were involved in several other searches, including the sites of", "id": "5821096" }, { "contents": "Peter (dog)\n\n\nPeter (1941–1952) was a collie dog who in 1945 was awarded the Dickin Medal, considered to be the Victoria Cross for animals. During the later stages of the Second World War he served as a search and rescue dog in London. He attended the 1946 Civil Defence Stand–Down parade, where he was presented to the King and Queen, and Princess Elizabeth. His medal was auctioned in 2000 for £4,600 (US$6,964). Peter was born in 1941, and was purchased by Mrs Audrey Stables, of", "id": "6093674" }, { "contents": "Rip (dog)\n\n\nsearch and rescue work, but took to it instinctively. In twelve months between 1940 and 1941, he found over a hundred victims of the air raids in London. His success has been held partially responsible for prompting the authorities to train search and rescue dogs towards the end of World War II. Rip was awarded the Dickin Medal in 1945, two years after it was introduced. The citation reads: \"For locating many air-raid victims during the blitz of 1940\". He would go on to wear the medal", "id": "12182233" }, { "contents": "Gautam Das\n\n\nthat they had killed Gautam Das for publishing news on the corruption of Faridpur Mujib Road repairing works in the newspaper. Of the nine convicts, Appollo went in hiding on June 19, 2013 after the court had fixed June 27, 2013 for delivering the judgment in the case. Punishment of Appollo was effective from the day of his arrest or surrender, added by the court. Judge Shahed Noor Uddin also fined 50,000 each and in default they will have to suffer one additional year in jail. During the court date, 27", "id": "12993285" }, { "contents": "Rip (dog)\n\n\nRip (died 1946), a mixed-breed terrier, was a Second World War search and rescue dog who was awarded the Dickin Medal for bravery in 1945. He was found in Poplar, London, in 1940 by an Air Raid warden, and became the service's first search and rescue dog. He is credited with saving the lives of over 100 people. He was the first of twelve Dickin Medal winners to be buried in the PDSA's cemetery in Ilford, Essex. Rip was found as a stray following", "id": "12182231" }, { "contents": "FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force\n\n\nto be family pets by the handlers when the dogs are not on duty. The canine rescuers will become unmotivated if they are unsuccessful in locating victims, as they consider search and rescue to be a type of game. To keep the canines engaged after long hours of working, one of the Task Force members will hide in the rubble so the dog will have a successful 'find'. In most instances, the dogs do not wear any equipment (collars, vests, booties, etc.) while working a debris", "id": "21101737" }, { "contents": "Beauty (dog)\n\n\nBeauty (4 January 1939 – 17 October 1950), a wirehaired terrier, was a Second World War search and rescue dog considered to be the first rescue dog, who was awarded the Dickin Medal for bravery in 1945. She is among a number of Dickin Medal winners who are buried in Ilford Animal Cemetery. Beauty was born on 4 January 1939, and was owned by PDSA Superintendent Bill Barnet, who led one of the rescue squads in London for animals during the Blitz. The dog would accompany Barnet on rescue missions", "id": "13803419" }, { "contents": "Jake (rescue dog)\n\n\n1. Utah Task Force 1 is a federal search and rescue team trained to respond to disasters. Following his recovery from his injuries, Flood helped to train Jake to become a federal \"U.S. government certified\" rescue dog. There are fewer than 200 of these dogs, who are trained to respond within 24 hours to disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes, wilderness, water rescue, terrorist attacks, or avalanches. Jake's owner later commented, \"...\"against all odds he became a world-class rescue dog\"", "id": "12469734" }, { "contents": "Sheila (dog)\n\n\nthe bombs on the B-17 detonated. Because of their actions, Lt George Kyle, Sgt Howard Delaney, Sgt George Smith and Sgt Joel Berly survived the crash. For the rescue of the airmen, Sheila was awarded the Dickin Medal by the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals. It is often referred to as the animal equivalent of the Victoria Cross. It was the first time that the medal had been awarded to a non-military dog, this time a search and rescue dog. Meanwhile, Dagg was given the British", "id": "12484683" }, { "contents": "Photios of Korytsa\n\n\nthe initiative for the creation of the \"Appollo\" music association and the charitable society \"Love thy Neighbour\" as part of his educational, cultural and social initiatives in Korce. Moreover, \"Appollo\" for a short term period was also undertaking concerts and theatrical performances. Photios was assassinated on September 9, 1906 by a band of Albanian kachak nationalists, led by Bajo Topulli. The assassination was committed because Photios was against the development of Albanian cultural activity, as well as an act of revenge for the killing of the", "id": "17493402" }, { "contents": "Bretagne (rescue dog)\n\n\nBretagne (c. September 1999 – June 7, 2016) was a Golden Retriever rescue dog who searched for survivors at Ground Zero after the September 11 attacks. It was the first assignment for her and her owner and trainer, Denise Corliss. She appeared on the \"Today Show\" along with NBC News’ Tom Brokaw. She later participated in rescue efforts after Hurricanes Katrina and Ivan. She was retired at the age of 9. After her retirement, she continued her community service as a reading dog at a local elementary", "id": "13232350" }, { "contents": "September 11 attacks\n\n\nissued evacuation warnings. Due to technical difficulties with malfunctioning radio repeater systems, many firefighters never heard the evacuation orders. 9-1-1 dispatchers also received information from callers that was not passed along to commanders on the scene. Within hours of the attack, a substantial search and rescue operation was launched. After months of around-the-clock operations, the World Trade Center site was cleared by the end of May 2002. The aftermath of the 9/11 attack resulted in immediate responses to the event, including domestic reactions", "id": "20633661" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nPlaza, were in danger of collapsing. The search and rescue effort in the immediate aftermath at the World Trade Center site involved ironworkers, structural engineers, heavy machinery operators, asbestos workers, boilermakers, carpenters, cement masons, construction managers, electricians, insulation workers, machinists, plumbers and pipefitters, riggers, sheet metal workers, steelworkers, truckers and teamsters, American Red Cross volunteers, and many others. Lower Manhattan, south of 14th Street, was off-limits, except for rescue and recovery workers. There were", "id": "8345871" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nalso about 400 working dogs, the largest deployment of dogs in the nation's history. New York City Office of Emergency Management was the agency responsible for coordination of the City's response to the attacks. Headed by then-Director Richard Sheirer, the agency was forced to vacate its headquarters, located in 7 World Trade Center, within hours of the attack. The building later collapsed. OEM reestablished operations temporarily at the police academy, where Mayor Giuliani gave many press conferences throughout the afternoon and evening of September 11. By", "id": "8345872" }, { "contents": "Salty and Roselle\n\n\nSalty and Roselle were two guide dogs who were with their owners in the World Trade Center during the September 11 attacks in New York City. They each successfully guided their owners out of the burning towers before they collapsed, feats which were later recognized when they were awarded the Dickin Medal by the British charity the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals. Roselle went on to be posthumously named American Hero Dog of the Year 2011 by American Humane, and has a book written about her. Salty (December 12, 1996 – March", "id": "14082890" }, { "contents": "Jake (rescue dog)\n\n\nJake (1995 – July 25, 2007) was an American black labrador who served as a search and rescue dog following the September 11 attacks and Hurricane Katrina. Jake served as a rescue dog from 1997 until his retirement because of cancer in 2006. Jake was adopted when he was 10 months old by his owner, Mary Flood. Jake had been found abandoned on the streets with several injuries, including a dislocated hip and a broken leg. Jake's final owner, Mary Flood, is a member of Utah Task Force", "id": "12469733" }, { "contents": "Aftermath of the September 11 attacks\n\n\nthe American Medical Association, \"...the number of blood donations in the weeks after the September 11, 2001, attacks was markedly greater than in the corresponding weeks of 2000 (2.5 times greater in the first week after the attacks; 1.3–1.4 times greater in the second to fourth weeks after the attack).\" At the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show that took place in New York in February 2002, a tribute was paid to the search and rescue dogs who not only assisted in locating survivors and bodies from the rubble,", "id": "7792842" }, { "contents": "James Zadroga\n\n\nJames Zadroga (February 8, 1971January 5, 2006) was a New York City Police Department (NYPD) officer who died of a respiratory disease that has been attributed to his participation in rescue and recovery operations in the rubble of the World Trade Center following the September 11 attacks. Zadroga was the first NYPD officer whose death was attributed to exposure to his contact with toxic chemicals at the attack site. Zadroga had joined the New York City Police Department in 1992 and attained the rank of Detective. He was a healthy non", "id": "8614630" }, { "contents": "Pawprints of Katrina\n\n\nbook begins on September 11, 2005, at a freeway off-ramp used as a boat launch, with New York City Parks Enforcement (Search & Rescue Team) Department's Captain Scott Shields, known for the efforts of his search-and-rescue dog, Bear, at the World Trade Center on 9/11. An excerpt from that chapter describes the moment: \"Before we set out on a boat to look for stranded pets, the captain asked us to take a moment to remember those lost on 9/11. There", "id": "10227638" }, { "contents": "Connecticut State Environmental Conservation Police\n\n\nState Police and became certified handlers in the areas of search and rescue and evidence detection. The officers and their partners went through four weeks of vigorous training before becoming certified. The Agency obtained three of the dogs from Connecticut Labrador Rescue Inc, in Haddam and Michael Case, a private breeder from Colebrook, Connecticut who donated the fourth K-9 to the Department. Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the EnCon Police have been tasked with a number of responsibilities related to Homeland Security. As a result of these attacks", "id": "14319049" }, { "contents": "Jake (rescue dog)\n\n\nhe worked with, Jake was exposed to the physical hazards of Ground Zero, including sharp debris and suspected unhealthy air. Jake also served in his search and rescue team following Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Jake, along with his Utah Task Force, drove over 30 hours from Utah to Mississippi to help search for survivors and victims of following the hurricane's landfall. Jake was also deployed to the Gulf Coast in the aftermath of Hurricane Rita. In his later years, Jake helped to train younger prospective rescue dogs, as well", "id": "12469736" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nNYPD set up its incident command center at Church Street and Vesey Street, on the opposite side of the World Trade Center from where the FDNY was commanding its operations. NYPD helicopters were soon at the scene, reporting on the status of the burning buildings. When the buildings collapsed, 23 NYPD officers were killed, along with 37 Port Authority Police Department officers. The NYPD helped facilitate the evacuation of civilians out of Lower Manhattan, including approximately 5,000 civilians evacuated by the Harbor Unit to Staten Island and to New Jersey. In", "id": "8345865" }, { "contents": "Fire and Rescue Department of Malaysia\n\n\ndogs to operate in the Search and Rescue (SAR) operations and investigation. K9 Unit can be attached to the regular firefighting unit or JBPM Special Forces thus all dog handlers together with their dogs are trained for a variety of situations, including the urban and the jungle operations. A support team task to support JBPM Special Forces with water transportation during operations involving of lake, river and sea. The boat crews are trained in water survival and able to perform water rescue to JBPM personnel and civilians if things go south. Special", "id": "20633271" }, { "contents": "Peter (dog)\n\n\nGregory Avenue, Weoley Castle, for 25 shillings. He was noted by his owner as having dual talents; for destruction of his owner's home and for ignoring every command given. He was transferred into war service, serving with Air Ministry dog-handler Archie Knight at the Civil Defence depot in Chelsea. He was known as Rescue Dog No. 2664/9288 Peter. Active from early 1945 until the end of the Second World War, Peter acted as a search and rescue dog in London. Knight wrote of the dog in", "id": "6093675" }, { "contents": "Jet of Iada\n\n\n. Corporal Wardle and Jet were the first handler and dog to be used in an official capacity in Civil Defence rescue duties. He was awarded the Dickin Medal on 12 January 1945 for saving the lives of over fifty people trapped in bombed buildings. The dedication read \"For being responsible for the rescue of persons trapped under blitzed buildings while serving with the Civil Defence Services of London.\" Following the war, he was returned to his owner in Liverpool. The Dickin Medal is often referred to as the animal metaphorical equivalent of", "id": "14817122" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nIMTs) also provided support beginning in the days after the attacks to help manage operations. A nearby Burger King restaurant was used as a center for police operations. Given that workers worked at the site, or \"The Pile\", for shifts as long as twelve hours, a specific culture developed at the site, leading to workers developing their own argot. \"The Pile\" was the term coined by the rescue workers to describe the 1.8 million tons of wreckage left from the collapse of the World Trade Center. They", "id": "8345876" }, { "contents": "William M. Feehan\n\n\ndeath in the line of duty during the collapse of the North Tower of the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, at the age of 71. Along with FDNY Chief of department Peter Ganci, Commissioner Feehan was found by the FDNY's Search and Rescue K-9 \"Bear.\" Feehan was survived by his daughters, Elizabeth Feehan and Tara Davan, and sons, William Feehan and firefighter John Feehan, who had worked in Squad Company 252 and is currently Captain of Engine 249. He was also survived by six grandchildren", "id": "20321815" }, { "contents": "Sam (army dog)\n\n\nrefuge. Sam's team managed to force their way into the compound and he held off the rioters until reinforcements arrived. Sam retired from service two years later, at the age of 10. He died from natural causes soon afterwards. Sam posthumously received the Dickin Medal, the animals' equivalent of the Victoria Cross, in 2003 in recognition of his work in Bosnia and Herzegovina. He was the fifty ninth animal to receive the award, and was also the first army dog to receive the Dickin Medal since 1944. The", "id": "3758045" }, { "contents": "Niagara Parks Police Service\n\n\n, the Niagara Parks Police have established their first Canine Unit consisting of one handler and his dog \"Nia\" trained in search and rescue and explosives detection. In summer 2013, K-9 Nia retired due to a chronic illness which prevented her from continuing as an active police dog. In September 2013 new police K-9 Cinder began his training as Nia's replacement. The Niagara Parks Police are responsible for, but not limited to, the following: During peak tourist season the Parks Police employ approximately thirty students, most of whom are", "id": "6172110" }, { "contents": "Crumstone Irma\n\n\nCrumstone Irma, a.k.a. Irma, was a German Shepherd Dog who assisted in the rescue of 191 people trapped under blitzed buildings while serving with London's Civil Defence Services during the Second World War. During this period she worked with her handler and owner, Mrs Margaret Griffin, and another dog named Psyche. Noted for her ability to tell if buried victims were dead or alive, she was awarded the Dickin Medal in 1945, and is buried at the PDSA Animal Cemetery, Ilford. Irma was initially used as a messenger", "id": "14817125" }, { "contents": "World Trade Center Health Program\n\n\nThe WTC Health Program covers responders who worked or volunteered in the rescue, recovery, or clean up efforts at the World Trade Center site in New York, the Pentagon, or the plane crash site in Shanksville, Pennsylvania. It also provides benefits for people who lived, worked, went to school, attended daycare, or adult daycare in the New York City disaster area after September 11. Responders include members of the Fire Department of New York City who participated in the rescue and recovery effort at the World Trade Center sites", "id": "8808395" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nBecause of this, 343 firefighters died in the collapse of the towers. The command post located across West Street was taken out when the South Tower collapsed, making command and control even more difficult and disorganized. When the North Tower collapsed, falling debris killed Peter Ganci, the FDNY chief. Following the collapse of the World Trade Center, a command post was set up at a firehouse in Greenwich Village. The FDNY deployed 200 units (half of all units) to the site, with more than 400 firefighters on the", "id": "8345858" }, { "contents": "Jet of Iada\n\n\nJet of Iada a.k.a. Jet (21 July 1942 – 18 October 1949) was a German Shepherd Dog, who assisted in the rescue of 150 people trapped under blitzed buildings. He was a pedigree dog born in Liverpool, and served with the Civil Defence Services of London. He was awarded both the Dickin Medal and the RSPCA's Medallion of Valor for his rescue efforts. Jet was born in Liverpool in the Iada kennel of Mrs Babcock Cleaver in July 1942. He was a black German Shepherd Dog, and in the", "id": "14817120" }, { "contents": "Dogs with Jobs\n\n\nDogs with Jobs is a Canadian documentary television series about working dogs and show dogs. Each half-hour episode consists of two to three segments on individual dogs from around the world. The family-friendly series has featured service dogs, search and rescue dogs, police dogs, herding dogs, and others. Segments show footage of dogs on the job, and also include stories of their rescue, training, and relationships with their owners and handlers. The idea for the series came from Canadian writer Merrily Weisbord and her daughter", "id": "20398279" }, { "contents": "Search and rescue dog\n\n\nThe use of dogs in search and rescue (SAR) is a valuable component in wilderness tracking, natural disasters, mass casualty events, and in locating missing people. Dedicated handlers and well-trained dogs are required for the use of dogs to be effective in search efforts. Search and rescue dogs are typically worked, by a small team on foot. Search and rescue dogs detect human scent. Although the exact processes are still researched, it may include skin rafts (scent-carrying skin cells that drop off living humans", "id": "15944256" }, { "contents": "World Trade Center station (PATH)\n\n\nits pre-9/11 design, save for a door on display that has the words \"MATF 1 / 9 13\" spray-painted on it (a message from Urban Search and Rescue Massachusetts Task Force 1 of Beverly, Massachusetts, who searched the World Trade Center site on September 13, 2001). There is a plaque above the spray-painting, explaining the message on the door. PATH was required to preserve the passageway's original design as per Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act, as a condition for getting", "id": "12359425" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\n, shortly before United Airlines Flight 175 hit the South Tower, the FDNY chief had arrived and took over command of the response operations. Due to falling debris and safety concerns, he moved the incident command center to a spot located across West Street, but numerous fire chiefs remained in the lobby which continued to serve as an operations post where alarms, elevators, communications systems, and other equipment were operated. The initial response by the FDNY was on rescue and evacuation of building occupants, which involved sending firefighters up to assist", "id": "8345854" }, { "contents": "Urban Search and Rescue Florida Task Force 1\n\n\nspecialists are brought in as needed. In addition, FL-TF1 has nine FEMA certified canine teams, each composed of a handler and a search dog. In the early 1980s two fire departments, Miami-Dade Fire Rescue and the Fairfax County Fire and Rescue Department out of Fairfax County, Virginia worked together under an agreement with the Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance to provide international search and rescue assistance in times of disaster. Starting in 1991, FEMA incorporated a USAR team into its federal response plan. These 20+ teams", "id": "640142" }, { "contents": "Rescue robot\n\n\nThus, the European Commission's Directorate-General for Enterprise and Industry decided to fund ICARUS, a Research project (global budget: 17.5M€) which aims to develop robotic tools which can assist “human” crisis intervention teams. Rescue robots were used in the search for victims and survivors after the September 11 attacks in New York. During September 11 disasters rescue robots were first really tested. They were sent into the rubble to look for survivors and bodies. The robots had trouble working in the rubble of the World Trade Center", "id": "3098116" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nThe local, state, federal and global reaction to the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center was unprecedented. The equally unsurpassed events of that day elicited the largest response of local emergency and rescue personnel to assist in the evacuation of the two towers and also contributed to the largest loss of the same personnel when the towers collapsed. After the attacks, the media termed the World Trade Center site \"Ground Zero\", while rescue personnel referred to it as \"the Pile\". In the ensuing recovery and cleanup efforts", "id": "8345850" }, { "contents": "FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force\n\n\nis a specialist in one of four areas: The search and rescue personnel are organized into four Rescue Squads, each composed of an Officer and five Rescue Specialists, and are capable of working 12-hour alternating shifts. The medical personnel include two task force physicians and four Medical Specialists. The canine rescuers are a critical element of each US&R Task Force as their keen sense of smell allows them to locate victims that might go undiscovered. The majority of the dog handlers on the Task Forces are civilian volunteers. The dogs are usually considered", "id": "21101736" }, { "contents": "City University of New York Public Safety Department\n\n\n. CUNY has not yet obtained an Operating Certificate to be recognized by NYSDOH, NYCREMSCO & FDNY to operate as an EMS provider. Currently there is only one member of the unit. Over the years, there have been five German shepherds in the CUNY Canine unit. The K-9 officers go through 17 weeks of training provided by the Yonkers Police Department and they receive Certification from the New York State Department of Criminal Justice Services. After the World Trade Center attacks on 9/11, the CUNY K-9 Unit dispatched four dogs to assist during", "id": "13853184" }, { "contents": "Search and rescue dog\n\n\nfor this job are St. Bernards, German Shepherd Dogs, and Labrador Retrievers. Missing animal search (MAS) dogs use tracking, trailing and air scenting techniques in order to locate missing, trapped or injured animals and can be trained to locate deceased animals or remains. The Missing Animal Search Dogs Association based in Herefordshire in the UK is carrying out research in this area of search and rescue. Training is a rigorous, time-consuming and comprehensive process for both the dog and the handler. For the dog, training is", "id": "15944270" }, { "contents": "Mountain rescue in England and Wales\n\n\nchosen to train in this field. Each team has its own primary area of responsibility but frequently deploy outside these areas in support of other teams. Cave rescue had its own umbrella organisation, the British Cave Rescue Council, but some teams operate as both cave rescue teams and mountain rescue teams. There are also regional organisations dedicated to the training of search dogs and their handlers. England has two associations, the Search and Rescue Dog Association England SARDA(E) and the Lake District Mountain Rescue Search Dog Association (LDMRSD). Wales", "id": "18467192" }, { "contents": "Chambers Street–World Trade Center/Park Place/Cortlandt Street station\n\n\nDecember 19, 2016. The newly reopened passageway retained its pre-9/11 design, save for a door on display that has the words \"MATF 1 / 9 13\" spray-painted on it (a message from Urban Search and Rescue Massachusetts Task Force 1 of Beverly, Massachusetts, who searched the World Trade Center site on September 13, 2001). There is a plaque above the spray-painting, explaining the message on the door. PATH was required to preserve the passageway's original design as per Section 106 of the", "id": "17711006" }, { "contents": "Dustin J. Lee\n\n\nMeridian, Mississippi. From around five years old, Lee worked with rescue dogs by hiding in woods and allowing them to find him. According to his father, he was so moved by the September 11 attacks that he signed up for the military before graduating high school. Lee grew up in Quitman, Mississippi and graduated from Quitman High School in 2004. Lee finished first in his training class as a dog handler in 2005. He was noted by the kennel master, William W. Reynolds, to be \"uncanny as a", "id": "17545654" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nout of the rubble. The final survivor, Port Authority secretary Genelle Guzman-McMillan, was rescued 27 hours after the collapse of the North Tower. Some firefighters and civilians who survived made cell phone calls from voids beneath the rubble, though the amount of debris made it difficult for rescue workers to get to them. By Wednesday night, 82 deaths had been confirmed by officials in New York City. Rescue efforts were paused numerous times in the days after the attack, due to concerns that nearby buildings, including One Liberty", "id": "8345870" }, { "contents": "Ilford Animal Cemetery\n\n\nbeen tasked with responding to the many letters received by the ship's heroic cat, Simon, who is buried at Ilford. The burials are a mixture of family pets and military animals, including thirteen recipients of the Dickin Medal for bravery (a fifth of all Dickin Medal recipients are buried at Ilford). The first Dickin Medal recipient to be buried at Ilford was Rip, a Second World War search and rescue dog. Information boards recounting the stories of several of the animals were constructed during the recent restoration. The cemetery", "id": "15333774" }, { "contents": "German Shepherd\n\n\nAs part of the Herding Group, German Shepherds are working dogs developed originally for herding sheep. Since that time however, because of their strength, intelligence, trainability, and obedience, German Shepherds around the world are often the preferred breed for many types of work, including disability assistance, search-and-rescue, police and military roles, and acting. The German Shepherd is the second-most registered breed by the American Kennel Club and seventh-most registered breed by The Kennel Club in the United Kingdom. German", "id": "1990214" }, { "contents": "Priya Ravichandran\n\n\nvictims.. She was admitted at the Appollo Hospitals and Chief Minister J.Jayalalitha visited her at the hospital and assured the support of the Government in her speedy recovery to her kith and kin . In recognition of her brave deed she was awarded the Anna Medal for Bravery - the first of its kind to a Government employee . She was also awarded the President Medal for gallantry .She is the first woman officer in the Department to be awarded with the President medal. She also became the first Officer to be promoted and posted as Deputy Director", "id": "10111038" }, { "contents": "U.S. government response to the September 11 attacks\n\n\nof the National September 11 Memorial & Museum. Within hours of the attacks in New York, a massive search and rescue (SAR) operation was launched, which included over 350 search and rescue dogs. Initially, only a handful of wounded people were found at the site, and in the weeks that followed it became evident that there weren't any survivors to be found. Only twenty survivors were found alive in the rubble. Rescue and recovery efforts took months to complete. It took several weeks to put out the fires", "id": "8345829" }, { "contents": "Kuga (dog)\n\n\nKuga was posthumously awarded the 71st Dickin Medal for bravery by the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals (PDSA). The medal was received on Kuga’s behalf by a Victoria Cross recipient, Mark Donaldson VC, who was also a Special forces dog handler, along with another military dog, Odin. A spokesperson for the PDSA said, \"The reason he got the Dickin Medal was he just was so courageous. He saved the lives, without doubt I think, of that patrol.” Donaldson said, \"I personally", "id": "11401200" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nMilitary Police Company, and 69th Infantry Regiment based in Manhattan were the first military force to secure Ground Zero on September 11th. The 69th Infantry's armory on Lexington Avenue became the Family Information Center to assist persons in locating missing family members. The National Guard supplemented the NYPD and FDNY, with 2,250 guard members on the scene by the next morning. Eventually thousands of New York Army and Air National Guardsmen participated in the rescue/recovery efforts. They conducted site security at the WTC, and at other locations. They provided", "id": "8345886" }, { "contents": "Mountain rescue in England and Wales\n\n\nalso has two associations the Search and Rescue Dog Association Wales (SARDA Wales) responding to incidents in North Wales and the Search and Rescue Dog Association South Wales (SARDA South Wales). Handlers must be full team members of a mountain rescue team and, once graded, will operate alongside that team, but can also be deployed in support of other teams. The co-ordinating body for Mountain & Mine Search and Rescue Teams in the Lake District is the The co-ordinating body for South Wales is covered by the", "id": "18467193" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nand military police, they greatly aided in the clean-up effort. F-16s from the 174th Fighter Wing also ramped up their flying sorties and patrolled the skies. The New Jersey National Guard assisted the New York National Guard's efforts following the attacks. U.S. Marines were also present to assist in the rescue efforts. No official numbers of men who helped out was released but there was evidence that they were there. Films such as 2006 docudrama \"World Trade Center\" talked of two Marines who rescued two trapped police officers in", "id": "8345888" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\n, to oversee the structural engineering operations at the site. To make the effort more manageable, the World Trade Center site was divided into four quadrants or zones. Each zone was assigned a lead contractor, and a team of three structural engineers, subcontractors, and rescue workers. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the United States Army Corps of Engineers, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the New York City Office of Emergency Management (OEM) provided support. Forestry incident management teams (", "id": "8345875" }, { "contents": "FEMA Urban Search and Rescue Task Force\n\n\nreach of the handler, it is critical to minimize the possibility of the dog becoming trapped in a confined space or choking from an entangled collar. Because of the distinct possibility of injury from broken glass and metal, the medical unit maintains supplies for the canine rescuers. After first passing an evaluation of basic obedience, alert, directional control, agility and search skills currently known as an FSA (Foundational Skills Assessment), all canine/handler teams must pass an advanced certification known as a Certification Evaluation (or CE).", "id": "21101739" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\navoided the use of \"ground zero\", which describes the epicenter of a bomb explosion. Numerous volunteers organized to form \"bucket brigades\", which passed 5-gallon buckets full of debris down a line to investigators, who sifted through the debris in search of evidence and human remains. Ironworkers helped cut up steel beams into more manageable sizes for removal. Much of the debris was hauled off to the Fresh Kills Landfill on Staten Island where it was further searched and sorted. Some of the steel was reused for memorials. New", "id": "8345877" }, { "contents": "Norfolk Fire and Rescue Service\n\n\nin the number of fire's they attend, however an increasing response to Road Traffic Collisions (RTC) on Norfolk's roads. Pods: CBRN Response: Incident Response Unit (IRU): H9 Urban Search & Rescue Unit (USAR): Norfolk also hosts one of the UK's Urban Search and Rescue teams, these were originally set up as a response to the 9/11 tragedy in New York. The Norfolk team comprises 15 wholetime USAR technicians and 16 retained technicians along with a search dog. The team is based in", "id": "6559273" }, { "contents": "Shiloh Shepherd dog\n\n\nShilohs have been trained as search and rescue dogs. In March 2007, a Shiloh named Gandalf received national media attention after finding a Boy Scout lost in the mountains of North Carolina. Shilohs' gentleness and calm temperament allow them to be a part of therapy work. Their intelligence and willingness to please make them highly suitable for work as assistance dogs. They respond quickly to training and retain the capacity to make independent decisions when situations change. They are frequent recipients of the AKCs \"Canine Good Citizen\" Award and have been", "id": "3146056" }, { "contents": "International Rescue Dog Organisation\n\n\nOCHA, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. IRO is organising trainings and competitions where the rescue dog teams practice the search of mission persons. At the World Championships of rescue dogs every year the best teams are identified: in 2013 for the 19th time. Every two years experts meet at a rescue dog symposium to discuss current affairs and frame conditions of the search and rescue work. Since 2010 IRO calls for participation among rescue dog organisations to participate in form of presentations in the public in the Int. Day of", "id": "12797617" }, { "contents": "Quinson Valentino\n\n\nPickering Markets on September 30-October 1. It was around this time that Barry returned to the States to join Daryk St. Holmes in AWA Brew City Wrestling as one-half of The Aristocrats (replacing Danny Scott). The team feuded with The Soul Shooters (\"Poison\" Appollo Starr and Drew \"The Don\" Johnson) over the BCW Tag Team Championship and eventually lost the belts to them in Waukesha, Wisconsin the following year. On December 9, 2006, he beat Reggie Marley at Mecca Pro Wrestling's \"Holiday", "id": "20492783" }, { "contents": "Working dog\n\n\nsimilar desirable characteristics, such as loyalty and good temperament, were bred. As a result, many working breeds are sought after as family pets. For search and rescue work, typical breeds seen in the field include Labrador Retrievers, Border Collies, German Shepherd Dogs and certain members of the hound group. These dogs should have a good prey drive, desire to please the handler, ability to work on and off lead, and be sociable in public settings. Working dogs make excellent pets as long as potential owners realize that", "id": "16947830" }, { "contents": "Urban Search and Rescue Pennsylvania Task Force 1\n\n\n, as well as the in-state US&R response system. PA-TF-1 has been deployed to numerous incidents of national significance. The Task Force's first federal deployment was to North Carolina in 1999 for Hurricane Floyd. During this deployment, PA-TF1 gained distinction for several swift water rescues. PA-TF1 was deployed to the 2001 World Trade Center Attacks, the 2005 Hurricane Katrina/Rita event, and the 2008 Hurricane Ike/Gustav storm. PA-TF1 has also been deployed for National Special Security Events.", "id": "750535" }, { "contents": "Sasha (dog)\n\n\nSasha DM (2004–2008) was a Labrador Retriever who served as a bomb detection dog for the British Army whilst stationed in Afghanistan. Sasha and her handler, Lance Corporal Kenneth Rowe, were killed in July 2008. Sasha was awarded the Dickin Medal, also known as the animals' Victoria Cross, in 2014. Sasha was originally assigned as a bomb detection search dog to Marianne Hay, who gave Sasha up as she felt that they couldn't work in the field together as they had become too close. Sasha was assigned", "id": "18646286" }, { "contents": "Sam (army dog)\n\n\nSam (died 2000) was an army dog who served with the Royal Army Veterinary Corps Dog Unit. While serving in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 1990s, Sam helped to apprehend an armed man and also to hold back an armed mob besieging a compound where Serbs were taking refuge. He received the Dickin Medal, the animals' equivalent of the Victoria Cross, in 2003 for these acts of bravery. Sam was a German Shepherd that served with the Dog Unit of the Royal Army Veterinary Corps. Sam and his handler,", "id": "3758043" }, { "contents": "Freddie Mwila\n\n\nchanged its name to the Atlanta Appollos after a change of ownership. Apart from playing in Atlanta, he was supposed to go to England for a full-time coaching course but he achieved neither ambition. He returned home with Kapengwe in August who was also frustrated. The outspoken Mwila accused the FAZ of standing in his way by not giving him an international clearance to rejoin Chiefs. During their time in Atlanta, neither of them played a single match but they spent their time coaching young American footballers in colleges. Mwila stated", "id": "19455812" }, { "contents": "Search and rescue dog\n\n\nanimal vs human scent discrimination'. Dr. Komar worked with cadaver dog teams from the RCMP Civilian Search Dog Program now the Canadian Search Dog Association and the Search and Rescue Dog Association of Alberta. This study showed the accuracy rates of cadaver dogs in moderate to adverse winter weather conditions, and also the dogs' capabilities to discriminate between animal and human remains. It indicated that an accuracy rate near 100% can be achieved through careful and directed training. Her work has been published in the Journal of Forensic Anthropology. Of key", "id": "15944268" }, { "contents": "St. Bernard (dog)\n\n\nused for breeding while they were performing rescues. In an attempt to preserve the breed, the remaining St. Bernards were crossed with Newfoundlands brought from the Colony of Newfoundland in the 1850s, and so lost much of their use as rescue dogs in the snowy climate of the alps because the long fur they inherited would freeze and weigh them down. The dogs never received any special training from the monks. Instead, younger dogs would learn how to perform search and rescue operations from older dogs. The Swiss St. Bernard Club was founded", "id": "8124102" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\n, personnel related to metalwork and construction professions would descend on the site to offer their services and remained until the site was cleared in May 2002. In the years since, investigations and studies have examined effects upon those who participated, noting a variety of afflictions attributed to the debris and stress. After American Airlines Flight 11 crashed into the North Tower (1 WTC) of the World Trade Center, a standard announcement was given to tenants in the South Tower (2 WTC) to stay put and that the building was secure", "id": "8345851" }, { "contents": "National September 11 Memorial & Museum\n\n\nmemorial and museum at the World Trade Center site. A memorial was planned in the immediate aftermath of the attacks and destruction of the World Trade Center for the victims and those involved in rescue and recovery operations. The winner of the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition was Israeli-American architect Michael Arad of Handel Architects, a New York- and San Francisco-based firm. Arad worked with landscape-architecture firm Peter Walker and Partners on the design, creating a forest of swamp white oak trees with two square reflecting pools in", "id": "9525029" }, { "contents": "Trakr\n\n\nTrakr (c.1994 - April 2009) was a German Shepherd police dog who along with his handler, Canadian police officer James Symington, discovered the last survivor of the September 11 attacks at the World Trade Center in New York City in 2001. For his accomplishments, Trakr was named one of history’s most heroic animals by \"Time\" magazine. In 2008 Symington won an essay contest sponsored by BioArts International to find the world's most \"cloneworthy dog\", as a result of which Trakr was cloned, producing five puppies", "id": "8624062" }, { "contents": "Korean Jindo\n\n\n, Park Nam-sun (박남순), an expert search dog handler in South Korea, testified that Jindo dogs are not fit as rescue dogs and search dogs. It is because Jindo dogs' hunting instincts are too strong (they can forget their mission because of their hunting instincts), and they usually give their loyalty only to the first owner, while handlers of search dogs and rescue dogs can frequently change. In 2010, Son Min-suk (손민석), a member of Korean Security Forum, wrote that", "id": "8072086" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nbuilding. Problems with radio communication caused commanders to lose contact with many of the firefighters who went into the buildings. The repeater system in the World Trade Center, which was required for portable radio signals to transmit reliably, was malfunctioning after the impact of the planes. As a result, firefighters were unable to report to commanders on their progress, and were unable to hear evacuation orders. Also, many off-duty firefighters arrived to help, without their radios. FDNY commanders lacked communication with the NYPD, who had helicopters", "id": "8345856" }, { "contents": "AB 1634\n\n\nwas generally supported by animal shelter directors and workers, animal rights groups, animal rescue groups, Societies for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, humane societies, and the Los Angeles city government. The bill received an enormous amount of media attention. The bill was generally opposed by pet owners, breed clubs, breeders of working dogs, search-and-rescue dog associations, K9 law enforcement associations, organizations that provide guide dogs for the blind and service dogs for the disabled, California's agriculture industry, animal rescue groups", "id": "20734587" }, { "contents": "Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center\n\n\nYork City firefighters donated a cross made of steel from the World Trade Center to the Shanksville Volunteer Fire Company in Shanksville, Pennsylvania. The beam, mounted atop a platform shaped like the Pentagon, was erected outside the Shanksville's firehouse near the crash site of United Airlines Flight 93. Twenty-four tons of the steel used in construction of USS \"New York\" (LPD-21) came from the small amount of rubble from the World Trade Center preserved for posterity. Hazards at the World Trade Center site included a diesel fuel", "id": "8345878" }, { "contents": "Sadie (dog)\n\n\nYardley, were deployed to search for explosive devices outside the United Nations headquarters in Kabul following a suicide attack. Sadie picked up the scent of a second device through a thick concrete wall, giving disposal experts the opportunity to defuse the bomb which was a pressure cooker bomb -- a pressure cooker filled with TNT. The bomb had been covered with sandbags, in order to kill and injure rescue workers following the suicide attack. For her actions, Sadie was awarded the Dickin Medal. Awarded by the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals", "id": "10285152" }, { "contents": "West Midlands Police\n\n\ndogs in the West Midlands Police Dog Section are products of an in-house breeding program which the force has been running at its Balsall Common training centre since 1994. Specialist search dogs including Springer Spaniels and Labradors are also used by the Dogs Unit to locate drugs or firearms and explosives. Dogs are continually recruited from rescue centres and from members of the public. All specialist dogs are handled by officers who already have a general purpose police dog, giving the handler responsibility in both training and operational deployment. There are currently 69", "id": "20163058" }, { "contents": "Paul Rieckhoff\n\n\nStreet on September 7, 2001, with plans to travel and complete additional military schooling. On the morning of September 11, Rieckhoff was at his apartment in Manhattan when the first plane hit the World Trade Center. He participated in the rescue efforts at ground zero. His unit was formally activated for rescue and security operations later that evening. Rieckhoff recounted his 9/11 experiences for the 9/11 Tribute Center for a project called \"Stories of 9/11 told by those who were there\" In 2002, Rieckhoff volunteered for the invasion of Iraq", "id": "6584696" }, { "contents": "Cornwall Search & Rescue Team\n\n\nof severe weather and during major incidents, having played a key role in the Boscastle flood and during heavy snowfall across the higher parts of Cornwall, e.g. in the winter of 2009/10. This is in addition to the more specialist roles which the team also has including the provision of casualty carers and technical specialists. Led by a Team Leader and one deputy, the team currently has around 45 surface search and rescue team members, based throughout Cornwall and one Search and Rescue Dog Association dog handler. Equipment is carried in three team", "id": "19252875" }, { "contents": "Icelandic Association for Search and Rescue\n\n\nrecent years, specialization within rescue teams has increased, making the work more purposeful: land groups, sea groups, diving groups, advance groups, high-angle rescue groups, search dog groups, etc. Also working within the association is a rescue team for international projects, co-operating with rescue teams in other countries, for example, when major earthquakes occur, as in Turkey in 1999, Algeria in 2003, Morocco in 2004, and Haiti in 2010. ICE-SAR operates an international urban rescue unit,", "id": "7426408" }, { "contents": "Animal rescue group\n\n\n. In the United Kingdom, both shelter and rescue organisations are described using the blanket term \"rescue\", whether they have their own premises, buy in accommodation from commercial kennels, or operate a network of foster homes, where volunteers keep the animals in their homes until adoption. Kennels that have a council contract to take in stray dogs are usually referred to as dog pounds. Some dog pounds also carry out rescue and rehoming work and are effectively rescue groups that operate a pound service. Some rescue groups work with pounds", "id": "3526009" }, { "contents": "Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks\n\n\nbillion until 2015 to monitor and treat injuries stemming from exposure to toxic dust and debris at World Trade Center site. There are nearly 60,000 people enrolled in health-monitoring and treatment programs related to the 9/11 attack. The bill is formally known as the James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act, named after a New York police detective who took part in the rescue efforts at ground zero and later developed breathing complications. On October 28, 2007, Jim Riches reported that the City of New York and litigating first responders have shown", "id": "12662036" }, { "contents": "McNab dog\n\n\ndog competitions, and flyball. They are also exceptional competitors in barn hunt and nose work. Many ranchers are competing with McNabs in the relatively new sport of Ranch Dog Herding where dog and handler on horseback work as a team herding three head of cattle through five obstacles and then into a stock trailer. The McNabs reputation as an indefatigable \"all-weather\" dog is also opening up a new avenue of work for the dog: Search and Rescue. Currently McNabs are working as evidence search dogs, cadaver dogs, archaeology", "id": "2074501" }, { "contents": "Peter (dog)\n\n\nI hated to work him like this – but I also hated to refuse the rescue parties who were asking for him.\" Peter's rescue efforts were not limited to saving people; on one occasion he indicated a trapped victim which turned out to be a grey parrot. On another occasion he saved six people in a single attack. In 1946, Peter and his handler were present at the Civil Defence Stand–Down parade in Hyde Park, London. It was there that he was presented to King and Queen, and", "id": "6093677" }, { "contents": "Giovanni Battista Viola\n\n\nGiovanni Battista Viola (June 16, 1576 – August 10, 1622) was an Italian painter of the early Baroque period in Rome. Giovanni was born in Bologna. His skills were initially noticed by Annibale Carracci. He collaborated with Domenichino in the \"Room of Appollo\" in Villa Aldobrandini in Frascati (1616–18), where Viola painted the landscapes and Domenichino, the figures. He appears to have worked for the Giustiniani in Bassano di Sutri. In 1612, he was sharing a house with Francesco Albani. In 1612,", "id": "13001088" } ]

[ { "contents": "Country blues\n\n\nCountry blues (also folk blues, rural blues, backwoods blues, or downhome blues) is one of the earliest forms of blues music. The mainly solo vocal with acoustic fingerstyle guitar accompaniment developed in the rural Southern United States in the early 1900s. Artists, such as Blind Lemon Jefferson (Texas), Charley Patton (Mississippi), Blind Willie McTell (Georgia) were among the first to record blues songs in the 1920s. Country blues ran parallel to urban blues, which was popular in cities. Folklorist Alan Lomax", "id": "8046896" }, { "contents": "Culture of the Southern United States\n\n\n-time music, gospel music, spirituals, country music, rhythm and blues, soul music, funk, rock and roll, beach music, bluegrass, jazz (including ragtime, popularized by Southerner Scott Joplin), zydeco, and Appalachian folk music were either born in the South or developed in the region. In general, country music is based on the folk music of white Southerners, and blues and rhythm and blues is based on African American southern forms. However, whites and blacks alike have contributed to each of", "id": "8469878" }, { "contents": "List of blues festivals\n\n\nBlues festivals are music festivals which focus on blues music. Blues is a genre and musical form that originated in African-American communities in the Southern United States around the end of the 19th century. It has elements of traditional African music, American folk music, spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. Blues has since evolved from unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves into a wide variety of styles and subgenres, such as country blues, Delta and Piedmont, Chicago", "id": "17295253" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand subgenres. Blues subgenres include country blues, such as Delta blues and Piedmont blues, as well as urban blues styles such as Chicago blues and West Coast blues. World War II marked the transition from acoustic to electric blues and the progressive opening of blues music to a wider audience, especially white listeners. In the 1960s and 1970s, a hybrid form called blues rock developed, which blended blues styles with rock music. The term \"Blues\" may have come from \"blue devils\", meaning melancholy and sadness;", "id": "2950960" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nthe supposed appearance of a southern U.S.-style station. About 200 fans were brought by train to the platform opposite the performers. The performance was interrupted by a rainstorm, after which Tharpe performed the gospel song \"Didn't It Rain\". Blues musicians who performed on the American Folk Blues Festival tours included Muddy Waters, Sonny Boy Williamson, John Lee Hooker, Sippie Wallace, T-Bone Walker, Sonny Terry & Brownie McGhee, Memphis Slim, Otis Rush, Lonnie Johnson, Eddie Boyd, Big Walter Horton, Junior Wells", "id": "2225138" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nthrough EMI's Stateside label and Chess Records through Pye International's R&B series. These records were enthusiastically sought and collected by a new generation of enthusiasts. The increasing appetite for rhythm and blues was reflected in the growing numbers of Afro-American artists visiting the country. From 1962 the American Folk Blues Festival, organised by German promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau, brought American blues stars including Waters, Wolf, Sonny Boy Williamson, and John Lee Hooker to the country. In 1964 the American Folk Blues and Gospel Caravan arrived", "id": "16087069" }, { "contents": "Piedmont (United States)\n\n\nblues musicians came from Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. During the Great Migration, African Americans migrated to the Piedmont. With the Appalachian Mountains to the west, those who might otherwise have spread into rural areas stayed in cities and were thus exposed to a broader mixture of music than those in, for example, the rural Mississippi delta. Thus, Piedmont blues was influenced by many types of music such as ragtime, country, and popular songs—styles that had comparatively less influence on blues music in other regions.", "id": "1946509" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\n, it was being performed at US folk music revivals and festivals initially by established Piedmont blues artists such as Josh White, Rev. Gary Davis, and Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry, as well as Cephas & Wiggins, John Jackson in later years. While musicologists such as George Mitchell, Axel Küstner, Kip Lornell, Peter B. Lowry and Tim Duffy collected recordings by the aging community of Piedmont blues players, younger musicians such as Stefan Grossman, Roy Book Binder, Jorma Kaukonen, Paul Geremia, Keb Mo', Michael Roach", "id": "8150348" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nGerman promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau. The rise of electric blues, and its eventual mainstream success, meant that British acoustic blues was completely overshadowed. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers Bert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham (who played and recorded with Korner), played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene, with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones", "id": "8151338" }, { "contents": "Americana (music)\n\n\nAmericana (also known as American roots music) is an amalgam of American music formed by the confluence of the shared and varied traditions that make up the musical ethos of the United States, specifically those sounds that are merged from folk, country, blues, rhythm and blues, rock and roll, gospel, and other external influences. Americana, as defined by the Americana Music Association (AMA), is \"contemporary music that incorporates elements of various mostly acoustic American roots music styles, including country, roots rock, folk", "id": "9198553" }, { "contents": "Muddy Waters\n\n\nSpann in 1958, where they were backed by local Dixieland-style or \"trad jazz\" musicians, including members of Chris Barber's band. At the time, English audiences had only been exposed to acoustic folk blues, as performed by artists such as Sonny Terry, Brownie McGhee, and Big Bill Broonzy. Both the musicians and audiences were unprepared for Muddy Waters' performance, which included his electric slide guitar playing. He recalled: Although his performances alienated the old guard, some younger musicians, including Alexis Korner and", "id": "15757617" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nBert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham, played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. It continued with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones. Most British acoustic blues players could achieve little commercial success and found it difficult to gain recognition for their \"imitations\" of the blues in the US, being overshadowed by the rhythm and blues and electric blues that had emerged in the later 1950s. Blues harpist Cyril Davies ran the London Skiffle", "id": "16087062" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nas well as people that shared his country roots. His work in this period shows he performed across a wider musical spectrum than almost any other bluesman before or since, including in his repertoire ragtime, hokum blues, country blues, urban blues, jazz-tinged songs, folk songs and spirituals. After World War II, Broonzy recorded songs that were the bridge that allowed many younger musicians to cross over to the future of the blues: the electric blues of postwar Chicago. His 1945 recordings of \"Where the Blues Began", "id": "9494361" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nBig Bill Broonzy (born Lee Conley Bradley, June 26, 1903 – August 14, 1958) was an American blues singer, songwriter and guitarist. His career began in the 1920s, when he played country blues to mostly African-American audiences. Through the 1930s and 1940s he successfully navigated a transition in style to a more urban blues sound popular with working-class African-American audiences. In the 1950s a return to his traditional folk-blues roots made him one of the leading figures of the emerging American folk", "id": "9494347" }, { "contents": "Precious Bryant\n\n\nPrecious Bryant (née Bussey; January 4, 1942 – January 12, 2013) was an American country blues, gospel, and folk singer and guitarist. She played Piedmont fingerstyle guitar. Bryant was born in Talbot County, Georgia. She released two solo albums. Her 2002 debut, \"Fool Me Good,\" was nominated for two Blues Music Awards, in the categories Acoustic Blues Album of the Year and Best New Artist Debut. In 2006 she was nominated for a similar award for Traditional Blues Female Artist of the", "id": "2571157" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nAmerica, a series of tours that began with Josh White and Big Bill Broonzy in 1951, and would include Brownie McGhee, Sonny Terry, Memphis Slim, Muddy Waters and Lonnie Johnson. Lonnie Johnson played at the Royal Festival Hall in 1952 on a bill opened by a group led by the young Lonnie Donegan. Donegan became the key figure in the development of the British skiffle \"craze\", beginning in Ken Colyer's Jazzmen by playing American folk and blues songs, particularly those derived from the recordings of Huddie Leadbetter,", "id": "16087056" }, { "contents": "Hill country blues\n\n\npatterns that conform to proverbial phrases or the words of popular fife and drum tunes—\"is considered the sign of a good drummer.\" This enduring tradition of folk polyrhythm played an important part in the development of Mississippi blues. \"Mississippi\" Fred McDowell, who lived in Como, Mississippi, was one of the subgenre's most widely known musicians, in the 1960s and after. His music was heavier on percussive elements and African rhythms than traditional Delta blues. McDowell's performances helped define the Hill Country blues sound, influencing later artists", "id": "19106875" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nfit in with British expectations of American blues as a form of folk music. In 1957 Davies and Korner decided that their central interest was the blues and closed the skiffle club, reopening a month later as The London Blues and Barrelhouse Club. To this point British blues was acoustically played emulating Delta blues and Country blues styles and often part of the emerging second British folk revival. Critical in changing this was the visit of Muddy Waters in 1958, who initially shocked British audiences by playing amplified electric blues, but who was soon", "id": "8151324" }, { "contents": "Valerie Turner\n\n\nValerie Turner is an American blues guitarist-vocalist, educator, and author. She plays in the Piedmont style of fingerpicking guitar, continuing in the traditions of Mississippi John Hurt, Elizabeth Cotten, Memphis Minnie, and Etta Baker. She performs blues, ballads, country, popular songs, ragtime, and gospels. She is a native New Yorker with southern roots in Virginia and Georgia. She started learning and studying traditional country blues guitar in 1978. Valerie and her spouse, Benedict Turner, are an acoustic blues duo called", "id": "8216617" }, { "contents": "Mr. Misunderstood\n\n\n\"Mr. Misunderstood\", at the 2015 Country Music Association Awards, where the news of the new album became evident. The musical style of this album has been described as the following; country, rock, blues, folk, gospel, soul, funk, alternative country, alternative rock, country rock, country blues, country gospel, gospel blues, bluegrass, folk rock, heartland rock, roots rock, rock and roll, rhythm and blues, Southern gospel, Southern rock, and Southern soul. His music here", "id": "5570655" }, { "contents": "Chris Barber\n\n\nwas mainly responsible for arranging the first UK tours of blues artists Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee and Muddy Waters. This, with the encouragement of local enthusiasts such as Alexis Korner and John Mayall, sparked young musicians such as Peter Green, Eric Clapton and the Rolling Stones. British rhythm and blues powered the British invasion of the USA charts in the 1960s, yet Dixieland itself remained popular: in January 1963 the British music magazine, \"NME\" reported the biggest trad jazz event in Britain at Alexandra Palace", "id": "17410986" }, { "contents": "The Blues, the Whole Blues, and Nothing But the Blues\n\n\ninterplay of instruments gives them the freedom to move from the country blues of the Mississippi Delta to the jug band tradition of the urban South, and from New Orleans to Chicago, embracing the breadth of American music in its myriad places and times.\" In \"Glide\" magazine, Lee Zimmerman said, \"David Bromberg’s fondness for the blues has been a single-minded concern throughout his storied career, one that’s found him working alongside any number of icons, folks like Bob Dylan and George Harrison included... Of", "id": "7352775" }, { "contents": "Dave Van Ronk\n\n\nand Van Ronk turned to performing blues he had stumbled across while shopping for jazz 78s, by artists like Furry Lewis and Mississippi John Hurt. Van Ronk was not the first white musician to perform African-American blues, but became noted for his interpretation of it in its original context. By about 1958, he was firmly committed to the folk-blues style, accompanying himself with his own acoustic guitar. He performed blues, jazz and folk music, occasionally writing his own songs but generally arranging the work of earlier artists", "id": "10878367" }, { "contents": "Fingerstyle guitar\n\n\nis also very common. Examples of traditions that John Fahey and Robbie Basho would employ in their compositions include, but are not limited to, the extended Raga of Indian classical music, the Japanese Koto, and the early ragtime-based country blues music of Mississippi John Hurt or Blind Blake. A distinctive style to emerge from Britain in the early 1960s, which combined elements of American folk, blues, jazz and ragtime with British traditional music, was what became known as 'folk baroque'. Pioneered by musicians of the", "id": "13793683" }, { "contents": "Country music\n\n\nCountry music, also known as country and western (or simply country), and hillbilly music, is a genre of popular music that originated in the southern United States in the early 1920s. It takes its roots from genres such as American folk music (especially Appalachian folk and Western music) and blues. Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms, folk lyrics, and harmonies mostly accompanied by string instruments such as banjos, electric and acoustic guitars, steel guitars (such as pedal steels and", "id": "4960825" }, { "contents": "WFDU\n\n\n. WFDU (FM) plays wide array of music ranging from Blues & Country/Bluegrass music to RetroRadio, Eclectic, Folk, Gospel, Oldies Rock and Soul/R&B. Big Frank Mirra, a well-known Blues musician in the Metro area for over three decades along with former blues radio producer, Music Director of Blues/Roots/American programing, Mike Stokes hosts Blues on the Run on Tuesdays. Dennis Gruenling is the host of Blues & the Beat, spinning everything from the legends of Chicago-style blues like", "id": "1564525" }, { "contents": "Nick Katzman\n\n\nNick Katzman (born 1951) is an American blues musician. Katzman was born in New York City, and lives in both Manhattan and Berlin, Germany. He plays in a variety of musical genres, including Chicago blues, Mississippi blues, Texas blues, and ragtime. As a teenager in the 1960s, Katzman saw many of the surviving country blues guitarists who travelled north to play their music in clubs and at the folk festivals. He learned to lay both guitar and lute. He studied classical music and jazz at Antioch", "id": "16730431" }, { "contents": "Louisiana blues\n\n\nLouisiana blues is a genre of blues music that developed in the period after World War II in the state of Louisiana. It is generally divided into two major subgenres, with the jazz-influenced New Orleans blues based on the musical traditions of that city and the slower tempo swamp blues incorporating influences from zydeco and Cajun music from around Baton Rouge. Major artists in the New Orleans tradition include Professor Longhair and Guitar Slim and for swamp blues Slim Harpo and Lightnin' Slim. Both genres peaked in popularity in the 1960s and were", "id": "8046899" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. Theatrical composers and lyricists like the brothers George and Ira Gershwin created a uniquely American theatrical style that used American vernacular speech and music. Musicals featured popular songs and fast-paced plots that often revolved around love and romance. The blues is a genre of African American folk music that is the basis for much of modern American popular music. Blues can be seen as part of a continuum of musical styles like country, jazz, ragtime, and gospel; though each genre evolved into distinct forms, their origins were often indistinct", "id": "7216662" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nspirituals, work songs, ragtime music, hokum, and country blues he heard growing up and the styles of his contemporaries, including Jimmie Rodgers, Blind Blake, Son House, and Blind Lemon Jefferson. Broonzy combined all these influences into his own style of the blues, which foreshadowed the postwar Chicago blues, later refined and popularized by artists such as Muddy Waters and Willie Dixon. Although he had been a pioneer of the Chicago blues style and had employed electric instruments as early as 1942, white audiences in the 1950s wanted", "id": "9494369" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\n, a large number of British rhythm and blues musicians began their careers playing skiffle, including Van Morrison, Ronnie Wood, Mick Jagger and Roger Daltrey. The fashion created a demand for opportunities to play versions of American folk, blues and jazz music that would contribute to the growth of a club scene. Until the mid-1950s in Britain the blues was seen as a form of folk music. When Broonzy toured England he played a folk blues set to fit British expectations of American blues, rather than his current electric Chicago blues.", "id": "16087059" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nintroduction of many later followers of the blues to the music and hardships of life for African Americans in the Southern US. The next year the \"Jazz Club\" programme, hosted by Max Jones, included a recital of \"Town and Country Blues\", which played music by a wide range of blues artists. The British rhythm and blues scene developed in London out of the related jazz, skiffle and folk club scenes of the 1950s. The first of these scenes, that of jazz, had developed during the Second World", "id": "16087053" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nrecognized the album for its historically significant material. An extensively recorded bluesman, Big Bill Broonzy left the United States to tour Europe in 1951, becoming the first Chicago blues player to perform for European audiences. Broonzy previously spent time in Iowa, where he honed a repertoire which remained a fixture of his concerts and recordings for the remainder of the decade. With bluesmen such as Muddy Waters and Howlin' Wolf amplifying their music, resulting in the popularity of the electric blues, Broonzy decided to reinvent himself as a folk blues musician", "id": "18296717" }, { "contents": "Alec Seward\n\n\nhe relocated from the South to New York, in his case in 1924. Seward befriended Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry and retained his Piedmont blues styling despite changes in musical trends. He and the blues musician Louis Hayes (who later became a minister in northern New Jersey) performed together, variously billed as the Blues Servant Boys, Guitar Slim and Jelly Belly, and the Back Porch Boys. During the 1940s and 1950s Seward played and recorded with Lead Belly, Woody Guthrie, McGhee and Terry. Around 1947 Seward, Guthrie", "id": "7237009" }, { "contents": "The Real Folk Blues\n\n\nThe Real Folk Blues is a series of blues albums released between 1965 and 1967 by Chess Records, later reissued MCA Records. Each album in the series highlighted the music of one major Chess artist, including John Lee Hooker, Howlin' Wolf, Muddy Waters, and Sonny Boy Williamson II. The series, overseen by Marshall Chess, was a reaction to the increasing audience for the blues following the British Invasion. Companion discs, titled More Real Folk Blues, were released for many of the artists. Hooker's companion disc", "id": "17857302" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nNew styles of music emerged among black Americans in the early 20th century in the form of blues, ragtime, jazz, and gospel music. According to the writer Robert Palmer:\"Rock 'n' roll was an inevitable outgrowth of the social and musical interactions between blacks and whites in the South and Southwest. Its roots are a complex tangle. Bedrock black church music influenced blues, rural blues influenced white folk song and the black popular music of the Northern ghettos, blues and black pop influenced jazz, and so on. But the", "id": "5254864" }, { "contents": "Ernie Hawkins\n\n\nErnie Hawkins (born Ernest Leroy Hawkins, 1947, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American acoustic blues guitar player, singer, song writer, recording artist, and educator. Hawkins, along with fellow bluesmen Stefan Grossman and Roy Bookbinder, studied with blues legend Reverend Gary Davis in New York City in 1965 and 1966. Over the years, he learned a variety of styles, including Piedmont blues, Delta blues, ragtime, and gospel. In 1969, Hawkins moved back to his hometown of Pittsburgh, and enrolled at the", "id": "8862999" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nThe American Folk Blues Festival was a music festival that toured Europe as an annual event for several years beginning in 1962. It introduced audiences in Europe, including the UK, to leading blues performers of the day such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, most of whom had never previously performed outside the US. The tours attracted substantial media coverage, including TV shows, and contributed to the growth of the audience for blues music in Europe. German jazz publicist Joachim-Ernst Berendt", "id": "2225133" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\ninspire much of the later popular development of the blues and blues-derived genres, including the legendary delta blues musician Robert Johnson and Piedmont blues musician Blind Willie McTell. By the end of the 1940s, however, pure blues was only a minor part of popular music, having been subsumed by offshoots like rhythm & blues and the nascent rock and roll style. Some styles of electric, piano-driven blues, like boogie-woogie, retained a large audience. A bluesy style of gospel also became popular in mainstream America", "id": "7216666" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\n. Known primarily as a folk-blues guitarist, he learned to play guitar by listening to blues musicians, such as Charlie Patton and Mississippi John Hurt, and has developed a distinctive fingerpicking technique in which he plays the bass line, rhythm chords, and single-note leads simultaneously. In his original compositions and artistic styling, he incorporates influences from other genres, such as jazz, folk music, country music, classical and world music, often utilizing odd time measures, to personalize his music and story telling. An", "id": "1583130" }, { "contents": "Alan Lomax\n\n\n\"The Land Where the Blues Began\" (1995), linking the birth of the blues to debt peonage, segregation, and forced labor in the American South. Lomax's greatest legacy is in preserving and publishing recordings of musicians in many folk and blues traditions around the US and Europe. Among the artists Lomax is credited with discovering and bringing to a wider audience include blues guitarist Robert Johnson, protest singer Woody Guthrie, folk artist Pete Seeger, country musician Burl Ives, and country blues singer Lead Belly, among many", "id": "8697682" }, { "contents": "Brian Protheroe\n\n\nWhite, Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Dave Brubeck and the choral church music of Bach. Protheroe joined the folk group Folk Blues Incorporated (FBI) when he was nineteen, while at this time listening to Bob Dylan and the Beatles. He came to London with FBI in 1965, and played in folk music clubs in and around London. In 1966, Protheroe began his career as an actor. His first job was with his local repertory theatre in Salisbury. He worked there for about seven months", "id": "7666713" }, { "contents": "Down Home Blues (Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry album)\n\n\nDown Home Blues is an album by blues musicians Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry recorded in 1960 and released on the Bluesville label. AllMusic reviewer Bruce Eder stated: \"the music itself stands outside of time. McGhee's strumming and singing have enough polish to pass as a commercial recording, but at its best, it's still sufficiently unaffected so as to be regarded as authentic country-blues. It's Terry's harp, however, that really pulls this body of music back to its roots ... the dominant elements of this", "id": "12217779" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nTrouble in Mind is an album by American blues musician Big Bill Broonzy. It was released on February 22, 2000 by Smithsonian Folkways. The album consists of traditional folk, blues, and spiritual songs featuring Broonzy accompanying himself on acoustic guitar and a guest appearance by Pete Seeger. Suffering from cancer, Broonzy realized his time was limited and hence recorded extensively between 1956 and 1957. While most of the work draws from the album \"Big Bill Broonzy Sings Country Blues\" (1957), arranged by Moses Asch and Charles Edward", "id": "18296715" }, { "contents": "Music of Washington, D.C.\n\n\nhome to many bluesmen, such as Jelly Roll Morton and later rock and roll and rhythm and blues musicians such as Bo Diddley and Roy Buchanan. In the 1960s, a number of white youths formed local blues bands, including the Northside Blues Band and the Nighthawks. Starting in the early 1960s, Takoma Park native John Fahey became a nationally noted blues and folk guitarist who established the Takoma Records label, which attracted a number of other blues, folk, acoustic and fingerstyle guitarists to the District of Columbia area. Another local", "id": "9815809" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\nTerry Robb is a Canadian fingerstyle guitarist, composer, arranger and record producer living in the United States. He plays electric and acoustic guitar, and is associated with the American Primitive Guitar genre through his collaboration with steel string guitarist John Fahey. He is a member of the Oregon Music Hall of Fame and Cascade Blues Association Hall of Fame, and was honored with the eponymous \"Terry Robb\" Muddy Award for Best Acoustic Guitar in 2011. His original compositions draw on the Delta blues, ragtime, folk music, country music", "id": "1583113" }, { "contents": "Lightnin' Wells\n\n\nLightnin' Wells is an American Piedmont blues multi-instrumentalist and singer. He is a proficient musician and regularly plays various instruments in concert including the guitar, mandolin, harmonica, ukulele and banjo. At times he has performed as a one-man band. His style encompasses elements of the blues, country, gospel, old-time, bluegrass and folk. Mark Coltrain stated in \"Living Blues\" that, \"You won't find a more versatile musician around – able to move deftly between country blues, old", "id": "14064192" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nspending a year in Europe including recording the \"Sonny Boy Williamson and The Yardbirds\" album, (first released on Star-Club Records in 1965), and recording with The Animals. On 7 May 1964, Granada Television broadcast \"Blues and Gospel Train\", a programme directed by John Hamp featuring Muddy Waters, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, Rev. Gary Davis, Cousin Joe and Otis Spann. For filming, the company transformed the disused Wilbraham Road railway station into \"Chorltonville\", giving it", "id": "2225137" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n. Delta blues is a style as much as a geographical form: Skip James and Elmore James, who were not born in the Delta, are considered Delta blues musicians. Performers traveled throughout the Mississippi Delta, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and Tennessee. Eventually, Delta blues spread out across the country, giving rise to a host of regional variations, including Chicago blues and Detroit blues. Delta blues songs are typically expressed in the first person and often concern love, sex, the traveling lifestyle and its tribulations, sin", "id": "7794024" }, { "contents": "Traditional blues verses\n\n\nIn the folk tradition, there are many traditional blues verses that have been sung over and over by many artists. Blues singers, who include many country and folk artists as well as those commonly identified with blues singers, use these traditional lyrics to fill out their blues performances. Artists like Jimmie Rodgers, the \"blue yodeler\", and Big Joe Turner, \"the Boss of the Blues\" compiled virtual encyclopedias of lyrics. Turner reputedly could sing the blues for hours without repeating himself. Traditional blues verses in folk-", "id": "14213756" }, { "contents": "Midwestern United States\n\n\nmusical style in the United States, deriving most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz, and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Freed's contribution in identifying rock as a new genre helped establish the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, located in Cleveland. Chuck Berry, a Midwesterner from St. Louis, was among the first successful rock and roll artists and influenced many other rock musicians", "id": "15016383" }, { "contents": "Classic female blues\n\n\nClassic female blues was an early form of blues music, popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues were performed by female singers accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles and were the first blues to be recorded. Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, Ethel Waters, and the other singers in this genre were instrumental in spreading the popularity of the blues. Blues, a type of black folk music originating in the American South, were", "id": "5621307" }, { "contents": "Southern soul\n\n\n\"Country soul\", \"Downhome soul\" and \"Hard soul\" have been used synonymously with \"Southern soul\" Pioneers of southern soul include: Georgia natives Ray Charles and James Brown; Little Willie John, Bobby \"Blue\" Bland, New Orleans R&B artist Allen Toussaint; and Memphis DJ Rufus Thomas. Southern soul was influenced by blues and gospel music. Southern soul was at its peak during the 1960s, when Memphis soul was created. In 1963, Stan Lewis founded Jewel Records in Shreveport, Louisiana, along", "id": "18765148" }, { "contents": "South Korea\n\n\n1992 marked a turning point for South Korean popular music, also known as K-pop, as the genre modernized itself from incorporating elements of popular musical genres from across the world such as Western popular music, experimental, jazz, gospel, Latin, classical, hip hop, rhythm and blues, electronic dance, reggae, country, folk, and rock on top of its uniquely traditional Korean music roots. Western-style pop, hip hop, rhythm and blues, rock, folk, electronic dance oriented acts have become", "id": "7248618" }, { "contents": "The Subdudes\n\n\nThe Subdudes (stylized as The subdudes) are an American roots rock group from New Orleans. Their music blends folk, swamp pop, New Orleans rhythm and blues, Louisiana blues, country, cajun/zydeco, funk, soul and gospel with harmonic vocals. Their sound is notable for the band's substitution of a tambourine player for a drummer. The subdudes formed in 1987 through a music venue in New Orleans called Tipitina's. The Subdudes often credit their songwriting to the group as a whole, although the primary songwriters", "id": "12289559" }, { "contents": "American rock\n\n\nAmerican rock has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, rhythm and blues, and country music, and also drew on folk music, jazz, blues, and classical music. American rock music was further influenced by the British Invasion of the American pop charts from 1964 and resulted in the development of garage rock. From the late 1960s and early 1970s, American rock music was highly influential in the development of a number of fusions, including blending with folk music to create folk rock, with blues to create blues", "id": "5254668" }, { "contents": "Richard Trice\n\n\nRichard Trice (November 16, 1917 – April 6, 2000) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles. He lived most of his life in his native North Carolina and played in its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. His family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Music was an interest in the family, and he learned to play the guitar at an", "id": "1811700" }, { "contents": "J. B. Lenoir\n\n\nJefferson, which became a major influence. During the early 1940s, Lenoir worked with the blues artists Sonny Boy Williamson II and Elmore James in New Orleans. He was later influenced by Arthur Crudup and Lightnin' Hopkins. In 1949, he moved to Chicago, where Big Bill Broonzy helped introduce him to the blues community. He began to perform at local nightclubs, with musicians such as Memphis Minnie, Big Maceo Merriweather, and Muddy Waters, and became an important part of the city's blues scene. He began recording", "id": "7041136" }, { "contents": "Bishop Dready Manning\n\n\ncotton, peanuts, and corn. Some of his uncles and cousins played blues guitar in the North Carolina Piedmont fashion. When Manning was seven years old, he began learning how to fingerpick guitar. His skills improved over time and by his teenage years Manning had earned a reputation as a master of blues guitar and harmonica. His style was influenced by Piedmont blues musicians such as Blind Boy Fuller, Brownie McGhee and Buddy Moss, and national stars like Lightnin' Hopkins, Jimmy Reed and Sonny Boy Williamson As a young bluesman", "id": "13727518" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nartists and their own performances. The visit of Muddy Waters in 1958 had a major impact on the duo and on the nature of British R&B in general. Initially British audiences were shocked by Waters's amplified electric blues, but he was soon playing to ecstatic crowds and receiving rave reviews. Where British blues had often emulated Delta blues and country blues in the emerging British folk revival, Davies and Korner, who had supported Waters on tour, now began to play high-powered electric blues, forming the band Blues Incorporated.", "id": "16087064" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\njump blues combo with honking saxophone and rolling piano, variously calling themselves Brownie McGhee and his Jook House Rockers or Sonny Terry and his Buckshot Five, often with Champion Jack Dupree and Big Chief Ellis. They also appeared in the original Broadway productions of \"Finian's Rainbow\" and \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\". During the blues revival of the 1960s, Terry and McGhee were popular on the concert and music festival circuits, occasionally adding new material but usually remaining faithful to their roots and playing to the tastes of", "id": "4476037" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nelements of swing music and jazz in a long and prolific career. After World War II, amplified blues music became popular in American cities that had seen widespread African American migration, such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit, St. Louis, and the West Coast. The initial impulse was to be heard above the noise of lively rent parties. Playing in small venues, electric blues bands tended to remain modest in size compared with larger jazz bands. In its early stages electric blues typically used amplified electric guitars, double bass (", "id": "8151258" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe Beatles had brought African-American music to new audiences, both within the U.S. and abroad. However, the blues wave that brought artists such as Muddy Waters to the foreground had stopped. Bluesmen such as Big Bill Broonzy and Willie Dixon started looking for new markets in Europe. Dick Waterman and the blues festivals he organized in Europe played a major role in propagating blues music abroad. In the UK, bands emulated U.S. blues legends, and UK blues rock-based bands had an influential role throughout the 1960s. Blues", "id": "2951020" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\nThese drew on his studies with Rev. Davis and the other older blues artists and on his obsessive listening to old 78s. \"The Country Blues Guitar, Delta Blues, Texas Blues, Ragtime Blues Guitar\" and \"Rev. Gary Davis/Blues Guitar\" have remained in print through various editions. In the mid-1960s, Stefan Grossman recorded a number of cuts for Joe Bussard and his Frederick, Maryland-based Fonotone Records and performed at the Jabberwock coffeehouse in Berkeley under the nom du folk of \"Kid Future\". The origins", "id": "9236337" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nand they continued almost annually until 1972, after an eight-year hiatus reviving the festival in 1980 until its final performance in 1985. The concerts featured some of the leading blues artists of the 1960s, such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Willie Dixon, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, some playing in unique combinations such as T-Bone Walker playing guitar for pianist Memphis Slim, Otis Rush with Junior Wells, Sonny Boy Williamson with Muddy Waters. The Festival DVDs include the only known footage of Little", "id": "2225135" }, { "contents": "Checkin' Up on My Baby\n\n\n\"Checkin' Up on My Baby\" (or sometimes \"Checking On My Baby\") is a song recorded by Sonny Boy Williamson II in 1960 that has become a classic of the blues. The song was not released as a single, but was included on Williamson's \"The Real Folk Blues\" album released after his death in 1965. The song has been recorded by numerous blues and other artists, making it one of Williamson's most recorded songs. Williamson's namesake Sonny Boy Williamson I, also known as", "id": "10302292" }, { "contents": "History of modern Western subcultures\n\n\ncowboy songs (also known, in those days, as hillbilly music) were beginning to be more popular with a wider audience. A subculture of rural jazz and blues fans had mixed elements of jazz and blues into traditional cowboy and folk song styles to produce a crossover called western swing. Thanks to the prevalence of radio, this music spread across the United States in the 1940s. Radio was the first \"almost instantaneous\" mass media with the power to create large subcultures by spreading the ideas of small subcultures across a wide", "id": "19180987" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\n\"one of the greatest exponents of fingerstyle blues and gospel guitar playing\"\" and \"\"an incredible genius as a teacher\"\". He spent countless hours learning and documenting Davis's music, recording much of it on a tape recorder, and developing a form of tablature to take down his teacher's instructions. In the folk and country blues revival of the 1960s he was listening to old recordings of artists such as Elizabeth Cotten, Big Bill Broonzy, Lead Belly, Josh White, Lightnin' Hopkins, Rev. Gary", "id": "9236332" }, { "contents": "Steel-string acoustic guitar\n\n\nundistorted and full-range reproduction. Until the 1960s, the predominant forms of music played on the flat-top, steel-string guitar remained relatively stable and included acoustic blues, country, bluegrass, folk, and several genres of rock. The concept of playing solo steel-string guitar in a concert setting was introduced in the early 1960s by such performers as Davey Graham and John Fahey, who used country blues fingerpicking techniques to compose original compositions with structures somewhat like European classical music. Fahey contemporary Robbie Basho added elements", "id": "2024699" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nmusic. The music of the civil rights movement and Free Speech Movement in the U.S. prompted a resurgence of interest in American roots music and early African American music. As well festivals such as the Newport Folk Festival brought traditional blues to a new audience, which helped to revive interest in prewar acoustic blues and performers such as Son House, Mississippi John Hurt, Skip James, and Reverend Gary Davis. Many compilations of classic prewar blues were republished by the Yazoo Records. J. B. Lenoir from the Chicago blues movement in the 1950s", "id": "2951023" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nperformers such as Little Walter or Muddy Waters. Songs from this genre include \"Scratch my Back\", \"She's Tough\" and \"I'm a King Bee\". Alan Lomax's recordings of Mississippi Fred McDowell would eventually bring him wider attention on both the blues and folk circuit, with McDowell's droning style influencing North Mississippi hill country blues musicians. By the beginning of the 1960s, genres influenced by African American music such as rock and roll and soul were part of mainstream popular music. White performers such as", "id": "2951019" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nmore exclusively English folk clubs. The more traditional American folk blues continued to provide 1960s British groups with material, particularly after the emergence of Bob Dylan, who also popularised folk blues songs. In 1964, for example, the song-catalogue of Lead Belly provided the Animals with \"The House of the Rising Sun\", Manfred Mann with \"John Hardy\" and the Four Pennies with \"Black Girl\". British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers", "id": "16087061" }, { "contents": "Willie Trice\n\n\nWilliam Augusta Trice (February 10, 1908 – December 11, 1976) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles and an album. He remained loyal to his native North Carolina and its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, probably in 1908; some sources state 1910 or 1911. The family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Both of Trice’s parents played music", "id": "1573260" }, { "contents": "Rock and roll\n\n\nstyles such as jazz and swing which were taken up by white musicians, aided this process of \"cultural collision\". The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called \"race music\", and country music of the 1940s and 1950s. Particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. Commentators differ in their views of which of these forms were most important and the degree to which the new music was a re-branding of African-American rhythm and", "id": "5601387" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\nPiedmont blues (also known as East Coast, or Southeastern blues) refers primarily to a guitar style, the Piedmont fingerstyle, which is characterized by a fingerpicking approach in which a regular, alternating thumb bass string rhythmic pattern supports a syncopated melody using the treble strings generally picked with the fore-finger, occasionally others. The result is comparable in sound to ragtime or stride piano styles. Blues researcher Peter B. Lowry coined the term, giving co-credit to fellow folklorist Bruce Bastin. The Piedmont style is differentiated from other", "id": "8150344" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand the generalization of the blues beat, the blues shuffle, which became ubiquitous in R&B. This commercial stream had important consequences for blues music, which, together with jazz and gospel music, became a component of R&B. After World War II, new styles of electric blues became popular in cities such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit and St. Louis. Electric blues used electric guitars, double bass (gradually replaced by bass guitar), drums, and harmonica (or \"blues harp\") played through a microphone and a PA", "id": "2951010" }, { "contents": "New Orleans blues\n\n\nblues is primarily driven by piano and horn, enlivened by Caribbean rhythms and Dixieland music. It is generally cheerful in delivery regardless of the subject matter, with a laid back tempo and complex rhythms falling just behind the beat. Vocals range from laid-back crooning to full-throated gospel shouting. New Orleans is generally credited as the birthplace of jazz music, but has attracted less attention as a center of the blues. The 12 bar blues were well known in the city before most of the rest of the country.", "id": "20252986" }, { "contents": "Michael Roach (musician)\n\n\n2003, Roach presented \"Deep Blue\", a three part series on blues music featured on BBC Radio 4. In 2006 he released an instructional DVD, \"Introduction to Country Blues Guitar\". Roach's tours as an educator and performer have taken him to the Augusta Heritage Center (US), Centrum Piedmont Blues Intensive (US), The Ironworks (UK) and the Smithsonian Institution (US). He has performed and lectured at blues, jazz, folk and roots music festivals in Croatia, Czech Republic,", "id": "14072779" }, { "contents": "Texas blues\n\n\nmoved to Chicago as a teenager. His instrumental number \"Hide Away\" (1961), was emulated by British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments such as keyboards and horns with emphasis on guitar soloing. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles.", "id": "12084292" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nhip hop music, reggae, rap, country music, and pop music, blues has been accused of being the \"devil's music\" and of inciting violence and other poor behavior. In the early 20th century, the blues was considered disreputable, especially as white audiences began listening to the blues during the 1920s. In the early twentieth century, W.C. Handy was the first to popularize blues-influenced music among non-black Americans. During the blues revival of the 1960s and '70s, acoustic blues artist Taj Mahal", "id": "2951049" }, { "contents": "Blues fiddle\n\n\nchances for frontline fiddlers to participate. Another reason for the violin's exclusion in post war blues was that it could not be effectively electrified. When artists migrated to the industrial centers from the Mississippi delta and rural south, they found a way to do so, but African-American music later mostly abandoned the instrument. Many blues guitar greats, such as Lonnie Johnson and Big Bill Broonzy, made early recordings on the violin. They are among the most-represented artists in the canon. The connection between guitar and violin", "id": "20387501" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\nin the 1950s, led by singer Mahalia Jackson. The blues genre experienced major revivals in the 1950s with Chicago blues musicians such as Muddy Waters and Little Walter, as well as in the 1960s in the British Invasion and American folk music revival when country blues musicians like Mississippi John Hurt and Reverend Gary Davis were rediscovered. The seminal blues musicians of these periods had tremendous influence on rock musicians such as Chuck Berry in the 1950s, as well as on the British blues and blues rock scenes of the 1960s and 1970s, including", "id": "7216667" }, { "contents": "Sugar Mama (song)\n\n\n\"Sugar Mama\" or \"Sugar Mama Blues\" is a song that is a standard of the blues. Called a \"tautly powerful slow blues\" by music journalist Charles Shaar Murray, it has been recorded by numerous artists, including early Chicago bluesmen Tampa Red, Sonny Boy Williamson I, and Tommy McClennan. John Lee Hooker and Howlin' Wolf later adapted \"Sugar Mama\" for electric blues and rock group Led Zeppelin reworked it during early recording sessions. Country bluesman Yank Rachell recorded \"Sugar Farm Blues\" February 6", "id": "15139181" }, { "contents": "Nathan Beauregard\n\n\nwith minor talent make a fortune as a recording artist while he himself was not offered such a chance. During the folk and blues revival of the 1960s Beauregard was \"discovered\" in Memphis by Bill Barth, who convinced him to work as a musician again. In the short time between his \"discovery\" in 1968 and his death in 1970, he played at various folk and blues festivals (e.g. the 1968 Memphis Country Blues Festival, which has been recorded on the Sire and Blue Horizon labels) and on a number", "id": "5223148" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe California blues style, performed a successful transition from the early urban blues à la Lonnie Johnson and Leroy Carr to the jump blues style and dominated the blues-jazz scene at Los Angeles during the 1940s. The transition from country blues to urban blues that began in the 1920s was driven by the successive waves of economic crisis and booms which led many rural blacks to move to urban areas, in a movement known as the Great Migration. The long boom following World War II induced another massive migration of the African-American", "id": "2951008" }, { "contents": "Women in music\n\n\nboys only club. Chinese idol girl groups have also recently achieved significant success, with C-pop groups like SNH48 and Rocket Girls 101, with the later selling over 1.6 million copies of their debut EP in 2018. Classic female blues was an early form of blues music popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues songs performed by female vocalists were accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles, and were the first blues to be", "id": "22079994" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nRock and roll emerged as a defined musical style in the United States in the early to mid-1950s. It derived most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Rock and roll in turn provided the main basis for the music that, since the mid-1960s, has been generally known simply as rock music. The phrase \"rocking and rolling\" originally described", "id": "5254840" }, { "contents": "Warner Williams and Jay Summerour\n\n\nWarner Williams and Jay Summerour are an American folk duo, who perform under the name Little Bit A Blues. They have played at numerous folk and blues festivals and at concerts at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. They are known for playing in the Piedmont blues style, a regional variant of the blues that developed in North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland and West Virginia. Williams and Summerour have been playing music together under the name of Little Bit A Blues since the early 1990s. During their tenure together,", "id": "20240347" }, { "contents": "American popular music\n\n\n—e.g., minorities or rural audiences. Beginning in the 1920s and accelerating greatly in the 1940s, the blues began rapidly diversifying into a broad spectrum of new styles. These included an uptempo, energetic style called rhythm and blues (R&B), a merger of blues and Anglo-Celtic song called country music and the fusion of hymns and spirituals with blues structures called gospel music. Later than these other styles, in the 1940s, a blues, R&B and country fusion eventually called rock and roll developed, eventually coming", "id": "6698779" }, { "contents": "1940s in music\n\n\ncalled \"folk\" in the trades, and \"hillbilly\" within the industry. In 1944, \"The Billboard\" replaced the term \"hillbilly\" with \"folk songs and blues,\" and switched to \"country\" or \"country and Western\" in 1949. But while cowboy and Western music were the most popular styles, a new style – honky tonk – would take root and define the genre of country music for decades to come. The style meshed Western swing and blues music; featured rough, nasal vocals", "id": "12815195" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n, salvation and death. Several blues musicians were imprisoned in the Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman Farm, which is referred to in songs such as Bukka White's \"Parchman Farm Blues\" and the folk song \"Midnight Special\". In big-city blues, women singers such as Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith and Mamie Smith dominated the recordings of the 1920s. However, women rarely recorded Delta blues and other rural or folk-style blues. In Delta blues female performers often had some romantic connection to more notable male performers", "id": "7794025" }, { "contents": "The Sky Is Crying (song)\n\n\nThe Sky Is Crying\" has been interpreted and recorded by many blues and other artists. In 1963, blues harmonica player and singer Sonny Boy Williamson II recorded the song as a country blues-style duet with Matt Murphy on acoustic guitar for his \"Keep It to Ourselves\" album. In 1964, Eric Clapton with The Yardbirds recorded a live slow blues which included a couple of lines from \"The Sky Is Crying\" (\"Blueswailing July '64 (Live)\"). In 1966, with Jeff Beck on", "id": "3146914" }, { "contents": "BeauSoleil\n\n\n, rhythm, and lyrics of Louisiana folk music, incorporating elements of rock and roll, jazz, blues, calypso, and other genres in original compositions and reworkings of traditional tunes. Lyrics on BeauSoleil recordings are sung in English or Cajun French (and sometimes both in one song). According to the band's web site, BeauSoleil's musicians \"take the rich Cajun traditions of Louisiana and artfully blend elements of zydeco, New Orleans jazz, Tex-Mex, country, blues and more into a satisfying musical recipe.", "id": "9860218" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. The origins of country are in rural Southern folk music, which was primarily Irish and British, with African and continental European musics. Anglo-Celtic tunes, dance music, and balladry were the earliest predecessors of modern country, then known as \"hillbilly music\". Early hillbilly also borrowed elements of the blues and drew upon more aspects of 19th-century pop songs as hillbilly music evolved into a commercial genre eventually known as \"country and western\" and then simply \"country\". The earliest country instrumentation revolved around", "id": "7216674" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nelements from the \"Ethiopian airs\", minstrel shows and Negro spirituals, including instrumental and harmonic accompaniment. The style also was closely related to ragtime, which developed at about the same time, though the blues better preserved \"the original melodic patterns of African music\". The musical forms and styles that are now considered the blues as well as modern country music arose in the same regions of the southern United States during the 19th century. Recorded blues and country music can be found as far back as the 1920s, when", "id": "2950988" }, { "contents": "Organ Thieves\n\n\nPrimate Sanctuary. The band's musical style is unique and although the music is mainly considered hard rock, southern rock and reggae rock, the band like to call themselves \"experimental-soul-rock\". The band's music takes influences from various genres including reggae, soul, country, blues, rhythm and blues, folk, rock and roll, punk, heavy metal, southern rock and more, as stated by the band that they are not limited to any genre and are willing to experiment everything.br They are also", "id": "3590626" }, { "contents": "African-American music\n\n\nstructure of the dance and folk music of peoples across western and sub-Saharan Africa. These musical forms had a wide-ranging influence on the development of music within the United States and around the world during the 20th century. The modern genres of blues and ragtime were developed during the late 19th century by fusing West African vocalizations - which employed the natural harmonic series, and blue notes. The earliest jazz and blues recordings were made in the 1920s. African-American musicians developed related styles such as Rhythm and Blues in", "id": "13306674" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\nWalter Brown \"Brownie\" McGhee (November 30, 1915 – February 16, 1996) was an African-American folk music and Piedmont blues singer and guitarist, best known for his collaboration with the harmonica player Sonny Terry. McGhee was born in Knoxville, Tennessee, and grew up in Kingsport, Tennessee. At about the age of four he contracted polio, which incapacitated his right leg. His brother Granville \"Sticks\"(or \"Stick\") McGhee, who also later became a musician and composed the famous song \"Drinkin'", "id": "4476033" }, { "contents": "Clarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown\n\n\nClarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown (April 18, 1924 – September 10, 2005) was an American musician from Louisiana and Texas known for his work as a blues musician, as well as other styles of music. He spent his career fighting purism by synthesizing old blues, country, jazz, Cajun music and R&B styles. His work also encompasses rock and roll, rock music, folk music, electric blues, and Texas blues. He was an acclaimed multi-instrumentalist, who played an array of musical instruments, including", "id": "15961748" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nby British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments like keyboards and horns, but placed particular emphasis on powerful lead guitar breaks. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles. In the 1970s Jimmie formed the Fabulous Thunderbirds and in the 1980s his brother Stevie Ray", "id": "8151279" } ]

[ { "contents": "Country blues\n\n\nCountry blues (also folk blues, rural blues, backwoods blues, or downhome blues) is one of the earliest forms of blues music. The mainly solo vocal with acoustic fingerstyle guitar accompaniment developed in the rural Southern United States in the early 1900s. Artists, such as Blind Lemon Jefferson (Texas), Charley Patton (Mississippi), Blind Willie McTell (Georgia) were among the first to record blues songs in the 1920s. Country blues ran parallel to urban blues, which was popular in cities. Folklorist Alan Lomax", "id": "8046896" }, { "contents": "Culture of the Southern United States\n\n\n-time music, gospel music, spirituals, country music, rhythm and blues, soul music, funk, rock and roll, beach music, bluegrass, jazz (including ragtime, popularized by Southerner Scott Joplin), zydeco, and Appalachian folk music were either born in the South or developed in the region. In general, country music is based on the folk music of white Southerners, and blues and rhythm and blues is based on African American southern forms. However, whites and blacks alike have contributed to each of", "id": "8469878" }, { "contents": "List of blues festivals\n\n\nBlues festivals are music festivals which focus on blues music. Blues is a genre and musical form that originated in African-American communities in the Southern United States around the end of the 19th century. It has elements of traditional African music, American folk music, spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. Blues has since evolved from unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves into a wide variety of styles and subgenres, such as country blues, Delta and Piedmont, Chicago", "id": "17295253" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand subgenres. Blues subgenres include country blues, such as Delta blues and Piedmont blues, as well as urban blues styles such as Chicago blues and West Coast blues. World War II marked the transition from acoustic to electric blues and the progressive opening of blues music to a wider audience, especially white listeners. In the 1960s and 1970s, a hybrid form called blues rock developed, which blended blues styles with rock music. The term \"Blues\" may have come from \"blue devils\", meaning melancholy and sadness;", "id": "2950960" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nthe supposed appearance of a southern U.S.-style station. About 200 fans were brought by train to the platform opposite the performers. The performance was interrupted by a rainstorm, after which Tharpe performed the gospel song \"Didn't It Rain\". Blues musicians who performed on the American Folk Blues Festival tours included Muddy Waters, Sonny Boy Williamson, John Lee Hooker, Sippie Wallace, T-Bone Walker, Sonny Terry & Brownie McGhee, Memphis Slim, Otis Rush, Lonnie Johnson, Eddie Boyd, Big Walter Horton, Junior Wells", "id": "2225138" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nthrough EMI's Stateside label and Chess Records through Pye International's R&B series. These records were enthusiastically sought and collected by a new generation of enthusiasts. The increasing appetite for rhythm and blues was reflected in the growing numbers of Afro-American artists visiting the country. From 1962 the American Folk Blues Festival, organised by German promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau, brought American blues stars including Waters, Wolf, Sonny Boy Williamson, and John Lee Hooker to the country. In 1964 the American Folk Blues and Gospel Caravan arrived", "id": "16087069" }, { "contents": "Piedmont (United States)\n\n\nblues musicians came from Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. During the Great Migration, African Americans migrated to the Piedmont. With the Appalachian Mountains to the west, those who might otherwise have spread into rural areas stayed in cities and were thus exposed to a broader mixture of music than those in, for example, the rural Mississippi delta. Thus, Piedmont blues was influenced by many types of music such as ragtime, country, and popular songs—styles that had comparatively less influence on blues music in other regions.", "id": "1946509" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\n, it was being performed at US folk music revivals and festivals initially by established Piedmont blues artists such as Josh White, Rev. Gary Davis, and Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry, as well as Cephas & Wiggins, John Jackson in later years. While musicologists such as George Mitchell, Axel Küstner, Kip Lornell, Peter B. Lowry and Tim Duffy collected recordings by the aging community of Piedmont blues players, younger musicians such as Stefan Grossman, Roy Book Binder, Jorma Kaukonen, Paul Geremia, Keb Mo', Michael Roach", "id": "8150348" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nGerman promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau. The rise of electric blues, and its eventual mainstream success, meant that British acoustic blues was completely overshadowed. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers Bert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham (who played and recorded with Korner), played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene, with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones", "id": "8151338" }, { "contents": "Americana (music)\n\n\nAmericana (also known as American roots music) is an amalgam of American music formed by the confluence of the shared and varied traditions that make up the musical ethos of the United States, specifically those sounds that are merged from folk, country, blues, rhythm and blues, rock and roll, gospel, and other external influences. Americana, as defined by the Americana Music Association (AMA), is \"contemporary music that incorporates elements of various mostly acoustic American roots music styles, including country, roots rock, folk", "id": "9198553" }, { "contents": "Muddy Waters\n\n\nSpann in 1958, where they were backed by local Dixieland-style or \"trad jazz\" musicians, including members of Chris Barber's band. At the time, English audiences had only been exposed to acoustic folk blues, as performed by artists such as Sonny Terry, Brownie McGhee, and Big Bill Broonzy. Both the musicians and audiences were unprepared for Muddy Waters' performance, which included his electric slide guitar playing. He recalled: Although his performances alienated the old guard, some younger musicians, including Alexis Korner and", "id": "15757617" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nBert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham, played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. It continued with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones. Most British acoustic blues players could achieve little commercial success and found it difficult to gain recognition for their \"imitations\" of the blues in the US, being overshadowed by the rhythm and blues and electric blues that had emerged in the later 1950s. Blues harpist Cyril Davies ran the London Skiffle", "id": "16087062" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nas well as people that shared his country roots. His work in this period shows he performed across a wider musical spectrum than almost any other bluesman before or since, including in his repertoire ragtime, hokum blues, country blues, urban blues, jazz-tinged songs, folk songs and spirituals. After World War II, Broonzy recorded songs that were the bridge that allowed many younger musicians to cross over to the future of the blues: the electric blues of postwar Chicago. His 1945 recordings of \"Where the Blues Began", "id": "9494361" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nBig Bill Broonzy (born Lee Conley Bradley, June 26, 1903 – August 14, 1958) was an American blues singer, songwriter and guitarist. His career began in the 1920s, when he played country blues to mostly African-American audiences. Through the 1930s and 1940s he successfully navigated a transition in style to a more urban blues sound popular with working-class African-American audiences. In the 1950s a return to his traditional folk-blues roots made him one of the leading figures of the emerging American folk", "id": "9494347" }, { "contents": "Precious Bryant\n\n\nPrecious Bryant (née Bussey; January 4, 1942 – January 12, 2013) was an American country blues, gospel, and folk singer and guitarist. She played Piedmont fingerstyle guitar. Bryant was born in Talbot County, Georgia. She released two solo albums. Her 2002 debut, \"Fool Me Good,\" was nominated for two Blues Music Awards, in the categories Acoustic Blues Album of the Year and Best New Artist Debut. In 2006 she was nominated for a similar award for Traditional Blues Female Artist of the", "id": "2571157" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nAmerica, a series of tours that began with Josh White and Big Bill Broonzy in 1951, and would include Brownie McGhee, Sonny Terry, Memphis Slim, Muddy Waters and Lonnie Johnson. Lonnie Johnson played at the Royal Festival Hall in 1952 on a bill opened by a group led by the young Lonnie Donegan. Donegan became the key figure in the development of the British skiffle \"craze\", beginning in Ken Colyer's Jazzmen by playing American folk and blues songs, particularly those derived from the recordings of Huddie Leadbetter,", "id": "16087056" }, { "contents": "Hill country blues\n\n\npatterns that conform to proverbial phrases or the words of popular fife and drum tunes—\"is considered the sign of a good drummer.\" This enduring tradition of folk polyrhythm played an important part in the development of Mississippi blues. \"Mississippi\" Fred McDowell, who lived in Como, Mississippi, was one of the subgenre's most widely known musicians, in the 1960s and after. His music was heavier on percussive elements and African rhythms than traditional Delta blues. McDowell's performances helped define the Hill Country blues sound, influencing later artists", "id": "19106875" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nfit in with British expectations of American blues as a form of folk music. In 1957 Davies and Korner decided that their central interest was the blues and closed the skiffle club, reopening a month later as The London Blues and Barrelhouse Club. To this point British blues was acoustically played emulating Delta blues and Country blues styles and often part of the emerging second British folk revival. Critical in changing this was the visit of Muddy Waters in 1958, who initially shocked British audiences by playing amplified electric blues, but who was soon", "id": "8151324" }, { "contents": "Valerie Turner\n\n\nValerie Turner is an American blues guitarist-vocalist, educator, and author. She plays in the Piedmont style of fingerpicking guitar, continuing in the traditions of Mississippi John Hurt, Elizabeth Cotten, Memphis Minnie, and Etta Baker. She performs blues, ballads, country, popular songs, ragtime, and gospels. She is a native New Yorker with southern roots in Virginia and Georgia. She started learning and studying traditional country blues guitar in 1978. Valerie and her spouse, Benedict Turner, are an acoustic blues duo called", "id": "8216617" }, { "contents": "Mr. Misunderstood\n\n\n\"Mr. Misunderstood\", at the 2015 Country Music Association Awards, where the news of the new album became evident. The musical style of this album has been described as the following; country, rock, blues, folk, gospel, soul, funk, alternative country, alternative rock, country rock, country blues, country gospel, gospel blues, bluegrass, folk rock, heartland rock, roots rock, rock and roll, rhythm and blues, Southern gospel, Southern rock, and Southern soul. His music here", "id": "5570655" }, { "contents": "Chris Barber\n\n\nwas mainly responsible for arranging the first UK tours of blues artists Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee and Muddy Waters. This, with the encouragement of local enthusiasts such as Alexis Korner and John Mayall, sparked young musicians such as Peter Green, Eric Clapton and the Rolling Stones. British rhythm and blues powered the British invasion of the USA charts in the 1960s, yet Dixieland itself remained popular: in January 1963 the British music magazine, \"NME\" reported the biggest trad jazz event in Britain at Alexandra Palace", "id": "17410986" }, { "contents": "The Blues, the Whole Blues, and Nothing But the Blues\n\n\ninterplay of instruments gives them the freedom to move from the country blues of the Mississippi Delta to the jug band tradition of the urban South, and from New Orleans to Chicago, embracing the breadth of American music in its myriad places and times.\" In \"Glide\" magazine, Lee Zimmerman said, \"David Bromberg’s fondness for the blues has been a single-minded concern throughout his storied career, one that’s found him working alongside any number of icons, folks like Bob Dylan and George Harrison included... Of", "id": "7352775" }, { "contents": "Dave Van Ronk\n\n\nand Van Ronk turned to performing blues he had stumbled across while shopping for jazz 78s, by artists like Furry Lewis and Mississippi John Hurt. Van Ronk was not the first white musician to perform African-American blues, but became noted for his interpretation of it in its original context. By about 1958, he was firmly committed to the folk-blues style, accompanying himself with his own acoustic guitar. He performed blues, jazz and folk music, occasionally writing his own songs but generally arranging the work of earlier artists", "id": "10878367" }, { "contents": "Fingerstyle guitar\n\n\nis also very common. Examples of traditions that John Fahey and Robbie Basho would employ in their compositions include, but are not limited to, the extended Raga of Indian classical music, the Japanese Koto, and the early ragtime-based country blues music of Mississippi John Hurt or Blind Blake. A distinctive style to emerge from Britain in the early 1960s, which combined elements of American folk, blues, jazz and ragtime with British traditional music, was what became known as 'folk baroque'. Pioneered by musicians of the", "id": "13793683" }, { "contents": "Country music\n\n\nCountry music, also known as country and western (or simply country), and hillbilly music, is a genre of popular music that originated in the southern United States in the early 1920s. It takes its roots from genres such as American folk music (especially Appalachian folk and Western music) and blues. Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms, folk lyrics, and harmonies mostly accompanied by string instruments such as banjos, electric and acoustic guitars, steel guitars (such as pedal steels and", "id": "4960825" }, { "contents": "WFDU\n\n\n. WFDU (FM) plays wide array of music ranging from Blues & Country/Bluegrass music to RetroRadio, Eclectic, Folk, Gospel, Oldies Rock and Soul/R&B. Big Frank Mirra, a well-known Blues musician in the Metro area for over three decades along with former blues radio producer, Music Director of Blues/Roots/American programing, Mike Stokes hosts Blues on the Run on Tuesdays. Dennis Gruenling is the host of Blues & the Beat, spinning everything from the legends of Chicago-style blues like", "id": "1564525" }, { "contents": "Nick Katzman\n\n\nNick Katzman (born 1951) is an American blues musician. Katzman was born in New York City, and lives in both Manhattan and Berlin, Germany. He plays in a variety of musical genres, including Chicago blues, Mississippi blues, Texas blues, and ragtime. As a teenager in the 1960s, Katzman saw many of the surviving country blues guitarists who travelled north to play their music in clubs and at the folk festivals. He learned to lay both guitar and lute. He studied classical music and jazz at Antioch", "id": "16730431" }, { "contents": "Louisiana blues\n\n\nLouisiana blues is a genre of blues music that developed in the period after World War II in the state of Louisiana. It is generally divided into two major subgenres, with the jazz-influenced New Orleans blues based on the musical traditions of that city and the slower tempo swamp blues incorporating influences from zydeco and Cajun music from around Baton Rouge. Major artists in the New Orleans tradition include Professor Longhair and Guitar Slim and for swamp blues Slim Harpo and Lightnin' Slim. Both genres peaked in popularity in the 1960s and were", "id": "8046899" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. Theatrical composers and lyricists like the brothers George and Ira Gershwin created a uniquely American theatrical style that used American vernacular speech and music. Musicals featured popular songs and fast-paced plots that often revolved around love and romance. The blues is a genre of African American folk music that is the basis for much of modern American popular music. Blues can be seen as part of a continuum of musical styles like country, jazz, ragtime, and gospel; though each genre evolved into distinct forms, their origins were often indistinct", "id": "7216662" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nspirituals, work songs, ragtime music, hokum, and country blues he heard growing up and the styles of his contemporaries, including Jimmie Rodgers, Blind Blake, Son House, and Blind Lemon Jefferson. Broonzy combined all these influences into his own style of the blues, which foreshadowed the postwar Chicago blues, later refined and popularized by artists such as Muddy Waters and Willie Dixon. Although he had been a pioneer of the Chicago blues style and had employed electric instruments as early as 1942, white audiences in the 1950s wanted", "id": "9494369" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\n, a large number of British rhythm and blues musicians began their careers playing skiffle, including Van Morrison, Ronnie Wood, Mick Jagger and Roger Daltrey. The fashion created a demand for opportunities to play versions of American folk, blues and jazz music that would contribute to the growth of a club scene. Until the mid-1950s in Britain the blues was seen as a form of folk music. When Broonzy toured England he played a folk blues set to fit British expectations of American blues, rather than his current electric Chicago blues.", "id": "16087059" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nintroduction of many later followers of the blues to the music and hardships of life for African Americans in the Southern US. The next year the \"Jazz Club\" programme, hosted by Max Jones, included a recital of \"Town and Country Blues\", which played music by a wide range of blues artists. The British rhythm and blues scene developed in London out of the related jazz, skiffle and folk club scenes of the 1950s. The first of these scenes, that of jazz, had developed during the Second World", "id": "16087053" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nrecognized the album for its historically significant material. An extensively recorded bluesman, Big Bill Broonzy left the United States to tour Europe in 1951, becoming the first Chicago blues player to perform for European audiences. Broonzy previously spent time in Iowa, where he honed a repertoire which remained a fixture of his concerts and recordings for the remainder of the decade. With bluesmen such as Muddy Waters and Howlin' Wolf amplifying their music, resulting in the popularity of the electric blues, Broonzy decided to reinvent himself as a folk blues musician", "id": "18296717" }, { "contents": "Alec Seward\n\n\nhe relocated from the South to New York, in his case in 1924. Seward befriended Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry and retained his Piedmont blues styling despite changes in musical trends. He and the blues musician Louis Hayes (who later became a minister in northern New Jersey) performed together, variously billed as the Blues Servant Boys, Guitar Slim and Jelly Belly, and the Back Porch Boys. During the 1940s and 1950s Seward played and recorded with Lead Belly, Woody Guthrie, McGhee and Terry. Around 1947 Seward, Guthrie", "id": "7237009" }, { "contents": "The Real Folk Blues\n\n\nThe Real Folk Blues is a series of blues albums released between 1965 and 1967 by Chess Records, later reissued MCA Records. Each album in the series highlighted the music of one major Chess artist, including John Lee Hooker, Howlin' Wolf, Muddy Waters, and Sonny Boy Williamson II. The series, overseen by Marshall Chess, was a reaction to the increasing audience for the blues following the British Invasion. Companion discs, titled More Real Folk Blues, were released for many of the artists. Hooker's companion disc", "id": "17857302" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nNew styles of music emerged among black Americans in the early 20th century in the form of blues, ragtime, jazz, and gospel music. According to the writer Robert Palmer:\"Rock 'n' roll was an inevitable outgrowth of the social and musical interactions between blacks and whites in the South and Southwest. Its roots are a complex tangle. Bedrock black church music influenced blues, rural blues influenced white folk song and the black popular music of the Northern ghettos, blues and black pop influenced jazz, and so on. But the", "id": "5254864" }, { "contents": "Ernie Hawkins\n\n\nErnie Hawkins (born Ernest Leroy Hawkins, 1947, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American acoustic blues guitar player, singer, song writer, recording artist, and educator. Hawkins, along with fellow bluesmen Stefan Grossman and Roy Bookbinder, studied with blues legend Reverend Gary Davis in New York City in 1965 and 1966. Over the years, he learned a variety of styles, including Piedmont blues, Delta blues, ragtime, and gospel. In 1969, Hawkins moved back to his hometown of Pittsburgh, and enrolled at the", "id": "8862999" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nThe American Folk Blues Festival was a music festival that toured Europe as an annual event for several years beginning in 1962. It introduced audiences in Europe, including the UK, to leading blues performers of the day such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, most of whom had never previously performed outside the US. The tours attracted substantial media coverage, including TV shows, and contributed to the growth of the audience for blues music in Europe. German jazz publicist Joachim-Ernst Berendt", "id": "2225133" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\ninspire much of the later popular development of the blues and blues-derived genres, including the legendary delta blues musician Robert Johnson and Piedmont blues musician Blind Willie McTell. By the end of the 1940s, however, pure blues was only a minor part of popular music, having been subsumed by offshoots like rhythm & blues and the nascent rock and roll style. Some styles of electric, piano-driven blues, like boogie-woogie, retained a large audience. A bluesy style of gospel also became popular in mainstream America", "id": "7216666" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\n. Known primarily as a folk-blues guitarist, he learned to play guitar by listening to blues musicians, such as Charlie Patton and Mississippi John Hurt, and has developed a distinctive fingerpicking technique in which he plays the bass line, rhythm chords, and single-note leads simultaneously. In his original compositions and artistic styling, he incorporates influences from other genres, such as jazz, folk music, country music, classical and world music, often utilizing odd time measures, to personalize his music and story telling. An", "id": "1583130" }, { "contents": "Alan Lomax\n\n\n\"The Land Where the Blues Began\" (1995), linking the birth of the blues to debt peonage, segregation, and forced labor in the American South. Lomax's greatest legacy is in preserving and publishing recordings of musicians in many folk and blues traditions around the US and Europe. Among the artists Lomax is credited with discovering and bringing to a wider audience include blues guitarist Robert Johnson, protest singer Woody Guthrie, folk artist Pete Seeger, country musician Burl Ives, and country blues singer Lead Belly, among many", "id": "8697682" }, { "contents": "Brian Protheroe\n\n\nWhite, Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Dave Brubeck and the choral church music of Bach. Protheroe joined the folk group Folk Blues Incorporated (FBI) when he was nineteen, while at this time listening to Bob Dylan and the Beatles. He came to London with FBI in 1965, and played in folk music clubs in and around London. In 1966, Protheroe began his career as an actor. His first job was with his local repertory theatre in Salisbury. He worked there for about seven months", "id": "7666713" }, { "contents": "Down Home Blues (Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry album)\n\n\nDown Home Blues is an album by blues musicians Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry recorded in 1960 and released on the Bluesville label. AllMusic reviewer Bruce Eder stated: \"the music itself stands outside of time. McGhee's strumming and singing have enough polish to pass as a commercial recording, but at its best, it's still sufficiently unaffected so as to be regarded as authentic country-blues. It's Terry's harp, however, that really pulls this body of music back to its roots ... the dominant elements of this", "id": "12217779" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nTrouble in Mind is an album by American blues musician Big Bill Broonzy. It was released on February 22, 2000 by Smithsonian Folkways. The album consists of traditional folk, blues, and spiritual songs featuring Broonzy accompanying himself on acoustic guitar and a guest appearance by Pete Seeger. Suffering from cancer, Broonzy realized his time was limited and hence recorded extensively between 1956 and 1957. While most of the work draws from the album \"Big Bill Broonzy Sings Country Blues\" (1957), arranged by Moses Asch and Charles Edward", "id": "18296715" }, { "contents": "Music of Washington, D.C.\n\n\nhome to many bluesmen, such as Jelly Roll Morton and later rock and roll and rhythm and blues musicians such as Bo Diddley and Roy Buchanan. In the 1960s, a number of white youths formed local blues bands, including the Northside Blues Band and the Nighthawks. Starting in the early 1960s, Takoma Park native John Fahey became a nationally noted blues and folk guitarist who established the Takoma Records label, which attracted a number of other blues, folk, acoustic and fingerstyle guitarists to the District of Columbia area. Another local", "id": "9815809" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\nTerry Robb is a Canadian fingerstyle guitarist, composer, arranger and record producer living in the United States. He plays electric and acoustic guitar, and is associated with the American Primitive Guitar genre through his collaboration with steel string guitarist John Fahey. He is a member of the Oregon Music Hall of Fame and Cascade Blues Association Hall of Fame, and was honored with the eponymous \"Terry Robb\" Muddy Award for Best Acoustic Guitar in 2011. His original compositions draw on the Delta blues, ragtime, folk music, country music", "id": "1583113" }, { "contents": "Lightnin' Wells\n\n\nLightnin' Wells is an American Piedmont blues multi-instrumentalist and singer. He is a proficient musician and regularly plays various instruments in concert including the guitar, mandolin, harmonica, ukulele and banjo. At times he has performed as a one-man band. His style encompasses elements of the blues, country, gospel, old-time, bluegrass and folk. Mark Coltrain stated in \"Living Blues\" that, \"You won't find a more versatile musician around – able to move deftly between country blues, old", "id": "14064192" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nspending a year in Europe including recording the \"Sonny Boy Williamson and The Yardbirds\" album, (first released on Star-Club Records in 1965), and recording with The Animals. On 7 May 1964, Granada Television broadcast \"Blues and Gospel Train\", a programme directed by John Hamp featuring Muddy Waters, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, Rev. Gary Davis, Cousin Joe and Otis Spann. For filming, the company transformed the disused Wilbraham Road railway station into \"Chorltonville\", giving it", "id": "2225137" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n. Delta blues is a style as much as a geographical form: Skip James and Elmore James, who were not born in the Delta, are considered Delta blues musicians. Performers traveled throughout the Mississippi Delta, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and Tennessee. Eventually, Delta blues spread out across the country, giving rise to a host of regional variations, including Chicago blues and Detroit blues. Delta blues songs are typically expressed in the first person and often concern love, sex, the traveling lifestyle and its tribulations, sin", "id": "7794024" }, { "contents": "Traditional blues verses\n\n\nIn the folk tradition, there are many traditional blues verses that have been sung over and over by many artists. Blues singers, who include many country and folk artists as well as those commonly identified with blues singers, use these traditional lyrics to fill out their blues performances. Artists like Jimmie Rodgers, the \"blue yodeler\", and Big Joe Turner, \"the Boss of the Blues\" compiled virtual encyclopedias of lyrics. Turner reputedly could sing the blues for hours without repeating himself. Traditional blues verses in folk-", "id": "14213756" }, { "contents": "Midwestern United States\n\n\nmusical style in the United States, deriving most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz, and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Freed's contribution in identifying rock as a new genre helped establish the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, located in Cleveland. Chuck Berry, a Midwesterner from St. Louis, was among the first successful rock and roll artists and influenced many other rock musicians", "id": "15016383" }, { "contents": "Classic female blues\n\n\nClassic female blues was an early form of blues music, popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues were performed by female singers accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles and were the first blues to be recorded. Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, Ethel Waters, and the other singers in this genre were instrumental in spreading the popularity of the blues. Blues, a type of black folk music originating in the American South, were", "id": "5621307" }, { "contents": "Southern soul\n\n\n\"Country soul\", \"Downhome soul\" and \"Hard soul\" have been used synonymously with \"Southern soul\" Pioneers of southern soul include: Georgia natives Ray Charles and James Brown; Little Willie John, Bobby \"Blue\" Bland, New Orleans R&B artist Allen Toussaint; and Memphis DJ Rufus Thomas. Southern soul was influenced by blues and gospel music. Southern soul was at its peak during the 1960s, when Memphis soul was created. In 1963, Stan Lewis founded Jewel Records in Shreveport, Louisiana, along", "id": "18765148" }, { "contents": "South Korea\n\n\n1992 marked a turning point for South Korean popular music, also known as K-pop, as the genre modernized itself from incorporating elements of popular musical genres from across the world such as Western popular music, experimental, jazz, gospel, Latin, classical, hip hop, rhythm and blues, electronic dance, reggae, country, folk, and rock on top of its uniquely traditional Korean music roots. Western-style pop, hip hop, rhythm and blues, rock, folk, electronic dance oriented acts have become", "id": "7248618" }, { "contents": "The Subdudes\n\n\nThe Subdudes (stylized as The subdudes) are an American roots rock group from New Orleans. Their music blends folk, swamp pop, New Orleans rhythm and blues, Louisiana blues, country, cajun/zydeco, funk, soul and gospel with harmonic vocals. Their sound is notable for the band's substitution of a tambourine player for a drummer. The subdudes formed in 1987 through a music venue in New Orleans called Tipitina's. The Subdudes often credit their songwriting to the group as a whole, although the primary songwriters", "id": "12289559" }, { "contents": "American rock\n\n\nAmerican rock has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, rhythm and blues, and country music, and also drew on folk music, jazz, blues, and classical music. American rock music was further influenced by the British Invasion of the American pop charts from 1964 and resulted in the development of garage rock. From the late 1960s and early 1970s, American rock music was highly influential in the development of a number of fusions, including blending with folk music to create folk rock, with blues to create blues", "id": "5254668" }, { "contents": "Richard Trice\n\n\nRichard Trice (November 16, 1917 – April 6, 2000) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles. He lived most of his life in his native North Carolina and played in its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. His family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Music was an interest in the family, and he learned to play the guitar at an", "id": "1811700" }, { "contents": "J. B. Lenoir\n\n\nJefferson, which became a major influence. During the early 1940s, Lenoir worked with the blues artists Sonny Boy Williamson II and Elmore James in New Orleans. He was later influenced by Arthur Crudup and Lightnin' Hopkins. In 1949, he moved to Chicago, where Big Bill Broonzy helped introduce him to the blues community. He began to perform at local nightclubs, with musicians such as Memphis Minnie, Big Maceo Merriweather, and Muddy Waters, and became an important part of the city's blues scene. He began recording", "id": "7041136" }, { "contents": "Bishop Dready Manning\n\n\ncotton, peanuts, and corn. Some of his uncles and cousins played blues guitar in the North Carolina Piedmont fashion. When Manning was seven years old, he began learning how to fingerpick guitar. His skills improved over time and by his teenage years Manning had earned a reputation as a master of blues guitar and harmonica. His style was influenced by Piedmont blues musicians such as Blind Boy Fuller, Brownie McGhee and Buddy Moss, and national stars like Lightnin' Hopkins, Jimmy Reed and Sonny Boy Williamson As a young bluesman", "id": "13727518" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nartists and their own performances. The visit of Muddy Waters in 1958 had a major impact on the duo and on the nature of British R&B in general. Initially British audiences were shocked by Waters's amplified electric blues, but he was soon playing to ecstatic crowds and receiving rave reviews. Where British blues had often emulated Delta blues and country blues in the emerging British folk revival, Davies and Korner, who had supported Waters on tour, now began to play high-powered electric blues, forming the band Blues Incorporated.", "id": "16087064" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\njump blues combo with honking saxophone and rolling piano, variously calling themselves Brownie McGhee and his Jook House Rockers or Sonny Terry and his Buckshot Five, often with Champion Jack Dupree and Big Chief Ellis. They also appeared in the original Broadway productions of \"Finian's Rainbow\" and \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\". During the blues revival of the 1960s, Terry and McGhee were popular on the concert and music festival circuits, occasionally adding new material but usually remaining faithful to their roots and playing to the tastes of", "id": "4476037" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nelements of swing music and jazz in a long and prolific career. After World War II, amplified blues music became popular in American cities that had seen widespread African American migration, such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit, St. Louis, and the West Coast. The initial impulse was to be heard above the noise of lively rent parties. Playing in small venues, electric blues bands tended to remain modest in size compared with larger jazz bands. In its early stages electric blues typically used amplified electric guitars, double bass (", "id": "8151258" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe Beatles had brought African-American music to new audiences, both within the U.S. and abroad. However, the blues wave that brought artists such as Muddy Waters to the foreground had stopped. Bluesmen such as Big Bill Broonzy and Willie Dixon started looking for new markets in Europe. Dick Waterman and the blues festivals he organized in Europe played a major role in propagating blues music abroad. In the UK, bands emulated U.S. blues legends, and UK blues rock-based bands had an influential role throughout the 1960s. Blues", "id": "2951020" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\nThese drew on his studies with Rev. Davis and the other older blues artists and on his obsessive listening to old 78s. \"The Country Blues Guitar, Delta Blues, Texas Blues, Ragtime Blues Guitar\" and \"Rev. Gary Davis/Blues Guitar\" have remained in print through various editions. In the mid-1960s, Stefan Grossman recorded a number of cuts for Joe Bussard and his Frederick, Maryland-based Fonotone Records and performed at the Jabberwock coffeehouse in Berkeley under the nom du folk of \"Kid Future\". The origins", "id": "9236337" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nand they continued almost annually until 1972, after an eight-year hiatus reviving the festival in 1980 until its final performance in 1985. The concerts featured some of the leading blues artists of the 1960s, such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Willie Dixon, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, some playing in unique combinations such as T-Bone Walker playing guitar for pianist Memphis Slim, Otis Rush with Junior Wells, Sonny Boy Williamson with Muddy Waters. The Festival DVDs include the only known footage of Little", "id": "2225135" }, { "contents": "Checkin' Up on My Baby\n\n\n\"Checkin' Up on My Baby\" (or sometimes \"Checking On My Baby\") is a song recorded by Sonny Boy Williamson II in 1960 that has become a classic of the blues. The song was not released as a single, but was included on Williamson's \"The Real Folk Blues\" album released after his death in 1965. The song has been recorded by numerous blues and other artists, making it one of Williamson's most recorded songs. Williamson's namesake Sonny Boy Williamson I, also known as", "id": "10302292" }, { "contents": "History of modern Western subcultures\n\n\ncowboy songs (also known, in those days, as hillbilly music) were beginning to be more popular with a wider audience. A subculture of rural jazz and blues fans had mixed elements of jazz and blues into traditional cowboy and folk song styles to produce a crossover called western swing. Thanks to the prevalence of radio, this music spread across the United States in the 1940s. Radio was the first \"almost instantaneous\" mass media with the power to create large subcultures by spreading the ideas of small subcultures across a wide", "id": "19180987" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\n\"one of the greatest exponents of fingerstyle blues and gospel guitar playing\"\" and \"\"an incredible genius as a teacher\"\". He spent countless hours learning and documenting Davis's music, recording much of it on a tape recorder, and developing a form of tablature to take down his teacher's instructions. In the folk and country blues revival of the 1960s he was listening to old recordings of artists such as Elizabeth Cotten, Big Bill Broonzy, Lead Belly, Josh White, Lightnin' Hopkins, Rev. Gary", "id": "9236332" }, { "contents": "Steel-string acoustic guitar\n\n\nundistorted and full-range reproduction. Until the 1960s, the predominant forms of music played on the flat-top, steel-string guitar remained relatively stable and included acoustic blues, country, bluegrass, folk, and several genres of rock. The concept of playing solo steel-string guitar in a concert setting was introduced in the early 1960s by such performers as Davey Graham and John Fahey, who used country blues fingerpicking techniques to compose original compositions with structures somewhat like European classical music. Fahey contemporary Robbie Basho added elements", "id": "2024699" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nmusic. The music of the civil rights movement and Free Speech Movement in the U.S. prompted a resurgence of interest in American roots music and early African American music. As well festivals such as the Newport Folk Festival brought traditional blues to a new audience, which helped to revive interest in prewar acoustic blues and performers such as Son House, Mississippi John Hurt, Skip James, and Reverend Gary Davis. Many compilations of classic prewar blues were republished by the Yazoo Records. J. B. Lenoir from the Chicago blues movement in the 1950s", "id": "2951023" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nperformers such as Little Walter or Muddy Waters. Songs from this genre include \"Scratch my Back\", \"She's Tough\" and \"I'm a King Bee\". Alan Lomax's recordings of Mississippi Fred McDowell would eventually bring him wider attention on both the blues and folk circuit, with McDowell's droning style influencing North Mississippi hill country blues musicians. By the beginning of the 1960s, genres influenced by African American music such as rock and roll and soul were part of mainstream popular music. White performers such as", "id": "2951019" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nmore exclusively English folk clubs. The more traditional American folk blues continued to provide 1960s British groups with material, particularly after the emergence of Bob Dylan, who also popularised folk blues songs. In 1964, for example, the song-catalogue of Lead Belly provided the Animals with \"The House of the Rising Sun\", Manfred Mann with \"John Hardy\" and the Four Pennies with \"Black Girl\". British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers", "id": "16087061" }, { "contents": "Willie Trice\n\n\nWilliam Augusta Trice (February 10, 1908 – December 11, 1976) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles and an album. He remained loyal to his native North Carolina and its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, probably in 1908; some sources state 1910 or 1911. The family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Both of Trice’s parents played music", "id": "1573260" }, { "contents": "Rock and roll\n\n\nstyles such as jazz and swing which were taken up by white musicians, aided this process of \"cultural collision\". The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called \"race music\", and country music of the 1940s and 1950s. Particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. Commentators differ in their views of which of these forms were most important and the degree to which the new music was a re-branding of African-American rhythm and", "id": "5601387" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\nPiedmont blues (also known as East Coast, or Southeastern blues) refers primarily to a guitar style, the Piedmont fingerstyle, which is characterized by a fingerpicking approach in which a regular, alternating thumb bass string rhythmic pattern supports a syncopated melody using the treble strings generally picked with the fore-finger, occasionally others. The result is comparable in sound to ragtime or stride piano styles. Blues researcher Peter B. Lowry coined the term, giving co-credit to fellow folklorist Bruce Bastin. The Piedmont style is differentiated from other", "id": "8150344" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand the generalization of the blues beat, the blues shuffle, which became ubiquitous in R&B. This commercial stream had important consequences for blues music, which, together with jazz and gospel music, became a component of R&B. After World War II, new styles of electric blues became popular in cities such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit and St. Louis. Electric blues used electric guitars, double bass (gradually replaced by bass guitar), drums, and harmonica (or \"blues harp\") played through a microphone and a PA", "id": "2951010" }, { "contents": "New Orleans blues\n\n\nblues is primarily driven by piano and horn, enlivened by Caribbean rhythms and Dixieland music. It is generally cheerful in delivery regardless of the subject matter, with a laid back tempo and complex rhythms falling just behind the beat. Vocals range from laid-back crooning to full-throated gospel shouting. New Orleans is generally credited as the birthplace of jazz music, but has attracted less attention as a center of the blues. The 12 bar blues were well known in the city before most of the rest of the country.", "id": "20252986" }, { "contents": "Michael Roach (musician)\n\n\n2003, Roach presented \"Deep Blue\", a three part series on blues music featured on BBC Radio 4. In 2006 he released an instructional DVD, \"Introduction to Country Blues Guitar\". Roach's tours as an educator and performer have taken him to the Augusta Heritage Center (US), Centrum Piedmont Blues Intensive (US), The Ironworks (UK) and the Smithsonian Institution (US). He has performed and lectured at blues, jazz, folk and roots music festivals in Croatia, Czech Republic,", "id": "14072779" }, { "contents": "Texas blues\n\n\nmoved to Chicago as a teenager. His instrumental number \"Hide Away\" (1961), was emulated by British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments such as keyboards and horns with emphasis on guitar soloing. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles.", "id": "12084292" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nhip hop music, reggae, rap, country music, and pop music, blues has been accused of being the \"devil's music\" and of inciting violence and other poor behavior. In the early 20th century, the blues was considered disreputable, especially as white audiences began listening to the blues during the 1920s. In the early twentieth century, W.C. Handy was the first to popularize blues-influenced music among non-black Americans. During the blues revival of the 1960s and '70s, acoustic blues artist Taj Mahal", "id": "2951049" }, { "contents": "Blues fiddle\n\n\nchances for frontline fiddlers to participate. Another reason for the violin's exclusion in post war blues was that it could not be effectively electrified. When artists migrated to the industrial centers from the Mississippi delta and rural south, they found a way to do so, but African-American music later mostly abandoned the instrument. Many blues guitar greats, such as Lonnie Johnson and Big Bill Broonzy, made early recordings on the violin. They are among the most-represented artists in the canon. The connection between guitar and violin", "id": "20387501" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\nin the 1950s, led by singer Mahalia Jackson. The blues genre experienced major revivals in the 1950s with Chicago blues musicians such as Muddy Waters and Little Walter, as well as in the 1960s in the British Invasion and American folk music revival when country blues musicians like Mississippi John Hurt and Reverend Gary Davis were rediscovered. The seminal blues musicians of these periods had tremendous influence on rock musicians such as Chuck Berry in the 1950s, as well as on the British blues and blues rock scenes of the 1960s and 1970s, including", "id": "7216667" }, { "contents": "Sugar Mama (song)\n\n\n\"Sugar Mama\" or \"Sugar Mama Blues\" is a song that is a standard of the blues. Called a \"tautly powerful slow blues\" by music journalist Charles Shaar Murray, it has been recorded by numerous artists, including early Chicago bluesmen Tampa Red, Sonny Boy Williamson I, and Tommy McClennan. John Lee Hooker and Howlin' Wolf later adapted \"Sugar Mama\" for electric blues and rock group Led Zeppelin reworked it during early recording sessions. Country bluesman Yank Rachell recorded \"Sugar Farm Blues\" February 6", "id": "15139181" }, { "contents": "Nathan Beauregard\n\n\nwith minor talent make a fortune as a recording artist while he himself was not offered such a chance. During the folk and blues revival of the 1960s Beauregard was \"discovered\" in Memphis by Bill Barth, who convinced him to work as a musician again. In the short time between his \"discovery\" in 1968 and his death in 1970, he played at various folk and blues festivals (e.g. the 1968 Memphis Country Blues Festival, which has been recorded on the Sire and Blue Horizon labels) and on a number", "id": "5223148" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe California blues style, performed a successful transition from the early urban blues à la Lonnie Johnson and Leroy Carr to the jump blues style and dominated the blues-jazz scene at Los Angeles during the 1940s. The transition from country blues to urban blues that began in the 1920s was driven by the successive waves of economic crisis and booms which led many rural blacks to move to urban areas, in a movement known as the Great Migration. The long boom following World War II induced another massive migration of the African-American", "id": "2951008" }, { "contents": "Women in music\n\n\nboys only club. Chinese idol girl groups have also recently achieved significant success, with C-pop groups like SNH48 and Rocket Girls 101, with the later selling over 1.6 million copies of their debut EP in 2018. Classic female blues was an early form of blues music popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues songs performed by female vocalists were accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles, and were the first blues to be", "id": "22079994" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nRock and roll emerged as a defined musical style in the United States in the early to mid-1950s. It derived most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Rock and roll in turn provided the main basis for the music that, since the mid-1960s, has been generally known simply as rock music. The phrase \"rocking and rolling\" originally described", "id": "5254840" }, { "contents": "Warner Williams and Jay Summerour\n\n\nWarner Williams and Jay Summerour are an American folk duo, who perform under the name Little Bit A Blues. They have played at numerous folk and blues festivals and at concerts at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. They are known for playing in the Piedmont blues style, a regional variant of the blues that developed in North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland and West Virginia. Williams and Summerour have been playing music together under the name of Little Bit A Blues since the early 1990s. During their tenure together,", "id": "20240347" }, { "contents": "American popular music\n\n\n—e.g., minorities or rural audiences. Beginning in the 1920s and accelerating greatly in the 1940s, the blues began rapidly diversifying into a broad spectrum of new styles. These included an uptempo, energetic style called rhythm and blues (R&B), a merger of blues and Anglo-Celtic song called country music and the fusion of hymns and spirituals with blues structures called gospel music. Later than these other styles, in the 1940s, a blues, R&B and country fusion eventually called rock and roll developed, eventually coming", "id": "6698779" }, { "contents": "1940s in music\n\n\ncalled \"folk\" in the trades, and \"hillbilly\" within the industry. In 1944, \"The Billboard\" replaced the term \"hillbilly\" with \"folk songs and blues,\" and switched to \"country\" or \"country and Western\" in 1949. But while cowboy and Western music were the most popular styles, a new style – honky tonk – would take root and define the genre of country music for decades to come. The style meshed Western swing and blues music; featured rough, nasal vocals", "id": "12815195" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n, salvation and death. Several blues musicians were imprisoned in the Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman Farm, which is referred to in songs such as Bukka White's \"Parchman Farm Blues\" and the folk song \"Midnight Special\". In big-city blues, women singers such as Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith and Mamie Smith dominated the recordings of the 1920s. However, women rarely recorded Delta blues and other rural or folk-style blues. In Delta blues female performers often had some romantic connection to more notable male performers", "id": "7794025" }, { "contents": "The Sky Is Crying (song)\n\n\nThe Sky Is Crying\" has been interpreted and recorded by many blues and other artists. In 1963, blues harmonica player and singer Sonny Boy Williamson II recorded the song as a country blues-style duet with Matt Murphy on acoustic guitar for his \"Keep It to Ourselves\" album. In 1964, Eric Clapton with The Yardbirds recorded a live slow blues which included a couple of lines from \"The Sky Is Crying\" (\"Blueswailing July '64 (Live)\"). In 1966, with Jeff Beck on", "id": "3146914" }, { "contents": "BeauSoleil\n\n\n, rhythm, and lyrics of Louisiana folk music, incorporating elements of rock and roll, jazz, blues, calypso, and other genres in original compositions and reworkings of traditional tunes. Lyrics on BeauSoleil recordings are sung in English or Cajun French (and sometimes both in one song). According to the band's web site, BeauSoleil's musicians \"take the rich Cajun traditions of Louisiana and artfully blend elements of zydeco, New Orleans jazz, Tex-Mex, country, blues and more into a satisfying musical recipe.", "id": "9860218" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. The origins of country are in rural Southern folk music, which was primarily Irish and British, with African and continental European musics. Anglo-Celtic tunes, dance music, and balladry were the earliest predecessors of modern country, then known as \"hillbilly music\". Early hillbilly also borrowed elements of the blues and drew upon more aspects of 19th-century pop songs as hillbilly music evolved into a commercial genre eventually known as \"country and western\" and then simply \"country\". The earliest country instrumentation revolved around", "id": "7216674" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nelements from the \"Ethiopian airs\", minstrel shows and Negro spirituals, including instrumental and harmonic accompaniment. The style also was closely related to ragtime, which developed at about the same time, though the blues better preserved \"the original melodic patterns of African music\". The musical forms and styles that are now considered the blues as well as modern country music arose in the same regions of the southern United States during the 19th century. Recorded blues and country music can be found as far back as the 1920s, when", "id": "2950988" }, { "contents": "Organ Thieves\n\n\nPrimate Sanctuary. The band's musical style is unique and although the music is mainly considered hard rock, southern rock and reggae rock, the band like to call themselves \"experimental-soul-rock\". The band's music takes influences from various genres including reggae, soul, country, blues, rhythm and blues, folk, rock and roll, punk, heavy metal, southern rock and more, as stated by the band that they are not limited to any genre and are willing to experiment everything.br They are also", "id": "3590626" }, { "contents": "African-American music\n\n\nstructure of the dance and folk music of peoples across western and sub-Saharan Africa. These musical forms had a wide-ranging influence on the development of music within the United States and around the world during the 20th century. The modern genres of blues and ragtime were developed during the late 19th century by fusing West African vocalizations - which employed the natural harmonic series, and blue notes. The earliest jazz and blues recordings were made in the 1920s. African-American musicians developed related styles such as Rhythm and Blues in", "id": "13306674" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\nWalter Brown \"Brownie\" McGhee (November 30, 1915 – February 16, 1996) was an African-American folk music and Piedmont blues singer and guitarist, best known for his collaboration with the harmonica player Sonny Terry. McGhee was born in Knoxville, Tennessee, and grew up in Kingsport, Tennessee. At about the age of four he contracted polio, which incapacitated his right leg. His brother Granville \"Sticks\"(or \"Stick\") McGhee, who also later became a musician and composed the famous song \"Drinkin'", "id": "4476033" }, { "contents": "Clarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown\n\n\nClarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown (April 18, 1924 – September 10, 2005) was an American musician from Louisiana and Texas known for his work as a blues musician, as well as other styles of music. He spent his career fighting purism by synthesizing old blues, country, jazz, Cajun music and R&B styles. His work also encompasses rock and roll, rock music, folk music, electric blues, and Texas blues. He was an acclaimed multi-instrumentalist, who played an array of musical instruments, including", "id": "15961748" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nby British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments like keyboards and horns, but placed particular emphasis on powerful lead guitar breaks. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles. In the 1970s Jimmie formed the Fabulous Thunderbirds and in the 1980s his brother Stevie Ray", "id": "8151279" } ]

[ { "contents": "Country blues\n\n\nCountry blues (also folk blues, rural blues, backwoods blues, or downhome blues) is one of the earliest forms of blues music. The mainly solo vocal with acoustic fingerstyle guitar accompaniment developed in the rural Southern United States in the early 1900s. Artists, such as Blind Lemon Jefferson (Texas), Charley Patton (Mississippi), Blind Willie McTell (Georgia) were among the first to record blues songs in the 1920s. Country blues ran parallel to urban blues, which was popular in cities. Folklorist Alan Lomax", "id": "8046896" }, { "contents": "Culture of the Southern United States\n\n\n-time music, gospel music, spirituals, country music, rhythm and blues, soul music, funk, rock and roll, beach music, bluegrass, jazz (including ragtime, popularized by Southerner Scott Joplin), zydeco, and Appalachian folk music were either born in the South or developed in the region. In general, country music is based on the folk music of white Southerners, and blues and rhythm and blues is based on African American southern forms. However, whites and blacks alike have contributed to each of", "id": "8469878" }, { "contents": "List of blues festivals\n\n\nBlues festivals are music festivals which focus on blues music. Blues is a genre and musical form that originated in African-American communities in the Southern United States around the end of the 19th century. It has elements of traditional African music, American folk music, spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. Blues has since evolved from unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves into a wide variety of styles and subgenres, such as country blues, Delta and Piedmont, Chicago", "id": "17295253" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand subgenres. Blues subgenres include country blues, such as Delta blues and Piedmont blues, as well as urban blues styles such as Chicago blues and West Coast blues. World War II marked the transition from acoustic to electric blues and the progressive opening of blues music to a wider audience, especially white listeners. In the 1960s and 1970s, a hybrid form called blues rock developed, which blended blues styles with rock music. The term \"Blues\" may have come from \"blue devils\", meaning melancholy and sadness;", "id": "2950960" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nthe supposed appearance of a southern U.S.-style station. About 200 fans were brought by train to the platform opposite the performers. The performance was interrupted by a rainstorm, after which Tharpe performed the gospel song \"Didn't It Rain\". Blues musicians who performed on the American Folk Blues Festival tours included Muddy Waters, Sonny Boy Williamson, John Lee Hooker, Sippie Wallace, T-Bone Walker, Sonny Terry & Brownie McGhee, Memphis Slim, Otis Rush, Lonnie Johnson, Eddie Boyd, Big Walter Horton, Junior Wells", "id": "2225138" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nthrough EMI's Stateside label and Chess Records through Pye International's R&B series. These records were enthusiastically sought and collected by a new generation of enthusiasts. The increasing appetite for rhythm and blues was reflected in the growing numbers of Afro-American artists visiting the country. From 1962 the American Folk Blues Festival, organised by German promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau, brought American blues stars including Waters, Wolf, Sonny Boy Williamson, and John Lee Hooker to the country. In 1964 the American Folk Blues and Gospel Caravan arrived", "id": "16087069" }, { "contents": "Piedmont (United States)\n\n\nblues musicians came from Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. During the Great Migration, African Americans migrated to the Piedmont. With the Appalachian Mountains to the west, those who might otherwise have spread into rural areas stayed in cities and were thus exposed to a broader mixture of music than those in, for example, the rural Mississippi delta. Thus, Piedmont blues was influenced by many types of music such as ragtime, country, and popular songs—styles that had comparatively less influence on blues music in other regions.", "id": "1946509" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\n, it was being performed at US folk music revivals and festivals initially by established Piedmont blues artists such as Josh White, Rev. Gary Davis, and Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry, as well as Cephas & Wiggins, John Jackson in later years. While musicologists such as George Mitchell, Axel Küstner, Kip Lornell, Peter B. Lowry and Tim Duffy collected recordings by the aging community of Piedmont blues players, younger musicians such as Stefan Grossman, Roy Book Binder, Jorma Kaukonen, Paul Geremia, Keb Mo', Michael Roach", "id": "8150348" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nGerman promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau. The rise of electric blues, and its eventual mainstream success, meant that British acoustic blues was completely overshadowed. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers Bert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham (who played and recorded with Korner), played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene, with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones", "id": "8151338" }, { "contents": "Americana (music)\n\n\nAmericana (also known as American roots music) is an amalgam of American music formed by the confluence of the shared and varied traditions that make up the musical ethos of the United States, specifically those sounds that are merged from folk, country, blues, rhythm and blues, rock and roll, gospel, and other external influences. Americana, as defined by the Americana Music Association (AMA), is \"contemporary music that incorporates elements of various mostly acoustic American roots music styles, including country, roots rock, folk", "id": "9198553" }, { "contents": "Muddy Waters\n\n\nSpann in 1958, where they were backed by local Dixieland-style or \"trad jazz\" musicians, including members of Chris Barber's band. At the time, English audiences had only been exposed to acoustic folk blues, as performed by artists such as Sonny Terry, Brownie McGhee, and Big Bill Broonzy. Both the musicians and audiences were unprepared for Muddy Waters' performance, which included his electric slide guitar playing. He recalled: Although his performances alienated the old guard, some younger musicians, including Alexis Korner and", "id": "15757617" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nBert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham, played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. It continued with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones. Most British acoustic blues players could achieve little commercial success and found it difficult to gain recognition for their \"imitations\" of the blues in the US, being overshadowed by the rhythm and blues and electric blues that had emerged in the later 1950s. Blues harpist Cyril Davies ran the London Skiffle", "id": "16087062" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nas well as people that shared his country roots. His work in this period shows he performed across a wider musical spectrum than almost any other bluesman before or since, including in his repertoire ragtime, hokum blues, country blues, urban blues, jazz-tinged songs, folk songs and spirituals. After World War II, Broonzy recorded songs that were the bridge that allowed many younger musicians to cross over to the future of the blues: the electric blues of postwar Chicago. His 1945 recordings of \"Where the Blues Began", "id": "9494361" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nBig Bill Broonzy (born Lee Conley Bradley, June 26, 1903 – August 14, 1958) was an American blues singer, songwriter and guitarist. His career began in the 1920s, when he played country blues to mostly African-American audiences. Through the 1930s and 1940s he successfully navigated a transition in style to a more urban blues sound popular with working-class African-American audiences. In the 1950s a return to his traditional folk-blues roots made him one of the leading figures of the emerging American folk", "id": "9494347" }, { "contents": "Precious Bryant\n\n\nPrecious Bryant (née Bussey; January 4, 1942 – January 12, 2013) was an American country blues, gospel, and folk singer and guitarist. She played Piedmont fingerstyle guitar. Bryant was born in Talbot County, Georgia. She released two solo albums. Her 2002 debut, \"Fool Me Good,\" was nominated for two Blues Music Awards, in the categories Acoustic Blues Album of the Year and Best New Artist Debut. In 2006 she was nominated for a similar award for Traditional Blues Female Artist of the", "id": "2571157" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nAmerica, a series of tours that began with Josh White and Big Bill Broonzy in 1951, and would include Brownie McGhee, Sonny Terry, Memphis Slim, Muddy Waters and Lonnie Johnson. Lonnie Johnson played at the Royal Festival Hall in 1952 on a bill opened by a group led by the young Lonnie Donegan. Donegan became the key figure in the development of the British skiffle \"craze\", beginning in Ken Colyer's Jazzmen by playing American folk and blues songs, particularly those derived from the recordings of Huddie Leadbetter,", "id": "16087056" }, { "contents": "Hill country blues\n\n\npatterns that conform to proverbial phrases or the words of popular fife and drum tunes—\"is considered the sign of a good drummer.\" This enduring tradition of folk polyrhythm played an important part in the development of Mississippi blues. \"Mississippi\" Fred McDowell, who lived in Como, Mississippi, was one of the subgenre's most widely known musicians, in the 1960s and after. His music was heavier on percussive elements and African rhythms than traditional Delta blues. McDowell's performances helped define the Hill Country blues sound, influencing later artists", "id": "19106875" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nfit in with British expectations of American blues as a form of folk music. In 1957 Davies and Korner decided that their central interest was the blues and closed the skiffle club, reopening a month later as The London Blues and Barrelhouse Club. To this point British blues was acoustically played emulating Delta blues and Country blues styles and often part of the emerging second British folk revival. Critical in changing this was the visit of Muddy Waters in 1958, who initially shocked British audiences by playing amplified electric blues, but who was soon", "id": "8151324" }, { "contents": "Valerie Turner\n\n\nValerie Turner is an American blues guitarist-vocalist, educator, and author. She plays in the Piedmont style of fingerpicking guitar, continuing in the traditions of Mississippi John Hurt, Elizabeth Cotten, Memphis Minnie, and Etta Baker. She performs blues, ballads, country, popular songs, ragtime, and gospels. She is a native New Yorker with southern roots in Virginia and Georgia. She started learning and studying traditional country blues guitar in 1978. Valerie and her spouse, Benedict Turner, are an acoustic blues duo called", "id": "8216617" }, { "contents": "Mr. Misunderstood\n\n\n\"Mr. Misunderstood\", at the 2015 Country Music Association Awards, where the news of the new album became evident. The musical style of this album has been described as the following; country, rock, blues, folk, gospel, soul, funk, alternative country, alternative rock, country rock, country blues, country gospel, gospel blues, bluegrass, folk rock, heartland rock, roots rock, rock and roll, rhythm and blues, Southern gospel, Southern rock, and Southern soul. His music here", "id": "5570655" }, { "contents": "Chris Barber\n\n\nwas mainly responsible for arranging the first UK tours of blues artists Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee and Muddy Waters. This, with the encouragement of local enthusiasts such as Alexis Korner and John Mayall, sparked young musicians such as Peter Green, Eric Clapton and the Rolling Stones. British rhythm and blues powered the British invasion of the USA charts in the 1960s, yet Dixieland itself remained popular: in January 1963 the British music magazine, \"NME\" reported the biggest trad jazz event in Britain at Alexandra Palace", "id": "17410986" }, { "contents": "The Blues, the Whole Blues, and Nothing But the Blues\n\n\ninterplay of instruments gives them the freedom to move from the country blues of the Mississippi Delta to the jug band tradition of the urban South, and from New Orleans to Chicago, embracing the breadth of American music in its myriad places and times.\" In \"Glide\" magazine, Lee Zimmerman said, \"David Bromberg’s fondness for the blues has been a single-minded concern throughout his storied career, one that’s found him working alongside any number of icons, folks like Bob Dylan and George Harrison included... Of", "id": "7352775" }, { "contents": "Dave Van Ronk\n\n\nand Van Ronk turned to performing blues he had stumbled across while shopping for jazz 78s, by artists like Furry Lewis and Mississippi John Hurt. Van Ronk was not the first white musician to perform African-American blues, but became noted for his interpretation of it in its original context. By about 1958, he was firmly committed to the folk-blues style, accompanying himself with his own acoustic guitar. He performed blues, jazz and folk music, occasionally writing his own songs but generally arranging the work of earlier artists", "id": "10878367" }, { "contents": "Fingerstyle guitar\n\n\nis also very common. Examples of traditions that John Fahey and Robbie Basho would employ in their compositions include, but are not limited to, the extended Raga of Indian classical music, the Japanese Koto, and the early ragtime-based country blues music of Mississippi John Hurt or Blind Blake. A distinctive style to emerge from Britain in the early 1960s, which combined elements of American folk, blues, jazz and ragtime with British traditional music, was what became known as 'folk baroque'. Pioneered by musicians of the", "id": "13793683" }, { "contents": "Country music\n\n\nCountry music, also known as country and western (or simply country), and hillbilly music, is a genre of popular music that originated in the southern United States in the early 1920s. It takes its roots from genres such as American folk music (especially Appalachian folk and Western music) and blues. Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms, folk lyrics, and harmonies mostly accompanied by string instruments such as banjos, electric and acoustic guitars, steel guitars (such as pedal steels and", "id": "4960825" }, { "contents": "WFDU\n\n\n. WFDU (FM) plays wide array of music ranging from Blues & Country/Bluegrass music to RetroRadio, Eclectic, Folk, Gospel, Oldies Rock and Soul/R&B. Big Frank Mirra, a well-known Blues musician in the Metro area for over three decades along with former blues radio producer, Music Director of Blues/Roots/American programing, Mike Stokes hosts Blues on the Run on Tuesdays. Dennis Gruenling is the host of Blues & the Beat, spinning everything from the legends of Chicago-style blues like", "id": "1564525" }, { "contents": "Nick Katzman\n\n\nNick Katzman (born 1951) is an American blues musician. Katzman was born in New York City, and lives in both Manhattan and Berlin, Germany. He plays in a variety of musical genres, including Chicago blues, Mississippi blues, Texas blues, and ragtime. As a teenager in the 1960s, Katzman saw many of the surviving country blues guitarists who travelled north to play their music in clubs and at the folk festivals. He learned to lay both guitar and lute. He studied classical music and jazz at Antioch", "id": "16730431" }, { "contents": "Louisiana blues\n\n\nLouisiana blues is a genre of blues music that developed in the period after World War II in the state of Louisiana. It is generally divided into two major subgenres, with the jazz-influenced New Orleans blues based on the musical traditions of that city and the slower tempo swamp blues incorporating influences from zydeco and Cajun music from around Baton Rouge. Major artists in the New Orleans tradition include Professor Longhair and Guitar Slim and for swamp blues Slim Harpo and Lightnin' Slim. Both genres peaked in popularity in the 1960s and were", "id": "8046899" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. Theatrical composers and lyricists like the brothers George and Ira Gershwin created a uniquely American theatrical style that used American vernacular speech and music. Musicals featured popular songs and fast-paced plots that often revolved around love and romance. The blues is a genre of African American folk music that is the basis for much of modern American popular music. Blues can be seen as part of a continuum of musical styles like country, jazz, ragtime, and gospel; though each genre evolved into distinct forms, their origins were often indistinct", "id": "7216662" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nspirituals, work songs, ragtime music, hokum, and country blues he heard growing up and the styles of his contemporaries, including Jimmie Rodgers, Blind Blake, Son House, and Blind Lemon Jefferson. Broonzy combined all these influences into his own style of the blues, which foreshadowed the postwar Chicago blues, later refined and popularized by artists such as Muddy Waters and Willie Dixon. Although he had been a pioneer of the Chicago blues style and had employed electric instruments as early as 1942, white audiences in the 1950s wanted", "id": "9494369" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\n, a large number of British rhythm and blues musicians began their careers playing skiffle, including Van Morrison, Ronnie Wood, Mick Jagger and Roger Daltrey. The fashion created a demand for opportunities to play versions of American folk, blues and jazz music that would contribute to the growth of a club scene. Until the mid-1950s in Britain the blues was seen as a form of folk music. When Broonzy toured England he played a folk blues set to fit British expectations of American blues, rather than his current electric Chicago blues.", "id": "16087059" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nintroduction of many later followers of the blues to the music and hardships of life for African Americans in the Southern US. The next year the \"Jazz Club\" programme, hosted by Max Jones, included a recital of \"Town and Country Blues\", which played music by a wide range of blues artists. The British rhythm and blues scene developed in London out of the related jazz, skiffle and folk club scenes of the 1950s. The first of these scenes, that of jazz, had developed during the Second World", "id": "16087053" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nrecognized the album for its historically significant material. An extensively recorded bluesman, Big Bill Broonzy left the United States to tour Europe in 1951, becoming the first Chicago blues player to perform for European audiences. Broonzy previously spent time in Iowa, where he honed a repertoire which remained a fixture of his concerts and recordings for the remainder of the decade. With bluesmen such as Muddy Waters and Howlin' Wolf amplifying their music, resulting in the popularity of the electric blues, Broonzy decided to reinvent himself as a folk blues musician", "id": "18296717" }, { "contents": "Alec Seward\n\n\nhe relocated from the South to New York, in his case in 1924. Seward befriended Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry and retained his Piedmont blues styling despite changes in musical trends. He and the blues musician Louis Hayes (who later became a minister in northern New Jersey) performed together, variously billed as the Blues Servant Boys, Guitar Slim and Jelly Belly, and the Back Porch Boys. During the 1940s and 1950s Seward played and recorded with Lead Belly, Woody Guthrie, McGhee and Terry. Around 1947 Seward, Guthrie", "id": "7237009" }, { "contents": "The Real Folk Blues\n\n\nThe Real Folk Blues is a series of blues albums released between 1965 and 1967 by Chess Records, later reissued MCA Records. Each album in the series highlighted the music of one major Chess artist, including John Lee Hooker, Howlin' Wolf, Muddy Waters, and Sonny Boy Williamson II. The series, overseen by Marshall Chess, was a reaction to the increasing audience for the blues following the British Invasion. Companion discs, titled More Real Folk Blues, were released for many of the artists. Hooker's companion disc", "id": "17857302" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nNew styles of music emerged among black Americans in the early 20th century in the form of blues, ragtime, jazz, and gospel music. According to the writer Robert Palmer:\"Rock 'n' roll was an inevitable outgrowth of the social and musical interactions between blacks and whites in the South and Southwest. Its roots are a complex tangle. Bedrock black church music influenced blues, rural blues influenced white folk song and the black popular music of the Northern ghettos, blues and black pop influenced jazz, and so on. But the", "id": "5254864" }, { "contents": "Ernie Hawkins\n\n\nErnie Hawkins (born Ernest Leroy Hawkins, 1947, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American acoustic blues guitar player, singer, song writer, recording artist, and educator. Hawkins, along with fellow bluesmen Stefan Grossman and Roy Bookbinder, studied with blues legend Reverend Gary Davis in New York City in 1965 and 1966. Over the years, he learned a variety of styles, including Piedmont blues, Delta blues, ragtime, and gospel. In 1969, Hawkins moved back to his hometown of Pittsburgh, and enrolled at the", "id": "8862999" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nThe American Folk Blues Festival was a music festival that toured Europe as an annual event for several years beginning in 1962. It introduced audiences in Europe, including the UK, to leading blues performers of the day such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, most of whom had never previously performed outside the US. The tours attracted substantial media coverage, including TV shows, and contributed to the growth of the audience for blues music in Europe. German jazz publicist Joachim-Ernst Berendt", "id": "2225133" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\ninspire much of the later popular development of the blues and blues-derived genres, including the legendary delta blues musician Robert Johnson and Piedmont blues musician Blind Willie McTell. By the end of the 1940s, however, pure blues was only a minor part of popular music, having been subsumed by offshoots like rhythm & blues and the nascent rock and roll style. Some styles of electric, piano-driven blues, like boogie-woogie, retained a large audience. A bluesy style of gospel also became popular in mainstream America", "id": "7216666" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\n. Known primarily as a folk-blues guitarist, he learned to play guitar by listening to blues musicians, such as Charlie Patton and Mississippi John Hurt, and has developed a distinctive fingerpicking technique in which he plays the bass line, rhythm chords, and single-note leads simultaneously. In his original compositions and artistic styling, he incorporates influences from other genres, such as jazz, folk music, country music, classical and world music, often utilizing odd time measures, to personalize his music and story telling. An", "id": "1583130" }, { "contents": "Alan Lomax\n\n\n\"The Land Where the Blues Began\" (1995), linking the birth of the blues to debt peonage, segregation, and forced labor in the American South. Lomax's greatest legacy is in preserving and publishing recordings of musicians in many folk and blues traditions around the US and Europe. Among the artists Lomax is credited with discovering and bringing to a wider audience include blues guitarist Robert Johnson, protest singer Woody Guthrie, folk artist Pete Seeger, country musician Burl Ives, and country blues singer Lead Belly, among many", "id": "8697682" }, { "contents": "Brian Protheroe\n\n\nWhite, Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Dave Brubeck and the choral church music of Bach. Protheroe joined the folk group Folk Blues Incorporated (FBI) when he was nineteen, while at this time listening to Bob Dylan and the Beatles. He came to London with FBI in 1965, and played in folk music clubs in and around London. In 1966, Protheroe began his career as an actor. His first job was with his local repertory theatre in Salisbury. He worked there for about seven months", "id": "7666713" }, { "contents": "Down Home Blues (Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry album)\n\n\nDown Home Blues is an album by blues musicians Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry recorded in 1960 and released on the Bluesville label. AllMusic reviewer Bruce Eder stated: \"the music itself stands outside of time. McGhee's strumming and singing have enough polish to pass as a commercial recording, but at its best, it's still sufficiently unaffected so as to be regarded as authentic country-blues. It's Terry's harp, however, that really pulls this body of music back to its roots ... the dominant elements of this", "id": "12217779" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nTrouble in Mind is an album by American blues musician Big Bill Broonzy. It was released on February 22, 2000 by Smithsonian Folkways. The album consists of traditional folk, blues, and spiritual songs featuring Broonzy accompanying himself on acoustic guitar and a guest appearance by Pete Seeger. Suffering from cancer, Broonzy realized his time was limited and hence recorded extensively between 1956 and 1957. While most of the work draws from the album \"Big Bill Broonzy Sings Country Blues\" (1957), arranged by Moses Asch and Charles Edward", "id": "18296715" }, { "contents": "Music of Washington, D.C.\n\n\nhome to many bluesmen, such as Jelly Roll Morton and later rock and roll and rhythm and blues musicians such as Bo Diddley and Roy Buchanan. In the 1960s, a number of white youths formed local blues bands, including the Northside Blues Band and the Nighthawks. Starting in the early 1960s, Takoma Park native John Fahey became a nationally noted blues and folk guitarist who established the Takoma Records label, which attracted a number of other blues, folk, acoustic and fingerstyle guitarists to the District of Columbia area. Another local", "id": "9815809" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\nTerry Robb is a Canadian fingerstyle guitarist, composer, arranger and record producer living in the United States. He plays electric and acoustic guitar, and is associated with the American Primitive Guitar genre through his collaboration with steel string guitarist John Fahey. He is a member of the Oregon Music Hall of Fame and Cascade Blues Association Hall of Fame, and was honored with the eponymous \"Terry Robb\" Muddy Award for Best Acoustic Guitar in 2011. His original compositions draw on the Delta blues, ragtime, folk music, country music", "id": "1583113" }, { "contents": "Lightnin' Wells\n\n\nLightnin' Wells is an American Piedmont blues multi-instrumentalist and singer. He is a proficient musician and regularly plays various instruments in concert including the guitar, mandolin, harmonica, ukulele and banjo. At times he has performed as a one-man band. His style encompasses elements of the blues, country, gospel, old-time, bluegrass and folk. Mark Coltrain stated in \"Living Blues\" that, \"You won't find a more versatile musician around – able to move deftly between country blues, old", "id": "14064192" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nspending a year in Europe including recording the \"Sonny Boy Williamson and The Yardbirds\" album, (first released on Star-Club Records in 1965), and recording with The Animals. On 7 May 1964, Granada Television broadcast \"Blues and Gospel Train\", a programme directed by John Hamp featuring Muddy Waters, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, Rev. Gary Davis, Cousin Joe and Otis Spann. For filming, the company transformed the disused Wilbraham Road railway station into \"Chorltonville\", giving it", "id": "2225137" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n. Delta blues is a style as much as a geographical form: Skip James and Elmore James, who were not born in the Delta, are considered Delta blues musicians. Performers traveled throughout the Mississippi Delta, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and Tennessee. Eventually, Delta blues spread out across the country, giving rise to a host of regional variations, including Chicago blues and Detroit blues. Delta blues songs are typically expressed in the first person and often concern love, sex, the traveling lifestyle and its tribulations, sin", "id": "7794024" }, { "contents": "Traditional blues verses\n\n\nIn the folk tradition, there are many traditional blues verses that have been sung over and over by many artists. Blues singers, who include many country and folk artists as well as those commonly identified with blues singers, use these traditional lyrics to fill out their blues performances. Artists like Jimmie Rodgers, the \"blue yodeler\", and Big Joe Turner, \"the Boss of the Blues\" compiled virtual encyclopedias of lyrics. Turner reputedly could sing the blues for hours without repeating himself. Traditional blues verses in folk-", "id": "14213756" }, { "contents": "Midwestern United States\n\n\nmusical style in the United States, deriving most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz, and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Freed's contribution in identifying rock as a new genre helped establish the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, located in Cleveland. Chuck Berry, a Midwesterner from St. Louis, was among the first successful rock and roll artists and influenced many other rock musicians", "id": "15016383" }, { "contents": "Classic female blues\n\n\nClassic female blues was an early form of blues music, popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues were performed by female singers accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles and were the first blues to be recorded. Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, Ethel Waters, and the other singers in this genre were instrumental in spreading the popularity of the blues. Blues, a type of black folk music originating in the American South, were", "id": "5621307" }, { "contents": "Southern soul\n\n\n\"Country soul\", \"Downhome soul\" and \"Hard soul\" have been used synonymously with \"Southern soul\" Pioneers of southern soul include: Georgia natives Ray Charles and James Brown; Little Willie John, Bobby \"Blue\" Bland, New Orleans R&B artist Allen Toussaint; and Memphis DJ Rufus Thomas. Southern soul was influenced by blues and gospel music. Southern soul was at its peak during the 1960s, when Memphis soul was created. In 1963, Stan Lewis founded Jewel Records in Shreveport, Louisiana, along", "id": "18765148" }, { "contents": "South Korea\n\n\n1992 marked a turning point for South Korean popular music, also known as K-pop, as the genre modernized itself from incorporating elements of popular musical genres from across the world such as Western popular music, experimental, jazz, gospel, Latin, classical, hip hop, rhythm and blues, electronic dance, reggae, country, folk, and rock on top of its uniquely traditional Korean music roots. Western-style pop, hip hop, rhythm and blues, rock, folk, electronic dance oriented acts have become", "id": "7248618" }, { "contents": "The Subdudes\n\n\nThe Subdudes (stylized as The subdudes) are an American roots rock group from New Orleans. Their music blends folk, swamp pop, New Orleans rhythm and blues, Louisiana blues, country, cajun/zydeco, funk, soul and gospel with harmonic vocals. Their sound is notable for the band's substitution of a tambourine player for a drummer. The subdudes formed in 1987 through a music venue in New Orleans called Tipitina's. The Subdudes often credit their songwriting to the group as a whole, although the primary songwriters", "id": "12289559" }, { "contents": "American rock\n\n\nAmerican rock has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, rhythm and blues, and country music, and also drew on folk music, jazz, blues, and classical music. American rock music was further influenced by the British Invasion of the American pop charts from 1964 and resulted in the development of garage rock. From the late 1960s and early 1970s, American rock music was highly influential in the development of a number of fusions, including blending with folk music to create folk rock, with blues to create blues", "id": "5254668" }, { "contents": "Richard Trice\n\n\nRichard Trice (November 16, 1917 – April 6, 2000) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles. He lived most of his life in his native North Carolina and played in its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. His family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Music was an interest in the family, and he learned to play the guitar at an", "id": "1811700" }, { "contents": "J. B. Lenoir\n\n\nJefferson, which became a major influence. During the early 1940s, Lenoir worked with the blues artists Sonny Boy Williamson II and Elmore James in New Orleans. He was later influenced by Arthur Crudup and Lightnin' Hopkins. In 1949, he moved to Chicago, where Big Bill Broonzy helped introduce him to the blues community. He began to perform at local nightclubs, with musicians such as Memphis Minnie, Big Maceo Merriweather, and Muddy Waters, and became an important part of the city's blues scene. He began recording", "id": "7041136" }, { "contents": "Bishop Dready Manning\n\n\ncotton, peanuts, and corn. Some of his uncles and cousins played blues guitar in the North Carolina Piedmont fashion. When Manning was seven years old, he began learning how to fingerpick guitar. His skills improved over time and by his teenage years Manning had earned a reputation as a master of blues guitar and harmonica. His style was influenced by Piedmont blues musicians such as Blind Boy Fuller, Brownie McGhee and Buddy Moss, and national stars like Lightnin' Hopkins, Jimmy Reed and Sonny Boy Williamson As a young bluesman", "id": "13727518" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nartists and their own performances. The visit of Muddy Waters in 1958 had a major impact on the duo and on the nature of British R&B in general. Initially British audiences were shocked by Waters's amplified electric blues, but he was soon playing to ecstatic crowds and receiving rave reviews. Where British blues had often emulated Delta blues and country blues in the emerging British folk revival, Davies and Korner, who had supported Waters on tour, now began to play high-powered electric blues, forming the band Blues Incorporated.", "id": "16087064" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\njump blues combo with honking saxophone and rolling piano, variously calling themselves Brownie McGhee and his Jook House Rockers or Sonny Terry and his Buckshot Five, often with Champion Jack Dupree and Big Chief Ellis. They also appeared in the original Broadway productions of \"Finian's Rainbow\" and \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\". During the blues revival of the 1960s, Terry and McGhee were popular on the concert and music festival circuits, occasionally adding new material but usually remaining faithful to their roots and playing to the tastes of", "id": "4476037" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nelements of swing music and jazz in a long and prolific career. After World War II, amplified blues music became popular in American cities that had seen widespread African American migration, such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit, St. Louis, and the West Coast. The initial impulse was to be heard above the noise of lively rent parties. Playing in small venues, electric blues bands tended to remain modest in size compared with larger jazz bands. In its early stages electric blues typically used amplified electric guitars, double bass (", "id": "8151258" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe Beatles had brought African-American music to new audiences, both within the U.S. and abroad. However, the blues wave that brought artists such as Muddy Waters to the foreground had stopped. Bluesmen such as Big Bill Broonzy and Willie Dixon started looking for new markets in Europe. Dick Waterman and the blues festivals he organized in Europe played a major role in propagating blues music abroad. In the UK, bands emulated U.S. blues legends, and UK blues rock-based bands had an influential role throughout the 1960s. Blues", "id": "2951020" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\nThese drew on his studies with Rev. Davis and the other older blues artists and on his obsessive listening to old 78s. \"The Country Blues Guitar, Delta Blues, Texas Blues, Ragtime Blues Guitar\" and \"Rev. Gary Davis/Blues Guitar\" have remained in print through various editions. In the mid-1960s, Stefan Grossman recorded a number of cuts for Joe Bussard and his Frederick, Maryland-based Fonotone Records and performed at the Jabberwock coffeehouse in Berkeley under the nom du folk of \"Kid Future\". The origins", "id": "9236337" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nand they continued almost annually until 1972, after an eight-year hiatus reviving the festival in 1980 until its final performance in 1985. The concerts featured some of the leading blues artists of the 1960s, such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Willie Dixon, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, some playing in unique combinations such as T-Bone Walker playing guitar for pianist Memphis Slim, Otis Rush with Junior Wells, Sonny Boy Williamson with Muddy Waters. The Festival DVDs include the only known footage of Little", "id": "2225135" }, { "contents": "Checkin' Up on My Baby\n\n\n\"Checkin' Up on My Baby\" (or sometimes \"Checking On My Baby\") is a song recorded by Sonny Boy Williamson II in 1960 that has become a classic of the blues. The song was not released as a single, but was included on Williamson's \"The Real Folk Blues\" album released after his death in 1965. The song has been recorded by numerous blues and other artists, making it one of Williamson's most recorded songs. Williamson's namesake Sonny Boy Williamson I, also known as", "id": "10302292" }, { "contents": "History of modern Western subcultures\n\n\ncowboy songs (also known, in those days, as hillbilly music) were beginning to be more popular with a wider audience. A subculture of rural jazz and blues fans had mixed elements of jazz and blues into traditional cowboy and folk song styles to produce a crossover called western swing. Thanks to the prevalence of radio, this music spread across the United States in the 1940s. Radio was the first \"almost instantaneous\" mass media with the power to create large subcultures by spreading the ideas of small subcultures across a wide", "id": "19180987" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\n\"one of the greatest exponents of fingerstyle blues and gospel guitar playing\"\" and \"\"an incredible genius as a teacher\"\". He spent countless hours learning and documenting Davis's music, recording much of it on a tape recorder, and developing a form of tablature to take down his teacher's instructions. In the folk and country blues revival of the 1960s he was listening to old recordings of artists such as Elizabeth Cotten, Big Bill Broonzy, Lead Belly, Josh White, Lightnin' Hopkins, Rev. Gary", "id": "9236332" }, { "contents": "Steel-string acoustic guitar\n\n\nundistorted and full-range reproduction. Until the 1960s, the predominant forms of music played on the flat-top, steel-string guitar remained relatively stable and included acoustic blues, country, bluegrass, folk, and several genres of rock. The concept of playing solo steel-string guitar in a concert setting was introduced in the early 1960s by such performers as Davey Graham and John Fahey, who used country blues fingerpicking techniques to compose original compositions with structures somewhat like European classical music. Fahey contemporary Robbie Basho added elements", "id": "2024699" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nmusic. The music of the civil rights movement and Free Speech Movement in the U.S. prompted a resurgence of interest in American roots music and early African American music. As well festivals such as the Newport Folk Festival brought traditional blues to a new audience, which helped to revive interest in prewar acoustic blues and performers such as Son House, Mississippi John Hurt, Skip James, and Reverend Gary Davis. Many compilations of classic prewar blues were republished by the Yazoo Records. J. B. Lenoir from the Chicago blues movement in the 1950s", "id": "2951023" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nperformers such as Little Walter or Muddy Waters. Songs from this genre include \"Scratch my Back\", \"She's Tough\" and \"I'm a King Bee\". Alan Lomax's recordings of Mississippi Fred McDowell would eventually bring him wider attention on both the blues and folk circuit, with McDowell's droning style influencing North Mississippi hill country blues musicians. By the beginning of the 1960s, genres influenced by African American music such as rock and roll and soul were part of mainstream popular music. White performers such as", "id": "2951019" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nmore exclusively English folk clubs. The more traditional American folk blues continued to provide 1960s British groups with material, particularly after the emergence of Bob Dylan, who also popularised folk blues songs. In 1964, for example, the song-catalogue of Lead Belly provided the Animals with \"The House of the Rising Sun\", Manfred Mann with \"John Hardy\" and the Four Pennies with \"Black Girl\". British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers", "id": "16087061" }, { "contents": "Willie Trice\n\n\nWilliam Augusta Trice (February 10, 1908 – December 11, 1976) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles and an album. He remained loyal to his native North Carolina and its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, probably in 1908; some sources state 1910 or 1911. The family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Both of Trice’s parents played music", "id": "1573260" }, { "contents": "Rock and roll\n\n\nstyles such as jazz and swing which were taken up by white musicians, aided this process of \"cultural collision\". The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called \"race music\", and country music of the 1940s and 1950s. Particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. Commentators differ in their views of which of these forms were most important and the degree to which the new music was a re-branding of African-American rhythm and", "id": "5601387" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\nPiedmont blues (also known as East Coast, or Southeastern blues) refers primarily to a guitar style, the Piedmont fingerstyle, which is characterized by a fingerpicking approach in which a regular, alternating thumb bass string rhythmic pattern supports a syncopated melody using the treble strings generally picked with the fore-finger, occasionally others. The result is comparable in sound to ragtime or stride piano styles. Blues researcher Peter B. Lowry coined the term, giving co-credit to fellow folklorist Bruce Bastin. The Piedmont style is differentiated from other", "id": "8150344" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand the generalization of the blues beat, the blues shuffle, which became ubiquitous in R&B. This commercial stream had important consequences for blues music, which, together with jazz and gospel music, became a component of R&B. After World War II, new styles of electric blues became popular in cities such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit and St. Louis. Electric blues used electric guitars, double bass (gradually replaced by bass guitar), drums, and harmonica (or \"blues harp\") played through a microphone and a PA", "id": "2951010" }, { "contents": "New Orleans blues\n\n\nblues is primarily driven by piano and horn, enlivened by Caribbean rhythms and Dixieland music. It is generally cheerful in delivery regardless of the subject matter, with a laid back tempo and complex rhythms falling just behind the beat. Vocals range from laid-back crooning to full-throated gospel shouting. New Orleans is generally credited as the birthplace of jazz music, but has attracted less attention as a center of the blues. The 12 bar blues were well known in the city before most of the rest of the country.", "id": "20252986" }, { "contents": "Michael Roach (musician)\n\n\n2003, Roach presented \"Deep Blue\", a three part series on blues music featured on BBC Radio 4. In 2006 he released an instructional DVD, \"Introduction to Country Blues Guitar\". Roach's tours as an educator and performer have taken him to the Augusta Heritage Center (US), Centrum Piedmont Blues Intensive (US), The Ironworks (UK) and the Smithsonian Institution (US). He has performed and lectured at blues, jazz, folk and roots music festivals in Croatia, Czech Republic,", "id": "14072779" }, { "contents": "Texas blues\n\n\nmoved to Chicago as a teenager. His instrumental number \"Hide Away\" (1961), was emulated by British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments such as keyboards and horns with emphasis on guitar soloing. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles.", "id": "12084292" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nhip hop music, reggae, rap, country music, and pop music, blues has been accused of being the \"devil's music\" and of inciting violence and other poor behavior. In the early 20th century, the blues was considered disreputable, especially as white audiences began listening to the blues during the 1920s. In the early twentieth century, W.C. Handy was the first to popularize blues-influenced music among non-black Americans. During the blues revival of the 1960s and '70s, acoustic blues artist Taj Mahal", "id": "2951049" }, { "contents": "Blues fiddle\n\n\nchances for frontline fiddlers to participate. Another reason for the violin's exclusion in post war blues was that it could not be effectively electrified. When artists migrated to the industrial centers from the Mississippi delta and rural south, they found a way to do so, but African-American music later mostly abandoned the instrument. Many blues guitar greats, such as Lonnie Johnson and Big Bill Broonzy, made early recordings on the violin. They are among the most-represented artists in the canon. The connection between guitar and violin", "id": "20387501" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\nin the 1950s, led by singer Mahalia Jackson. The blues genre experienced major revivals in the 1950s with Chicago blues musicians such as Muddy Waters and Little Walter, as well as in the 1960s in the British Invasion and American folk music revival when country blues musicians like Mississippi John Hurt and Reverend Gary Davis were rediscovered. The seminal blues musicians of these periods had tremendous influence on rock musicians such as Chuck Berry in the 1950s, as well as on the British blues and blues rock scenes of the 1960s and 1970s, including", "id": "7216667" }, { "contents": "Sugar Mama (song)\n\n\n\"Sugar Mama\" or \"Sugar Mama Blues\" is a song that is a standard of the blues. Called a \"tautly powerful slow blues\" by music journalist Charles Shaar Murray, it has been recorded by numerous artists, including early Chicago bluesmen Tampa Red, Sonny Boy Williamson I, and Tommy McClennan. John Lee Hooker and Howlin' Wolf later adapted \"Sugar Mama\" for electric blues and rock group Led Zeppelin reworked it during early recording sessions. Country bluesman Yank Rachell recorded \"Sugar Farm Blues\" February 6", "id": "15139181" }, { "contents": "Nathan Beauregard\n\n\nwith minor talent make a fortune as a recording artist while he himself was not offered such a chance. During the folk and blues revival of the 1960s Beauregard was \"discovered\" in Memphis by Bill Barth, who convinced him to work as a musician again. In the short time between his \"discovery\" in 1968 and his death in 1970, he played at various folk and blues festivals (e.g. the 1968 Memphis Country Blues Festival, which has been recorded on the Sire and Blue Horizon labels) and on a number", "id": "5223148" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe California blues style, performed a successful transition from the early urban blues à la Lonnie Johnson and Leroy Carr to the jump blues style and dominated the blues-jazz scene at Los Angeles during the 1940s. The transition from country blues to urban blues that began in the 1920s was driven by the successive waves of economic crisis and booms which led many rural blacks to move to urban areas, in a movement known as the Great Migration. The long boom following World War II induced another massive migration of the African-American", "id": "2951008" }, { "contents": "Women in music\n\n\nboys only club. Chinese idol girl groups have also recently achieved significant success, with C-pop groups like SNH48 and Rocket Girls 101, with the later selling over 1.6 million copies of their debut EP in 2018. Classic female blues was an early form of blues music popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues songs performed by female vocalists were accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles, and were the first blues to be", "id": "22079994" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nRock and roll emerged as a defined musical style in the United States in the early to mid-1950s. It derived most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Rock and roll in turn provided the main basis for the music that, since the mid-1960s, has been generally known simply as rock music. The phrase \"rocking and rolling\" originally described", "id": "5254840" }, { "contents": "Warner Williams and Jay Summerour\n\n\nWarner Williams and Jay Summerour are an American folk duo, who perform under the name Little Bit A Blues. They have played at numerous folk and blues festivals and at concerts at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. They are known for playing in the Piedmont blues style, a regional variant of the blues that developed in North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland and West Virginia. Williams and Summerour have been playing music together under the name of Little Bit A Blues since the early 1990s. During their tenure together,", "id": "20240347" }, { "contents": "American popular music\n\n\n—e.g., minorities or rural audiences. Beginning in the 1920s and accelerating greatly in the 1940s, the blues began rapidly diversifying into a broad spectrum of new styles. These included an uptempo, energetic style called rhythm and blues (R&B), a merger of blues and Anglo-Celtic song called country music and the fusion of hymns and spirituals with blues structures called gospel music. Later than these other styles, in the 1940s, a blues, R&B and country fusion eventually called rock and roll developed, eventually coming", "id": "6698779" }, { "contents": "1940s in music\n\n\ncalled \"folk\" in the trades, and \"hillbilly\" within the industry. In 1944, \"The Billboard\" replaced the term \"hillbilly\" with \"folk songs and blues,\" and switched to \"country\" or \"country and Western\" in 1949. But while cowboy and Western music were the most popular styles, a new style – honky tonk – would take root and define the genre of country music for decades to come. The style meshed Western swing and blues music; featured rough, nasal vocals", "id": "12815195" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n, salvation and death. Several blues musicians were imprisoned in the Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman Farm, which is referred to in songs such as Bukka White's \"Parchman Farm Blues\" and the folk song \"Midnight Special\". In big-city blues, women singers such as Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith and Mamie Smith dominated the recordings of the 1920s. However, women rarely recorded Delta blues and other rural or folk-style blues. In Delta blues female performers often had some romantic connection to more notable male performers", "id": "7794025" }, { "contents": "The Sky Is Crying (song)\n\n\nThe Sky Is Crying\" has been interpreted and recorded by many blues and other artists. In 1963, blues harmonica player and singer Sonny Boy Williamson II recorded the song as a country blues-style duet with Matt Murphy on acoustic guitar for his \"Keep It to Ourselves\" album. In 1964, Eric Clapton with The Yardbirds recorded a live slow blues which included a couple of lines from \"The Sky Is Crying\" (\"Blueswailing July '64 (Live)\"). In 1966, with Jeff Beck on", "id": "3146914" }, { "contents": "BeauSoleil\n\n\n, rhythm, and lyrics of Louisiana folk music, incorporating elements of rock and roll, jazz, blues, calypso, and other genres in original compositions and reworkings of traditional tunes. Lyrics on BeauSoleil recordings are sung in English or Cajun French (and sometimes both in one song). According to the band's web site, BeauSoleil's musicians \"take the rich Cajun traditions of Louisiana and artfully blend elements of zydeco, New Orleans jazz, Tex-Mex, country, blues and more into a satisfying musical recipe.", "id": "9860218" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. The origins of country are in rural Southern folk music, which was primarily Irish and British, with African and continental European musics. Anglo-Celtic tunes, dance music, and balladry were the earliest predecessors of modern country, then known as \"hillbilly music\". Early hillbilly also borrowed elements of the blues and drew upon more aspects of 19th-century pop songs as hillbilly music evolved into a commercial genre eventually known as \"country and western\" and then simply \"country\". The earliest country instrumentation revolved around", "id": "7216674" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nelements from the \"Ethiopian airs\", minstrel shows and Negro spirituals, including instrumental and harmonic accompaniment. The style also was closely related to ragtime, which developed at about the same time, though the blues better preserved \"the original melodic patterns of African music\". The musical forms and styles that are now considered the blues as well as modern country music arose in the same regions of the southern United States during the 19th century. Recorded blues and country music can be found as far back as the 1920s, when", "id": "2950988" }, { "contents": "Organ Thieves\n\n\nPrimate Sanctuary. The band's musical style is unique and although the music is mainly considered hard rock, southern rock and reggae rock, the band like to call themselves \"experimental-soul-rock\". The band's music takes influences from various genres including reggae, soul, country, blues, rhythm and blues, folk, rock and roll, punk, heavy metal, southern rock and more, as stated by the band that they are not limited to any genre and are willing to experiment everything.br They are also", "id": "3590626" }, { "contents": "African-American music\n\n\nstructure of the dance and folk music of peoples across western and sub-Saharan Africa. These musical forms had a wide-ranging influence on the development of music within the United States and around the world during the 20th century. The modern genres of blues and ragtime were developed during the late 19th century by fusing West African vocalizations - which employed the natural harmonic series, and blue notes. The earliest jazz and blues recordings were made in the 1920s. African-American musicians developed related styles such as Rhythm and Blues in", "id": "13306674" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\nWalter Brown \"Brownie\" McGhee (November 30, 1915 – February 16, 1996) was an African-American folk music and Piedmont blues singer and guitarist, best known for his collaboration with the harmonica player Sonny Terry. McGhee was born in Knoxville, Tennessee, and grew up in Kingsport, Tennessee. At about the age of four he contracted polio, which incapacitated his right leg. His brother Granville \"Sticks\"(or \"Stick\") McGhee, who also later became a musician and composed the famous song \"Drinkin'", "id": "4476033" }, { "contents": "Clarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown\n\n\nClarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown (April 18, 1924 – September 10, 2005) was an American musician from Louisiana and Texas known for his work as a blues musician, as well as other styles of music. He spent his career fighting purism by synthesizing old blues, country, jazz, Cajun music and R&B styles. His work also encompasses rock and roll, rock music, folk music, electric blues, and Texas blues. He was an acclaimed multi-instrumentalist, who played an array of musical instruments, including", "id": "15961748" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nby British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments like keyboards and horns, but placed particular emphasis on powerful lead guitar breaks. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles. In the 1970s Jimmie formed the Fabulous Thunderbirds and in the 1980s his brother Stevie Ray", "id": "8151279" } ]

[ { "contents": "Country blues\n\n\nCountry blues (also folk blues, rural blues, backwoods blues, or downhome blues) is one of the earliest forms of blues music. The mainly solo vocal with acoustic fingerstyle guitar accompaniment developed in the rural Southern United States in the early 1900s. Artists, such as Blind Lemon Jefferson (Texas), Charley Patton (Mississippi), Blind Willie McTell (Georgia) were among the first to record blues songs in the 1920s. Country blues ran parallel to urban blues, which was popular in cities. Folklorist Alan Lomax", "id": "8046896" }, { "contents": "Culture of the Southern United States\n\n\n-time music, gospel music, spirituals, country music, rhythm and blues, soul music, funk, rock and roll, beach music, bluegrass, jazz (including ragtime, popularized by Southerner Scott Joplin), zydeco, and Appalachian folk music were either born in the South or developed in the region. In general, country music is based on the folk music of white Southerners, and blues and rhythm and blues is based on African American southern forms. However, whites and blacks alike have contributed to each of", "id": "8469878" }, { "contents": "List of blues festivals\n\n\nBlues festivals are music festivals which focus on blues music. Blues is a genre and musical form that originated in African-American communities in the Southern United States around the end of the 19th century. It has elements of traditional African music, American folk music, spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. Blues has since evolved from unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves into a wide variety of styles and subgenres, such as country blues, Delta and Piedmont, Chicago", "id": "17295253" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand subgenres. Blues subgenres include country blues, such as Delta blues and Piedmont blues, as well as urban blues styles such as Chicago blues and West Coast blues. World War II marked the transition from acoustic to electric blues and the progressive opening of blues music to a wider audience, especially white listeners. In the 1960s and 1970s, a hybrid form called blues rock developed, which blended blues styles with rock music. The term \"Blues\" may have come from \"blue devils\", meaning melancholy and sadness;", "id": "2950960" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nthe supposed appearance of a southern U.S.-style station. About 200 fans were brought by train to the platform opposite the performers. The performance was interrupted by a rainstorm, after which Tharpe performed the gospel song \"Didn't It Rain\". Blues musicians who performed on the American Folk Blues Festival tours included Muddy Waters, Sonny Boy Williamson, John Lee Hooker, Sippie Wallace, T-Bone Walker, Sonny Terry & Brownie McGhee, Memphis Slim, Otis Rush, Lonnie Johnson, Eddie Boyd, Big Walter Horton, Junior Wells", "id": "2225138" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nthrough EMI's Stateside label and Chess Records through Pye International's R&B series. These records were enthusiastically sought and collected by a new generation of enthusiasts. The increasing appetite for rhythm and blues was reflected in the growing numbers of Afro-American artists visiting the country. From 1962 the American Folk Blues Festival, organised by German promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau, brought American blues stars including Waters, Wolf, Sonny Boy Williamson, and John Lee Hooker to the country. In 1964 the American Folk Blues and Gospel Caravan arrived", "id": "16087069" }, { "contents": "Piedmont (United States)\n\n\nblues musicians came from Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. During the Great Migration, African Americans migrated to the Piedmont. With the Appalachian Mountains to the west, those who might otherwise have spread into rural areas stayed in cities and were thus exposed to a broader mixture of music than those in, for example, the rural Mississippi delta. Thus, Piedmont blues was influenced by many types of music such as ragtime, country, and popular songs—styles that had comparatively less influence on blues music in other regions.", "id": "1946509" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\n, it was being performed at US folk music revivals and festivals initially by established Piedmont blues artists such as Josh White, Rev. Gary Davis, and Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry, as well as Cephas & Wiggins, John Jackson in later years. While musicologists such as George Mitchell, Axel Küstner, Kip Lornell, Peter B. Lowry and Tim Duffy collected recordings by the aging community of Piedmont blues players, younger musicians such as Stefan Grossman, Roy Book Binder, Jorma Kaukonen, Paul Geremia, Keb Mo', Michael Roach", "id": "8150348" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nGerman promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau. The rise of electric blues, and its eventual mainstream success, meant that British acoustic blues was completely overshadowed. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers Bert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham (who played and recorded with Korner), played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene, with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones", "id": "8151338" }, { "contents": "Americana (music)\n\n\nAmericana (also known as American roots music) is an amalgam of American music formed by the confluence of the shared and varied traditions that make up the musical ethos of the United States, specifically those sounds that are merged from folk, country, blues, rhythm and blues, rock and roll, gospel, and other external influences. Americana, as defined by the Americana Music Association (AMA), is \"contemporary music that incorporates elements of various mostly acoustic American roots music styles, including country, roots rock, folk", "id": "9198553" }, { "contents": "Muddy Waters\n\n\nSpann in 1958, where they were backed by local Dixieland-style or \"trad jazz\" musicians, including members of Chris Barber's band. At the time, English audiences had only been exposed to acoustic folk blues, as performed by artists such as Sonny Terry, Brownie McGhee, and Big Bill Broonzy. Both the musicians and audiences were unprepared for Muddy Waters' performance, which included his electric slide guitar playing. He recalled: Although his performances alienated the old guard, some younger musicians, including Alexis Korner and", "id": "15757617" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nBert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham, played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. It continued with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones. Most British acoustic blues players could achieve little commercial success and found it difficult to gain recognition for their \"imitations\" of the blues in the US, being overshadowed by the rhythm and blues and electric blues that had emerged in the later 1950s. Blues harpist Cyril Davies ran the London Skiffle", "id": "16087062" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nas well as people that shared his country roots. His work in this period shows he performed across a wider musical spectrum than almost any other bluesman before or since, including in his repertoire ragtime, hokum blues, country blues, urban blues, jazz-tinged songs, folk songs and spirituals. After World War II, Broonzy recorded songs that were the bridge that allowed many younger musicians to cross over to the future of the blues: the electric blues of postwar Chicago. His 1945 recordings of \"Where the Blues Began", "id": "9494361" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nBig Bill Broonzy (born Lee Conley Bradley, June 26, 1903 – August 14, 1958) was an American blues singer, songwriter and guitarist. His career began in the 1920s, when he played country blues to mostly African-American audiences. Through the 1930s and 1940s he successfully navigated a transition in style to a more urban blues sound popular with working-class African-American audiences. In the 1950s a return to his traditional folk-blues roots made him one of the leading figures of the emerging American folk", "id": "9494347" }, { "contents": "Precious Bryant\n\n\nPrecious Bryant (née Bussey; January 4, 1942 – January 12, 2013) was an American country blues, gospel, and folk singer and guitarist. She played Piedmont fingerstyle guitar. Bryant was born in Talbot County, Georgia. She released two solo albums. Her 2002 debut, \"Fool Me Good,\" was nominated for two Blues Music Awards, in the categories Acoustic Blues Album of the Year and Best New Artist Debut. In 2006 she was nominated for a similar award for Traditional Blues Female Artist of the", "id": "2571157" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nAmerica, a series of tours that began with Josh White and Big Bill Broonzy in 1951, and would include Brownie McGhee, Sonny Terry, Memphis Slim, Muddy Waters and Lonnie Johnson. Lonnie Johnson played at the Royal Festival Hall in 1952 on a bill opened by a group led by the young Lonnie Donegan. Donegan became the key figure in the development of the British skiffle \"craze\", beginning in Ken Colyer's Jazzmen by playing American folk and blues songs, particularly those derived from the recordings of Huddie Leadbetter,", "id": "16087056" }, { "contents": "Hill country blues\n\n\npatterns that conform to proverbial phrases or the words of popular fife and drum tunes—\"is considered the sign of a good drummer.\" This enduring tradition of folk polyrhythm played an important part in the development of Mississippi blues. \"Mississippi\" Fred McDowell, who lived in Como, Mississippi, was one of the subgenre's most widely known musicians, in the 1960s and after. His music was heavier on percussive elements and African rhythms than traditional Delta blues. McDowell's performances helped define the Hill Country blues sound, influencing later artists", "id": "19106875" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nfit in with British expectations of American blues as a form of folk music. In 1957 Davies and Korner decided that their central interest was the blues and closed the skiffle club, reopening a month later as The London Blues and Barrelhouse Club. To this point British blues was acoustically played emulating Delta blues and Country blues styles and often part of the emerging second British folk revival. Critical in changing this was the visit of Muddy Waters in 1958, who initially shocked British audiences by playing amplified electric blues, but who was soon", "id": "8151324" }, { "contents": "Valerie Turner\n\n\nValerie Turner is an American blues guitarist-vocalist, educator, and author. She plays in the Piedmont style of fingerpicking guitar, continuing in the traditions of Mississippi John Hurt, Elizabeth Cotten, Memphis Minnie, and Etta Baker. She performs blues, ballads, country, popular songs, ragtime, and gospels. She is a native New Yorker with southern roots in Virginia and Georgia. She started learning and studying traditional country blues guitar in 1978. Valerie and her spouse, Benedict Turner, are an acoustic blues duo called", "id": "8216617" }, { "contents": "Mr. Misunderstood\n\n\n\"Mr. Misunderstood\", at the 2015 Country Music Association Awards, where the news of the new album became evident. The musical style of this album has been described as the following; country, rock, blues, folk, gospel, soul, funk, alternative country, alternative rock, country rock, country blues, country gospel, gospel blues, bluegrass, folk rock, heartland rock, roots rock, rock and roll, rhythm and blues, Southern gospel, Southern rock, and Southern soul. His music here", "id": "5570655" }, { "contents": "Chris Barber\n\n\nwas mainly responsible for arranging the first UK tours of blues artists Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee and Muddy Waters. This, with the encouragement of local enthusiasts such as Alexis Korner and John Mayall, sparked young musicians such as Peter Green, Eric Clapton and the Rolling Stones. British rhythm and blues powered the British invasion of the USA charts in the 1960s, yet Dixieland itself remained popular: in January 1963 the British music magazine, \"NME\" reported the biggest trad jazz event in Britain at Alexandra Palace", "id": "17410986" }, { "contents": "The Blues, the Whole Blues, and Nothing But the Blues\n\n\ninterplay of instruments gives them the freedom to move from the country blues of the Mississippi Delta to the jug band tradition of the urban South, and from New Orleans to Chicago, embracing the breadth of American music in its myriad places and times.\" In \"Glide\" magazine, Lee Zimmerman said, \"David Bromberg’s fondness for the blues has been a single-minded concern throughout his storied career, one that’s found him working alongside any number of icons, folks like Bob Dylan and George Harrison included... Of", "id": "7352775" }, { "contents": "Dave Van Ronk\n\n\nand Van Ronk turned to performing blues he had stumbled across while shopping for jazz 78s, by artists like Furry Lewis and Mississippi John Hurt. Van Ronk was not the first white musician to perform African-American blues, but became noted for his interpretation of it in its original context. By about 1958, he was firmly committed to the folk-blues style, accompanying himself with his own acoustic guitar. He performed blues, jazz and folk music, occasionally writing his own songs but generally arranging the work of earlier artists", "id": "10878367" }, { "contents": "Fingerstyle guitar\n\n\nis also very common. Examples of traditions that John Fahey and Robbie Basho would employ in their compositions include, but are not limited to, the extended Raga of Indian classical music, the Japanese Koto, and the early ragtime-based country blues music of Mississippi John Hurt or Blind Blake. A distinctive style to emerge from Britain in the early 1960s, which combined elements of American folk, blues, jazz and ragtime with British traditional music, was what became known as 'folk baroque'. Pioneered by musicians of the", "id": "13793683" }, { "contents": "Country music\n\n\nCountry music, also known as country and western (or simply country), and hillbilly music, is a genre of popular music that originated in the southern United States in the early 1920s. It takes its roots from genres such as American folk music (especially Appalachian folk and Western music) and blues. Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms, folk lyrics, and harmonies mostly accompanied by string instruments such as banjos, electric and acoustic guitars, steel guitars (such as pedal steels and", "id": "4960825" }, { "contents": "WFDU\n\n\n. WFDU (FM) plays wide array of music ranging from Blues & Country/Bluegrass music to RetroRadio, Eclectic, Folk, Gospel, Oldies Rock and Soul/R&B. Big Frank Mirra, a well-known Blues musician in the Metro area for over three decades along with former blues radio producer, Music Director of Blues/Roots/American programing, Mike Stokes hosts Blues on the Run on Tuesdays. Dennis Gruenling is the host of Blues & the Beat, spinning everything from the legends of Chicago-style blues like", "id": "1564525" }, { "contents": "Nick Katzman\n\n\nNick Katzman (born 1951) is an American blues musician. Katzman was born in New York City, and lives in both Manhattan and Berlin, Germany. He plays in a variety of musical genres, including Chicago blues, Mississippi blues, Texas blues, and ragtime. As a teenager in the 1960s, Katzman saw many of the surviving country blues guitarists who travelled north to play their music in clubs and at the folk festivals. He learned to lay both guitar and lute. He studied classical music and jazz at Antioch", "id": "16730431" }, { "contents": "Louisiana blues\n\n\nLouisiana blues is a genre of blues music that developed in the period after World War II in the state of Louisiana. It is generally divided into two major subgenres, with the jazz-influenced New Orleans blues based on the musical traditions of that city and the slower tempo swamp blues incorporating influences from zydeco and Cajun music from around Baton Rouge. Major artists in the New Orleans tradition include Professor Longhair and Guitar Slim and for swamp blues Slim Harpo and Lightnin' Slim. Both genres peaked in popularity in the 1960s and were", "id": "8046899" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. Theatrical composers and lyricists like the brothers George and Ira Gershwin created a uniquely American theatrical style that used American vernacular speech and music. Musicals featured popular songs and fast-paced plots that often revolved around love and romance. The blues is a genre of African American folk music that is the basis for much of modern American popular music. Blues can be seen as part of a continuum of musical styles like country, jazz, ragtime, and gospel; though each genre evolved into distinct forms, their origins were often indistinct", "id": "7216662" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nspirituals, work songs, ragtime music, hokum, and country blues he heard growing up and the styles of his contemporaries, including Jimmie Rodgers, Blind Blake, Son House, and Blind Lemon Jefferson. Broonzy combined all these influences into his own style of the blues, which foreshadowed the postwar Chicago blues, later refined and popularized by artists such as Muddy Waters and Willie Dixon. Although he had been a pioneer of the Chicago blues style and had employed electric instruments as early as 1942, white audiences in the 1950s wanted", "id": "9494369" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\n, a large number of British rhythm and blues musicians began their careers playing skiffle, including Van Morrison, Ronnie Wood, Mick Jagger and Roger Daltrey. The fashion created a demand for opportunities to play versions of American folk, blues and jazz music that would contribute to the growth of a club scene. Until the mid-1950s in Britain the blues was seen as a form of folk music. When Broonzy toured England he played a folk blues set to fit British expectations of American blues, rather than his current electric Chicago blues.", "id": "16087059" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nintroduction of many later followers of the blues to the music and hardships of life for African Americans in the Southern US. The next year the \"Jazz Club\" programme, hosted by Max Jones, included a recital of \"Town and Country Blues\", which played music by a wide range of blues artists. The British rhythm and blues scene developed in London out of the related jazz, skiffle and folk club scenes of the 1950s. The first of these scenes, that of jazz, had developed during the Second World", "id": "16087053" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nrecognized the album for its historically significant material. An extensively recorded bluesman, Big Bill Broonzy left the United States to tour Europe in 1951, becoming the first Chicago blues player to perform for European audiences. Broonzy previously spent time in Iowa, where he honed a repertoire which remained a fixture of his concerts and recordings for the remainder of the decade. With bluesmen such as Muddy Waters and Howlin' Wolf amplifying their music, resulting in the popularity of the electric blues, Broonzy decided to reinvent himself as a folk blues musician", "id": "18296717" }, { "contents": "Alec Seward\n\n\nhe relocated from the South to New York, in his case in 1924. Seward befriended Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry and retained his Piedmont blues styling despite changes in musical trends. He and the blues musician Louis Hayes (who later became a minister in northern New Jersey) performed together, variously billed as the Blues Servant Boys, Guitar Slim and Jelly Belly, and the Back Porch Boys. During the 1940s and 1950s Seward played and recorded with Lead Belly, Woody Guthrie, McGhee and Terry. Around 1947 Seward, Guthrie", "id": "7237009" }, { "contents": "The Real Folk Blues\n\n\nThe Real Folk Blues is a series of blues albums released between 1965 and 1967 by Chess Records, later reissued MCA Records. Each album in the series highlighted the music of one major Chess artist, including John Lee Hooker, Howlin' Wolf, Muddy Waters, and Sonny Boy Williamson II. The series, overseen by Marshall Chess, was a reaction to the increasing audience for the blues following the British Invasion. Companion discs, titled More Real Folk Blues, were released for many of the artists. Hooker's companion disc", "id": "17857302" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nNew styles of music emerged among black Americans in the early 20th century in the form of blues, ragtime, jazz, and gospel music. According to the writer Robert Palmer:\"Rock 'n' roll was an inevitable outgrowth of the social and musical interactions between blacks and whites in the South and Southwest. Its roots are a complex tangle. Bedrock black church music influenced blues, rural blues influenced white folk song and the black popular music of the Northern ghettos, blues and black pop influenced jazz, and so on. But the", "id": "5254864" }, { "contents": "Ernie Hawkins\n\n\nErnie Hawkins (born Ernest Leroy Hawkins, 1947, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American acoustic blues guitar player, singer, song writer, recording artist, and educator. Hawkins, along with fellow bluesmen Stefan Grossman and Roy Bookbinder, studied with blues legend Reverend Gary Davis in New York City in 1965 and 1966. Over the years, he learned a variety of styles, including Piedmont blues, Delta blues, ragtime, and gospel. In 1969, Hawkins moved back to his hometown of Pittsburgh, and enrolled at the", "id": "8862999" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nThe American Folk Blues Festival was a music festival that toured Europe as an annual event for several years beginning in 1962. It introduced audiences in Europe, including the UK, to leading blues performers of the day such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, most of whom had never previously performed outside the US. The tours attracted substantial media coverage, including TV shows, and contributed to the growth of the audience for blues music in Europe. German jazz publicist Joachim-Ernst Berendt", "id": "2225133" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\ninspire much of the later popular development of the blues and blues-derived genres, including the legendary delta blues musician Robert Johnson and Piedmont blues musician Blind Willie McTell. By the end of the 1940s, however, pure blues was only a minor part of popular music, having been subsumed by offshoots like rhythm & blues and the nascent rock and roll style. Some styles of electric, piano-driven blues, like boogie-woogie, retained a large audience. A bluesy style of gospel also became popular in mainstream America", "id": "7216666" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\n. Known primarily as a folk-blues guitarist, he learned to play guitar by listening to blues musicians, such as Charlie Patton and Mississippi John Hurt, and has developed a distinctive fingerpicking technique in which he plays the bass line, rhythm chords, and single-note leads simultaneously. In his original compositions and artistic styling, he incorporates influences from other genres, such as jazz, folk music, country music, classical and world music, often utilizing odd time measures, to personalize his music and story telling. An", "id": "1583130" }, { "contents": "Alan Lomax\n\n\n\"The Land Where the Blues Began\" (1995), linking the birth of the blues to debt peonage, segregation, and forced labor in the American South. Lomax's greatest legacy is in preserving and publishing recordings of musicians in many folk and blues traditions around the US and Europe. Among the artists Lomax is credited with discovering and bringing to a wider audience include blues guitarist Robert Johnson, protest singer Woody Guthrie, folk artist Pete Seeger, country musician Burl Ives, and country blues singer Lead Belly, among many", "id": "8697682" }, { "contents": "Brian Protheroe\n\n\nWhite, Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Dave Brubeck and the choral church music of Bach. Protheroe joined the folk group Folk Blues Incorporated (FBI) when he was nineteen, while at this time listening to Bob Dylan and the Beatles. He came to London with FBI in 1965, and played in folk music clubs in and around London. In 1966, Protheroe began his career as an actor. His first job was with his local repertory theatre in Salisbury. He worked there for about seven months", "id": "7666713" }, { "contents": "Down Home Blues (Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry album)\n\n\nDown Home Blues is an album by blues musicians Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry recorded in 1960 and released on the Bluesville label. AllMusic reviewer Bruce Eder stated: \"the music itself stands outside of time. McGhee's strumming and singing have enough polish to pass as a commercial recording, but at its best, it's still sufficiently unaffected so as to be regarded as authentic country-blues. It's Terry's harp, however, that really pulls this body of music back to its roots ... the dominant elements of this", "id": "12217779" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nTrouble in Mind is an album by American blues musician Big Bill Broonzy. It was released on February 22, 2000 by Smithsonian Folkways. The album consists of traditional folk, blues, and spiritual songs featuring Broonzy accompanying himself on acoustic guitar and a guest appearance by Pete Seeger. Suffering from cancer, Broonzy realized his time was limited and hence recorded extensively between 1956 and 1957. While most of the work draws from the album \"Big Bill Broonzy Sings Country Blues\" (1957), arranged by Moses Asch and Charles Edward", "id": "18296715" }, { "contents": "Music of Washington, D.C.\n\n\nhome to many bluesmen, such as Jelly Roll Morton and later rock and roll and rhythm and blues musicians such as Bo Diddley and Roy Buchanan. In the 1960s, a number of white youths formed local blues bands, including the Northside Blues Band and the Nighthawks. Starting in the early 1960s, Takoma Park native John Fahey became a nationally noted blues and folk guitarist who established the Takoma Records label, which attracted a number of other blues, folk, acoustic and fingerstyle guitarists to the District of Columbia area. Another local", "id": "9815809" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\nTerry Robb is a Canadian fingerstyle guitarist, composer, arranger and record producer living in the United States. He plays electric and acoustic guitar, and is associated with the American Primitive Guitar genre through his collaboration with steel string guitarist John Fahey. He is a member of the Oregon Music Hall of Fame and Cascade Blues Association Hall of Fame, and was honored with the eponymous \"Terry Robb\" Muddy Award for Best Acoustic Guitar in 2011. His original compositions draw on the Delta blues, ragtime, folk music, country music", "id": "1583113" }, { "contents": "Lightnin' Wells\n\n\nLightnin' Wells is an American Piedmont blues multi-instrumentalist and singer. He is a proficient musician and regularly plays various instruments in concert including the guitar, mandolin, harmonica, ukulele and banjo. At times he has performed as a one-man band. His style encompasses elements of the blues, country, gospel, old-time, bluegrass and folk. Mark Coltrain stated in \"Living Blues\" that, \"You won't find a more versatile musician around – able to move deftly between country blues, old", "id": "14064192" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nspending a year in Europe including recording the \"Sonny Boy Williamson and The Yardbirds\" album, (first released on Star-Club Records in 1965), and recording with The Animals. On 7 May 1964, Granada Television broadcast \"Blues and Gospel Train\", a programme directed by John Hamp featuring Muddy Waters, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, Rev. Gary Davis, Cousin Joe and Otis Spann. For filming, the company transformed the disused Wilbraham Road railway station into \"Chorltonville\", giving it", "id": "2225137" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n. Delta blues is a style as much as a geographical form: Skip James and Elmore James, who were not born in the Delta, are considered Delta blues musicians. Performers traveled throughout the Mississippi Delta, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and Tennessee. Eventually, Delta blues spread out across the country, giving rise to a host of regional variations, including Chicago blues and Detroit blues. Delta blues songs are typically expressed in the first person and often concern love, sex, the traveling lifestyle and its tribulations, sin", "id": "7794024" }, { "contents": "Traditional blues verses\n\n\nIn the folk tradition, there are many traditional blues verses that have been sung over and over by many artists. Blues singers, who include many country and folk artists as well as those commonly identified with blues singers, use these traditional lyrics to fill out their blues performances. Artists like Jimmie Rodgers, the \"blue yodeler\", and Big Joe Turner, \"the Boss of the Blues\" compiled virtual encyclopedias of lyrics. Turner reputedly could sing the blues for hours without repeating himself. Traditional blues verses in folk-", "id": "14213756" }, { "contents": "Midwestern United States\n\n\nmusical style in the United States, deriving most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz, and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Freed's contribution in identifying rock as a new genre helped establish the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, located in Cleveland. Chuck Berry, a Midwesterner from St. Louis, was among the first successful rock and roll artists and influenced many other rock musicians", "id": "15016383" }, { "contents": "Classic female blues\n\n\nClassic female blues was an early form of blues music, popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues were performed by female singers accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles and were the first blues to be recorded. Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, Ethel Waters, and the other singers in this genre were instrumental in spreading the popularity of the blues. Blues, a type of black folk music originating in the American South, were", "id": "5621307" }, { "contents": "Southern soul\n\n\n\"Country soul\", \"Downhome soul\" and \"Hard soul\" have been used synonymously with \"Southern soul\" Pioneers of southern soul include: Georgia natives Ray Charles and James Brown; Little Willie John, Bobby \"Blue\" Bland, New Orleans R&B artist Allen Toussaint; and Memphis DJ Rufus Thomas. Southern soul was influenced by blues and gospel music. Southern soul was at its peak during the 1960s, when Memphis soul was created. In 1963, Stan Lewis founded Jewel Records in Shreveport, Louisiana, along", "id": "18765148" }, { "contents": "South Korea\n\n\n1992 marked a turning point for South Korean popular music, also known as K-pop, as the genre modernized itself from incorporating elements of popular musical genres from across the world such as Western popular music, experimental, jazz, gospel, Latin, classical, hip hop, rhythm and blues, electronic dance, reggae, country, folk, and rock on top of its uniquely traditional Korean music roots. Western-style pop, hip hop, rhythm and blues, rock, folk, electronic dance oriented acts have become", "id": "7248618" }, { "contents": "The Subdudes\n\n\nThe Subdudes (stylized as The subdudes) are an American roots rock group from New Orleans. Their music blends folk, swamp pop, New Orleans rhythm and blues, Louisiana blues, country, cajun/zydeco, funk, soul and gospel with harmonic vocals. Their sound is notable for the band's substitution of a tambourine player for a drummer. The subdudes formed in 1987 through a music venue in New Orleans called Tipitina's. The Subdudes often credit their songwriting to the group as a whole, although the primary songwriters", "id": "12289559" }, { "contents": "American rock\n\n\nAmerican rock has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, rhythm and blues, and country music, and also drew on folk music, jazz, blues, and classical music. American rock music was further influenced by the British Invasion of the American pop charts from 1964 and resulted in the development of garage rock. From the late 1960s and early 1970s, American rock music was highly influential in the development of a number of fusions, including blending with folk music to create folk rock, with blues to create blues", "id": "5254668" }, { "contents": "Richard Trice\n\n\nRichard Trice (November 16, 1917 – April 6, 2000) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles. He lived most of his life in his native North Carolina and played in its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. His family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Music was an interest in the family, and he learned to play the guitar at an", "id": "1811700" }, { "contents": "J. B. Lenoir\n\n\nJefferson, which became a major influence. During the early 1940s, Lenoir worked with the blues artists Sonny Boy Williamson II and Elmore James in New Orleans. He was later influenced by Arthur Crudup and Lightnin' Hopkins. In 1949, he moved to Chicago, where Big Bill Broonzy helped introduce him to the blues community. He began to perform at local nightclubs, with musicians such as Memphis Minnie, Big Maceo Merriweather, and Muddy Waters, and became an important part of the city's blues scene. He began recording", "id": "7041136" }, { "contents": "Bishop Dready Manning\n\n\ncotton, peanuts, and corn. Some of his uncles and cousins played blues guitar in the North Carolina Piedmont fashion. When Manning was seven years old, he began learning how to fingerpick guitar. His skills improved over time and by his teenage years Manning had earned a reputation as a master of blues guitar and harmonica. His style was influenced by Piedmont blues musicians such as Blind Boy Fuller, Brownie McGhee and Buddy Moss, and national stars like Lightnin' Hopkins, Jimmy Reed and Sonny Boy Williamson As a young bluesman", "id": "13727518" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nartists and their own performances. The visit of Muddy Waters in 1958 had a major impact on the duo and on the nature of British R&B in general. Initially British audiences were shocked by Waters's amplified electric blues, but he was soon playing to ecstatic crowds and receiving rave reviews. Where British blues had often emulated Delta blues and country blues in the emerging British folk revival, Davies and Korner, who had supported Waters on tour, now began to play high-powered electric blues, forming the band Blues Incorporated.", "id": "16087064" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\njump blues combo with honking saxophone and rolling piano, variously calling themselves Brownie McGhee and his Jook House Rockers or Sonny Terry and his Buckshot Five, often with Champion Jack Dupree and Big Chief Ellis. They also appeared in the original Broadway productions of \"Finian's Rainbow\" and \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\". During the blues revival of the 1960s, Terry and McGhee were popular on the concert and music festival circuits, occasionally adding new material but usually remaining faithful to their roots and playing to the tastes of", "id": "4476037" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nelements of swing music and jazz in a long and prolific career. After World War II, amplified blues music became popular in American cities that had seen widespread African American migration, such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit, St. Louis, and the West Coast. The initial impulse was to be heard above the noise of lively rent parties. Playing in small venues, electric blues bands tended to remain modest in size compared with larger jazz bands. In its early stages electric blues typically used amplified electric guitars, double bass (", "id": "8151258" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe Beatles had brought African-American music to new audiences, both within the U.S. and abroad. However, the blues wave that brought artists such as Muddy Waters to the foreground had stopped. Bluesmen such as Big Bill Broonzy and Willie Dixon started looking for new markets in Europe. Dick Waterman and the blues festivals he organized in Europe played a major role in propagating blues music abroad. In the UK, bands emulated U.S. blues legends, and UK blues rock-based bands had an influential role throughout the 1960s. Blues", "id": "2951020" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\nThese drew on his studies with Rev. Davis and the other older blues artists and on his obsessive listening to old 78s. \"The Country Blues Guitar, Delta Blues, Texas Blues, Ragtime Blues Guitar\" and \"Rev. Gary Davis/Blues Guitar\" have remained in print through various editions. In the mid-1960s, Stefan Grossman recorded a number of cuts for Joe Bussard and his Frederick, Maryland-based Fonotone Records and performed at the Jabberwock coffeehouse in Berkeley under the nom du folk of \"Kid Future\". The origins", "id": "9236337" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nand they continued almost annually until 1972, after an eight-year hiatus reviving the festival in 1980 until its final performance in 1985. The concerts featured some of the leading blues artists of the 1960s, such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Willie Dixon, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, some playing in unique combinations such as T-Bone Walker playing guitar for pianist Memphis Slim, Otis Rush with Junior Wells, Sonny Boy Williamson with Muddy Waters. The Festival DVDs include the only known footage of Little", "id": "2225135" }, { "contents": "Checkin' Up on My Baby\n\n\n\"Checkin' Up on My Baby\" (or sometimes \"Checking On My Baby\") is a song recorded by Sonny Boy Williamson II in 1960 that has become a classic of the blues. The song was not released as a single, but was included on Williamson's \"The Real Folk Blues\" album released after his death in 1965. The song has been recorded by numerous blues and other artists, making it one of Williamson's most recorded songs. Williamson's namesake Sonny Boy Williamson I, also known as", "id": "10302292" }, { "contents": "History of modern Western subcultures\n\n\ncowboy songs (also known, in those days, as hillbilly music) were beginning to be more popular with a wider audience. A subculture of rural jazz and blues fans had mixed elements of jazz and blues into traditional cowboy and folk song styles to produce a crossover called western swing. Thanks to the prevalence of radio, this music spread across the United States in the 1940s. Radio was the first \"almost instantaneous\" mass media with the power to create large subcultures by spreading the ideas of small subcultures across a wide", "id": "19180987" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\n\"one of the greatest exponents of fingerstyle blues and gospel guitar playing\"\" and \"\"an incredible genius as a teacher\"\". He spent countless hours learning and documenting Davis's music, recording much of it on a tape recorder, and developing a form of tablature to take down his teacher's instructions. In the folk and country blues revival of the 1960s he was listening to old recordings of artists such as Elizabeth Cotten, Big Bill Broonzy, Lead Belly, Josh White, Lightnin' Hopkins, Rev. Gary", "id": "9236332" }, { "contents": "Steel-string acoustic guitar\n\n\nundistorted and full-range reproduction. Until the 1960s, the predominant forms of music played on the flat-top, steel-string guitar remained relatively stable and included acoustic blues, country, bluegrass, folk, and several genres of rock. The concept of playing solo steel-string guitar in a concert setting was introduced in the early 1960s by such performers as Davey Graham and John Fahey, who used country blues fingerpicking techniques to compose original compositions with structures somewhat like European classical music. Fahey contemporary Robbie Basho added elements", "id": "2024699" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nmusic. The music of the civil rights movement and Free Speech Movement in the U.S. prompted a resurgence of interest in American roots music and early African American music. As well festivals such as the Newport Folk Festival brought traditional blues to a new audience, which helped to revive interest in prewar acoustic blues and performers such as Son House, Mississippi John Hurt, Skip James, and Reverend Gary Davis. Many compilations of classic prewar blues were republished by the Yazoo Records. J. B. Lenoir from the Chicago blues movement in the 1950s", "id": "2951023" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nperformers such as Little Walter or Muddy Waters. Songs from this genre include \"Scratch my Back\", \"She's Tough\" and \"I'm a King Bee\". Alan Lomax's recordings of Mississippi Fred McDowell would eventually bring him wider attention on both the blues and folk circuit, with McDowell's droning style influencing North Mississippi hill country blues musicians. By the beginning of the 1960s, genres influenced by African American music such as rock and roll and soul were part of mainstream popular music. White performers such as", "id": "2951019" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nmore exclusively English folk clubs. The more traditional American folk blues continued to provide 1960s British groups with material, particularly after the emergence of Bob Dylan, who also popularised folk blues songs. In 1964, for example, the song-catalogue of Lead Belly provided the Animals with \"The House of the Rising Sun\", Manfred Mann with \"John Hardy\" and the Four Pennies with \"Black Girl\". British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers", "id": "16087061" }, { "contents": "Willie Trice\n\n\nWilliam Augusta Trice (February 10, 1908 – December 11, 1976) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles and an album. He remained loyal to his native North Carolina and its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, probably in 1908; some sources state 1910 or 1911. The family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Both of Trice’s parents played music", "id": "1573260" }, { "contents": "Rock and roll\n\n\nstyles such as jazz and swing which were taken up by white musicians, aided this process of \"cultural collision\". The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called \"race music\", and country music of the 1940s and 1950s. Particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. Commentators differ in their views of which of these forms were most important and the degree to which the new music was a re-branding of African-American rhythm and", "id": "5601387" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\nPiedmont blues (also known as East Coast, or Southeastern blues) refers primarily to a guitar style, the Piedmont fingerstyle, which is characterized by a fingerpicking approach in which a regular, alternating thumb bass string rhythmic pattern supports a syncopated melody using the treble strings generally picked with the fore-finger, occasionally others. The result is comparable in sound to ragtime or stride piano styles. Blues researcher Peter B. Lowry coined the term, giving co-credit to fellow folklorist Bruce Bastin. The Piedmont style is differentiated from other", "id": "8150344" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand the generalization of the blues beat, the blues shuffle, which became ubiquitous in R&B. This commercial stream had important consequences for blues music, which, together with jazz and gospel music, became a component of R&B. After World War II, new styles of electric blues became popular in cities such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit and St. Louis. Electric blues used electric guitars, double bass (gradually replaced by bass guitar), drums, and harmonica (or \"blues harp\") played through a microphone and a PA", "id": "2951010" }, { "contents": "New Orleans blues\n\n\nblues is primarily driven by piano and horn, enlivened by Caribbean rhythms and Dixieland music. It is generally cheerful in delivery regardless of the subject matter, with a laid back tempo and complex rhythms falling just behind the beat. Vocals range from laid-back crooning to full-throated gospel shouting. New Orleans is generally credited as the birthplace of jazz music, but has attracted less attention as a center of the blues. The 12 bar blues were well known in the city before most of the rest of the country.", "id": "20252986" }, { "contents": "Michael Roach (musician)\n\n\n2003, Roach presented \"Deep Blue\", a three part series on blues music featured on BBC Radio 4. In 2006 he released an instructional DVD, \"Introduction to Country Blues Guitar\". Roach's tours as an educator and performer have taken him to the Augusta Heritage Center (US), Centrum Piedmont Blues Intensive (US), The Ironworks (UK) and the Smithsonian Institution (US). He has performed and lectured at blues, jazz, folk and roots music festivals in Croatia, Czech Republic,", "id": "14072779" }, { "contents": "Texas blues\n\n\nmoved to Chicago as a teenager. His instrumental number \"Hide Away\" (1961), was emulated by British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments such as keyboards and horns with emphasis on guitar soloing. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles.", "id": "12084292" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nhip hop music, reggae, rap, country music, and pop music, blues has been accused of being the \"devil's music\" and of inciting violence and other poor behavior. In the early 20th century, the blues was considered disreputable, especially as white audiences began listening to the blues during the 1920s. In the early twentieth century, W.C. Handy was the first to popularize blues-influenced music among non-black Americans. During the blues revival of the 1960s and '70s, acoustic blues artist Taj Mahal", "id": "2951049" }, { "contents": "Blues fiddle\n\n\nchances for frontline fiddlers to participate. Another reason for the violin's exclusion in post war blues was that it could not be effectively electrified. When artists migrated to the industrial centers from the Mississippi delta and rural south, they found a way to do so, but African-American music later mostly abandoned the instrument. Many blues guitar greats, such as Lonnie Johnson and Big Bill Broonzy, made early recordings on the violin. They are among the most-represented artists in the canon. The connection between guitar and violin", "id": "20387501" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\nin the 1950s, led by singer Mahalia Jackson. The blues genre experienced major revivals in the 1950s with Chicago blues musicians such as Muddy Waters and Little Walter, as well as in the 1960s in the British Invasion and American folk music revival when country blues musicians like Mississippi John Hurt and Reverend Gary Davis were rediscovered. The seminal blues musicians of these periods had tremendous influence on rock musicians such as Chuck Berry in the 1950s, as well as on the British blues and blues rock scenes of the 1960s and 1970s, including", "id": "7216667" }, { "contents": "Sugar Mama (song)\n\n\n\"Sugar Mama\" or \"Sugar Mama Blues\" is a song that is a standard of the blues. Called a \"tautly powerful slow blues\" by music journalist Charles Shaar Murray, it has been recorded by numerous artists, including early Chicago bluesmen Tampa Red, Sonny Boy Williamson I, and Tommy McClennan. John Lee Hooker and Howlin' Wolf later adapted \"Sugar Mama\" for electric blues and rock group Led Zeppelin reworked it during early recording sessions. Country bluesman Yank Rachell recorded \"Sugar Farm Blues\" February 6", "id": "15139181" }, { "contents": "Nathan Beauregard\n\n\nwith minor talent make a fortune as a recording artist while he himself was not offered such a chance. During the folk and blues revival of the 1960s Beauregard was \"discovered\" in Memphis by Bill Barth, who convinced him to work as a musician again. In the short time between his \"discovery\" in 1968 and his death in 1970, he played at various folk and blues festivals (e.g. the 1968 Memphis Country Blues Festival, which has been recorded on the Sire and Blue Horizon labels) and on a number", "id": "5223148" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe California blues style, performed a successful transition from the early urban blues à la Lonnie Johnson and Leroy Carr to the jump blues style and dominated the blues-jazz scene at Los Angeles during the 1940s. The transition from country blues to urban blues that began in the 1920s was driven by the successive waves of economic crisis and booms which led many rural blacks to move to urban areas, in a movement known as the Great Migration. The long boom following World War II induced another massive migration of the African-American", "id": "2951008" }, { "contents": "Women in music\n\n\nboys only club. Chinese idol girl groups have also recently achieved significant success, with C-pop groups like SNH48 and Rocket Girls 101, with the later selling over 1.6 million copies of their debut EP in 2018. Classic female blues was an early form of blues music popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues songs performed by female vocalists were accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles, and were the first blues to be", "id": "22079994" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nRock and roll emerged as a defined musical style in the United States in the early to mid-1950s. It derived most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Rock and roll in turn provided the main basis for the music that, since the mid-1960s, has been generally known simply as rock music. The phrase \"rocking and rolling\" originally described", "id": "5254840" }, { "contents": "Warner Williams and Jay Summerour\n\n\nWarner Williams and Jay Summerour are an American folk duo, who perform under the name Little Bit A Blues. They have played at numerous folk and blues festivals and at concerts at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. They are known for playing in the Piedmont blues style, a regional variant of the blues that developed in North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland and West Virginia. Williams and Summerour have been playing music together under the name of Little Bit A Blues since the early 1990s. During their tenure together,", "id": "20240347" }, { "contents": "American popular music\n\n\n—e.g., minorities or rural audiences. Beginning in the 1920s and accelerating greatly in the 1940s, the blues began rapidly diversifying into a broad spectrum of new styles. These included an uptempo, energetic style called rhythm and blues (R&B), a merger of blues and Anglo-Celtic song called country music and the fusion of hymns and spirituals with blues structures called gospel music. Later than these other styles, in the 1940s, a blues, R&B and country fusion eventually called rock and roll developed, eventually coming", "id": "6698779" }, { "contents": "1940s in music\n\n\ncalled \"folk\" in the trades, and \"hillbilly\" within the industry. In 1944, \"The Billboard\" replaced the term \"hillbilly\" with \"folk songs and blues,\" and switched to \"country\" or \"country and Western\" in 1949. But while cowboy and Western music were the most popular styles, a new style – honky tonk – would take root and define the genre of country music for decades to come. The style meshed Western swing and blues music; featured rough, nasal vocals", "id": "12815195" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n, salvation and death. Several blues musicians were imprisoned in the Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman Farm, which is referred to in songs such as Bukka White's \"Parchman Farm Blues\" and the folk song \"Midnight Special\". In big-city blues, women singers such as Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith and Mamie Smith dominated the recordings of the 1920s. However, women rarely recorded Delta blues and other rural or folk-style blues. In Delta blues female performers often had some romantic connection to more notable male performers", "id": "7794025" }, { "contents": "The Sky Is Crying (song)\n\n\nThe Sky Is Crying\" has been interpreted and recorded by many blues and other artists. In 1963, blues harmonica player and singer Sonny Boy Williamson II recorded the song as a country blues-style duet with Matt Murphy on acoustic guitar for his \"Keep It to Ourselves\" album. In 1964, Eric Clapton with The Yardbirds recorded a live slow blues which included a couple of lines from \"The Sky Is Crying\" (\"Blueswailing July '64 (Live)\"). In 1966, with Jeff Beck on", "id": "3146914" }, { "contents": "BeauSoleil\n\n\n, rhythm, and lyrics of Louisiana folk music, incorporating elements of rock and roll, jazz, blues, calypso, and other genres in original compositions and reworkings of traditional tunes. Lyrics on BeauSoleil recordings are sung in English or Cajun French (and sometimes both in one song). According to the band's web site, BeauSoleil's musicians \"take the rich Cajun traditions of Louisiana and artfully blend elements of zydeco, New Orleans jazz, Tex-Mex, country, blues and more into a satisfying musical recipe.", "id": "9860218" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. The origins of country are in rural Southern folk music, which was primarily Irish and British, with African and continental European musics. Anglo-Celtic tunes, dance music, and balladry were the earliest predecessors of modern country, then known as \"hillbilly music\". Early hillbilly also borrowed elements of the blues and drew upon more aspects of 19th-century pop songs as hillbilly music evolved into a commercial genre eventually known as \"country and western\" and then simply \"country\". The earliest country instrumentation revolved around", "id": "7216674" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nelements from the \"Ethiopian airs\", minstrel shows and Negro spirituals, including instrumental and harmonic accompaniment. The style also was closely related to ragtime, which developed at about the same time, though the blues better preserved \"the original melodic patterns of African music\". The musical forms and styles that are now considered the blues as well as modern country music arose in the same regions of the southern United States during the 19th century. Recorded blues and country music can be found as far back as the 1920s, when", "id": "2950988" }, { "contents": "Organ Thieves\n\n\nPrimate Sanctuary. The band's musical style is unique and although the music is mainly considered hard rock, southern rock and reggae rock, the band like to call themselves \"experimental-soul-rock\". The band's music takes influences from various genres including reggae, soul, country, blues, rhythm and blues, folk, rock and roll, punk, heavy metal, southern rock and more, as stated by the band that they are not limited to any genre and are willing to experiment everything.br They are also", "id": "3590626" }, { "contents": "African-American music\n\n\nstructure of the dance and folk music of peoples across western and sub-Saharan Africa. These musical forms had a wide-ranging influence on the development of music within the United States and around the world during the 20th century. The modern genres of blues and ragtime were developed during the late 19th century by fusing West African vocalizations - which employed the natural harmonic series, and blue notes. The earliest jazz and blues recordings were made in the 1920s. African-American musicians developed related styles such as Rhythm and Blues in", "id": "13306674" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\nWalter Brown \"Brownie\" McGhee (November 30, 1915 – February 16, 1996) was an African-American folk music and Piedmont blues singer and guitarist, best known for his collaboration with the harmonica player Sonny Terry. McGhee was born in Knoxville, Tennessee, and grew up in Kingsport, Tennessee. At about the age of four he contracted polio, which incapacitated his right leg. His brother Granville \"Sticks\"(or \"Stick\") McGhee, who also later became a musician and composed the famous song \"Drinkin'", "id": "4476033" }, { "contents": "Clarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown\n\n\nClarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown (April 18, 1924 – September 10, 2005) was an American musician from Louisiana and Texas known for his work as a blues musician, as well as other styles of music. He spent his career fighting purism by synthesizing old blues, country, jazz, Cajun music and R&B styles. His work also encompasses rock and roll, rock music, folk music, electric blues, and Texas blues. He was an acclaimed multi-instrumentalist, who played an array of musical instruments, including", "id": "15961748" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nby British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments like keyboards and horns, but placed particular emphasis on powerful lead guitar breaks. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles. In the 1970s Jimmie formed the Fabulous Thunderbirds and in the 1980s his brother Stevie Ray", "id": "8151279" } ]

[ { "contents": "Country blues\n\n\nCountry blues (also folk blues, rural blues, backwoods blues, or downhome blues) is one of the earliest forms of blues music. The mainly solo vocal with acoustic fingerstyle guitar accompaniment developed in the rural Southern United States in the early 1900s. Artists, such as Blind Lemon Jefferson (Texas), Charley Patton (Mississippi), Blind Willie McTell (Georgia) were among the first to record blues songs in the 1920s. Country blues ran parallel to urban blues, which was popular in cities. Folklorist Alan Lomax", "id": "8046896" }, { "contents": "Culture of the Southern United States\n\n\n-time music, gospel music, spirituals, country music, rhythm and blues, soul music, funk, rock and roll, beach music, bluegrass, jazz (including ragtime, popularized by Southerner Scott Joplin), zydeco, and Appalachian folk music were either born in the South or developed in the region. In general, country music is based on the folk music of white Southerners, and blues and rhythm and blues is based on African American southern forms. However, whites and blacks alike have contributed to each of", "id": "8469878" }, { "contents": "List of blues festivals\n\n\nBlues festivals are music festivals which focus on blues music. Blues is a genre and musical form that originated in African-American communities in the Southern United States around the end of the 19th century. It has elements of traditional African music, American folk music, spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. Blues has since evolved from unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves into a wide variety of styles and subgenres, such as country blues, Delta and Piedmont, Chicago", "id": "17295253" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand subgenres. Blues subgenres include country blues, such as Delta blues and Piedmont blues, as well as urban blues styles such as Chicago blues and West Coast blues. World War II marked the transition from acoustic to electric blues and the progressive opening of blues music to a wider audience, especially white listeners. In the 1960s and 1970s, a hybrid form called blues rock developed, which blended blues styles with rock music. The term \"Blues\" may have come from \"blue devils\", meaning melancholy and sadness;", "id": "2950960" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nthe supposed appearance of a southern U.S.-style station. About 200 fans were brought by train to the platform opposite the performers. The performance was interrupted by a rainstorm, after which Tharpe performed the gospel song \"Didn't It Rain\". Blues musicians who performed on the American Folk Blues Festival tours included Muddy Waters, Sonny Boy Williamson, John Lee Hooker, Sippie Wallace, T-Bone Walker, Sonny Terry & Brownie McGhee, Memphis Slim, Otis Rush, Lonnie Johnson, Eddie Boyd, Big Walter Horton, Junior Wells", "id": "2225138" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nthrough EMI's Stateside label and Chess Records through Pye International's R&B series. These records were enthusiastically sought and collected by a new generation of enthusiasts. The increasing appetite for rhythm and blues was reflected in the growing numbers of Afro-American artists visiting the country. From 1962 the American Folk Blues Festival, organised by German promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau, brought American blues stars including Waters, Wolf, Sonny Boy Williamson, and John Lee Hooker to the country. In 1964 the American Folk Blues and Gospel Caravan arrived", "id": "16087069" }, { "contents": "Piedmont (United States)\n\n\nblues musicians came from Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. During the Great Migration, African Americans migrated to the Piedmont. With the Appalachian Mountains to the west, those who might otherwise have spread into rural areas stayed in cities and were thus exposed to a broader mixture of music than those in, for example, the rural Mississippi delta. Thus, Piedmont blues was influenced by many types of music such as ragtime, country, and popular songs—styles that had comparatively less influence on blues music in other regions.", "id": "1946509" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\n, it was being performed at US folk music revivals and festivals initially by established Piedmont blues artists such as Josh White, Rev. Gary Davis, and Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry, as well as Cephas & Wiggins, John Jackson in later years. While musicologists such as George Mitchell, Axel Küstner, Kip Lornell, Peter B. Lowry and Tim Duffy collected recordings by the aging community of Piedmont blues players, younger musicians such as Stefan Grossman, Roy Book Binder, Jorma Kaukonen, Paul Geremia, Keb Mo', Michael Roach", "id": "8150348" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nGerman promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau. The rise of electric blues, and its eventual mainstream success, meant that British acoustic blues was completely overshadowed. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers Bert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham (who played and recorded with Korner), played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene, with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones", "id": "8151338" }, { "contents": "Americana (music)\n\n\nAmericana (also known as American roots music) is an amalgam of American music formed by the confluence of the shared and varied traditions that make up the musical ethos of the United States, specifically those sounds that are merged from folk, country, blues, rhythm and blues, rock and roll, gospel, and other external influences. Americana, as defined by the Americana Music Association (AMA), is \"contemporary music that incorporates elements of various mostly acoustic American roots music styles, including country, roots rock, folk", "id": "9198553" }, { "contents": "Muddy Waters\n\n\nSpann in 1958, where they were backed by local Dixieland-style or \"trad jazz\" musicians, including members of Chris Barber's band. At the time, English audiences had only been exposed to acoustic folk blues, as performed by artists such as Sonny Terry, Brownie McGhee, and Big Bill Broonzy. Both the musicians and audiences were unprepared for Muddy Waters' performance, which included his electric slide guitar playing. He recalled: Although his performances alienated the old guard, some younger musicians, including Alexis Korner and", "id": "15757617" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nBert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham, played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. It continued with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones. Most British acoustic blues players could achieve little commercial success and found it difficult to gain recognition for their \"imitations\" of the blues in the US, being overshadowed by the rhythm and blues and electric blues that had emerged in the later 1950s. Blues harpist Cyril Davies ran the London Skiffle", "id": "16087062" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nas well as people that shared his country roots. His work in this period shows he performed across a wider musical spectrum than almost any other bluesman before or since, including in his repertoire ragtime, hokum blues, country blues, urban blues, jazz-tinged songs, folk songs and spirituals. After World War II, Broonzy recorded songs that were the bridge that allowed many younger musicians to cross over to the future of the blues: the electric blues of postwar Chicago. His 1945 recordings of \"Where the Blues Began", "id": "9494361" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nBig Bill Broonzy (born Lee Conley Bradley, June 26, 1903 – August 14, 1958) was an American blues singer, songwriter and guitarist. His career began in the 1920s, when he played country blues to mostly African-American audiences. Through the 1930s and 1940s he successfully navigated a transition in style to a more urban blues sound popular with working-class African-American audiences. In the 1950s a return to his traditional folk-blues roots made him one of the leading figures of the emerging American folk", "id": "9494347" }, { "contents": "Precious Bryant\n\n\nPrecious Bryant (née Bussey; January 4, 1942 – January 12, 2013) was an American country blues, gospel, and folk singer and guitarist. She played Piedmont fingerstyle guitar. Bryant was born in Talbot County, Georgia. She released two solo albums. Her 2002 debut, \"Fool Me Good,\" was nominated for two Blues Music Awards, in the categories Acoustic Blues Album of the Year and Best New Artist Debut. In 2006 she was nominated for a similar award for Traditional Blues Female Artist of the", "id": "2571157" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nAmerica, a series of tours that began with Josh White and Big Bill Broonzy in 1951, and would include Brownie McGhee, Sonny Terry, Memphis Slim, Muddy Waters and Lonnie Johnson. Lonnie Johnson played at the Royal Festival Hall in 1952 on a bill opened by a group led by the young Lonnie Donegan. Donegan became the key figure in the development of the British skiffle \"craze\", beginning in Ken Colyer's Jazzmen by playing American folk and blues songs, particularly those derived from the recordings of Huddie Leadbetter,", "id": "16087056" }, { "contents": "Hill country blues\n\n\npatterns that conform to proverbial phrases or the words of popular fife and drum tunes—\"is considered the sign of a good drummer.\" This enduring tradition of folk polyrhythm played an important part in the development of Mississippi blues. \"Mississippi\" Fred McDowell, who lived in Como, Mississippi, was one of the subgenre's most widely known musicians, in the 1960s and after. His music was heavier on percussive elements and African rhythms than traditional Delta blues. McDowell's performances helped define the Hill Country blues sound, influencing later artists", "id": "19106875" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nfit in with British expectations of American blues as a form of folk music. In 1957 Davies and Korner decided that their central interest was the blues and closed the skiffle club, reopening a month later as The London Blues and Barrelhouse Club. To this point British blues was acoustically played emulating Delta blues and Country blues styles and often part of the emerging second British folk revival. Critical in changing this was the visit of Muddy Waters in 1958, who initially shocked British audiences by playing amplified electric blues, but who was soon", "id": "8151324" }, { "contents": "Valerie Turner\n\n\nValerie Turner is an American blues guitarist-vocalist, educator, and author. She plays in the Piedmont style of fingerpicking guitar, continuing in the traditions of Mississippi John Hurt, Elizabeth Cotten, Memphis Minnie, and Etta Baker. She performs blues, ballads, country, popular songs, ragtime, and gospels. She is a native New Yorker with southern roots in Virginia and Georgia. She started learning and studying traditional country blues guitar in 1978. Valerie and her spouse, Benedict Turner, are an acoustic blues duo called", "id": "8216617" }, { "contents": "Mr. Misunderstood\n\n\n\"Mr. Misunderstood\", at the 2015 Country Music Association Awards, where the news of the new album became evident. The musical style of this album has been described as the following; country, rock, blues, folk, gospel, soul, funk, alternative country, alternative rock, country rock, country blues, country gospel, gospel blues, bluegrass, folk rock, heartland rock, roots rock, rock and roll, rhythm and blues, Southern gospel, Southern rock, and Southern soul. His music here", "id": "5570655" }, { "contents": "Chris Barber\n\n\nwas mainly responsible for arranging the first UK tours of blues artists Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee and Muddy Waters. This, with the encouragement of local enthusiasts such as Alexis Korner and John Mayall, sparked young musicians such as Peter Green, Eric Clapton and the Rolling Stones. British rhythm and blues powered the British invasion of the USA charts in the 1960s, yet Dixieland itself remained popular: in January 1963 the British music magazine, \"NME\" reported the biggest trad jazz event in Britain at Alexandra Palace", "id": "17410986" }, { "contents": "The Blues, the Whole Blues, and Nothing But the Blues\n\n\ninterplay of instruments gives them the freedom to move from the country blues of the Mississippi Delta to the jug band tradition of the urban South, and from New Orleans to Chicago, embracing the breadth of American music in its myriad places and times.\" In \"Glide\" magazine, Lee Zimmerman said, \"David Bromberg’s fondness for the blues has been a single-minded concern throughout his storied career, one that’s found him working alongside any number of icons, folks like Bob Dylan and George Harrison included... Of", "id": "7352775" }, { "contents": "Dave Van Ronk\n\n\nand Van Ronk turned to performing blues he had stumbled across while shopping for jazz 78s, by artists like Furry Lewis and Mississippi John Hurt. Van Ronk was not the first white musician to perform African-American blues, but became noted for his interpretation of it in its original context. By about 1958, he was firmly committed to the folk-blues style, accompanying himself with his own acoustic guitar. He performed blues, jazz and folk music, occasionally writing his own songs but generally arranging the work of earlier artists", "id": "10878367" }, { "contents": "Fingerstyle guitar\n\n\nis also very common. Examples of traditions that John Fahey and Robbie Basho would employ in their compositions include, but are not limited to, the extended Raga of Indian classical music, the Japanese Koto, and the early ragtime-based country blues music of Mississippi John Hurt or Blind Blake. A distinctive style to emerge from Britain in the early 1960s, which combined elements of American folk, blues, jazz and ragtime with British traditional music, was what became known as 'folk baroque'. Pioneered by musicians of the", "id": "13793683" }, { "contents": "Country music\n\n\nCountry music, also known as country and western (or simply country), and hillbilly music, is a genre of popular music that originated in the southern United States in the early 1920s. It takes its roots from genres such as American folk music (especially Appalachian folk and Western music) and blues. Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms, folk lyrics, and harmonies mostly accompanied by string instruments such as banjos, electric and acoustic guitars, steel guitars (such as pedal steels and", "id": "4960825" }, { "contents": "WFDU\n\n\n. WFDU (FM) plays wide array of music ranging from Blues & Country/Bluegrass music to RetroRadio, Eclectic, Folk, Gospel, Oldies Rock and Soul/R&B. Big Frank Mirra, a well-known Blues musician in the Metro area for over three decades along with former blues radio producer, Music Director of Blues/Roots/American programing, Mike Stokes hosts Blues on the Run on Tuesdays. Dennis Gruenling is the host of Blues & the Beat, spinning everything from the legends of Chicago-style blues like", "id": "1564525" }, { "contents": "Nick Katzman\n\n\nNick Katzman (born 1951) is an American blues musician. Katzman was born in New York City, and lives in both Manhattan and Berlin, Germany. He plays in a variety of musical genres, including Chicago blues, Mississippi blues, Texas blues, and ragtime. As a teenager in the 1960s, Katzman saw many of the surviving country blues guitarists who travelled north to play their music in clubs and at the folk festivals. He learned to lay both guitar and lute. He studied classical music and jazz at Antioch", "id": "16730431" }, { "contents": "Louisiana blues\n\n\nLouisiana blues is a genre of blues music that developed in the period after World War II in the state of Louisiana. It is generally divided into two major subgenres, with the jazz-influenced New Orleans blues based on the musical traditions of that city and the slower tempo swamp blues incorporating influences from zydeco and Cajun music from around Baton Rouge. Major artists in the New Orleans tradition include Professor Longhair and Guitar Slim and for swamp blues Slim Harpo and Lightnin' Slim. Both genres peaked in popularity in the 1960s and were", "id": "8046899" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. Theatrical composers and lyricists like the brothers George and Ira Gershwin created a uniquely American theatrical style that used American vernacular speech and music. Musicals featured popular songs and fast-paced plots that often revolved around love and romance. The blues is a genre of African American folk music that is the basis for much of modern American popular music. Blues can be seen as part of a continuum of musical styles like country, jazz, ragtime, and gospel; though each genre evolved into distinct forms, their origins were often indistinct", "id": "7216662" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nspirituals, work songs, ragtime music, hokum, and country blues he heard growing up and the styles of his contemporaries, including Jimmie Rodgers, Blind Blake, Son House, and Blind Lemon Jefferson. Broonzy combined all these influences into his own style of the blues, which foreshadowed the postwar Chicago blues, later refined and popularized by artists such as Muddy Waters and Willie Dixon. Although he had been a pioneer of the Chicago blues style and had employed electric instruments as early as 1942, white audiences in the 1950s wanted", "id": "9494369" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\n, a large number of British rhythm and blues musicians began their careers playing skiffle, including Van Morrison, Ronnie Wood, Mick Jagger and Roger Daltrey. The fashion created a demand for opportunities to play versions of American folk, blues and jazz music that would contribute to the growth of a club scene. Until the mid-1950s in Britain the blues was seen as a form of folk music. When Broonzy toured England he played a folk blues set to fit British expectations of American blues, rather than his current electric Chicago blues.", "id": "16087059" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nintroduction of many later followers of the blues to the music and hardships of life for African Americans in the Southern US. The next year the \"Jazz Club\" programme, hosted by Max Jones, included a recital of \"Town and Country Blues\", which played music by a wide range of blues artists. The British rhythm and blues scene developed in London out of the related jazz, skiffle and folk club scenes of the 1950s. The first of these scenes, that of jazz, had developed during the Second World", "id": "16087053" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nrecognized the album for its historically significant material. An extensively recorded bluesman, Big Bill Broonzy left the United States to tour Europe in 1951, becoming the first Chicago blues player to perform for European audiences. Broonzy previously spent time in Iowa, where he honed a repertoire which remained a fixture of his concerts and recordings for the remainder of the decade. With bluesmen such as Muddy Waters and Howlin' Wolf amplifying their music, resulting in the popularity of the electric blues, Broonzy decided to reinvent himself as a folk blues musician", "id": "18296717" }, { "contents": "Alec Seward\n\n\nhe relocated from the South to New York, in his case in 1924. Seward befriended Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry and retained his Piedmont blues styling despite changes in musical trends. He and the blues musician Louis Hayes (who later became a minister in northern New Jersey) performed together, variously billed as the Blues Servant Boys, Guitar Slim and Jelly Belly, and the Back Porch Boys. During the 1940s and 1950s Seward played and recorded with Lead Belly, Woody Guthrie, McGhee and Terry. Around 1947 Seward, Guthrie", "id": "7237009" }, { "contents": "The Real Folk Blues\n\n\nThe Real Folk Blues is a series of blues albums released between 1965 and 1967 by Chess Records, later reissued MCA Records. Each album in the series highlighted the music of one major Chess artist, including John Lee Hooker, Howlin' Wolf, Muddy Waters, and Sonny Boy Williamson II. The series, overseen by Marshall Chess, was a reaction to the increasing audience for the blues following the British Invasion. Companion discs, titled More Real Folk Blues, were released for many of the artists. Hooker's companion disc", "id": "17857302" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nNew styles of music emerged among black Americans in the early 20th century in the form of blues, ragtime, jazz, and gospel music. According to the writer Robert Palmer:\"Rock 'n' roll was an inevitable outgrowth of the social and musical interactions between blacks and whites in the South and Southwest. Its roots are a complex tangle. Bedrock black church music influenced blues, rural blues influenced white folk song and the black popular music of the Northern ghettos, blues and black pop influenced jazz, and so on. But the", "id": "5254864" }, { "contents": "Ernie Hawkins\n\n\nErnie Hawkins (born Ernest Leroy Hawkins, 1947, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American acoustic blues guitar player, singer, song writer, recording artist, and educator. Hawkins, along with fellow bluesmen Stefan Grossman and Roy Bookbinder, studied with blues legend Reverend Gary Davis in New York City in 1965 and 1966. Over the years, he learned a variety of styles, including Piedmont blues, Delta blues, ragtime, and gospel. In 1969, Hawkins moved back to his hometown of Pittsburgh, and enrolled at the", "id": "8862999" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nThe American Folk Blues Festival was a music festival that toured Europe as an annual event for several years beginning in 1962. It introduced audiences in Europe, including the UK, to leading blues performers of the day such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, most of whom had never previously performed outside the US. The tours attracted substantial media coverage, including TV shows, and contributed to the growth of the audience for blues music in Europe. German jazz publicist Joachim-Ernst Berendt", "id": "2225133" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\ninspire much of the later popular development of the blues and blues-derived genres, including the legendary delta blues musician Robert Johnson and Piedmont blues musician Blind Willie McTell. By the end of the 1940s, however, pure blues was only a minor part of popular music, having been subsumed by offshoots like rhythm & blues and the nascent rock and roll style. Some styles of electric, piano-driven blues, like boogie-woogie, retained a large audience. A bluesy style of gospel also became popular in mainstream America", "id": "7216666" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\n. Known primarily as a folk-blues guitarist, he learned to play guitar by listening to blues musicians, such as Charlie Patton and Mississippi John Hurt, and has developed a distinctive fingerpicking technique in which he plays the bass line, rhythm chords, and single-note leads simultaneously. In his original compositions and artistic styling, he incorporates influences from other genres, such as jazz, folk music, country music, classical and world music, often utilizing odd time measures, to personalize his music and story telling. An", "id": "1583130" }, { "contents": "Alan Lomax\n\n\n\"The Land Where the Blues Began\" (1995), linking the birth of the blues to debt peonage, segregation, and forced labor in the American South. Lomax's greatest legacy is in preserving and publishing recordings of musicians in many folk and blues traditions around the US and Europe. Among the artists Lomax is credited with discovering and bringing to a wider audience include blues guitarist Robert Johnson, protest singer Woody Guthrie, folk artist Pete Seeger, country musician Burl Ives, and country blues singer Lead Belly, among many", "id": "8697682" }, { "contents": "Brian Protheroe\n\n\nWhite, Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Dave Brubeck and the choral church music of Bach. Protheroe joined the folk group Folk Blues Incorporated (FBI) when he was nineteen, while at this time listening to Bob Dylan and the Beatles. He came to London with FBI in 1965, and played in folk music clubs in and around London. In 1966, Protheroe began his career as an actor. His first job was with his local repertory theatre in Salisbury. He worked there for about seven months", "id": "7666713" }, { "contents": "Down Home Blues (Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry album)\n\n\nDown Home Blues is an album by blues musicians Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry recorded in 1960 and released on the Bluesville label. AllMusic reviewer Bruce Eder stated: \"the music itself stands outside of time. McGhee's strumming and singing have enough polish to pass as a commercial recording, but at its best, it's still sufficiently unaffected so as to be regarded as authentic country-blues. It's Terry's harp, however, that really pulls this body of music back to its roots ... the dominant elements of this", "id": "12217779" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nTrouble in Mind is an album by American blues musician Big Bill Broonzy. It was released on February 22, 2000 by Smithsonian Folkways. The album consists of traditional folk, blues, and spiritual songs featuring Broonzy accompanying himself on acoustic guitar and a guest appearance by Pete Seeger. Suffering from cancer, Broonzy realized his time was limited and hence recorded extensively between 1956 and 1957. While most of the work draws from the album \"Big Bill Broonzy Sings Country Blues\" (1957), arranged by Moses Asch and Charles Edward", "id": "18296715" }, { "contents": "Music of Washington, D.C.\n\n\nhome to many bluesmen, such as Jelly Roll Morton and later rock and roll and rhythm and blues musicians such as Bo Diddley and Roy Buchanan. In the 1960s, a number of white youths formed local blues bands, including the Northside Blues Band and the Nighthawks. Starting in the early 1960s, Takoma Park native John Fahey became a nationally noted blues and folk guitarist who established the Takoma Records label, which attracted a number of other blues, folk, acoustic and fingerstyle guitarists to the District of Columbia area. Another local", "id": "9815809" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\nTerry Robb is a Canadian fingerstyle guitarist, composer, arranger and record producer living in the United States. He plays electric and acoustic guitar, and is associated with the American Primitive Guitar genre through his collaboration with steel string guitarist John Fahey. He is a member of the Oregon Music Hall of Fame and Cascade Blues Association Hall of Fame, and was honored with the eponymous \"Terry Robb\" Muddy Award for Best Acoustic Guitar in 2011. His original compositions draw on the Delta blues, ragtime, folk music, country music", "id": "1583113" }, { "contents": "Lightnin' Wells\n\n\nLightnin' Wells is an American Piedmont blues multi-instrumentalist and singer. He is a proficient musician and regularly plays various instruments in concert including the guitar, mandolin, harmonica, ukulele and banjo. At times he has performed as a one-man band. His style encompasses elements of the blues, country, gospel, old-time, bluegrass and folk. Mark Coltrain stated in \"Living Blues\" that, \"You won't find a more versatile musician around – able to move deftly between country blues, old", "id": "14064192" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nspending a year in Europe including recording the \"Sonny Boy Williamson and The Yardbirds\" album, (first released on Star-Club Records in 1965), and recording with The Animals. On 7 May 1964, Granada Television broadcast \"Blues and Gospel Train\", a programme directed by John Hamp featuring Muddy Waters, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, Rev. Gary Davis, Cousin Joe and Otis Spann. For filming, the company transformed the disused Wilbraham Road railway station into \"Chorltonville\", giving it", "id": "2225137" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n. Delta blues is a style as much as a geographical form: Skip James and Elmore James, who were not born in the Delta, are considered Delta blues musicians. Performers traveled throughout the Mississippi Delta, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and Tennessee. Eventually, Delta blues spread out across the country, giving rise to a host of regional variations, including Chicago blues and Detroit blues. Delta blues songs are typically expressed in the first person and often concern love, sex, the traveling lifestyle and its tribulations, sin", "id": "7794024" }, { "contents": "Traditional blues verses\n\n\nIn the folk tradition, there are many traditional blues verses that have been sung over and over by many artists. Blues singers, who include many country and folk artists as well as those commonly identified with blues singers, use these traditional lyrics to fill out their blues performances. Artists like Jimmie Rodgers, the \"blue yodeler\", and Big Joe Turner, \"the Boss of the Blues\" compiled virtual encyclopedias of lyrics. Turner reputedly could sing the blues for hours without repeating himself. Traditional blues verses in folk-", "id": "14213756" }, { "contents": "Midwestern United States\n\n\nmusical style in the United States, deriving most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz, and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Freed's contribution in identifying rock as a new genre helped establish the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, located in Cleveland. Chuck Berry, a Midwesterner from St. Louis, was among the first successful rock and roll artists and influenced many other rock musicians", "id": "15016383" }, { "contents": "Classic female blues\n\n\nClassic female blues was an early form of blues music, popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues were performed by female singers accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles and were the first blues to be recorded. Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, Ethel Waters, and the other singers in this genre were instrumental in spreading the popularity of the blues. Blues, a type of black folk music originating in the American South, were", "id": "5621307" }, { "contents": "Southern soul\n\n\n\"Country soul\", \"Downhome soul\" and \"Hard soul\" have been used synonymously with \"Southern soul\" Pioneers of southern soul include: Georgia natives Ray Charles and James Brown; Little Willie John, Bobby \"Blue\" Bland, New Orleans R&B artist Allen Toussaint; and Memphis DJ Rufus Thomas. Southern soul was influenced by blues and gospel music. Southern soul was at its peak during the 1960s, when Memphis soul was created. In 1963, Stan Lewis founded Jewel Records in Shreveport, Louisiana, along", "id": "18765148" }, { "contents": "South Korea\n\n\n1992 marked a turning point for South Korean popular music, also known as K-pop, as the genre modernized itself from incorporating elements of popular musical genres from across the world such as Western popular music, experimental, jazz, gospel, Latin, classical, hip hop, rhythm and blues, electronic dance, reggae, country, folk, and rock on top of its uniquely traditional Korean music roots. Western-style pop, hip hop, rhythm and blues, rock, folk, electronic dance oriented acts have become", "id": "7248618" }, { "contents": "The Subdudes\n\n\nThe Subdudes (stylized as The subdudes) are an American roots rock group from New Orleans. Their music blends folk, swamp pop, New Orleans rhythm and blues, Louisiana blues, country, cajun/zydeco, funk, soul and gospel with harmonic vocals. Their sound is notable for the band's substitution of a tambourine player for a drummer. The subdudes formed in 1987 through a music venue in New Orleans called Tipitina's. The Subdudes often credit their songwriting to the group as a whole, although the primary songwriters", "id": "12289559" }, { "contents": "American rock\n\n\nAmerican rock has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, rhythm and blues, and country music, and also drew on folk music, jazz, blues, and classical music. American rock music was further influenced by the British Invasion of the American pop charts from 1964 and resulted in the development of garage rock. From the late 1960s and early 1970s, American rock music was highly influential in the development of a number of fusions, including blending with folk music to create folk rock, with blues to create blues", "id": "5254668" }, { "contents": "Richard Trice\n\n\nRichard Trice (November 16, 1917 – April 6, 2000) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles. He lived most of his life in his native North Carolina and played in its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. His family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Music was an interest in the family, and he learned to play the guitar at an", "id": "1811700" }, { "contents": "J. B. Lenoir\n\n\nJefferson, which became a major influence. During the early 1940s, Lenoir worked with the blues artists Sonny Boy Williamson II and Elmore James in New Orleans. He was later influenced by Arthur Crudup and Lightnin' Hopkins. In 1949, he moved to Chicago, where Big Bill Broonzy helped introduce him to the blues community. He began to perform at local nightclubs, with musicians such as Memphis Minnie, Big Maceo Merriweather, and Muddy Waters, and became an important part of the city's blues scene. He began recording", "id": "7041136" }, { "contents": "Bishop Dready Manning\n\n\ncotton, peanuts, and corn. Some of his uncles and cousins played blues guitar in the North Carolina Piedmont fashion. When Manning was seven years old, he began learning how to fingerpick guitar. His skills improved over time and by his teenage years Manning had earned a reputation as a master of blues guitar and harmonica. His style was influenced by Piedmont blues musicians such as Blind Boy Fuller, Brownie McGhee and Buddy Moss, and national stars like Lightnin' Hopkins, Jimmy Reed and Sonny Boy Williamson As a young bluesman", "id": "13727518" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nartists and their own performances. The visit of Muddy Waters in 1958 had a major impact on the duo and on the nature of British R&B in general. Initially British audiences were shocked by Waters's amplified electric blues, but he was soon playing to ecstatic crowds and receiving rave reviews. Where British blues had often emulated Delta blues and country blues in the emerging British folk revival, Davies and Korner, who had supported Waters on tour, now began to play high-powered electric blues, forming the band Blues Incorporated.", "id": "16087064" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\njump blues combo with honking saxophone and rolling piano, variously calling themselves Brownie McGhee and his Jook House Rockers or Sonny Terry and his Buckshot Five, often with Champion Jack Dupree and Big Chief Ellis. They also appeared in the original Broadway productions of \"Finian's Rainbow\" and \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\". During the blues revival of the 1960s, Terry and McGhee were popular on the concert and music festival circuits, occasionally adding new material but usually remaining faithful to their roots and playing to the tastes of", "id": "4476037" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nelements of swing music and jazz in a long and prolific career. After World War II, amplified blues music became popular in American cities that had seen widespread African American migration, such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit, St. Louis, and the West Coast. The initial impulse was to be heard above the noise of lively rent parties. Playing in small venues, electric blues bands tended to remain modest in size compared with larger jazz bands. In its early stages electric blues typically used amplified electric guitars, double bass (", "id": "8151258" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe Beatles had brought African-American music to new audiences, both within the U.S. and abroad. However, the blues wave that brought artists such as Muddy Waters to the foreground had stopped. Bluesmen such as Big Bill Broonzy and Willie Dixon started looking for new markets in Europe. Dick Waterman and the blues festivals he organized in Europe played a major role in propagating blues music abroad. In the UK, bands emulated U.S. blues legends, and UK blues rock-based bands had an influential role throughout the 1960s. Blues", "id": "2951020" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\nThese drew on his studies with Rev. Davis and the other older blues artists and on his obsessive listening to old 78s. \"The Country Blues Guitar, Delta Blues, Texas Blues, Ragtime Blues Guitar\" and \"Rev. Gary Davis/Blues Guitar\" have remained in print through various editions. In the mid-1960s, Stefan Grossman recorded a number of cuts for Joe Bussard and his Frederick, Maryland-based Fonotone Records and performed at the Jabberwock coffeehouse in Berkeley under the nom du folk of \"Kid Future\". The origins", "id": "9236337" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nand they continued almost annually until 1972, after an eight-year hiatus reviving the festival in 1980 until its final performance in 1985. The concerts featured some of the leading blues artists of the 1960s, such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Willie Dixon, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, some playing in unique combinations such as T-Bone Walker playing guitar for pianist Memphis Slim, Otis Rush with Junior Wells, Sonny Boy Williamson with Muddy Waters. The Festival DVDs include the only known footage of Little", "id": "2225135" }, { "contents": "Checkin' Up on My Baby\n\n\n\"Checkin' Up on My Baby\" (or sometimes \"Checking On My Baby\") is a song recorded by Sonny Boy Williamson II in 1960 that has become a classic of the blues. The song was not released as a single, but was included on Williamson's \"The Real Folk Blues\" album released after his death in 1965. The song has been recorded by numerous blues and other artists, making it one of Williamson's most recorded songs. Williamson's namesake Sonny Boy Williamson I, also known as", "id": "10302292" }, { "contents": "History of modern Western subcultures\n\n\ncowboy songs (also known, in those days, as hillbilly music) were beginning to be more popular with a wider audience. A subculture of rural jazz and blues fans had mixed elements of jazz and blues into traditional cowboy and folk song styles to produce a crossover called western swing. Thanks to the prevalence of radio, this music spread across the United States in the 1940s. Radio was the first \"almost instantaneous\" mass media with the power to create large subcultures by spreading the ideas of small subcultures across a wide", "id": "19180987" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\n\"one of the greatest exponents of fingerstyle blues and gospel guitar playing\"\" and \"\"an incredible genius as a teacher\"\". He spent countless hours learning and documenting Davis's music, recording much of it on a tape recorder, and developing a form of tablature to take down his teacher's instructions. In the folk and country blues revival of the 1960s he was listening to old recordings of artists such as Elizabeth Cotten, Big Bill Broonzy, Lead Belly, Josh White, Lightnin' Hopkins, Rev. Gary", "id": "9236332" }, { "contents": "Steel-string acoustic guitar\n\n\nundistorted and full-range reproduction. Until the 1960s, the predominant forms of music played on the flat-top, steel-string guitar remained relatively stable and included acoustic blues, country, bluegrass, folk, and several genres of rock. The concept of playing solo steel-string guitar in a concert setting was introduced in the early 1960s by such performers as Davey Graham and John Fahey, who used country blues fingerpicking techniques to compose original compositions with structures somewhat like European classical music. Fahey contemporary Robbie Basho added elements", "id": "2024699" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nmusic. The music of the civil rights movement and Free Speech Movement in the U.S. prompted a resurgence of interest in American roots music and early African American music. As well festivals such as the Newport Folk Festival brought traditional blues to a new audience, which helped to revive interest in prewar acoustic blues and performers such as Son House, Mississippi John Hurt, Skip James, and Reverend Gary Davis. Many compilations of classic prewar blues were republished by the Yazoo Records. J. B. Lenoir from the Chicago blues movement in the 1950s", "id": "2951023" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nperformers such as Little Walter or Muddy Waters. Songs from this genre include \"Scratch my Back\", \"She's Tough\" and \"I'm a King Bee\". Alan Lomax's recordings of Mississippi Fred McDowell would eventually bring him wider attention on both the blues and folk circuit, with McDowell's droning style influencing North Mississippi hill country blues musicians. By the beginning of the 1960s, genres influenced by African American music such as rock and roll and soul were part of mainstream popular music. White performers such as", "id": "2951019" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nmore exclusively English folk clubs. The more traditional American folk blues continued to provide 1960s British groups with material, particularly after the emergence of Bob Dylan, who also popularised folk blues songs. In 1964, for example, the song-catalogue of Lead Belly provided the Animals with \"The House of the Rising Sun\", Manfred Mann with \"John Hardy\" and the Four Pennies with \"Black Girl\". British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers", "id": "16087061" }, { "contents": "Willie Trice\n\n\nWilliam Augusta Trice (February 10, 1908 – December 11, 1976) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles and an album. He remained loyal to his native North Carolina and its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, probably in 1908; some sources state 1910 or 1911. The family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Both of Trice’s parents played music", "id": "1573260" }, { "contents": "Rock and roll\n\n\nstyles such as jazz and swing which were taken up by white musicians, aided this process of \"cultural collision\". The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called \"race music\", and country music of the 1940s and 1950s. Particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. Commentators differ in their views of which of these forms were most important and the degree to which the new music was a re-branding of African-American rhythm and", "id": "5601387" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\nPiedmont blues (also known as East Coast, or Southeastern blues) refers primarily to a guitar style, the Piedmont fingerstyle, which is characterized by a fingerpicking approach in which a regular, alternating thumb bass string rhythmic pattern supports a syncopated melody using the treble strings generally picked with the fore-finger, occasionally others. The result is comparable in sound to ragtime or stride piano styles. Blues researcher Peter B. Lowry coined the term, giving co-credit to fellow folklorist Bruce Bastin. The Piedmont style is differentiated from other", "id": "8150344" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand the generalization of the blues beat, the blues shuffle, which became ubiquitous in R&B. This commercial stream had important consequences for blues music, which, together with jazz and gospel music, became a component of R&B. After World War II, new styles of electric blues became popular in cities such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit and St. Louis. Electric blues used electric guitars, double bass (gradually replaced by bass guitar), drums, and harmonica (or \"blues harp\") played through a microphone and a PA", "id": "2951010" }, { "contents": "New Orleans blues\n\n\nblues is primarily driven by piano and horn, enlivened by Caribbean rhythms and Dixieland music. It is generally cheerful in delivery regardless of the subject matter, with a laid back tempo and complex rhythms falling just behind the beat. Vocals range from laid-back crooning to full-throated gospel shouting. New Orleans is generally credited as the birthplace of jazz music, but has attracted less attention as a center of the blues. The 12 bar blues were well known in the city before most of the rest of the country.", "id": "20252986" }, { "contents": "Michael Roach (musician)\n\n\n2003, Roach presented \"Deep Blue\", a three part series on blues music featured on BBC Radio 4. In 2006 he released an instructional DVD, \"Introduction to Country Blues Guitar\". Roach's tours as an educator and performer have taken him to the Augusta Heritage Center (US), Centrum Piedmont Blues Intensive (US), The Ironworks (UK) and the Smithsonian Institution (US). He has performed and lectured at blues, jazz, folk and roots music festivals in Croatia, Czech Republic,", "id": "14072779" }, { "contents": "Texas blues\n\n\nmoved to Chicago as a teenager. His instrumental number \"Hide Away\" (1961), was emulated by British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments such as keyboards and horns with emphasis on guitar soloing. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles.", "id": "12084292" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nhip hop music, reggae, rap, country music, and pop music, blues has been accused of being the \"devil's music\" and of inciting violence and other poor behavior. In the early 20th century, the blues was considered disreputable, especially as white audiences began listening to the blues during the 1920s. In the early twentieth century, W.C. Handy was the first to popularize blues-influenced music among non-black Americans. During the blues revival of the 1960s and '70s, acoustic blues artist Taj Mahal", "id": "2951049" }, { "contents": "Blues fiddle\n\n\nchances for frontline fiddlers to participate. Another reason for the violin's exclusion in post war blues was that it could not be effectively electrified. When artists migrated to the industrial centers from the Mississippi delta and rural south, they found a way to do so, but African-American music later mostly abandoned the instrument. Many blues guitar greats, such as Lonnie Johnson and Big Bill Broonzy, made early recordings on the violin. They are among the most-represented artists in the canon. The connection between guitar and violin", "id": "20387501" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\nin the 1950s, led by singer Mahalia Jackson. The blues genre experienced major revivals in the 1950s with Chicago blues musicians such as Muddy Waters and Little Walter, as well as in the 1960s in the British Invasion and American folk music revival when country blues musicians like Mississippi John Hurt and Reverend Gary Davis were rediscovered. The seminal blues musicians of these periods had tremendous influence on rock musicians such as Chuck Berry in the 1950s, as well as on the British blues and blues rock scenes of the 1960s and 1970s, including", "id": "7216667" }, { "contents": "Sugar Mama (song)\n\n\n\"Sugar Mama\" or \"Sugar Mama Blues\" is a song that is a standard of the blues. Called a \"tautly powerful slow blues\" by music journalist Charles Shaar Murray, it has been recorded by numerous artists, including early Chicago bluesmen Tampa Red, Sonny Boy Williamson I, and Tommy McClennan. John Lee Hooker and Howlin' Wolf later adapted \"Sugar Mama\" for electric blues and rock group Led Zeppelin reworked it during early recording sessions. Country bluesman Yank Rachell recorded \"Sugar Farm Blues\" February 6", "id": "15139181" }, { "contents": "Nathan Beauregard\n\n\nwith minor talent make a fortune as a recording artist while he himself was not offered such a chance. During the folk and blues revival of the 1960s Beauregard was \"discovered\" in Memphis by Bill Barth, who convinced him to work as a musician again. In the short time between his \"discovery\" in 1968 and his death in 1970, he played at various folk and blues festivals (e.g. the 1968 Memphis Country Blues Festival, which has been recorded on the Sire and Blue Horizon labels) and on a number", "id": "5223148" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe California blues style, performed a successful transition from the early urban blues à la Lonnie Johnson and Leroy Carr to the jump blues style and dominated the blues-jazz scene at Los Angeles during the 1940s. The transition from country blues to urban blues that began in the 1920s was driven by the successive waves of economic crisis and booms which led many rural blacks to move to urban areas, in a movement known as the Great Migration. The long boom following World War II induced another massive migration of the African-American", "id": "2951008" }, { "contents": "Women in music\n\n\nboys only club. Chinese idol girl groups have also recently achieved significant success, with C-pop groups like SNH48 and Rocket Girls 101, with the later selling over 1.6 million copies of their debut EP in 2018. Classic female blues was an early form of blues music popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues songs performed by female vocalists were accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles, and were the first blues to be", "id": "22079994" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nRock and roll emerged as a defined musical style in the United States in the early to mid-1950s. It derived most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Rock and roll in turn provided the main basis for the music that, since the mid-1960s, has been generally known simply as rock music. The phrase \"rocking and rolling\" originally described", "id": "5254840" }, { "contents": "Warner Williams and Jay Summerour\n\n\nWarner Williams and Jay Summerour are an American folk duo, who perform under the name Little Bit A Blues. They have played at numerous folk and blues festivals and at concerts at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. They are known for playing in the Piedmont blues style, a regional variant of the blues that developed in North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland and West Virginia. Williams and Summerour have been playing music together under the name of Little Bit A Blues since the early 1990s. During their tenure together,", "id": "20240347" }, { "contents": "American popular music\n\n\n—e.g., minorities or rural audiences. Beginning in the 1920s and accelerating greatly in the 1940s, the blues began rapidly diversifying into a broad spectrum of new styles. These included an uptempo, energetic style called rhythm and blues (R&B), a merger of blues and Anglo-Celtic song called country music and the fusion of hymns and spirituals with blues structures called gospel music. Later than these other styles, in the 1940s, a blues, R&B and country fusion eventually called rock and roll developed, eventually coming", "id": "6698779" }, { "contents": "1940s in music\n\n\ncalled \"folk\" in the trades, and \"hillbilly\" within the industry. In 1944, \"The Billboard\" replaced the term \"hillbilly\" with \"folk songs and blues,\" and switched to \"country\" or \"country and Western\" in 1949. But while cowboy and Western music were the most popular styles, a new style – honky tonk – would take root and define the genre of country music for decades to come. The style meshed Western swing and blues music; featured rough, nasal vocals", "id": "12815195" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n, salvation and death. Several blues musicians were imprisoned in the Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman Farm, which is referred to in songs such as Bukka White's \"Parchman Farm Blues\" and the folk song \"Midnight Special\". In big-city blues, women singers such as Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith and Mamie Smith dominated the recordings of the 1920s. However, women rarely recorded Delta blues and other rural or folk-style blues. In Delta blues female performers often had some romantic connection to more notable male performers", "id": "7794025" }, { "contents": "The Sky Is Crying (song)\n\n\nThe Sky Is Crying\" has been interpreted and recorded by many blues and other artists. In 1963, blues harmonica player and singer Sonny Boy Williamson II recorded the song as a country blues-style duet with Matt Murphy on acoustic guitar for his \"Keep It to Ourselves\" album. In 1964, Eric Clapton with The Yardbirds recorded a live slow blues which included a couple of lines from \"The Sky Is Crying\" (\"Blueswailing July '64 (Live)\"). In 1966, with Jeff Beck on", "id": "3146914" }, { "contents": "BeauSoleil\n\n\n, rhythm, and lyrics of Louisiana folk music, incorporating elements of rock and roll, jazz, blues, calypso, and other genres in original compositions and reworkings of traditional tunes. Lyrics on BeauSoleil recordings are sung in English or Cajun French (and sometimes both in one song). According to the band's web site, BeauSoleil's musicians \"take the rich Cajun traditions of Louisiana and artfully blend elements of zydeco, New Orleans jazz, Tex-Mex, country, blues and more into a satisfying musical recipe.", "id": "9860218" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. The origins of country are in rural Southern folk music, which was primarily Irish and British, with African and continental European musics. Anglo-Celtic tunes, dance music, and balladry were the earliest predecessors of modern country, then known as \"hillbilly music\". Early hillbilly also borrowed elements of the blues and drew upon more aspects of 19th-century pop songs as hillbilly music evolved into a commercial genre eventually known as \"country and western\" and then simply \"country\". The earliest country instrumentation revolved around", "id": "7216674" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nelements from the \"Ethiopian airs\", minstrel shows and Negro spirituals, including instrumental and harmonic accompaniment. The style also was closely related to ragtime, which developed at about the same time, though the blues better preserved \"the original melodic patterns of African music\". The musical forms and styles that are now considered the blues as well as modern country music arose in the same regions of the southern United States during the 19th century. Recorded blues and country music can be found as far back as the 1920s, when", "id": "2950988" }, { "contents": "Organ Thieves\n\n\nPrimate Sanctuary. The band's musical style is unique and although the music is mainly considered hard rock, southern rock and reggae rock, the band like to call themselves \"experimental-soul-rock\". The band's music takes influences from various genres including reggae, soul, country, blues, rhythm and blues, folk, rock and roll, punk, heavy metal, southern rock and more, as stated by the band that they are not limited to any genre and are willing to experiment everything.br They are also", "id": "3590626" }, { "contents": "African-American music\n\n\nstructure of the dance and folk music of peoples across western and sub-Saharan Africa. These musical forms had a wide-ranging influence on the development of music within the United States and around the world during the 20th century. The modern genres of blues and ragtime were developed during the late 19th century by fusing West African vocalizations - which employed the natural harmonic series, and blue notes. The earliest jazz and blues recordings were made in the 1920s. African-American musicians developed related styles such as Rhythm and Blues in", "id": "13306674" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\nWalter Brown \"Brownie\" McGhee (November 30, 1915 – February 16, 1996) was an African-American folk music and Piedmont blues singer and guitarist, best known for his collaboration with the harmonica player Sonny Terry. McGhee was born in Knoxville, Tennessee, and grew up in Kingsport, Tennessee. At about the age of four he contracted polio, which incapacitated his right leg. His brother Granville \"Sticks\"(or \"Stick\") McGhee, who also later became a musician and composed the famous song \"Drinkin'", "id": "4476033" }, { "contents": "Clarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown\n\n\nClarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown (April 18, 1924 – September 10, 2005) was an American musician from Louisiana and Texas known for his work as a blues musician, as well as other styles of music. He spent his career fighting purism by synthesizing old blues, country, jazz, Cajun music and R&B styles. His work also encompasses rock and roll, rock music, folk music, electric blues, and Texas blues. He was an acclaimed multi-instrumentalist, who played an array of musical instruments, including", "id": "15961748" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nby British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments like keyboards and horns, but placed particular emphasis on powerful lead guitar breaks. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles. In the 1970s Jimmie formed the Fabulous Thunderbirds and in the 1980s his brother Stevie Ray", "id": "8151279" } ]

[ { "contents": "Country blues\n\n\nCountry blues (also folk blues, rural blues, backwoods blues, or downhome blues) is one of the earliest forms of blues music. The mainly solo vocal with acoustic fingerstyle guitar accompaniment developed in the rural Southern United States in the early 1900s. Artists, such as Blind Lemon Jefferson (Texas), Charley Patton (Mississippi), Blind Willie McTell (Georgia) were among the first to record blues songs in the 1920s. Country blues ran parallel to urban blues, which was popular in cities. Folklorist Alan Lomax", "id": "8046896" }, { "contents": "Culture of the Southern United States\n\n\n-time music, gospel music, spirituals, country music, rhythm and blues, soul music, funk, rock and roll, beach music, bluegrass, jazz (including ragtime, popularized by Southerner Scott Joplin), zydeco, and Appalachian folk music were either born in the South or developed in the region. In general, country music is based on the folk music of white Southerners, and blues and rhythm and blues is based on African American southern forms. However, whites and blacks alike have contributed to each of", "id": "8469878" }, { "contents": "List of blues festivals\n\n\nBlues festivals are music festivals which focus on blues music. Blues is a genre and musical form that originated in African-American communities in the Southern United States around the end of the 19th century. It has elements of traditional African music, American folk music, spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. Blues has since evolved from unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves into a wide variety of styles and subgenres, such as country blues, Delta and Piedmont, Chicago", "id": "17295253" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand subgenres. Blues subgenres include country blues, such as Delta blues and Piedmont blues, as well as urban blues styles such as Chicago blues and West Coast blues. World War II marked the transition from acoustic to electric blues and the progressive opening of blues music to a wider audience, especially white listeners. In the 1960s and 1970s, a hybrid form called blues rock developed, which blended blues styles with rock music. The term \"Blues\" may have come from \"blue devils\", meaning melancholy and sadness;", "id": "2950960" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nthe supposed appearance of a southern U.S.-style station. About 200 fans were brought by train to the platform opposite the performers. The performance was interrupted by a rainstorm, after which Tharpe performed the gospel song \"Didn't It Rain\". Blues musicians who performed on the American Folk Blues Festival tours included Muddy Waters, Sonny Boy Williamson, John Lee Hooker, Sippie Wallace, T-Bone Walker, Sonny Terry & Brownie McGhee, Memphis Slim, Otis Rush, Lonnie Johnson, Eddie Boyd, Big Walter Horton, Junior Wells", "id": "2225138" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nthrough EMI's Stateside label and Chess Records through Pye International's R&B series. These records were enthusiastically sought and collected by a new generation of enthusiasts. The increasing appetite for rhythm and blues was reflected in the growing numbers of Afro-American artists visiting the country. From 1962 the American Folk Blues Festival, organised by German promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau, brought American blues stars including Waters, Wolf, Sonny Boy Williamson, and John Lee Hooker to the country. In 1964 the American Folk Blues and Gospel Caravan arrived", "id": "16087069" }, { "contents": "Piedmont (United States)\n\n\nblues musicians came from Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. During the Great Migration, African Americans migrated to the Piedmont. With the Appalachian Mountains to the west, those who might otherwise have spread into rural areas stayed in cities and were thus exposed to a broader mixture of music than those in, for example, the rural Mississippi delta. Thus, Piedmont blues was influenced by many types of music such as ragtime, country, and popular songs—styles that had comparatively less influence on blues music in other regions.", "id": "1946509" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\n, it was being performed at US folk music revivals and festivals initially by established Piedmont blues artists such as Josh White, Rev. Gary Davis, and Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry, as well as Cephas & Wiggins, John Jackson in later years. While musicologists such as George Mitchell, Axel Küstner, Kip Lornell, Peter B. Lowry and Tim Duffy collected recordings by the aging community of Piedmont blues players, younger musicians such as Stefan Grossman, Roy Book Binder, Jorma Kaukonen, Paul Geremia, Keb Mo', Michael Roach", "id": "8150348" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nGerman promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau. The rise of electric blues, and its eventual mainstream success, meant that British acoustic blues was completely overshadowed. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers Bert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham (who played and recorded with Korner), played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene, with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones", "id": "8151338" }, { "contents": "Americana (music)\n\n\nAmericana (also known as American roots music) is an amalgam of American music formed by the confluence of the shared and varied traditions that make up the musical ethos of the United States, specifically those sounds that are merged from folk, country, blues, rhythm and blues, rock and roll, gospel, and other external influences. Americana, as defined by the Americana Music Association (AMA), is \"contemporary music that incorporates elements of various mostly acoustic American roots music styles, including country, roots rock, folk", "id": "9198553" }, { "contents": "Muddy Waters\n\n\nSpann in 1958, where they were backed by local Dixieland-style or \"trad jazz\" musicians, including members of Chris Barber's band. At the time, English audiences had only been exposed to acoustic folk blues, as performed by artists such as Sonny Terry, Brownie McGhee, and Big Bill Broonzy. Both the musicians and audiences were unprepared for Muddy Waters' performance, which included his electric slide guitar playing. He recalled: Although his performances alienated the old guard, some younger musicians, including Alexis Korner and", "id": "15757617" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nBert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham, played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. It continued with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones. Most British acoustic blues players could achieve little commercial success and found it difficult to gain recognition for their \"imitations\" of the blues in the US, being overshadowed by the rhythm and blues and electric blues that had emerged in the later 1950s. Blues harpist Cyril Davies ran the London Skiffle", "id": "16087062" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nas well as people that shared his country roots. His work in this period shows he performed across a wider musical spectrum than almost any other bluesman before or since, including in his repertoire ragtime, hokum blues, country blues, urban blues, jazz-tinged songs, folk songs and spirituals. After World War II, Broonzy recorded songs that were the bridge that allowed many younger musicians to cross over to the future of the blues: the electric blues of postwar Chicago. His 1945 recordings of \"Where the Blues Began", "id": "9494361" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nBig Bill Broonzy (born Lee Conley Bradley, June 26, 1903 – August 14, 1958) was an American blues singer, songwriter and guitarist. His career began in the 1920s, when he played country blues to mostly African-American audiences. Through the 1930s and 1940s he successfully navigated a transition in style to a more urban blues sound popular with working-class African-American audiences. In the 1950s a return to his traditional folk-blues roots made him one of the leading figures of the emerging American folk", "id": "9494347" }, { "contents": "Precious Bryant\n\n\nPrecious Bryant (née Bussey; January 4, 1942 – January 12, 2013) was an American country blues, gospel, and folk singer and guitarist. She played Piedmont fingerstyle guitar. Bryant was born in Talbot County, Georgia. She released two solo albums. Her 2002 debut, \"Fool Me Good,\" was nominated for two Blues Music Awards, in the categories Acoustic Blues Album of the Year and Best New Artist Debut. In 2006 she was nominated for a similar award for Traditional Blues Female Artist of the", "id": "2571157" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nAmerica, a series of tours that began with Josh White and Big Bill Broonzy in 1951, and would include Brownie McGhee, Sonny Terry, Memphis Slim, Muddy Waters and Lonnie Johnson. Lonnie Johnson played at the Royal Festival Hall in 1952 on a bill opened by a group led by the young Lonnie Donegan. Donegan became the key figure in the development of the British skiffle \"craze\", beginning in Ken Colyer's Jazzmen by playing American folk and blues songs, particularly those derived from the recordings of Huddie Leadbetter,", "id": "16087056" }, { "contents": "Hill country blues\n\n\npatterns that conform to proverbial phrases or the words of popular fife and drum tunes—\"is considered the sign of a good drummer.\" This enduring tradition of folk polyrhythm played an important part in the development of Mississippi blues. \"Mississippi\" Fred McDowell, who lived in Como, Mississippi, was one of the subgenre's most widely known musicians, in the 1960s and after. His music was heavier on percussive elements and African rhythms than traditional Delta blues. McDowell's performances helped define the Hill Country blues sound, influencing later artists", "id": "19106875" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nfit in with British expectations of American blues as a form of folk music. In 1957 Davies and Korner decided that their central interest was the blues and closed the skiffle club, reopening a month later as The London Blues and Barrelhouse Club. To this point British blues was acoustically played emulating Delta blues and Country blues styles and often part of the emerging second British folk revival. Critical in changing this was the visit of Muddy Waters in 1958, who initially shocked British audiences by playing amplified electric blues, but who was soon", "id": "8151324" }, { "contents": "Valerie Turner\n\n\nValerie Turner is an American blues guitarist-vocalist, educator, and author. She plays in the Piedmont style of fingerpicking guitar, continuing in the traditions of Mississippi John Hurt, Elizabeth Cotten, Memphis Minnie, and Etta Baker. She performs blues, ballads, country, popular songs, ragtime, and gospels. She is a native New Yorker with southern roots in Virginia and Georgia. She started learning and studying traditional country blues guitar in 1978. Valerie and her spouse, Benedict Turner, are an acoustic blues duo called", "id": "8216617" }, { "contents": "Mr. Misunderstood\n\n\n\"Mr. Misunderstood\", at the 2015 Country Music Association Awards, where the news of the new album became evident. The musical style of this album has been described as the following; country, rock, blues, folk, gospel, soul, funk, alternative country, alternative rock, country rock, country blues, country gospel, gospel blues, bluegrass, folk rock, heartland rock, roots rock, rock and roll, rhythm and blues, Southern gospel, Southern rock, and Southern soul. His music here", "id": "5570655" }, { "contents": "Chris Barber\n\n\nwas mainly responsible for arranging the first UK tours of blues artists Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee and Muddy Waters. This, with the encouragement of local enthusiasts such as Alexis Korner and John Mayall, sparked young musicians such as Peter Green, Eric Clapton and the Rolling Stones. British rhythm and blues powered the British invasion of the USA charts in the 1960s, yet Dixieland itself remained popular: in January 1963 the British music magazine, \"NME\" reported the biggest trad jazz event in Britain at Alexandra Palace", "id": "17410986" }, { "contents": "The Blues, the Whole Blues, and Nothing But the Blues\n\n\ninterplay of instruments gives them the freedom to move from the country blues of the Mississippi Delta to the jug band tradition of the urban South, and from New Orleans to Chicago, embracing the breadth of American music in its myriad places and times.\" In \"Glide\" magazine, Lee Zimmerman said, \"David Bromberg’s fondness for the blues has been a single-minded concern throughout his storied career, one that’s found him working alongside any number of icons, folks like Bob Dylan and George Harrison included... Of", "id": "7352775" }, { "contents": "Dave Van Ronk\n\n\nand Van Ronk turned to performing blues he had stumbled across while shopping for jazz 78s, by artists like Furry Lewis and Mississippi John Hurt. Van Ronk was not the first white musician to perform African-American blues, but became noted for his interpretation of it in its original context. By about 1958, he was firmly committed to the folk-blues style, accompanying himself with his own acoustic guitar. He performed blues, jazz and folk music, occasionally writing his own songs but generally arranging the work of earlier artists", "id": "10878367" }, { "contents": "Fingerstyle guitar\n\n\nis also very common. Examples of traditions that John Fahey and Robbie Basho would employ in their compositions include, but are not limited to, the extended Raga of Indian classical music, the Japanese Koto, and the early ragtime-based country blues music of Mississippi John Hurt or Blind Blake. A distinctive style to emerge from Britain in the early 1960s, which combined elements of American folk, blues, jazz and ragtime with British traditional music, was what became known as 'folk baroque'. Pioneered by musicians of the", "id": "13793683" }, { "contents": "Country music\n\n\nCountry music, also known as country and western (or simply country), and hillbilly music, is a genre of popular music that originated in the southern United States in the early 1920s. It takes its roots from genres such as American folk music (especially Appalachian folk and Western music) and blues. Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms, folk lyrics, and harmonies mostly accompanied by string instruments such as banjos, electric and acoustic guitars, steel guitars (such as pedal steels and", "id": "4960825" }, { "contents": "WFDU\n\n\n. WFDU (FM) plays wide array of music ranging from Blues & Country/Bluegrass music to RetroRadio, Eclectic, Folk, Gospel, Oldies Rock and Soul/R&B. Big Frank Mirra, a well-known Blues musician in the Metro area for over three decades along with former blues radio producer, Music Director of Blues/Roots/American programing, Mike Stokes hosts Blues on the Run on Tuesdays. Dennis Gruenling is the host of Blues & the Beat, spinning everything from the legends of Chicago-style blues like", "id": "1564525" }, { "contents": "Nick Katzman\n\n\nNick Katzman (born 1951) is an American blues musician. Katzman was born in New York City, and lives in both Manhattan and Berlin, Germany. He plays in a variety of musical genres, including Chicago blues, Mississippi blues, Texas blues, and ragtime. As a teenager in the 1960s, Katzman saw many of the surviving country blues guitarists who travelled north to play their music in clubs and at the folk festivals. He learned to lay both guitar and lute. He studied classical music and jazz at Antioch", "id": "16730431" }, { "contents": "Louisiana blues\n\n\nLouisiana blues is a genre of blues music that developed in the period after World War II in the state of Louisiana. It is generally divided into two major subgenres, with the jazz-influenced New Orleans blues based on the musical traditions of that city and the slower tempo swamp blues incorporating influences from zydeco and Cajun music from around Baton Rouge. Major artists in the New Orleans tradition include Professor Longhair and Guitar Slim and for swamp blues Slim Harpo and Lightnin' Slim. Both genres peaked in popularity in the 1960s and were", "id": "8046899" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. Theatrical composers and lyricists like the brothers George and Ira Gershwin created a uniquely American theatrical style that used American vernacular speech and music. Musicals featured popular songs and fast-paced plots that often revolved around love and romance. The blues is a genre of African American folk music that is the basis for much of modern American popular music. Blues can be seen as part of a continuum of musical styles like country, jazz, ragtime, and gospel; though each genre evolved into distinct forms, their origins were often indistinct", "id": "7216662" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nspirituals, work songs, ragtime music, hokum, and country blues he heard growing up and the styles of his contemporaries, including Jimmie Rodgers, Blind Blake, Son House, and Blind Lemon Jefferson. Broonzy combined all these influences into his own style of the blues, which foreshadowed the postwar Chicago blues, later refined and popularized by artists such as Muddy Waters and Willie Dixon. Although he had been a pioneer of the Chicago blues style and had employed electric instruments as early as 1942, white audiences in the 1950s wanted", "id": "9494369" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\n, a large number of British rhythm and blues musicians began their careers playing skiffle, including Van Morrison, Ronnie Wood, Mick Jagger and Roger Daltrey. The fashion created a demand for opportunities to play versions of American folk, blues and jazz music that would contribute to the growth of a club scene. Until the mid-1950s in Britain the blues was seen as a form of folk music. When Broonzy toured England he played a folk blues set to fit British expectations of American blues, rather than his current electric Chicago blues.", "id": "16087059" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nintroduction of many later followers of the blues to the music and hardships of life for African Americans in the Southern US. The next year the \"Jazz Club\" programme, hosted by Max Jones, included a recital of \"Town and Country Blues\", which played music by a wide range of blues artists. The British rhythm and blues scene developed in London out of the related jazz, skiffle and folk club scenes of the 1950s. The first of these scenes, that of jazz, had developed during the Second World", "id": "16087053" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nrecognized the album for its historically significant material. An extensively recorded bluesman, Big Bill Broonzy left the United States to tour Europe in 1951, becoming the first Chicago blues player to perform for European audiences. Broonzy previously spent time in Iowa, where he honed a repertoire which remained a fixture of his concerts and recordings for the remainder of the decade. With bluesmen such as Muddy Waters and Howlin' Wolf amplifying their music, resulting in the popularity of the electric blues, Broonzy decided to reinvent himself as a folk blues musician", "id": "18296717" }, { "contents": "Alec Seward\n\n\nhe relocated from the South to New York, in his case in 1924. Seward befriended Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry and retained his Piedmont blues styling despite changes in musical trends. He and the blues musician Louis Hayes (who later became a minister in northern New Jersey) performed together, variously billed as the Blues Servant Boys, Guitar Slim and Jelly Belly, and the Back Porch Boys. During the 1940s and 1950s Seward played and recorded with Lead Belly, Woody Guthrie, McGhee and Terry. Around 1947 Seward, Guthrie", "id": "7237009" }, { "contents": "The Real Folk Blues\n\n\nThe Real Folk Blues is a series of blues albums released between 1965 and 1967 by Chess Records, later reissued MCA Records. Each album in the series highlighted the music of one major Chess artist, including John Lee Hooker, Howlin' Wolf, Muddy Waters, and Sonny Boy Williamson II. The series, overseen by Marshall Chess, was a reaction to the increasing audience for the blues following the British Invasion. Companion discs, titled More Real Folk Blues, were released for many of the artists. Hooker's companion disc", "id": "17857302" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nNew styles of music emerged among black Americans in the early 20th century in the form of blues, ragtime, jazz, and gospel music. According to the writer Robert Palmer:\"Rock 'n' roll was an inevitable outgrowth of the social and musical interactions between blacks and whites in the South and Southwest. Its roots are a complex tangle. Bedrock black church music influenced blues, rural blues influenced white folk song and the black popular music of the Northern ghettos, blues and black pop influenced jazz, and so on. But the", "id": "5254864" }, { "contents": "Ernie Hawkins\n\n\nErnie Hawkins (born Ernest Leroy Hawkins, 1947, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American acoustic blues guitar player, singer, song writer, recording artist, and educator. Hawkins, along with fellow bluesmen Stefan Grossman and Roy Bookbinder, studied with blues legend Reverend Gary Davis in New York City in 1965 and 1966. Over the years, he learned a variety of styles, including Piedmont blues, Delta blues, ragtime, and gospel. In 1969, Hawkins moved back to his hometown of Pittsburgh, and enrolled at the", "id": "8862999" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nThe American Folk Blues Festival was a music festival that toured Europe as an annual event for several years beginning in 1962. It introduced audiences in Europe, including the UK, to leading blues performers of the day such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, most of whom had never previously performed outside the US. The tours attracted substantial media coverage, including TV shows, and contributed to the growth of the audience for blues music in Europe. German jazz publicist Joachim-Ernst Berendt", "id": "2225133" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\ninspire much of the later popular development of the blues and blues-derived genres, including the legendary delta blues musician Robert Johnson and Piedmont blues musician Blind Willie McTell. By the end of the 1940s, however, pure blues was only a minor part of popular music, having been subsumed by offshoots like rhythm & blues and the nascent rock and roll style. Some styles of electric, piano-driven blues, like boogie-woogie, retained a large audience. A bluesy style of gospel also became popular in mainstream America", "id": "7216666" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\n. Known primarily as a folk-blues guitarist, he learned to play guitar by listening to blues musicians, such as Charlie Patton and Mississippi John Hurt, and has developed a distinctive fingerpicking technique in which he plays the bass line, rhythm chords, and single-note leads simultaneously. In his original compositions and artistic styling, he incorporates influences from other genres, such as jazz, folk music, country music, classical and world music, often utilizing odd time measures, to personalize his music and story telling. An", "id": "1583130" }, { "contents": "Alan Lomax\n\n\n\"The Land Where the Blues Began\" (1995), linking the birth of the blues to debt peonage, segregation, and forced labor in the American South. Lomax's greatest legacy is in preserving and publishing recordings of musicians in many folk and blues traditions around the US and Europe. Among the artists Lomax is credited with discovering and bringing to a wider audience include blues guitarist Robert Johnson, protest singer Woody Guthrie, folk artist Pete Seeger, country musician Burl Ives, and country blues singer Lead Belly, among many", "id": "8697682" }, { "contents": "Brian Protheroe\n\n\nWhite, Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Dave Brubeck and the choral church music of Bach. Protheroe joined the folk group Folk Blues Incorporated (FBI) when he was nineteen, while at this time listening to Bob Dylan and the Beatles. He came to London with FBI in 1965, and played in folk music clubs in and around London. In 1966, Protheroe began his career as an actor. His first job was with his local repertory theatre in Salisbury. He worked there for about seven months", "id": "7666713" }, { "contents": "Down Home Blues (Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry album)\n\n\nDown Home Blues is an album by blues musicians Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry recorded in 1960 and released on the Bluesville label. AllMusic reviewer Bruce Eder stated: \"the music itself stands outside of time. McGhee's strumming and singing have enough polish to pass as a commercial recording, but at its best, it's still sufficiently unaffected so as to be regarded as authentic country-blues. It's Terry's harp, however, that really pulls this body of music back to its roots ... the dominant elements of this", "id": "12217779" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nTrouble in Mind is an album by American blues musician Big Bill Broonzy. It was released on February 22, 2000 by Smithsonian Folkways. The album consists of traditional folk, blues, and spiritual songs featuring Broonzy accompanying himself on acoustic guitar and a guest appearance by Pete Seeger. Suffering from cancer, Broonzy realized his time was limited and hence recorded extensively between 1956 and 1957. While most of the work draws from the album \"Big Bill Broonzy Sings Country Blues\" (1957), arranged by Moses Asch and Charles Edward", "id": "18296715" }, { "contents": "Music of Washington, D.C.\n\n\nhome to many bluesmen, such as Jelly Roll Morton and later rock and roll and rhythm and blues musicians such as Bo Diddley and Roy Buchanan. In the 1960s, a number of white youths formed local blues bands, including the Northside Blues Band and the Nighthawks. Starting in the early 1960s, Takoma Park native John Fahey became a nationally noted blues and folk guitarist who established the Takoma Records label, which attracted a number of other blues, folk, acoustic and fingerstyle guitarists to the District of Columbia area. Another local", "id": "9815809" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\nTerry Robb is a Canadian fingerstyle guitarist, composer, arranger and record producer living in the United States. He plays electric and acoustic guitar, and is associated with the American Primitive Guitar genre through his collaboration with steel string guitarist John Fahey. He is a member of the Oregon Music Hall of Fame and Cascade Blues Association Hall of Fame, and was honored with the eponymous \"Terry Robb\" Muddy Award for Best Acoustic Guitar in 2011. His original compositions draw on the Delta blues, ragtime, folk music, country music", "id": "1583113" }, { "contents": "Lightnin' Wells\n\n\nLightnin' Wells is an American Piedmont blues multi-instrumentalist and singer. He is a proficient musician and regularly plays various instruments in concert including the guitar, mandolin, harmonica, ukulele and banjo. At times he has performed as a one-man band. His style encompasses elements of the blues, country, gospel, old-time, bluegrass and folk. Mark Coltrain stated in \"Living Blues\" that, \"You won't find a more versatile musician around – able to move deftly between country blues, old", "id": "14064192" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nspending a year in Europe including recording the \"Sonny Boy Williamson and The Yardbirds\" album, (first released on Star-Club Records in 1965), and recording with The Animals. On 7 May 1964, Granada Television broadcast \"Blues and Gospel Train\", a programme directed by John Hamp featuring Muddy Waters, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, Rev. Gary Davis, Cousin Joe and Otis Spann. For filming, the company transformed the disused Wilbraham Road railway station into \"Chorltonville\", giving it", "id": "2225137" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n. Delta blues is a style as much as a geographical form: Skip James and Elmore James, who were not born in the Delta, are considered Delta blues musicians. Performers traveled throughout the Mississippi Delta, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and Tennessee. Eventually, Delta blues spread out across the country, giving rise to a host of regional variations, including Chicago blues and Detroit blues. Delta blues songs are typically expressed in the first person and often concern love, sex, the traveling lifestyle and its tribulations, sin", "id": "7794024" }, { "contents": "Traditional blues verses\n\n\nIn the folk tradition, there are many traditional blues verses that have been sung over and over by many artists. Blues singers, who include many country and folk artists as well as those commonly identified with blues singers, use these traditional lyrics to fill out their blues performances. Artists like Jimmie Rodgers, the \"blue yodeler\", and Big Joe Turner, \"the Boss of the Blues\" compiled virtual encyclopedias of lyrics. Turner reputedly could sing the blues for hours without repeating himself. Traditional blues verses in folk-", "id": "14213756" }, { "contents": "Midwestern United States\n\n\nmusical style in the United States, deriving most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz, and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Freed's contribution in identifying rock as a new genre helped establish the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, located in Cleveland. Chuck Berry, a Midwesterner from St. Louis, was among the first successful rock and roll artists and influenced many other rock musicians", "id": "15016383" }, { "contents": "Classic female blues\n\n\nClassic female blues was an early form of blues music, popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues were performed by female singers accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles and were the first blues to be recorded. Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, Ethel Waters, and the other singers in this genre were instrumental in spreading the popularity of the blues. Blues, a type of black folk music originating in the American South, were", "id": "5621307" }, { "contents": "Southern soul\n\n\n\"Country soul\", \"Downhome soul\" and \"Hard soul\" have been used synonymously with \"Southern soul\" Pioneers of southern soul include: Georgia natives Ray Charles and James Brown; Little Willie John, Bobby \"Blue\" Bland, New Orleans R&B artist Allen Toussaint; and Memphis DJ Rufus Thomas. Southern soul was influenced by blues and gospel music. Southern soul was at its peak during the 1960s, when Memphis soul was created. In 1963, Stan Lewis founded Jewel Records in Shreveport, Louisiana, along", "id": "18765148" }, { "contents": "South Korea\n\n\n1992 marked a turning point for South Korean popular music, also known as K-pop, as the genre modernized itself from incorporating elements of popular musical genres from across the world such as Western popular music, experimental, jazz, gospel, Latin, classical, hip hop, rhythm and blues, electronic dance, reggae, country, folk, and rock on top of its uniquely traditional Korean music roots. Western-style pop, hip hop, rhythm and blues, rock, folk, electronic dance oriented acts have become", "id": "7248618" }, { "contents": "The Subdudes\n\n\nThe Subdudes (stylized as The subdudes) are an American roots rock group from New Orleans. Their music blends folk, swamp pop, New Orleans rhythm and blues, Louisiana blues, country, cajun/zydeco, funk, soul and gospel with harmonic vocals. Their sound is notable for the band's substitution of a tambourine player for a drummer. The subdudes formed in 1987 through a music venue in New Orleans called Tipitina's. The Subdudes often credit their songwriting to the group as a whole, although the primary songwriters", "id": "12289559" }, { "contents": "American rock\n\n\nAmerican rock has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, rhythm and blues, and country music, and also drew on folk music, jazz, blues, and classical music. American rock music was further influenced by the British Invasion of the American pop charts from 1964 and resulted in the development of garage rock. From the late 1960s and early 1970s, American rock music was highly influential in the development of a number of fusions, including blending with folk music to create folk rock, with blues to create blues", "id": "5254668" }, { "contents": "Richard Trice\n\n\nRichard Trice (November 16, 1917 – April 6, 2000) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles. He lived most of his life in his native North Carolina and played in its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. His family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Music was an interest in the family, and he learned to play the guitar at an", "id": "1811700" }, { "contents": "J. B. Lenoir\n\n\nJefferson, which became a major influence. During the early 1940s, Lenoir worked with the blues artists Sonny Boy Williamson II and Elmore James in New Orleans. He was later influenced by Arthur Crudup and Lightnin' Hopkins. In 1949, he moved to Chicago, where Big Bill Broonzy helped introduce him to the blues community. He began to perform at local nightclubs, with musicians such as Memphis Minnie, Big Maceo Merriweather, and Muddy Waters, and became an important part of the city's blues scene. He began recording", "id": "7041136" }, { "contents": "Bishop Dready Manning\n\n\ncotton, peanuts, and corn. Some of his uncles and cousins played blues guitar in the North Carolina Piedmont fashion. When Manning was seven years old, he began learning how to fingerpick guitar. His skills improved over time and by his teenage years Manning had earned a reputation as a master of blues guitar and harmonica. His style was influenced by Piedmont blues musicians such as Blind Boy Fuller, Brownie McGhee and Buddy Moss, and national stars like Lightnin' Hopkins, Jimmy Reed and Sonny Boy Williamson As a young bluesman", "id": "13727518" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nartists and their own performances. The visit of Muddy Waters in 1958 had a major impact on the duo and on the nature of British R&B in general. Initially British audiences were shocked by Waters's amplified electric blues, but he was soon playing to ecstatic crowds and receiving rave reviews. Where British blues had often emulated Delta blues and country blues in the emerging British folk revival, Davies and Korner, who had supported Waters on tour, now began to play high-powered electric blues, forming the band Blues Incorporated.", "id": "16087064" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\njump blues combo with honking saxophone and rolling piano, variously calling themselves Brownie McGhee and his Jook House Rockers or Sonny Terry and his Buckshot Five, often with Champion Jack Dupree and Big Chief Ellis. They also appeared in the original Broadway productions of \"Finian's Rainbow\" and \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\". During the blues revival of the 1960s, Terry and McGhee were popular on the concert and music festival circuits, occasionally adding new material but usually remaining faithful to their roots and playing to the tastes of", "id": "4476037" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nelements of swing music and jazz in a long and prolific career. After World War II, amplified blues music became popular in American cities that had seen widespread African American migration, such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit, St. Louis, and the West Coast. The initial impulse was to be heard above the noise of lively rent parties. Playing in small venues, electric blues bands tended to remain modest in size compared with larger jazz bands. In its early stages electric blues typically used amplified electric guitars, double bass (", "id": "8151258" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe Beatles had brought African-American music to new audiences, both within the U.S. and abroad. However, the blues wave that brought artists such as Muddy Waters to the foreground had stopped. Bluesmen such as Big Bill Broonzy and Willie Dixon started looking for new markets in Europe. Dick Waterman and the blues festivals he organized in Europe played a major role in propagating blues music abroad. In the UK, bands emulated U.S. blues legends, and UK blues rock-based bands had an influential role throughout the 1960s. Blues", "id": "2951020" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\nThese drew on his studies with Rev. Davis and the other older blues artists and on his obsessive listening to old 78s. \"The Country Blues Guitar, Delta Blues, Texas Blues, Ragtime Blues Guitar\" and \"Rev. Gary Davis/Blues Guitar\" have remained in print through various editions. In the mid-1960s, Stefan Grossman recorded a number of cuts for Joe Bussard and his Frederick, Maryland-based Fonotone Records and performed at the Jabberwock coffeehouse in Berkeley under the nom du folk of \"Kid Future\". The origins", "id": "9236337" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nand they continued almost annually until 1972, after an eight-year hiatus reviving the festival in 1980 until its final performance in 1985. The concerts featured some of the leading blues artists of the 1960s, such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Willie Dixon, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, some playing in unique combinations such as T-Bone Walker playing guitar for pianist Memphis Slim, Otis Rush with Junior Wells, Sonny Boy Williamson with Muddy Waters. The Festival DVDs include the only known footage of Little", "id": "2225135" }, { "contents": "Checkin' Up on My Baby\n\n\n\"Checkin' Up on My Baby\" (or sometimes \"Checking On My Baby\") is a song recorded by Sonny Boy Williamson II in 1960 that has become a classic of the blues. The song was not released as a single, but was included on Williamson's \"The Real Folk Blues\" album released after his death in 1965. The song has been recorded by numerous blues and other artists, making it one of Williamson's most recorded songs. Williamson's namesake Sonny Boy Williamson I, also known as", "id": "10302292" }, { "contents": "History of modern Western subcultures\n\n\ncowboy songs (also known, in those days, as hillbilly music) were beginning to be more popular with a wider audience. A subculture of rural jazz and blues fans had mixed elements of jazz and blues into traditional cowboy and folk song styles to produce a crossover called western swing. Thanks to the prevalence of radio, this music spread across the United States in the 1940s. Radio was the first \"almost instantaneous\" mass media with the power to create large subcultures by spreading the ideas of small subcultures across a wide", "id": "19180987" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\n\"one of the greatest exponents of fingerstyle blues and gospel guitar playing\"\" and \"\"an incredible genius as a teacher\"\". He spent countless hours learning and documenting Davis's music, recording much of it on a tape recorder, and developing a form of tablature to take down his teacher's instructions. In the folk and country blues revival of the 1960s he was listening to old recordings of artists such as Elizabeth Cotten, Big Bill Broonzy, Lead Belly, Josh White, Lightnin' Hopkins, Rev. Gary", "id": "9236332" }, { "contents": "Steel-string acoustic guitar\n\n\nundistorted and full-range reproduction. Until the 1960s, the predominant forms of music played on the flat-top, steel-string guitar remained relatively stable and included acoustic blues, country, bluegrass, folk, and several genres of rock. The concept of playing solo steel-string guitar in a concert setting was introduced in the early 1960s by such performers as Davey Graham and John Fahey, who used country blues fingerpicking techniques to compose original compositions with structures somewhat like European classical music. Fahey contemporary Robbie Basho added elements", "id": "2024699" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nmusic. The music of the civil rights movement and Free Speech Movement in the U.S. prompted a resurgence of interest in American roots music and early African American music. As well festivals such as the Newport Folk Festival brought traditional blues to a new audience, which helped to revive interest in prewar acoustic blues and performers such as Son House, Mississippi John Hurt, Skip James, and Reverend Gary Davis. Many compilations of classic prewar blues were republished by the Yazoo Records. J. B. Lenoir from the Chicago blues movement in the 1950s", "id": "2951023" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nperformers such as Little Walter or Muddy Waters. Songs from this genre include \"Scratch my Back\", \"She's Tough\" and \"I'm a King Bee\". Alan Lomax's recordings of Mississippi Fred McDowell would eventually bring him wider attention on both the blues and folk circuit, with McDowell's droning style influencing North Mississippi hill country blues musicians. By the beginning of the 1960s, genres influenced by African American music such as rock and roll and soul were part of mainstream popular music. White performers such as", "id": "2951019" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nmore exclusively English folk clubs. The more traditional American folk blues continued to provide 1960s British groups with material, particularly after the emergence of Bob Dylan, who also popularised folk blues songs. In 1964, for example, the song-catalogue of Lead Belly provided the Animals with \"The House of the Rising Sun\", Manfred Mann with \"John Hardy\" and the Four Pennies with \"Black Girl\". British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers", "id": "16087061" }, { "contents": "Willie Trice\n\n\nWilliam Augusta Trice (February 10, 1908 – December 11, 1976) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles and an album. He remained loyal to his native North Carolina and its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, probably in 1908; some sources state 1910 or 1911. The family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Both of Trice’s parents played music", "id": "1573260" }, { "contents": "Rock and roll\n\n\nstyles such as jazz and swing which were taken up by white musicians, aided this process of \"cultural collision\". The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called \"race music\", and country music of the 1940s and 1950s. Particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. Commentators differ in their views of which of these forms were most important and the degree to which the new music was a re-branding of African-American rhythm and", "id": "5601387" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\nPiedmont blues (also known as East Coast, or Southeastern blues) refers primarily to a guitar style, the Piedmont fingerstyle, which is characterized by a fingerpicking approach in which a regular, alternating thumb bass string rhythmic pattern supports a syncopated melody using the treble strings generally picked with the fore-finger, occasionally others. The result is comparable in sound to ragtime or stride piano styles. Blues researcher Peter B. Lowry coined the term, giving co-credit to fellow folklorist Bruce Bastin. The Piedmont style is differentiated from other", "id": "8150344" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand the generalization of the blues beat, the blues shuffle, which became ubiquitous in R&B. This commercial stream had important consequences for blues music, which, together with jazz and gospel music, became a component of R&B. After World War II, new styles of electric blues became popular in cities such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit and St. Louis. Electric blues used electric guitars, double bass (gradually replaced by bass guitar), drums, and harmonica (or \"blues harp\") played through a microphone and a PA", "id": "2951010" }, { "contents": "New Orleans blues\n\n\nblues is primarily driven by piano and horn, enlivened by Caribbean rhythms and Dixieland music. It is generally cheerful in delivery regardless of the subject matter, with a laid back tempo and complex rhythms falling just behind the beat. Vocals range from laid-back crooning to full-throated gospel shouting. New Orleans is generally credited as the birthplace of jazz music, but has attracted less attention as a center of the blues. The 12 bar blues were well known in the city before most of the rest of the country.", "id": "20252986" }, { "contents": "Michael Roach (musician)\n\n\n2003, Roach presented \"Deep Blue\", a three part series on blues music featured on BBC Radio 4. In 2006 he released an instructional DVD, \"Introduction to Country Blues Guitar\". Roach's tours as an educator and performer have taken him to the Augusta Heritage Center (US), Centrum Piedmont Blues Intensive (US), The Ironworks (UK) and the Smithsonian Institution (US). He has performed and lectured at blues, jazz, folk and roots music festivals in Croatia, Czech Republic,", "id": "14072779" }, { "contents": "Texas blues\n\n\nmoved to Chicago as a teenager. His instrumental number \"Hide Away\" (1961), was emulated by British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments such as keyboards and horns with emphasis on guitar soloing. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles.", "id": "12084292" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nhip hop music, reggae, rap, country music, and pop music, blues has been accused of being the \"devil's music\" and of inciting violence and other poor behavior. In the early 20th century, the blues was considered disreputable, especially as white audiences began listening to the blues during the 1920s. In the early twentieth century, W.C. Handy was the first to popularize blues-influenced music among non-black Americans. During the blues revival of the 1960s and '70s, acoustic blues artist Taj Mahal", "id": "2951049" }, { "contents": "Blues fiddle\n\n\nchances for frontline fiddlers to participate. Another reason for the violin's exclusion in post war blues was that it could not be effectively electrified. When artists migrated to the industrial centers from the Mississippi delta and rural south, they found a way to do so, but African-American music later mostly abandoned the instrument. Many blues guitar greats, such as Lonnie Johnson and Big Bill Broonzy, made early recordings on the violin. They are among the most-represented artists in the canon. The connection between guitar and violin", "id": "20387501" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\nin the 1950s, led by singer Mahalia Jackson. The blues genre experienced major revivals in the 1950s with Chicago blues musicians such as Muddy Waters and Little Walter, as well as in the 1960s in the British Invasion and American folk music revival when country blues musicians like Mississippi John Hurt and Reverend Gary Davis were rediscovered. The seminal blues musicians of these periods had tremendous influence on rock musicians such as Chuck Berry in the 1950s, as well as on the British blues and blues rock scenes of the 1960s and 1970s, including", "id": "7216667" }, { "contents": "Sugar Mama (song)\n\n\n\"Sugar Mama\" or \"Sugar Mama Blues\" is a song that is a standard of the blues. Called a \"tautly powerful slow blues\" by music journalist Charles Shaar Murray, it has been recorded by numerous artists, including early Chicago bluesmen Tampa Red, Sonny Boy Williamson I, and Tommy McClennan. John Lee Hooker and Howlin' Wolf later adapted \"Sugar Mama\" for electric blues and rock group Led Zeppelin reworked it during early recording sessions. Country bluesman Yank Rachell recorded \"Sugar Farm Blues\" February 6", "id": "15139181" }, { "contents": "Nathan Beauregard\n\n\nwith minor talent make a fortune as a recording artist while he himself was not offered such a chance. During the folk and blues revival of the 1960s Beauregard was \"discovered\" in Memphis by Bill Barth, who convinced him to work as a musician again. In the short time between his \"discovery\" in 1968 and his death in 1970, he played at various folk and blues festivals (e.g. the 1968 Memphis Country Blues Festival, which has been recorded on the Sire and Blue Horizon labels) and on a number", "id": "5223148" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe California blues style, performed a successful transition from the early urban blues à la Lonnie Johnson and Leroy Carr to the jump blues style and dominated the blues-jazz scene at Los Angeles during the 1940s. The transition from country blues to urban blues that began in the 1920s was driven by the successive waves of economic crisis and booms which led many rural blacks to move to urban areas, in a movement known as the Great Migration. The long boom following World War II induced another massive migration of the African-American", "id": "2951008" }, { "contents": "Women in music\n\n\nboys only club. Chinese idol girl groups have also recently achieved significant success, with C-pop groups like SNH48 and Rocket Girls 101, with the later selling over 1.6 million copies of their debut EP in 2018. Classic female blues was an early form of blues music popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues songs performed by female vocalists were accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles, and were the first blues to be", "id": "22079994" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nRock and roll emerged as a defined musical style in the United States in the early to mid-1950s. It derived most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Rock and roll in turn provided the main basis for the music that, since the mid-1960s, has been generally known simply as rock music. The phrase \"rocking and rolling\" originally described", "id": "5254840" }, { "contents": "Warner Williams and Jay Summerour\n\n\nWarner Williams and Jay Summerour are an American folk duo, who perform under the name Little Bit A Blues. They have played at numerous folk and blues festivals and at concerts at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. They are known for playing in the Piedmont blues style, a regional variant of the blues that developed in North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland and West Virginia. Williams and Summerour have been playing music together under the name of Little Bit A Blues since the early 1990s. During their tenure together,", "id": "20240347" }, { "contents": "American popular music\n\n\n—e.g., minorities or rural audiences. Beginning in the 1920s and accelerating greatly in the 1940s, the blues began rapidly diversifying into a broad spectrum of new styles. These included an uptempo, energetic style called rhythm and blues (R&B), a merger of blues and Anglo-Celtic song called country music and the fusion of hymns and spirituals with blues structures called gospel music. Later than these other styles, in the 1940s, a blues, R&B and country fusion eventually called rock and roll developed, eventually coming", "id": "6698779" }, { "contents": "1940s in music\n\n\ncalled \"folk\" in the trades, and \"hillbilly\" within the industry. In 1944, \"The Billboard\" replaced the term \"hillbilly\" with \"folk songs and blues,\" and switched to \"country\" or \"country and Western\" in 1949. But while cowboy and Western music were the most popular styles, a new style – honky tonk – would take root and define the genre of country music for decades to come. The style meshed Western swing and blues music; featured rough, nasal vocals", "id": "12815195" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n, salvation and death. Several blues musicians were imprisoned in the Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman Farm, which is referred to in songs such as Bukka White's \"Parchman Farm Blues\" and the folk song \"Midnight Special\". In big-city blues, women singers such as Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith and Mamie Smith dominated the recordings of the 1920s. However, women rarely recorded Delta blues and other rural or folk-style blues. In Delta blues female performers often had some romantic connection to more notable male performers", "id": "7794025" }, { "contents": "The Sky Is Crying (song)\n\n\nThe Sky Is Crying\" has been interpreted and recorded by many blues and other artists. In 1963, blues harmonica player and singer Sonny Boy Williamson II recorded the song as a country blues-style duet with Matt Murphy on acoustic guitar for his \"Keep It to Ourselves\" album. In 1964, Eric Clapton with The Yardbirds recorded a live slow blues which included a couple of lines from \"The Sky Is Crying\" (\"Blueswailing July '64 (Live)\"). In 1966, with Jeff Beck on", "id": "3146914" }, { "contents": "BeauSoleil\n\n\n, rhythm, and lyrics of Louisiana folk music, incorporating elements of rock and roll, jazz, blues, calypso, and other genres in original compositions and reworkings of traditional tunes. Lyrics on BeauSoleil recordings are sung in English or Cajun French (and sometimes both in one song). According to the band's web site, BeauSoleil's musicians \"take the rich Cajun traditions of Louisiana and artfully blend elements of zydeco, New Orleans jazz, Tex-Mex, country, blues and more into a satisfying musical recipe.", "id": "9860218" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. The origins of country are in rural Southern folk music, which was primarily Irish and British, with African and continental European musics. Anglo-Celtic tunes, dance music, and balladry were the earliest predecessors of modern country, then known as \"hillbilly music\". Early hillbilly also borrowed elements of the blues and drew upon more aspects of 19th-century pop songs as hillbilly music evolved into a commercial genre eventually known as \"country and western\" and then simply \"country\". The earliest country instrumentation revolved around", "id": "7216674" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nelements from the \"Ethiopian airs\", minstrel shows and Negro spirituals, including instrumental and harmonic accompaniment. The style also was closely related to ragtime, which developed at about the same time, though the blues better preserved \"the original melodic patterns of African music\". The musical forms and styles that are now considered the blues as well as modern country music arose in the same regions of the southern United States during the 19th century. Recorded blues and country music can be found as far back as the 1920s, when", "id": "2950988" }, { "contents": "Organ Thieves\n\n\nPrimate Sanctuary. The band's musical style is unique and although the music is mainly considered hard rock, southern rock and reggae rock, the band like to call themselves \"experimental-soul-rock\". The band's music takes influences from various genres including reggae, soul, country, blues, rhythm and blues, folk, rock and roll, punk, heavy metal, southern rock and more, as stated by the band that they are not limited to any genre and are willing to experiment everything.br They are also", "id": "3590626" }, { "contents": "African-American music\n\n\nstructure of the dance and folk music of peoples across western and sub-Saharan Africa. These musical forms had a wide-ranging influence on the development of music within the United States and around the world during the 20th century. The modern genres of blues and ragtime were developed during the late 19th century by fusing West African vocalizations - which employed the natural harmonic series, and blue notes. The earliest jazz and blues recordings were made in the 1920s. African-American musicians developed related styles such as Rhythm and Blues in", "id": "13306674" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\nWalter Brown \"Brownie\" McGhee (November 30, 1915 – February 16, 1996) was an African-American folk music and Piedmont blues singer and guitarist, best known for his collaboration with the harmonica player Sonny Terry. McGhee was born in Knoxville, Tennessee, and grew up in Kingsport, Tennessee. At about the age of four he contracted polio, which incapacitated his right leg. His brother Granville \"Sticks\"(or \"Stick\") McGhee, who also later became a musician and composed the famous song \"Drinkin'", "id": "4476033" }, { "contents": "Clarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown\n\n\nClarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown (April 18, 1924 – September 10, 2005) was an American musician from Louisiana and Texas known for his work as a blues musician, as well as other styles of music. He spent his career fighting purism by synthesizing old blues, country, jazz, Cajun music and R&B styles. His work also encompasses rock and roll, rock music, folk music, electric blues, and Texas blues. He was an acclaimed multi-instrumentalist, who played an array of musical instruments, including", "id": "15961748" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nby British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments like keyboards and horns, but placed particular emphasis on powerful lead guitar breaks. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles. In the 1970s Jimmie formed the Fabulous Thunderbirds and in the 1980s his brother Stevie Ray", "id": "8151279" } ]

[ { "contents": "Country blues\n\n\nCountry blues (also folk blues, rural blues, backwoods blues, or downhome blues) is one of the earliest forms of blues music. The mainly solo vocal with acoustic fingerstyle guitar accompaniment developed in the rural Southern United States in the early 1900s. Artists, such as Blind Lemon Jefferson (Texas), Charley Patton (Mississippi), Blind Willie McTell (Georgia) were among the first to record blues songs in the 1920s. Country blues ran parallel to urban blues, which was popular in cities. Folklorist Alan Lomax", "id": "8046896" }, { "contents": "Culture of the Southern United States\n\n\n-time music, gospel music, spirituals, country music, rhythm and blues, soul music, funk, rock and roll, beach music, bluegrass, jazz (including ragtime, popularized by Southerner Scott Joplin), zydeco, and Appalachian folk music were either born in the South or developed in the region. In general, country music is based on the folk music of white Southerners, and blues and rhythm and blues is based on African American southern forms. However, whites and blacks alike have contributed to each of", "id": "8469878" }, { "contents": "List of blues festivals\n\n\nBlues festivals are music festivals which focus on blues music. Blues is a genre and musical form that originated in African-American communities in the Southern United States around the end of the 19th century. It has elements of traditional African music, American folk music, spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. Blues has since evolved from unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves into a wide variety of styles and subgenres, such as country blues, Delta and Piedmont, Chicago", "id": "17295253" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand subgenres. Blues subgenres include country blues, such as Delta blues and Piedmont blues, as well as urban blues styles such as Chicago blues and West Coast blues. World War II marked the transition from acoustic to electric blues and the progressive opening of blues music to a wider audience, especially white listeners. In the 1960s and 1970s, a hybrid form called blues rock developed, which blended blues styles with rock music. The term \"Blues\" may have come from \"blue devils\", meaning melancholy and sadness;", "id": "2950960" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nthe supposed appearance of a southern U.S.-style station. About 200 fans were brought by train to the platform opposite the performers. The performance was interrupted by a rainstorm, after which Tharpe performed the gospel song \"Didn't It Rain\". Blues musicians who performed on the American Folk Blues Festival tours included Muddy Waters, Sonny Boy Williamson, John Lee Hooker, Sippie Wallace, T-Bone Walker, Sonny Terry & Brownie McGhee, Memphis Slim, Otis Rush, Lonnie Johnson, Eddie Boyd, Big Walter Horton, Junior Wells", "id": "2225138" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nthrough EMI's Stateside label and Chess Records through Pye International's R&B series. These records were enthusiastically sought and collected by a new generation of enthusiasts. The increasing appetite for rhythm and blues was reflected in the growing numbers of Afro-American artists visiting the country. From 1962 the American Folk Blues Festival, organised by German promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau, brought American blues stars including Waters, Wolf, Sonny Boy Williamson, and John Lee Hooker to the country. In 1964 the American Folk Blues and Gospel Caravan arrived", "id": "16087069" }, { "contents": "Piedmont (United States)\n\n\nblues musicians came from Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. During the Great Migration, African Americans migrated to the Piedmont. With the Appalachian Mountains to the west, those who might otherwise have spread into rural areas stayed in cities and were thus exposed to a broader mixture of music than those in, for example, the rural Mississippi delta. Thus, Piedmont blues was influenced by many types of music such as ragtime, country, and popular songs—styles that had comparatively less influence on blues music in other regions.", "id": "1946509" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\n, it was being performed at US folk music revivals and festivals initially by established Piedmont blues artists such as Josh White, Rev. Gary Davis, and Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry, as well as Cephas & Wiggins, John Jackson in later years. While musicologists such as George Mitchell, Axel Küstner, Kip Lornell, Peter B. Lowry and Tim Duffy collected recordings by the aging community of Piedmont blues players, younger musicians such as Stefan Grossman, Roy Book Binder, Jorma Kaukonen, Paul Geremia, Keb Mo', Michael Roach", "id": "8150348" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nGerman promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau. The rise of electric blues, and its eventual mainstream success, meant that British acoustic blues was completely overshadowed. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers Bert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham (who played and recorded with Korner), played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene, with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones", "id": "8151338" }, { "contents": "Americana (music)\n\n\nAmericana (also known as American roots music) is an amalgam of American music formed by the confluence of the shared and varied traditions that make up the musical ethos of the United States, specifically those sounds that are merged from folk, country, blues, rhythm and blues, rock and roll, gospel, and other external influences. Americana, as defined by the Americana Music Association (AMA), is \"contemporary music that incorporates elements of various mostly acoustic American roots music styles, including country, roots rock, folk", "id": "9198553" }, { "contents": "Muddy Waters\n\n\nSpann in 1958, where they were backed by local Dixieland-style or \"trad jazz\" musicians, including members of Chris Barber's band. At the time, English audiences had only been exposed to acoustic folk blues, as performed by artists such as Sonny Terry, Brownie McGhee, and Big Bill Broonzy. Both the musicians and audiences were unprepared for Muddy Waters' performance, which included his electric slide guitar playing. He recalled: Although his performances alienated the old guard, some younger musicians, including Alexis Korner and", "id": "15757617" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nBert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham, played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. It continued with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones. Most British acoustic blues players could achieve little commercial success and found it difficult to gain recognition for their \"imitations\" of the blues in the US, being overshadowed by the rhythm and blues and electric blues that had emerged in the later 1950s. Blues harpist Cyril Davies ran the London Skiffle", "id": "16087062" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nas well as people that shared his country roots. His work in this period shows he performed across a wider musical spectrum than almost any other bluesman before or since, including in his repertoire ragtime, hokum blues, country blues, urban blues, jazz-tinged songs, folk songs and spirituals. After World War II, Broonzy recorded songs that were the bridge that allowed many younger musicians to cross over to the future of the blues: the electric blues of postwar Chicago. His 1945 recordings of \"Where the Blues Began", "id": "9494361" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nBig Bill Broonzy (born Lee Conley Bradley, June 26, 1903 – August 14, 1958) was an American blues singer, songwriter and guitarist. His career began in the 1920s, when he played country blues to mostly African-American audiences. Through the 1930s and 1940s he successfully navigated a transition in style to a more urban blues sound popular with working-class African-American audiences. In the 1950s a return to his traditional folk-blues roots made him one of the leading figures of the emerging American folk", "id": "9494347" }, { "contents": "Precious Bryant\n\n\nPrecious Bryant (née Bussey; January 4, 1942 – January 12, 2013) was an American country blues, gospel, and folk singer and guitarist. She played Piedmont fingerstyle guitar. Bryant was born in Talbot County, Georgia. She released two solo albums. Her 2002 debut, \"Fool Me Good,\" was nominated for two Blues Music Awards, in the categories Acoustic Blues Album of the Year and Best New Artist Debut. In 2006 she was nominated for a similar award for Traditional Blues Female Artist of the", "id": "2571157" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nAmerica, a series of tours that began with Josh White and Big Bill Broonzy in 1951, and would include Brownie McGhee, Sonny Terry, Memphis Slim, Muddy Waters and Lonnie Johnson. Lonnie Johnson played at the Royal Festival Hall in 1952 on a bill opened by a group led by the young Lonnie Donegan. Donegan became the key figure in the development of the British skiffle \"craze\", beginning in Ken Colyer's Jazzmen by playing American folk and blues songs, particularly those derived from the recordings of Huddie Leadbetter,", "id": "16087056" }, { "contents": "Hill country blues\n\n\npatterns that conform to proverbial phrases or the words of popular fife and drum tunes—\"is considered the sign of a good drummer.\" This enduring tradition of folk polyrhythm played an important part in the development of Mississippi blues. \"Mississippi\" Fred McDowell, who lived in Como, Mississippi, was one of the subgenre's most widely known musicians, in the 1960s and after. His music was heavier on percussive elements and African rhythms than traditional Delta blues. McDowell's performances helped define the Hill Country blues sound, influencing later artists", "id": "19106875" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nfit in with British expectations of American blues as a form of folk music. In 1957 Davies and Korner decided that their central interest was the blues and closed the skiffle club, reopening a month later as The London Blues and Barrelhouse Club. To this point British blues was acoustically played emulating Delta blues and Country blues styles and often part of the emerging second British folk revival. Critical in changing this was the visit of Muddy Waters in 1958, who initially shocked British audiences by playing amplified electric blues, but who was soon", "id": "8151324" }, { "contents": "Valerie Turner\n\n\nValerie Turner is an American blues guitarist-vocalist, educator, and author. She plays in the Piedmont style of fingerpicking guitar, continuing in the traditions of Mississippi John Hurt, Elizabeth Cotten, Memphis Minnie, and Etta Baker. She performs blues, ballads, country, popular songs, ragtime, and gospels. She is a native New Yorker with southern roots in Virginia and Georgia. She started learning and studying traditional country blues guitar in 1978. Valerie and her spouse, Benedict Turner, are an acoustic blues duo called", "id": "8216617" }, { "contents": "Mr. Misunderstood\n\n\n\"Mr. Misunderstood\", at the 2015 Country Music Association Awards, where the news of the new album became evident. The musical style of this album has been described as the following; country, rock, blues, folk, gospel, soul, funk, alternative country, alternative rock, country rock, country blues, country gospel, gospel blues, bluegrass, folk rock, heartland rock, roots rock, rock and roll, rhythm and blues, Southern gospel, Southern rock, and Southern soul. His music here", "id": "5570655" }, { "contents": "Chris Barber\n\n\nwas mainly responsible for arranging the first UK tours of blues artists Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee and Muddy Waters. This, with the encouragement of local enthusiasts such as Alexis Korner and John Mayall, sparked young musicians such as Peter Green, Eric Clapton and the Rolling Stones. British rhythm and blues powered the British invasion of the USA charts in the 1960s, yet Dixieland itself remained popular: in January 1963 the British music magazine, \"NME\" reported the biggest trad jazz event in Britain at Alexandra Palace", "id": "17410986" }, { "contents": "The Blues, the Whole Blues, and Nothing But the Blues\n\n\ninterplay of instruments gives them the freedom to move from the country blues of the Mississippi Delta to the jug band tradition of the urban South, and from New Orleans to Chicago, embracing the breadth of American music in its myriad places and times.\" In \"Glide\" magazine, Lee Zimmerman said, \"David Bromberg’s fondness for the blues has been a single-minded concern throughout his storied career, one that’s found him working alongside any number of icons, folks like Bob Dylan and George Harrison included... Of", "id": "7352775" }, { "contents": "Dave Van Ronk\n\n\nand Van Ronk turned to performing blues he had stumbled across while shopping for jazz 78s, by artists like Furry Lewis and Mississippi John Hurt. Van Ronk was not the first white musician to perform African-American blues, but became noted for his interpretation of it in its original context. By about 1958, he was firmly committed to the folk-blues style, accompanying himself with his own acoustic guitar. He performed blues, jazz and folk music, occasionally writing his own songs but generally arranging the work of earlier artists", "id": "10878367" }, { "contents": "Fingerstyle guitar\n\n\nis also very common. Examples of traditions that John Fahey and Robbie Basho would employ in their compositions include, but are not limited to, the extended Raga of Indian classical music, the Japanese Koto, and the early ragtime-based country blues music of Mississippi John Hurt or Blind Blake. A distinctive style to emerge from Britain in the early 1960s, which combined elements of American folk, blues, jazz and ragtime with British traditional music, was what became known as 'folk baroque'. Pioneered by musicians of the", "id": "13793683" }, { "contents": "Country music\n\n\nCountry music, also known as country and western (or simply country), and hillbilly music, is a genre of popular music that originated in the southern United States in the early 1920s. It takes its roots from genres such as American folk music (especially Appalachian folk and Western music) and blues. Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms, folk lyrics, and harmonies mostly accompanied by string instruments such as banjos, electric and acoustic guitars, steel guitars (such as pedal steels and", "id": "4960825" }, { "contents": "WFDU\n\n\n. WFDU (FM) plays wide array of music ranging from Blues & Country/Bluegrass music to RetroRadio, Eclectic, Folk, Gospel, Oldies Rock and Soul/R&B. Big Frank Mirra, a well-known Blues musician in the Metro area for over three decades along with former blues radio producer, Music Director of Blues/Roots/American programing, Mike Stokes hosts Blues on the Run on Tuesdays. Dennis Gruenling is the host of Blues & the Beat, spinning everything from the legends of Chicago-style blues like", "id": "1564525" }, { "contents": "Nick Katzman\n\n\nNick Katzman (born 1951) is an American blues musician. Katzman was born in New York City, and lives in both Manhattan and Berlin, Germany. He plays in a variety of musical genres, including Chicago blues, Mississippi blues, Texas blues, and ragtime. As a teenager in the 1960s, Katzman saw many of the surviving country blues guitarists who travelled north to play their music in clubs and at the folk festivals. He learned to lay both guitar and lute. He studied classical music and jazz at Antioch", "id": "16730431" }, { "contents": "Louisiana blues\n\n\nLouisiana blues is a genre of blues music that developed in the period after World War II in the state of Louisiana. It is generally divided into two major subgenres, with the jazz-influenced New Orleans blues based on the musical traditions of that city and the slower tempo swamp blues incorporating influences from zydeco and Cajun music from around Baton Rouge. Major artists in the New Orleans tradition include Professor Longhair and Guitar Slim and for swamp blues Slim Harpo and Lightnin' Slim. Both genres peaked in popularity in the 1960s and were", "id": "8046899" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. Theatrical composers and lyricists like the brothers George and Ira Gershwin created a uniquely American theatrical style that used American vernacular speech and music. Musicals featured popular songs and fast-paced plots that often revolved around love and romance. The blues is a genre of African American folk music that is the basis for much of modern American popular music. Blues can be seen as part of a continuum of musical styles like country, jazz, ragtime, and gospel; though each genre evolved into distinct forms, their origins were often indistinct", "id": "7216662" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nspirituals, work songs, ragtime music, hokum, and country blues he heard growing up and the styles of his contemporaries, including Jimmie Rodgers, Blind Blake, Son House, and Blind Lemon Jefferson. Broonzy combined all these influences into his own style of the blues, which foreshadowed the postwar Chicago blues, later refined and popularized by artists such as Muddy Waters and Willie Dixon. Although he had been a pioneer of the Chicago blues style and had employed electric instruments as early as 1942, white audiences in the 1950s wanted", "id": "9494369" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\n, a large number of British rhythm and blues musicians began their careers playing skiffle, including Van Morrison, Ronnie Wood, Mick Jagger and Roger Daltrey. The fashion created a demand for opportunities to play versions of American folk, blues and jazz music that would contribute to the growth of a club scene. Until the mid-1950s in Britain the blues was seen as a form of folk music. When Broonzy toured England he played a folk blues set to fit British expectations of American blues, rather than his current electric Chicago blues.", "id": "16087059" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nintroduction of many later followers of the blues to the music and hardships of life for African Americans in the Southern US. The next year the \"Jazz Club\" programme, hosted by Max Jones, included a recital of \"Town and Country Blues\", which played music by a wide range of blues artists. The British rhythm and blues scene developed in London out of the related jazz, skiffle and folk club scenes of the 1950s. The first of these scenes, that of jazz, had developed during the Second World", "id": "16087053" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nrecognized the album for its historically significant material. An extensively recorded bluesman, Big Bill Broonzy left the United States to tour Europe in 1951, becoming the first Chicago blues player to perform for European audiences. Broonzy previously spent time in Iowa, where he honed a repertoire which remained a fixture of his concerts and recordings for the remainder of the decade. With bluesmen such as Muddy Waters and Howlin' Wolf amplifying their music, resulting in the popularity of the electric blues, Broonzy decided to reinvent himself as a folk blues musician", "id": "18296717" }, { "contents": "Alec Seward\n\n\nhe relocated from the South to New York, in his case in 1924. Seward befriended Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry and retained his Piedmont blues styling despite changes in musical trends. He and the blues musician Louis Hayes (who later became a minister in northern New Jersey) performed together, variously billed as the Blues Servant Boys, Guitar Slim and Jelly Belly, and the Back Porch Boys. During the 1940s and 1950s Seward played and recorded with Lead Belly, Woody Guthrie, McGhee and Terry. Around 1947 Seward, Guthrie", "id": "7237009" }, { "contents": "The Real Folk Blues\n\n\nThe Real Folk Blues is a series of blues albums released between 1965 and 1967 by Chess Records, later reissued MCA Records. Each album in the series highlighted the music of one major Chess artist, including John Lee Hooker, Howlin' Wolf, Muddy Waters, and Sonny Boy Williamson II. The series, overseen by Marshall Chess, was a reaction to the increasing audience for the blues following the British Invasion. Companion discs, titled More Real Folk Blues, were released for many of the artists. Hooker's companion disc", "id": "17857302" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nNew styles of music emerged among black Americans in the early 20th century in the form of blues, ragtime, jazz, and gospel music. According to the writer Robert Palmer:\"Rock 'n' roll was an inevitable outgrowth of the social and musical interactions between blacks and whites in the South and Southwest. Its roots are a complex tangle. Bedrock black church music influenced blues, rural blues influenced white folk song and the black popular music of the Northern ghettos, blues and black pop influenced jazz, and so on. But the", "id": "5254864" }, { "contents": "Ernie Hawkins\n\n\nErnie Hawkins (born Ernest Leroy Hawkins, 1947, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American acoustic blues guitar player, singer, song writer, recording artist, and educator. Hawkins, along with fellow bluesmen Stefan Grossman and Roy Bookbinder, studied with blues legend Reverend Gary Davis in New York City in 1965 and 1966. Over the years, he learned a variety of styles, including Piedmont blues, Delta blues, ragtime, and gospel. In 1969, Hawkins moved back to his hometown of Pittsburgh, and enrolled at the", "id": "8862999" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nThe American Folk Blues Festival was a music festival that toured Europe as an annual event for several years beginning in 1962. It introduced audiences in Europe, including the UK, to leading blues performers of the day such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, most of whom had never previously performed outside the US. The tours attracted substantial media coverage, including TV shows, and contributed to the growth of the audience for blues music in Europe. German jazz publicist Joachim-Ernst Berendt", "id": "2225133" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\ninspire much of the later popular development of the blues and blues-derived genres, including the legendary delta blues musician Robert Johnson and Piedmont blues musician Blind Willie McTell. By the end of the 1940s, however, pure blues was only a minor part of popular music, having been subsumed by offshoots like rhythm & blues and the nascent rock and roll style. Some styles of electric, piano-driven blues, like boogie-woogie, retained a large audience. A bluesy style of gospel also became popular in mainstream America", "id": "7216666" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\n. Known primarily as a folk-blues guitarist, he learned to play guitar by listening to blues musicians, such as Charlie Patton and Mississippi John Hurt, and has developed a distinctive fingerpicking technique in which he plays the bass line, rhythm chords, and single-note leads simultaneously. In his original compositions and artistic styling, he incorporates influences from other genres, such as jazz, folk music, country music, classical and world music, often utilizing odd time measures, to personalize his music and story telling. An", "id": "1583130" }, { "contents": "Alan Lomax\n\n\n\"The Land Where the Blues Began\" (1995), linking the birth of the blues to debt peonage, segregation, and forced labor in the American South. Lomax's greatest legacy is in preserving and publishing recordings of musicians in many folk and blues traditions around the US and Europe. Among the artists Lomax is credited with discovering and bringing to a wider audience include blues guitarist Robert Johnson, protest singer Woody Guthrie, folk artist Pete Seeger, country musician Burl Ives, and country blues singer Lead Belly, among many", "id": "8697682" }, { "contents": "Brian Protheroe\n\n\nWhite, Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Dave Brubeck and the choral church music of Bach. Protheroe joined the folk group Folk Blues Incorporated (FBI) when he was nineteen, while at this time listening to Bob Dylan and the Beatles. He came to London with FBI in 1965, and played in folk music clubs in and around London. In 1966, Protheroe began his career as an actor. His first job was with his local repertory theatre in Salisbury. He worked there for about seven months", "id": "7666713" }, { "contents": "Down Home Blues (Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry album)\n\n\nDown Home Blues is an album by blues musicians Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry recorded in 1960 and released on the Bluesville label. AllMusic reviewer Bruce Eder stated: \"the music itself stands outside of time. McGhee's strumming and singing have enough polish to pass as a commercial recording, but at its best, it's still sufficiently unaffected so as to be regarded as authentic country-blues. It's Terry's harp, however, that really pulls this body of music back to its roots ... the dominant elements of this", "id": "12217779" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nTrouble in Mind is an album by American blues musician Big Bill Broonzy. It was released on February 22, 2000 by Smithsonian Folkways. The album consists of traditional folk, blues, and spiritual songs featuring Broonzy accompanying himself on acoustic guitar and a guest appearance by Pete Seeger. Suffering from cancer, Broonzy realized his time was limited and hence recorded extensively between 1956 and 1957. While most of the work draws from the album \"Big Bill Broonzy Sings Country Blues\" (1957), arranged by Moses Asch and Charles Edward", "id": "18296715" }, { "contents": "Music of Washington, D.C.\n\n\nhome to many bluesmen, such as Jelly Roll Morton and later rock and roll and rhythm and blues musicians such as Bo Diddley and Roy Buchanan. In the 1960s, a number of white youths formed local blues bands, including the Northside Blues Band and the Nighthawks. Starting in the early 1960s, Takoma Park native John Fahey became a nationally noted blues and folk guitarist who established the Takoma Records label, which attracted a number of other blues, folk, acoustic and fingerstyle guitarists to the District of Columbia area. Another local", "id": "9815809" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\nTerry Robb is a Canadian fingerstyle guitarist, composer, arranger and record producer living in the United States. He plays electric and acoustic guitar, and is associated with the American Primitive Guitar genre through his collaboration with steel string guitarist John Fahey. He is a member of the Oregon Music Hall of Fame and Cascade Blues Association Hall of Fame, and was honored with the eponymous \"Terry Robb\" Muddy Award for Best Acoustic Guitar in 2011. His original compositions draw on the Delta blues, ragtime, folk music, country music", "id": "1583113" }, { "contents": "Lightnin' Wells\n\n\nLightnin' Wells is an American Piedmont blues multi-instrumentalist and singer. He is a proficient musician and regularly plays various instruments in concert including the guitar, mandolin, harmonica, ukulele and banjo. At times he has performed as a one-man band. His style encompasses elements of the blues, country, gospel, old-time, bluegrass and folk. Mark Coltrain stated in \"Living Blues\" that, \"You won't find a more versatile musician around – able to move deftly between country blues, old", "id": "14064192" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nspending a year in Europe including recording the \"Sonny Boy Williamson and The Yardbirds\" album, (first released on Star-Club Records in 1965), and recording with The Animals. On 7 May 1964, Granada Television broadcast \"Blues and Gospel Train\", a programme directed by John Hamp featuring Muddy Waters, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, Rev. Gary Davis, Cousin Joe and Otis Spann. For filming, the company transformed the disused Wilbraham Road railway station into \"Chorltonville\", giving it", "id": "2225137" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n. Delta blues is a style as much as a geographical form: Skip James and Elmore James, who were not born in the Delta, are considered Delta blues musicians. Performers traveled throughout the Mississippi Delta, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and Tennessee. Eventually, Delta blues spread out across the country, giving rise to a host of regional variations, including Chicago blues and Detroit blues. Delta blues songs are typically expressed in the first person and often concern love, sex, the traveling lifestyle and its tribulations, sin", "id": "7794024" }, { "contents": "Traditional blues verses\n\n\nIn the folk tradition, there are many traditional blues verses that have been sung over and over by many artists. Blues singers, who include many country and folk artists as well as those commonly identified with blues singers, use these traditional lyrics to fill out their blues performances. Artists like Jimmie Rodgers, the \"blue yodeler\", and Big Joe Turner, \"the Boss of the Blues\" compiled virtual encyclopedias of lyrics. Turner reputedly could sing the blues for hours without repeating himself. Traditional blues verses in folk-", "id": "14213756" }, { "contents": "Midwestern United States\n\n\nmusical style in the United States, deriving most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz, and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Freed's contribution in identifying rock as a new genre helped establish the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, located in Cleveland. Chuck Berry, a Midwesterner from St. Louis, was among the first successful rock and roll artists and influenced many other rock musicians", "id": "15016383" }, { "contents": "Classic female blues\n\n\nClassic female blues was an early form of blues music, popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues were performed by female singers accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles and were the first blues to be recorded. Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, Ethel Waters, and the other singers in this genre were instrumental in spreading the popularity of the blues. Blues, a type of black folk music originating in the American South, were", "id": "5621307" }, { "contents": "Southern soul\n\n\n\"Country soul\", \"Downhome soul\" and \"Hard soul\" have been used synonymously with \"Southern soul\" Pioneers of southern soul include: Georgia natives Ray Charles and James Brown; Little Willie John, Bobby \"Blue\" Bland, New Orleans R&B artist Allen Toussaint; and Memphis DJ Rufus Thomas. Southern soul was influenced by blues and gospel music. Southern soul was at its peak during the 1960s, when Memphis soul was created. In 1963, Stan Lewis founded Jewel Records in Shreveport, Louisiana, along", "id": "18765148" }, { "contents": "South Korea\n\n\n1992 marked a turning point for South Korean popular music, also known as K-pop, as the genre modernized itself from incorporating elements of popular musical genres from across the world such as Western popular music, experimental, jazz, gospel, Latin, classical, hip hop, rhythm and blues, electronic dance, reggae, country, folk, and rock on top of its uniquely traditional Korean music roots. Western-style pop, hip hop, rhythm and blues, rock, folk, electronic dance oriented acts have become", "id": "7248618" }, { "contents": "The Subdudes\n\n\nThe Subdudes (stylized as The subdudes) are an American roots rock group from New Orleans. Their music blends folk, swamp pop, New Orleans rhythm and blues, Louisiana blues, country, cajun/zydeco, funk, soul and gospel with harmonic vocals. Their sound is notable for the band's substitution of a tambourine player for a drummer. The subdudes formed in 1987 through a music venue in New Orleans called Tipitina's. The Subdudes often credit their songwriting to the group as a whole, although the primary songwriters", "id": "12289559" }, { "contents": "American rock\n\n\nAmerican rock has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, rhythm and blues, and country music, and also drew on folk music, jazz, blues, and classical music. American rock music was further influenced by the British Invasion of the American pop charts from 1964 and resulted in the development of garage rock. From the late 1960s and early 1970s, American rock music was highly influential in the development of a number of fusions, including blending with folk music to create folk rock, with blues to create blues", "id": "5254668" }, { "contents": "Richard Trice\n\n\nRichard Trice (November 16, 1917 – April 6, 2000) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles. He lived most of his life in his native North Carolina and played in its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. His family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Music was an interest in the family, and he learned to play the guitar at an", "id": "1811700" }, { "contents": "J. B. Lenoir\n\n\nJefferson, which became a major influence. During the early 1940s, Lenoir worked with the blues artists Sonny Boy Williamson II and Elmore James in New Orleans. He was later influenced by Arthur Crudup and Lightnin' Hopkins. In 1949, he moved to Chicago, where Big Bill Broonzy helped introduce him to the blues community. He began to perform at local nightclubs, with musicians such as Memphis Minnie, Big Maceo Merriweather, and Muddy Waters, and became an important part of the city's blues scene. He began recording", "id": "7041136" }, { "contents": "Bishop Dready Manning\n\n\ncotton, peanuts, and corn. Some of his uncles and cousins played blues guitar in the North Carolina Piedmont fashion. When Manning was seven years old, he began learning how to fingerpick guitar. His skills improved over time and by his teenage years Manning had earned a reputation as a master of blues guitar and harmonica. His style was influenced by Piedmont blues musicians such as Blind Boy Fuller, Brownie McGhee and Buddy Moss, and national stars like Lightnin' Hopkins, Jimmy Reed and Sonny Boy Williamson As a young bluesman", "id": "13727518" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nartists and their own performances. The visit of Muddy Waters in 1958 had a major impact on the duo and on the nature of British R&B in general. Initially British audiences were shocked by Waters's amplified electric blues, but he was soon playing to ecstatic crowds and receiving rave reviews. Where British blues had often emulated Delta blues and country blues in the emerging British folk revival, Davies and Korner, who had supported Waters on tour, now began to play high-powered electric blues, forming the band Blues Incorporated.", "id": "16087064" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\njump blues combo with honking saxophone and rolling piano, variously calling themselves Brownie McGhee and his Jook House Rockers or Sonny Terry and his Buckshot Five, often with Champion Jack Dupree and Big Chief Ellis. They also appeared in the original Broadway productions of \"Finian's Rainbow\" and \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\". During the blues revival of the 1960s, Terry and McGhee were popular on the concert and music festival circuits, occasionally adding new material but usually remaining faithful to their roots and playing to the tastes of", "id": "4476037" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nelements of swing music and jazz in a long and prolific career. After World War II, amplified blues music became popular in American cities that had seen widespread African American migration, such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit, St. Louis, and the West Coast. The initial impulse was to be heard above the noise of lively rent parties. Playing in small venues, electric blues bands tended to remain modest in size compared with larger jazz bands. In its early stages electric blues typically used amplified electric guitars, double bass (", "id": "8151258" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe Beatles had brought African-American music to new audiences, both within the U.S. and abroad. However, the blues wave that brought artists such as Muddy Waters to the foreground had stopped. Bluesmen such as Big Bill Broonzy and Willie Dixon started looking for new markets in Europe. Dick Waterman and the blues festivals he organized in Europe played a major role in propagating blues music abroad. In the UK, bands emulated U.S. blues legends, and UK blues rock-based bands had an influential role throughout the 1960s. Blues", "id": "2951020" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\nThese drew on his studies with Rev. Davis and the other older blues artists and on his obsessive listening to old 78s. \"The Country Blues Guitar, Delta Blues, Texas Blues, Ragtime Blues Guitar\" and \"Rev. Gary Davis/Blues Guitar\" have remained in print through various editions. In the mid-1960s, Stefan Grossman recorded a number of cuts for Joe Bussard and his Frederick, Maryland-based Fonotone Records and performed at the Jabberwock coffeehouse in Berkeley under the nom du folk of \"Kid Future\". The origins", "id": "9236337" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nand they continued almost annually until 1972, after an eight-year hiatus reviving the festival in 1980 until its final performance in 1985. The concerts featured some of the leading blues artists of the 1960s, such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Willie Dixon, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, some playing in unique combinations such as T-Bone Walker playing guitar for pianist Memphis Slim, Otis Rush with Junior Wells, Sonny Boy Williamson with Muddy Waters. The Festival DVDs include the only known footage of Little", "id": "2225135" }, { "contents": "Checkin' Up on My Baby\n\n\n\"Checkin' Up on My Baby\" (or sometimes \"Checking On My Baby\") is a song recorded by Sonny Boy Williamson II in 1960 that has become a classic of the blues. The song was not released as a single, but was included on Williamson's \"The Real Folk Blues\" album released after his death in 1965. The song has been recorded by numerous blues and other artists, making it one of Williamson's most recorded songs. Williamson's namesake Sonny Boy Williamson I, also known as", "id": "10302292" }, { "contents": "History of modern Western subcultures\n\n\ncowboy songs (also known, in those days, as hillbilly music) were beginning to be more popular with a wider audience. A subculture of rural jazz and blues fans had mixed elements of jazz and blues into traditional cowboy and folk song styles to produce a crossover called western swing. Thanks to the prevalence of radio, this music spread across the United States in the 1940s. Radio was the first \"almost instantaneous\" mass media with the power to create large subcultures by spreading the ideas of small subcultures across a wide", "id": "19180987" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\n\"one of the greatest exponents of fingerstyle blues and gospel guitar playing\"\" and \"\"an incredible genius as a teacher\"\". He spent countless hours learning and documenting Davis's music, recording much of it on a tape recorder, and developing a form of tablature to take down his teacher's instructions. In the folk and country blues revival of the 1960s he was listening to old recordings of artists such as Elizabeth Cotten, Big Bill Broonzy, Lead Belly, Josh White, Lightnin' Hopkins, Rev. Gary", "id": "9236332" }, { "contents": "Steel-string acoustic guitar\n\n\nundistorted and full-range reproduction. Until the 1960s, the predominant forms of music played on the flat-top, steel-string guitar remained relatively stable and included acoustic blues, country, bluegrass, folk, and several genres of rock. The concept of playing solo steel-string guitar in a concert setting was introduced in the early 1960s by such performers as Davey Graham and John Fahey, who used country blues fingerpicking techniques to compose original compositions with structures somewhat like European classical music. Fahey contemporary Robbie Basho added elements", "id": "2024699" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nmusic. The music of the civil rights movement and Free Speech Movement in the U.S. prompted a resurgence of interest in American roots music and early African American music. As well festivals such as the Newport Folk Festival brought traditional blues to a new audience, which helped to revive interest in prewar acoustic blues and performers such as Son House, Mississippi John Hurt, Skip James, and Reverend Gary Davis. Many compilations of classic prewar blues were republished by the Yazoo Records. J. B. Lenoir from the Chicago blues movement in the 1950s", "id": "2951023" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nperformers such as Little Walter or Muddy Waters. Songs from this genre include \"Scratch my Back\", \"She's Tough\" and \"I'm a King Bee\". Alan Lomax's recordings of Mississippi Fred McDowell would eventually bring him wider attention on both the blues and folk circuit, with McDowell's droning style influencing North Mississippi hill country blues musicians. By the beginning of the 1960s, genres influenced by African American music such as rock and roll and soul were part of mainstream popular music. White performers such as", "id": "2951019" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nmore exclusively English folk clubs. The more traditional American folk blues continued to provide 1960s British groups with material, particularly after the emergence of Bob Dylan, who also popularised folk blues songs. In 1964, for example, the song-catalogue of Lead Belly provided the Animals with \"The House of the Rising Sun\", Manfred Mann with \"John Hardy\" and the Four Pennies with \"Black Girl\". British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers", "id": "16087061" }, { "contents": "Willie Trice\n\n\nWilliam Augusta Trice (February 10, 1908 – December 11, 1976) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles and an album. He remained loyal to his native North Carolina and its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, probably in 1908; some sources state 1910 or 1911. The family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Both of Trice’s parents played music", "id": "1573260" }, { "contents": "Rock and roll\n\n\nstyles such as jazz and swing which were taken up by white musicians, aided this process of \"cultural collision\". The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called \"race music\", and country music of the 1940s and 1950s. Particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. Commentators differ in their views of which of these forms were most important and the degree to which the new music was a re-branding of African-American rhythm and", "id": "5601387" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\nPiedmont blues (also known as East Coast, or Southeastern blues) refers primarily to a guitar style, the Piedmont fingerstyle, which is characterized by a fingerpicking approach in which a regular, alternating thumb bass string rhythmic pattern supports a syncopated melody using the treble strings generally picked with the fore-finger, occasionally others. The result is comparable in sound to ragtime or stride piano styles. Blues researcher Peter B. Lowry coined the term, giving co-credit to fellow folklorist Bruce Bastin. The Piedmont style is differentiated from other", "id": "8150344" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand the generalization of the blues beat, the blues shuffle, which became ubiquitous in R&B. This commercial stream had important consequences for blues music, which, together with jazz and gospel music, became a component of R&B. After World War II, new styles of electric blues became popular in cities such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit and St. Louis. Electric blues used electric guitars, double bass (gradually replaced by bass guitar), drums, and harmonica (or \"blues harp\") played through a microphone and a PA", "id": "2951010" }, { "contents": "New Orleans blues\n\n\nblues is primarily driven by piano and horn, enlivened by Caribbean rhythms and Dixieland music. It is generally cheerful in delivery regardless of the subject matter, with a laid back tempo and complex rhythms falling just behind the beat. Vocals range from laid-back crooning to full-throated gospel shouting. New Orleans is generally credited as the birthplace of jazz music, but has attracted less attention as a center of the blues. The 12 bar blues were well known in the city before most of the rest of the country.", "id": "20252986" }, { "contents": "Michael Roach (musician)\n\n\n2003, Roach presented \"Deep Blue\", a three part series on blues music featured on BBC Radio 4. In 2006 he released an instructional DVD, \"Introduction to Country Blues Guitar\". Roach's tours as an educator and performer have taken him to the Augusta Heritage Center (US), Centrum Piedmont Blues Intensive (US), The Ironworks (UK) and the Smithsonian Institution (US). He has performed and lectured at blues, jazz, folk and roots music festivals in Croatia, Czech Republic,", "id": "14072779" }, { "contents": "Texas blues\n\n\nmoved to Chicago as a teenager. His instrumental number \"Hide Away\" (1961), was emulated by British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments such as keyboards and horns with emphasis on guitar soloing. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles.", "id": "12084292" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nhip hop music, reggae, rap, country music, and pop music, blues has been accused of being the \"devil's music\" and of inciting violence and other poor behavior. In the early 20th century, the blues was considered disreputable, especially as white audiences began listening to the blues during the 1920s. In the early twentieth century, W.C. Handy was the first to popularize blues-influenced music among non-black Americans. During the blues revival of the 1960s and '70s, acoustic blues artist Taj Mahal", "id": "2951049" }, { "contents": "Blues fiddle\n\n\nchances for frontline fiddlers to participate. Another reason for the violin's exclusion in post war blues was that it could not be effectively electrified. When artists migrated to the industrial centers from the Mississippi delta and rural south, they found a way to do so, but African-American music later mostly abandoned the instrument. Many blues guitar greats, such as Lonnie Johnson and Big Bill Broonzy, made early recordings on the violin. They are among the most-represented artists in the canon. The connection between guitar and violin", "id": "20387501" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\nin the 1950s, led by singer Mahalia Jackson. The blues genre experienced major revivals in the 1950s with Chicago blues musicians such as Muddy Waters and Little Walter, as well as in the 1960s in the British Invasion and American folk music revival when country blues musicians like Mississippi John Hurt and Reverend Gary Davis were rediscovered. The seminal blues musicians of these periods had tremendous influence on rock musicians such as Chuck Berry in the 1950s, as well as on the British blues and blues rock scenes of the 1960s and 1970s, including", "id": "7216667" }, { "contents": "Sugar Mama (song)\n\n\n\"Sugar Mama\" or \"Sugar Mama Blues\" is a song that is a standard of the blues. Called a \"tautly powerful slow blues\" by music journalist Charles Shaar Murray, it has been recorded by numerous artists, including early Chicago bluesmen Tampa Red, Sonny Boy Williamson I, and Tommy McClennan. John Lee Hooker and Howlin' Wolf later adapted \"Sugar Mama\" for electric blues and rock group Led Zeppelin reworked it during early recording sessions. Country bluesman Yank Rachell recorded \"Sugar Farm Blues\" February 6", "id": "15139181" }, { "contents": "Nathan Beauregard\n\n\nwith minor talent make a fortune as a recording artist while he himself was not offered such a chance. During the folk and blues revival of the 1960s Beauregard was \"discovered\" in Memphis by Bill Barth, who convinced him to work as a musician again. In the short time between his \"discovery\" in 1968 and his death in 1970, he played at various folk and blues festivals (e.g. the 1968 Memphis Country Blues Festival, which has been recorded on the Sire and Blue Horizon labels) and on a number", "id": "5223148" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe California blues style, performed a successful transition from the early urban blues à la Lonnie Johnson and Leroy Carr to the jump blues style and dominated the blues-jazz scene at Los Angeles during the 1940s. The transition from country blues to urban blues that began in the 1920s was driven by the successive waves of economic crisis and booms which led many rural blacks to move to urban areas, in a movement known as the Great Migration. The long boom following World War II induced another massive migration of the African-American", "id": "2951008" }, { "contents": "Women in music\n\n\nboys only club. Chinese idol girl groups have also recently achieved significant success, with C-pop groups like SNH48 and Rocket Girls 101, with the later selling over 1.6 million copies of their debut EP in 2018. Classic female blues was an early form of blues music popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues songs performed by female vocalists were accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles, and were the first blues to be", "id": "22079994" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nRock and roll emerged as a defined musical style in the United States in the early to mid-1950s. It derived most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Rock and roll in turn provided the main basis for the music that, since the mid-1960s, has been generally known simply as rock music. The phrase \"rocking and rolling\" originally described", "id": "5254840" }, { "contents": "Warner Williams and Jay Summerour\n\n\nWarner Williams and Jay Summerour are an American folk duo, who perform under the name Little Bit A Blues. They have played at numerous folk and blues festivals and at concerts at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. They are known for playing in the Piedmont blues style, a regional variant of the blues that developed in North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland and West Virginia. Williams and Summerour have been playing music together under the name of Little Bit A Blues since the early 1990s. During their tenure together,", "id": "20240347" }, { "contents": "American popular music\n\n\n—e.g., minorities or rural audiences. Beginning in the 1920s and accelerating greatly in the 1940s, the blues began rapidly diversifying into a broad spectrum of new styles. These included an uptempo, energetic style called rhythm and blues (R&B), a merger of blues and Anglo-Celtic song called country music and the fusion of hymns and spirituals with blues structures called gospel music. Later than these other styles, in the 1940s, a blues, R&B and country fusion eventually called rock and roll developed, eventually coming", "id": "6698779" }, { "contents": "1940s in music\n\n\ncalled \"folk\" in the trades, and \"hillbilly\" within the industry. In 1944, \"The Billboard\" replaced the term \"hillbilly\" with \"folk songs and blues,\" and switched to \"country\" or \"country and Western\" in 1949. But while cowboy and Western music were the most popular styles, a new style – honky tonk – would take root and define the genre of country music for decades to come. The style meshed Western swing and blues music; featured rough, nasal vocals", "id": "12815195" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n, salvation and death. Several blues musicians were imprisoned in the Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman Farm, which is referred to in songs such as Bukka White's \"Parchman Farm Blues\" and the folk song \"Midnight Special\". In big-city blues, women singers such as Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith and Mamie Smith dominated the recordings of the 1920s. However, women rarely recorded Delta blues and other rural or folk-style blues. In Delta blues female performers often had some romantic connection to more notable male performers", "id": "7794025" }, { "contents": "The Sky Is Crying (song)\n\n\nThe Sky Is Crying\" has been interpreted and recorded by many blues and other artists. In 1963, blues harmonica player and singer Sonny Boy Williamson II recorded the song as a country blues-style duet with Matt Murphy on acoustic guitar for his \"Keep It to Ourselves\" album. In 1964, Eric Clapton with The Yardbirds recorded a live slow blues which included a couple of lines from \"The Sky Is Crying\" (\"Blueswailing July '64 (Live)\"). In 1966, with Jeff Beck on", "id": "3146914" }, { "contents": "BeauSoleil\n\n\n, rhythm, and lyrics of Louisiana folk music, incorporating elements of rock and roll, jazz, blues, calypso, and other genres in original compositions and reworkings of traditional tunes. Lyrics on BeauSoleil recordings are sung in English or Cajun French (and sometimes both in one song). According to the band's web site, BeauSoleil's musicians \"take the rich Cajun traditions of Louisiana and artfully blend elements of zydeco, New Orleans jazz, Tex-Mex, country, blues and more into a satisfying musical recipe.", "id": "9860218" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. The origins of country are in rural Southern folk music, which was primarily Irish and British, with African and continental European musics. Anglo-Celtic tunes, dance music, and balladry were the earliest predecessors of modern country, then known as \"hillbilly music\". Early hillbilly also borrowed elements of the blues and drew upon more aspects of 19th-century pop songs as hillbilly music evolved into a commercial genre eventually known as \"country and western\" and then simply \"country\". The earliest country instrumentation revolved around", "id": "7216674" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nelements from the \"Ethiopian airs\", minstrel shows and Negro spirituals, including instrumental and harmonic accompaniment. The style also was closely related to ragtime, which developed at about the same time, though the blues better preserved \"the original melodic patterns of African music\". The musical forms and styles that are now considered the blues as well as modern country music arose in the same regions of the southern United States during the 19th century. Recorded blues and country music can be found as far back as the 1920s, when", "id": "2950988" }, { "contents": "Organ Thieves\n\n\nPrimate Sanctuary. The band's musical style is unique and although the music is mainly considered hard rock, southern rock and reggae rock, the band like to call themselves \"experimental-soul-rock\". The band's music takes influences from various genres including reggae, soul, country, blues, rhythm and blues, folk, rock and roll, punk, heavy metal, southern rock and more, as stated by the band that they are not limited to any genre and are willing to experiment everything.br They are also", "id": "3590626" }, { "contents": "African-American music\n\n\nstructure of the dance and folk music of peoples across western and sub-Saharan Africa. These musical forms had a wide-ranging influence on the development of music within the United States and around the world during the 20th century. The modern genres of blues and ragtime were developed during the late 19th century by fusing West African vocalizations - which employed the natural harmonic series, and blue notes. The earliest jazz and blues recordings were made in the 1920s. African-American musicians developed related styles such as Rhythm and Blues in", "id": "13306674" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\nWalter Brown \"Brownie\" McGhee (November 30, 1915 – February 16, 1996) was an African-American folk music and Piedmont blues singer and guitarist, best known for his collaboration with the harmonica player Sonny Terry. McGhee was born in Knoxville, Tennessee, and grew up in Kingsport, Tennessee. At about the age of four he contracted polio, which incapacitated his right leg. His brother Granville \"Sticks\"(or \"Stick\") McGhee, who also later became a musician and composed the famous song \"Drinkin'", "id": "4476033" }, { "contents": "Clarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown\n\n\nClarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown (April 18, 1924 – September 10, 2005) was an American musician from Louisiana and Texas known for his work as a blues musician, as well as other styles of music. He spent his career fighting purism by synthesizing old blues, country, jazz, Cajun music and R&B styles. His work also encompasses rock and roll, rock music, folk music, electric blues, and Texas blues. He was an acclaimed multi-instrumentalist, who played an array of musical instruments, including", "id": "15961748" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nby British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments like keyboards and horns, but placed particular emphasis on powerful lead guitar breaks. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles. In the 1970s Jimmie formed the Fabulous Thunderbirds and in the 1980s his brother Stevie Ray", "id": "8151279" } ]

[ { "contents": "Country blues\n\n\nCountry blues (also folk blues, rural blues, backwoods blues, or downhome blues) is one of the earliest forms of blues music. The mainly solo vocal with acoustic fingerstyle guitar accompaniment developed in the rural Southern United States in the early 1900s. Artists, such as Blind Lemon Jefferson (Texas), Charley Patton (Mississippi), Blind Willie McTell (Georgia) were among the first to record blues songs in the 1920s. Country blues ran parallel to urban blues, which was popular in cities. Folklorist Alan Lomax", "id": "8046896" }, { "contents": "Culture of the Southern United States\n\n\n-time music, gospel music, spirituals, country music, rhythm and blues, soul music, funk, rock and roll, beach music, bluegrass, jazz (including ragtime, popularized by Southerner Scott Joplin), zydeco, and Appalachian folk music were either born in the South or developed in the region. In general, country music is based on the folk music of white Southerners, and blues and rhythm and blues is based on African American southern forms. However, whites and blacks alike have contributed to each of", "id": "8469878" }, { "contents": "List of blues festivals\n\n\nBlues festivals are music festivals which focus on blues music. Blues is a genre and musical form that originated in African-American communities in the Southern United States around the end of the 19th century. It has elements of traditional African music, American folk music, spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. Blues has since evolved from unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves into a wide variety of styles and subgenres, such as country blues, Delta and Piedmont, Chicago", "id": "17295253" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand subgenres. Blues subgenres include country blues, such as Delta blues and Piedmont blues, as well as urban blues styles such as Chicago blues and West Coast blues. World War II marked the transition from acoustic to electric blues and the progressive opening of blues music to a wider audience, especially white listeners. In the 1960s and 1970s, a hybrid form called blues rock developed, which blended blues styles with rock music. The term \"Blues\" may have come from \"blue devils\", meaning melancholy and sadness;", "id": "2950960" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nthe supposed appearance of a southern U.S.-style station. About 200 fans were brought by train to the platform opposite the performers. The performance was interrupted by a rainstorm, after which Tharpe performed the gospel song \"Didn't It Rain\". Blues musicians who performed on the American Folk Blues Festival tours included Muddy Waters, Sonny Boy Williamson, John Lee Hooker, Sippie Wallace, T-Bone Walker, Sonny Terry & Brownie McGhee, Memphis Slim, Otis Rush, Lonnie Johnson, Eddie Boyd, Big Walter Horton, Junior Wells", "id": "2225138" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nthrough EMI's Stateside label and Chess Records through Pye International's R&B series. These records were enthusiastically sought and collected by a new generation of enthusiasts. The increasing appetite for rhythm and blues was reflected in the growing numbers of Afro-American artists visiting the country. From 1962 the American Folk Blues Festival, organised by German promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau, brought American blues stars including Waters, Wolf, Sonny Boy Williamson, and John Lee Hooker to the country. In 1964 the American Folk Blues and Gospel Caravan arrived", "id": "16087069" }, { "contents": "Piedmont (United States)\n\n\nblues musicians came from Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. During the Great Migration, African Americans migrated to the Piedmont. With the Appalachian Mountains to the west, those who might otherwise have spread into rural areas stayed in cities and were thus exposed to a broader mixture of music than those in, for example, the rural Mississippi delta. Thus, Piedmont blues was influenced by many types of music such as ragtime, country, and popular songs—styles that had comparatively less influence on blues music in other regions.", "id": "1946509" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\n, it was being performed at US folk music revivals and festivals initially by established Piedmont blues artists such as Josh White, Rev. Gary Davis, and Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry, as well as Cephas & Wiggins, John Jackson in later years. While musicologists such as George Mitchell, Axel Küstner, Kip Lornell, Peter B. Lowry and Tim Duffy collected recordings by the aging community of Piedmont blues players, younger musicians such as Stefan Grossman, Roy Book Binder, Jorma Kaukonen, Paul Geremia, Keb Mo', Michael Roach", "id": "8150348" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nGerman promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau. The rise of electric blues, and its eventual mainstream success, meant that British acoustic blues was completely overshadowed. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers Bert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham (who played and recorded with Korner), played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene, with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones", "id": "8151338" }, { "contents": "Americana (music)\n\n\nAmericana (also known as American roots music) is an amalgam of American music formed by the confluence of the shared and varied traditions that make up the musical ethos of the United States, specifically those sounds that are merged from folk, country, blues, rhythm and blues, rock and roll, gospel, and other external influences. Americana, as defined by the Americana Music Association (AMA), is \"contemporary music that incorporates elements of various mostly acoustic American roots music styles, including country, roots rock, folk", "id": "9198553" }, { "contents": "Muddy Waters\n\n\nSpann in 1958, where they were backed by local Dixieland-style or \"trad jazz\" musicians, including members of Chris Barber's band. At the time, English audiences had only been exposed to acoustic folk blues, as performed by artists such as Sonny Terry, Brownie McGhee, and Big Bill Broonzy. Both the musicians and audiences were unprepared for Muddy Waters' performance, which included his electric slide guitar playing. He recalled: Although his performances alienated the old guard, some younger musicians, including Alexis Korner and", "id": "15757617" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nBert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham, played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. It continued with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones. Most British acoustic blues players could achieve little commercial success and found it difficult to gain recognition for their \"imitations\" of the blues in the US, being overshadowed by the rhythm and blues and electric blues that had emerged in the later 1950s. Blues harpist Cyril Davies ran the London Skiffle", "id": "16087062" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nas well as people that shared his country roots. His work in this period shows he performed across a wider musical spectrum than almost any other bluesman before or since, including in his repertoire ragtime, hokum blues, country blues, urban blues, jazz-tinged songs, folk songs and spirituals. After World War II, Broonzy recorded songs that were the bridge that allowed many younger musicians to cross over to the future of the blues: the electric blues of postwar Chicago. His 1945 recordings of \"Where the Blues Began", "id": "9494361" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nBig Bill Broonzy (born Lee Conley Bradley, June 26, 1903 – August 14, 1958) was an American blues singer, songwriter and guitarist. His career began in the 1920s, when he played country blues to mostly African-American audiences. Through the 1930s and 1940s he successfully navigated a transition in style to a more urban blues sound popular with working-class African-American audiences. In the 1950s a return to his traditional folk-blues roots made him one of the leading figures of the emerging American folk", "id": "9494347" }, { "contents": "Precious Bryant\n\n\nPrecious Bryant (née Bussey; January 4, 1942 – January 12, 2013) was an American country blues, gospel, and folk singer and guitarist. She played Piedmont fingerstyle guitar. Bryant was born in Talbot County, Georgia. She released two solo albums. Her 2002 debut, \"Fool Me Good,\" was nominated for two Blues Music Awards, in the categories Acoustic Blues Album of the Year and Best New Artist Debut. In 2006 she was nominated for a similar award for Traditional Blues Female Artist of the", "id": "2571157" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nAmerica, a series of tours that began with Josh White and Big Bill Broonzy in 1951, and would include Brownie McGhee, Sonny Terry, Memphis Slim, Muddy Waters and Lonnie Johnson. Lonnie Johnson played at the Royal Festival Hall in 1952 on a bill opened by a group led by the young Lonnie Donegan. Donegan became the key figure in the development of the British skiffle \"craze\", beginning in Ken Colyer's Jazzmen by playing American folk and blues songs, particularly those derived from the recordings of Huddie Leadbetter,", "id": "16087056" }, { "contents": "Hill country blues\n\n\npatterns that conform to proverbial phrases or the words of popular fife and drum tunes—\"is considered the sign of a good drummer.\" This enduring tradition of folk polyrhythm played an important part in the development of Mississippi blues. \"Mississippi\" Fred McDowell, who lived in Como, Mississippi, was one of the subgenre's most widely known musicians, in the 1960s and after. His music was heavier on percussive elements and African rhythms than traditional Delta blues. McDowell's performances helped define the Hill Country blues sound, influencing later artists", "id": "19106875" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nfit in with British expectations of American blues as a form of folk music. In 1957 Davies and Korner decided that their central interest was the blues and closed the skiffle club, reopening a month later as The London Blues and Barrelhouse Club. To this point British blues was acoustically played emulating Delta blues and Country blues styles and often part of the emerging second British folk revival. Critical in changing this was the visit of Muddy Waters in 1958, who initially shocked British audiences by playing amplified electric blues, but who was soon", "id": "8151324" }, { "contents": "Valerie Turner\n\n\nValerie Turner is an American blues guitarist-vocalist, educator, and author. She plays in the Piedmont style of fingerpicking guitar, continuing in the traditions of Mississippi John Hurt, Elizabeth Cotten, Memphis Minnie, and Etta Baker. She performs blues, ballads, country, popular songs, ragtime, and gospels. She is a native New Yorker with southern roots in Virginia and Georgia. She started learning and studying traditional country blues guitar in 1978. Valerie and her spouse, Benedict Turner, are an acoustic blues duo called", "id": "8216617" }, { "contents": "Mr. Misunderstood\n\n\n\"Mr. Misunderstood\", at the 2015 Country Music Association Awards, where the news of the new album became evident. The musical style of this album has been described as the following; country, rock, blues, folk, gospel, soul, funk, alternative country, alternative rock, country rock, country blues, country gospel, gospel blues, bluegrass, folk rock, heartland rock, roots rock, rock and roll, rhythm and blues, Southern gospel, Southern rock, and Southern soul. His music here", "id": "5570655" }, { "contents": "Chris Barber\n\n\nwas mainly responsible for arranging the first UK tours of blues artists Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee and Muddy Waters. This, with the encouragement of local enthusiasts such as Alexis Korner and John Mayall, sparked young musicians such as Peter Green, Eric Clapton and the Rolling Stones. British rhythm and blues powered the British invasion of the USA charts in the 1960s, yet Dixieland itself remained popular: in January 1963 the British music magazine, \"NME\" reported the biggest trad jazz event in Britain at Alexandra Palace", "id": "17410986" }, { "contents": "The Blues, the Whole Blues, and Nothing But the Blues\n\n\ninterplay of instruments gives them the freedom to move from the country blues of the Mississippi Delta to the jug band tradition of the urban South, and from New Orleans to Chicago, embracing the breadth of American music in its myriad places and times.\" In \"Glide\" magazine, Lee Zimmerman said, \"David Bromberg’s fondness for the blues has been a single-minded concern throughout his storied career, one that’s found him working alongside any number of icons, folks like Bob Dylan and George Harrison included... Of", "id": "7352775" }, { "contents": "Dave Van Ronk\n\n\nand Van Ronk turned to performing blues he had stumbled across while shopping for jazz 78s, by artists like Furry Lewis and Mississippi John Hurt. Van Ronk was not the first white musician to perform African-American blues, but became noted for his interpretation of it in its original context. By about 1958, he was firmly committed to the folk-blues style, accompanying himself with his own acoustic guitar. He performed blues, jazz and folk music, occasionally writing his own songs but generally arranging the work of earlier artists", "id": "10878367" }, { "contents": "Fingerstyle guitar\n\n\nis also very common. Examples of traditions that John Fahey and Robbie Basho would employ in their compositions include, but are not limited to, the extended Raga of Indian classical music, the Japanese Koto, and the early ragtime-based country blues music of Mississippi John Hurt or Blind Blake. A distinctive style to emerge from Britain in the early 1960s, which combined elements of American folk, blues, jazz and ragtime with British traditional music, was what became known as 'folk baroque'. Pioneered by musicians of the", "id": "13793683" }, { "contents": "Country music\n\n\nCountry music, also known as country and western (or simply country), and hillbilly music, is a genre of popular music that originated in the southern United States in the early 1920s. It takes its roots from genres such as American folk music (especially Appalachian folk and Western music) and blues. Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms, folk lyrics, and harmonies mostly accompanied by string instruments such as banjos, electric and acoustic guitars, steel guitars (such as pedal steels and", "id": "4960825" }, { "contents": "WFDU\n\n\n. WFDU (FM) plays wide array of music ranging from Blues & Country/Bluegrass music to RetroRadio, Eclectic, Folk, Gospel, Oldies Rock and Soul/R&B. Big Frank Mirra, a well-known Blues musician in the Metro area for over three decades along with former blues radio producer, Music Director of Blues/Roots/American programing, Mike Stokes hosts Blues on the Run on Tuesdays. Dennis Gruenling is the host of Blues & the Beat, spinning everything from the legends of Chicago-style blues like", "id": "1564525" }, { "contents": "Nick Katzman\n\n\nNick Katzman (born 1951) is an American blues musician. Katzman was born in New York City, and lives in both Manhattan and Berlin, Germany. He plays in a variety of musical genres, including Chicago blues, Mississippi blues, Texas blues, and ragtime. As a teenager in the 1960s, Katzman saw many of the surviving country blues guitarists who travelled north to play their music in clubs and at the folk festivals. He learned to lay both guitar and lute. He studied classical music and jazz at Antioch", "id": "16730431" }, { "contents": "Louisiana blues\n\n\nLouisiana blues is a genre of blues music that developed in the period after World War II in the state of Louisiana. It is generally divided into two major subgenres, with the jazz-influenced New Orleans blues based on the musical traditions of that city and the slower tempo swamp blues incorporating influences from zydeco and Cajun music from around Baton Rouge. Major artists in the New Orleans tradition include Professor Longhair and Guitar Slim and for swamp blues Slim Harpo and Lightnin' Slim. Both genres peaked in popularity in the 1960s and were", "id": "8046899" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. Theatrical composers and lyricists like the brothers George and Ira Gershwin created a uniquely American theatrical style that used American vernacular speech and music. Musicals featured popular songs and fast-paced plots that often revolved around love and romance. The blues is a genre of African American folk music that is the basis for much of modern American popular music. Blues can be seen as part of a continuum of musical styles like country, jazz, ragtime, and gospel; though each genre evolved into distinct forms, their origins were often indistinct", "id": "7216662" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nspirituals, work songs, ragtime music, hokum, and country blues he heard growing up and the styles of his contemporaries, including Jimmie Rodgers, Blind Blake, Son House, and Blind Lemon Jefferson. Broonzy combined all these influences into his own style of the blues, which foreshadowed the postwar Chicago blues, later refined and popularized by artists such as Muddy Waters and Willie Dixon. Although he had been a pioneer of the Chicago blues style and had employed electric instruments as early as 1942, white audiences in the 1950s wanted", "id": "9494369" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\n, a large number of British rhythm and blues musicians began their careers playing skiffle, including Van Morrison, Ronnie Wood, Mick Jagger and Roger Daltrey. The fashion created a demand for opportunities to play versions of American folk, blues and jazz music that would contribute to the growth of a club scene. Until the mid-1950s in Britain the blues was seen as a form of folk music. When Broonzy toured England he played a folk blues set to fit British expectations of American blues, rather than his current electric Chicago blues.", "id": "16087059" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nintroduction of many later followers of the blues to the music and hardships of life for African Americans in the Southern US. The next year the \"Jazz Club\" programme, hosted by Max Jones, included a recital of \"Town and Country Blues\", which played music by a wide range of blues artists. The British rhythm and blues scene developed in London out of the related jazz, skiffle and folk club scenes of the 1950s. The first of these scenes, that of jazz, had developed during the Second World", "id": "16087053" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nrecognized the album for its historically significant material. An extensively recorded bluesman, Big Bill Broonzy left the United States to tour Europe in 1951, becoming the first Chicago blues player to perform for European audiences. Broonzy previously spent time in Iowa, where he honed a repertoire which remained a fixture of his concerts and recordings for the remainder of the decade. With bluesmen such as Muddy Waters and Howlin' Wolf amplifying their music, resulting in the popularity of the electric blues, Broonzy decided to reinvent himself as a folk blues musician", "id": "18296717" }, { "contents": "Alec Seward\n\n\nhe relocated from the South to New York, in his case in 1924. Seward befriended Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry and retained his Piedmont blues styling despite changes in musical trends. He and the blues musician Louis Hayes (who later became a minister in northern New Jersey) performed together, variously billed as the Blues Servant Boys, Guitar Slim and Jelly Belly, and the Back Porch Boys. During the 1940s and 1950s Seward played and recorded with Lead Belly, Woody Guthrie, McGhee and Terry. Around 1947 Seward, Guthrie", "id": "7237009" }, { "contents": "The Real Folk Blues\n\n\nThe Real Folk Blues is a series of blues albums released between 1965 and 1967 by Chess Records, later reissued MCA Records. Each album in the series highlighted the music of one major Chess artist, including John Lee Hooker, Howlin' Wolf, Muddy Waters, and Sonny Boy Williamson II. The series, overseen by Marshall Chess, was a reaction to the increasing audience for the blues following the British Invasion. Companion discs, titled More Real Folk Blues, were released for many of the artists. Hooker's companion disc", "id": "17857302" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nNew styles of music emerged among black Americans in the early 20th century in the form of blues, ragtime, jazz, and gospel music. According to the writer Robert Palmer:\"Rock 'n' roll was an inevitable outgrowth of the social and musical interactions between blacks and whites in the South and Southwest. Its roots are a complex tangle. Bedrock black church music influenced blues, rural blues influenced white folk song and the black popular music of the Northern ghettos, blues and black pop influenced jazz, and so on. But the", "id": "5254864" }, { "contents": "Ernie Hawkins\n\n\nErnie Hawkins (born Ernest Leroy Hawkins, 1947, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American acoustic blues guitar player, singer, song writer, recording artist, and educator. Hawkins, along with fellow bluesmen Stefan Grossman and Roy Bookbinder, studied with blues legend Reverend Gary Davis in New York City in 1965 and 1966. Over the years, he learned a variety of styles, including Piedmont blues, Delta blues, ragtime, and gospel. In 1969, Hawkins moved back to his hometown of Pittsburgh, and enrolled at the", "id": "8862999" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nThe American Folk Blues Festival was a music festival that toured Europe as an annual event for several years beginning in 1962. It introduced audiences in Europe, including the UK, to leading blues performers of the day such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, most of whom had never previously performed outside the US. The tours attracted substantial media coverage, including TV shows, and contributed to the growth of the audience for blues music in Europe. German jazz publicist Joachim-Ernst Berendt", "id": "2225133" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\ninspire much of the later popular development of the blues and blues-derived genres, including the legendary delta blues musician Robert Johnson and Piedmont blues musician Blind Willie McTell. By the end of the 1940s, however, pure blues was only a minor part of popular music, having been subsumed by offshoots like rhythm & blues and the nascent rock and roll style. Some styles of electric, piano-driven blues, like boogie-woogie, retained a large audience. A bluesy style of gospel also became popular in mainstream America", "id": "7216666" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\n. Known primarily as a folk-blues guitarist, he learned to play guitar by listening to blues musicians, such as Charlie Patton and Mississippi John Hurt, and has developed a distinctive fingerpicking technique in which he plays the bass line, rhythm chords, and single-note leads simultaneously. In his original compositions and artistic styling, he incorporates influences from other genres, such as jazz, folk music, country music, classical and world music, often utilizing odd time measures, to personalize his music and story telling. An", "id": "1583130" }, { "contents": "Alan Lomax\n\n\n\"The Land Where the Blues Began\" (1995), linking the birth of the blues to debt peonage, segregation, and forced labor in the American South. Lomax's greatest legacy is in preserving and publishing recordings of musicians in many folk and blues traditions around the US and Europe. Among the artists Lomax is credited with discovering and bringing to a wider audience include blues guitarist Robert Johnson, protest singer Woody Guthrie, folk artist Pete Seeger, country musician Burl Ives, and country blues singer Lead Belly, among many", "id": "8697682" }, { "contents": "Brian Protheroe\n\n\nWhite, Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Dave Brubeck and the choral church music of Bach. Protheroe joined the folk group Folk Blues Incorporated (FBI) when he was nineteen, while at this time listening to Bob Dylan and the Beatles. He came to London with FBI in 1965, and played in folk music clubs in and around London. In 1966, Protheroe began his career as an actor. His first job was with his local repertory theatre in Salisbury. He worked there for about seven months", "id": "7666713" }, { "contents": "Down Home Blues (Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry album)\n\n\nDown Home Blues is an album by blues musicians Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry recorded in 1960 and released on the Bluesville label. AllMusic reviewer Bruce Eder stated: \"the music itself stands outside of time. McGhee's strumming and singing have enough polish to pass as a commercial recording, but at its best, it's still sufficiently unaffected so as to be regarded as authentic country-blues. It's Terry's harp, however, that really pulls this body of music back to its roots ... the dominant elements of this", "id": "12217779" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nTrouble in Mind is an album by American blues musician Big Bill Broonzy. It was released on February 22, 2000 by Smithsonian Folkways. The album consists of traditional folk, blues, and spiritual songs featuring Broonzy accompanying himself on acoustic guitar and a guest appearance by Pete Seeger. Suffering from cancer, Broonzy realized his time was limited and hence recorded extensively between 1956 and 1957. While most of the work draws from the album \"Big Bill Broonzy Sings Country Blues\" (1957), arranged by Moses Asch and Charles Edward", "id": "18296715" }, { "contents": "Music of Washington, D.C.\n\n\nhome to many bluesmen, such as Jelly Roll Morton and later rock and roll and rhythm and blues musicians such as Bo Diddley and Roy Buchanan. In the 1960s, a number of white youths formed local blues bands, including the Northside Blues Band and the Nighthawks. Starting in the early 1960s, Takoma Park native John Fahey became a nationally noted blues and folk guitarist who established the Takoma Records label, which attracted a number of other blues, folk, acoustic and fingerstyle guitarists to the District of Columbia area. Another local", "id": "9815809" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\nTerry Robb is a Canadian fingerstyle guitarist, composer, arranger and record producer living in the United States. He plays electric and acoustic guitar, and is associated with the American Primitive Guitar genre through his collaboration with steel string guitarist John Fahey. He is a member of the Oregon Music Hall of Fame and Cascade Blues Association Hall of Fame, and was honored with the eponymous \"Terry Robb\" Muddy Award for Best Acoustic Guitar in 2011. His original compositions draw on the Delta blues, ragtime, folk music, country music", "id": "1583113" }, { "contents": "Lightnin' Wells\n\n\nLightnin' Wells is an American Piedmont blues multi-instrumentalist and singer. He is a proficient musician and regularly plays various instruments in concert including the guitar, mandolin, harmonica, ukulele and banjo. At times he has performed as a one-man band. His style encompasses elements of the blues, country, gospel, old-time, bluegrass and folk. Mark Coltrain stated in \"Living Blues\" that, \"You won't find a more versatile musician around – able to move deftly between country blues, old", "id": "14064192" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nspending a year in Europe including recording the \"Sonny Boy Williamson and The Yardbirds\" album, (first released on Star-Club Records in 1965), and recording with The Animals. On 7 May 1964, Granada Television broadcast \"Blues and Gospel Train\", a programme directed by John Hamp featuring Muddy Waters, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, Rev. Gary Davis, Cousin Joe and Otis Spann. For filming, the company transformed the disused Wilbraham Road railway station into \"Chorltonville\", giving it", "id": "2225137" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n. Delta blues is a style as much as a geographical form: Skip James and Elmore James, who were not born in the Delta, are considered Delta blues musicians. Performers traveled throughout the Mississippi Delta, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and Tennessee. Eventually, Delta blues spread out across the country, giving rise to a host of regional variations, including Chicago blues and Detroit blues. Delta blues songs are typically expressed in the first person and often concern love, sex, the traveling lifestyle and its tribulations, sin", "id": "7794024" }, { "contents": "Traditional blues verses\n\n\nIn the folk tradition, there are many traditional blues verses that have been sung over and over by many artists. Blues singers, who include many country and folk artists as well as those commonly identified with blues singers, use these traditional lyrics to fill out their blues performances. Artists like Jimmie Rodgers, the \"blue yodeler\", and Big Joe Turner, \"the Boss of the Blues\" compiled virtual encyclopedias of lyrics. Turner reputedly could sing the blues for hours without repeating himself. Traditional blues verses in folk-", "id": "14213756" }, { "contents": "Midwestern United States\n\n\nmusical style in the United States, deriving most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz, and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Freed's contribution in identifying rock as a new genre helped establish the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, located in Cleveland. Chuck Berry, a Midwesterner from St. Louis, was among the first successful rock and roll artists and influenced many other rock musicians", "id": "15016383" }, { "contents": "Classic female blues\n\n\nClassic female blues was an early form of blues music, popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues were performed by female singers accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles and were the first blues to be recorded. Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, Ethel Waters, and the other singers in this genre were instrumental in spreading the popularity of the blues. Blues, a type of black folk music originating in the American South, were", "id": "5621307" }, { "contents": "Southern soul\n\n\n\"Country soul\", \"Downhome soul\" and \"Hard soul\" have been used synonymously with \"Southern soul\" Pioneers of southern soul include: Georgia natives Ray Charles and James Brown; Little Willie John, Bobby \"Blue\" Bland, New Orleans R&B artist Allen Toussaint; and Memphis DJ Rufus Thomas. Southern soul was influenced by blues and gospel music. Southern soul was at its peak during the 1960s, when Memphis soul was created. In 1963, Stan Lewis founded Jewel Records in Shreveport, Louisiana, along", "id": "18765148" }, { "contents": "South Korea\n\n\n1992 marked a turning point for South Korean popular music, also known as K-pop, as the genre modernized itself from incorporating elements of popular musical genres from across the world such as Western popular music, experimental, jazz, gospel, Latin, classical, hip hop, rhythm and blues, electronic dance, reggae, country, folk, and rock on top of its uniquely traditional Korean music roots. Western-style pop, hip hop, rhythm and blues, rock, folk, electronic dance oriented acts have become", "id": "7248618" }, { "contents": "The Subdudes\n\n\nThe Subdudes (stylized as The subdudes) are an American roots rock group from New Orleans. Their music blends folk, swamp pop, New Orleans rhythm and blues, Louisiana blues, country, cajun/zydeco, funk, soul and gospel with harmonic vocals. Their sound is notable for the band's substitution of a tambourine player for a drummer. The subdudes formed in 1987 through a music venue in New Orleans called Tipitina's. The Subdudes often credit their songwriting to the group as a whole, although the primary songwriters", "id": "12289559" }, { "contents": "American rock\n\n\nAmerican rock has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, rhythm and blues, and country music, and also drew on folk music, jazz, blues, and classical music. American rock music was further influenced by the British Invasion of the American pop charts from 1964 and resulted in the development of garage rock. From the late 1960s and early 1970s, American rock music was highly influential in the development of a number of fusions, including blending with folk music to create folk rock, with blues to create blues", "id": "5254668" }, { "contents": "Richard Trice\n\n\nRichard Trice (November 16, 1917 – April 6, 2000) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles. He lived most of his life in his native North Carolina and played in its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. His family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Music was an interest in the family, and he learned to play the guitar at an", "id": "1811700" }, { "contents": "J. B. Lenoir\n\n\nJefferson, which became a major influence. During the early 1940s, Lenoir worked with the blues artists Sonny Boy Williamson II and Elmore James in New Orleans. He was later influenced by Arthur Crudup and Lightnin' Hopkins. In 1949, he moved to Chicago, where Big Bill Broonzy helped introduce him to the blues community. He began to perform at local nightclubs, with musicians such as Memphis Minnie, Big Maceo Merriweather, and Muddy Waters, and became an important part of the city's blues scene. He began recording", "id": "7041136" }, { "contents": "Bishop Dready Manning\n\n\ncotton, peanuts, and corn. Some of his uncles and cousins played blues guitar in the North Carolina Piedmont fashion. When Manning was seven years old, he began learning how to fingerpick guitar. His skills improved over time and by his teenage years Manning had earned a reputation as a master of blues guitar and harmonica. His style was influenced by Piedmont blues musicians such as Blind Boy Fuller, Brownie McGhee and Buddy Moss, and national stars like Lightnin' Hopkins, Jimmy Reed and Sonny Boy Williamson As a young bluesman", "id": "13727518" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nartists and their own performances. The visit of Muddy Waters in 1958 had a major impact on the duo and on the nature of British R&B in general. Initially British audiences were shocked by Waters's amplified electric blues, but he was soon playing to ecstatic crowds and receiving rave reviews. Where British blues had often emulated Delta blues and country blues in the emerging British folk revival, Davies and Korner, who had supported Waters on tour, now began to play high-powered electric blues, forming the band Blues Incorporated.", "id": "16087064" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\njump blues combo with honking saxophone and rolling piano, variously calling themselves Brownie McGhee and his Jook House Rockers or Sonny Terry and his Buckshot Five, often with Champion Jack Dupree and Big Chief Ellis. They also appeared in the original Broadway productions of \"Finian's Rainbow\" and \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\". During the blues revival of the 1960s, Terry and McGhee were popular on the concert and music festival circuits, occasionally adding new material but usually remaining faithful to their roots and playing to the tastes of", "id": "4476037" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nelements of swing music and jazz in a long and prolific career. After World War II, amplified blues music became popular in American cities that had seen widespread African American migration, such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit, St. Louis, and the West Coast. The initial impulse was to be heard above the noise of lively rent parties. Playing in small venues, electric blues bands tended to remain modest in size compared with larger jazz bands. In its early stages electric blues typically used amplified electric guitars, double bass (", "id": "8151258" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe Beatles had brought African-American music to new audiences, both within the U.S. and abroad. However, the blues wave that brought artists such as Muddy Waters to the foreground had stopped. Bluesmen such as Big Bill Broonzy and Willie Dixon started looking for new markets in Europe. Dick Waterman and the blues festivals he organized in Europe played a major role in propagating blues music abroad. In the UK, bands emulated U.S. blues legends, and UK blues rock-based bands had an influential role throughout the 1960s. Blues", "id": "2951020" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\nThese drew on his studies with Rev. Davis and the other older blues artists and on his obsessive listening to old 78s. \"The Country Blues Guitar, Delta Blues, Texas Blues, Ragtime Blues Guitar\" and \"Rev. Gary Davis/Blues Guitar\" have remained in print through various editions. In the mid-1960s, Stefan Grossman recorded a number of cuts for Joe Bussard and his Frederick, Maryland-based Fonotone Records and performed at the Jabberwock coffeehouse in Berkeley under the nom du folk of \"Kid Future\". The origins", "id": "9236337" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nand they continued almost annually until 1972, after an eight-year hiatus reviving the festival in 1980 until its final performance in 1985. The concerts featured some of the leading blues artists of the 1960s, such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Willie Dixon, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, some playing in unique combinations such as T-Bone Walker playing guitar for pianist Memphis Slim, Otis Rush with Junior Wells, Sonny Boy Williamson with Muddy Waters. The Festival DVDs include the only known footage of Little", "id": "2225135" }, { "contents": "Checkin' Up on My Baby\n\n\n\"Checkin' Up on My Baby\" (or sometimes \"Checking On My Baby\") is a song recorded by Sonny Boy Williamson II in 1960 that has become a classic of the blues. The song was not released as a single, but was included on Williamson's \"The Real Folk Blues\" album released after his death in 1965. The song has been recorded by numerous blues and other artists, making it one of Williamson's most recorded songs. Williamson's namesake Sonny Boy Williamson I, also known as", "id": "10302292" }, { "contents": "History of modern Western subcultures\n\n\ncowboy songs (also known, in those days, as hillbilly music) were beginning to be more popular with a wider audience. A subculture of rural jazz and blues fans had mixed elements of jazz and blues into traditional cowboy and folk song styles to produce a crossover called western swing. Thanks to the prevalence of radio, this music spread across the United States in the 1940s. Radio was the first \"almost instantaneous\" mass media with the power to create large subcultures by spreading the ideas of small subcultures across a wide", "id": "19180987" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\n\"one of the greatest exponents of fingerstyle blues and gospel guitar playing\"\" and \"\"an incredible genius as a teacher\"\". He spent countless hours learning and documenting Davis's music, recording much of it on a tape recorder, and developing a form of tablature to take down his teacher's instructions. In the folk and country blues revival of the 1960s he was listening to old recordings of artists such as Elizabeth Cotten, Big Bill Broonzy, Lead Belly, Josh White, Lightnin' Hopkins, Rev. Gary", "id": "9236332" }, { "contents": "Steel-string acoustic guitar\n\n\nundistorted and full-range reproduction. Until the 1960s, the predominant forms of music played on the flat-top, steel-string guitar remained relatively stable and included acoustic blues, country, bluegrass, folk, and several genres of rock. The concept of playing solo steel-string guitar in a concert setting was introduced in the early 1960s by such performers as Davey Graham and John Fahey, who used country blues fingerpicking techniques to compose original compositions with structures somewhat like European classical music. Fahey contemporary Robbie Basho added elements", "id": "2024699" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nmusic. The music of the civil rights movement and Free Speech Movement in the U.S. prompted a resurgence of interest in American roots music and early African American music. As well festivals such as the Newport Folk Festival brought traditional blues to a new audience, which helped to revive interest in prewar acoustic blues and performers such as Son House, Mississippi John Hurt, Skip James, and Reverend Gary Davis. Many compilations of classic prewar blues were republished by the Yazoo Records. J. B. Lenoir from the Chicago blues movement in the 1950s", "id": "2951023" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nperformers such as Little Walter or Muddy Waters. Songs from this genre include \"Scratch my Back\", \"She's Tough\" and \"I'm a King Bee\". Alan Lomax's recordings of Mississippi Fred McDowell would eventually bring him wider attention on both the blues and folk circuit, with McDowell's droning style influencing North Mississippi hill country blues musicians. By the beginning of the 1960s, genres influenced by African American music such as rock and roll and soul were part of mainstream popular music. White performers such as", "id": "2951019" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nmore exclusively English folk clubs. The more traditional American folk blues continued to provide 1960s British groups with material, particularly after the emergence of Bob Dylan, who also popularised folk blues songs. In 1964, for example, the song-catalogue of Lead Belly provided the Animals with \"The House of the Rising Sun\", Manfred Mann with \"John Hardy\" and the Four Pennies with \"Black Girl\". British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers", "id": "16087061" }, { "contents": "Willie Trice\n\n\nWilliam Augusta Trice (February 10, 1908 – December 11, 1976) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles and an album. He remained loyal to his native North Carolina and its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, probably in 1908; some sources state 1910 or 1911. The family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Both of Trice’s parents played music", "id": "1573260" }, { "contents": "Rock and roll\n\n\nstyles such as jazz and swing which were taken up by white musicians, aided this process of \"cultural collision\". The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called \"race music\", and country music of the 1940s and 1950s. Particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. Commentators differ in their views of which of these forms were most important and the degree to which the new music was a re-branding of African-American rhythm and", "id": "5601387" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\nPiedmont blues (also known as East Coast, or Southeastern blues) refers primarily to a guitar style, the Piedmont fingerstyle, which is characterized by a fingerpicking approach in which a regular, alternating thumb bass string rhythmic pattern supports a syncopated melody using the treble strings generally picked with the fore-finger, occasionally others. The result is comparable in sound to ragtime or stride piano styles. Blues researcher Peter B. Lowry coined the term, giving co-credit to fellow folklorist Bruce Bastin. The Piedmont style is differentiated from other", "id": "8150344" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand the generalization of the blues beat, the blues shuffle, which became ubiquitous in R&B. This commercial stream had important consequences for blues music, which, together with jazz and gospel music, became a component of R&B. After World War II, new styles of electric blues became popular in cities such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit and St. Louis. Electric blues used electric guitars, double bass (gradually replaced by bass guitar), drums, and harmonica (or \"blues harp\") played through a microphone and a PA", "id": "2951010" }, { "contents": "New Orleans blues\n\n\nblues is primarily driven by piano and horn, enlivened by Caribbean rhythms and Dixieland music. It is generally cheerful in delivery regardless of the subject matter, with a laid back tempo and complex rhythms falling just behind the beat. Vocals range from laid-back crooning to full-throated gospel shouting. New Orleans is generally credited as the birthplace of jazz music, but has attracted less attention as a center of the blues. The 12 bar blues were well known in the city before most of the rest of the country.", "id": "20252986" }, { "contents": "Michael Roach (musician)\n\n\n2003, Roach presented \"Deep Blue\", a three part series on blues music featured on BBC Radio 4. In 2006 he released an instructional DVD, \"Introduction to Country Blues Guitar\". Roach's tours as an educator and performer have taken him to the Augusta Heritage Center (US), Centrum Piedmont Blues Intensive (US), The Ironworks (UK) and the Smithsonian Institution (US). He has performed and lectured at blues, jazz, folk and roots music festivals in Croatia, Czech Republic,", "id": "14072779" }, { "contents": "Texas blues\n\n\nmoved to Chicago as a teenager. His instrumental number \"Hide Away\" (1961), was emulated by British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments such as keyboards and horns with emphasis on guitar soloing. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles.", "id": "12084292" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nhip hop music, reggae, rap, country music, and pop music, blues has been accused of being the \"devil's music\" and of inciting violence and other poor behavior. In the early 20th century, the blues was considered disreputable, especially as white audiences began listening to the blues during the 1920s. In the early twentieth century, W.C. Handy was the first to popularize blues-influenced music among non-black Americans. During the blues revival of the 1960s and '70s, acoustic blues artist Taj Mahal", "id": "2951049" }, { "contents": "Blues fiddle\n\n\nchances for frontline fiddlers to participate. Another reason for the violin's exclusion in post war blues was that it could not be effectively electrified. When artists migrated to the industrial centers from the Mississippi delta and rural south, they found a way to do so, but African-American music later mostly abandoned the instrument. Many blues guitar greats, such as Lonnie Johnson and Big Bill Broonzy, made early recordings on the violin. They are among the most-represented artists in the canon. The connection between guitar and violin", "id": "20387501" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\nin the 1950s, led by singer Mahalia Jackson. The blues genre experienced major revivals in the 1950s with Chicago blues musicians such as Muddy Waters and Little Walter, as well as in the 1960s in the British Invasion and American folk music revival when country blues musicians like Mississippi John Hurt and Reverend Gary Davis were rediscovered. The seminal blues musicians of these periods had tremendous influence on rock musicians such as Chuck Berry in the 1950s, as well as on the British blues and blues rock scenes of the 1960s and 1970s, including", "id": "7216667" }, { "contents": "Sugar Mama (song)\n\n\n\"Sugar Mama\" or \"Sugar Mama Blues\" is a song that is a standard of the blues. Called a \"tautly powerful slow blues\" by music journalist Charles Shaar Murray, it has been recorded by numerous artists, including early Chicago bluesmen Tampa Red, Sonny Boy Williamson I, and Tommy McClennan. John Lee Hooker and Howlin' Wolf later adapted \"Sugar Mama\" for electric blues and rock group Led Zeppelin reworked it during early recording sessions. Country bluesman Yank Rachell recorded \"Sugar Farm Blues\" February 6", "id": "15139181" }, { "contents": "Nathan Beauregard\n\n\nwith minor talent make a fortune as a recording artist while he himself was not offered such a chance. During the folk and blues revival of the 1960s Beauregard was \"discovered\" in Memphis by Bill Barth, who convinced him to work as a musician again. In the short time between his \"discovery\" in 1968 and his death in 1970, he played at various folk and blues festivals (e.g. the 1968 Memphis Country Blues Festival, which has been recorded on the Sire and Blue Horizon labels) and on a number", "id": "5223148" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe California blues style, performed a successful transition from the early urban blues à la Lonnie Johnson and Leroy Carr to the jump blues style and dominated the blues-jazz scene at Los Angeles during the 1940s. The transition from country blues to urban blues that began in the 1920s was driven by the successive waves of economic crisis and booms which led many rural blacks to move to urban areas, in a movement known as the Great Migration. The long boom following World War II induced another massive migration of the African-American", "id": "2951008" }, { "contents": "Women in music\n\n\nboys only club. Chinese idol girl groups have also recently achieved significant success, with C-pop groups like SNH48 and Rocket Girls 101, with the later selling over 1.6 million copies of their debut EP in 2018. Classic female blues was an early form of blues music popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues songs performed by female vocalists were accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles, and were the first blues to be", "id": "22079994" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nRock and roll emerged as a defined musical style in the United States in the early to mid-1950s. It derived most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Rock and roll in turn provided the main basis for the music that, since the mid-1960s, has been generally known simply as rock music. The phrase \"rocking and rolling\" originally described", "id": "5254840" }, { "contents": "Warner Williams and Jay Summerour\n\n\nWarner Williams and Jay Summerour are an American folk duo, who perform under the name Little Bit A Blues. They have played at numerous folk and blues festivals and at concerts at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. They are known for playing in the Piedmont blues style, a regional variant of the blues that developed in North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland and West Virginia. Williams and Summerour have been playing music together under the name of Little Bit A Blues since the early 1990s. During their tenure together,", "id": "20240347" }, { "contents": "American popular music\n\n\n—e.g., minorities or rural audiences. Beginning in the 1920s and accelerating greatly in the 1940s, the blues began rapidly diversifying into a broad spectrum of new styles. These included an uptempo, energetic style called rhythm and blues (R&B), a merger of blues and Anglo-Celtic song called country music and the fusion of hymns and spirituals with blues structures called gospel music. Later than these other styles, in the 1940s, a blues, R&B and country fusion eventually called rock and roll developed, eventually coming", "id": "6698779" }, { "contents": "1940s in music\n\n\ncalled \"folk\" in the trades, and \"hillbilly\" within the industry. In 1944, \"The Billboard\" replaced the term \"hillbilly\" with \"folk songs and blues,\" and switched to \"country\" or \"country and Western\" in 1949. But while cowboy and Western music were the most popular styles, a new style – honky tonk – would take root and define the genre of country music for decades to come. The style meshed Western swing and blues music; featured rough, nasal vocals", "id": "12815195" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n, salvation and death. Several blues musicians were imprisoned in the Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman Farm, which is referred to in songs such as Bukka White's \"Parchman Farm Blues\" and the folk song \"Midnight Special\". In big-city blues, women singers such as Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith and Mamie Smith dominated the recordings of the 1920s. However, women rarely recorded Delta blues and other rural or folk-style blues. In Delta blues female performers often had some romantic connection to more notable male performers", "id": "7794025" }, { "contents": "The Sky Is Crying (song)\n\n\nThe Sky Is Crying\" has been interpreted and recorded by many blues and other artists. In 1963, blues harmonica player and singer Sonny Boy Williamson II recorded the song as a country blues-style duet with Matt Murphy on acoustic guitar for his \"Keep It to Ourselves\" album. In 1964, Eric Clapton with The Yardbirds recorded a live slow blues which included a couple of lines from \"The Sky Is Crying\" (\"Blueswailing July '64 (Live)\"). In 1966, with Jeff Beck on", "id": "3146914" }, { "contents": "BeauSoleil\n\n\n, rhythm, and lyrics of Louisiana folk music, incorporating elements of rock and roll, jazz, blues, calypso, and other genres in original compositions and reworkings of traditional tunes. Lyrics on BeauSoleil recordings are sung in English or Cajun French (and sometimes both in one song). According to the band's web site, BeauSoleil's musicians \"take the rich Cajun traditions of Louisiana and artfully blend elements of zydeco, New Orleans jazz, Tex-Mex, country, blues and more into a satisfying musical recipe.", "id": "9860218" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. The origins of country are in rural Southern folk music, which was primarily Irish and British, with African and continental European musics. Anglo-Celtic tunes, dance music, and balladry were the earliest predecessors of modern country, then known as \"hillbilly music\". Early hillbilly also borrowed elements of the blues and drew upon more aspects of 19th-century pop songs as hillbilly music evolved into a commercial genre eventually known as \"country and western\" and then simply \"country\". The earliest country instrumentation revolved around", "id": "7216674" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nelements from the \"Ethiopian airs\", minstrel shows and Negro spirituals, including instrumental and harmonic accompaniment. The style also was closely related to ragtime, which developed at about the same time, though the blues better preserved \"the original melodic patterns of African music\". The musical forms and styles that are now considered the blues as well as modern country music arose in the same regions of the southern United States during the 19th century. Recorded blues and country music can be found as far back as the 1920s, when", "id": "2950988" }, { "contents": "Organ Thieves\n\n\nPrimate Sanctuary. The band's musical style is unique and although the music is mainly considered hard rock, southern rock and reggae rock, the band like to call themselves \"experimental-soul-rock\". The band's music takes influences from various genres including reggae, soul, country, blues, rhythm and blues, folk, rock and roll, punk, heavy metal, southern rock and more, as stated by the band that they are not limited to any genre and are willing to experiment everything.br They are also", "id": "3590626" }, { "contents": "African-American music\n\n\nstructure of the dance and folk music of peoples across western and sub-Saharan Africa. These musical forms had a wide-ranging influence on the development of music within the United States and around the world during the 20th century. The modern genres of blues and ragtime were developed during the late 19th century by fusing West African vocalizations - which employed the natural harmonic series, and blue notes. The earliest jazz and blues recordings were made in the 1920s. African-American musicians developed related styles such as Rhythm and Blues in", "id": "13306674" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\nWalter Brown \"Brownie\" McGhee (November 30, 1915 – February 16, 1996) was an African-American folk music and Piedmont blues singer and guitarist, best known for his collaboration with the harmonica player Sonny Terry. McGhee was born in Knoxville, Tennessee, and grew up in Kingsport, Tennessee. At about the age of four he contracted polio, which incapacitated his right leg. His brother Granville \"Sticks\"(or \"Stick\") McGhee, who also later became a musician and composed the famous song \"Drinkin'", "id": "4476033" }, { "contents": "Clarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown\n\n\nClarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown (April 18, 1924 – September 10, 2005) was an American musician from Louisiana and Texas known for his work as a blues musician, as well as other styles of music. He spent his career fighting purism by synthesizing old blues, country, jazz, Cajun music and R&B styles. His work also encompasses rock and roll, rock music, folk music, electric blues, and Texas blues. He was an acclaimed multi-instrumentalist, who played an array of musical instruments, including", "id": "15961748" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nby British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments like keyboards and horns, but placed particular emphasis on powerful lead guitar breaks. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles. In the 1970s Jimmie formed the Fabulous Thunderbirds and in the 1980s his brother Stevie Ray", "id": "8151279" } ]

[ { "contents": "Country blues\n\n\nCountry blues (also folk blues, rural blues, backwoods blues, or downhome blues) is one of the earliest forms of blues music. The mainly solo vocal with acoustic fingerstyle guitar accompaniment developed in the rural Southern United States in the early 1900s. Artists, such as Blind Lemon Jefferson (Texas), Charley Patton (Mississippi), Blind Willie McTell (Georgia) were among the first to record blues songs in the 1920s. Country blues ran parallel to urban blues, which was popular in cities. Folklorist Alan Lomax", "id": "8046896" }, { "contents": "Culture of the Southern United States\n\n\n-time music, gospel music, spirituals, country music, rhythm and blues, soul music, funk, rock and roll, beach music, bluegrass, jazz (including ragtime, popularized by Southerner Scott Joplin), zydeco, and Appalachian folk music were either born in the South or developed in the region. In general, country music is based on the folk music of white Southerners, and blues and rhythm and blues is based on African American southern forms. However, whites and blacks alike have contributed to each of", "id": "8469878" }, { "contents": "List of blues festivals\n\n\nBlues festivals are music festivals which focus on blues music. Blues is a genre and musical form that originated in African-American communities in the Southern United States around the end of the 19th century. It has elements of traditional African music, American folk music, spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. Blues has since evolved from unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves into a wide variety of styles and subgenres, such as country blues, Delta and Piedmont, Chicago", "id": "17295253" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand subgenres. Blues subgenres include country blues, such as Delta blues and Piedmont blues, as well as urban blues styles such as Chicago blues and West Coast blues. World War II marked the transition from acoustic to electric blues and the progressive opening of blues music to a wider audience, especially white listeners. In the 1960s and 1970s, a hybrid form called blues rock developed, which blended blues styles with rock music. The term \"Blues\" may have come from \"blue devils\", meaning melancholy and sadness;", "id": "2950960" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nthe supposed appearance of a southern U.S.-style station. About 200 fans were brought by train to the platform opposite the performers. The performance was interrupted by a rainstorm, after which Tharpe performed the gospel song \"Didn't It Rain\". Blues musicians who performed on the American Folk Blues Festival tours included Muddy Waters, Sonny Boy Williamson, John Lee Hooker, Sippie Wallace, T-Bone Walker, Sonny Terry & Brownie McGhee, Memphis Slim, Otis Rush, Lonnie Johnson, Eddie Boyd, Big Walter Horton, Junior Wells", "id": "2225138" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nthrough EMI's Stateside label and Chess Records through Pye International's R&B series. These records were enthusiastically sought and collected by a new generation of enthusiasts. The increasing appetite for rhythm and blues was reflected in the growing numbers of Afro-American artists visiting the country. From 1962 the American Folk Blues Festival, organised by German promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau, brought American blues stars including Waters, Wolf, Sonny Boy Williamson, and John Lee Hooker to the country. In 1964 the American Folk Blues and Gospel Caravan arrived", "id": "16087069" }, { "contents": "Piedmont (United States)\n\n\nblues musicians came from Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. During the Great Migration, African Americans migrated to the Piedmont. With the Appalachian Mountains to the west, those who might otherwise have spread into rural areas stayed in cities and were thus exposed to a broader mixture of music than those in, for example, the rural Mississippi delta. Thus, Piedmont blues was influenced by many types of music such as ragtime, country, and popular songs—styles that had comparatively less influence on blues music in other regions.", "id": "1946509" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\n, it was being performed at US folk music revivals and festivals initially by established Piedmont blues artists such as Josh White, Rev. Gary Davis, and Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry, as well as Cephas & Wiggins, John Jackson in later years. While musicologists such as George Mitchell, Axel Küstner, Kip Lornell, Peter B. Lowry and Tim Duffy collected recordings by the aging community of Piedmont blues players, younger musicians such as Stefan Grossman, Roy Book Binder, Jorma Kaukonen, Paul Geremia, Keb Mo', Michael Roach", "id": "8150348" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nGerman promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau. The rise of electric blues, and its eventual mainstream success, meant that British acoustic blues was completely overshadowed. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers Bert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham (who played and recorded with Korner), played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene, with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones", "id": "8151338" }, { "contents": "Americana (music)\n\n\nAmericana (also known as American roots music) is an amalgam of American music formed by the confluence of the shared and varied traditions that make up the musical ethos of the United States, specifically those sounds that are merged from folk, country, blues, rhythm and blues, rock and roll, gospel, and other external influences. Americana, as defined by the Americana Music Association (AMA), is \"contemporary music that incorporates elements of various mostly acoustic American roots music styles, including country, roots rock, folk", "id": "9198553" }, { "contents": "Muddy Waters\n\n\nSpann in 1958, where they were backed by local Dixieland-style or \"trad jazz\" musicians, including members of Chris Barber's band. At the time, English audiences had only been exposed to acoustic folk blues, as performed by artists such as Sonny Terry, Brownie McGhee, and Big Bill Broonzy. Both the musicians and audiences were unprepared for Muddy Waters' performance, which included his electric slide guitar playing. He recalled: Although his performances alienated the old guard, some younger musicians, including Alexis Korner and", "id": "15757617" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nBert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham, played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. It continued with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones. Most British acoustic blues players could achieve little commercial success and found it difficult to gain recognition for their \"imitations\" of the blues in the US, being overshadowed by the rhythm and blues and electric blues that had emerged in the later 1950s. Blues harpist Cyril Davies ran the London Skiffle", "id": "16087062" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nas well as people that shared his country roots. His work in this period shows he performed across a wider musical spectrum than almost any other bluesman before or since, including in his repertoire ragtime, hokum blues, country blues, urban blues, jazz-tinged songs, folk songs and spirituals. After World War II, Broonzy recorded songs that were the bridge that allowed many younger musicians to cross over to the future of the blues: the electric blues of postwar Chicago. His 1945 recordings of \"Where the Blues Began", "id": "9494361" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nBig Bill Broonzy (born Lee Conley Bradley, June 26, 1903 – August 14, 1958) was an American blues singer, songwriter and guitarist. His career began in the 1920s, when he played country blues to mostly African-American audiences. Through the 1930s and 1940s he successfully navigated a transition in style to a more urban blues sound popular with working-class African-American audiences. In the 1950s a return to his traditional folk-blues roots made him one of the leading figures of the emerging American folk", "id": "9494347" }, { "contents": "Precious Bryant\n\n\nPrecious Bryant (née Bussey; January 4, 1942 – January 12, 2013) was an American country blues, gospel, and folk singer and guitarist. She played Piedmont fingerstyle guitar. Bryant was born in Talbot County, Georgia. She released two solo albums. Her 2002 debut, \"Fool Me Good,\" was nominated for two Blues Music Awards, in the categories Acoustic Blues Album of the Year and Best New Artist Debut. In 2006 she was nominated for a similar award for Traditional Blues Female Artist of the", "id": "2571157" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nAmerica, a series of tours that began with Josh White and Big Bill Broonzy in 1951, and would include Brownie McGhee, Sonny Terry, Memphis Slim, Muddy Waters and Lonnie Johnson. Lonnie Johnson played at the Royal Festival Hall in 1952 on a bill opened by a group led by the young Lonnie Donegan. Donegan became the key figure in the development of the British skiffle \"craze\", beginning in Ken Colyer's Jazzmen by playing American folk and blues songs, particularly those derived from the recordings of Huddie Leadbetter,", "id": "16087056" }, { "contents": "Hill country blues\n\n\npatterns that conform to proverbial phrases or the words of popular fife and drum tunes—\"is considered the sign of a good drummer.\" This enduring tradition of folk polyrhythm played an important part in the development of Mississippi blues. \"Mississippi\" Fred McDowell, who lived in Como, Mississippi, was one of the subgenre's most widely known musicians, in the 1960s and after. His music was heavier on percussive elements and African rhythms than traditional Delta blues. McDowell's performances helped define the Hill Country blues sound, influencing later artists", "id": "19106875" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nfit in with British expectations of American blues as a form of folk music. In 1957 Davies and Korner decided that their central interest was the blues and closed the skiffle club, reopening a month later as The London Blues and Barrelhouse Club. To this point British blues was acoustically played emulating Delta blues and Country blues styles and often part of the emerging second British folk revival. Critical in changing this was the visit of Muddy Waters in 1958, who initially shocked British audiences by playing amplified electric blues, but who was soon", "id": "8151324" }, { "contents": "Valerie Turner\n\n\nValerie Turner is an American blues guitarist-vocalist, educator, and author. She plays in the Piedmont style of fingerpicking guitar, continuing in the traditions of Mississippi John Hurt, Elizabeth Cotten, Memphis Minnie, and Etta Baker. She performs blues, ballads, country, popular songs, ragtime, and gospels. She is a native New Yorker with southern roots in Virginia and Georgia. She started learning and studying traditional country blues guitar in 1978. Valerie and her spouse, Benedict Turner, are an acoustic blues duo called", "id": "8216617" }, { "contents": "Mr. Misunderstood\n\n\n\"Mr. Misunderstood\", at the 2015 Country Music Association Awards, where the news of the new album became evident. The musical style of this album has been described as the following; country, rock, blues, folk, gospel, soul, funk, alternative country, alternative rock, country rock, country blues, country gospel, gospel blues, bluegrass, folk rock, heartland rock, roots rock, rock and roll, rhythm and blues, Southern gospel, Southern rock, and Southern soul. His music here", "id": "5570655" }, { "contents": "Chris Barber\n\n\nwas mainly responsible for arranging the first UK tours of blues artists Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee and Muddy Waters. This, with the encouragement of local enthusiasts such as Alexis Korner and John Mayall, sparked young musicians such as Peter Green, Eric Clapton and the Rolling Stones. British rhythm and blues powered the British invasion of the USA charts in the 1960s, yet Dixieland itself remained popular: in January 1963 the British music magazine, \"NME\" reported the biggest trad jazz event in Britain at Alexandra Palace", "id": "17410986" }, { "contents": "The Blues, the Whole Blues, and Nothing But the Blues\n\n\ninterplay of instruments gives them the freedom to move from the country blues of the Mississippi Delta to the jug band tradition of the urban South, and from New Orleans to Chicago, embracing the breadth of American music in its myriad places and times.\" In \"Glide\" magazine, Lee Zimmerman said, \"David Bromberg’s fondness for the blues has been a single-minded concern throughout his storied career, one that’s found him working alongside any number of icons, folks like Bob Dylan and George Harrison included... Of", "id": "7352775" }, { "contents": "Dave Van Ronk\n\n\nand Van Ronk turned to performing blues he had stumbled across while shopping for jazz 78s, by artists like Furry Lewis and Mississippi John Hurt. Van Ronk was not the first white musician to perform African-American blues, but became noted for his interpretation of it in its original context. By about 1958, he was firmly committed to the folk-blues style, accompanying himself with his own acoustic guitar. He performed blues, jazz and folk music, occasionally writing his own songs but generally arranging the work of earlier artists", "id": "10878367" }, { "contents": "Fingerstyle guitar\n\n\nis also very common. Examples of traditions that John Fahey and Robbie Basho would employ in their compositions include, but are not limited to, the extended Raga of Indian classical music, the Japanese Koto, and the early ragtime-based country blues music of Mississippi John Hurt or Blind Blake. A distinctive style to emerge from Britain in the early 1960s, which combined elements of American folk, blues, jazz and ragtime with British traditional music, was what became known as 'folk baroque'. Pioneered by musicians of the", "id": "13793683" }, { "contents": "Country music\n\n\nCountry music, also known as country and western (or simply country), and hillbilly music, is a genre of popular music that originated in the southern United States in the early 1920s. It takes its roots from genres such as American folk music (especially Appalachian folk and Western music) and blues. Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms, folk lyrics, and harmonies mostly accompanied by string instruments such as banjos, electric and acoustic guitars, steel guitars (such as pedal steels and", "id": "4960825" }, { "contents": "WFDU\n\n\n. WFDU (FM) plays wide array of music ranging from Blues & Country/Bluegrass music to RetroRadio, Eclectic, Folk, Gospel, Oldies Rock and Soul/R&B. Big Frank Mirra, a well-known Blues musician in the Metro area for over three decades along with former blues radio producer, Music Director of Blues/Roots/American programing, Mike Stokes hosts Blues on the Run on Tuesdays. Dennis Gruenling is the host of Blues & the Beat, spinning everything from the legends of Chicago-style blues like", "id": "1564525" }, { "contents": "Nick Katzman\n\n\nNick Katzman (born 1951) is an American blues musician. Katzman was born in New York City, and lives in both Manhattan and Berlin, Germany. He plays in a variety of musical genres, including Chicago blues, Mississippi blues, Texas blues, and ragtime. As a teenager in the 1960s, Katzman saw many of the surviving country blues guitarists who travelled north to play their music in clubs and at the folk festivals. He learned to lay both guitar and lute. He studied classical music and jazz at Antioch", "id": "16730431" }, { "contents": "Louisiana blues\n\n\nLouisiana blues is a genre of blues music that developed in the period after World War II in the state of Louisiana. It is generally divided into two major subgenres, with the jazz-influenced New Orleans blues based on the musical traditions of that city and the slower tempo swamp blues incorporating influences from zydeco and Cajun music from around Baton Rouge. Major artists in the New Orleans tradition include Professor Longhair and Guitar Slim and for swamp blues Slim Harpo and Lightnin' Slim. Both genres peaked in popularity in the 1960s and were", "id": "8046899" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. Theatrical composers and lyricists like the brothers George and Ira Gershwin created a uniquely American theatrical style that used American vernacular speech and music. Musicals featured popular songs and fast-paced plots that often revolved around love and romance. The blues is a genre of African American folk music that is the basis for much of modern American popular music. Blues can be seen as part of a continuum of musical styles like country, jazz, ragtime, and gospel; though each genre evolved into distinct forms, their origins were often indistinct", "id": "7216662" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nspirituals, work songs, ragtime music, hokum, and country blues he heard growing up and the styles of his contemporaries, including Jimmie Rodgers, Blind Blake, Son House, and Blind Lemon Jefferson. Broonzy combined all these influences into his own style of the blues, which foreshadowed the postwar Chicago blues, later refined and popularized by artists such as Muddy Waters and Willie Dixon. Although he had been a pioneer of the Chicago blues style and had employed electric instruments as early as 1942, white audiences in the 1950s wanted", "id": "9494369" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\n, a large number of British rhythm and blues musicians began their careers playing skiffle, including Van Morrison, Ronnie Wood, Mick Jagger and Roger Daltrey. The fashion created a demand for opportunities to play versions of American folk, blues and jazz music that would contribute to the growth of a club scene. Until the mid-1950s in Britain the blues was seen as a form of folk music. When Broonzy toured England he played a folk blues set to fit British expectations of American blues, rather than his current electric Chicago blues.", "id": "16087059" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nintroduction of many later followers of the blues to the music and hardships of life for African Americans in the Southern US. The next year the \"Jazz Club\" programme, hosted by Max Jones, included a recital of \"Town and Country Blues\", which played music by a wide range of blues artists. The British rhythm and blues scene developed in London out of the related jazz, skiffle and folk club scenes of the 1950s. The first of these scenes, that of jazz, had developed during the Second World", "id": "16087053" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nrecognized the album for its historically significant material. An extensively recorded bluesman, Big Bill Broonzy left the United States to tour Europe in 1951, becoming the first Chicago blues player to perform for European audiences. Broonzy previously spent time in Iowa, where he honed a repertoire which remained a fixture of his concerts and recordings for the remainder of the decade. With bluesmen such as Muddy Waters and Howlin' Wolf amplifying their music, resulting in the popularity of the electric blues, Broonzy decided to reinvent himself as a folk blues musician", "id": "18296717" }, { "contents": "Alec Seward\n\n\nhe relocated from the South to New York, in his case in 1924. Seward befriended Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry and retained his Piedmont blues styling despite changes in musical trends. He and the blues musician Louis Hayes (who later became a minister in northern New Jersey) performed together, variously billed as the Blues Servant Boys, Guitar Slim and Jelly Belly, and the Back Porch Boys. During the 1940s and 1950s Seward played and recorded with Lead Belly, Woody Guthrie, McGhee and Terry. Around 1947 Seward, Guthrie", "id": "7237009" }, { "contents": "The Real Folk Blues\n\n\nThe Real Folk Blues is a series of blues albums released between 1965 and 1967 by Chess Records, later reissued MCA Records. Each album in the series highlighted the music of one major Chess artist, including John Lee Hooker, Howlin' Wolf, Muddy Waters, and Sonny Boy Williamson II. The series, overseen by Marshall Chess, was a reaction to the increasing audience for the blues following the British Invasion. Companion discs, titled More Real Folk Blues, were released for many of the artists. Hooker's companion disc", "id": "17857302" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nNew styles of music emerged among black Americans in the early 20th century in the form of blues, ragtime, jazz, and gospel music. According to the writer Robert Palmer:\"Rock 'n' roll was an inevitable outgrowth of the social and musical interactions between blacks and whites in the South and Southwest. Its roots are a complex tangle. Bedrock black church music influenced blues, rural blues influenced white folk song and the black popular music of the Northern ghettos, blues and black pop influenced jazz, and so on. But the", "id": "5254864" }, { "contents": "Ernie Hawkins\n\n\nErnie Hawkins (born Ernest Leroy Hawkins, 1947, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American acoustic blues guitar player, singer, song writer, recording artist, and educator. Hawkins, along with fellow bluesmen Stefan Grossman and Roy Bookbinder, studied with blues legend Reverend Gary Davis in New York City in 1965 and 1966. Over the years, he learned a variety of styles, including Piedmont blues, Delta blues, ragtime, and gospel. In 1969, Hawkins moved back to his hometown of Pittsburgh, and enrolled at the", "id": "8862999" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nThe American Folk Blues Festival was a music festival that toured Europe as an annual event for several years beginning in 1962. It introduced audiences in Europe, including the UK, to leading blues performers of the day such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, most of whom had never previously performed outside the US. The tours attracted substantial media coverage, including TV shows, and contributed to the growth of the audience for blues music in Europe. German jazz publicist Joachim-Ernst Berendt", "id": "2225133" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\ninspire much of the later popular development of the blues and blues-derived genres, including the legendary delta blues musician Robert Johnson and Piedmont blues musician Blind Willie McTell. By the end of the 1940s, however, pure blues was only a minor part of popular music, having been subsumed by offshoots like rhythm & blues and the nascent rock and roll style. Some styles of electric, piano-driven blues, like boogie-woogie, retained a large audience. A bluesy style of gospel also became popular in mainstream America", "id": "7216666" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\n. Known primarily as a folk-blues guitarist, he learned to play guitar by listening to blues musicians, such as Charlie Patton and Mississippi John Hurt, and has developed a distinctive fingerpicking technique in which he plays the bass line, rhythm chords, and single-note leads simultaneously. In his original compositions and artistic styling, he incorporates influences from other genres, such as jazz, folk music, country music, classical and world music, often utilizing odd time measures, to personalize his music and story telling. An", "id": "1583130" }, { "contents": "Alan Lomax\n\n\n\"The Land Where the Blues Began\" (1995), linking the birth of the blues to debt peonage, segregation, and forced labor in the American South. Lomax's greatest legacy is in preserving and publishing recordings of musicians in many folk and blues traditions around the US and Europe. Among the artists Lomax is credited with discovering and bringing to a wider audience include blues guitarist Robert Johnson, protest singer Woody Guthrie, folk artist Pete Seeger, country musician Burl Ives, and country blues singer Lead Belly, among many", "id": "8697682" }, { "contents": "Brian Protheroe\n\n\nWhite, Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Dave Brubeck and the choral church music of Bach. Protheroe joined the folk group Folk Blues Incorporated (FBI) when he was nineteen, while at this time listening to Bob Dylan and the Beatles. He came to London with FBI in 1965, and played in folk music clubs in and around London. In 1966, Protheroe began his career as an actor. His first job was with his local repertory theatre in Salisbury. He worked there for about seven months", "id": "7666713" }, { "contents": "Down Home Blues (Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry album)\n\n\nDown Home Blues is an album by blues musicians Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry recorded in 1960 and released on the Bluesville label. AllMusic reviewer Bruce Eder stated: \"the music itself stands outside of time. McGhee's strumming and singing have enough polish to pass as a commercial recording, but at its best, it's still sufficiently unaffected so as to be regarded as authentic country-blues. It's Terry's harp, however, that really pulls this body of music back to its roots ... the dominant elements of this", "id": "12217779" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nTrouble in Mind is an album by American blues musician Big Bill Broonzy. It was released on February 22, 2000 by Smithsonian Folkways. The album consists of traditional folk, blues, and spiritual songs featuring Broonzy accompanying himself on acoustic guitar and a guest appearance by Pete Seeger. Suffering from cancer, Broonzy realized his time was limited and hence recorded extensively between 1956 and 1957. While most of the work draws from the album \"Big Bill Broonzy Sings Country Blues\" (1957), arranged by Moses Asch and Charles Edward", "id": "18296715" }, { "contents": "Music of Washington, D.C.\n\n\nhome to many bluesmen, such as Jelly Roll Morton and later rock and roll and rhythm and blues musicians such as Bo Diddley and Roy Buchanan. In the 1960s, a number of white youths formed local blues bands, including the Northside Blues Band and the Nighthawks. Starting in the early 1960s, Takoma Park native John Fahey became a nationally noted blues and folk guitarist who established the Takoma Records label, which attracted a number of other blues, folk, acoustic and fingerstyle guitarists to the District of Columbia area. Another local", "id": "9815809" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\nTerry Robb is a Canadian fingerstyle guitarist, composer, arranger and record producer living in the United States. He plays electric and acoustic guitar, and is associated with the American Primitive Guitar genre through his collaboration with steel string guitarist John Fahey. He is a member of the Oregon Music Hall of Fame and Cascade Blues Association Hall of Fame, and was honored with the eponymous \"Terry Robb\" Muddy Award for Best Acoustic Guitar in 2011. His original compositions draw on the Delta blues, ragtime, folk music, country music", "id": "1583113" }, { "contents": "Lightnin' Wells\n\n\nLightnin' Wells is an American Piedmont blues multi-instrumentalist and singer. He is a proficient musician and regularly plays various instruments in concert including the guitar, mandolin, harmonica, ukulele and banjo. At times he has performed as a one-man band. His style encompasses elements of the blues, country, gospel, old-time, bluegrass and folk. Mark Coltrain stated in \"Living Blues\" that, \"You won't find a more versatile musician around – able to move deftly between country blues, old", "id": "14064192" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nspending a year in Europe including recording the \"Sonny Boy Williamson and The Yardbirds\" album, (first released on Star-Club Records in 1965), and recording with The Animals. On 7 May 1964, Granada Television broadcast \"Blues and Gospel Train\", a programme directed by John Hamp featuring Muddy Waters, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, Rev. Gary Davis, Cousin Joe and Otis Spann. For filming, the company transformed the disused Wilbraham Road railway station into \"Chorltonville\", giving it", "id": "2225137" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n. Delta blues is a style as much as a geographical form: Skip James and Elmore James, who were not born in the Delta, are considered Delta blues musicians. Performers traveled throughout the Mississippi Delta, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and Tennessee. Eventually, Delta blues spread out across the country, giving rise to a host of regional variations, including Chicago blues and Detroit blues. Delta blues songs are typically expressed in the first person and often concern love, sex, the traveling lifestyle and its tribulations, sin", "id": "7794024" }, { "contents": "Traditional blues verses\n\n\nIn the folk tradition, there are many traditional blues verses that have been sung over and over by many artists. Blues singers, who include many country and folk artists as well as those commonly identified with blues singers, use these traditional lyrics to fill out their blues performances. Artists like Jimmie Rodgers, the \"blue yodeler\", and Big Joe Turner, \"the Boss of the Blues\" compiled virtual encyclopedias of lyrics. Turner reputedly could sing the blues for hours without repeating himself. Traditional blues verses in folk-", "id": "14213756" }, { "contents": "Midwestern United States\n\n\nmusical style in the United States, deriving most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz, and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Freed's contribution in identifying rock as a new genre helped establish the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, located in Cleveland. Chuck Berry, a Midwesterner from St. Louis, was among the first successful rock and roll artists and influenced many other rock musicians", "id": "15016383" }, { "contents": "Classic female blues\n\n\nClassic female blues was an early form of blues music, popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues were performed by female singers accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles and were the first blues to be recorded. Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, Ethel Waters, and the other singers in this genre were instrumental in spreading the popularity of the blues. Blues, a type of black folk music originating in the American South, were", "id": "5621307" }, { "contents": "Southern soul\n\n\n\"Country soul\", \"Downhome soul\" and \"Hard soul\" have been used synonymously with \"Southern soul\" Pioneers of southern soul include: Georgia natives Ray Charles and James Brown; Little Willie John, Bobby \"Blue\" Bland, New Orleans R&B artist Allen Toussaint; and Memphis DJ Rufus Thomas. Southern soul was influenced by blues and gospel music. Southern soul was at its peak during the 1960s, when Memphis soul was created. In 1963, Stan Lewis founded Jewel Records in Shreveport, Louisiana, along", "id": "18765148" }, { "contents": "South Korea\n\n\n1992 marked a turning point for South Korean popular music, also known as K-pop, as the genre modernized itself from incorporating elements of popular musical genres from across the world such as Western popular music, experimental, jazz, gospel, Latin, classical, hip hop, rhythm and blues, electronic dance, reggae, country, folk, and rock on top of its uniquely traditional Korean music roots. Western-style pop, hip hop, rhythm and blues, rock, folk, electronic dance oriented acts have become", "id": "7248618" }, { "contents": "The Subdudes\n\n\nThe Subdudes (stylized as The subdudes) are an American roots rock group from New Orleans. Their music blends folk, swamp pop, New Orleans rhythm and blues, Louisiana blues, country, cajun/zydeco, funk, soul and gospel with harmonic vocals. Their sound is notable for the band's substitution of a tambourine player for a drummer. The subdudes formed in 1987 through a music venue in New Orleans called Tipitina's. The Subdudes often credit their songwriting to the group as a whole, although the primary songwriters", "id": "12289559" }, { "contents": "American rock\n\n\nAmerican rock has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, rhythm and blues, and country music, and also drew on folk music, jazz, blues, and classical music. American rock music was further influenced by the British Invasion of the American pop charts from 1964 and resulted in the development of garage rock. From the late 1960s and early 1970s, American rock music was highly influential in the development of a number of fusions, including blending with folk music to create folk rock, with blues to create blues", "id": "5254668" }, { "contents": "Richard Trice\n\n\nRichard Trice (November 16, 1917 – April 6, 2000) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles. He lived most of his life in his native North Carolina and played in its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. His family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Music was an interest in the family, and he learned to play the guitar at an", "id": "1811700" }, { "contents": "J. B. Lenoir\n\n\nJefferson, which became a major influence. During the early 1940s, Lenoir worked with the blues artists Sonny Boy Williamson II and Elmore James in New Orleans. He was later influenced by Arthur Crudup and Lightnin' Hopkins. In 1949, he moved to Chicago, where Big Bill Broonzy helped introduce him to the blues community. He began to perform at local nightclubs, with musicians such as Memphis Minnie, Big Maceo Merriweather, and Muddy Waters, and became an important part of the city's blues scene. He began recording", "id": "7041136" }, { "contents": "Bishop Dready Manning\n\n\ncotton, peanuts, and corn. Some of his uncles and cousins played blues guitar in the North Carolina Piedmont fashion. When Manning was seven years old, he began learning how to fingerpick guitar. His skills improved over time and by his teenage years Manning had earned a reputation as a master of blues guitar and harmonica. His style was influenced by Piedmont blues musicians such as Blind Boy Fuller, Brownie McGhee and Buddy Moss, and national stars like Lightnin' Hopkins, Jimmy Reed and Sonny Boy Williamson As a young bluesman", "id": "13727518" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nartists and their own performances. The visit of Muddy Waters in 1958 had a major impact on the duo and on the nature of British R&B in general. Initially British audiences were shocked by Waters's amplified electric blues, but he was soon playing to ecstatic crowds and receiving rave reviews. Where British blues had often emulated Delta blues and country blues in the emerging British folk revival, Davies and Korner, who had supported Waters on tour, now began to play high-powered electric blues, forming the band Blues Incorporated.", "id": "16087064" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\njump blues combo with honking saxophone and rolling piano, variously calling themselves Brownie McGhee and his Jook House Rockers or Sonny Terry and his Buckshot Five, often with Champion Jack Dupree and Big Chief Ellis. They also appeared in the original Broadway productions of \"Finian's Rainbow\" and \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\". During the blues revival of the 1960s, Terry and McGhee were popular on the concert and music festival circuits, occasionally adding new material but usually remaining faithful to their roots and playing to the tastes of", "id": "4476037" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nelements of swing music and jazz in a long and prolific career. After World War II, amplified blues music became popular in American cities that had seen widespread African American migration, such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit, St. Louis, and the West Coast. The initial impulse was to be heard above the noise of lively rent parties. Playing in small venues, electric blues bands tended to remain modest in size compared with larger jazz bands. In its early stages electric blues typically used amplified electric guitars, double bass (", "id": "8151258" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe Beatles had brought African-American music to new audiences, both within the U.S. and abroad. However, the blues wave that brought artists such as Muddy Waters to the foreground had stopped. Bluesmen such as Big Bill Broonzy and Willie Dixon started looking for new markets in Europe. Dick Waterman and the blues festivals he organized in Europe played a major role in propagating blues music abroad. In the UK, bands emulated U.S. blues legends, and UK blues rock-based bands had an influential role throughout the 1960s. Blues", "id": "2951020" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\nThese drew on his studies with Rev. Davis and the other older blues artists and on his obsessive listening to old 78s. \"The Country Blues Guitar, Delta Blues, Texas Blues, Ragtime Blues Guitar\" and \"Rev. Gary Davis/Blues Guitar\" have remained in print through various editions. In the mid-1960s, Stefan Grossman recorded a number of cuts for Joe Bussard and his Frederick, Maryland-based Fonotone Records and performed at the Jabberwock coffeehouse in Berkeley under the nom du folk of \"Kid Future\". The origins", "id": "9236337" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nand they continued almost annually until 1972, after an eight-year hiatus reviving the festival in 1980 until its final performance in 1985. The concerts featured some of the leading blues artists of the 1960s, such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Willie Dixon, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, some playing in unique combinations such as T-Bone Walker playing guitar for pianist Memphis Slim, Otis Rush with Junior Wells, Sonny Boy Williamson with Muddy Waters. The Festival DVDs include the only known footage of Little", "id": "2225135" }, { "contents": "Checkin' Up on My Baby\n\n\n\"Checkin' Up on My Baby\" (or sometimes \"Checking On My Baby\") is a song recorded by Sonny Boy Williamson II in 1960 that has become a classic of the blues. The song was not released as a single, but was included on Williamson's \"The Real Folk Blues\" album released after his death in 1965. The song has been recorded by numerous blues and other artists, making it one of Williamson's most recorded songs. Williamson's namesake Sonny Boy Williamson I, also known as", "id": "10302292" }, { "contents": "History of modern Western subcultures\n\n\ncowboy songs (also known, in those days, as hillbilly music) were beginning to be more popular with a wider audience. A subculture of rural jazz and blues fans had mixed elements of jazz and blues into traditional cowboy and folk song styles to produce a crossover called western swing. Thanks to the prevalence of radio, this music spread across the United States in the 1940s. Radio was the first \"almost instantaneous\" mass media with the power to create large subcultures by spreading the ideas of small subcultures across a wide", "id": "19180987" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\n\"one of the greatest exponents of fingerstyle blues and gospel guitar playing\"\" and \"\"an incredible genius as a teacher\"\". He spent countless hours learning and documenting Davis's music, recording much of it on a tape recorder, and developing a form of tablature to take down his teacher's instructions. In the folk and country blues revival of the 1960s he was listening to old recordings of artists such as Elizabeth Cotten, Big Bill Broonzy, Lead Belly, Josh White, Lightnin' Hopkins, Rev. Gary", "id": "9236332" }, { "contents": "Steel-string acoustic guitar\n\n\nundistorted and full-range reproduction. Until the 1960s, the predominant forms of music played on the flat-top, steel-string guitar remained relatively stable and included acoustic blues, country, bluegrass, folk, and several genres of rock. The concept of playing solo steel-string guitar in a concert setting was introduced in the early 1960s by such performers as Davey Graham and John Fahey, who used country blues fingerpicking techniques to compose original compositions with structures somewhat like European classical music. Fahey contemporary Robbie Basho added elements", "id": "2024699" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nmusic. The music of the civil rights movement and Free Speech Movement in the U.S. prompted a resurgence of interest in American roots music and early African American music. As well festivals such as the Newport Folk Festival brought traditional blues to a new audience, which helped to revive interest in prewar acoustic blues and performers such as Son House, Mississippi John Hurt, Skip James, and Reverend Gary Davis. Many compilations of classic prewar blues were republished by the Yazoo Records. J. B. Lenoir from the Chicago blues movement in the 1950s", "id": "2951023" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nperformers such as Little Walter or Muddy Waters. Songs from this genre include \"Scratch my Back\", \"She's Tough\" and \"I'm a King Bee\". Alan Lomax's recordings of Mississippi Fred McDowell would eventually bring him wider attention on both the blues and folk circuit, with McDowell's droning style influencing North Mississippi hill country blues musicians. By the beginning of the 1960s, genres influenced by African American music such as rock and roll and soul were part of mainstream popular music. White performers such as", "id": "2951019" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nmore exclusively English folk clubs. The more traditional American folk blues continued to provide 1960s British groups with material, particularly after the emergence of Bob Dylan, who also popularised folk blues songs. In 1964, for example, the song-catalogue of Lead Belly provided the Animals with \"The House of the Rising Sun\", Manfred Mann with \"John Hardy\" and the Four Pennies with \"Black Girl\". British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers", "id": "16087061" }, { "contents": "Willie Trice\n\n\nWilliam Augusta Trice (February 10, 1908 – December 11, 1976) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles and an album. He remained loyal to his native North Carolina and its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, probably in 1908; some sources state 1910 or 1911. The family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Both of Trice’s parents played music", "id": "1573260" }, { "contents": "Rock and roll\n\n\nstyles such as jazz and swing which were taken up by white musicians, aided this process of \"cultural collision\". The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called \"race music\", and country music of the 1940s and 1950s. Particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. Commentators differ in their views of which of these forms were most important and the degree to which the new music was a re-branding of African-American rhythm and", "id": "5601387" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\nPiedmont blues (also known as East Coast, or Southeastern blues) refers primarily to a guitar style, the Piedmont fingerstyle, which is characterized by a fingerpicking approach in which a regular, alternating thumb bass string rhythmic pattern supports a syncopated melody using the treble strings generally picked with the fore-finger, occasionally others. The result is comparable in sound to ragtime or stride piano styles. Blues researcher Peter B. Lowry coined the term, giving co-credit to fellow folklorist Bruce Bastin. The Piedmont style is differentiated from other", "id": "8150344" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand the generalization of the blues beat, the blues shuffle, which became ubiquitous in R&B. This commercial stream had important consequences for blues music, which, together with jazz and gospel music, became a component of R&B. After World War II, new styles of electric blues became popular in cities such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit and St. Louis. Electric blues used electric guitars, double bass (gradually replaced by bass guitar), drums, and harmonica (or \"blues harp\") played through a microphone and a PA", "id": "2951010" }, { "contents": "New Orleans blues\n\n\nblues is primarily driven by piano and horn, enlivened by Caribbean rhythms and Dixieland music. It is generally cheerful in delivery regardless of the subject matter, with a laid back tempo and complex rhythms falling just behind the beat. Vocals range from laid-back crooning to full-throated gospel shouting. New Orleans is generally credited as the birthplace of jazz music, but has attracted less attention as a center of the blues. The 12 bar blues were well known in the city before most of the rest of the country.", "id": "20252986" }, { "contents": "Michael Roach (musician)\n\n\n2003, Roach presented \"Deep Blue\", a three part series on blues music featured on BBC Radio 4. In 2006 he released an instructional DVD, \"Introduction to Country Blues Guitar\". Roach's tours as an educator and performer have taken him to the Augusta Heritage Center (US), Centrum Piedmont Blues Intensive (US), The Ironworks (UK) and the Smithsonian Institution (US). He has performed and lectured at blues, jazz, folk and roots music festivals in Croatia, Czech Republic,", "id": "14072779" }, { "contents": "Texas blues\n\n\nmoved to Chicago as a teenager. His instrumental number \"Hide Away\" (1961), was emulated by British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments such as keyboards and horns with emphasis on guitar soloing. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles.", "id": "12084292" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nhip hop music, reggae, rap, country music, and pop music, blues has been accused of being the \"devil's music\" and of inciting violence and other poor behavior. In the early 20th century, the blues was considered disreputable, especially as white audiences began listening to the blues during the 1920s. In the early twentieth century, W.C. Handy was the first to popularize blues-influenced music among non-black Americans. During the blues revival of the 1960s and '70s, acoustic blues artist Taj Mahal", "id": "2951049" }, { "contents": "Blues fiddle\n\n\nchances for frontline fiddlers to participate. Another reason for the violin's exclusion in post war blues was that it could not be effectively electrified. When artists migrated to the industrial centers from the Mississippi delta and rural south, they found a way to do so, but African-American music later mostly abandoned the instrument. Many blues guitar greats, such as Lonnie Johnson and Big Bill Broonzy, made early recordings on the violin. They are among the most-represented artists in the canon. The connection between guitar and violin", "id": "20387501" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\nin the 1950s, led by singer Mahalia Jackson. The blues genre experienced major revivals in the 1950s with Chicago blues musicians such as Muddy Waters and Little Walter, as well as in the 1960s in the British Invasion and American folk music revival when country blues musicians like Mississippi John Hurt and Reverend Gary Davis were rediscovered. The seminal blues musicians of these periods had tremendous influence on rock musicians such as Chuck Berry in the 1950s, as well as on the British blues and blues rock scenes of the 1960s and 1970s, including", "id": "7216667" }, { "contents": "Sugar Mama (song)\n\n\n\"Sugar Mama\" or \"Sugar Mama Blues\" is a song that is a standard of the blues. Called a \"tautly powerful slow blues\" by music journalist Charles Shaar Murray, it has been recorded by numerous artists, including early Chicago bluesmen Tampa Red, Sonny Boy Williamson I, and Tommy McClennan. John Lee Hooker and Howlin' Wolf later adapted \"Sugar Mama\" for electric blues and rock group Led Zeppelin reworked it during early recording sessions. Country bluesman Yank Rachell recorded \"Sugar Farm Blues\" February 6", "id": "15139181" }, { "contents": "Nathan Beauregard\n\n\nwith minor talent make a fortune as a recording artist while he himself was not offered such a chance. During the folk and blues revival of the 1960s Beauregard was \"discovered\" in Memphis by Bill Barth, who convinced him to work as a musician again. In the short time between his \"discovery\" in 1968 and his death in 1970, he played at various folk and blues festivals (e.g. the 1968 Memphis Country Blues Festival, which has been recorded on the Sire and Blue Horizon labels) and on a number", "id": "5223148" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe California blues style, performed a successful transition from the early urban blues à la Lonnie Johnson and Leroy Carr to the jump blues style and dominated the blues-jazz scene at Los Angeles during the 1940s. The transition from country blues to urban blues that began in the 1920s was driven by the successive waves of economic crisis and booms which led many rural blacks to move to urban areas, in a movement known as the Great Migration. The long boom following World War II induced another massive migration of the African-American", "id": "2951008" }, { "contents": "Women in music\n\n\nboys only club. Chinese idol girl groups have also recently achieved significant success, with C-pop groups like SNH48 and Rocket Girls 101, with the later selling over 1.6 million copies of their debut EP in 2018. Classic female blues was an early form of blues music popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues songs performed by female vocalists were accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles, and were the first blues to be", "id": "22079994" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nRock and roll emerged as a defined musical style in the United States in the early to mid-1950s. It derived most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Rock and roll in turn provided the main basis for the music that, since the mid-1960s, has been generally known simply as rock music. The phrase \"rocking and rolling\" originally described", "id": "5254840" }, { "contents": "Warner Williams and Jay Summerour\n\n\nWarner Williams and Jay Summerour are an American folk duo, who perform under the name Little Bit A Blues. They have played at numerous folk and blues festivals and at concerts at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. They are known for playing in the Piedmont blues style, a regional variant of the blues that developed in North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland and West Virginia. Williams and Summerour have been playing music together under the name of Little Bit A Blues since the early 1990s. During their tenure together,", "id": "20240347" }, { "contents": "American popular music\n\n\n—e.g., minorities or rural audiences. Beginning in the 1920s and accelerating greatly in the 1940s, the blues began rapidly diversifying into a broad spectrum of new styles. These included an uptempo, energetic style called rhythm and blues (R&B), a merger of blues and Anglo-Celtic song called country music and the fusion of hymns and spirituals with blues structures called gospel music. Later than these other styles, in the 1940s, a blues, R&B and country fusion eventually called rock and roll developed, eventually coming", "id": "6698779" }, { "contents": "1940s in music\n\n\ncalled \"folk\" in the trades, and \"hillbilly\" within the industry. In 1944, \"The Billboard\" replaced the term \"hillbilly\" with \"folk songs and blues,\" and switched to \"country\" or \"country and Western\" in 1949. But while cowboy and Western music were the most popular styles, a new style – honky tonk – would take root and define the genre of country music for decades to come. The style meshed Western swing and blues music; featured rough, nasal vocals", "id": "12815195" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n, salvation and death. Several blues musicians were imprisoned in the Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman Farm, which is referred to in songs such as Bukka White's \"Parchman Farm Blues\" and the folk song \"Midnight Special\". In big-city blues, women singers such as Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith and Mamie Smith dominated the recordings of the 1920s. However, women rarely recorded Delta blues and other rural or folk-style blues. In Delta blues female performers often had some romantic connection to more notable male performers", "id": "7794025" }, { "contents": "The Sky Is Crying (song)\n\n\nThe Sky Is Crying\" has been interpreted and recorded by many blues and other artists. In 1963, blues harmonica player and singer Sonny Boy Williamson II recorded the song as a country blues-style duet with Matt Murphy on acoustic guitar for his \"Keep It to Ourselves\" album. In 1964, Eric Clapton with The Yardbirds recorded a live slow blues which included a couple of lines from \"The Sky Is Crying\" (\"Blueswailing July '64 (Live)\"). In 1966, with Jeff Beck on", "id": "3146914" }, { "contents": "BeauSoleil\n\n\n, rhythm, and lyrics of Louisiana folk music, incorporating elements of rock and roll, jazz, blues, calypso, and other genres in original compositions and reworkings of traditional tunes. Lyrics on BeauSoleil recordings are sung in English or Cajun French (and sometimes both in one song). According to the band's web site, BeauSoleil's musicians \"take the rich Cajun traditions of Louisiana and artfully blend elements of zydeco, New Orleans jazz, Tex-Mex, country, blues and more into a satisfying musical recipe.", "id": "9860218" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. The origins of country are in rural Southern folk music, which was primarily Irish and British, with African and continental European musics. Anglo-Celtic tunes, dance music, and balladry were the earliest predecessors of modern country, then known as \"hillbilly music\". Early hillbilly also borrowed elements of the blues and drew upon more aspects of 19th-century pop songs as hillbilly music evolved into a commercial genre eventually known as \"country and western\" and then simply \"country\". The earliest country instrumentation revolved around", "id": "7216674" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nelements from the \"Ethiopian airs\", minstrel shows and Negro spirituals, including instrumental and harmonic accompaniment. The style also was closely related to ragtime, which developed at about the same time, though the blues better preserved \"the original melodic patterns of African music\". The musical forms and styles that are now considered the blues as well as modern country music arose in the same regions of the southern United States during the 19th century. Recorded blues and country music can be found as far back as the 1920s, when", "id": "2950988" }, { "contents": "Organ Thieves\n\n\nPrimate Sanctuary. The band's musical style is unique and although the music is mainly considered hard rock, southern rock and reggae rock, the band like to call themselves \"experimental-soul-rock\". The band's music takes influences from various genres including reggae, soul, country, blues, rhythm and blues, folk, rock and roll, punk, heavy metal, southern rock and more, as stated by the band that they are not limited to any genre and are willing to experiment everything.br They are also", "id": "3590626" }, { "contents": "African-American music\n\n\nstructure of the dance and folk music of peoples across western and sub-Saharan Africa. These musical forms had a wide-ranging influence on the development of music within the United States and around the world during the 20th century. The modern genres of blues and ragtime were developed during the late 19th century by fusing West African vocalizations - which employed the natural harmonic series, and blue notes. The earliest jazz and blues recordings were made in the 1920s. African-American musicians developed related styles such as Rhythm and Blues in", "id": "13306674" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\nWalter Brown \"Brownie\" McGhee (November 30, 1915 – February 16, 1996) was an African-American folk music and Piedmont blues singer and guitarist, best known for his collaboration with the harmonica player Sonny Terry. McGhee was born in Knoxville, Tennessee, and grew up in Kingsport, Tennessee. At about the age of four he contracted polio, which incapacitated his right leg. His brother Granville \"Sticks\"(or \"Stick\") McGhee, who also later became a musician and composed the famous song \"Drinkin'", "id": "4476033" }, { "contents": "Clarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown\n\n\nClarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown (April 18, 1924 – September 10, 2005) was an American musician from Louisiana and Texas known for his work as a blues musician, as well as other styles of music. He spent his career fighting purism by synthesizing old blues, country, jazz, Cajun music and R&B styles. His work also encompasses rock and roll, rock music, folk music, electric blues, and Texas blues. He was an acclaimed multi-instrumentalist, who played an array of musical instruments, including", "id": "15961748" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nby British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments like keyboards and horns, but placed particular emphasis on powerful lead guitar breaks. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles. In the 1970s Jimmie formed the Fabulous Thunderbirds and in the 1980s his brother Stevie Ray", "id": "8151279" } ]

[ { "contents": "Country blues\n\n\nCountry blues (also folk blues, rural blues, backwoods blues, or downhome blues) is one of the earliest forms of blues music. The mainly solo vocal with acoustic fingerstyle guitar accompaniment developed in the rural Southern United States in the early 1900s. Artists, such as Blind Lemon Jefferson (Texas), Charley Patton (Mississippi), Blind Willie McTell (Georgia) were among the first to record blues songs in the 1920s. Country blues ran parallel to urban blues, which was popular in cities. Folklorist Alan Lomax", "id": "8046896" }, { "contents": "Culture of the Southern United States\n\n\n-time music, gospel music, spirituals, country music, rhythm and blues, soul music, funk, rock and roll, beach music, bluegrass, jazz (including ragtime, popularized by Southerner Scott Joplin), zydeco, and Appalachian folk music were either born in the South or developed in the region. In general, country music is based on the folk music of white Southerners, and blues and rhythm and blues is based on African American southern forms. However, whites and blacks alike have contributed to each of", "id": "8469878" }, { "contents": "List of blues festivals\n\n\nBlues festivals are music festivals which focus on blues music. Blues is a genre and musical form that originated in African-American communities in the Southern United States around the end of the 19th century. It has elements of traditional African music, American folk music, spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. Blues has since evolved from unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves into a wide variety of styles and subgenres, such as country blues, Delta and Piedmont, Chicago", "id": "17295253" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand subgenres. Blues subgenres include country blues, such as Delta blues and Piedmont blues, as well as urban blues styles such as Chicago blues and West Coast blues. World War II marked the transition from acoustic to electric blues and the progressive opening of blues music to a wider audience, especially white listeners. In the 1960s and 1970s, a hybrid form called blues rock developed, which blended blues styles with rock music. The term \"Blues\" may have come from \"blue devils\", meaning melancholy and sadness;", "id": "2950960" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nthe supposed appearance of a southern U.S.-style station. About 200 fans were brought by train to the platform opposite the performers. The performance was interrupted by a rainstorm, after which Tharpe performed the gospel song \"Didn't It Rain\". Blues musicians who performed on the American Folk Blues Festival tours included Muddy Waters, Sonny Boy Williamson, John Lee Hooker, Sippie Wallace, T-Bone Walker, Sonny Terry & Brownie McGhee, Memphis Slim, Otis Rush, Lonnie Johnson, Eddie Boyd, Big Walter Horton, Junior Wells", "id": "2225138" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nthrough EMI's Stateside label and Chess Records through Pye International's R&B series. These records were enthusiastically sought and collected by a new generation of enthusiasts. The increasing appetite for rhythm and blues was reflected in the growing numbers of Afro-American artists visiting the country. From 1962 the American Folk Blues Festival, organised by German promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau, brought American blues stars including Waters, Wolf, Sonny Boy Williamson, and John Lee Hooker to the country. In 1964 the American Folk Blues and Gospel Caravan arrived", "id": "16087069" }, { "contents": "Piedmont (United States)\n\n\nblues musicians came from Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. During the Great Migration, African Americans migrated to the Piedmont. With the Appalachian Mountains to the west, those who might otherwise have spread into rural areas stayed in cities and were thus exposed to a broader mixture of music than those in, for example, the rural Mississippi delta. Thus, Piedmont blues was influenced by many types of music such as ragtime, country, and popular songs—styles that had comparatively less influence on blues music in other regions.", "id": "1946509" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\n, it was being performed at US folk music revivals and festivals initially by established Piedmont blues artists such as Josh White, Rev. Gary Davis, and Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry, as well as Cephas & Wiggins, John Jackson in later years. While musicologists such as George Mitchell, Axel Küstner, Kip Lornell, Peter B. Lowry and Tim Duffy collected recordings by the aging community of Piedmont blues players, younger musicians such as Stefan Grossman, Roy Book Binder, Jorma Kaukonen, Paul Geremia, Keb Mo', Michael Roach", "id": "8150348" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nGerman promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau. The rise of electric blues, and its eventual mainstream success, meant that British acoustic blues was completely overshadowed. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers Bert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham (who played and recorded with Korner), played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene, with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones", "id": "8151338" }, { "contents": "Americana (music)\n\n\nAmericana (also known as American roots music) is an amalgam of American music formed by the confluence of the shared and varied traditions that make up the musical ethos of the United States, specifically those sounds that are merged from folk, country, blues, rhythm and blues, rock and roll, gospel, and other external influences. Americana, as defined by the Americana Music Association (AMA), is \"contemporary music that incorporates elements of various mostly acoustic American roots music styles, including country, roots rock, folk", "id": "9198553" }, { "contents": "Muddy Waters\n\n\nSpann in 1958, where they were backed by local Dixieland-style or \"trad jazz\" musicians, including members of Chris Barber's band. At the time, English audiences had only been exposed to acoustic folk blues, as performed by artists such as Sonny Terry, Brownie McGhee, and Big Bill Broonzy. Both the musicians and audiences were unprepared for Muddy Waters' performance, which included his electric slide guitar playing. He recalled: Although his performances alienated the old guard, some younger musicians, including Alexis Korner and", "id": "15757617" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nBert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham, played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. It continued with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones. Most British acoustic blues players could achieve little commercial success and found it difficult to gain recognition for their \"imitations\" of the blues in the US, being overshadowed by the rhythm and blues and electric blues that had emerged in the later 1950s. Blues harpist Cyril Davies ran the London Skiffle", "id": "16087062" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nas well as people that shared his country roots. His work in this period shows he performed across a wider musical spectrum than almost any other bluesman before or since, including in his repertoire ragtime, hokum blues, country blues, urban blues, jazz-tinged songs, folk songs and spirituals. After World War II, Broonzy recorded songs that were the bridge that allowed many younger musicians to cross over to the future of the blues: the electric blues of postwar Chicago. His 1945 recordings of \"Where the Blues Began", "id": "9494361" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nBig Bill Broonzy (born Lee Conley Bradley, June 26, 1903 – August 14, 1958) was an American blues singer, songwriter and guitarist. His career began in the 1920s, when he played country blues to mostly African-American audiences. Through the 1930s and 1940s he successfully navigated a transition in style to a more urban blues sound popular with working-class African-American audiences. In the 1950s a return to his traditional folk-blues roots made him one of the leading figures of the emerging American folk", "id": "9494347" }, { "contents": "Precious Bryant\n\n\nPrecious Bryant (née Bussey; January 4, 1942 – January 12, 2013) was an American country blues, gospel, and folk singer and guitarist. She played Piedmont fingerstyle guitar. Bryant was born in Talbot County, Georgia. She released two solo albums. Her 2002 debut, \"Fool Me Good,\" was nominated for two Blues Music Awards, in the categories Acoustic Blues Album of the Year and Best New Artist Debut. In 2006 she was nominated for a similar award for Traditional Blues Female Artist of the", "id": "2571157" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nAmerica, a series of tours that began with Josh White and Big Bill Broonzy in 1951, and would include Brownie McGhee, Sonny Terry, Memphis Slim, Muddy Waters and Lonnie Johnson. Lonnie Johnson played at the Royal Festival Hall in 1952 on a bill opened by a group led by the young Lonnie Donegan. Donegan became the key figure in the development of the British skiffle \"craze\", beginning in Ken Colyer's Jazzmen by playing American folk and blues songs, particularly those derived from the recordings of Huddie Leadbetter,", "id": "16087056" }, { "contents": "Hill country blues\n\n\npatterns that conform to proverbial phrases or the words of popular fife and drum tunes—\"is considered the sign of a good drummer.\" This enduring tradition of folk polyrhythm played an important part in the development of Mississippi blues. \"Mississippi\" Fred McDowell, who lived in Como, Mississippi, was one of the subgenre's most widely known musicians, in the 1960s and after. His music was heavier on percussive elements and African rhythms than traditional Delta blues. McDowell's performances helped define the Hill Country blues sound, influencing later artists", "id": "19106875" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nfit in with British expectations of American blues as a form of folk music. In 1957 Davies and Korner decided that their central interest was the blues and closed the skiffle club, reopening a month later as The London Blues and Barrelhouse Club. To this point British blues was acoustically played emulating Delta blues and Country blues styles and often part of the emerging second British folk revival. Critical in changing this was the visit of Muddy Waters in 1958, who initially shocked British audiences by playing amplified electric blues, but who was soon", "id": "8151324" }, { "contents": "Valerie Turner\n\n\nValerie Turner is an American blues guitarist-vocalist, educator, and author. She plays in the Piedmont style of fingerpicking guitar, continuing in the traditions of Mississippi John Hurt, Elizabeth Cotten, Memphis Minnie, and Etta Baker. She performs blues, ballads, country, popular songs, ragtime, and gospels. She is a native New Yorker with southern roots in Virginia and Georgia. She started learning and studying traditional country blues guitar in 1978. Valerie and her spouse, Benedict Turner, are an acoustic blues duo called", "id": "8216617" }, { "contents": "Mr. Misunderstood\n\n\n\"Mr. Misunderstood\", at the 2015 Country Music Association Awards, where the news of the new album became evident. The musical style of this album has been described as the following; country, rock, blues, folk, gospel, soul, funk, alternative country, alternative rock, country rock, country blues, country gospel, gospel blues, bluegrass, folk rock, heartland rock, roots rock, rock and roll, rhythm and blues, Southern gospel, Southern rock, and Southern soul. His music here", "id": "5570655" }, { "contents": "Chris Barber\n\n\nwas mainly responsible for arranging the first UK tours of blues artists Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee and Muddy Waters. This, with the encouragement of local enthusiasts such as Alexis Korner and John Mayall, sparked young musicians such as Peter Green, Eric Clapton and the Rolling Stones. British rhythm and blues powered the British invasion of the USA charts in the 1960s, yet Dixieland itself remained popular: in January 1963 the British music magazine, \"NME\" reported the biggest trad jazz event in Britain at Alexandra Palace", "id": "17410986" }, { "contents": "The Blues, the Whole Blues, and Nothing But the Blues\n\n\ninterplay of instruments gives them the freedom to move from the country blues of the Mississippi Delta to the jug band tradition of the urban South, and from New Orleans to Chicago, embracing the breadth of American music in its myriad places and times.\" In \"Glide\" magazine, Lee Zimmerman said, \"David Bromberg’s fondness for the blues has been a single-minded concern throughout his storied career, one that’s found him working alongside any number of icons, folks like Bob Dylan and George Harrison included... Of", "id": "7352775" }, { "contents": "Dave Van Ronk\n\n\nand Van Ronk turned to performing blues he had stumbled across while shopping for jazz 78s, by artists like Furry Lewis and Mississippi John Hurt. Van Ronk was not the first white musician to perform African-American blues, but became noted for his interpretation of it in its original context. By about 1958, he was firmly committed to the folk-blues style, accompanying himself with his own acoustic guitar. He performed blues, jazz and folk music, occasionally writing his own songs but generally arranging the work of earlier artists", "id": "10878367" }, { "contents": "Fingerstyle guitar\n\n\nis also very common. Examples of traditions that John Fahey and Robbie Basho would employ in their compositions include, but are not limited to, the extended Raga of Indian classical music, the Japanese Koto, and the early ragtime-based country blues music of Mississippi John Hurt or Blind Blake. A distinctive style to emerge from Britain in the early 1960s, which combined elements of American folk, blues, jazz and ragtime with British traditional music, was what became known as 'folk baroque'. Pioneered by musicians of the", "id": "13793683" }, { "contents": "Country music\n\n\nCountry music, also known as country and western (or simply country), and hillbilly music, is a genre of popular music that originated in the southern United States in the early 1920s. It takes its roots from genres such as American folk music (especially Appalachian folk and Western music) and blues. Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms, folk lyrics, and harmonies mostly accompanied by string instruments such as banjos, electric and acoustic guitars, steel guitars (such as pedal steels and", "id": "4960825" }, { "contents": "WFDU\n\n\n. WFDU (FM) plays wide array of music ranging from Blues & Country/Bluegrass music to RetroRadio, Eclectic, Folk, Gospel, Oldies Rock and Soul/R&B. Big Frank Mirra, a well-known Blues musician in the Metro area for over three decades along with former blues radio producer, Music Director of Blues/Roots/American programing, Mike Stokes hosts Blues on the Run on Tuesdays. Dennis Gruenling is the host of Blues & the Beat, spinning everything from the legends of Chicago-style blues like", "id": "1564525" }, { "contents": "Nick Katzman\n\n\nNick Katzman (born 1951) is an American blues musician. Katzman was born in New York City, and lives in both Manhattan and Berlin, Germany. He plays in a variety of musical genres, including Chicago blues, Mississippi blues, Texas blues, and ragtime. As a teenager in the 1960s, Katzman saw many of the surviving country blues guitarists who travelled north to play their music in clubs and at the folk festivals. He learned to lay both guitar and lute. He studied classical music and jazz at Antioch", "id": "16730431" }, { "contents": "Louisiana blues\n\n\nLouisiana blues is a genre of blues music that developed in the period after World War II in the state of Louisiana. It is generally divided into two major subgenres, with the jazz-influenced New Orleans blues based on the musical traditions of that city and the slower tempo swamp blues incorporating influences from zydeco and Cajun music from around Baton Rouge. Major artists in the New Orleans tradition include Professor Longhair and Guitar Slim and for swamp blues Slim Harpo and Lightnin' Slim. Both genres peaked in popularity in the 1960s and were", "id": "8046899" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. Theatrical composers and lyricists like the brothers George and Ira Gershwin created a uniquely American theatrical style that used American vernacular speech and music. Musicals featured popular songs and fast-paced plots that often revolved around love and romance. The blues is a genre of African American folk music that is the basis for much of modern American popular music. Blues can be seen as part of a continuum of musical styles like country, jazz, ragtime, and gospel; though each genre evolved into distinct forms, their origins were often indistinct", "id": "7216662" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nspirituals, work songs, ragtime music, hokum, and country blues he heard growing up and the styles of his contemporaries, including Jimmie Rodgers, Blind Blake, Son House, and Blind Lemon Jefferson. Broonzy combined all these influences into his own style of the blues, which foreshadowed the postwar Chicago blues, later refined and popularized by artists such as Muddy Waters and Willie Dixon. Although he had been a pioneer of the Chicago blues style and had employed electric instruments as early as 1942, white audiences in the 1950s wanted", "id": "9494369" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\n, a large number of British rhythm and blues musicians began their careers playing skiffle, including Van Morrison, Ronnie Wood, Mick Jagger and Roger Daltrey. The fashion created a demand for opportunities to play versions of American folk, blues and jazz music that would contribute to the growth of a club scene. Until the mid-1950s in Britain the blues was seen as a form of folk music. When Broonzy toured England he played a folk blues set to fit British expectations of American blues, rather than his current electric Chicago blues.", "id": "16087059" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nintroduction of many later followers of the blues to the music and hardships of life for African Americans in the Southern US. The next year the \"Jazz Club\" programme, hosted by Max Jones, included a recital of \"Town and Country Blues\", which played music by a wide range of blues artists. The British rhythm and blues scene developed in London out of the related jazz, skiffle and folk club scenes of the 1950s. The first of these scenes, that of jazz, had developed during the Second World", "id": "16087053" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nrecognized the album for its historically significant material. An extensively recorded bluesman, Big Bill Broonzy left the United States to tour Europe in 1951, becoming the first Chicago blues player to perform for European audiences. Broonzy previously spent time in Iowa, where he honed a repertoire which remained a fixture of his concerts and recordings for the remainder of the decade. With bluesmen such as Muddy Waters and Howlin' Wolf amplifying their music, resulting in the popularity of the electric blues, Broonzy decided to reinvent himself as a folk blues musician", "id": "18296717" }, { "contents": "Alec Seward\n\n\nhe relocated from the South to New York, in his case in 1924. Seward befriended Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry and retained his Piedmont blues styling despite changes in musical trends. He and the blues musician Louis Hayes (who later became a minister in northern New Jersey) performed together, variously billed as the Blues Servant Boys, Guitar Slim and Jelly Belly, and the Back Porch Boys. During the 1940s and 1950s Seward played and recorded with Lead Belly, Woody Guthrie, McGhee and Terry. Around 1947 Seward, Guthrie", "id": "7237009" }, { "contents": "The Real Folk Blues\n\n\nThe Real Folk Blues is a series of blues albums released between 1965 and 1967 by Chess Records, later reissued MCA Records. Each album in the series highlighted the music of one major Chess artist, including John Lee Hooker, Howlin' Wolf, Muddy Waters, and Sonny Boy Williamson II. The series, overseen by Marshall Chess, was a reaction to the increasing audience for the blues following the British Invasion. Companion discs, titled More Real Folk Blues, were released for many of the artists. Hooker's companion disc", "id": "17857302" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nNew styles of music emerged among black Americans in the early 20th century in the form of blues, ragtime, jazz, and gospel music. According to the writer Robert Palmer:\"Rock 'n' roll was an inevitable outgrowth of the social and musical interactions between blacks and whites in the South and Southwest. Its roots are a complex tangle. Bedrock black church music influenced blues, rural blues influenced white folk song and the black popular music of the Northern ghettos, blues and black pop influenced jazz, and so on. But the", "id": "5254864" }, { "contents": "Ernie Hawkins\n\n\nErnie Hawkins (born Ernest Leroy Hawkins, 1947, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American acoustic blues guitar player, singer, song writer, recording artist, and educator. Hawkins, along with fellow bluesmen Stefan Grossman and Roy Bookbinder, studied with blues legend Reverend Gary Davis in New York City in 1965 and 1966. Over the years, he learned a variety of styles, including Piedmont blues, Delta blues, ragtime, and gospel. In 1969, Hawkins moved back to his hometown of Pittsburgh, and enrolled at the", "id": "8862999" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nThe American Folk Blues Festival was a music festival that toured Europe as an annual event for several years beginning in 1962. It introduced audiences in Europe, including the UK, to leading blues performers of the day such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, most of whom had never previously performed outside the US. The tours attracted substantial media coverage, including TV shows, and contributed to the growth of the audience for blues music in Europe. German jazz publicist Joachim-Ernst Berendt", "id": "2225133" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\ninspire much of the later popular development of the blues and blues-derived genres, including the legendary delta blues musician Robert Johnson and Piedmont blues musician Blind Willie McTell. By the end of the 1940s, however, pure blues was only a minor part of popular music, having been subsumed by offshoots like rhythm & blues and the nascent rock and roll style. Some styles of electric, piano-driven blues, like boogie-woogie, retained a large audience. A bluesy style of gospel also became popular in mainstream America", "id": "7216666" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\n. Known primarily as a folk-blues guitarist, he learned to play guitar by listening to blues musicians, such as Charlie Patton and Mississippi John Hurt, and has developed a distinctive fingerpicking technique in which he plays the bass line, rhythm chords, and single-note leads simultaneously. In his original compositions and artistic styling, he incorporates influences from other genres, such as jazz, folk music, country music, classical and world music, often utilizing odd time measures, to personalize his music and story telling. An", "id": "1583130" }, { "contents": "Alan Lomax\n\n\n\"The Land Where the Blues Began\" (1995), linking the birth of the blues to debt peonage, segregation, and forced labor in the American South. Lomax's greatest legacy is in preserving and publishing recordings of musicians in many folk and blues traditions around the US and Europe. Among the artists Lomax is credited with discovering and bringing to a wider audience include blues guitarist Robert Johnson, protest singer Woody Guthrie, folk artist Pete Seeger, country musician Burl Ives, and country blues singer Lead Belly, among many", "id": "8697682" }, { "contents": "Brian Protheroe\n\n\nWhite, Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Dave Brubeck and the choral church music of Bach. Protheroe joined the folk group Folk Blues Incorporated (FBI) when he was nineteen, while at this time listening to Bob Dylan and the Beatles. He came to London with FBI in 1965, and played in folk music clubs in and around London. In 1966, Protheroe began his career as an actor. His first job was with his local repertory theatre in Salisbury. He worked there for about seven months", "id": "7666713" }, { "contents": "Down Home Blues (Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry album)\n\n\nDown Home Blues is an album by blues musicians Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry recorded in 1960 and released on the Bluesville label. AllMusic reviewer Bruce Eder stated: \"the music itself stands outside of time. McGhee's strumming and singing have enough polish to pass as a commercial recording, but at its best, it's still sufficiently unaffected so as to be regarded as authentic country-blues. It's Terry's harp, however, that really pulls this body of music back to its roots ... the dominant elements of this", "id": "12217779" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nTrouble in Mind is an album by American blues musician Big Bill Broonzy. It was released on February 22, 2000 by Smithsonian Folkways. The album consists of traditional folk, blues, and spiritual songs featuring Broonzy accompanying himself on acoustic guitar and a guest appearance by Pete Seeger. Suffering from cancer, Broonzy realized his time was limited and hence recorded extensively between 1956 and 1957. While most of the work draws from the album \"Big Bill Broonzy Sings Country Blues\" (1957), arranged by Moses Asch and Charles Edward", "id": "18296715" }, { "contents": "Music of Washington, D.C.\n\n\nhome to many bluesmen, such as Jelly Roll Morton and later rock and roll and rhythm and blues musicians such as Bo Diddley and Roy Buchanan. In the 1960s, a number of white youths formed local blues bands, including the Northside Blues Band and the Nighthawks. Starting in the early 1960s, Takoma Park native John Fahey became a nationally noted blues and folk guitarist who established the Takoma Records label, which attracted a number of other blues, folk, acoustic and fingerstyle guitarists to the District of Columbia area. Another local", "id": "9815809" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\nTerry Robb is a Canadian fingerstyle guitarist, composer, arranger and record producer living in the United States. He plays electric and acoustic guitar, and is associated with the American Primitive Guitar genre through his collaboration with steel string guitarist John Fahey. He is a member of the Oregon Music Hall of Fame and Cascade Blues Association Hall of Fame, and was honored with the eponymous \"Terry Robb\" Muddy Award for Best Acoustic Guitar in 2011. His original compositions draw on the Delta blues, ragtime, folk music, country music", "id": "1583113" }, { "contents": "Lightnin' Wells\n\n\nLightnin' Wells is an American Piedmont blues multi-instrumentalist and singer. He is a proficient musician and regularly plays various instruments in concert including the guitar, mandolin, harmonica, ukulele and banjo. At times he has performed as a one-man band. His style encompasses elements of the blues, country, gospel, old-time, bluegrass and folk. Mark Coltrain stated in \"Living Blues\" that, \"You won't find a more versatile musician around – able to move deftly between country blues, old", "id": "14064192" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nspending a year in Europe including recording the \"Sonny Boy Williamson and The Yardbirds\" album, (first released on Star-Club Records in 1965), and recording with The Animals. On 7 May 1964, Granada Television broadcast \"Blues and Gospel Train\", a programme directed by John Hamp featuring Muddy Waters, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, Rev. Gary Davis, Cousin Joe and Otis Spann. For filming, the company transformed the disused Wilbraham Road railway station into \"Chorltonville\", giving it", "id": "2225137" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n. Delta blues is a style as much as a geographical form: Skip James and Elmore James, who were not born in the Delta, are considered Delta blues musicians. Performers traveled throughout the Mississippi Delta, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and Tennessee. Eventually, Delta blues spread out across the country, giving rise to a host of regional variations, including Chicago blues and Detroit blues. Delta blues songs are typically expressed in the first person and often concern love, sex, the traveling lifestyle and its tribulations, sin", "id": "7794024" }, { "contents": "Traditional blues verses\n\n\nIn the folk tradition, there are many traditional blues verses that have been sung over and over by many artists. Blues singers, who include many country and folk artists as well as those commonly identified with blues singers, use these traditional lyrics to fill out their blues performances. Artists like Jimmie Rodgers, the \"blue yodeler\", and Big Joe Turner, \"the Boss of the Blues\" compiled virtual encyclopedias of lyrics. Turner reputedly could sing the blues for hours without repeating himself. Traditional blues verses in folk-", "id": "14213756" }, { "contents": "Midwestern United States\n\n\nmusical style in the United States, deriving most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz, and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Freed's contribution in identifying rock as a new genre helped establish the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, located in Cleveland. Chuck Berry, a Midwesterner from St. Louis, was among the first successful rock and roll artists and influenced many other rock musicians", "id": "15016383" }, { "contents": "Classic female blues\n\n\nClassic female blues was an early form of blues music, popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues were performed by female singers accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles and were the first blues to be recorded. Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, Ethel Waters, and the other singers in this genre were instrumental in spreading the popularity of the blues. Blues, a type of black folk music originating in the American South, were", "id": "5621307" }, { "contents": "Southern soul\n\n\n\"Country soul\", \"Downhome soul\" and \"Hard soul\" have been used synonymously with \"Southern soul\" Pioneers of southern soul include: Georgia natives Ray Charles and James Brown; Little Willie John, Bobby \"Blue\" Bland, New Orleans R&B artist Allen Toussaint; and Memphis DJ Rufus Thomas. Southern soul was influenced by blues and gospel music. Southern soul was at its peak during the 1960s, when Memphis soul was created. In 1963, Stan Lewis founded Jewel Records in Shreveport, Louisiana, along", "id": "18765148" }, { "contents": "South Korea\n\n\n1992 marked a turning point for South Korean popular music, also known as K-pop, as the genre modernized itself from incorporating elements of popular musical genres from across the world such as Western popular music, experimental, jazz, gospel, Latin, classical, hip hop, rhythm and blues, electronic dance, reggae, country, folk, and rock on top of its uniquely traditional Korean music roots. Western-style pop, hip hop, rhythm and blues, rock, folk, electronic dance oriented acts have become", "id": "7248618" }, { "contents": "The Subdudes\n\n\nThe Subdudes (stylized as The subdudes) are an American roots rock group from New Orleans. Their music blends folk, swamp pop, New Orleans rhythm and blues, Louisiana blues, country, cajun/zydeco, funk, soul and gospel with harmonic vocals. Their sound is notable for the band's substitution of a tambourine player for a drummer. The subdudes formed in 1987 through a music venue in New Orleans called Tipitina's. The Subdudes often credit their songwriting to the group as a whole, although the primary songwriters", "id": "12289559" }, { "contents": "American rock\n\n\nAmerican rock has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, rhythm and blues, and country music, and also drew on folk music, jazz, blues, and classical music. American rock music was further influenced by the British Invasion of the American pop charts from 1964 and resulted in the development of garage rock. From the late 1960s and early 1970s, American rock music was highly influential in the development of a number of fusions, including blending with folk music to create folk rock, with blues to create blues", "id": "5254668" }, { "contents": "Richard Trice\n\n\nRichard Trice (November 16, 1917 – April 6, 2000) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles. He lived most of his life in his native North Carolina and played in its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. His family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Music was an interest in the family, and he learned to play the guitar at an", "id": "1811700" }, { "contents": "J. B. Lenoir\n\n\nJefferson, which became a major influence. During the early 1940s, Lenoir worked with the blues artists Sonny Boy Williamson II and Elmore James in New Orleans. He was later influenced by Arthur Crudup and Lightnin' Hopkins. In 1949, he moved to Chicago, where Big Bill Broonzy helped introduce him to the blues community. He began to perform at local nightclubs, with musicians such as Memphis Minnie, Big Maceo Merriweather, and Muddy Waters, and became an important part of the city's blues scene. He began recording", "id": "7041136" }, { "contents": "Bishop Dready Manning\n\n\ncotton, peanuts, and corn. Some of his uncles and cousins played blues guitar in the North Carolina Piedmont fashion. When Manning was seven years old, he began learning how to fingerpick guitar. His skills improved over time and by his teenage years Manning had earned a reputation as a master of blues guitar and harmonica. His style was influenced by Piedmont blues musicians such as Blind Boy Fuller, Brownie McGhee and Buddy Moss, and national stars like Lightnin' Hopkins, Jimmy Reed and Sonny Boy Williamson As a young bluesman", "id": "13727518" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nartists and their own performances. The visit of Muddy Waters in 1958 had a major impact on the duo and on the nature of British R&B in general. Initially British audiences were shocked by Waters's amplified electric blues, but he was soon playing to ecstatic crowds and receiving rave reviews. Where British blues had often emulated Delta blues and country blues in the emerging British folk revival, Davies and Korner, who had supported Waters on tour, now began to play high-powered electric blues, forming the band Blues Incorporated.", "id": "16087064" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\njump blues combo with honking saxophone and rolling piano, variously calling themselves Brownie McGhee and his Jook House Rockers or Sonny Terry and his Buckshot Five, often with Champion Jack Dupree and Big Chief Ellis. They also appeared in the original Broadway productions of \"Finian's Rainbow\" and \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\". During the blues revival of the 1960s, Terry and McGhee were popular on the concert and music festival circuits, occasionally adding new material but usually remaining faithful to their roots and playing to the tastes of", "id": "4476037" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nelements of swing music and jazz in a long and prolific career. After World War II, amplified blues music became popular in American cities that had seen widespread African American migration, such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit, St. Louis, and the West Coast. The initial impulse was to be heard above the noise of lively rent parties. Playing in small venues, electric blues bands tended to remain modest in size compared with larger jazz bands. In its early stages electric blues typically used amplified electric guitars, double bass (", "id": "8151258" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe Beatles had brought African-American music to new audiences, both within the U.S. and abroad. However, the blues wave that brought artists such as Muddy Waters to the foreground had stopped. Bluesmen such as Big Bill Broonzy and Willie Dixon started looking for new markets in Europe. Dick Waterman and the blues festivals he organized in Europe played a major role in propagating blues music abroad. In the UK, bands emulated U.S. blues legends, and UK blues rock-based bands had an influential role throughout the 1960s. Blues", "id": "2951020" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\nThese drew on his studies with Rev. Davis and the other older blues artists and on his obsessive listening to old 78s. \"The Country Blues Guitar, Delta Blues, Texas Blues, Ragtime Blues Guitar\" and \"Rev. Gary Davis/Blues Guitar\" have remained in print through various editions. In the mid-1960s, Stefan Grossman recorded a number of cuts for Joe Bussard and his Frederick, Maryland-based Fonotone Records and performed at the Jabberwock coffeehouse in Berkeley under the nom du folk of \"Kid Future\". The origins", "id": "9236337" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nand they continued almost annually until 1972, after an eight-year hiatus reviving the festival in 1980 until its final performance in 1985. The concerts featured some of the leading blues artists of the 1960s, such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Willie Dixon, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, some playing in unique combinations such as T-Bone Walker playing guitar for pianist Memphis Slim, Otis Rush with Junior Wells, Sonny Boy Williamson with Muddy Waters. The Festival DVDs include the only known footage of Little", "id": "2225135" }, { "contents": "Checkin' Up on My Baby\n\n\n\"Checkin' Up on My Baby\" (or sometimes \"Checking On My Baby\") is a song recorded by Sonny Boy Williamson II in 1960 that has become a classic of the blues. The song was not released as a single, but was included on Williamson's \"The Real Folk Blues\" album released after his death in 1965. The song has been recorded by numerous blues and other artists, making it one of Williamson's most recorded songs. Williamson's namesake Sonny Boy Williamson I, also known as", "id": "10302292" }, { "contents": "History of modern Western subcultures\n\n\ncowboy songs (also known, in those days, as hillbilly music) were beginning to be more popular with a wider audience. A subculture of rural jazz and blues fans had mixed elements of jazz and blues into traditional cowboy and folk song styles to produce a crossover called western swing. Thanks to the prevalence of radio, this music spread across the United States in the 1940s. Radio was the first \"almost instantaneous\" mass media with the power to create large subcultures by spreading the ideas of small subcultures across a wide", "id": "19180987" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\n\"one of the greatest exponents of fingerstyle blues and gospel guitar playing\"\" and \"\"an incredible genius as a teacher\"\". He spent countless hours learning and documenting Davis's music, recording much of it on a tape recorder, and developing a form of tablature to take down his teacher's instructions. In the folk and country blues revival of the 1960s he was listening to old recordings of artists such as Elizabeth Cotten, Big Bill Broonzy, Lead Belly, Josh White, Lightnin' Hopkins, Rev. Gary", "id": "9236332" }, { "contents": "Steel-string acoustic guitar\n\n\nundistorted and full-range reproduction. Until the 1960s, the predominant forms of music played on the flat-top, steel-string guitar remained relatively stable and included acoustic blues, country, bluegrass, folk, and several genres of rock. The concept of playing solo steel-string guitar in a concert setting was introduced in the early 1960s by such performers as Davey Graham and John Fahey, who used country blues fingerpicking techniques to compose original compositions with structures somewhat like European classical music. Fahey contemporary Robbie Basho added elements", "id": "2024699" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nmusic. The music of the civil rights movement and Free Speech Movement in the U.S. prompted a resurgence of interest in American roots music and early African American music. As well festivals such as the Newport Folk Festival brought traditional blues to a new audience, which helped to revive interest in prewar acoustic blues and performers such as Son House, Mississippi John Hurt, Skip James, and Reverend Gary Davis. Many compilations of classic prewar blues were republished by the Yazoo Records. J. B. Lenoir from the Chicago blues movement in the 1950s", "id": "2951023" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nperformers such as Little Walter or Muddy Waters. Songs from this genre include \"Scratch my Back\", \"She's Tough\" and \"I'm a King Bee\". Alan Lomax's recordings of Mississippi Fred McDowell would eventually bring him wider attention on both the blues and folk circuit, with McDowell's droning style influencing North Mississippi hill country blues musicians. By the beginning of the 1960s, genres influenced by African American music such as rock and roll and soul were part of mainstream popular music. White performers such as", "id": "2951019" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nmore exclusively English folk clubs. The more traditional American folk blues continued to provide 1960s British groups with material, particularly after the emergence of Bob Dylan, who also popularised folk blues songs. In 1964, for example, the song-catalogue of Lead Belly provided the Animals with \"The House of the Rising Sun\", Manfred Mann with \"John Hardy\" and the Four Pennies with \"Black Girl\". British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers", "id": "16087061" }, { "contents": "Willie Trice\n\n\nWilliam Augusta Trice (February 10, 1908 – December 11, 1976) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles and an album. He remained loyal to his native North Carolina and its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, probably in 1908; some sources state 1910 or 1911. The family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Both of Trice’s parents played music", "id": "1573260" }, { "contents": "Rock and roll\n\n\nstyles such as jazz and swing which were taken up by white musicians, aided this process of \"cultural collision\". The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called \"race music\", and country music of the 1940s and 1950s. Particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. Commentators differ in their views of which of these forms were most important and the degree to which the new music was a re-branding of African-American rhythm and", "id": "5601387" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\nPiedmont blues (also known as East Coast, or Southeastern blues) refers primarily to a guitar style, the Piedmont fingerstyle, which is characterized by a fingerpicking approach in which a regular, alternating thumb bass string rhythmic pattern supports a syncopated melody using the treble strings generally picked with the fore-finger, occasionally others. The result is comparable in sound to ragtime or stride piano styles. Blues researcher Peter B. Lowry coined the term, giving co-credit to fellow folklorist Bruce Bastin. The Piedmont style is differentiated from other", "id": "8150344" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand the generalization of the blues beat, the blues shuffle, which became ubiquitous in R&B. This commercial stream had important consequences for blues music, which, together with jazz and gospel music, became a component of R&B. After World War II, new styles of electric blues became popular in cities such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit and St. Louis. Electric blues used electric guitars, double bass (gradually replaced by bass guitar), drums, and harmonica (or \"blues harp\") played through a microphone and a PA", "id": "2951010" }, { "contents": "New Orleans blues\n\n\nblues is primarily driven by piano and horn, enlivened by Caribbean rhythms and Dixieland music. It is generally cheerful in delivery regardless of the subject matter, with a laid back tempo and complex rhythms falling just behind the beat. Vocals range from laid-back crooning to full-throated gospel shouting. New Orleans is generally credited as the birthplace of jazz music, but has attracted less attention as a center of the blues. The 12 bar blues were well known in the city before most of the rest of the country.", "id": "20252986" }, { "contents": "Michael Roach (musician)\n\n\n2003, Roach presented \"Deep Blue\", a three part series on blues music featured on BBC Radio 4. In 2006 he released an instructional DVD, \"Introduction to Country Blues Guitar\". Roach's tours as an educator and performer have taken him to the Augusta Heritage Center (US), Centrum Piedmont Blues Intensive (US), The Ironworks (UK) and the Smithsonian Institution (US). He has performed and lectured at blues, jazz, folk and roots music festivals in Croatia, Czech Republic,", "id": "14072779" }, { "contents": "Texas blues\n\n\nmoved to Chicago as a teenager. His instrumental number \"Hide Away\" (1961), was emulated by British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments such as keyboards and horns with emphasis on guitar soloing. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles.", "id": "12084292" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nhip hop music, reggae, rap, country music, and pop music, blues has been accused of being the \"devil's music\" and of inciting violence and other poor behavior. In the early 20th century, the blues was considered disreputable, especially as white audiences began listening to the blues during the 1920s. In the early twentieth century, W.C. Handy was the first to popularize blues-influenced music among non-black Americans. During the blues revival of the 1960s and '70s, acoustic blues artist Taj Mahal", "id": "2951049" }, { "contents": "Blues fiddle\n\n\nchances for frontline fiddlers to participate. Another reason for the violin's exclusion in post war blues was that it could not be effectively electrified. When artists migrated to the industrial centers from the Mississippi delta and rural south, they found a way to do so, but African-American music later mostly abandoned the instrument. Many blues guitar greats, such as Lonnie Johnson and Big Bill Broonzy, made early recordings on the violin. They are among the most-represented artists in the canon. The connection between guitar and violin", "id": "20387501" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\nin the 1950s, led by singer Mahalia Jackson. The blues genre experienced major revivals in the 1950s with Chicago blues musicians such as Muddy Waters and Little Walter, as well as in the 1960s in the British Invasion and American folk music revival when country blues musicians like Mississippi John Hurt and Reverend Gary Davis were rediscovered. The seminal blues musicians of these periods had tremendous influence on rock musicians such as Chuck Berry in the 1950s, as well as on the British blues and blues rock scenes of the 1960s and 1970s, including", "id": "7216667" }, { "contents": "Sugar Mama (song)\n\n\n\"Sugar Mama\" or \"Sugar Mama Blues\" is a song that is a standard of the blues. Called a \"tautly powerful slow blues\" by music journalist Charles Shaar Murray, it has been recorded by numerous artists, including early Chicago bluesmen Tampa Red, Sonny Boy Williamson I, and Tommy McClennan. John Lee Hooker and Howlin' Wolf later adapted \"Sugar Mama\" for electric blues and rock group Led Zeppelin reworked it during early recording sessions. Country bluesman Yank Rachell recorded \"Sugar Farm Blues\" February 6", "id": "15139181" }, { "contents": "Nathan Beauregard\n\n\nwith minor talent make a fortune as a recording artist while he himself was not offered such a chance. During the folk and blues revival of the 1960s Beauregard was \"discovered\" in Memphis by Bill Barth, who convinced him to work as a musician again. In the short time between his \"discovery\" in 1968 and his death in 1970, he played at various folk and blues festivals (e.g. the 1968 Memphis Country Blues Festival, which has been recorded on the Sire and Blue Horizon labels) and on a number", "id": "5223148" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe California blues style, performed a successful transition from the early urban blues à la Lonnie Johnson and Leroy Carr to the jump blues style and dominated the blues-jazz scene at Los Angeles during the 1940s. The transition from country blues to urban blues that began in the 1920s was driven by the successive waves of economic crisis and booms which led many rural blacks to move to urban areas, in a movement known as the Great Migration. The long boom following World War II induced another massive migration of the African-American", "id": "2951008" }, { "contents": "Women in music\n\n\nboys only club. Chinese idol girl groups have also recently achieved significant success, with C-pop groups like SNH48 and Rocket Girls 101, with the later selling over 1.6 million copies of their debut EP in 2018. Classic female blues was an early form of blues music popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues songs performed by female vocalists were accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles, and were the first blues to be", "id": "22079994" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nRock and roll emerged as a defined musical style in the United States in the early to mid-1950s. It derived most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Rock and roll in turn provided the main basis for the music that, since the mid-1960s, has been generally known simply as rock music. The phrase \"rocking and rolling\" originally described", "id": "5254840" }, { "contents": "Warner Williams and Jay Summerour\n\n\nWarner Williams and Jay Summerour are an American folk duo, who perform under the name Little Bit A Blues. They have played at numerous folk and blues festivals and at concerts at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. They are known for playing in the Piedmont blues style, a regional variant of the blues that developed in North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland and West Virginia. Williams and Summerour have been playing music together under the name of Little Bit A Blues since the early 1990s. During their tenure together,", "id": "20240347" }, { "contents": "American popular music\n\n\n—e.g., minorities or rural audiences. Beginning in the 1920s and accelerating greatly in the 1940s, the blues began rapidly diversifying into a broad spectrum of new styles. These included an uptempo, energetic style called rhythm and blues (R&B), a merger of blues and Anglo-Celtic song called country music and the fusion of hymns and spirituals with blues structures called gospel music. Later than these other styles, in the 1940s, a blues, R&B and country fusion eventually called rock and roll developed, eventually coming", "id": "6698779" }, { "contents": "1940s in music\n\n\ncalled \"folk\" in the trades, and \"hillbilly\" within the industry. In 1944, \"The Billboard\" replaced the term \"hillbilly\" with \"folk songs and blues,\" and switched to \"country\" or \"country and Western\" in 1949. But while cowboy and Western music were the most popular styles, a new style – honky tonk – would take root and define the genre of country music for decades to come. The style meshed Western swing and blues music; featured rough, nasal vocals", "id": "12815195" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n, salvation and death. Several blues musicians were imprisoned in the Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman Farm, which is referred to in songs such as Bukka White's \"Parchman Farm Blues\" and the folk song \"Midnight Special\". In big-city blues, women singers such as Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith and Mamie Smith dominated the recordings of the 1920s. However, women rarely recorded Delta blues and other rural or folk-style blues. In Delta blues female performers often had some romantic connection to more notable male performers", "id": "7794025" }, { "contents": "The Sky Is Crying (song)\n\n\nThe Sky Is Crying\" has been interpreted and recorded by many blues and other artists. In 1963, blues harmonica player and singer Sonny Boy Williamson II recorded the song as a country blues-style duet with Matt Murphy on acoustic guitar for his \"Keep It to Ourselves\" album. In 1964, Eric Clapton with The Yardbirds recorded a live slow blues which included a couple of lines from \"The Sky Is Crying\" (\"Blueswailing July '64 (Live)\"). In 1966, with Jeff Beck on", "id": "3146914" }, { "contents": "BeauSoleil\n\n\n, rhythm, and lyrics of Louisiana folk music, incorporating elements of rock and roll, jazz, blues, calypso, and other genres in original compositions and reworkings of traditional tunes. Lyrics on BeauSoleil recordings are sung in English or Cajun French (and sometimes both in one song). According to the band's web site, BeauSoleil's musicians \"take the rich Cajun traditions of Louisiana and artfully blend elements of zydeco, New Orleans jazz, Tex-Mex, country, blues and more into a satisfying musical recipe.", "id": "9860218" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. The origins of country are in rural Southern folk music, which was primarily Irish and British, with African and continental European musics. Anglo-Celtic tunes, dance music, and balladry were the earliest predecessors of modern country, then known as \"hillbilly music\". Early hillbilly also borrowed elements of the blues and drew upon more aspects of 19th-century pop songs as hillbilly music evolved into a commercial genre eventually known as \"country and western\" and then simply \"country\". The earliest country instrumentation revolved around", "id": "7216674" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nelements from the \"Ethiopian airs\", minstrel shows and Negro spirituals, including instrumental and harmonic accompaniment. The style also was closely related to ragtime, which developed at about the same time, though the blues better preserved \"the original melodic patterns of African music\". The musical forms and styles that are now considered the blues as well as modern country music arose in the same regions of the southern United States during the 19th century. Recorded blues and country music can be found as far back as the 1920s, when", "id": "2950988" }, { "contents": "Organ Thieves\n\n\nPrimate Sanctuary. The band's musical style is unique and although the music is mainly considered hard rock, southern rock and reggae rock, the band like to call themselves \"experimental-soul-rock\". The band's music takes influences from various genres including reggae, soul, country, blues, rhythm and blues, folk, rock and roll, punk, heavy metal, southern rock and more, as stated by the band that they are not limited to any genre and are willing to experiment everything.br They are also", "id": "3590626" }, { "contents": "African-American music\n\n\nstructure of the dance and folk music of peoples across western and sub-Saharan Africa. These musical forms had a wide-ranging influence on the development of music within the United States and around the world during the 20th century. The modern genres of blues and ragtime were developed during the late 19th century by fusing West African vocalizations - which employed the natural harmonic series, and blue notes. The earliest jazz and blues recordings were made in the 1920s. African-American musicians developed related styles such as Rhythm and Blues in", "id": "13306674" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\nWalter Brown \"Brownie\" McGhee (November 30, 1915 – February 16, 1996) was an African-American folk music and Piedmont blues singer and guitarist, best known for his collaboration with the harmonica player Sonny Terry. McGhee was born in Knoxville, Tennessee, and grew up in Kingsport, Tennessee. At about the age of four he contracted polio, which incapacitated his right leg. His brother Granville \"Sticks\"(or \"Stick\") McGhee, who also later became a musician and composed the famous song \"Drinkin'", "id": "4476033" }, { "contents": "Clarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown\n\n\nClarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown (April 18, 1924 – September 10, 2005) was an American musician from Louisiana and Texas known for his work as a blues musician, as well as other styles of music. He spent his career fighting purism by synthesizing old blues, country, jazz, Cajun music and R&B styles. His work also encompasses rock and roll, rock music, folk music, electric blues, and Texas blues. He was an acclaimed multi-instrumentalist, who played an array of musical instruments, including", "id": "15961748" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nby British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments like keyboards and horns, but placed particular emphasis on powerful lead guitar breaks. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles. In the 1970s Jimmie formed the Fabulous Thunderbirds and in the 1980s his brother Stevie Ray", "id": "8151279" } ]

[ { "contents": "Country blues\n\n\nCountry blues (also folk blues, rural blues, backwoods blues, or downhome blues) is one of the earliest forms of blues music. The mainly solo vocal with acoustic fingerstyle guitar accompaniment developed in the rural Southern United States in the early 1900s. Artists, such as Blind Lemon Jefferson (Texas), Charley Patton (Mississippi), Blind Willie McTell (Georgia) were among the first to record blues songs in the 1920s. Country blues ran parallel to urban blues, which was popular in cities. Folklorist Alan Lomax", "id": "8046896" }, { "contents": "Culture of the Southern United States\n\n\n-time music, gospel music, spirituals, country music, rhythm and blues, soul music, funk, rock and roll, beach music, bluegrass, jazz (including ragtime, popularized by Southerner Scott Joplin), zydeco, and Appalachian folk music were either born in the South or developed in the region. In general, country music is based on the folk music of white Southerners, and blues and rhythm and blues is based on African American southern forms. However, whites and blacks alike have contributed to each of", "id": "8469878" }, { "contents": "List of blues festivals\n\n\nBlues festivals are music festivals which focus on blues music. Blues is a genre and musical form that originated in African-American communities in the Southern United States around the end of the 19th century. It has elements of traditional African music, American folk music, spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. Blues has since evolved from unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves into a wide variety of styles and subgenres, such as country blues, Delta and Piedmont, Chicago", "id": "17295253" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand subgenres. Blues subgenres include country blues, such as Delta blues and Piedmont blues, as well as urban blues styles such as Chicago blues and West Coast blues. World War II marked the transition from acoustic to electric blues and the progressive opening of blues music to a wider audience, especially white listeners. In the 1960s and 1970s, a hybrid form called blues rock developed, which blended blues styles with rock music. The term \"Blues\" may have come from \"blue devils\", meaning melancholy and sadness;", "id": "2950960" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nthe supposed appearance of a southern U.S.-style station. About 200 fans were brought by train to the platform opposite the performers. The performance was interrupted by a rainstorm, after which Tharpe performed the gospel song \"Didn't It Rain\". Blues musicians who performed on the American Folk Blues Festival tours included Muddy Waters, Sonny Boy Williamson, John Lee Hooker, Sippie Wallace, T-Bone Walker, Sonny Terry & Brownie McGhee, Memphis Slim, Otis Rush, Lonnie Johnson, Eddie Boyd, Big Walter Horton, Junior Wells", "id": "2225138" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nthrough EMI's Stateside label and Chess Records through Pye International's R&B series. These records were enthusiastically sought and collected by a new generation of enthusiasts. The increasing appetite for rhythm and blues was reflected in the growing numbers of Afro-American artists visiting the country. From 1962 the American Folk Blues Festival, organised by German promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau, brought American blues stars including Waters, Wolf, Sonny Boy Williamson, and John Lee Hooker to the country. In 1964 the American Folk Blues and Gospel Caravan arrived", "id": "16087069" }, { "contents": "Piedmont (United States)\n\n\nblues musicians came from Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. During the Great Migration, African Americans migrated to the Piedmont. With the Appalachian Mountains to the west, those who might otherwise have spread into rural areas stayed in cities and were thus exposed to a broader mixture of music than those in, for example, the rural Mississippi delta. Thus, Piedmont blues was influenced by many types of music such as ragtime, country, and popular songs—styles that had comparatively less influence on blues music in other regions.", "id": "1946509" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\n, it was being performed at US folk music revivals and festivals initially by established Piedmont blues artists such as Josh White, Rev. Gary Davis, and Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry, as well as Cephas & Wiggins, John Jackson in later years. While musicologists such as George Mitchell, Axel Küstner, Kip Lornell, Peter B. Lowry and Tim Duffy collected recordings by the aging community of Piedmont blues players, younger musicians such as Stefan Grossman, Roy Book Binder, Jorma Kaukonen, Paul Geremia, Keb Mo', Michael Roach", "id": "8150348" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nGerman promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau. The rise of electric blues, and its eventual mainstream success, meant that British acoustic blues was completely overshadowed. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers Bert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham (who played and recorded with Korner), played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene, with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones", "id": "8151338" }, { "contents": "Americana (music)\n\n\nAmericana (also known as American roots music) is an amalgam of American music formed by the confluence of the shared and varied traditions that make up the musical ethos of the United States, specifically those sounds that are merged from folk, country, blues, rhythm and blues, rock and roll, gospel, and other external influences. Americana, as defined by the Americana Music Association (AMA), is \"contemporary music that incorporates elements of various mostly acoustic American roots music styles, including country, roots rock, folk", "id": "9198553" }, { "contents": "Muddy Waters\n\n\nSpann in 1958, where they were backed by local Dixieland-style or \"trad jazz\" musicians, including members of Chris Barber's band. At the time, English audiences had only been exposed to acoustic folk blues, as performed by artists such as Sonny Terry, Brownie McGhee, and Big Bill Broonzy. Both the musicians and audiences were unprepared for Muddy Waters' performance, which included his electric slide guitar playing. He recalled: Although his performances alienated the old guard, some younger musicians, including Alexis Korner and", "id": "15757617" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nBert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham, played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. It continued with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones. Most British acoustic blues players could achieve little commercial success and found it difficult to gain recognition for their \"imitations\" of the blues in the US, being overshadowed by the rhythm and blues and electric blues that had emerged in the later 1950s. Blues harpist Cyril Davies ran the London Skiffle", "id": "16087062" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nas well as people that shared his country roots. His work in this period shows he performed across a wider musical spectrum than almost any other bluesman before or since, including in his repertoire ragtime, hokum blues, country blues, urban blues, jazz-tinged songs, folk songs and spirituals. After World War II, Broonzy recorded songs that were the bridge that allowed many younger musicians to cross over to the future of the blues: the electric blues of postwar Chicago. His 1945 recordings of \"Where the Blues Began", "id": "9494361" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nBig Bill Broonzy (born Lee Conley Bradley, June 26, 1903 – August 14, 1958) was an American blues singer, songwriter and guitarist. His career began in the 1920s, when he played country blues to mostly African-American audiences. Through the 1930s and 1940s he successfully navigated a transition in style to a more urban blues sound popular with working-class African-American audiences. In the 1950s a return to his traditional folk-blues roots made him one of the leading figures of the emerging American folk", "id": "9494347" }, { "contents": "Precious Bryant\n\n\nPrecious Bryant (née Bussey; January 4, 1942 – January 12, 2013) was an American country blues, gospel, and folk singer and guitarist. She played Piedmont fingerstyle guitar. Bryant was born in Talbot County, Georgia. She released two solo albums. Her 2002 debut, \"Fool Me Good,\" was nominated for two Blues Music Awards, in the categories Acoustic Blues Album of the Year and Best New Artist Debut. In 2006 she was nominated for a similar award for Traditional Blues Female Artist of the", "id": "2571157" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nAmerica, a series of tours that began with Josh White and Big Bill Broonzy in 1951, and would include Brownie McGhee, Sonny Terry, Memphis Slim, Muddy Waters and Lonnie Johnson. Lonnie Johnson played at the Royal Festival Hall in 1952 on a bill opened by a group led by the young Lonnie Donegan. Donegan became the key figure in the development of the British skiffle \"craze\", beginning in Ken Colyer's Jazzmen by playing American folk and blues songs, particularly those derived from the recordings of Huddie Leadbetter,", "id": "16087056" }, { "contents": "Hill country blues\n\n\npatterns that conform to proverbial phrases or the words of popular fife and drum tunes—\"is considered the sign of a good drummer.\" This enduring tradition of folk polyrhythm played an important part in the development of Mississippi blues. \"Mississippi\" Fred McDowell, who lived in Como, Mississippi, was one of the subgenre's most widely known musicians, in the 1960s and after. His music was heavier on percussive elements and African rhythms than traditional Delta blues. McDowell's performances helped define the Hill Country blues sound, influencing later artists", "id": "19106875" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nfit in with British expectations of American blues as a form of folk music. In 1957 Davies and Korner decided that their central interest was the blues and closed the skiffle club, reopening a month later as The London Blues and Barrelhouse Club. To this point British blues was acoustically played emulating Delta blues and Country blues styles and often part of the emerging second British folk revival. Critical in changing this was the visit of Muddy Waters in 1958, who initially shocked British audiences by playing amplified electric blues, but who was soon", "id": "8151324" }, { "contents": "Valerie Turner\n\n\nValerie Turner is an American blues guitarist-vocalist, educator, and author. She plays in the Piedmont style of fingerpicking guitar, continuing in the traditions of Mississippi John Hurt, Elizabeth Cotten, Memphis Minnie, and Etta Baker. She performs blues, ballads, country, popular songs, ragtime, and gospels. She is a native New Yorker with southern roots in Virginia and Georgia. She started learning and studying traditional country blues guitar in 1978. Valerie and her spouse, Benedict Turner, are an acoustic blues duo called", "id": "8216617" }, { "contents": "Mr. Misunderstood\n\n\n\"Mr. Misunderstood\", at the 2015 Country Music Association Awards, where the news of the new album became evident. The musical style of this album has been described as the following; country, rock, blues, folk, gospel, soul, funk, alternative country, alternative rock, country rock, country blues, country gospel, gospel blues, bluegrass, folk rock, heartland rock, roots rock, rock and roll, rhythm and blues, Southern gospel, Southern rock, and Southern soul. His music here", "id": "5570655" }, { "contents": "Chris Barber\n\n\nwas mainly responsible for arranging the first UK tours of blues artists Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee and Muddy Waters. This, with the encouragement of local enthusiasts such as Alexis Korner and John Mayall, sparked young musicians such as Peter Green, Eric Clapton and the Rolling Stones. British rhythm and blues powered the British invasion of the USA charts in the 1960s, yet Dixieland itself remained popular: in January 1963 the British music magazine, \"NME\" reported the biggest trad jazz event in Britain at Alexandra Palace", "id": "17410986" }, { "contents": "The Blues, the Whole Blues, and Nothing But the Blues\n\n\ninterplay of instruments gives them the freedom to move from the country blues of the Mississippi Delta to the jug band tradition of the urban South, and from New Orleans to Chicago, embracing the breadth of American music in its myriad places and times.\" In \"Glide\" magazine, Lee Zimmerman said, \"David Bromberg’s fondness for the blues has been a single-minded concern throughout his storied career, one that’s found him working alongside any number of icons, folks like Bob Dylan and George Harrison included... Of", "id": "7352775" }, { "contents": "Dave Van Ronk\n\n\nand Van Ronk turned to performing blues he had stumbled across while shopping for jazz 78s, by artists like Furry Lewis and Mississippi John Hurt. Van Ronk was not the first white musician to perform African-American blues, but became noted for his interpretation of it in its original context. By about 1958, he was firmly committed to the folk-blues style, accompanying himself with his own acoustic guitar. He performed blues, jazz and folk music, occasionally writing his own songs but generally arranging the work of earlier artists", "id": "10878367" }, { "contents": "Fingerstyle guitar\n\n\nis also very common. Examples of traditions that John Fahey and Robbie Basho would employ in their compositions include, but are not limited to, the extended Raga of Indian classical music, the Japanese Koto, and the early ragtime-based country blues music of Mississippi John Hurt or Blind Blake. A distinctive style to emerge from Britain in the early 1960s, which combined elements of American folk, blues, jazz and ragtime with British traditional music, was what became known as 'folk baroque'. Pioneered by musicians of the", "id": "13793683" }, { "contents": "Country music\n\n\nCountry music, also known as country and western (or simply country), and hillbilly music, is a genre of popular music that originated in the southern United States in the early 1920s. It takes its roots from genres such as American folk music (especially Appalachian folk and Western music) and blues. Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms, folk lyrics, and harmonies mostly accompanied by string instruments such as banjos, electric and acoustic guitars, steel guitars (such as pedal steels and", "id": "4960825" }, { "contents": "WFDU\n\n\n. WFDU (FM) plays wide array of music ranging from Blues & Country/Bluegrass music to RetroRadio, Eclectic, Folk, Gospel, Oldies Rock and Soul/R&B. Big Frank Mirra, a well-known Blues musician in the Metro area for over three decades along with former blues radio producer, Music Director of Blues/Roots/American programing, Mike Stokes hosts Blues on the Run on Tuesdays. Dennis Gruenling is the host of Blues & the Beat, spinning everything from the legends of Chicago-style blues like", "id": "1564525" }, { "contents": "Nick Katzman\n\n\nNick Katzman (born 1951) is an American blues musician. Katzman was born in New York City, and lives in both Manhattan and Berlin, Germany. He plays in a variety of musical genres, including Chicago blues, Mississippi blues, Texas blues, and ragtime. As a teenager in the 1960s, Katzman saw many of the surviving country blues guitarists who travelled north to play their music in clubs and at the folk festivals. He learned to lay both guitar and lute. He studied classical music and jazz at Antioch", "id": "16730431" }, { "contents": "Louisiana blues\n\n\nLouisiana blues is a genre of blues music that developed in the period after World War II in the state of Louisiana. It is generally divided into two major subgenres, with the jazz-influenced New Orleans blues based on the musical traditions of that city and the slower tempo swamp blues incorporating influences from zydeco and Cajun music from around Baton Rouge. Major artists in the New Orleans tradition include Professor Longhair and Guitar Slim and for swamp blues Slim Harpo and Lightnin' Slim. Both genres peaked in popularity in the 1960s and were", "id": "8046899" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. Theatrical composers and lyricists like the brothers George and Ira Gershwin created a uniquely American theatrical style that used American vernacular speech and music. Musicals featured popular songs and fast-paced plots that often revolved around love and romance. The blues is a genre of African American folk music that is the basis for much of modern American popular music. Blues can be seen as part of a continuum of musical styles like country, jazz, ragtime, and gospel; though each genre evolved into distinct forms, their origins were often indistinct", "id": "7216662" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nspirituals, work songs, ragtime music, hokum, and country blues he heard growing up and the styles of his contemporaries, including Jimmie Rodgers, Blind Blake, Son House, and Blind Lemon Jefferson. Broonzy combined all these influences into his own style of the blues, which foreshadowed the postwar Chicago blues, later refined and popularized by artists such as Muddy Waters and Willie Dixon. Although he had been a pioneer of the Chicago blues style and had employed electric instruments as early as 1942, white audiences in the 1950s wanted", "id": "9494369" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\n, a large number of British rhythm and blues musicians began their careers playing skiffle, including Van Morrison, Ronnie Wood, Mick Jagger and Roger Daltrey. The fashion created a demand for opportunities to play versions of American folk, blues and jazz music that would contribute to the growth of a club scene. Until the mid-1950s in Britain the blues was seen as a form of folk music. When Broonzy toured England he played a folk blues set to fit British expectations of American blues, rather than his current electric Chicago blues.", "id": "16087059" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nintroduction of many later followers of the blues to the music and hardships of life for African Americans in the Southern US. The next year the \"Jazz Club\" programme, hosted by Max Jones, included a recital of \"Town and Country Blues\", which played music by a wide range of blues artists. The British rhythm and blues scene developed in London out of the related jazz, skiffle and folk club scenes of the 1950s. The first of these scenes, that of jazz, had developed during the Second World", "id": "16087053" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nrecognized the album for its historically significant material. An extensively recorded bluesman, Big Bill Broonzy left the United States to tour Europe in 1951, becoming the first Chicago blues player to perform for European audiences. Broonzy previously spent time in Iowa, where he honed a repertoire which remained a fixture of his concerts and recordings for the remainder of the decade. With bluesmen such as Muddy Waters and Howlin' Wolf amplifying their music, resulting in the popularity of the electric blues, Broonzy decided to reinvent himself as a folk blues musician", "id": "18296717" }, { "contents": "Alec Seward\n\n\nhe relocated from the South to New York, in his case in 1924. Seward befriended Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry and retained his Piedmont blues styling despite changes in musical trends. He and the blues musician Louis Hayes (who later became a minister in northern New Jersey) performed together, variously billed as the Blues Servant Boys, Guitar Slim and Jelly Belly, and the Back Porch Boys. During the 1940s and 1950s Seward played and recorded with Lead Belly, Woody Guthrie, McGhee and Terry. Around 1947 Seward, Guthrie", "id": "7237009" }, { "contents": "The Real Folk Blues\n\n\nThe Real Folk Blues is a series of blues albums released between 1965 and 1967 by Chess Records, later reissued MCA Records. Each album in the series highlighted the music of one major Chess artist, including John Lee Hooker, Howlin' Wolf, Muddy Waters, and Sonny Boy Williamson II. The series, overseen by Marshall Chess, was a reaction to the increasing audience for the blues following the British Invasion. Companion discs, titled More Real Folk Blues, were released for many of the artists. Hooker's companion disc", "id": "17857302" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nNew styles of music emerged among black Americans in the early 20th century in the form of blues, ragtime, jazz, and gospel music. According to the writer Robert Palmer:\"Rock 'n' roll was an inevitable outgrowth of the social and musical interactions between blacks and whites in the South and Southwest. Its roots are a complex tangle. Bedrock black church music influenced blues, rural blues influenced white folk song and the black popular music of the Northern ghettos, blues and black pop influenced jazz, and so on. But the", "id": "5254864" }, { "contents": "Ernie Hawkins\n\n\nErnie Hawkins (born Ernest Leroy Hawkins, 1947, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American acoustic blues guitar player, singer, song writer, recording artist, and educator. Hawkins, along with fellow bluesmen Stefan Grossman and Roy Bookbinder, studied with blues legend Reverend Gary Davis in New York City in 1965 and 1966. Over the years, he learned a variety of styles, including Piedmont blues, Delta blues, ragtime, and gospel. In 1969, Hawkins moved back to his hometown of Pittsburgh, and enrolled at the", "id": "8862999" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nThe American Folk Blues Festival was a music festival that toured Europe as an annual event for several years beginning in 1962. It introduced audiences in Europe, including the UK, to leading blues performers of the day such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, most of whom had never previously performed outside the US. The tours attracted substantial media coverage, including TV shows, and contributed to the growth of the audience for blues music in Europe. German jazz publicist Joachim-Ernst Berendt", "id": "2225133" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\ninspire much of the later popular development of the blues and blues-derived genres, including the legendary delta blues musician Robert Johnson and Piedmont blues musician Blind Willie McTell. By the end of the 1940s, however, pure blues was only a minor part of popular music, having been subsumed by offshoots like rhythm & blues and the nascent rock and roll style. Some styles of electric, piano-driven blues, like boogie-woogie, retained a large audience. A bluesy style of gospel also became popular in mainstream America", "id": "7216666" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\n. Known primarily as a folk-blues guitarist, he learned to play guitar by listening to blues musicians, such as Charlie Patton and Mississippi John Hurt, and has developed a distinctive fingerpicking technique in which he plays the bass line, rhythm chords, and single-note leads simultaneously. In his original compositions and artistic styling, he incorporates influences from other genres, such as jazz, folk music, country music, classical and world music, often utilizing odd time measures, to personalize his music and story telling. An", "id": "1583130" }, { "contents": "Alan Lomax\n\n\n\"The Land Where the Blues Began\" (1995), linking the birth of the blues to debt peonage, segregation, and forced labor in the American South. Lomax's greatest legacy is in preserving and publishing recordings of musicians in many folk and blues traditions around the US and Europe. Among the artists Lomax is credited with discovering and bringing to a wider audience include blues guitarist Robert Johnson, protest singer Woody Guthrie, folk artist Pete Seeger, country musician Burl Ives, and country blues singer Lead Belly, among many", "id": "8697682" }, { "contents": "Brian Protheroe\n\n\nWhite, Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Dave Brubeck and the choral church music of Bach. Protheroe joined the folk group Folk Blues Incorporated (FBI) when he was nineteen, while at this time listening to Bob Dylan and the Beatles. He came to London with FBI in 1965, and played in folk music clubs in and around London. In 1966, Protheroe began his career as an actor. His first job was with his local repertory theatre in Salisbury. He worked there for about seven months", "id": "7666713" }, { "contents": "Down Home Blues (Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry album)\n\n\nDown Home Blues is an album by blues musicians Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry recorded in 1960 and released on the Bluesville label. AllMusic reviewer Bruce Eder stated: \"the music itself stands outside of time. McGhee's strumming and singing have enough polish to pass as a commercial recording, but at its best, it's still sufficiently unaffected so as to be regarded as authentic country-blues. It's Terry's harp, however, that really pulls this body of music back to its roots ... the dominant elements of this", "id": "12217779" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nTrouble in Mind is an album by American blues musician Big Bill Broonzy. It was released on February 22, 2000 by Smithsonian Folkways. The album consists of traditional folk, blues, and spiritual songs featuring Broonzy accompanying himself on acoustic guitar and a guest appearance by Pete Seeger. Suffering from cancer, Broonzy realized his time was limited and hence recorded extensively between 1956 and 1957. While most of the work draws from the album \"Big Bill Broonzy Sings Country Blues\" (1957), arranged by Moses Asch and Charles Edward", "id": "18296715" }, { "contents": "Music of Washington, D.C.\n\n\nhome to many bluesmen, such as Jelly Roll Morton and later rock and roll and rhythm and blues musicians such as Bo Diddley and Roy Buchanan. In the 1960s, a number of white youths formed local blues bands, including the Northside Blues Band and the Nighthawks. Starting in the early 1960s, Takoma Park native John Fahey became a nationally noted blues and folk guitarist who established the Takoma Records label, which attracted a number of other blues, folk, acoustic and fingerstyle guitarists to the District of Columbia area. Another local", "id": "9815809" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\nTerry Robb is a Canadian fingerstyle guitarist, composer, arranger and record producer living in the United States. He plays electric and acoustic guitar, and is associated with the American Primitive Guitar genre through his collaboration with steel string guitarist John Fahey. He is a member of the Oregon Music Hall of Fame and Cascade Blues Association Hall of Fame, and was honored with the eponymous \"Terry Robb\" Muddy Award for Best Acoustic Guitar in 2011. His original compositions draw on the Delta blues, ragtime, folk music, country music", "id": "1583113" }, { "contents": "Lightnin' Wells\n\n\nLightnin' Wells is an American Piedmont blues multi-instrumentalist and singer. He is a proficient musician and regularly plays various instruments in concert including the guitar, mandolin, harmonica, ukulele and banjo. At times he has performed as a one-man band. His style encompasses elements of the blues, country, gospel, old-time, bluegrass and folk. Mark Coltrain stated in \"Living Blues\" that, \"You won't find a more versatile musician around – able to move deftly between country blues, old", "id": "14064192" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nspending a year in Europe including recording the \"Sonny Boy Williamson and The Yardbirds\" album, (first released on Star-Club Records in 1965), and recording with The Animals. On 7 May 1964, Granada Television broadcast \"Blues and Gospel Train\", a programme directed by John Hamp featuring Muddy Waters, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, Rev. Gary Davis, Cousin Joe and Otis Spann. For filming, the company transformed the disused Wilbraham Road railway station into \"Chorltonville\", giving it", "id": "2225137" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n. Delta blues is a style as much as a geographical form: Skip James and Elmore James, who were not born in the Delta, are considered Delta blues musicians. Performers traveled throughout the Mississippi Delta, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and Tennessee. Eventually, Delta blues spread out across the country, giving rise to a host of regional variations, including Chicago blues and Detroit blues. Delta blues songs are typically expressed in the first person and often concern love, sex, the traveling lifestyle and its tribulations, sin", "id": "7794024" }, { "contents": "Traditional blues verses\n\n\nIn the folk tradition, there are many traditional blues verses that have been sung over and over by many artists. Blues singers, who include many country and folk artists as well as those commonly identified with blues singers, use these traditional lyrics to fill out their blues performances. Artists like Jimmie Rodgers, the \"blue yodeler\", and Big Joe Turner, \"the Boss of the Blues\" compiled virtual encyclopedias of lyrics. Turner reputedly could sing the blues for hours without repeating himself. Traditional blues verses in folk-", "id": "14213756" }, { "contents": "Midwestern United States\n\n\nmusical style in the United States, deriving most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz, and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Freed's contribution in identifying rock as a new genre helped establish the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, located in Cleveland. Chuck Berry, a Midwesterner from St. Louis, was among the first successful rock and roll artists and influenced many other rock musicians", "id": "15016383" }, { "contents": "Classic female blues\n\n\nClassic female blues was an early form of blues music, popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues were performed by female singers accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles and were the first blues to be recorded. Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, Ethel Waters, and the other singers in this genre were instrumental in spreading the popularity of the blues. Blues, a type of black folk music originating in the American South, were", "id": "5621307" }, { "contents": "Southern soul\n\n\n\"Country soul\", \"Downhome soul\" and \"Hard soul\" have been used synonymously with \"Southern soul\" Pioneers of southern soul include: Georgia natives Ray Charles and James Brown; Little Willie John, Bobby \"Blue\" Bland, New Orleans R&B artist Allen Toussaint; and Memphis DJ Rufus Thomas. Southern soul was influenced by blues and gospel music. Southern soul was at its peak during the 1960s, when Memphis soul was created. In 1963, Stan Lewis founded Jewel Records in Shreveport, Louisiana, along", "id": "18765148" }, { "contents": "South Korea\n\n\n1992 marked a turning point for South Korean popular music, also known as K-pop, as the genre modernized itself from incorporating elements of popular musical genres from across the world such as Western popular music, experimental, jazz, gospel, Latin, classical, hip hop, rhythm and blues, electronic dance, reggae, country, folk, and rock on top of its uniquely traditional Korean music roots. Western-style pop, hip hop, rhythm and blues, rock, folk, electronic dance oriented acts have become", "id": "7248618" }, { "contents": "The Subdudes\n\n\nThe Subdudes (stylized as The subdudes) are an American roots rock group from New Orleans. Their music blends folk, swamp pop, New Orleans rhythm and blues, Louisiana blues, country, cajun/zydeco, funk, soul and gospel with harmonic vocals. Their sound is notable for the band's substitution of a tambourine player for a drummer. The subdudes formed in 1987 through a music venue in New Orleans called Tipitina's. The Subdudes often credit their songwriting to the group as a whole, although the primary songwriters", "id": "12289559" }, { "contents": "American rock\n\n\nAmerican rock has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, rhythm and blues, and country music, and also drew on folk music, jazz, blues, and classical music. American rock music was further influenced by the British Invasion of the American pop charts from 1964 and resulted in the development of garage rock. From the late 1960s and early 1970s, American rock music was highly influential in the development of a number of fusions, including blending with folk music to create folk rock, with blues to create blues", "id": "5254668" }, { "contents": "Richard Trice\n\n\nRichard Trice (November 16, 1917 – April 6, 2000) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles. He lived most of his life in his native North Carolina and played in its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. His family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Music was an interest in the family, and he learned to play the guitar at an", "id": "1811700" }, { "contents": "J. B. Lenoir\n\n\nJefferson, which became a major influence. During the early 1940s, Lenoir worked with the blues artists Sonny Boy Williamson II and Elmore James in New Orleans. He was later influenced by Arthur Crudup and Lightnin' Hopkins. In 1949, he moved to Chicago, where Big Bill Broonzy helped introduce him to the blues community. He began to perform at local nightclubs, with musicians such as Memphis Minnie, Big Maceo Merriweather, and Muddy Waters, and became an important part of the city's blues scene. He began recording", "id": "7041136" }, { "contents": "Bishop Dready Manning\n\n\ncotton, peanuts, and corn. Some of his uncles and cousins played blues guitar in the North Carolina Piedmont fashion. When Manning was seven years old, he began learning how to fingerpick guitar. His skills improved over time and by his teenage years Manning had earned a reputation as a master of blues guitar and harmonica. His style was influenced by Piedmont blues musicians such as Blind Boy Fuller, Brownie McGhee and Buddy Moss, and national stars like Lightnin' Hopkins, Jimmy Reed and Sonny Boy Williamson As a young bluesman", "id": "13727518" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nartists and their own performances. The visit of Muddy Waters in 1958 had a major impact on the duo and on the nature of British R&B in general. Initially British audiences were shocked by Waters's amplified electric blues, but he was soon playing to ecstatic crowds and receiving rave reviews. Where British blues had often emulated Delta blues and country blues in the emerging British folk revival, Davies and Korner, who had supported Waters on tour, now began to play high-powered electric blues, forming the band Blues Incorporated.", "id": "16087064" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\njump blues combo with honking saxophone and rolling piano, variously calling themselves Brownie McGhee and his Jook House Rockers or Sonny Terry and his Buckshot Five, often with Champion Jack Dupree and Big Chief Ellis. They also appeared in the original Broadway productions of \"Finian's Rainbow\" and \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\". During the blues revival of the 1960s, Terry and McGhee were popular on the concert and music festival circuits, occasionally adding new material but usually remaining faithful to their roots and playing to the tastes of", "id": "4476037" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nelements of swing music and jazz in a long and prolific career. After World War II, amplified blues music became popular in American cities that had seen widespread African American migration, such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit, St. Louis, and the West Coast. The initial impulse was to be heard above the noise of lively rent parties. Playing in small venues, electric blues bands tended to remain modest in size compared with larger jazz bands. In its early stages electric blues typically used amplified electric guitars, double bass (", "id": "8151258" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe Beatles had brought African-American music to new audiences, both within the U.S. and abroad. However, the blues wave that brought artists such as Muddy Waters to the foreground had stopped. Bluesmen such as Big Bill Broonzy and Willie Dixon started looking for new markets in Europe. Dick Waterman and the blues festivals he organized in Europe played a major role in propagating blues music abroad. In the UK, bands emulated U.S. blues legends, and UK blues rock-based bands had an influential role throughout the 1960s. Blues", "id": "2951020" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\nThese drew on his studies with Rev. Davis and the other older blues artists and on his obsessive listening to old 78s. \"The Country Blues Guitar, Delta Blues, Texas Blues, Ragtime Blues Guitar\" and \"Rev. Gary Davis/Blues Guitar\" have remained in print through various editions. In the mid-1960s, Stefan Grossman recorded a number of cuts for Joe Bussard and his Frederick, Maryland-based Fonotone Records and performed at the Jabberwock coffeehouse in Berkeley under the nom du folk of \"Kid Future\". The origins", "id": "9236337" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nand they continued almost annually until 1972, after an eight-year hiatus reviving the festival in 1980 until its final performance in 1985. The concerts featured some of the leading blues artists of the 1960s, such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Willie Dixon, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, some playing in unique combinations such as T-Bone Walker playing guitar for pianist Memphis Slim, Otis Rush with Junior Wells, Sonny Boy Williamson with Muddy Waters. The Festival DVDs include the only known footage of Little", "id": "2225135" }, { "contents": "Checkin' Up on My Baby\n\n\n\"Checkin' Up on My Baby\" (or sometimes \"Checking On My Baby\") is a song recorded by Sonny Boy Williamson II in 1960 that has become a classic of the blues. The song was not released as a single, but was included on Williamson's \"The Real Folk Blues\" album released after his death in 1965. The song has been recorded by numerous blues and other artists, making it one of Williamson's most recorded songs. Williamson's namesake Sonny Boy Williamson I, also known as", "id": "10302292" }, { "contents": "History of modern Western subcultures\n\n\ncowboy songs (also known, in those days, as hillbilly music) were beginning to be more popular with a wider audience. A subculture of rural jazz and blues fans had mixed elements of jazz and blues into traditional cowboy and folk song styles to produce a crossover called western swing. Thanks to the prevalence of radio, this music spread across the United States in the 1940s. Radio was the first \"almost instantaneous\" mass media with the power to create large subcultures by spreading the ideas of small subcultures across a wide", "id": "19180987" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\n\"one of the greatest exponents of fingerstyle blues and gospel guitar playing\"\" and \"\"an incredible genius as a teacher\"\". He spent countless hours learning and documenting Davis's music, recording much of it on a tape recorder, and developing a form of tablature to take down his teacher's instructions. In the folk and country blues revival of the 1960s he was listening to old recordings of artists such as Elizabeth Cotten, Big Bill Broonzy, Lead Belly, Josh White, Lightnin' Hopkins, Rev. Gary", "id": "9236332" }, { "contents": "Steel-string acoustic guitar\n\n\nundistorted and full-range reproduction. Until the 1960s, the predominant forms of music played on the flat-top, steel-string guitar remained relatively stable and included acoustic blues, country, bluegrass, folk, and several genres of rock. The concept of playing solo steel-string guitar in a concert setting was introduced in the early 1960s by such performers as Davey Graham and John Fahey, who used country blues fingerpicking techniques to compose original compositions with structures somewhat like European classical music. Fahey contemporary Robbie Basho added elements", "id": "2024699" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nmusic. The music of the civil rights movement and Free Speech Movement in the U.S. prompted a resurgence of interest in American roots music and early African American music. As well festivals such as the Newport Folk Festival brought traditional blues to a new audience, which helped to revive interest in prewar acoustic blues and performers such as Son House, Mississippi John Hurt, Skip James, and Reverend Gary Davis. Many compilations of classic prewar blues were republished by the Yazoo Records. J. B. Lenoir from the Chicago blues movement in the 1950s", "id": "2951023" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nperformers such as Little Walter or Muddy Waters. Songs from this genre include \"Scratch my Back\", \"She's Tough\" and \"I'm a King Bee\". Alan Lomax's recordings of Mississippi Fred McDowell would eventually bring him wider attention on both the blues and folk circuit, with McDowell's droning style influencing North Mississippi hill country blues musicians. By the beginning of the 1960s, genres influenced by African American music such as rock and roll and soul were part of mainstream popular music. White performers such as", "id": "2951019" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nmore exclusively English folk clubs. The more traditional American folk blues continued to provide 1960s British groups with material, particularly after the emergence of Bob Dylan, who also popularised folk blues songs. In 1964, for example, the song-catalogue of Lead Belly provided the Animals with \"The House of the Rising Sun\", Manfred Mann with \"John Hardy\" and the Four Pennies with \"Black Girl\". British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers", "id": "16087061" }, { "contents": "Willie Trice\n\n\nWilliam Augusta Trice (February 10, 1908 – December 11, 1976) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles and an album. He remained loyal to his native North Carolina and its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, probably in 1908; some sources state 1910 or 1911. The family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Both of Trice’s parents played music", "id": "1573260" }, { "contents": "Rock and roll\n\n\nstyles such as jazz and swing which were taken up by white musicians, aided this process of \"cultural collision\". The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called \"race music\", and country music of the 1940s and 1950s. Particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. Commentators differ in their views of which of these forms were most important and the degree to which the new music was a re-branding of African-American rhythm and", "id": "5601387" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\nPiedmont blues (also known as East Coast, or Southeastern blues) refers primarily to a guitar style, the Piedmont fingerstyle, which is characterized by a fingerpicking approach in which a regular, alternating thumb bass string rhythmic pattern supports a syncopated melody using the treble strings generally picked with the fore-finger, occasionally others. The result is comparable in sound to ragtime or stride piano styles. Blues researcher Peter B. Lowry coined the term, giving co-credit to fellow folklorist Bruce Bastin. The Piedmont style is differentiated from other", "id": "8150344" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand the generalization of the blues beat, the blues shuffle, which became ubiquitous in R&B. This commercial stream had important consequences for blues music, which, together with jazz and gospel music, became a component of R&B. After World War II, new styles of electric blues became popular in cities such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit and St. Louis. Electric blues used electric guitars, double bass (gradually replaced by bass guitar), drums, and harmonica (or \"blues harp\") played through a microphone and a PA", "id": "2951010" }, { "contents": "New Orleans blues\n\n\nblues is primarily driven by piano and horn, enlivened by Caribbean rhythms and Dixieland music. It is generally cheerful in delivery regardless of the subject matter, with a laid back tempo and complex rhythms falling just behind the beat. Vocals range from laid-back crooning to full-throated gospel shouting. New Orleans is generally credited as the birthplace of jazz music, but has attracted less attention as a center of the blues. The 12 bar blues were well known in the city before most of the rest of the country.", "id": "20252986" }, { "contents": "Michael Roach (musician)\n\n\n2003, Roach presented \"Deep Blue\", a three part series on blues music featured on BBC Radio 4. In 2006 he released an instructional DVD, \"Introduction to Country Blues Guitar\". Roach's tours as an educator and performer have taken him to the Augusta Heritage Center (US), Centrum Piedmont Blues Intensive (US), The Ironworks (UK) and the Smithsonian Institution (US). He has performed and lectured at blues, jazz, folk and roots music festivals in Croatia, Czech Republic,", "id": "14072779" }, { "contents": "Texas blues\n\n\nmoved to Chicago as a teenager. His instrumental number \"Hide Away\" (1961), was emulated by British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments such as keyboards and horns with emphasis on guitar soloing. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles.", "id": "12084292" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nhip hop music, reggae, rap, country music, and pop music, blues has been accused of being the \"devil's music\" and of inciting violence and other poor behavior. In the early 20th century, the blues was considered disreputable, especially as white audiences began listening to the blues during the 1920s. In the early twentieth century, W.C. Handy was the first to popularize blues-influenced music among non-black Americans. During the blues revival of the 1960s and '70s, acoustic blues artist Taj Mahal", "id": "2951049" }, { "contents": "Blues fiddle\n\n\nchances for frontline fiddlers to participate. Another reason for the violin's exclusion in post war blues was that it could not be effectively electrified. When artists migrated to the industrial centers from the Mississippi delta and rural south, they found a way to do so, but African-American music later mostly abandoned the instrument. Many blues guitar greats, such as Lonnie Johnson and Big Bill Broonzy, made early recordings on the violin. They are among the most-represented artists in the canon. The connection between guitar and violin", "id": "20387501" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\nin the 1950s, led by singer Mahalia Jackson. The blues genre experienced major revivals in the 1950s with Chicago blues musicians such as Muddy Waters and Little Walter, as well as in the 1960s in the British Invasion and American folk music revival when country blues musicians like Mississippi John Hurt and Reverend Gary Davis were rediscovered. The seminal blues musicians of these periods had tremendous influence on rock musicians such as Chuck Berry in the 1950s, as well as on the British blues and blues rock scenes of the 1960s and 1970s, including", "id": "7216667" }, { "contents": "Sugar Mama (song)\n\n\n\"Sugar Mama\" or \"Sugar Mama Blues\" is a song that is a standard of the blues. Called a \"tautly powerful slow blues\" by music journalist Charles Shaar Murray, it has been recorded by numerous artists, including early Chicago bluesmen Tampa Red, Sonny Boy Williamson I, and Tommy McClennan. John Lee Hooker and Howlin' Wolf later adapted \"Sugar Mama\" for electric blues and rock group Led Zeppelin reworked it during early recording sessions. Country bluesman Yank Rachell recorded \"Sugar Farm Blues\" February 6", "id": "15139181" }, { "contents": "Nathan Beauregard\n\n\nwith minor talent make a fortune as a recording artist while he himself was not offered such a chance. During the folk and blues revival of the 1960s Beauregard was \"discovered\" in Memphis by Bill Barth, who convinced him to work as a musician again. In the short time between his \"discovery\" in 1968 and his death in 1970, he played at various folk and blues festivals (e.g. the 1968 Memphis Country Blues Festival, which has been recorded on the Sire and Blue Horizon labels) and on a number", "id": "5223148" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe California blues style, performed a successful transition from the early urban blues à la Lonnie Johnson and Leroy Carr to the jump blues style and dominated the blues-jazz scene at Los Angeles during the 1940s. The transition from country blues to urban blues that began in the 1920s was driven by the successive waves of economic crisis and booms which led many rural blacks to move to urban areas, in a movement known as the Great Migration. The long boom following World War II induced another massive migration of the African-American", "id": "2951008" }, { "contents": "Women in music\n\n\nboys only club. Chinese idol girl groups have also recently achieved significant success, with C-pop groups like SNH48 and Rocket Girls 101, with the later selling over 1.6 million copies of their debut EP in 2018. Classic female blues was an early form of blues music popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues songs performed by female vocalists were accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles, and were the first blues to be", "id": "22079994" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nRock and roll emerged as a defined musical style in the United States in the early to mid-1950s. It derived most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Rock and roll in turn provided the main basis for the music that, since the mid-1960s, has been generally known simply as rock music. The phrase \"rocking and rolling\" originally described", "id": "5254840" }, { "contents": "Warner Williams and Jay Summerour\n\n\nWarner Williams and Jay Summerour are an American folk duo, who perform under the name Little Bit A Blues. They have played at numerous folk and blues festivals and at concerts at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. They are known for playing in the Piedmont blues style, a regional variant of the blues that developed in North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland and West Virginia. Williams and Summerour have been playing music together under the name of Little Bit A Blues since the early 1990s. During their tenure together,", "id": "20240347" }, { "contents": "American popular music\n\n\n—e.g., minorities or rural audiences. Beginning in the 1920s and accelerating greatly in the 1940s, the blues began rapidly diversifying into a broad spectrum of new styles. These included an uptempo, energetic style called rhythm and blues (R&B), a merger of blues and Anglo-Celtic song called country music and the fusion of hymns and spirituals with blues structures called gospel music. Later than these other styles, in the 1940s, a blues, R&B and country fusion eventually called rock and roll developed, eventually coming", "id": "6698779" }, { "contents": "1940s in music\n\n\ncalled \"folk\" in the trades, and \"hillbilly\" within the industry. In 1944, \"The Billboard\" replaced the term \"hillbilly\" with \"folk songs and blues,\" and switched to \"country\" or \"country and Western\" in 1949. But while cowboy and Western music were the most popular styles, a new style – honky tonk – would take root and define the genre of country music for decades to come. The style meshed Western swing and blues music; featured rough, nasal vocals", "id": "12815195" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n, salvation and death. Several blues musicians were imprisoned in the Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman Farm, which is referred to in songs such as Bukka White's \"Parchman Farm Blues\" and the folk song \"Midnight Special\". In big-city blues, women singers such as Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith and Mamie Smith dominated the recordings of the 1920s. However, women rarely recorded Delta blues and other rural or folk-style blues. In Delta blues female performers often had some romantic connection to more notable male performers", "id": "7794025" }, { "contents": "The Sky Is Crying (song)\n\n\nThe Sky Is Crying\" has been interpreted and recorded by many blues and other artists. In 1963, blues harmonica player and singer Sonny Boy Williamson II recorded the song as a country blues-style duet with Matt Murphy on acoustic guitar for his \"Keep It to Ourselves\" album. In 1964, Eric Clapton with The Yardbirds recorded a live slow blues which included a couple of lines from \"The Sky Is Crying\" (\"Blueswailing July '64 (Live)\"). In 1966, with Jeff Beck on", "id": "3146914" }, { "contents": "BeauSoleil\n\n\n, rhythm, and lyrics of Louisiana folk music, incorporating elements of rock and roll, jazz, blues, calypso, and other genres in original compositions and reworkings of traditional tunes. Lyrics on BeauSoleil recordings are sung in English or Cajun French (and sometimes both in one song). According to the band's web site, BeauSoleil's musicians \"take the rich Cajun traditions of Louisiana and artfully blend elements of zydeco, New Orleans jazz, Tex-Mex, country, blues and more into a satisfying musical recipe.", "id": "9860218" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. The origins of country are in rural Southern folk music, which was primarily Irish and British, with African and continental European musics. Anglo-Celtic tunes, dance music, and balladry were the earliest predecessors of modern country, then known as \"hillbilly music\". Early hillbilly also borrowed elements of the blues and drew upon more aspects of 19th-century pop songs as hillbilly music evolved into a commercial genre eventually known as \"country and western\" and then simply \"country\". The earliest country instrumentation revolved around", "id": "7216674" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nelements from the \"Ethiopian airs\", minstrel shows and Negro spirituals, including instrumental and harmonic accompaniment. The style also was closely related to ragtime, which developed at about the same time, though the blues better preserved \"the original melodic patterns of African music\". The musical forms and styles that are now considered the blues as well as modern country music arose in the same regions of the southern United States during the 19th century. Recorded blues and country music can be found as far back as the 1920s, when", "id": "2950988" }, { "contents": "Organ Thieves\n\n\nPrimate Sanctuary. The band's musical style is unique and although the music is mainly considered hard rock, southern rock and reggae rock, the band like to call themselves \"experimental-soul-rock\". The band's music takes influences from various genres including reggae, soul, country, blues, rhythm and blues, folk, rock and roll, punk, heavy metal, southern rock and more, as stated by the band that they are not limited to any genre and are willing to experiment everything.br They are also", "id": "3590626" }, { "contents": "African-American music\n\n\nstructure of the dance and folk music of peoples across western and sub-Saharan Africa. These musical forms had a wide-ranging influence on the development of music within the United States and around the world during the 20th century. The modern genres of blues and ragtime were developed during the late 19th century by fusing West African vocalizations - which employed the natural harmonic series, and blue notes. The earliest jazz and blues recordings were made in the 1920s. African-American musicians developed related styles such as Rhythm and Blues in", "id": "13306674" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\nWalter Brown \"Brownie\" McGhee (November 30, 1915 – February 16, 1996) was an African-American folk music and Piedmont blues singer and guitarist, best known for his collaboration with the harmonica player Sonny Terry. McGhee was born in Knoxville, Tennessee, and grew up in Kingsport, Tennessee. At about the age of four he contracted polio, which incapacitated his right leg. His brother Granville \"Sticks\"(or \"Stick\") McGhee, who also later became a musician and composed the famous song \"Drinkin'", "id": "4476033" }, { "contents": "Clarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown\n\n\nClarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown (April 18, 1924 – September 10, 2005) was an American musician from Louisiana and Texas known for his work as a blues musician, as well as other styles of music. He spent his career fighting purism by synthesizing old blues, country, jazz, Cajun music and R&B styles. His work also encompasses rock and roll, rock music, folk music, electric blues, and Texas blues. He was an acclaimed multi-instrumentalist, who played an array of musical instruments, including", "id": "15961748" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nby British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments like keyboards and horns, but placed particular emphasis on powerful lead guitar breaks. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles. In the 1970s Jimmie formed the Fabulous Thunderbirds and in the 1980s his brother Stevie Ray", "id": "8151279" } ]

[ { "contents": "Country blues\n\n\nCountry blues (also folk blues, rural blues, backwoods blues, or downhome blues) is one of the earliest forms of blues music. The mainly solo vocal with acoustic fingerstyle guitar accompaniment developed in the rural Southern United States in the early 1900s. Artists, such as Blind Lemon Jefferson (Texas), Charley Patton (Mississippi), Blind Willie McTell (Georgia) were among the first to record blues songs in the 1920s. Country blues ran parallel to urban blues, which was popular in cities. Folklorist Alan Lomax", "id": "8046896" }, { "contents": "Culture of the Southern United States\n\n\n-time music, gospel music, spirituals, country music, rhythm and blues, soul music, funk, rock and roll, beach music, bluegrass, jazz (including ragtime, popularized by Southerner Scott Joplin), zydeco, and Appalachian folk music were either born in the South or developed in the region. In general, country music is based on the folk music of white Southerners, and blues and rhythm and blues is based on African American southern forms. However, whites and blacks alike have contributed to each of", "id": "8469878" }, { "contents": "List of blues festivals\n\n\nBlues festivals are music festivals which focus on blues music. Blues is a genre and musical form that originated in African-American communities in the Southern United States around the end of the 19th century. It has elements of traditional African music, American folk music, spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. Blues has since evolved from unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves into a wide variety of styles and subgenres, such as country blues, Delta and Piedmont, Chicago", "id": "17295253" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand subgenres. Blues subgenres include country blues, such as Delta blues and Piedmont blues, as well as urban blues styles such as Chicago blues and West Coast blues. World War II marked the transition from acoustic to electric blues and the progressive opening of blues music to a wider audience, especially white listeners. In the 1960s and 1970s, a hybrid form called blues rock developed, which blended blues styles with rock music. The term \"Blues\" may have come from \"blue devils\", meaning melancholy and sadness;", "id": "2950960" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nthe supposed appearance of a southern U.S.-style station. About 200 fans were brought by train to the platform opposite the performers. The performance was interrupted by a rainstorm, after which Tharpe performed the gospel song \"Didn't It Rain\". Blues musicians who performed on the American Folk Blues Festival tours included Muddy Waters, Sonny Boy Williamson, John Lee Hooker, Sippie Wallace, T-Bone Walker, Sonny Terry & Brownie McGhee, Memphis Slim, Otis Rush, Lonnie Johnson, Eddie Boyd, Big Walter Horton, Junior Wells", "id": "2225138" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nthrough EMI's Stateside label and Chess Records through Pye International's R&B series. These records were enthusiastically sought and collected by a new generation of enthusiasts. The increasing appetite for rhythm and blues was reflected in the growing numbers of Afro-American artists visiting the country. From 1962 the American Folk Blues Festival, organised by German promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau, brought American blues stars including Waters, Wolf, Sonny Boy Williamson, and John Lee Hooker to the country. In 1964 the American Folk Blues and Gospel Caravan arrived", "id": "16087069" }, { "contents": "Piedmont (United States)\n\n\nblues musicians came from Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. During the Great Migration, African Americans migrated to the Piedmont. With the Appalachian Mountains to the west, those who might otherwise have spread into rural areas stayed in cities and were thus exposed to a broader mixture of music than those in, for example, the rural Mississippi delta. Thus, Piedmont blues was influenced by many types of music such as ragtime, country, and popular songs—styles that had comparatively less influence on blues music in other regions.", "id": "1946509" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\n, it was being performed at US folk music revivals and festivals initially by established Piedmont blues artists such as Josh White, Rev. Gary Davis, and Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry, as well as Cephas & Wiggins, John Jackson in later years. While musicologists such as George Mitchell, Axel Küstner, Kip Lornell, Peter B. Lowry and Tim Duffy collected recordings by the aging community of Piedmont blues players, younger musicians such as Stefan Grossman, Roy Book Binder, Jorma Kaukonen, Paul Geremia, Keb Mo', Michael Roach", "id": "8150348" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nGerman promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau. The rise of electric blues, and its eventual mainstream success, meant that British acoustic blues was completely overshadowed. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers Bert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham (who played and recorded with Korner), played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene, with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones", "id": "8151338" }, { "contents": "Americana (music)\n\n\nAmericana (also known as American roots music) is an amalgam of American music formed by the confluence of the shared and varied traditions that make up the musical ethos of the United States, specifically those sounds that are merged from folk, country, blues, rhythm and blues, rock and roll, gospel, and other external influences. Americana, as defined by the Americana Music Association (AMA), is \"contemporary music that incorporates elements of various mostly acoustic American roots music styles, including country, roots rock, folk", "id": "9198553" }, { "contents": "Muddy Waters\n\n\nSpann in 1958, where they were backed by local Dixieland-style or \"trad jazz\" musicians, including members of Chris Barber's band. At the time, English audiences had only been exposed to acoustic folk blues, as performed by artists such as Sonny Terry, Brownie McGhee, and Big Bill Broonzy. Both the musicians and audiences were unprepared for Muddy Waters' performance, which included his electric slide guitar playing. He recalled: Although his performances alienated the old guard, some younger musicians, including Alexis Korner and", "id": "15757617" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nBert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham, played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. It continued with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones. Most British acoustic blues players could achieve little commercial success and found it difficult to gain recognition for their \"imitations\" of the blues in the US, being overshadowed by the rhythm and blues and electric blues that had emerged in the later 1950s. Blues harpist Cyril Davies ran the London Skiffle", "id": "16087062" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nas well as people that shared his country roots. His work in this period shows he performed across a wider musical spectrum than almost any other bluesman before or since, including in his repertoire ragtime, hokum blues, country blues, urban blues, jazz-tinged songs, folk songs and spirituals. After World War II, Broonzy recorded songs that were the bridge that allowed many younger musicians to cross over to the future of the blues: the electric blues of postwar Chicago. His 1945 recordings of \"Where the Blues Began", "id": "9494361" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nBig Bill Broonzy (born Lee Conley Bradley, June 26, 1903 – August 14, 1958) was an American blues singer, songwriter and guitarist. His career began in the 1920s, when he played country blues to mostly African-American audiences. Through the 1930s and 1940s he successfully navigated a transition in style to a more urban blues sound popular with working-class African-American audiences. In the 1950s a return to his traditional folk-blues roots made him one of the leading figures of the emerging American folk", "id": "9494347" }, { "contents": "Precious Bryant\n\n\nPrecious Bryant (née Bussey; January 4, 1942 – January 12, 2013) was an American country blues, gospel, and folk singer and guitarist. She played Piedmont fingerstyle guitar. Bryant was born in Talbot County, Georgia. She released two solo albums. Her 2002 debut, \"Fool Me Good,\" was nominated for two Blues Music Awards, in the categories Acoustic Blues Album of the Year and Best New Artist Debut. In 2006 she was nominated for a similar award for Traditional Blues Female Artist of the", "id": "2571157" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nAmerica, a series of tours that began with Josh White and Big Bill Broonzy in 1951, and would include Brownie McGhee, Sonny Terry, Memphis Slim, Muddy Waters and Lonnie Johnson. Lonnie Johnson played at the Royal Festival Hall in 1952 on a bill opened by a group led by the young Lonnie Donegan. Donegan became the key figure in the development of the British skiffle \"craze\", beginning in Ken Colyer's Jazzmen by playing American folk and blues songs, particularly those derived from the recordings of Huddie Leadbetter,", "id": "16087056" }, { "contents": "Hill country blues\n\n\npatterns that conform to proverbial phrases or the words of popular fife and drum tunes—\"is considered the sign of a good drummer.\" This enduring tradition of folk polyrhythm played an important part in the development of Mississippi blues. \"Mississippi\" Fred McDowell, who lived in Como, Mississippi, was one of the subgenre's most widely known musicians, in the 1960s and after. His music was heavier on percussive elements and African rhythms than traditional Delta blues. McDowell's performances helped define the Hill Country blues sound, influencing later artists", "id": "19106875" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nfit in with British expectations of American blues as a form of folk music. In 1957 Davies and Korner decided that their central interest was the blues and closed the skiffle club, reopening a month later as The London Blues and Barrelhouse Club. To this point British blues was acoustically played emulating Delta blues and Country blues styles and often part of the emerging second British folk revival. Critical in changing this was the visit of Muddy Waters in 1958, who initially shocked British audiences by playing amplified electric blues, but who was soon", "id": "8151324" }, { "contents": "Valerie Turner\n\n\nValerie Turner is an American blues guitarist-vocalist, educator, and author. She plays in the Piedmont style of fingerpicking guitar, continuing in the traditions of Mississippi John Hurt, Elizabeth Cotten, Memphis Minnie, and Etta Baker. She performs blues, ballads, country, popular songs, ragtime, and gospels. She is a native New Yorker with southern roots in Virginia and Georgia. She started learning and studying traditional country blues guitar in 1978. Valerie and her spouse, Benedict Turner, are an acoustic blues duo called", "id": "8216617" }, { "contents": "Mr. Misunderstood\n\n\n\"Mr. Misunderstood\", at the 2015 Country Music Association Awards, where the news of the new album became evident. The musical style of this album has been described as the following; country, rock, blues, folk, gospel, soul, funk, alternative country, alternative rock, country rock, country blues, country gospel, gospel blues, bluegrass, folk rock, heartland rock, roots rock, rock and roll, rhythm and blues, Southern gospel, Southern rock, and Southern soul. His music here", "id": "5570655" }, { "contents": "Chris Barber\n\n\nwas mainly responsible for arranging the first UK tours of blues artists Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee and Muddy Waters. This, with the encouragement of local enthusiasts such as Alexis Korner and John Mayall, sparked young musicians such as Peter Green, Eric Clapton and the Rolling Stones. British rhythm and blues powered the British invasion of the USA charts in the 1960s, yet Dixieland itself remained popular: in January 1963 the British music magazine, \"NME\" reported the biggest trad jazz event in Britain at Alexandra Palace", "id": "17410986" }, { "contents": "The Blues, the Whole Blues, and Nothing But the Blues\n\n\ninterplay of instruments gives them the freedom to move from the country blues of the Mississippi Delta to the jug band tradition of the urban South, and from New Orleans to Chicago, embracing the breadth of American music in its myriad places and times.\" In \"Glide\" magazine, Lee Zimmerman said, \"David Bromberg’s fondness for the blues has been a single-minded concern throughout his storied career, one that’s found him working alongside any number of icons, folks like Bob Dylan and George Harrison included... Of", "id": "7352775" }, { "contents": "Dave Van Ronk\n\n\nand Van Ronk turned to performing blues he had stumbled across while shopping for jazz 78s, by artists like Furry Lewis and Mississippi John Hurt. Van Ronk was not the first white musician to perform African-American blues, but became noted for his interpretation of it in its original context. By about 1958, he was firmly committed to the folk-blues style, accompanying himself with his own acoustic guitar. He performed blues, jazz and folk music, occasionally writing his own songs but generally arranging the work of earlier artists", "id": "10878367" }, { "contents": "Fingerstyle guitar\n\n\nis also very common. Examples of traditions that John Fahey and Robbie Basho would employ in their compositions include, but are not limited to, the extended Raga of Indian classical music, the Japanese Koto, and the early ragtime-based country blues music of Mississippi John Hurt or Blind Blake. A distinctive style to emerge from Britain in the early 1960s, which combined elements of American folk, blues, jazz and ragtime with British traditional music, was what became known as 'folk baroque'. Pioneered by musicians of the", "id": "13793683" }, { "contents": "Country music\n\n\nCountry music, also known as country and western (or simply country), and hillbilly music, is a genre of popular music that originated in the southern United States in the early 1920s. It takes its roots from genres such as American folk music (especially Appalachian folk and Western music) and blues. Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms, folk lyrics, and harmonies mostly accompanied by string instruments such as banjos, electric and acoustic guitars, steel guitars (such as pedal steels and", "id": "4960825" }, { "contents": "WFDU\n\n\n. WFDU (FM) plays wide array of music ranging from Blues & Country/Bluegrass music to RetroRadio, Eclectic, Folk, Gospel, Oldies Rock and Soul/R&B. Big Frank Mirra, a well-known Blues musician in the Metro area for over three decades along with former blues radio producer, Music Director of Blues/Roots/American programing, Mike Stokes hosts Blues on the Run on Tuesdays. Dennis Gruenling is the host of Blues & the Beat, spinning everything from the legends of Chicago-style blues like", "id": "1564525" }, { "contents": "Nick Katzman\n\n\nNick Katzman (born 1951) is an American blues musician. Katzman was born in New York City, and lives in both Manhattan and Berlin, Germany. He plays in a variety of musical genres, including Chicago blues, Mississippi blues, Texas blues, and ragtime. As a teenager in the 1960s, Katzman saw many of the surviving country blues guitarists who travelled north to play their music in clubs and at the folk festivals. He learned to lay both guitar and lute. He studied classical music and jazz at Antioch", "id": "16730431" }, { "contents": "Louisiana blues\n\n\nLouisiana blues is a genre of blues music that developed in the period after World War II in the state of Louisiana. It is generally divided into two major subgenres, with the jazz-influenced New Orleans blues based on the musical traditions of that city and the slower tempo swamp blues incorporating influences from zydeco and Cajun music from around Baton Rouge. Major artists in the New Orleans tradition include Professor Longhair and Guitar Slim and for swamp blues Slim Harpo and Lightnin' Slim. Both genres peaked in popularity in the 1960s and were", "id": "8046899" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. Theatrical composers and lyricists like the brothers George and Ira Gershwin created a uniquely American theatrical style that used American vernacular speech and music. Musicals featured popular songs and fast-paced plots that often revolved around love and romance. The blues is a genre of African American folk music that is the basis for much of modern American popular music. Blues can be seen as part of a continuum of musical styles like country, jazz, ragtime, and gospel; though each genre evolved into distinct forms, their origins were often indistinct", "id": "7216662" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nspirituals, work songs, ragtime music, hokum, and country blues he heard growing up and the styles of his contemporaries, including Jimmie Rodgers, Blind Blake, Son House, and Blind Lemon Jefferson. Broonzy combined all these influences into his own style of the blues, which foreshadowed the postwar Chicago blues, later refined and popularized by artists such as Muddy Waters and Willie Dixon. Although he had been a pioneer of the Chicago blues style and had employed electric instruments as early as 1942, white audiences in the 1950s wanted", "id": "9494369" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\n, a large number of British rhythm and blues musicians began their careers playing skiffle, including Van Morrison, Ronnie Wood, Mick Jagger and Roger Daltrey. The fashion created a demand for opportunities to play versions of American folk, blues and jazz music that would contribute to the growth of a club scene. Until the mid-1950s in Britain the blues was seen as a form of folk music. When Broonzy toured England he played a folk blues set to fit British expectations of American blues, rather than his current electric Chicago blues.", "id": "16087059" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nintroduction of many later followers of the blues to the music and hardships of life for African Americans in the Southern US. The next year the \"Jazz Club\" programme, hosted by Max Jones, included a recital of \"Town and Country Blues\", which played music by a wide range of blues artists. The British rhythm and blues scene developed in London out of the related jazz, skiffle and folk club scenes of the 1950s. The first of these scenes, that of jazz, had developed during the Second World", "id": "16087053" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nrecognized the album for its historically significant material. An extensively recorded bluesman, Big Bill Broonzy left the United States to tour Europe in 1951, becoming the first Chicago blues player to perform for European audiences. Broonzy previously spent time in Iowa, where he honed a repertoire which remained a fixture of his concerts and recordings for the remainder of the decade. With bluesmen such as Muddy Waters and Howlin' Wolf amplifying their music, resulting in the popularity of the electric blues, Broonzy decided to reinvent himself as a folk blues musician", "id": "18296717" }, { "contents": "Alec Seward\n\n\nhe relocated from the South to New York, in his case in 1924. Seward befriended Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry and retained his Piedmont blues styling despite changes in musical trends. He and the blues musician Louis Hayes (who later became a minister in northern New Jersey) performed together, variously billed as the Blues Servant Boys, Guitar Slim and Jelly Belly, and the Back Porch Boys. During the 1940s and 1950s Seward played and recorded with Lead Belly, Woody Guthrie, McGhee and Terry. Around 1947 Seward, Guthrie", "id": "7237009" }, { "contents": "The Real Folk Blues\n\n\nThe Real Folk Blues is a series of blues albums released between 1965 and 1967 by Chess Records, later reissued MCA Records. Each album in the series highlighted the music of one major Chess artist, including John Lee Hooker, Howlin' Wolf, Muddy Waters, and Sonny Boy Williamson II. The series, overseen by Marshall Chess, was a reaction to the increasing audience for the blues following the British Invasion. Companion discs, titled More Real Folk Blues, were released for many of the artists. Hooker's companion disc", "id": "17857302" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nNew styles of music emerged among black Americans in the early 20th century in the form of blues, ragtime, jazz, and gospel music. According to the writer Robert Palmer:\"Rock 'n' roll was an inevitable outgrowth of the social and musical interactions between blacks and whites in the South and Southwest. Its roots are a complex tangle. Bedrock black church music influenced blues, rural blues influenced white folk song and the black popular music of the Northern ghettos, blues and black pop influenced jazz, and so on. But the", "id": "5254864" }, { "contents": "Ernie Hawkins\n\n\nErnie Hawkins (born Ernest Leroy Hawkins, 1947, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American acoustic blues guitar player, singer, song writer, recording artist, and educator. Hawkins, along with fellow bluesmen Stefan Grossman and Roy Bookbinder, studied with blues legend Reverend Gary Davis in New York City in 1965 and 1966. Over the years, he learned a variety of styles, including Piedmont blues, Delta blues, ragtime, and gospel. In 1969, Hawkins moved back to his hometown of Pittsburgh, and enrolled at the", "id": "8862999" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nThe American Folk Blues Festival was a music festival that toured Europe as an annual event for several years beginning in 1962. It introduced audiences in Europe, including the UK, to leading blues performers of the day such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, most of whom had never previously performed outside the US. The tours attracted substantial media coverage, including TV shows, and contributed to the growth of the audience for blues music in Europe. German jazz publicist Joachim-Ernst Berendt", "id": "2225133" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\ninspire much of the later popular development of the blues and blues-derived genres, including the legendary delta blues musician Robert Johnson and Piedmont blues musician Blind Willie McTell. By the end of the 1940s, however, pure blues was only a minor part of popular music, having been subsumed by offshoots like rhythm & blues and the nascent rock and roll style. Some styles of electric, piano-driven blues, like boogie-woogie, retained a large audience. A bluesy style of gospel also became popular in mainstream America", "id": "7216666" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\n. Known primarily as a folk-blues guitarist, he learned to play guitar by listening to blues musicians, such as Charlie Patton and Mississippi John Hurt, and has developed a distinctive fingerpicking technique in which he plays the bass line, rhythm chords, and single-note leads simultaneously. In his original compositions and artistic styling, he incorporates influences from other genres, such as jazz, folk music, country music, classical and world music, often utilizing odd time measures, to personalize his music and story telling. An", "id": "1583130" }, { "contents": "Alan Lomax\n\n\n\"The Land Where the Blues Began\" (1995), linking the birth of the blues to debt peonage, segregation, and forced labor in the American South. Lomax's greatest legacy is in preserving and publishing recordings of musicians in many folk and blues traditions around the US and Europe. Among the artists Lomax is credited with discovering and bringing to a wider audience include blues guitarist Robert Johnson, protest singer Woody Guthrie, folk artist Pete Seeger, country musician Burl Ives, and country blues singer Lead Belly, among many", "id": "8697682" }, { "contents": "Brian Protheroe\n\n\nWhite, Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Dave Brubeck and the choral church music of Bach. Protheroe joined the folk group Folk Blues Incorporated (FBI) when he was nineteen, while at this time listening to Bob Dylan and the Beatles. He came to London with FBI in 1965, and played in folk music clubs in and around London. In 1966, Protheroe began his career as an actor. His first job was with his local repertory theatre in Salisbury. He worked there for about seven months", "id": "7666713" }, { "contents": "Down Home Blues (Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry album)\n\n\nDown Home Blues is an album by blues musicians Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry recorded in 1960 and released on the Bluesville label. AllMusic reviewer Bruce Eder stated: \"the music itself stands outside of time. McGhee's strumming and singing have enough polish to pass as a commercial recording, but at its best, it's still sufficiently unaffected so as to be regarded as authentic country-blues. It's Terry's harp, however, that really pulls this body of music back to its roots ... the dominant elements of this", "id": "12217779" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nTrouble in Mind is an album by American blues musician Big Bill Broonzy. It was released on February 22, 2000 by Smithsonian Folkways. The album consists of traditional folk, blues, and spiritual songs featuring Broonzy accompanying himself on acoustic guitar and a guest appearance by Pete Seeger. Suffering from cancer, Broonzy realized his time was limited and hence recorded extensively between 1956 and 1957. While most of the work draws from the album \"Big Bill Broonzy Sings Country Blues\" (1957), arranged by Moses Asch and Charles Edward", "id": "18296715" }, { "contents": "Music of Washington, D.C.\n\n\nhome to many bluesmen, such as Jelly Roll Morton and later rock and roll and rhythm and blues musicians such as Bo Diddley and Roy Buchanan. In the 1960s, a number of white youths formed local blues bands, including the Northside Blues Band and the Nighthawks. Starting in the early 1960s, Takoma Park native John Fahey became a nationally noted blues and folk guitarist who established the Takoma Records label, which attracted a number of other blues, folk, acoustic and fingerstyle guitarists to the District of Columbia area. Another local", "id": "9815809" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\nTerry Robb is a Canadian fingerstyle guitarist, composer, arranger and record producer living in the United States. He plays electric and acoustic guitar, and is associated with the American Primitive Guitar genre through his collaboration with steel string guitarist John Fahey. He is a member of the Oregon Music Hall of Fame and Cascade Blues Association Hall of Fame, and was honored with the eponymous \"Terry Robb\" Muddy Award for Best Acoustic Guitar in 2011. His original compositions draw on the Delta blues, ragtime, folk music, country music", "id": "1583113" }, { "contents": "Lightnin' Wells\n\n\nLightnin' Wells is an American Piedmont blues multi-instrumentalist and singer. He is a proficient musician and regularly plays various instruments in concert including the guitar, mandolin, harmonica, ukulele and banjo. At times he has performed as a one-man band. His style encompasses elements of the blues, country, gospel, old-time, bluegrass and folk. Mark Coltrain stated in \"Living Blues\" that, \"You won't find a more versatile musician around – able to move deftly between country blues, old", "id": "14064192" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nspending a year in Europe including recording the \"Sonny Boy Williamson and The Yardbirds\" album, (first released on Star-Club Records in 1965), and recording with The Animals. On 7 May 1964, Granada Television broadcast \"Blues and Gospel Train\", a programme directed by John Hamp featuring Muddy Waters, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, Rev. Gary Davis, Cousin Joe and Otis Spann. For filming, the company transformed the disused Wilbraham Road railway station into \"Chorltonville\", giving it", "id": "2225137" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n. Delta blues is a style as much as a geographical form: Skip James and Elmore James, who were not born in the Delta, are considered Delta blues musicians. Performers traveled throughout the Mississippi Delta, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and Tennessee. Eventually, Delta blues spread out across the country, giving rise to a host of regional variations, including Chicago blues and Detroit blues. Delta blues songs are typically expressed in the first person and often concern love, sex, the traveling lifestyle and its tribulations, sin", "id": "7794024" }, { "contents": "Traditional blues verses\n\n\nIn the folk tradition, there are many traditional blues verses that have been sung over and over by many artists. Blues singers, who include many country and folk artists as well as those commonly identified with blues singers, use these traditional lyrics to fill out their blues performances. Artists like Jimmie Rodgers, the \"blue yodeler\", and Big Joe Turner, \"the Boss of the Blues\" compiled virtual encyclopedias of lyrics. Turner reputedly could sing the blues for hours without repeating himself. Traditional blues verses in folk-", "id": "14213756" }, { "contents": "Midwestern United States\n\n\nmusical style in the United States, deriving most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz, and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Freed's contribution in identifying rock as a new genre helped establish the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, located in Cleveland. Chuck Berry, a Midwesterner from St. Louis, was among the first successful rock and roll artists and influenced many other rock musicians", "id": "15016383" }, { "contents": "Classic female blues\n\n\nClassic female blues was an early form of blues music, popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues were performed by female singers accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles and were the first blues to be recorded. Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, Ethel Waters, and the other singers in this genre were instrumental in spreading the popularity of the blues. Blues, a type of black folk music originating in the American South, were", "id": "5621307" }, { "contents": "Southern soul\n\n\n\"Country soul\", \"Downhome soul\" and \"Hard soul\" have been used synonymously with \"Southern soul\" Pioneers of southern soul include: Georgia natives Ray Charles and James Brown; Little Willie John, Bobby \"Blue\" Bland, New Orleans R&B artist Allen Toussaint; and Memphis DJ Rufus Thomas. Southern soul was influenced by blues and gospel music. Southern soul was at its peak during the 1960s, when Memphis soul was created. In 1963, Stan Lewis founded Jewel Records in Shreveport, Louisiana, along", "id": "18765148" }, { "contents": "South Korea\n\n\n1992 marked a turning point for South Korean popular music, also known as K-pop, as the genre modernized itself from incorporating elements of popular musical genres from across the world such as Western popular music, experimental, jazz, gospel, Latin, classical, hip hop, rhythm and blues, electronic dance, reggae, country, folk, and rock on top of its uniquely traditional Korean music roots. Western-style pop, hip hop, rhythm and blues, rock, folk, electronic dance oriented acts have become", "id": "7248618" }, { "contents": "The Subdudes\n\n\nThe Subdudes (stylized as The subdudes) are an American roots rock group from New Orleans. Their music blends folk, swamp pop, New Orleans rhythm and blues, Louisiana blues, country, cajun/zydeco, funk, soul and gospel with harmonic vocals. Their sound is notable for the band's substitution of a tambourine player for a drummer. The subdudes formed in 1987 through a music venue in New Orleans called Tipitina's. The Subdudes often credit their songwriting to the group as a whole, although the primary songwriters", "id": "12289559" }, { "contents": "American rock\n\n\nAmerican rock has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, rhythm and blues, and country music, and also drew on folk music, jazz, blues, and classical music. American rock music was further influenced by the British Invasion of the American pop charts from 1964 and resulted in the development of garage rock. From the late 1960s and early 1970s, American rock music was highly influential in the development of a number of fusions, including blending with folk music to create folk rock, with blues to create blues", "id": "5254668" }, { "contents": "Richard Trice\n\n\nRichard Trice (November 16, 1917 – April 6, 2000) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles. He lived most of his life in his native North Carolina and played in its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. His family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Music was an interest in the family, and he learned to play the guitar at an", "id": "1811700" }, { "contents": "J. B. Lenoir\n\n\nJefferson, which became a major influence. During the early 1940s, Lenoir worked with the blues artists Sonny Boy Williamson II and Elmore James in New Orleans. He was later influenced by Arthur Crudup and Lightnin' Hopkins. In 1949, he moved to Chicago, where Big Bill Broonzy helped introduce him to the blues community. He began to perform at local nightclubs, with musicians such as Memphis Minnie, Big Maceo Merriweather, and Muddy Waters, and became an important part of the city's blues scene. He began recording", "id": "7041136" }, { "contents": "Bishop Dready Manning\n\n\ncotton, peanuts, and corn. Some of his uncles and cousins played blues guitar in the North Carolina Piedmont fashion. When Manning was seven years old, he began learning how to fingerpick guitar. His skills improved over time and by his teenage years Manning had earned a reputation as a master of blues guitar and harmonica. His style was influenced by Piedmont blues musicians such as Blind Boy Fuller, Brownie McGhee and Buddy Moss, and national stars like Lightnin' Hopkins, Jimmy Reed and Sonny Boy Williamson As a young bluesman", "id": "13727518" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nartists and their own performances. The visit of Muddy Waters in 1958 had a major impact on the duo and on the nature of British R&B in general. Initially British audiences were shocked by Waters's amplified electric blues, but he was soon playing to ecstatic crowds and receiving rave reviews. Where British blues had often emulated Delta blues and country blues in the emerging British folk revival, Davies and Korner, who had supported Waters on tour, now began to play high-powered electric blues, forming the band Blues Incorporated.", "id": "16087064" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\njump blues combo with honking saxophone and rolling piano, variously calling themselves Brownie McGhee and his Jook House Rockers or Sonny Terry and his Buckshot Five, often with Champion Jack Dupree and Big Chief Ellis. They also appeared in the original Broadway productions of \"Finian's Rainbow\" and \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\". During the blues revival of the 1960s, Terry and McGhee were popular on the concert and music festival circuits, occasionally adding new material but usually remaining faithful to their roots and playing to the tastes of", "id": "4476037" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nelements of swing music and jazz in a long and prolific career. After World War II, amplified blues music became popular in American cities that had seen widespread African American migration, such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit, St. Louis, and the West Coast. The initial impulse was to be heard above the noise of lively rent parties. Playing in small venues, electric blues bands tended to remain modest in size compared with larger jazz bands. In its early stages electric blues typically used amplified electric guitars, double bass (", "id": "8151258" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe Beatles had brought African-American music to new audiences, both within the U.S. and abroad. However, the blues wave that brought artists such as Muddy Waters to the foreground had stopped. Bluesmen such as Big Bill Broonzy and Willie Dixon started looking for new markets in Europe. Dick Waterman and the blues festivals he organized in Europe played a major role in propagating blues music abroad. In the UK, bands emulated U.S. blues legends, and UK blues rock-based bands had an influential role throughout the 1960s. Blues", "id": "2951020" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\nThese drew on his studies with Rev. Davis and the other older blues artists and on his obsessive listening to old 78s. \"The Country Blues Guitar, Delta Blues, Texas Blues, Ragtime Blues Guitar\" and \"Rev. Gary Davis/Blues Guitar\" have remained in print through various editions. In the mid-1960s, Stefan Grossman recorded a number of cuts for Joe Bussard and his Frederick, Maryland-based Fonotone Records and performed at the Jabberwock coffeehouse in Berkeley under the nom du folk of \"Kid Future\". The origins", "id": "9236337" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nand they continued almost annually until 1972, after an eight-year hiatus reviving the festival in 1980 until its final performance in 1985. The concerts featured some of the leading blues artists of the 1960s, such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Willie Dixon, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, some playing in unique combinations such as T-Bone Walker playing guitar for pianist Memphis Slim, Otis Rush with Junior Wells, Sonny Boy Williamson with Muddy Waters. The Festival DVDs include the only known footage of Little", "id": "2225135" }, { "contents": "Checkin' Up on My Baby\n\n\n\"Checkin' Up on My Baby\" (or sometimes \"Checking On My Baby\") is a song recorded by Sonny Boy Williamson II in 1960 that has become a classic of the blues. The song was not released as a single, but was included on Williamson's \"The Real Folk Blues\" album released after his death in 1965. The song has been recorded by numerous blues and other artists, making it one of Williamson's most recorded songs. Williamson's namesake Sonny Boy Williamson I, also known as", "id": "10302292" }, { "contents": "History of modern Western subcultures\n\n\ncowboy songs (also known, in those days, as hillbilly music) were beginning to be more popular with a wider audience. A subculture of rural jazz and blues fans had mixed elements of jazz and blues into traditional cowboy and folk song styles to produce a crossover called western swing. Thanks to the prevalence of radio, this music spread across the United States in the 1940s. Radio was the first \"almost instantaneous\" mass media with the power to create large subcultures by spreading the ideas of small subcultures across a wide", "id": "19180987" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\n\"one of the greatest exponents of fingerstyle blues and gospel guitar playing\"\" and \"\"an incredible genius as a teacher\"\". He spent countless hours learning and documenting Davis's music, recording much of it on a tape recorder, and developing a form of tablature to take down his teacher's instructions. In the folk and country blues revival of the 1960s he was listening to old recordings of artists such as Elizabeth Cotten, Big Bill Broonzy, Lead Belly, Josh White, Lightnin' Hopkins, Rev. Gary", "id": "9236332" }, { "contents": "Steel-string acoustic guitar\n\n\nundistorted and full-range reproduction. Until the 1960s, the predominant forms of music played on the flat-top, steel-string guitar remained relatively stable and included acoustic blues, country, bluegrass, folk, and several genres of rock. The concept of playing solo steel-string guitar in a concert setting was introduced in the early 1960s by such performers as Davey Graham and John Fahey, who used country blues fingerpicking techniques to compose original compositions with structures somewhat like European classical music. Fahey contemporary Robbie Basho added elements", "id": "2024699" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nmusic. The music of the civil rights movement and Free Speech Movement in the U.S. prompted a resurgence of interest in American roots music and early African American music. As well festivals such as the Newport Folk Festival brought traditional blues to a new audience, which helped to revive interest in prewar acoustic blues and performers such as Son House, Mississippi John Hurt, Skip James, and Reverend Gary Davis. Many compilations of classic prewar blues were republished by the Yazoo Records. J. B. Lenoir from the Chicago blues movement in the 1950s", "id": "2951023" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nperformers such as Little Walter or Muddy Waters. Songs from this genre include \"Scratch my Back\", \"She's Tough\" and \"I'm a King Bee\". Alan Lomax's recordings of Mississippi Fred McDowell would eventually bring him wider attention on both the blues and folk circuit, with McDowell's droning style influencing North Mississippi hill country blues musicians. By the beginning of the 1960s, genres influenced by African American music such as rock and roll and soul were part of mainstream popular music. White performers such as", "id": "2951019" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nmore exclusively English folk clubs. The more traditional American folk blues continued to provide 1960s British groups with material, particularly after the emergence of Bob Dylan, who also popularised folk blues songs. In 1964, for example, the song-catalogue of Lead Belly provided the Animals with \"The House of the Rising Sun\", Manfred Mann with \"John Hardy\" and the Four Pennies with \"Black Girl\". British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers", "id": "16087061" }, { "contents": "Willie Trice\n\n\nWilliam Augusta Trice (February 10, 1908 – December 11, 1976) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles and an album. He remained loyal to his native North Carolina and its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, probably in 1908; some sources state 1910 or 1911. The family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Both of Trice’s parents played music", "id": "1573260" }, { "contents": "Rock and roll\n\n\nstyles such as jazz and swing which were taken up by white musicians, aided this process of \"cultural collision\". The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called \"race music\", and country music of the 1940s and 1950s. Particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. Commentators differ in their views of which of these forms were most important and the degree to which the new music was a re-branding of African-American rhythm and", "id": "5601387" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\nPiedmont blues (also known as East Coast, or Southeastern blues) refers primarily to a guitar style, the Piedmont fingerstyle, which is characterized by a fingerpicking approach in which a regular, alternating thumb bass string rhythmic pattern supports a syncopated melody using the treble strings generally picked with the fore-finger, occasionally others. The result is comparable in sound to ragtime or stride piano styles. Blues researcher Peter B. Lowry coined the term, giving co-credit to fellow folklorist Bruce Bastin. The Piedmont style is differentiated from other", "id": "8150344" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand the generalization of the blues beat, the blues shuffle, which became ubiquitous in R&B. This commercial stream had important consequences for blues music, which, together with jazz and gospel music, became a component of R&B. After World War II, new styles of electric blues became popular in cities such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit and St. Louis. Electric blues used electric guitars, double bass (gradually replaced by bass guitar), drums, and harmonica (or \"blues harp\") played through a microphone and a PA", "id": "2951010" }, { "contents": "New Orleans blues\n\n\nblues is primarily driven by piano and horn, enlivened by Caribbean rhythms and Dixieland music. It is generally cheerful in delivery regardless of the subject matter, with a laid back tempo and complex rhythms falling just behind the beat. Vocals range from laid-back crooning to full-throated gospel shouting. New Orleans is generally credited as the birthplace of jazz music, but has attracted less attention as a center of the blues. The 12 bar blues were well known in the city before most of the rest of the country.", "id": "20252986" }, { "contents": "Michael Roach (musician)\n\n\n2003, Roach presented \"Deep Blue\", a three part series on blues music featured on BBC Radio 4. In 2006 he released an instructional DVD, \"Introduction to Country Blues Guitar\". Roach's tours as an educator and performer have taken him to the Augusta Heritage Center (US), Centrum Piedmont Blues Intensive (US), The Ironworks (UK) and the Smithsonian Institution (US). He has performed and lectured at blues, jazz, folk and roots music festivals in Croatia, Czech Republic,", "id": "14072779" }, { "contents": "Texas blues\n\n\nmoved to Chicago as a teenager. His instrumental number \"Hide Away\" (1961), was emulated by British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments such as keyboards and horns with emphasis on guitar soloing. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles.", "id": "12084292" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nhip hop music, reggae, rap, country music, and pop music, blues has been accused of being the \"devil's music\" and of inciting violence and other poor behavior. In the early 20th century, the blues was considered disreputable, especially as white audiences began listening to the blues during the 1920s. In the early twentieth century, W.C. Handy was the first to popularize blues-influenced music among non-black Americans. During the blues revival of the 1960s and '70s, acoustic blues artist Taj Mahal", "id": "2951049" }, { "contents": "Blues fiddle\n\n\nchances for frontline fiddlers to participate. Another reason for the violin's exclusion in post war blues was that it could not be effectively electrified. When artists migrated to the industrial centers from the Mississippi delta and rural south, they found a way to do so, but African-American music later mostly abandoned the instrument. Many blues guitar greats, such as Lonnie Johnson and Big Bill Broonzy, made early recordings on the violin. They are among the most-represented artists in the canon. The connection between guitar and violin", "id": "20387501" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\nin the 1950s, led by singer Mahalia Jackson. The blues genre experienced major revivals in the 1950s with Chicago blues musicians such as Muddy Waters and Little Walter, as well as in the 1960s in the British Invasion and American folk music revival when country blues musicians like Mississippi John Hurt and Reverend Gary Davis were rediscovered. The seminal blues musicians of these periods had tremendous influence on rock musicians such as Chuck Berry in the 1950s, as well as on the British blues and blues rock scenes of the 1960s and 1970s, including", "id": "7216667" }, { "contents": "Sugar Mama (song)\n\n\n\"Sugar Mama\" or \"Sugar Mama Blues\" is a song that is a standard of the blues. Called a \"tautly powerful slow blues\" by music journalist Charles Shaar Murray, it has been recorded by numerous artists, including early Chicago bluesmen Tampa Red, Sonny Boy Williamson I, and Tommy McClennan. John Lee Hooker and Howlin' Wolf later adapted \"Sugar Mama\" for electric blues and rock group Led Zeppelin reworked it during early recording sessions. Country bluesman Yank Rachell recorded \"Sugar Farm Blues\" February 6", "id": "15139181" }, { "contents": "Nathan Beauregard\n\n\nwith minor talent make a fortune as a recording artist while he himself was not offered such a chance. During the folk and blues revival of the 1960s Beauregard was \"discovered\" in Memphis by Bill Barth, who convinced him to work as a musician again. In the short time between his \"discovery\" in 1968 and his death in 1970, he played at various folk and blues festivals (e.g. the 1968 Memphis Country Blues Festival, which has been recorded on the Sire and Blue Horizon labels) and on a number", "id": "5223148" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe California blues style, performed a successful transition from the early urban blues à la Lonnie Johnson and Leroy Carr to the jump blues style and dominated the blues-jazz scene at Los Angeles during the 1940s. The transition from country blues to urban blues that began in the 1920s was driven by the successive waves of economic crisis and booms which led many rural blacks to move to urban areas, in a movement known as the Great Migration. The long boom following World War II induced another massive migration of the African-American", "id": "2951008" }, { "contents": "Women in music\n\n\nboys only club. Chinese idol girl groups have also recently achieved significant success, with C-pop groups like SNH48 and Rocket Girls 101, with the later selling over 1.6 million copies of their debut EP in 2018. Classic female blues was an early form of blues music popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues songs performed by female vocalists were accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles, and were the first blues to be", "id": "22079994" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nRock and roll emerged as a defined musical style in the United States in the early to mid-1950s. It derived most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Rock and roll in turn provided the main basis for the music that, since the mid-1960s, has been generally known simply as rock music. The phrase \"rocking and rolling\" originally described", "id": "5254840" }, { "contents": "Warner Williams and Jay Summerour\n\n\nWarner Williams and Jay Summerour are an American folk duo, who perform under the name Little Bit A Blues. They have played at numerous folk and blues festivals and at concerts at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. They are known for playing in the Piedmont blues style, a regional variant of the blues that developed in North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland and West Virginia. Williams and Summerour have been playing music together under the name of Little Bit A Blues since the early 1990s. During their tenure together,", "id": "20240347" }, { "contents": "American popular music\n\n\n—e.g., minorities or rural audiences. Beginning in the 1920s and accelerating greatly in the 1940s, the blues began rapidly diversifying into a broad spectrum of new styles. These included an uptempo, energetic style called rhythm and blues (R&B), a merger of blues and Anglo-Celtic song called country music and the fusion of hymns and spirituals with blues structures called gospel music. Later than these other styles, in the 1940s, a blues, R&B and country fusion eventually called rock and roll developed, eventually coming", "id": "6698779" }, { "contents": "1940s in music\n\n\ncalled \"folk\" in the trades, and \"hillbilly\" within the industry. In 1944, \"The Billboard\" replaced the term \"hillbilly\" with \"folk songs and blues,\" and switched to \"country\" or \"country and Western\" in 1949. But while cowboy and Western music were the most popular styles, a new style – honky tonk – would take root and define the genre of country music for decades to come. The style meshed Western swing and blues music; featured rough, nasal vocals", "id": "12815195" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n, salvation and death. Several blues musicians were imprisoned in the Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman Farm, which is referred to in songs such as Bukka White's \"Parchman Farm Blues\" and the folk song \"Midnight Special\". In big-city blues, women singers such as Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith and Mamie Smith dominated the recordings of the 1920s. However, women rarely recorded Delta blues and other rural or folk-style blues. In Delta blues female performers often had some romantic connection to more notable male performers", "id": "7794025" }, { "contents": "The Sky Is Crying (song)\n\n\nThe Sky Is Crying\" has been interpreted and recorded by many blues and other artists. In 1963, blues harmonica player and singer Sonny Boy Williamson II recorded the song as a country blues-style duet with Matt Murphy on acoustic guitar for his \"Keep It to Ourselves\" album. In 1964, Eric Clapton with The Yardbirds recorded a live slow blues which included a couple of lines from \"The Sky Is Crying\" (\"Blueswailing July '64 (Live)\"). In 1966, with Jeff Beck on", "id": "3146914" }, { "contents": "BeauSoleil\n\n\n, rhythm, and lyrics of Louisiana folk music, incorporating elements of rock and roll, jazz, blues, calypso, and other genres in original compositions and reworkings of traditional tunes. Lyrics on BeauSoleil recordings are sung in English or Cajun French (and sometimes both in one song). According to the band's web site, BeauSoleil's musicians \"take the rich Cajun traditions of Louisiana and artfully blend elements of zydeco, New Orleans jazz, Tex-Mex, country, blues and more into a satisfying musical recipe.", "id": "9860218" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. The origins of country are in rural Southern folk music, which was primarily Irish and British, with African and continental European musics. Anglo-Celtic tunes, dance music, and balladry were the earliest predecessors of modern country, then known as \"hillbilly music\". Early hillbilly also borrowed elements of the blues and drew upon more aspects of 19th-century pop songs as hillbilly music evolved into a commercial genre eventually known as \"country and western\" and then simply \"country\". The earliest country instrumentation revolved around", "id": "7216674" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nelements from the \"Ethiopian airs\", minstrel shows and Negro spirituals, including instrumental and harmonic accompaniment. The style also was closely related to ragtime, which developed at about the same time, though the blues better preserved \"the original melodic patterns of African music\". The musical forms and styles that are now considered the blues as well as modern country music arose in the same regions of the southern United States during the 19th century. Recorded blues and country music can be found as far back as the 1920s, when", "id": "2950988" }, { "contents": "Organ Thieves\n\n\nPrimate Sanctuary. The band's musical style is unique and although the music is mainly considered hard rock, southern rock and reggae rock, the band like to call themselves \"experimental-soul-rock\". The band's music takes influences from various genres including reggae, soul, country, blues, rhythm and blues, folk, rock and roll, punk, heavy metal, southern rock and more, as stated by the band that they are not limited to any genre and are willing to experiment everything.br They are also", "id": "3590626" }, { "contents": "African-American music\n\n\nstructure of the dance and folk music of peoples across western and sub-Saharan Africa. These musical forms had a wide-ranging influence on the development of music within the United States and around the world during the 20th century. The modern genres of blues and ragtime were developed during the late 19th century by fusing West African vocalizations - which employed the natural harmonic series, and blue notes. The earliest jazz and blues recordings were made in the 1920s. African-American musicians developed related styles such as Rhythm and Blues in", "id": "13306674" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\nWalter Brown \"Brownie\" McGhee (November 30, 1915 – February 16, 1996) was an African-American folk music and Piedmont blues singer and guitarist, best known for his collaboration with the harmonica player Sonny Terry. McGhee was born in Knoxville, Tennessee, and grew up in Kingsport, Tennessee. At about the age of four he contracted polio, which incapacitated his right leg. His brother Granville \"Sticks\"(or \"Stick\") McGhee, who also later became a musician and composed the famous song \"Drinkin'", "id": "4476033" }, { "contents": "Clarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown\n\n\nClarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown (April 18, 1924 – September 10, 2005) was an American musician from Louisiana and Texas known for his work as a blues musician, as well as other styles of music. He spent his career fighting purism by synthesizing old blues, country, jazz, Cajun music and R&B styles. His work also encompasses rock and roll, rock music, folk music, electric blues, and Texas blues. He was an acclaimed multi-instrumentalist, who played an array of musical instruments, including", "id": "15961748" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nby British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments like keyboards and horns, but placed particular emphasis on powerful lead guitar breaks. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles. In the 1970s Jimmie formed the Fabulous Thunderbirds and in the 1980s his brother Stevie Ray", "id": "8151279" } ]

[ { "contents": "Country blues\n\n\nCountry blues (also folk blues, rural blues, backwoods blues, or downhome blues) is one of the earliest forms of blues music. The mainly solo vocal with acoustic fingerstyle guitar accompaniment developed in the rural Southern United States in the early 1900s. Artists, such as Blind Lemon Jefferson (Texas), Charley Patton (Mississippi), Blind Willie McTell (Georgia) were among the first to record blues songs in the 1920s. Country blues ran parallel to urban blues, which was popular in cities. Folklorist Alan Lomax", "id": "8046896" }, { "contents": "Culture of the Southern United States\n\n\n-time music, gospel music, spirituals, country music, rhythm and blues, soul music, funk, rock and roll, beach music, bluegrass, jazz (including ragtime, popularized by Southerner Scott Joplin), zydeco, and Appalachian folk music were either born in the South or developed in the region. In general, country music is based on the folk music of white Southerners, and blues and rhythm and blues is based on African American southern forms. However, whites and blacks alike have contributed to each of", "id": "8469878" }, { "contents": "List of blues festivals\n\n\nBlues festivals are music festivals which focus on blues music. Blues is a genre and musical form that originated in African-American communities in the Southern United States around the end of the 19th century. It has elements of traditional African music, American folk music, spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. Blues has since evolved from unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves into a wide variety of styles and subgenres, such as country blues, Delta and Piedmont, Chicago", "id": "17295253" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand subgenres. Blues subgenres include country blues, such as Delta blues and Piedmont blues, as well as urban blues styles such as Chicago blues and West Coast blues. World War II marked the transition from acoustic to electric blues and the progressive opening of blues music to a wider audience, especially white listeners. In the 1960s and 1970s, a hybrid form called blues rock developed, which blended blues styles with rock music. The term \"Blues\" may have come from \"blue devils\", meaning melancholy and sadness;", "id": "2950960" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nthe supposed appearance of a southern U.S.-style station. About 200 fans were brought by train to the platform opposite the performers. The performance was interrupted by a rainstorm, after which Tharpe performed the gospel song \"Didn't It Rain\". Blues musicians who performed on the American Folk Blues Festival tours included Muddy Waters, Sonny Boy Williamson, John Lee Hooker, Sippie Wallace, T-Bone Walker, Sonny Terry & Brownie McGhee, Memphis Slim, Otis Rush, Lonnie Johnson, Eddie Boyd, Big Walter Horton, Junior Wells", "id": "2225138" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nthrough EMI's Stateside label and Chess Records through Pye International's R&B series. These records were enthusiastically sought and collected by a new generation of enthusiasts. The increasing appetite for rhythm and blues was reflected in the growing numbers of Afro-American artists visiting the country. From 1962 the American Folk Blues Festival, organised by German promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau, brought American blues stars including Waters, Wolf, Sonny Boy Williamson, and John Lee Hooker to the country. In 1964 the American Folk Blues and Gospel Caravan arrived", "id": "16087069" }, { "contents": "Piedmont (United States)\n\n\nblues musicians came from Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. During the Great Migration, African Americans migrated to the Piedmont. With the Appalachian Mountains to the west, those who might otherwise have spread into rural areas stayed in cities and were thus exposed to a broader mixture of music than those in, for example, the rural Mississippi delta. Thus, Piedmont blues was influenced by many types of music such as ragtime, country, and popular songs—styles that had comparatively less influence on blues music in other regions.", "id": "1946509" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\n, it was being performed at US folk music revivals and festivals initially by established Piedmont blues artists such as Josh White, Rev. Gary Davis, and Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry, as well as Cephas & Wiggins, John Jackson in later years. While musicologists such as George Mitchell, Axel Küstner, Kip Lornell, Peter B. Lowry and Tim Duffy collected recordings by the aging community of Piedmont blues players, younger musicians such as Stefan Grossman, Roy Book Binder, Jorma Kaukonen, Paul Geremia, Keb Mo', Michael Roach", "id": "8150348" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nGerman promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau. The rise of electric blues, and its eventual mainstream success, meant that British acoustic blues was completely overshadowed. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers Bert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham (who played and recorded with Korner), played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene, with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones", "id": "8151338" }, { "contents": "Americana (music)\n\n\nAmericana (also known as American roots music) is an amalgam of American music formed by the confluence of the shared and varied traditions that make up the musical ethos of the United States, specifically those sounds that are merged from folk, country, blues, rhythm and blues, rock and roll, gospel, and other external influences. Americana, as defined by the Americana Music Association (AMA), is \"contemporary music that incorporates elements of various mostly acoustic American roots music styles, including country, roots rock, folk", "id": "9198553" }, { "contents": "Muddy Waters\n\n\nSpann in 1958, where they were backed by local Dixieland-style or \"trad jazz\" musicians, including members of Chris Barber's band. At the time, English audiences had only been exposed to acoustic folk blues, as performed by artists such as Sonny Terry, Brownie McGhee, and Big Bill Broonzy. Both the musicians and audiences were unprepared for Muddy Waters' performance, which included his electric slide guitar playing. He recalled: Although his performances alienated the old guard, some younger musicians, including Alexis Korner and", "id": "15757617" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nBert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham, played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. It continued with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones. Most British acoustic blues players could achieve little commercial success and found it difficult to gain recognition for their \"imitations\" of the blues in the US, being overshadowed by the rhythm and blues and electric blues that had emerged in the later 1950s. Blues harpist Cyril Davies ran the London Skiffle", "id": "16087062" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nas well as people that shared his country roots. His work in this period shows he performed across a wider musical spectrum than almost any other bluesman before or since, including in his repertoire ragtime, hokum blues, country blues, urban blues, jazz-tinged songs, folk songs and spirituals. After World War II, Broonzy recorded songs that were the bridge that allowed many younger musicians to cross over to the future of the blues: the electric blues of postwar Chicago. His 1945 recordings of \"Where the Blues Began", "id": "9494361" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nBig Bill Broonzy (born Lee Conley Bradley, June 26, 1903 – August 14, 1958) was an American blues singer, songwriter and guitarist. His career began in the 1920s, when he played country blues to mostly African-American audiences. Through the 1930s and 1940s he successfully navigated a transition in style to a more urban blues sound popular with working-class African-American audiences. In the 1950s a return to his traditional folk-blues roots made him one of the leading figures of the emerging American folk", "id": "9494347" }, { "contents": "Precious Bryant\n\n\nPrecious Bryant (née Bussey; January 4, 1942 – January 12, 2013) was an American country blues, gospel, and folk singer and guitarist. She played Piedmont fingerstyle guitar. Bryant was born in Talbot County, Georgia. She released two solo albums. Her 2002 debut, \"Fool Me Good,\" was nominated for two Blues Music Awards, in the categories Acoustic Blues Album of the Year and Best New Artist Debut. In 2006 she was nominated for a similar award for Traditional Blues Female Artist of the", "id": "2571157" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nAmerica, a series of tours that began with Josh White and Big Bill Broonzy in 1951, and would include Brownie McGhee, Sonny Terry, Memphis Slim, Muddy Waters and Lonnie Johnson. Lonnie Johnson played at the Royal Festival Hall in 1952 on a bill opened by a group led by the young Lonnie Donegan. Donegan became the key figure in the development of the British skiffle \"craze\", beginning in Ken Colyer's Jazzmen by playing American folk and blues songs, particularly those derived from the recordings of Huddie Leadbetter,", "id": "16087056" }, { "contents": "Hill country blues\n\n\npatterns that conform to proverbial phrases or the words of popular fife and drum tunes—\"is considered the sign of a good drummer.\" This enduring tradition of folk polyrhythm played an important part in the development of Mississippi blues. \"Mississippi\" Fred McDowell, who lived in Como, Mississippi, was one of the subgenre's most widely known musicians, in the 1960s and after. His music was heavier on percussive elements and African rhythms than traditional Delta blues. McDowell's performances helped define the Hill Country blues sound, influencing later artists", "id": "19106875" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nfit in with British expectations of American blues as a form of folk music. In 1957 Davies and Korner decided that their central interest was the blues and closed the skiffle club, reopening a month later as The London Blues and Barrelhouse Club. To this point British blues was acoustically played emulating Delta blues and Country blues styles and often part of the emerging second British folk revival. Critical in changing this was the visit of Muddy Waters in 1958, who initially shocked British audiences by playing amplified electric blues, but who was soon", "id": "8151324" }, { "contents": "Valerie Turner\n\n\nValerie Turner is an American blues guitarist-vocalist, educator, and author. She plays in the Piedmont style of fingerpicking guitar, continuing in the traditions of Mississippi John Hurt, Elizabeth Cotten, Memphis Minnie, and Etta Baker. She performs blues, ballads, country, popular songs, ragtime, and gospels. She is a native New Yorker with southern roots in Virginia and Georgia. She started learning and studying traditional country blues guitar in 1978. Valerie and her spouse, Benedict Turner, are an acoustic blues duo called", "id": "8216617" }, { "contents": "Mr. Misunderstood\n\n\n\"Mr. Misunderstood\", at the 2015 Country Music Association Awards, where the news of the new album became evident. The musical style of this album has been described as the following; country, rock, blues, folk, gospel, soul, funk, alternative country, alternative rock, country rock, country blues, country gospel, gospel blues, bluegrass, folk rock, heartland rock, roots rock, rock and roll, rhythm and blues, Southern gospel, Southern rock, and Southern soul. His music here", "id": "5570655" }, { "contents": "Chris Barber\n\n\nwas mainly responsible for arranging the first UK tours of blues artists Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee and Muddy Waters. This, with the encouragement of local enthusiasts such as Alexis Korner and John Mayall, sparked young musicians such as Peter Green, Eric Clapton and the Rolling Stones. British rhythm and blues powered the British invasion of the USA charts in the 1960s, yet Dixieland itself remained popular: in January 1963 the British music magazine, \"NME\" reported the biggest trad jazz event in Britain at Alexandra Palace", "id": "17410986" }, { "contents": "The Blues, the Whole Blues, and Nothing But the Blues\n\n\ninterplay of instruments gives them the freedom to move from the country blues of the Mississippi Delta to the jug band tradition of the urban South, and from New Orleans to Chicago, embracing the breadth of American music in its myriad places and times.\" In \"Glide\" magazine, Lee Zimmerman said, \"David Bromberg’s fondness for the blues has been a single-minded concern throughout his storied career, one that’s found him working alongside any number of icons, folks like Bob Dylan and George Harrison included... Of", "id": "7352775" }, { "contents": "Dave Van Ronk\n\n\nand Van Ronk turned to performing blues he had stumbled across while shopping for jazz 78s, by artists like Furry Lewis and Mississippi John Hurt. Van Ronk was not the first white musician to perform African-American blues, but became noted for his interpretation of it in its original context. By about 1958, he was firmly committed to the folk-blues style, accompanying himself with his own acoustic guitar. He performed blues, jazz and folk music, occasionally writing his own songs but generally arranging the work of earlier artists", "id": "10878367" }, { "contents": "Fingerstyle guitar\n\n\nis also very common. Examples of traditions that John Fahey and Robbie Basho would employ in their compositions include, but are not limited to, the extended Raga of Indian classical music, the Japanese Koto, and the early ragtime-based country blues music of Mississippi John Hurt or Blind Blake. A distinctive style to emerge from Britain in the early 1960s, which combined elements of American folk, blues, jazz and ragtime with British traditional music, was what became known as 'folk baroque'. Pioneered by musicians of the", "id": "13793683" }, { "contents": "Country music\n\n\nCountry music, also known as country and western (or simply country), and hillbilly music, is a genre of popular music that originated in the southern United States in the early 1920s. It takes its roots from genres such as American folk music (especially Appalachian folk and Western music) and blues. Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms, folk lyrics, and harmonies mostly accompanied by string instruments such as banjos, electric and acoustic guitars, steel guitars (such as pedal steels and", "id": "4960825" }, { "contents": "WFDU\n\n\n. WFDU (FM) plays wide array of music ranging from Blues & Country/Bluegrass music to RetroRadio, Eclectic, Folk, Gospel, Oldies Rock and Soul/R&B. Big Frank Mirra, a well-known Blues musician in the Metro area for over three decades along with former blues radio producer, Music Director of Blues/Roots/American programing, Mike Stokes hosts Blues on the Run on Tuesdays. Dennis Gruenling is the host of Blues & the Beat, spinning everything from the legends of Chicago-style blues like", "id": "1564525" }, { "contents": "Nick Katzman\n\n\nNick Katzman (born 1951) is an American blues musician. Katzman was born in New York City, and lives in both Manhattan and Berlin, Germany. He plays in a variety of musical genres, including Chicago blues, Mississippi blues, Texas blues, and ragtime. As a teenager in the 1960s, Katzman saw many of the surviving country blues guitarists who travelled north to play their music in clubs and at the folk festivals. He learned to lay both guitar and lute. He studied classical music and jazz at Antioch", "id": "16730431" }, { "contents": "Louisiana blues\n\n\nLouisiana blues is a genre of blues music that developed in the period after World War II in the state of Louisiana. It is generally divided into two major subgenres, with the jazz-influenced New Orleans blues based on the musical traditions of that city and the slower tempo swamp blues incorporating influences from zydeco and Cajun music from around Baton Rouge. Major artists in the New Orleans tradition include Professor Longhair and Guitar Slim and for swamp blues Slim Harpo and Lightnin' Slim. Both genres peaked in popularity in the 1960s and were", "id": "8046899" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. Theatrical composers and lyricists like the brothers George and Ira Gershwin created a uniquely American theatrical style that used American vernacular speech and music. Musicals featured popular songs and fast-paced plots that often revolved around love and romance. The blues is a genre of African American folk music that is the basis for much of modern American popular music. Blues can be seen as part of a continuum of musical styles like country, jazz, ragtime, and gospel; though each genre evolved into distinct forms, their origins were often indistinct", "id": "7216662" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nspirituals, work songs, ragtime music, hokum, and country blues he heard growing up and the styles of his contemporaries, including Jimmie Rodgers, Blind Blake, Son House, and Blind Lemon Jefferson. Broonzy combined all these influences into his own style of the blues, which foreshadowed the postwar Chicago blues, later refined and popularized by artists such as Muddy Waters and Willie Dixon. Although he had been a pioneer of the Chicago blues style and had employed electric instruments as early as 1942, white audiences in the 1950s wanted", "id": "9494369" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\n, a large number of British rhythm and blues musicians began their careers playing skiffle, including Van Morrison, Ronnie Wood, Mick Jagger and Roger Daltrey. The fashion created a demand for opportunities to play versions of American folk, blues and jazz music that would contribute to the growth of a club scene. Until the mid-1950s in Britain the blues was seen as a form of folk music. When Broonzy toured England he played a folk blues set to fit British expectations of American blues, rather than his current electric Chicago blues.", "id": "16087059" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nintroduction of many later followers of the blues to the music and hardships of life for African Americans in the Southern US. The next year the \"Jazz Club\" programme, hosted by Max Jones, included a recital of \"Town and Country Blues\", which played music by a wide range of blues artists. The British rhythm and blues scene developed in London out of the related jazz, skiffle and folk club scenes of the 1950s. The first of these scenes, that of jazz, had developed during the Second World", "id": "16087053" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nrecognized the album for its historically significant material. An extensively recorded bluesman, Big Bill Broonzy left the United States to tour Europe in 1951, becoming the first Chicago blues player to perform for European audiences. Broonzy previously spent time in Iowa, where he honed a repertoire which remained a fixture of his concerts and recordings for the remainder of the decade. With bluesmen such as Muddy Waters and Howlin' Wolf amplifying their music, resulting in the popularity of the electric blues, Broonzy decided to reinvent himself as a folk blues musician", "id": "18296717" }, { "contents": "Alec Seward\n\n\nhe relocated from the South to New York, in his case in 1924. Seward befriended Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry and retained his Piedmont blues styling despite changes in musical trends. He and the blues musician Louis Hayes (who later became a minister in northern New Jersey) performed together, variously billed as the Blues Servant Boys, Guitar Slim and Jelly Belly, and the Back Porch Boys. During the 1940s and 1950s Seward played and recorded with Lead Belly, Woody Guthrie, McGhee and Terry. Around 1947 Seward, Guthrie", "id": "7237009" }, { "contents": "The Real Folk Blues\n\n\nThe Real Folk Blues is a series of blues albums released between 1965 and 1967 by Chess Records, later reissued MCA Records. Each album in the series highlighted the music of one major Chess artist, including John Lee Hooker, Howlin' Wolf, Muddy Waters, and Sonny Boy Williamson II. The series, overseen by Marshall Chess, was a reaction to the increasing audience for the blues following the British Invasion. Companion discs, titled More Real Folk Blues, were released for many of the artists. Hooker's companion disc", "id": "17857302" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nNew styles of music emerged among black Americans in the early 20th century in the form of blues, ragtime, jazz, and gospel music. According to the writer Robert Palmer:\"Rock 'n' roll was an inevitable outgrowth of the social and musical interactions between blacks and whites in the South and Southwest. Its roots are a complex tangle. Bedrock black church music influenced blues, rural blues influenced white folk song and the black popular music of the Northern ghettos, blues and black pop influenced jazz, and so on. But the", "id": "5254864" }, { "contents": "Ernie Hawkins\n\n\nErnie Hawkins (born Ernest Leroy Hawkins, 1947, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American acoustic blues guitar player, singer, song writer, recording artist, and educator. Hawkins, along with fellow bluesmen Stefan Grossman and Roy Bookbinder, studied with blues legend Reverend Gary Davis in New York City in 1965 and 1966. Over the years, he learned a variety of styles, including Piedmont blues, Delta blues, ragtime, and gospel. In 1969, Hawkins moved back to his hometown of Pittsburgh, and enrolled at the", "id": "8862999" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nThe American Folk Blues Festival was a music festival that toured Europe as an annual event for several years beginning in 1962. It introduced audiences in Europe, including the UK, to leading blues performers of the day such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, most of whom had never previously performed outside the US. The tours attracted substantial media coverage, including TV shows, and contributed to the growth of the audience for blues music in Europe. German jazz publicist Joachim-Ernst Berendt", "id": "2225133" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\ninspire much of the later popular development of the blues and blues-derived genres, including the legendary delta blues musician Robert Johnson and Piedmont blues musician Blind Willie McTell. By the end of the 1940s, however, pure blues was only a minor part of popular music, having been subsumed by offshoots like rhythm & blues and the nascent rock and roll style. Some styles of electric, piano-driven blues, like boogie-woogie, retained a large audience. A bluesy style of gospel also became popular in mainstream America", "id": "7216666" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\n. Known primarily as a folk-blues guitarist, he learned to play guitar by listening to blues musicians, such as Charlie Patton and Mississippi John Hurt, and has developed a distinctive fingerpicking technique in which he plays the bass line, rhythm chords, and single-note leads simultaneously. In his original compositions and artistic styling, he incorporates influences from other genres, such as jazz, folk music, country music, classical and world music, often utilizing odd time measures, to personalize his music and story telling. An", "id": "1583130" }, { "contents": "Alan Lomax\n\n\n\"The Land Where the Blues Began\" (1995), linking the birth of the blues to debt peonage, segregation, and forced labor in the American South. Lomax's greatest legacy is in preserving and publishing recordings of musicians in many folk and blues traditions around the US and Europe. Among the artists Lomax is credited with discovering and bringing to a wider audience include blues guitarist Robert Johnson, protest singer Woody Guthrie, folk artist Pete Seeger, country musician Burl Ives, and country blues singer Lead Belly, among many", "id": "8697682" }, { "contents": "Brian Protheroe\n\n\nWhite, Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Dave Brubeck and the choral church music of Bach. Protheroe joined the folk group Folk Blues Incorporated (FBI) when he was nineteen, while at this time listening to Bob Dylan and the Beatles. He came to London with FBI in 1965, and played in folk music clubs in and around London. In 1966, Protheroe began his career as an actor. His first job was with his local repertory theatre in Salisbury. He worked there for about seven months", "id": "7666713" }, { "contents": "Down Home Blues (Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry album)\n\n\nDown Home Blues is an album by blues musicians Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry recorded in 1960 and released on the Bluesville label. AllMusic reviewer Bruce Eder stated: \"the music itself stands outside of time. McGhee's strumming and singing have enough polish to pass as a commercial recording, but at its best, it's still sufficiently unaffected so as to be regarded as authentic country-blues. It's Terry's harp, however, that really pulls this body of music back to its roots ... the dominant elements of this", "id": "12217779" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nTrouble in Mind is an album by American blues musician Big Bill Broonzy. It was released on February 22, 2000 by Smithsonian Folkways. The album consists of traditional folk, blues, and spiritual songs featuring Broonzy accompanying himself on acoustic guitar and a guest appearance by Pete Seeger. Suffering from cancer, Broonzy realized his time was limited and hence recorded extensively between 1956 and 1957. While most of the work draws from the album \"Big Bill Broonzy Sings Country Blues\" (1957), arranged by Moses Asch and Charles Edward", "id": "18296715" }, { "contents": "Music of Washington, D.C.\n\n\nhome to many bluesmen, such as Jelly Roll Morton and later rock and roll and rhythm and blues musicians such as Bo Diddley and Roy Buchanan. In the 1960s, a number of white youths formed local blues bands, including the Northside Blues Band and the Nighthawks. Starting in the early 1960s, Takoma Park native John Fahey became a nationally noted blues and folk guitarist who established the Takoma Records label, which attracted a number of other blues, folk, acoustic and fingerstyle guitarists to the District of Columbia area. Another local", "id": "9815809" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\nTerry Robb is a Canadian fingerstyle guitarist, composer, arranger and record producer living in the United States. He plays electric and acoustic guitar, and is associated with the American Primitive Guitar genre through his collaboration with steel string guitarist John Fahey. He is a member of the Oregon Music Hall of Fame and Cascade Blues Association Hall of Fame, and was honored with the eponymous \"Terry Robb\" Muddy Award for Best Acoustic Guitar in 2011. His original compositions draw on the Delta blues, ragtime, folk music, country music", "id": "1583113" }, { "contents": "Lightnin' Wells\n\n\nLightnin' Wells is an American Piedmont blues multi-instrumentalist and singer. He is a proficient musician and regularly plays various instruments in concert including the guitar, mandolin, harmonica, ukulele and banjo. At times he has performed as a one-man band. His style encompasses elements of the blues, country, gospel, old-time, bluegrass and folk. Mark Coltrain stated in \"Living Blues\" that, \"You won't find a more versatile musician around – able to move deftly between country blues, old", "id": "14064192" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nspending a year in Europe including recording the \"Sonny Boy Williamson and The Yardbirds\" album, (first released on Star-Club Records in 1965), and recording with The Animals. On 7 May 1964, Granada Television broadcast \"Blues and Gospel Train\", a programme directed by John Hamp featuring Muddy Waters, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, Rev. Gary Davis, Cousin Joe and Otis Spann. For filming, the company transformed the disused Wilbraham Road railway station into \"Chorltonville\", giving it", "id": "2225137" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n. Delta blues is a style as much as a geographical form: Skip James and Elmore James, who were not born in the Delta, are considered Delta blues musicians. Performers traveled throughout the Mississippi Delta, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and Tennessee. Eventually, Delta blues spread out across the country, giving rise to a host of regional variations, including Chicago blues and Detroit blues. Delta blues songs are typically expressed in the first person and often concern love, sex, the traveling lifestyle and its tribulations, sin", "id": "7794024" }, { "contents": "Traditional blues verses\n\n\nIn the folk tradition, there are many traditional blues verses that have been sung over and over by many artists. Blues singers, who include many country and folk artists as well as those commonly identified with blues singers, use these traditional lyrics to fill out their blues performances. Artists like Jimmie Rodgers, the \"blue yodeler\", and Big Joe Turner, \"the Boss of the Blues\" compiled virtual encyclopedias of lyrics. Turner reputedly could sing the blues for hours without repeating himself. Traditional blues verses in folk-", "id": "14213756" }, { "contents": "Midwestern United States\n\n\nmusical style in the United States, deriving most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz, and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Freed's contribution in identifying rock as a new genre helped establish the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, located in Cleveland. Chuck Berry, a Midwesterner from St. Louis, was among the first successful rock and roll artists and influenced many other rock musicians", "id": "15016383" }, { "contents": "Classic female blues\n\n\nClassic female blues was an early form of blues music, popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues were performed by female singers accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles and were the first blues to be recorded. Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, Ethel Waters, and the other singers in this genre were instrumental in spreading the popularity of the blues. Blues, a type of black folk music originating in the American South, were", "id": "5621307" }, { "contents": "Southern soul\n\n\n\"Country soul\", \"Downhome soul\" and \"Hard soul\" have been used synonymously with \"Southern soul\" Pioneers of southern soul include: Georgia natives Ray Charles and James Brown; Little Willie John, Bobby \"Blue\" Bland, New Orleans R&B artist Allen Toussaint; and Memphis DJ Rufus Thomas. Southern soul was influenced by blues and gospel music. Southern soul was at its peak during the 1960s, when Memphis soul was created. In 1963, Stan Lewis founded Jewel Records in Shreveport, Louisiana, along", "id": "18765148" }, { "contents": "South Korea\n\n\n1992 marked a turning point for South Korean popular music, also known as K-pop, as the genre modernized itself from incorporating elements of popular musical genres from across the world such as Western popular music, experimental, jazz, gospel, Latin, classical, hip hop, rhythm and blues, electronic dance, reggae, country, folk, and rock on top of its uniquely traditional Korean music roots. Western-style pop, hip hop, rhythm and blues, rock, folk, electronic dance oriented acts have become", "id": "7248618" }, { "contents": "The Subdudes\n\n\nThe Subdudes (stylized as The subdudes) are an American roots rock group from New Orleans. Their music blends folk, swamp pop, New Orleans rhythm and blues, Louisiana blues, country, cajun/zydeco, funk, soul and gospel with harmonic vocals. Their sound is notable for the band's substitution of a tambourine player for a drummer. The subdudes formed in 1987 through a music venue in New Orleans called Tipitina's. The Subdudes often credit their songwriting to the group as a whole, although the primary songwriters", "id": "12289559" }, { "contents": "American rock\n\n\nAmerican rock has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, rhythm and blues, and country music, and also drew on folk music, jazz, blues, and classical music. American rock music was further influenced by the British Invasion of the American pop charts from 1964 and resulted in the development of garage rock. From the late 1960s and early 1970s, American rock music was highly influential in the development of a number of fusions, including blending with folk music to create folk rock, with blues to create blues", "id": "5254668" }, { "contents": "Richard Trice\n\n\nRichard Trice (November 16, 1917 – April 6, 2000) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles. He lived most of his life in his native North Carolina and played in its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. His family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Music was an interest in the family, and he learned to play the guitar at an", "id": "1811700" }, { "contents": "J. B. Lenoir\n\n\nJefferson, which became a major influence. During the early 1940s, Lenoir worked with the blues artists Sonny Boy Williamson II and Elmore James in New Orleans. He was later influenced by Arthur Crudup and Lightnin' Hopkins. In 1949, he moved to Chicago, where Big Bill Broonzy helped introduce him to the blues community. He began to perform at local nightclubs, with musicians such as Memphis Minnie, Big Maceo Merriweather, and Muddy Waters, and became an important part of the city's blues scene. He began recording", "id": "7041136" }, { "contents": "Bishop Dready Manning\n\n\ncotton, peanuts, and corn. Some of his uncles and cousins played blues guitar in the North Carolina Piedmont fashion. When Manning was seven years old, he began learning how to fingerpick guitar. His skills improved over time and by his teenage years Manning had earned a reputation as a master of blues guitar and harmonica. His style was influenced by Piedmont blues musicians such as Blind Boy Fuller, Brownie McGhee and Buddy Moss, and national stars like Lightnin' Hopkins, Jimmy Reed and Sonny Boy Williamson As a young bluesman", "id": "13727518" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nartists and their own performances. The visit of Muddy Waters in 1958 had a major impact on the duo and on the nature of British R&B in general. Initially British audiences were shocked by Waters's amplified electric blues, but he was soon playing to ecstatic crowds and receiving rave reviews. Where British blues had often emulated Delta blues and country blues in the emerging British folk revival, Davies and Korner, who had supported Waters on tour, now began to play high-powered electric blues, forming the band Blues Incorporated.", "id": "16087064" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\njump blues combo with honking saxophone and rolling piano, variously calling themselves Brownie McGhee and his Jook House Rockers or Sonny Terry and his Buckshot Five, often with Champion Jack Dupree and Big Chief Ellis. They also appeared in the original Broadway productions of \"Finian's Rainbow\" and \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\". During the blues revival of the 1960s, Terry and McGhee were popular on the concert and music festival circuits, occasionally adding new material but usually remaining faithful to their roots and playing to the tastes of", "id": "4476037" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nelements of swing music and jazz in a long and prolific career. After World War II, amplified blues music became popular in American cities that had seen widespread African American migration, such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit, St. Louis, and the West Coast. The initial impulse was to be heard above the noise of lively rent parties. Playing in small venues, electric blues bands tended to remain modest in size compared with larger jazz bands. In its early stages electric blues typically used amplified electric guitars, double bass (", "id": "8151258" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe Beatles had brought African-American music to new audiences, both within the U.S. and abroad. However, the blues wave that brought artists such as Muddy Waters to the foreground had stopped. Bluesmen such as Big Bill Broonzy and Willie Dixon started looking for new markets in Europe. Dick Waterman and the blues festivals he organized in Europe played a major role in propagating blues music abroad. In the UK, bands emulated U.S. blues legends, and UK blues rock-based bands had an influential role throughout the 1960s. Blues", "id": "2951020" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\nThese drew on his studies with Rev. Davis and the other older blues artists and on his obsessive listening to old 78s. \"The Country Blues Guitar, Delta Blues, Texas Blues, Ragtime Blues Guitar\" and \"Rev. Gary Davis/Blues Guitar\" have remained in print through various editions. In the mid-1960s, Stefan Grossman recorded a number of cuts for Joe Bussard and his Frederick, Maryland-based Fonotone Records and performed at the Jabberwock coffeehouse in Berkeley under the nom du folk of \"Kid Future\". The origins", "id": "9236337" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nand they continued almost annually until 1972, after an eight-year hiatus reviving the festival in 1980 until its final performance in 1985. The concerts featured some of the leading blues artists of the 1960s, such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Willie Dixon, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, some playing in unique combinations such as T-Bone Walker playing guitar for pianist Memphis Slim, Otis Rush with Junior Wells, Sonny Boy Williamson with Muddy Waters. The Festival DVDs include the only known footage of Little", "id": "2225135" }, { "contents": "Checkin' Up on My Baby\n\n\n\"Checkin' Up on My Baby\" (or sometimes \"Checking On My Baby\") is a song recorded by Sonny Boy Williamson II in 1960 that has become a classic of the blues. The song was not released as a single, but was included on Williamson's \"The Real Folk Blues\" album released after his death in 1965. The song has been recorded by numerous blues and other artists, making it one of Williamson's most recorded songs. Williamson's namesake Sonny Boy Williamson I, also known as", "id": "10302292" }, { "contents": "History of modern Western subcultures\n\n\ncowboy songs (also known, in those days, as hillbilly music) were beginning to be more popular with a wider audience. A subculture of rural jazz and blues fans had mixed elements of jazz and blues into traditional cowboy and folk song styles to produce a crossover called western swing. Thanks to the prevalence of radio, this music spread across the United States in the 1940s. Radio was the first \"almost instantaneous\" mass media with the power to create large subcultures by spreading the ideas of small subcultures across a wide", "id": "19180987" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\n\"one of the greatest exponents of fingerstyle blues and gospel guitar playing\"\" and \"\"an incredible genius as a teacher\"\". He spent countless hours learning and documenting Davis's music, recording much of it on a tape recorder, and developing a form of tablature to take down his teacher's instructions. In the folk and country blues revival of the 1960s he was listening to old recordings of artists such as Elizabeth Cotten, Big Bill Broonzy, Lead Belly, Josh White, Lightnin' Hopkins, Rev. Gary", "id": "9236332" }, { "contents": "Steel-string acoustic guitar\n\n\nundistorted and full-range reproduction. Until the 1960s, the predominant forms of music played on the flat-top, steel-string guitar remained relatively stable and included acoustic blues, country, bluegrass, folk, and several genres of rock. The concept of playing solo steel-string guitar in a concert setting was introduced in the early 1960s by such performers as Davey Graham and John Fahey, who used country blues fingerpicking techniques to compose original compositions with structures somewhat like European classical music. Fahey contemporary Robbie Basho added elements", "id": "2024699" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nmusic. The music of the civil rights movement and Free Speech Movement in the U.S. prompted a resurgence of interest in American roots music and early African American music. As well festivals such as the Newport Folk Festival brought traditional blues to a new audience, which helped to revive interest in prewar acoustic blues and performers such as Son House, Mississippi John Hurt, Skip James, and Reverend Gary Davis. Many compilations of classic prewar blues were republished by the Yazoo Records. J. B. Lenoir from the Chicago blues movement in the 1950s", "id": "2951023" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nperformers such as Little Walter or Muddy Waters. Songs from this genre include \"Scratch my Back\", \"She's Tough\" and \"I'm a King Bee\". Alan Lomax's recordings of Mississippi Fred McDowell would eventually bring him wider attention on both the blues and folk circuit, with McDowell's droning style influencing North Mississippi hill country blues musicians. By the beginning of the 1960s, genres influenced by African American music such as rock and roll and soul were part of mainstream popular music. White performers such as", "id": "2951019" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nmore exclusively English folk clubs. The more traditional American folk blues continued to provide 1960s British groups with material, particularly after the emergence of Bob Dylan, who also popularised folk blues songs. In 1964, for example, the song-catalogue of Lead Belly provided the Animals with \"The House of the Rising Sun\", Manfred Mann with \"John Hardy\" and the Four Pennies with \"Black Girl\". British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers", "id": "16087061" }, { "contents": "Willie Trice\n\n\nWilliam Augusta Trice (February 10, 1908 – December 11, 1976) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles and an album. He remained loyal to his native North Carolina and its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, probably in 1908; some sources state 1910 or 1911. The family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Both of Trice’s parents played music", "id": "1573260" }, { "contents": "Rock and roll\n\n\nstyles such as jazz and swing which were taken up by white musicians, aided this process of \"cultural collision\". The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called \"race music\", and country music of the 1940s and 1950s. Particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. Commentators differ in their views of which of these forms were most important and the degree to which the new music was a re-branding of African-American rhythm and", "id": "5601387" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\nPiedmont blues (also known as East Coast, or Southeastern blues) refers primarily to a guitar style, the Piedmont fingerstyle, which is characterized by a fingerpicking approach in which a regular, alternating thumb bass string rhythmic pattern supports a syncopated melody using the treble strings generally picked with the fore-finger, occasionally others. The result is comparable in sound to ragtime or stride piano styles. Blues researcher Peter B. Lowry coined the term, giving co-credit to fellow folklorist Bruce Bastin. The Piedmont style is differentiated from other", "id": "8150344" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand the generalization of the blues beat, the blues shuffle, which became ubiquitous in R&B. This commercial stream had important consequences for blues music, which, together with jazz and gospel music, became a component of R&B. After World War II, new styles of electric blues became popular in cities such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit and St. Louis. Electric blues used electric guitars, double bass (gradually replaced by bass guitar), drums, and harmonica (or \"blues harp\") played through a microphone and a PA", "id": "2951010" }, { "contents": "New Orleans blues\n\n\nblues is primarily driven by piano and horn, enlivened by Caribbean rhythms and Dixieland music. It is generally cheerful in delivery regardless of the subject matter, with a laid back tempo and complex rhythms falling just behind the beat. Vocals range from laid-back crooning to full-throated gospel shouting. New Orleans is generally credited as the birthplace of jazz music, but has attracted less attention as a center of the blues. The 12 bar blues were well known in the city before most of the rest of the country.", "id": "20252986" }, { "contents": "Michael Roach (musician)\n\n\n2003, Roach presented \"Deep Blue\", a three part series on blues music featured on BBC Radio 4. In 2006 he released an instructional DVD, \"Introduction to Country Blues Guitar\". Roach's tours as an educator and performer have taken him to the Augusta Heritage Center (US), Centrum Piedmont Blues Intensive (US), The Ironworks (UK) and the Smithsonian Institution (US). He has performed and lectured at blues, jazz, folk and roots music festivals in Croatia, Czech Republic,", "id": "14072779" }, { "contents": "Texas blues\n\n\nmoved to Chicago as a teenager. His instrumental number \"Hide Away\" (1961), was emulated by British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments such as keyboards and horns with emphasis on guitar soloing. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles.", "id": "12084292" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nhip hop music, reggae, rap, country music, and pop music, blues has been accused of being the \"devil's music\" and of inciting violence and other poor behavior. In the early 20th century, the blues was considered disreputable, especially as white audiences began listening to the blues during the 1920s. In the early twentieth century, W.C. Handy was the first to popularize blues-influenced music among non-black Americans. During the blues revival of the 1960s and '70s, acoustic blues artist Taj Mahal", "id": "2951049" }, { "contents": "Blues fiddle\n\n\nchances for frontline fiddlers to participate. Another reason for the violin's exclusion in post war blues was that it could not be effectively electrified. When artists migrated to the industrial centers from the Mississippi delta and rural south, they found a way to do so, but African-American music later mostly abandoned the instrument. Many blues guitar greats, such as Lonnie Johnson and Big Bill Broonzy, made early recordings on the violin. They are among the most-represented artists in the canon. The connection between guitar and violin", "id": "20387501" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\nin the 1950s, led by singer Mahalia Jackson. The blues genre experienced major revivals in the 1950s with Chicago blues musicians such as Muddy Waters and Little Walter, as well as in the 1960s in the British Invasion and American folk music revival when country blues musicians like Mississippi John Hurt and Reverend Gary Davis were rediscovered. The seminal blues musicians of these periods had tremendous influence on rock musicians such as Chuck Berry in the 1950s, as well as on the British blues and blues rock scenes of the 1960s and 1970s, including", "id": "7216667" }, { "contents": "Sugar Mama (song)\n\n\n\"Sugar Mama\" or \"Sugar Mama Blues\" is a song that is a standard of the blues. Called a \"tautly powerful slow blues\" by music journalist Charles Shaar Murray, it has been recorded by numerous artists, including early Chicago bluesmen Tampa Red, Sonny Boy Williamson I, and Tommy McClennan. John Lee Hooker and Howlin' Wolf later adapted \"Sugar Mama\" for electric blues and rock group Led Zeppelin reworked it during early recording sessions. Country bluesman Yank Rachell recorded \"Sugar Farm Blues\" February 6", "id": "15139181" }, { "contents": "Nathan Beauregard\n\n\nwith minor talent make a fortune as a recording artist while he himself was not offered such a chance. During the folk and blues revival of the 1960s Beauregard was \"discovered\" in Memphis by Bill Barth, who convinced him to work as a musician again. In the short time between his \"discovery\" in 1968 and his death in 1970, he played at various folk and blues festivals (e.g. the 1968 Memphis Country Blues Festival, which has been recorded on the Sire and Blue Horizon labels) and on a number", "id": "5223148" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe California blues style, performed a successful transition from the early urban blues à la Lonnie Johnson and Leroy Carr to the jump blues style and dominated the blues-jazz scene at Los Angeles during the 1940s. The transition from country blues to urban blues that began in the 1920s was driven by the successive waves of economic crisis and booms which led many rural blacks to move to urban areas, in a movement known as the Great Migration. The long boom following World War II induced another massive migration of the African-American", "id": "2951008" }, { "contents": "Women in music\n\n\nboys only club. Chinese idol girl groups have also recently achieved significant success, with C-pop groups like SNH48 and Rocket Girls 101, with the later selling over 1.6 million copies of their debut EP in 2018. Classic female blues was an early form of blues music popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues songs performed by female vocalists were accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles, and were the first blues to be", "id": "22079994" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nRock and roll emerged as a defined musical style in the United States in the early to mid-1950s. It derived most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Rock and roll in turn provided the main basis for the music that, since the mid-1960s, has been generally known simply as rock music. The phrase \"rocking and rolling\" originally described", "id": "5254840" }, { "contents": "Warner Williams and Jay Summerour\n\n\nWarner Williams and Jay Summerour are an American folk duo, who perform under the name Little Bit A Blues. They have played at numerous folk and blues festivals and at concerts at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. They are known for playing in the Piedmont blues style, a regional variant of the blues that developed in North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland and West Virginia. Williams and Summerour have been playing music together under the name of Little Bit A Blues since the early 1990s. During their tenure together,", "id": "20240347" }, { "contents": "American popular music\n\n\n—e.g., minorities or rural audiences. Beginning in the 1920s and accelerating greatly in the 1940s, the blues began rapidly diversifying into a broad spectrum of new styles. These included an uptempo, energetic style called rhythm and blues (R&B), a merger of blues and Anglo-Celtic song called country music and the fusion of hymns and spirituals with blues structures called gospel music. Later than these other styles, in the 1940s, a blues, R&B and country fusion eventually called rock and roll developed, eventually coming", "id": "6698779" }, { "contents": "1940s in music\n\n\ncalled \"folk\" in the trades, and \"hillbilly\" within the industry. In 1944, \"The Billboard\" replaced the term \"hillbilly\" with \"folk songs and blues,\" and switched to \"country\" or \"country and Western\" in 1949. But while cowboy and Western music were the most popular styles, a new style – honky tonk – would take root and define the genre of country music for decades to come. The style meshed Western swing and blues music; featured rough, nasal vocals", "id": "12815195" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n, salvation and death. Several blues musicians were imprisoned in the Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman Farm, which is referred to in songs such as Bukka White's \"Parchman Farm Blues\" and the folk song \"Midnight Special\". In big-city blues, women singers such as Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith and Mamie Smith dominated the recordings of the 1920s. However, women rarely recorded Delta blues and other rural or folk-style blues. In Delta blues female performers often had some romantic connection to more notable male performers", "id": "7794025" }, { "contents": "The Sky Is Crying (song)\n\n\nThe Sky Is Crying\" has been interpreted and recorded by many blues and other artists. In 1963, blues harmonica player and singer Sonny Boy Williamson II recorded the song as a country blues-style duet with Matt Murphy on acoustic guitar for his \"Keep It to Ourselves\" album. In 1964, Eric Clapton with The Yardbirds recorded a live slow blues which included a couple of lines from \"The Sky Is Crying\" (\"Blueswailing July '64 (Live)\"). In 1966, with Jeff Beck on", "id": "3146914" }, { "contents": "BeauSoleil\n\n\n, rhythm, and lyrics of Louisiana folk music, incorporating elements of rock and roll, jazz, blues, calypso, and other genres in original compositions and reworkings of traditional tunes. Lyrics on BeauSoleil recordings are sung in English or Cajun French (and sometimes both in one song). According to the band's web site, BeauSoleil's musicians \"take the rich Cajun traditions of Louisiana and artfully blend elements of zydeco, New Orleans jazz, Tex-Mex, country, blues and more into a satisfying musical recipe.", "id": "9860218" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. The origins of country are in rural Southern folk music, which was primarily Irish and British, with African and continental European musics. Anglo-Celtic tunes, dance music, and balladry were the earliest predecessors of modern country, then known as \"hillbilly music\". Early hillbilly also borrowed elements of the blues and drew upon more aspects of 19th-century pop songs as hillbilly music evolved into a commercial genre eventually known as \"country and western\" and then simply \"country\". The earliest country instrumentation revolved around", "id": "7216674" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nelements from the \"Ethiopian airs\", minstrel shows and Negro spirituals, including instrumental and harmonic accompaniment. The style also was closely related to ragtime, which developed at about the same time, though the blues better preserved \"the original melodic patterns of African music\". The musical forms and styles that are now considered the blues as well as modern country music arose in the same regions of the southern United States during the 19th century. Recorded blues and country music can be found as far back as the 1920s, when", "id": "2950988" }, { "contents": "Organ Thieves\n\n\nPrimate Sanctuary. The band's musical style is unique and although the music is mainly considered hard rock, southern rock and reggae rock, the band like to call themselves \"experimental-soul-rock\". The band's music takes influences from various genres including reggae, soul, country, blues, rhythm and blues, folk, rock and roll, punk, heavy metal, southern rock and more, as stated by the band that they are not limited to any genre and are willing to experiment everything.br They are also", "id": "3590626" }, { "contents": "African-American music\n\n\nstructure of the dance and folk music of peoples across western and sub-Saharan Africa. These musical forms had a wide-ranging influence on the development of music within the United States and around the world during the 20th century. The modern genres of blues and ragtime were developed during the late 19th century by fusing West African vocalizations - which employed the natural harmonic series, and blue notes. The earliest jazz and blues recordings were made in the 1920s. African-American musicians developed related styles such as Rhythm and Blues in", "id": "13306674" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\nWalter Brown \"Brownie\" McGhee (November 30, 1915 – February 16, 1996) was an African-American folk music and Piedmont blues singer and guitarist, best known for his collaboration with the harmonica player Sonny Terry. McGhee was born in Knoxville, Tennessee, and grew up in Kingsport, Tennessee. At about the age of four he contracted polio, which incapacitated his right leg. His brother Granville \"Sticks\"(or \"Stick\") McGhee, who also later became a musician and composed the famous song \"Drinkin'", "id": "4476033" }, { "contents": "Clarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown\n\n\nClarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown (April 18, 1924 – September 10, 2005) was an American musician from Louisiana and Texas known for his work as a blues musician, as well as other styles of music. He spent his career fighting purism by synthesizing old blues, country, jazz, Cajun music and R&B styles. His work also encompasses rock and roll, rock music, folk music, electric blues, and Texas blues. He was an acclaimed multi-instrumentalist, who played an array of musical instruments, including", "id": "15961748" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nby British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments like keyboards and horns, but placed particular emphasis on powerful lead guitar breaks. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles. In the 1970s Jimmie formed the Fabulous Thunderbirds and in the 1980s his brother Stevie Ray", "id": "8151279" } ]

[ { "contents": "Country blues\n\n\nCountry blues (also folk blues, rural blues, backwoods blues, or downhome blues) is one of the earliest forms of blues music. The mainly solo vocal with acoustic fingerstyle guitar accompaniment developed in the rural Southern United States in the early 1900s. Artists, such as Blind Lemon Jefferson (Texas), Charley Patton (Mississippi), Blind Willie McTell (Georgia) were among the first to record blues songs in the 1920s. Country blues ran parallel to urban blues, which was popular in cities. Folklorist Alan Lomax", "id": "8046896" }, { "contents": "Culture of the Southern United States\n\n\n-time music, gospel music, spirituals, country music, rhythm and blues, soul music, funk, rock and roll, beach music, bluegrass, jazz (including ragtime, popularized by Southerner Scott Joplin), zydeco, and Appalachian folk music were either born in the South or developed in the region. In general, country music is based on the folk music of white Southerners, and blues and rhythm and blues is based on African American southern forms. However, whites and blacks alike have contributed to each of", "id": "8469878" }, { "contents": "List of blues festivals\n\n\nBlues festivals are music festivals which focus on blues music. Blues is a genre and musical form that originated in African-American communities in the Southern United States around the end of the 19th century. It has elements of traditional African music, American folk music, spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. Blues has since evolved from unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves into a wide variety of styles and subgenres, such as country blues, Delta and Piedmont, Chicago", "id": "17295253" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand subgenres. Blues subgenres include country blues, such as Delta blues and Piedmont blues, as well as urban blues styles such as Chicago blues and West Coast blues. World War II marked the transition from acoustic to electric blues and the progressive opening of blues music to a wider audience, especially white listeners. In the 1960s and 1970s, a hybrid form called blues rock developed, which blended blues styles with rock music. The term \"Blues\" may have come from \"blue devils\", meaning melancholy and sadness;", "id": "2950960" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nthe supposed appearance of a southern U.S.-style station. About 200 fans were brought by train to the platform opposite the performers. The performance was interrupted by a rainstorm, after which Tharpe performed the gospel song \"Didn't It Rain\". Blues musicians who performed on the American Folk Blues Festival tours included Muddy Waters, Sonny Boy Williamson, John Lee Hooker, Sippie Wallace, T-Bone Walker, Sonny Terry & Brownie McGhee, Memphis Slim, Otis Rush, Lonnie Johnson, Eddie Boyd, Big Walter Horton, Junior Wells", "id": "2225138" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nthrough EMI's Stateside label and Chess Records through Pye International's R&B series. These records were enthusiastically sought and collected by a new generation of enthusiasts. The increasing appetite for rhythm and blues was reflected in the growing numbers of Afro-American artists visiting the country. From 1962 the American Folk Blues Festival, organised by German promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau, brought American blues stars including Waters, Wolf, Sonny Boy Williamson, and John Lee Hooker to the country. In 1964 the American Folk Blues and Gospel Caravan arrived", "id": "16087069" }, { "contents": "Piedmont (United States)\n\n\nblues musicians came from Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. During the Great Migration, African Americans migrated to the Piedmont. With the Appalachian Mountains to the west, those who might otherwise have spread into rural areas stayed in cities and were thus exposed to a broader mixture of music than those in, for example, the rural Mississippi delta. Thus, Piedmont blues was influenced by many types of music such as ragtime, country, and popular songs—styles that had comparatively less influence on blues music in other regions.", "id": "1946509" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\n, it was being performed at US folk music revivals and festivals initially by established Piedmont blues artists such as Josh White, Rev. Gary Davis, and Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry, as well as Cephas & Wiggins, John Jackson in later years. While musicologists such as George Mitchell, Axel Küstner, Kip Lornell, Peter B. Lowry and Tim Duffy collected recordings by the aging community of Piedmont blues players, younger musicians such as Stefan Grossman, Roy Book Binder, Jorma Kaukonen, Paul Geremia, Keb Mo', Michael Roach", "id": "8150348" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nGerman promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau. The rise of electric blues, and its eventual mainstream success, meant that British acoustic blues was completely overshadowed. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers Bert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham (who played and recorded with Korner), played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene, with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones", "id": "8151338" }, { "contents": "Americana (music)\n\n\nAmericana (also known as American roots music) is an amalgam of American music formed by the confluence of the shared and varied traditions that make up the musical ethos of the United States, specifically those sounds that are merged from folk, country, blues, rhythm and blues, rock and roll, gospel, and other external influences. Americana, as defined by the Americana Music Association (AMA), is \"contemporary music that incorporates elements of various mostly acoustic American roots music styles, including country, roots rock, folk", "id": "9198553" }, { "contents": "Muddy Waters\n\n\nSpann in 1958, where they were backed by local Dixieland-style or \"trad jazz\" musicians, including members of Chris Barber's band. At the time, English audiences had only been exposed to acoustic folk blues, as performed by artists such as Sonny Terry, Brownie McGhee, and Big Bill Broonzy. Both the musicians and audiences were unprepared for Muddy Waters' performance, which included his electric slide guitar playing. He recalled: Although his performances alienated the old guard, some younger musicians, including Alexis Korner and", "id": "15757617" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nBert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham, played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. It continued with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones. Most British acoustic blues players could achieve little commercial success and found it difficult to gain recognition for their \"imitations\" of the blues in the US, being overshadowed by the rhythm and blues and electric blues that had emerged in the later 1950s. Blues harpist Cyril Davies ran the London Skiffle", "id": "16087062" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nas well as people that shared his country roots. His work in this period shows he performed across a wider musical spectrum than almost any other bluesman before or since, including in his repertoire ragtime, hokum blues, country blues, urban blues, jazz-tinged songs, folk songs and spirituals. After World War II, Broonzy recorded songs that were the bridge that allowed many younger musicians to cross over to the future of the blues: the electric blues of postwar Chicago. His 1945 recordings of \"Where the Blues Began", "id": "9494361" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nBig Bill Broonzy (born Lee Conley Bradley, June 26, 1903 – August 14, 1958) was an American blues singer, songwriter and guitarist. His career began in the 1920s, when he played country blues to mostly African-American audiences. Through the 1930s and 1940s he successfully navigated a transition in style to a more urban blues sound popular with working-class African-American audiences. In the 1950s a return to his traditional folk-blues roots made him one of the leading figures of the emerging American folk", "id": "9494347" }, { "contents": "Precious Bryant\n\n\nPrecious Bryant (née Bussey; January 4, 1942 – January 12, 2013) was an American country blues, gospel, and folk singer and guitarist. She played Piedmont fingerstyle guitar. Bryant was born in Talbot County, Georgia. She released two solo albums. Her 2002 debut, \"Fool Me Good,\" was nominated for two Blues Music Awards, in the categories Acoustic Blues Album of the Year and Best New Artist Debut. In 2006 she was nominated for a similar award for Traditional Blues Female Artist of the", "id": "2571157" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nAmerica, a series of tours that began with Josh White and Big Bill Broonzy in 1951, and would include Brownie McGhee, Sonny Terry, Memphis Slim, Muddy Waters and Lonnie Johnson. Lonnie Johnson played at the Royal Festival Hall in 1952 on a bill opened by a group led by the young Lonnie Donegan. Donegan became the key figure in the development of the British skiffle \"craze\", beginning in Ken Colyer's Jazzmen by playing American folk and blues songs, particularly those derived from the recordings of Huddie Leadbetter,", "id": "16087056" }, { "contents": "Hill country blues\n\n\npatterns that conform to proverbial phrases or the words of popular fife and drum tunes—\"is considered the sign of a good drummer.\" This enduring tradition of folk polyrhythm played an important part in the development of Mississippi blues. \"Mississippi\" Fred McDowell, who lived in Como, Mississippi, was one of the subgenre's most widely known musicians, in the 1960s and after. His music was heavier on percussive elements and African rhythms than traditional Delta blues. McDowell's performances helped define the Hill Country blues sound, influencing later artists", "id": "19106875" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nfit in with British expectations of American blues as a form of folk music. In 1957 Davies and Korner decided that their central interest was the blues and closed the skiffle club, reopening a month later as The London Blues and Barrelhouse Club. To this point British blues was acoustically played emulating Delta blues and Country blues styles and often part of the emerging second British folk revival. Critical in changing this was the visit of Muddy Waters in 1958, who initially shocked British audiences by playing amplified electric blues, but who was soon", "id": "8151324" }, { "contents": "Valerie Turner\n\n\nValerie Turner is an American blues guitarist-vocalist, educator, and author. She plays in the Piedmont style of fingerpicking guitar, continuing in the traditions of Mississippi John Hurt, Elizabeth Cotten, Memphis Minnie, and Etta Baker. She performs blues, ballads, country, popular songs, ragtime, and gospels. She is a native New Yorker with southern roots in Virginia and Georgia. She started learning and studying traditional country blues guitar in 1978. Valerie and her spouse, Benedict Turner, are an acoustic blues duo called", "id": "8216617" }, { "contents": "Mr. Misunderstood\n\n\n\"Mr. Misunderstood\", at the 2015 Country Music Association Awards, where the news of the new album became evident. The musical style of this album has been described as the following; country, rock, blues, folk, gospel, soul, funk, alternative country, alternative rock, country rock, country blues, country gospel, gospel blues, bluegrass, folk rock, heartland rock, roots rock, rock and roll, rhythm and blues, Southern gospel, Southern rock, and Southern soul. His music here", "id": "5570655" }, { "contents": "Chris Barber\n\n\nwas mainly responsible for arranging the first UK tours of blues artists Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee and Muddy Waters. This, with the encouragement of local enthusiasts such as Alexis Korner and John Mayall, sparked young musicians such as Peter Green, Eric Clapton and the Rolling Stones. British rhythm and blues powered the British invasion of the USA charts in the 1960s, yet Dixieland itself remained popular: in January 1963 the British music magazine, \"NME\" reported the biggest trad jazz event in Britain at Alexandra Palace", "id": "17410986" }, { "contents": "The Blues, the Whole Blues, and Nothing But the Blues\n\n\ninterplay of instruments gives them the freedom to move from the country blues of the Mississippi Delta to the jug band tradition of the urban South, and from New Orleans to Chicago, embracing the breadth of American music in its myriad places and times.\" In \"Glide\" magazine, Lee Zimmerman said, \"David Bromberg’s fondness for the blues has been a single-minded concern throughout his storied career, one that’s found him working alongside any number of icons, folks like Bob Dylan and George Harrison included... Of", "id": "7352775" }, { "contents": "Dave Van Ronk\n\n\nand Van Ronk turned to performing blues he had stumbled across while shopping for jazz 78s, by artists like Furry Lewis and Mississippi John Hurt. Van Ronk was not the first white musician to perform African-American blues, but became noted for his interpretation of it in its original context. By about 1958, he was firmly committed to the folk-blues style, accompanying himself with his own acoustic guitar. He performed blues, jazz and folk music, occasionally writing his own songs but generally arranging the work of earlier artists", "id": "10878367" }, { "contents": "Fingerstyle guitar\n\n\nis also very common. Examples of traditions that John Fahey and Robbie Basho would employ in their compositions include, but are not limited to, the extended Raga of Indian classical music, the Japanese Koto, and the early ragtime-based country blues music of Mississippi John Hurt or Blind Blake. A distinctive style to emerge from Britain in the early 1960s, which combined elements of American folk, blues, jazz and ragtime with British traditional music, was what became known as 'folk baroque'. Pioneered by musicians of the", "id": "13793683" }, { "contents": "Country music\n\n\nCountry music, also known as country and western (or simply country), and hillbilly music, is a genre of popular music that originated in the southern United States in the early 1920s. It takes its roots from genres such as American folk music (especially Appalachian folk and Western music) and blues. Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms, folk lyrics, and harmonies mostly accompanied by string instruments such as banjos, electric and acoustic guitars, steel guitars (such as pedal steels and", "id": "4960825" }, { "contents": "WFDU\n\n\n. WFDU (FM) plays wide array of music ranging from Blues & Country/Bluegrass music to RetroRadio, Eclectic, Folk, Gospel, Oldies Rock and Soul/R&B. Big Frank Mirra, a well-known Blues musician in the Metro area for over three decades along with former blues radio producer, Music Director of Blues/Roots/American programing, Mike Stokes hosts Blues on the Run on Tuesdays. Dennis Gruenling is the host of Blues & the Beat, spinning everything from the legends of Chicago-style blues like", "id": "1564525" }, { "contents": "Nick Katzman\n\n\nNick Katzman (born 1951) is an American blues musician. Katzman was born in New York City, and lives in both Manhattan and Berlin, Germany. He plays in a variety of musical genres, including Chicago blues, Mississippi blues, Texas blues, and ragtime. As a teenager in the 1960s, Katzman saw many of the surviving country blues guitarists who travelled north to play their music in clubs and at the folk festivals. He learned to lay both guitar and lute. He studied classical music and jazz at Antioch", "id": "16730431" }, { "contents": "Louisiana blues\n\n\nLouisiana blues is a genre of blues music that developed in the period after World War II in the state of Louisiana. It is generally divided into two major subgenres, with the jazz-influenced New Orleans blues based on the musical traditions of that city and the slower tempo swamp blues incorporating influences from zydeco and Cajun music from around Baton Rouge. Major artists in the New Orleans tradition include Professor Longhair and Guitar Slim and for swamp blues Slim Harpo and Lightnin' Slim. Both genres peaked in popularity in the 1960s and were", "id": "8046899" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. Theatrical composers and lyricists like the brothers George and Ira Gershwin created a uniquely American theatrical style that used American vernacular speech and music. Musicals featured popular songs and fast-paced plots that often revolved around love and romance. The blues is a genre of African American folk music that is the basis for much of modern American popular music. Blues can be seen as part of a continuum of musical styles like country, jazz, ragtime, and gospel; though each genre evolved into distinct forms, their origins were often indistinct", "id": "7216662" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nspirituals, work songs, ragtime music, hokum, and country blues he heard growing up and the styles of his contemporaries, including Jimmie Rodgers, Blind Blake, Son House, and Blind Lemon Jefferson. Broonzy combined all these influences into his own style of the blues, which foreshadowed the postwar Chicago blues, later refined and popularized by artists such as Muddy Waters and Willie Dixon. Although he had been a pioneer of the Chicago blues style and had employed electric instruments as early as 1942, white audiences in the 1950s wanted", "id": "9494369" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\n, a large number of British rhythm and blues musicians began their careers playing skiffle, including Van Morrison, Ronnie Wood, Mick Jagger and Roger Daltrey. The fashion created a demand for opportunities to play versions of American folk, blues and jazz music that would contribute to the growth of a club scene. Until the mid-1950s in Britain the blues was seen as a form of folk music. When Broonzy toured England he played a folk blues set to fit British expectations of American blues, rather than his current electric Chicago blues.", "id": "16087059" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nintroduction of many later followers of the blues to the music and hardships of life for African Americans in the Southern US. The next year the \"Jazz Club\" programme, hosted by Max Jones, included a recital of \"Town and Country Blues\", which played music by a wide range of blues artists. The British rhythm and blues scene developed in London out of the related jazz, skiffle and folk club scenes of the 1950s. The first of these scenes, that of jazz, had developed during the Second World", "id": "16087053" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nrecognized the album for its historically significant material. An extensively recorded bluesman, Big Bill Broonzy left the United States to tour Europe in 1951, becoming the first Chicago blues player to perform for European audiences. Broonzy previously spent time in Iowa, where he honed a repertoire which remained a fixture of his concerts and recordings for the remainder of the decade. With bluesmen such as Muddy Waters and Howlin' Wolf amplifying their music, resulting in the popularity of the electric blues, Broonzy decided to reinvent himself as a folk blues musician", "id": "18296717" }, { "contents": "Alec Seward\n\n\nhe relocated from the South to New York, in his case in 1924. Seward befriended Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry and retained his Piedmont blues styling despite changes in musical trends. He and the blues musician Louis Hayes (who later became a minister in northern New Jersey) performed together, variously billed as the Blues Servant Boys, Guitar Slim and Jelly Belly, and the Back Porch Boys. During the 1940s and 1950s Seward played and recorded with Lead Belly, Woody Guthrie, McGhee and Terry. Around 1947 Seward, Guthrie", "id": "7237009" }, { "contents": "The Real Folk Blues\n\n\nThe Real Folk Blues is a series of blues albums released between 1965 and 1967 by Chess Records, later reissued MCA Records. Each album in the series highlighted the music of one major Chess artist, including John Lee Hooker, Howlin' Wolf, Muddy Waters, and Sonny Boy Williamson II. The series, overseen by Marshall Chess, was a reaction to the increasing audience for the blues following the British Invasion. Companion discs, titled More Real Folk Blues, were released for many of the artists. Hooker's companion disc", "id": "17857302" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nNew styles of music emerged among black Americans in the early 20th century in the form of blues, ragtime, jazz, and gospel music. According to the writer Robert Palmer:\"Rock 'n' roll was an inevitable outgrowth of the social and musical interactions between blacks and whites in the South and Southwest. Its roots are a complex tangle. Bedrock black church music influenced blues, rural blues influenced white folk song and the black popular music of the Northern ghettos, blues and black pop influenced jazz, and so on. But the", "id": "5254864" }, { "contents": "Ernie Hawkins\n\n\nErnie Hawkins (born Ernest Leroy Hawkins, 1947, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American acoustic blues guitar player, singer, song writer, recording artist, and educator. Hawkins, along with fellow bluesmen Stefan Grossman and Roy Bookbinder, studied with blues legend Reverend Gary Davis in New York City in 1965 and 1966. Over the years, he learned a variety of styles, including Piedmont blues, Delta blues, ragtime, and gospel. In 1969, Hawkins moved back to his hometown of Pittsburgh, and enrolled at the", "id": "8862999" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nThe American Folk Blues Festival was a music festival that toured Europe as an annual event for several years beginning in 1962. It introduced audiences in Europe, including the UK, to leading blues performers of the day such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, most of whom had never previously performed outside the US. The tours attracted substantial media coverage, including TV shows, and contributed to the growth of the audience for blues music in Europe. German jazz publicist Joachim-Ernst Berendt", "id": "2225133" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\ninspire much of the later popular development of the blues and blues-derived genres, including the legendary delta blues musician Robert Johnson and Piedmont blues musician Blind Willie McTell. By the end of the 1940s, however, pure blues was only a minor part of popular music, having been subsumed by offshoots like rhythm & blues and the nascent rock and roll style. Some styles of electric, piano-driven blues, like boogie-woogie, retained a large audience. A bluesy style of gospel also became popular in mainstream America", "id": "7216666" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\n. Known primarily as a folk-blues guitarist, he learned to play guitar by listening to blues musicians, such as Charlie Patton and Mississippi John Hurt, and has developed a distinctive fingerpicking technique in which he plays the bass line, rhythm chords, and single-note leads simultaneously. In his original compositions and artistic styling, he incorporates influences from other genres, such as jazz, folk music, country music, classical and world music, often utilizing odd time measures, to personalize his music and story telling. An", "id": "1583130" }, { "contents": "Alan Lomax\n\n\n\"The Land Where the Blues Began\" (1995), linking the birth of the blues to debt peonage, segregation, and forced labor in the American South. Lomax's greatest legacy is in preserving and publishing recordings of musicians in many folk and blues traditions around the US and Europe. Among the artists Lomax is credited with discovering and bringing to a wider audience include blues guitarist Robert Johnson, protest singer Woody Guthrie, folk artist Pete Seeger, country musician Burl Ives, and country blues singer Lead Belly, among many", "id": "8697682" }, { "contents": "Brian Protheroe\n\n\nWhite, Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Dave Brubeck and the choral church music of Bach. Protheroe joined the folk group Folk Blues Incorporated (FBI) when he was nineteen, while at this time listening to Bob Dylan and the Beatles. He came to London with FBI in 1965, and played in folk music clubs in and around London. In 1966, Protheroe began his career as an actor. His first job was with his local repertory theatre in Salisbury. He worked there for about seven months", "id": "7666713" }, { "contents": "Down Home Blues (Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry album)\n\n\nDown Home Blues is an album by blues musicians Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry recorded in 1960 and released on the Bluesville label. AllMusic reviewer Bruce Eder stated: \"the music itself stands outside of time. McGhee's strumming and singing have enough polish to pass as a commercial recording, but at its best, it's still sufficiently unaffected so as to be regarded as authentic country-blues. It's Terry's harp, however, that really pulls this body of music back to its roots ... the dominant elements of this", "id": "12217779" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nTrouble in Mind is an album by American blues musician Big Bill Broonzy. It was released on February 22, 2000 by Smithsonian Folkways. The album consists of traditional folk, blues, and spiritual songs featuring Broonzy accompanying himself on acoustic guitar and a guest appearance by Pete Seeger. Suffering from cancer, Broonzy realized his time was limited and hence recorded extensively between 1956 and 1957. While most of the work draws from the album \"Big Bill Broonzy Sings Country Blues\" (1957), arranged by Moses Asch and Charles Edward", "id": "18296715" }, { "contents": "Music of Washington, D.C.\n\n\nhome to many bluesmen, such as Jelly Roll Morton and later rock and roll and rhythm and blues musicians such as Bo Diddley and Roy Buchanan. In the 1960s, a number of white youths formed local blues bands, including the Northside Blues Band and the Nighthawks. Starting in the early 1960s, Takoma Park native John Fahey became a nationally noted blues and folk guitarist who established the Takoma Records label, which attracted a number of other blues, folk, acoustic and fingerstyle guitarists to the District of Columbia area. Another local", "id": "9815809" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\nTerry Robb is a Canadian fingerstyle guitarist, composer, arranger and record producer living in the United States. He plays electric and acoustic guitar, and is associated with the American Primitive Guitar genre through his collaboration with steel string guitarist John Fahey. He is a member of the Oregon Music Hall of Fame and Cascade Blues Association Hall of Fame, and was honored with the eponymous \"Terry Robb\" Muddy Award for Best Acoustic Guitar in 2011. His original compositions draw on the Delta blues, ragtime, folk music, country music", "id": "1583113" }, { "contents": "Lightnin' Wells\n\n\nLightnin' Wells is an American Piedmont blues multi-instrumentalist and singer. He is a proficient musician and regularly plays various instruments in concert including the guitar, mandolin, harmonica, ukulele and banjo. At times he has performed as a one-man band. His style encompasses elements of the blues, country, gospel, old-time, bluegrass and folk. Mark Coltrain stated in \"Living Blues\" that, \"You won't find a more versatile musician around – able to move deftly between country blues, old", "id": "14064192" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nspending a year in Europe including recording the \"Sonny Boy Williamson and The Yardbirds\" album, (first released on Star-Club Records in 1965), and recording with The Animals. On 7 May 1964, Granada Television broadcast \"Blues and Gospel Train\", a programme directed by John Hamp featuring Muddy Waters, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, Rev. Gary Davis, Cousin Joe and Otis Spann. For filming, the company transformed the disused Wilbraham Road railway station into \"Chorltonville\", giving it", "id": "2225137" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n. Delta blues is a style as much as a geographical form: Skip James and Elmore James, who were not born in the Delta, are considered Delta blues musicians. Performers traveled throughout the Mississippi Delta, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and Tennessee. Eventually, Delta blues spread out across the country, giving rise to a host of regional variations, including Chicago blues and Detroit blues. Delta blues songs are typically expressed in the first person and often concern love, sex, the traveling lifestyle and its tribulations, sin", "id": "7794024" }, { "contents": "Traditional blues verses\n\n\nIn the folk tradition, there are many traditional blues verses that have been sung over and over by many artists. Blues singers, who include many country and folk artists as well as those commonly identified with blues singers, use these traditional lyrics to fill out their blues performances. Artists like Jimmie Rodgers, the \"blue yodeler\", and Big Joe Turner, \"the Boss of the Blues\" compiled virtual encyclopedias of lyrics. Turner reputedly could sing the blues for hours without repeating himself. Traditional blues verses in folk-", "id": "14213756" }, { "contents": "Midwestern United States\n\n\nmusical style in the United States, deriving most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz, and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Freed's contribution in identifying rock as a new genre helped establish the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, located in Cleveland. Chuck Berry, a Midwesterner from St. Louis, was among the first successful rock and roll artists and influenced many other rock musicians", "id": "15016383" }, { "contents": "Classic female blues\n\n\nClassic female blues was an early form of blues music, popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues were performed by female singers accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles and were the first blues to be recorded. Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, Ethel Waters, and the other singers in this genre were instrumental in spreading the popularity of the blues. Blues, a type of black folk music originating in the American South, were", "id": "5621307" }, { "contents": "Southern soul\n\n\n\"Country soul\", \"Downhome soul\" and \"Hard soul\" have been used synonymously with \"Southern soul\" Pioneers of southern soul include: Georgia natives Ray Charles and James Brown; Little Willie John, Bobby \"Blue\" Bland, New Orleans R&B artist Allen Toussaint; and Memphis DJ Rufus Thomas. Southern soul was influenced by blues and gospel music. Southern soul was at its peak during the 1960s, when Memphis soul was created. In 1963, Stan Lewis founded Jewel Records in Shreveport, Louisiana, along", "id": "18765148" }, { "contents": "South Korea\n\n\n1992 marked a turning point for South Korean popular music, also known as K-pop, as the genre modernized itself from incorporating elements of popular musical genres from across the world such as Western popular music, experimental, jazz, gospel, Latin, classical, hip hop, rhythm and blues, electronic dance, reggae, country, folk, and rock on top of its uniquely traditional Korean music roots. Western-style pop, hip hop, rhythm and blues, rock, folk, electronic dance oriented acts have become", "id": "7248618" }, { "contents": "The Subdudes\n\n\nThe Subdudes (stylized as The subdudes) are an American roots rock group from New Orleans. Their music blends folk, swamp pop, New Orleans rhythm and blues, Louisiana blues, country, cajun/zydeco, funk, soul and gospel with harmonic vocals. Their sound is notable for the band's substitution of a tambourine player for a drummer. The subdudes formed in 1987 through a music venue in New Orleans called Tipitina's. The Subdudes often credit their songwriting to the group as a whole, although the primary songwriters", "id": "12289559" }, { "contents": "American rock\n\n\nAmerican rock has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, rhythm and blues, and country music, and also drew on folk music, jazz, blues, and classical music. American rock music was further influenced by the British Invasion of the American pop charts from 1964 and resulted in the development of garage rock. From the late 1960s and early 1970s, American rock music was highly influential in the development of a number of fusions, including blending with folk music to create folk rock, with blues to create blues", "id": "5254668" }, { "contents": "Richard Trice\n\n\nRichard Trice (November 16, 1917 – April 6, 2000) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles. He lived most of his life in his native North Carolina and played in its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. His family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Music was an interest in the family, and he learned to play the guitar at an", "id": "1811700" }, { "contents": "J. B. Lenoir\n\n\nJefferson, which became a major influence. During the early 1940s, Lenoir worked with the blues artists Sonny Boy Williamson II and Elmore James in New Orleans. He was later influenced by Arthur Crudup and Lightnin' Hopkins. In 1949, he moved to Chicago, where Big Bill Broonzy helped introduce him to the blues community. He began to perform at local nightclubs, with musicians such as Memphis Minnie, Big Maceo Merriweather, and Muddy Waters, and became an important part of the city's blues scene. He began recording", "id": "7041136" }, { "contents": "Bishop Dready Manning\n\n\ncotton, peanuts, and corn. Some of his uncles and cousins played blues guitar in the North Carolina Piedmont fashion. When Manning was seven years old, he began learning how to fingerpick guitar. His skills improved over time and by his teenage years Manning had earned a reputation as a master of blues guitar and harmonica. His style was influenced by Piedmont blues musicians such as Blind Boy Fuller, Brownie McGhee and Buddy Moss, and national stars like Lightnin' Hopkins, Jimmy Reed and Sonny Boy Williamson As a young bluesman", "id": "13727518" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nartists and their own performances. The visit of Muddy Waters in 1958 had a major impact on the duo and on the nature of British R&B in general. Initially British audiences were shocked by Waters's amplified electric blues, but he was soon playing to ecstatic crowds and receiving rave reviews. Where British blues had often emulated Delta blues and country blues in the emerging British folk revival, Davies and Korner, who had supported Waters on tour, now began to play high-powered electric blues, forming the band Blues Incorporated.", "id": "16087064" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\njump blues combo with honking saxophone and rolling piano, variously calling themselves Brownie McGhee and his Jook House Rockers or Sonny Terry and his Buckshot Five, often with Champion Jack Dupree and Big Chief Ellis. They also appeared in the original Broadway productions of \"Finian's Rainbow\" and \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\". During the blues revival of the 1960s, Terry and McGhee were popular on the concert and music festival circuits, occasionally adding new material but usually remaining faithful to their roots and playing to the tastes of", "id": "4476037" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nelements of swing music and jazz in a long and prolific career. After World War II, amplified blues music became popular in American cities that had seen widespread African American migration, such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit, St. Louis, and the West Coast. The initial impulse was to be heard above the noise of lively rent parties. Playing in small venues, electric blues bands tended to remain modest in size compared with larger jazz bands. In its early stages electric blues typically used amplified electric guitars, double bass (", "id": "8151258" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe Beatles had brought African-American music to new audiences, both within the U.S. and abroad. However, the blues wave that brought artists such as Muddy Waters to the foreground had stopped. Bluesmen such as Big Bill Broonzy and Willie Dixon started looking for new markets in Europe. Dick Waterman and the blues festivals he organized in Europe played a major role in propagating blues music abroad. In the UK, bands emulated U.S. blues legends, and UK blues rock-based bands had an influential role throughout the 1960s. Blues", "id": "2951020" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\nThese drew on his studies with Rev. Davis and the other older blues artists and on his obsessive listening to old 78s. \"The Country Blues Guitar, Delta Blues, Texas Blues, Ragtime Blues Guitar\" and \"Rev. Gary Davis/Blues Guitar\" have remained in print through various editions. In the mid-1960s, Stefan Grossman recorded a number of cuts for Joe Bussard and his Frederick, Maryland-based Fonotone Records and performed at the Jabberwock coffeehouse in Berkeley under the nom du folk of \"Kid Future\". The origins", "id": "9236337" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nand they continued almost annually until 1972, after an eight-year hiatus reviving the festival in 1980 until its final performance in 1985. The concerts featured some of the leading blues artists of the 1960s, such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Willie Dixon, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, some playing in unique combinations such as T-Bone Walker playing guitar for pianist Memphis Slim, Otis Rush with Junior Wells, Sonny Boy Williamson with Muddy Waters. The Festival DVDs include the only known footage of Little", "id": "2225135" }, { "contents": "Checkin' Up on My Baby\n\n\n\"Checkin' Up on My Baby\" (or sometimes \"Checking On My Baby\") is a song recorded by Sonny Boy Williamson II in 1960 that has become a classic of the blues. The song was not released as a single, but was included on Williamson's \"The Real Folk Blues\" album released after his death in 1965. The song has been recorded by numerous blues and other artists, making it one of Williamson's most recorded songs. Williamson's namesake Sonny Boy Williamson I, also known as", "id": "10302292" }, { "contents": "History of modern Western subcultures\n\n\ncowboy songs (also known, in those days, as hillbilly music) were beginning to be more popular with a wider audience. A subculture of rural jazz and blues fans had mixed elements of jazz and blues into traditional cowboy and folk song styles to produce a crossover called western swing. Thanks to the prevalence of radio, this music spread across the United States in the 1940s. Radio was the first \"almost instantaneous\" mass media with the power to create large subcultures by spreading the ideas of small subcultures across a wide", "id": "19180987" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\n\"one of the greatest exponents of fingerstyle blues and gospel guitar playing\"\" and \"\"an incredible genius as a teacher\"\". He spent countless hours learning and documenting Davis's music, recording much of it on a tape recorder, and developing a form of tablature to take down his teacher's instructions. In the folk and country blues revival of the 1960s he was listening to old recordings of artists such as Elizabeth Cotten, Big Bill Broonzy, Lead Belly, Josh White, Lightnin' Hopkins, Rev. Gary", "id": "9236332" }, { "contents": "Steel-string acoustic guitar\n\n\nundistorted and full-range reproduction. Until the 1960s, the predominant forms of music played on the flat-top, steel-string guitar remained relatively stable and included acoustic blues, country, bluegrass, folk, and several genres of rock. The concept of playing solo steel-string guitar in a concert setting was introduced in the early 1960s by such performers as Davey Graham and John Fahey, who used country blues fingerpicking techniques to compose original compositions with structures somewhat like European classical music. Fahey contemporary Robbie Basho added elements", "id": "2024699" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nmusic. The music of the civil rights movement and Free Speech Movement in the U.S. prompted a resurgence of interest in American roots music and early African American music. As well festivals such as the Newport Folk Festival brought traditional blues to a new audience, which helped to revive interest in prewar acoustic blues and performers such as Son House, Mississippi John Hurt, Skip James, and Reverend Gary Davis. Many compilations of classic prewar blues were republished by the Yazoo Records. J. B. Lenoir from the Chicago blues movement in the 1950s", "id": "2951023" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nperformers such as Little Walter or Muddy Waters. Songs from this genre include \"Scratch my Back\", \"She's Tough\" and \"I'm a King Bee\". Alan Lomax's recordings of Mississippi Fred McDowell would eventually bring him wider attention on both the blues and folk circuit, with McDowell's droning style influencing North Mississippi hill country blues musicians. By the beginning of the 1960s, genres influenced by African American music such as rock and roll and soul were part of mainstream popular music. White performers such as", "id": "2951019" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nmore exclusively English folk clubs. The more traditional American folk blues continued to provide 1960s British groups with material, particularly after the emergence of Bob Dylan, who also popularised folk blues songs. In 1964, for example, the song-catalogue of Lead Belly provided the Animals with \"The House of the Rising Sun\", Manfred Mann with \"John Hardy\" and the Four Pennies with \"Black Girl\". British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers", "id": "16087061" }, { "contents": "Willie Trice\n\n\nWilliam Augusta Trice (February 10, 1908 – December 11, 1976) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles and an album. He remained loyal to his native North Carolina and its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, probably in 1908; some sources state 1910 or 1911. The family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Both of Trice’s parents played music", "id": "1573260" }, { "contents": "Rock and roll\n\n\nstyles such as jazz and swing which were taken up by white musicians, aided this process of \"cultural collision\". The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called \"race music\", and country music of the 1940s and 1950s. Particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. Commentators differ in their views of which of these forms were most important and the degree to which the new music was a re-branding of African-American rhythm and", "id": "5601387" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\nPiedmont blues (also known as East Coast, or Southeastern blues) refers primarily to a guitar style, the Piedmont fingerstyle, which is characterized by a fingerpicking approach in which a regular, alternating thumb bass string rhythmic pattern supports a syncopated melody using the treble strings generally picked with the fore-finger, occasionally others. The result is comparable in sound to ragtime or stride piano styles. Blues researcher Peter B. Lowry coined the term, giving co-credit to fellow folklorist Bruce Bastin. The Piedmont style is differentiated from other", "id": "8150344" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand the generalization of the blues beat, the blues shuffle, which became ubiquitous in R&B. This commercial stream had important consequences for blues music, which, together with jazz and gospel music, became a component of R&B. After World War II, new styles of electric blues became popular in cities such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit and St. Louis. Electric blues used electric guitars, double bass (gradually replaced by bass guitar), drums, and harmonica (or \"blues harp\") played through a microphone and a PA", "id": "2951010" }, { "contents": "New Orleans blues\n\n\nblues is primarily driven by piano and horn, enlivened by Caribbean rhythms and Dixieland music. It is generally cheerful in delivery regardless of the subject matter, with a laid back tempo and complex rhythms falling just behind the beat. Vocals range from laid-back crooning to full-throated gospel shouting. New Orleans is generally credited as the birthplace of jazz music, but has attracted less attention as a center of the blues. The 12 bar blues were well known in the city before most of the rest of the country.", "id": "20252986" }, { "contents": "Michael Roach (musician)\n\n\n2003, Roach presented \"Deep Blue\", a three part series on blues music featured on BBC Radio 4. In 2006 he released an instructional DVD, \"Introduction to Country Blues Guitar\". Roach's tours as an educator and performer have taken him to the Augusta Heritage Center (US), Centrum Piedmont Blues Intensive (US), The Ironworks (UK) and the Smithsonian Institution (US). He has performed and lectured at blues, jazz, folk and roots music festivals in Croatia, Czech Republic,", "id": "14072779" }, { "contents": "Texas blues\n\n\nmoved to Chicago as a teenager. His instrumental number \"Hide Away\" (1961), was emulated by British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments such as keyboards and horns with emphasis on guitar soloing. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles.", "id": "12084292" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nhip hop music, reggae, rap, country music, and pop music, blues has been accused of being the \"devil's music\" and of inciting violence and other poor behavior. In the early 20th century, the blues was considered disreputable, especially as white audiences began listening to the blues during the 1920s. In the early twentieth century, W.C. Handy was the first to popularize blues-influenced music among non-black Americans. During the blues revival of the 1960s and '70s, acoustic blues artist Taj Mahal", "id": "2951049" }, { "contents": "Blues fiddle\n\n\nchances for frontline fiddlers to participate. Another reason for the violin's exclusion in post war blues was that it could not be effectively electrified. When artists migrated to the industrial centers from the Mississippi delta and rural south, they found a way to do so, but African-American music later mostly abandoned the instrument. Many blues guitar greats, such as Lonnie Johnson and Big Bill Broonzy, made early recordings on the violin. They are among the most-represented artists in the canon. The connection between guitar and violin", "id": "20387501" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\nin the 1950s, led by singer Mahalia Jackson. The blues genre experienced major revivals in the 1950s with Chicago blues musicians such as Muddy Waters and Little Walter, as well as in the 1960s in the British Invasion and American folk music revival when country blues musicians like Mississippi John Hurt and Reverend Gary Davis were rediscovered. The seminal blues musicians of these periods had tremendous influence on rock musicians such as Chuck Berry in the 1950s, as well as on the British blues and blues rock scenes of the 1960s and 1970s, including", "id": "7216667" }, { "contents": "Sugar Mama (song)\n\n\n\"Sugar Mama\" or \"Sugar Mama Blues\" is a song that is a standard of the blues. Called a \"tautly powerful slow blues\" by music journalist Charles Shaar Murray, it has been recorded by numerous artists, including early Chicago bluesmen Tampa Red, Sonny Boy Williamson I, and Tommy McClennan. John Lee Hooker and Howlin' Wolf later adapted \"Sugar Mama\" for electric blues and rock group Led Zeppelin reworked it during early recording sessions. Country bluesman Yank Rachell recorded \"Sugar Farm Blues\" February 6", "id": "15139181" }, { "contents": "Nathan Beauregard\n\n\nwith minor talent make a fortune as a recording artist while he himself was not offered such a chance. During the folk and blues revival of the 1960s Beauregard was \"discovered\" in Memphis by Bill Barth, who convinced him to work as a musician again. In the short time between his \"discovery\" in 1968 and his death in 1970, he played at various folk and blues festivals (e.g. the 1968 Memphis Country Blues Festival, which has been recorded on the Sire and Blue Horizon labels) and on a number", "id": "5223148" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe California blues style, performed a successful transition from the early urban blues à la Lonnie Johnson and Leroy Carr to the jump blues style and dominated the blues-jazz scene at Los Angeles during the 1940s. The transition from country blues to urban blues that began in the 1920s was driven by the successive waves of economic crisis and booms which led many rural blacks to move to urban areas, in a movement known as the Great Migration. The long boom following World War II induced another massive migration of the African-American", "id": "2951008" }, { "contents": "Women in music\n\n\nboys only club. Chinese idol girl groups have also recently achieved significant success, with C-pop groups like SNH48 and Rocket Girls 101, with the later selling over 1.6 million copies of their debut EP in 2018. Classic female blues was an early form of blues music popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues songs performed by female vocalists were accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles, and were the first blues to be", "id": "22079994" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nRock and roll emerged as a defined musical style in the United States in the early to mid-1950s. It derived most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Rock and roll in turn provided the main basis for the music that, since the mid-1960s, has been generally known simply as rock music. The phrase \"rocking and rolling\" originally described", "id": "5254840" }, { "contents": "Warner Williams and Jay Summerour\n\n\nWarner Williams and Jay Summerour are an American folk duo, who perform under the name Little Bit A Blues. They have played at numerous folk and blues festivals and at concerts at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. They are known for playing in the Piedmont blues style, a regional variant of the blues that developed in North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland and West Virginia. Williams and Summerour have been playing music together under the name of Little Bit A Blues since the early 1990s. During their tenure together,", "id": "20240347" }, { "contents": "American popular music\n\n\n—e.g., minorities or rural audiences. Beginning in the 1920s and accelerating greatly in the 1940s, the blues began rapidly diversifying into a broad spectrum of new styles. These included an uptempo, energetic style called rhythm and blues (R&B), a merger of blues and Anglo-Celtic song called country music and the fusion of hymns and spirituals with blues structures called gospel music. Later than these other styles, in the 1940s, a blues, R&B and country fusion eventually called rock and roll developed, eventually coming", "id": "6698779" }, { "contents": "1940s in music\n\n\ncalled \"folk\" in the trades, and \"hillbilly\" within the industry. In 1944, \"The Billboard\" replaced the term \"hillbilly\" with \"folk songs and blues,\" and switched to \"country\" or \"country and Western\" in 1949. But while cowboy and Western music were the most popular styles, a new style – honky tonk – would take root and define the genre of country music for decades to come. The style meshed Western swing and blues music; featured rough, nasal vocals", "id": "12815195" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n, salvation and death. Several blues musicians were imprisoned in the Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman Farm, which is referred to in songs such as Bukka White's \"Parchman Farm Blues\" and the folk song \"Midnight Special\". In big-city blues, women singers such as Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith and Mamie Smith dominated the recordings of the 1920s. However, women rarely recorded Delta blues and other rural or folk-style blues. In Delta blues female performers often had some romantic connection to more notable male performers", "id": "7794025" }, { "contents": "The Sky Is Crying (song)\n\n\nThe Sky Is Crying\" has been interpreted and recorded by many blues and other artists. In 1963, blues harmonica player and singer Sonny Boy Williamson II recorded the song as a country blues-style duet with Matt Murphy on acoustic guitar for his \"Keep It to Ourselves\" album. In 1964, Eric Clapton with The Yardbirds recorded a live slow blues which included a couple of lines from \"The Sky Is Crying\" (\"Blueswailing July '64 (Live)\"). In 1966, with Jeff Beck on", "id": "3146914" }, { "contents": "BeauSoleil\n\n\n, rhythm, and lyrics of Louisiana folk music, incorporating elements of rock and roll, jazz, blues, calypso, and other genres in original compositions and reworkings of traditional tunes. Lyrics on BeauSoleil recordings are sung in English or Cajun French (and sometimes both in one song). According to the band's web site, BeauSoleil's musicians \"take the rich Cajun traditions of Louisiana and artfully blend elements of zydeco, New Orleans jazz, Tex-Mex, country, blues and more into a satisfying musical recipe.", "id": "9860218" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. The origins of country are in rural Southern folk music, which was primarily Irish and British, with African and continental European musics. Anglo-Celtic tunes, dance music, and balladry were the earliest predecessors of modern country, then known as \"hillbilly music\". Early hillbilly also borrowed elements of the blues and drew upon more aspects of 19th-century pop songs as hillbilly music evolved into a commercial genre eventually known as \"country and western\" and then simply \"country\". The earliest country instrumentation revolved around", "id": "7216674" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nelements from the \"Ethiopian airs\", minstrel shows and Negro spirituals, including instrumental and harmonic accompaniment. The style also was closely related to ragtime, which developed at about the same time, though the blues better preserved \"the original melodic patterns of African music\". The musical forms and styles that are now considered the blues as well as modern country music arose in the same regions of the southern United States during the 19th century. Recorded blues and country music can be found as far back as the 1920s, when", "id": "2950988" }, { "contents": "Organ Thieves\n\n\nPrimate Sanctuary. The band's musical style is unique and although the music is mainly considered hard rock, southern rock and reggae rock, the band like to call themselves \"experimental-soul-rock\". The band's music takes influences from various genres including reggae, soul, country, blues, rhythm and blues, folk, rock and roll, punk, heavy metal, southern rock and more, as stated by the band that they are not limited to any genre and are willing to experiment everything.br They are also", "id": "3590626" }, { "contents": "African-American music\n\n\nstructure of the dance and folk music of peoples across western and sub-Saharan Africa. These musical forms had a wide-ranging influence on the development of music within the United States and around the world during the 20th century. The modern genres of blues and ragtime were developed during the late 19th century by fusing West African vocalizations - which employed the natural harmonic series, and blue notes. The earliest jazz and blues recordings were made in the 1920s. African-American musicians developed related styles such as Rhythm and Blues in", "id": "13306674" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\nWalter Brown \"Brownie\" McGhee (November 30, 1915 – February 16, 1996) was an African-American folk music and Piedmont blues singer and guitarist, best known for his collaboration with the harmonica player Sonny Terry. McGhee was born in Knoxville, Tennessee, and grew up in Kingsport, Tennessee. At about the age of four he contracted polio, which incapacitated his right leg. His brother Granville \"Sticks\"(or \"Stick\") McGhee, who also later became a musician and composed the famous song \"Drinkin'", "id": "4476033" }, { "contents": "Clarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown\n\n\nClarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown (April 18, 1924 – September 10, 2005) was an American musician from Louisiana and Texas known for his work as a blues musician, as well as other styles of music. He spent his career fighting purism by synthesizing old blues, country, jazz, Cajun music and R&B styles. His work also encompasses rock and roll, rock music, folk music, electric blues, and Texas blues. He was an acclaimed multi-instrumentalist, who played an array of musical instruments, including", "id": "15961748" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nby British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments like keyboards and horns, but placed particular emphasis on powerful lead guitar breaks. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles. In the 1970s Jimmie formed the Fabulous Thunderbirds and in the 1980s his brother Stevie Ray", "id": "8151279" } ]

[ { "contents": "Country blues\n\n\nCountry blues (also folk blues, rural blues, backwoods blues, or downhome blues) is one of the earliest forms of blues music. The mainly solo vocal with acoustic fingerstyle guitar accompaniment developed in the rural Southern United States in the early 1900s. Artists, such as Blind Lemon Jefferson (Texas), Charley Patton (Mississippi), Blind Willie McTell (Georgia) were among the first to record blues songs in the 1920s. Country blues ran parallel to urban blues, which was popular in cities. Folklorist Alan Lomax", "id": "8046896" }, { "contents": "Culture of the Southern United States\n\n\n-time music, gospel music, spirituals, country music, rhythm and blues, soul music, funk, rock and roll, beach music, bluegrass, jazz (including ragtime, popularized by Southerner Scott Joplin), zydeco, and Appalachian folk music were either born in the South or developed in the region. In general, country music is based on the folk music of white Southerners, and blues and rhythm and blues is based on African American southern forms. However, whites and blacks alike have contributed to each of", "id": "8469878" }, { "contents": "List of blues festivals\n\n\nBlues festivals are music festivals which focus on blues music. Blues is a genre and musical form that originated in African-American communities in the Southern United States around the end of the 19th century. It has elements of traditional African music, American folk music, spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. Blues has since evolved from unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves into a wide variety of styles and subgenres, such as country blues, Delta and Piedmont, Chicago", "id": "17295253" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand subgenres. Blues subgenres include country blues, such as Delta blues and Piedmont blues, as well as urban blues styles such as Chicago blues and West Coast blues. World War II marked the transition from acoustic to electric blues and the progressive opening of blues music to a wider audience, especially white listeners. In the 1960s and 1970s, a hybrid form called blues rock developed, which blended blues styles with rock music. The term \"Blues\" may have come from \"blue devils\", meaning melancholy and sadness;", "id": "2950960" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nthe supposed appearance of a southern U.S.-style station. About 200 fans were brought by train to the platform opposite the performers. The performance was interrupted by a rainstorm, after which Tharpe performed the gospel song \"Didn't It Rain\". Blues musicians who performed on the American Folk Blues Festival tours included Muddy Waters, Sonny Boy Williamson, John Lee Hooker, Sippie Wallace, T-Bone Walker, Sonny Terry & Brownie McGhee, Memphis Slim, Otis Rush, Lonnie Johnson, Eddie Boyd, Big Walter Horton, Junior Wells", "id": "2225138" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nthrough EMI's Stateside label and Chess Records through Pye International's R&B series. These records were enthusiastically sought and collected by a new generation of enthusiasts. The increasing appetite for rhythm and blues was reflected in the growing numbers of Afro-American artists visiting the country. From 1962 the American Folk Blues Festival, organised by German promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau, brought American blues stars including Waters, Wolf, Sonny Boy Williamson, and John Lee Hooker to the country. In 1964 the American Folk Blues and Gospel Caravan arrived", "id": "16087069" }, { "contents": "Piedmont (United States)\n\n\nblues musicians came from Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. During the Great Migration, African Americans migrated to the Piedmont. With the Appalachian Mountains to the west, those who might otherwise have spread into rural areas stayed in cities and were thus exposed to a broader mixture of music than those in, for example, the rural Mississippi delta. Thus, Piedmont blues was influenced by many types of music such as ragtime, country, and popular songs—styles that had comparatively less influence on blues music in other regions.", "id": "1946509" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\n, it was being performed at US folk music revivals and festivals initially by established Piedmont blues artists such as Josh White, Rev. Gary Davis, and Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry, as well as Cephas & Wiggins, John Jackson in later years. While musicologists such as George Mitchell, Axel Küstner, Kip Lornell, Peter B. Lowry and Tim Duffy collected recordings by the aging community of Piedmont blues players, younger musicians such as Stefan Grossman, Roy Book Binder, Jorma Kaukonen, Paul Geremia, Keb Mo', Michael Roach", "id": "8150348" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nGerman promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau. The rise of electric blues, and its eventual mainstream success, meant that British acoustic blues was completely overshadowed. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers Bert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham (who played and recorded with Korner), played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene, with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones", "id": "8151338" }, { "contents": "Americana (music)\n\n\nAmericana (also known as American roots music) is an amalgam of American music formed by the confluence of the shared and varied traditions that make up the musical ethos of the United States, specifically those sounds that are merged from folk, country, blues, rhythm and blues, rock and roll, gospel, and other external influences. Americana, as defined by the Americana Music Association (AMA), is \"contemporary music that incorporates elements of various mostly acoustic American roots music styles, including country, roots rock, folk", "id": "9198553" }, { "contents": "Muddy Waters\n\n\nSpann in 1958, where they were backed by local Dixieland-style or \"trad jazz\" musicians, including members of Chris Barber's band. At the time, English audiences had only been exposed to acoustic folk blues, as performed by artists such as Sonny Terry, Brownie McGhee, and Big Bill Broonzy. Both the musicians and audiences were unprepared for Muddy Waters' performance, which included his electric slide guitar playing. He recalled: Although his performances alienated the old guard, some younger musicians, including Alexis Korner and", "id": "15757617" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nBert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham, played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. It continued with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones. Most British acoustic blues players could achieve little commercial success and found it difficult to gain recognition for their \"imitations\" of the blues in the US, being overshadowed by the rhythm and blues and electric blues that had emerged in the later 1950s. Blues harpist Cyril Davies ran the London Skiffle", "id": "16087062" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nas well as people that shared his country roots. His work in this period shows he performed across a wider musical spectrum than almost any other bluesman before or since, including in his repertoire ragtime, hokum blues, country blues, urban blues, jazz-tinged songs, folk songs and spirituals. After World War II, Broonzy recorded songs that were the bridge that allowed many younger musicians to cross over to the future of the blues: the electric blues of postwar Chicago. His 1945 recordings of \"Where the Blues Began", "id": "9494361" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nBig Bill Broonzy (born Lee Conley Bradley, June 26, 1903 – August 14, 1958) was an American blues singer, songwriter and guitarist. His career began in the 1920s, when he played country blues to mostly African-American audiences. Through the 1930s and 1940s he successfully navigated a transition in style to a more urban blues sound popular with working-class African-American audiences. In the 1950s a return to his traditional folk-blues roots made him one of the leading figures of the emerging American folk", "id": "9494347" }, { "contents": "Precious Bryant\n\n\nPrecious Bryant (née Bussey; January 4, 1942 – January 12, 2013) was an American country blues, gospel, and folk singer and guitarist. She played Piedmont fingerstyle guitar. Bryant was born in Talbot County, Georgia. She released two solo albums. Her 2002 debut, \"Fool Me Good,\" was nominated for two Blues Music Awards, in the categories Acoustic Blues Album of the Year and Best New Artist Debut. In 2006 she was nominated for a similar award for Traditional Blues Female Artist of the", "id": "2571157" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nAmerica, a series of tours that began with Josh White and Big Bill Broonzy in 1951, and would include Brownie McGhee, Sonny Terry, Memphis Slim, Muddy Waters and Lonnie Johnson. Lonnie Johnson played at the Royal Festival Hall in 1952 on a bill opened by a group led by the young Lonnie Donegan. Donegan became the key figure in the development of the British skiffle \"craze\", beginning in Ken Colyer's Jazzmen by playing American folk and blues songs, particularly those derived from the recordings of Huddie Leadbetter,", "id": "16087056" }, { "contents": "Hill country blues\n\n\npatterns that conform to proverbial phrases or the words of popular fife and drum tunes—\"is considered the sign of a good drummer.\" This enduring tradition of folk polyrhythm played an important part in the development of Mississippi blues. \"Mississippi\" Fred McDowell, who lived in Como, Mississippi, was one of the subgenre's most widely known musicians, in the 1960s and after. His music was heavier on percussive elements and African rhythms than traditional Delta blues. McDowell's performances helped define the Hill Country blues sound, influencing later artists", "id": "19106875" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nfit in with British expectations of American blues as a form of folk music. In 1957 Davies and Korner decided that their central interest was the blues and closed the skiffle club, reopening a month later as The London Blues and Barrelhouse Club. To this point British blues was acoustically played emulating Delta blues and Country blues styles and often part of the emerging second British folk revival. Critical in changing this was the visit of Muddy Waters in 1958, who initially shocked British audiences by playing amplified electric blues, but who was soon", "id": "8151324" }, { "contents": "Valerie Turner\n\n\nValerie Turner is an American blues guitarist-vocalist, educator, and author. She plays in the Piedmont style of fingerpicking guitar, continuing in the traditions of Mississippi John Hurt, Elizabeth Cotten, Memphis Minnie, and Etta Baker. She performs blues, ballads, country, popular songs, ragtime, and gospels. She is a native New Yorker with southern roots in Virginia and Georgia. She started learning and studying traditional country blues guitar in 1978. Valerie and her spouse, Benedict Turner, are an acoustic blues duo called", "id": "8216617" }, { "contents": "Mr. Misunderstood\n\n\n\"Mr. Misunderstood\", at the 2015 Country Music Association Awards, where the news of the new album became evident. The musical style of this album has been described as the following; country, rock, blues, folk, gospel, soul, funk, alternative country, alternative rock, country rock, country blues, country gospel, gospel blues, bluegrass, folk rock, heartland rock, roots rock, rock and roll, rhythm and blues, Southern gospel, Southern rock, and Southern soul. His music here", "id": "5570655" }, { "contents": "Chris Barber\n\n\nwas mainly responsible for arranging the first UK tours of blues artists Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee and Muddy Waters. This, with the encouragement of local enthusiasts such as Alexis Korner and John Mayall, sparked young musicians such as Peter Green, Eric Clapton and the Rolling Stones. British rhythm and blues powered the British invasion of the USA charts in the 1960s, yet Dixieland itself remained popular: in January 1963 the British music magazine, \"NME\" reported the biggest trad jazz event in Britain at Alexandra Palace", "id": "17410986" }, { "contents": "The Blues, the Whole Blues, and Nothing But the Blues\n\n\ninterplay of instruments gives them the freedom to move from the country blues of the Mississippi Delta to the jug band tradition of the urban South, and from New Orleans to Chicago, embracing the breadth of American music in its myriad places and times.\" In \"Glide\" magazine, Lee Zimmerman said, \"David Bromberg’s fondness for the blues has been a single-minded concern throughout his storied career, one that’s found him working alongside any number of icons, folks like Bob Dylan and George Harrison included... Of", "id": "7352775" }, { "contents": "Dave Van Ronk\n\n\nand Van Ronk turned to performing blues he had stumbled across while shopping for jazz 78s, by artists like Furry Lewis and Mississippi John Hurt. Van Ronk was not the first white musician to perform African-American blues, but became noted for his interpretation of it in its original context. By about 1958, he was firmly committed to the folk-blues style, accompanying himself with his own acoustic guitar. He performed blues, jazz and folk music, occasionally writing his own songs but generally arranging the work of earlier artists", "id": "10878367" }, { "contents": "Fingerstyle guitar\n\n\nis also very common. Examples of traditions that John Fahey and Robbie Basho would employ in their compositions include, but are not limited to, the extended Raga of Indian classical music, the Japanese Koto, and the early ragtime-based country blues music of Mississippi John Hurt or Blind Blake. A distinctive style to emerge from Britain in the early 1960s, which combined elements of American folk, blues, jazz and ragtime with British traditional music, was what became known as 'folk baroque'. Pioneered by musicians of the", "id": "13793683" }, { "contents": "Country music\n\n\nCountry music, also known as country and western (or simply country), and hillbilly music, is a genre of popular music that originated in the southern United States in the early 1920s. It takes its roots from genres such as American folk music (especially Appalachian folk and Western music) and blues. Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms, folk lyrics, and harmonies mostly accompanied by string instruments such as banjos, electric and acoustic guitars, steel guitars (such as pedal steels and", "id": "4960825" }, { "contents": "WFDU\n\n\n. WFDU (FM) plays wide array of music ranging from Blues & Country/Bluegrass music to RetroRadio, Eclectic, Folk, Gospel, Oldies Rock and Soul/R&B. Big Frank Mirra, a well-known Blues musician in the Metro area for over three decades along with former blues radio producer, Music Director of Blues/Roots/American programing, Mike Stokes hosts Blues on the Run on Tuesdays. Dennis Gruenling is the host of Blues & the Beat, spinning everything from the legends of Chicago-style blues like", "id": "1564525" }, { "contents": "Nick Katzman\n\n\nNick Katzman (born 1951) is an American blues musician. Katzman was born in New York City, and lives in both Manhattan and Berlin, Germany. He plays in a variety of musical genres, including Chicago blues, Mississippi blues, Texas blues, and ragtime. As a teenager in the 1960s, Katzman saw many of the surviving country blues guitarists who travelled north to play their music in clubs and at the folk festivals. He learned to lay both guitar and lute. He studied classical music and jazz at Antioch", "id": "16730431" }, { "contents": "Louisiana blues\n\n\nLouisiana blues is a genre of blues music that developed in the period after World War II in the state of Louisiana. It is generally divided into two major subgenres, with the jazz-influenced New Orleans blues based on the musical traditions of that city and the slower tempo swamp blues incorporating influences from zydeco and Cajun music from around Baton Rouge. Major artists in the New Orleans tradition include Professor Longhair and Guitar Slim and for swamp blues Slim Harpo and Lightnin' Slim. Both genres peaked in popularity in the 1960s and were", "id": "8046899" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. Theatrical composers and lyricists like the brothers George and Ira Gershwin created a uniquely American theatrical style that used American vernacular speech and music. Musicals featured popular songs and fast-paced plots that often revolved around love and romance. The blues is a genre of African American folk music that is the basis for much of modern American popular music. Blues can be seen as part of a continuum of musical styles like country, jazz, ragtime, and gospel; though each genre evolved into distinct forms, their origins were often indistinct", "id": "7216662" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nspirituals, work songs, ragtime music, hokum, and country blues he heard growing up and the styles of his contemporaries, including Jimmie Rodgers, Blind Blake, Son House, and Blind Lemon Jefferson. Broonzy combined all these influences into his own style of the blues, which foreshadowed the postwar Chicago blues, later refined and popularized by artists such as Muddy Waters and Willie Dixon. Although he had been a pioneer of the Chicago blues style and had employed electric instruments as early as 1942, white audiences in the 1950s wanted", "id": "9494369" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\n, a large number of British rhythm and blues musicians began their careers playing skiffle, including Van Morrison, Ronnie Wood, Mick Jagger and Roger Daltrey. The fashion created a demand for opportunities to play versions of American folk, blues and jazz music that would contribute to the growth of a club scene. Until the mid-1950s in Britain the blues was seen as a form of folk music. When Broonzy toured England he played a folk blues set to fit British expectations of American blues, rather than his current electric Chicago blues.", "id": "16087059" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nintroduction of many later followers of the blues to the music and hardships of life for African Americans in the Southern US. The next year the \"Jazz Club\" programme, hosted by Max Jones, included a recital of \"Town and Country Blues\", which played music by a wide range of blues artists. The British rhythm and blues scene developed in London out of the related jazz, skiffle and folk club scenes of the 1950s. The first of these scenes, that of jazz, had developed during the Second World", "id": "16087053" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nrecognized the album for its historically significant material. An extensively recorded bluesman, Big Bill Broonzy left the United States to tour Europe in 1951, becoming the first Chicago blues player to perform for European audiences. Broonzy previously spent time in Iowa, where he honed a repertoire which remained a fixture of his concerts and recordings for the remainder of the decade. With bluesmen such as Muddy Waters and Howlin' Wolf amplifying their music, resulting in the popularity of the electric blues, Broonzy decided to reinvent himself as a folk blues musician", "id": "18296717" }, { "contents": "Alec Seward\n\n\nhe relocated from the South to New York, in his case in 1924. Seward befriended Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry and retained his Piedmont blues styling despite changes in musical trends. He and the blues musician Louis Hayes (who later became a minister in northern New Jersey) performed together, variously billed as the Blues Servant Boys, Guitar Slim and Jelly Belly, and the Back Porch Boys. During the 1940s and 1950s Seward played and recorded with Lead Belly, Woody Guthrie, McGhee and Terry. Around 1947 Seward, Guthrie", "id": "7237009" }, { "contents": "The Real Folk Blues\n\n\nThe Real Folk Blues is a series of blues albums released between 1965 and 1967 by Chess Records, later reissued MCA Records. Each album in the series highlighted the music of one major Chess artist, including John Lee Hooker, Howlin' Wolf, Muddy Waters, and Sonny Boy Williamson II. The series, overseen by Marshall Chess, was a reaction to the increasing audience for the blues following the British Invasion. Companion discs, titled More Real Folk Blues, were released for many of the artists. Hooker's companion disc", "id": "17857302" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nNew styles of music emerged among black Americans in the early 20th century in the form of blues, ragtime, jazz, and gospel music. According to the writer Robert Palmer:\"Rock 'n' roll was an inevitable outgrowth of the social and musical interactions between blacks and whites in the South and Southwest. Its roots are a complex tangle. Bedrock black church music influenced blues, rural blues influenced white folk song and the black popular music of the Northern ghettos, blues and black pop influenced jazz, and so on. But the", "id": "5254864" }, { "contents": "Ernie Hawkins\n\n\nErnie Hawkins (born Ernest Leroy Hawkins, 1947, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American acoustic blues guitar player, singer, song writer, recording artist, and educator. Hawkins, along with fellow bluesmen Stefan Grossman and Roy Bookbinder, studied with blues legend Reverend Gary Davis in New York City in 1965 and 1966. Over the years, he learned a variety of styles, including Piedmont blues, Delta blues, ragtime, and gospel. In 1969, Hawkins moved back to his hometown of Pittsburgh, and enrolled at the", "id": "8862999" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nThe American Folk Blues Festival was a music festival that toured Europe as an annual event for several years beginning in 1962. It introduced audiences in Europe, including the UK, to leading blues performers of the day such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, most of whom had never previously performed outside the US. The tours attracted substantial media coverage, including TV shows, and contributed to the growth of the audience for blues music in Europe. German jazz publicist Joachim-Ernst Berendt", "id": "2225133" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\ninspire much of the later popular development of the blues and blues-derived genres, including the legendary delta blues musician Robert Johnson and Piedmont blues musician Blind Willie McTell. By the end of the 1940s, however, pure blues was only a minor part of popular music, having been subsumed by offshoots like rhythm & blues and the nascent rock and roll style. Some styles of electric, piano-driven blues, like boogie-woogie, retained a large audience. A bluesy style of gospel also became popular in mainstream America", "id": "7216666" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\n. Known primarily as a folk-blues guitarist, he learned to play guitar by listening to blues musicians, such as Charlie Patton and Mississippi John Hurt, and has developed a distinctive fingerpicking technique in which he plays the bass line, rhythm chords, and single-note leads simultaneously. In his original compositions and artistic styling, he incorporates influences from other genres, such as jazz, folk music, country music, classical and world music, often utilizing odd time measures, to personalize his music and story telling. An", "id": "1583130" }, { "contents": "Alan Lomax\n\n\n\"The Land Where the Blues Began\" (1995), linking the birth of the blues to debt peonage, segregation, and forced labor in the American South. Lomax's greatest legacy is in preserving and publishing recordings of musicians in many folk and blues traditions around the US and Europe. Among the artists Lomax is credited with discovering and bringing to a wider audience include blues guitarist Robert Johnson, protest singer Woody Guthrie, folk artist Pete Seeger, country musician Burl Ives, and country blues singer Lead Belly, among many", "id": "8697682" }, { "contents": "Brian Protheroe\n\n\nWhite, Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Dave Brubeck and the choral church music of Bach. Protheroe joined the folk group Folk Blues Incorporated (FBI) when he was nineteen, while at this time listening to Bob Dylan and the Beatles. He came to London with FBI in 1965, and played in folk music clubs in and around London. In 1966, Protheroe began his career as an actor. His first job was with his local repertory theatre in Salisbury. He worked there for about seven months", "id": "7666713" }, { "contents": "Down Home Blues (Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry album)\n\n\nDown Home Blues is an album by blues musicians Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry recorded in 1960 and released on the Bluesville label. AllMusic reviewer Bruce Eder stated: \"the music itself stands outside of time. McGhee's strumming and singing have enough polish to pass as a commercial recording, but at its best, it's still sufficiently unaffected so as to be regarded as authentic country-blues. It's Terry's harp, however, that really pulls this body of music back to its roots ... the dominant elements of this", "id": "12217779" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nTrouble in Mind is an album by American blues musician Big Bill Broonzy. It was released on February 22, 2000 by Smithsonian Folkways. The album consists of traditional folk, blues, and spiritual songs featuring Broonzy accompanying himself on acoustic guitar and a guest appearance by Pete Seeger. Suffering from cancer, Broonzy realized his time was limited and hence recorded extensively between 1956 and 1957. While most of the work draws from the album \"Big Bill Broonzy Sings Country Blues\" (1957), arranged by Moses Asch and Charles Edward", "id": "18296715" }, { "contents": "Music of Washington, D.C.\n\n\nhome to many bluesmen, such as Jelly Roll Morton and later rock and roll and rhythm and blues musicians such as Bo Diddley and Roy Buchanan. In the 1960s, a number of white youths formed local blues bands, including the Northside Blues Band and the Nighthawks. Starting in the early 1960s, Takoma Park native John Fahey became a nationally noted blues and folk guitarist who established the Takoma Records label, which attracted a number of other blues, folk, acoustic and fingerstyle guitarists to the District of Columbia area. Another local", "id": "9815809" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\nTerry Robb is a Canadian fingerstyle guitarist, composer, arranger and record producer living in the United States. He plays electric and acoustic guitar, and is associated with the American Primitive Guitar genre through his collaboration with steel string guitarist John Fahey. He is a member of the Oregon Music Hall of Fame and Cascade Blues Association Hall of Fame, and was honored with the eponymous \"Terry Robb\" Muddy Award for Best Acoustic Guitar in 2011. His original compositions draw on the Delta blues, ragtime, folk music, country music", "id": "1583113" }, { "contents": "Lightnin' Wells\n\n\nLightnin' Wells is an American Piedmont blues multi-instrumentalist and singer. He is a proficient musician and regularly plays various instruments in concert including the guitar, mandolin, harmonica, ukulele and banjo. At times he has performed as a one-man band. His style encompasses elements of the blues, country, gospel, old-time, bluegrass and folk. Mark Coltrain stated in \"Living Blues\" that, \"You won't find a more versatile musician around – able to move deftly between country blues, old", "id": "14064192" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nspending a year in Europe including recording the \"Sonny Boy Williamson and The Yardbirds\" album, (first released on Star-Club Records in 1965), and recording with The Animals. On 7 May 1964, Granada Television broadcast \"Blues and Gospel Train\", a programme directed by John Hamp featuring Muddy Waters, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, Rev. Gary Davis, Cousin Joe and Otis Spann. For filming, the company transformed the disused Wilbraham Road railway station into \"Chorltonville\", giving it", "id": "2225137" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n. Delta blues is a style as much as a geographical form: Skip James and Elmore James, who were not born in the Delta, are considered Delta blues musicians. Performers traveled throughout the Mississippi Delta, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and Tennessee. Eventually, Delta blues spread out across the country, giving rise to a host of regional variations, including Chicago blues and Detroit blues. Delta blues songs are typically expressed in the first person and often concern love, sex, the traveling lifestyle and its tribulations, sin", "id": "7794024" }, { "contents": "Traditional blues verses\n\n\nIn the folk tradition, there are many traditional blues verses that have been sung over and over by many artists. Blues singers, who include many country and folk artists as well as those commonly identified with blues singers, use these traditional lyrics to fill out their blues performances. Artists like Jimmie Rodgers, the \"blue yodeler\", and Big Joe Turner, \"the Boss of the Blues\" compiled virtual encyclopedias of lyrics. Turner reputedly could sing the blues for hours without repeating himself. Traditional blues verses in folk-", "id": "14213756" }, { "contents": "Midwestern United States\n\n\nmusical style in the United States, deriving most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz, and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Freed's contribution in identifying rock as a new genre helped establish the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, located in Cleveland. Chuck Berry, a Midwesterner from St. Louis, was among the first successful rock and roll artists and influenced many other rock musicians", "id": "15016383" }, { "contents": "Classic female blues\n\n\nClassic female blues was an early form of blues music, popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues were performed by female singers accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles and were the first blues to be recorded. Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, Ethel Waters, and the other singers in this genre were instrumental in spreading the popularity of the blues. Blues, a type of black folk music originating in the American South, were", "id": "5621307" }, { "contents": "Southern soul\n\n\n\"Country soul\", \"Downhome soul\" and \"Hard soul\" have been used synonymously with \"Southern soul\" Pioneers of southern soul include: Georgia natives Ray Charles and James Brown; Little Willie John, Bobby \"Blue\" Bland, New Orleans R&B artist Allen Toussaint; and Memphis DJ Rufus Thomas. Southern soul was influenced by blues and gospel music. Southern soul was at its peak during the 1960s, when Memphis soul was created. In 1963, Stan Lewis founded Jewel Records in Shreveport, Louisiana, along", "id": "18765148" }, { "contents": "South Korea\n\n\n1992 marked a turning point for South Korean popular music, also known as K-pop, as the genre modernized itself from incorporating elements of popular musical genres from across the world such as Western popular music, experimental, jazz, gospel, Latin, classical, hip hop, rhythm and blues, electronic dance, reggae, country, folk, and rock on top of its uniquely traditional Korean music roots. Western-style pop, hip hop, rhythm and blues, rock, folk, electronic dance oriented acts have become", "id": "7248618" }, { "contents": "The Subdudes\n\n\nThe Subdudes (stylized as The subdudes) are an American roots rock group from New Orleans. Their music blends folk, swamp pop, New Orleans rhythm and blues, Louisiana blues, country, cajun/zydeco, funk, soul and gospel with harmonic vocals. Their sound is notable for the band's substitution of a tambourine player for a drummer. The subdudes formed in 1987 through a music venue in New Orleans called Tipitina's. The Subdudes often credit their songwriting to the group as a whole, although the primary songwriters", "id": "12289559" }, { "contents": "American rock\n\n\nAmerican rock has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, rhythm and blues, and country music, and also drew on folk music, jazz, blues, and classical music. American rock music was further influenced by the British Invasion of the American pop charts from 1964 and resulted in the development of garage rock. From the late 1960s and early 1970s, American rock music was highly influential in the development of a number of fusions, including blending with folk music to create folk rock, with blues to create blues", "id": "5254668" }, { "contents": "Richard Trice\n\n\nRichard Trice (November 16, 1917 – April 6, 2000) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles. He lived most of his life in his native North Carolina and played in its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. His family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Music was an interest in the family, and he learned to play the guitar at an", "id": "1811700" }, { "contents": "J. B. Lenoir\n\n\nJefferson, which became a major influence. During the early 1940s, Lenoir worked with the blues artists Sonny Boy Williamson II and Elmore James in New Orleans. He was later influenced by Arthur Crudup and Lightnin' Hopkins. In 1949, he moved to Chicago, where Big Bill Broonzy helped introduce him to the blues community. He began to perform at local nightclubs, with musicians such as Memphis Minnie, Big Maceo Merriweather, and Muddy Waters, and became an important part of the city's blues scene. He began recording", "id": "7041136" }, { "contents": "Bishop Dready Manning\n\n\ncotton, peanuts, and corn. Some of his uncles and cousins played blues guitar in the North Carolina Piedmont fashion. When Manning was seven years old, he began learning how to fingerpick guitar. His skills improved over time and by his teenage years Manning had earned a reputation as a master of blues guitar and harmonica. His style was influenced by Piedmont blues musicians such as Blind Boy Fuller, Brownie McGhee and Buddy Moss, and national stars like Lightnin' Hopkins, Jimmy Reed and Sonny Boy Williamson As a young bluesman", "id": "13727518" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nartists and their own performances. The visit of Muddy Waters in 1958 had a major impact on the duo and on the nature of British R&B in general. Initially British audiences were shocked by Waters's amplified electric blues, but he was soon playing to ecstatic crowds and receiving rave reviews. Where British blues had often emulated Delta blues and country blues in the emerging British folk revival, Davies and Korner, who had supported Waters on tour, now began to play high-powered electric blues, forming the band Blues Incorporated.", "id": "16087064" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\njump blues combo with honking saxophone and rolling piano, variously calling themselves Brownie McGhee and his Jook House Rockers or Sonny Terry and his Buckshot Five, often with Champion Jack Dupree and Big Chief Ellis. They also appeared in the original Broadway productions of \"Finian's Rainbow\" and \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\". During the blues revival of the 1960s, Terry and McGhee were popular on the concert and music festival circuits, occasionally adding new material but usually remaining faithful to their roots and playing to the tastes of", "id": "4476037" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nelements of swing music and jazz in a long and prolific career. After World War II, amplified blues music became popular in American cities that had seen widespread African American migration, such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit, St. Louis, and the West Coast. The initial impulse was to be heard above the noise of lively rent parties. Playing in small venues, electric blues bands tended to remain modest in size compared with larger jazz bands. In its early stages electric blues typically used amplified electric guitars, double bass (", "id": "8151258" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe Beatles had brought African-American music to new audiences, both within the U.S. and abroad. However, the blues wave that brought artists such as Muddy Waters to the foreground had stopped. Bluesmen such as Big Bill Broonzy and Willie Dixon started looking for new markets in Europe. Dick Waterman and the blues festivals he organized in Europe played a major role in propagating blues music abroad. In the UK, bands emulated U.S. blues legends, and UK blues rock-based bands had an influential role throughout the 1960s. Blues", "id": "2951020" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\nThese drew on his studies with Rev. Davis and the other older blues artists and on his obsessive listening to old 78s. \"The Country Blues Guitar, Delta Blues, Texas Blues, Ragtime Blues Guitar\" and \"Rev. Gary Davis/Blues Guitar\" have remained in print through various editions. In the mid-1960s, Stefan Grossman recorded a number of cuts for Joe Bussard and his Frederick, Maryland-based Fonotone Records and performed at the Jabberwock coffeehouse in Berkeley under the nom du folk of \"Kid Future\". The origins", "id": "9236337" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nand they continued almost annually until 1972, after an eight-year hiatus reviving the festival in 1980 until its final performance in 1985. The concerts featured some of the leading blues artists of the 1960s, such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Willie Dixon, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, some playing in unique combinations such as T-Bone Walker playing guitar for pianist Memphis Slim, Otis Rush with Junior Wells, Sonny Boy Williamson with Muddy Waters. The Festival DVDs include the only known footage of Little", "id": "2225135" }, { "contents": "Checkin' Up on My Baby\n\n\n\"Checkin' Up on My Baby\" (or sometimes \"Checking On My Baby\") is a song recorded by Sonny Boy Williamson II in 1960 that has become a classic of the blues. The song was not released as a single, but was included on Williamson's \"The Real Folk Blues\" album released after his death in 1965. The song has been recorded by numerous blues and other artists, making it one of Williamson's most recorded songs. Williamson's namesake Sonny Boy Williamson I, also known as", "id": "10302292" }, { "contents": "History of modern Western subcultures\n\n\ncowboy songs (also known, in those days, as hillbilly music) were beginning to be more popular with a wider audience. A subculture of rural jazz and blues fans had mixed elements of jazz and blues into traditional cowboy and folk song styles to produce a crossover called western swing. Thanks to the prevalence of radio, this music spread across the United States in the 1940s. Radio was the first \"almost instantaneous\" mass media with the power to create large subcultures by spreading the ideas of small subcultures across a wide", "id": "19180987" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\n\"one of the greatest exponents of fingerstyle blues and gospel guitar playing\"\" and \"\"an incredible genius as a teacher\"\". He spent countless hours learning and documenting Davis's music, recording much of it on a tape recorder, and developing a form of tablature to take down his teacher's instructions. In the folk and country blues revival of the 1960s he was listening to old recordings of artists such as Elizabeth Cotten, Big Bill Broonzy, Lead Belly, Josh White, Lightnin' Hopkins, Rev. Gary", "id": "9236332" }, { "contents": "Steel-string acoustic guitar\n\n\nundistorted and full-range reproduction. Until the 1960s, the predominant forms of music played on the flat-top, steel-string guitar remained relatively stable and included acoustic blues, country, bluegrass, folk, and several genres of rock. The concept of playing solo steel-string guitar in a concert setting was introduced in the early 1960s by such performers as Davey Graham and John Fahey, who used country blues fingerpicking techniques to compose original compositions with structures somewhat like European classical music. Fahey contemporary Robbie Basho added elements", "id": "2024699" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nmusic. The music of the civil rights movement and Free Speech Movement in the U.S. prompted a resurgence of interest in American roots music and early African American music. As well festivals such as the Newport Folk Festival brought traditional blues to a new audience, which helped to revive interest in prewar acoustic blues and performers such as Son House, Mississippi John Hurt, Skip James, and Reverend Gary Davis. Many compilations of classic prewar blues were republished by the Yazoo Records. J. B. Lenoir from the Chicago blues movement in the 1950s", "id": "2951023" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nperformers such as Little Walter or Muddy Waters. Songs from this genre include \"Scratch my Back\", \"She's Tough\" and \"I'm a King Bee\". Alan Lomax's recordings of Mississippi Fred McDowell would eventually bring him wider attention on both the blues and folk circuit, with McDowell's droning style influencing North Mississippi hill country blues musicians. By the beginning of the 1960s, genres influenced by African American music such as rock and roll and soul were part of mainstream popular music. White performers such as", "id": "2951019" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nmore exclusively English folk clubs. The more traditional American folk blues continued to provide 1960s British groups with material, particularly after the emergence of Bob Dylan, who also popularised folk blues songs. In 1964, for example, the song-catalogue of Lead Belly provided the Animals with \"The House of the Rising Sun\", Manfred Mann with \"John Hardy\" and the Four Pennies with \"Black Girl\". British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers", "id": "16087061" }, { "contents": "Willie Trice\n\n\nWilliam Augusta Trice (February 10, 1908 – December 11, 1976) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles and an album. He remained loyal to his native North Carolina and its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, probably in 1908; some sources state 1910 or 1911. The family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Both of Trice’s parents played music", "id": "1573260" }, { "contents": "Rock and roll\n\n\nstyles such as jazz and swing which were taken up by white musicians, aided this process of \"cultural collision\". The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called \"race music\", and country music of the 1940s and 1950s. Particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. Commentators differ in their views of which of these forms were most important and the degree to which the new music was a re-branding of African-American rhythm and", "id": "5601387" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\nPiedmont blues (also known as East Coast, or Southeastern blues) refers primarily to a guitar style, the Piedmont fingerstyle, which is characterized by a fingerpicking approach in which a regular, alternating thumb bass string rhythmic pattern supports a syncopated melody using the treble strings generally picked with the fore-finger, occasionally others. The result is comparable in sound to ragtime or stride piano styles. Blues researcher Peter B. Lowry coined the term, giving co-credit to fellow folklorist Bruce Bastin. The Piedmont style is differentiated from other", "id": "8150344" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand the generalization of the blues beat, the blues shuffle, which became ubiquitous in R&B. This commercial stream had important consequences for blues music, which, together with jazz and gospel music, became a component of R&B. After World War II, new styles of electric blues became popular in cities such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit and St. Louis. Electric blues used electric guitars, double bass (gradually replaced by bass guitar), drums, and harmonica (or \"blues harp\") played through a microphone and a PA", "id": "2951010" }, { "contents": "New Orleans blues\n\n\nblues is primarily driven by piano and horn, enlivened by Caribbean rhythms and Dixieland music. It is generally cheerful in delivery regardless of the subject matter, with a laid back tempo and complex rhythms falling just behind the beat. Vocals range from laid-back crooning to full-throated gospel shouting. New Orleans is generally credited as the birthplace of jazz music, but has attracted less attention as a center of the blues. The 12 bar blues were well known in the city before most of the rest of the country.", "id": "20252986" }, { "contents": "Michael Roach (musician)\n\n\n2003, Roach presented \"Deep Blue\", a three part series on blues music featured on BBC Radio 4. In 2006 he released an instructional DVD, \"Introduction to Country Blues Guitar\". Roach's tours as an educator and performer have taken him to the Augusta Heritage Center (US), Centrum Piedmont Blues Intensive (US), The Ironworks (UK) and the Smithsonian Institution (US). He has performed and lectured at blues, jazz, folk and roots music festivals in Croatia, Czech Republic,", "id": "14072779" }, { "contents": "Texas blues\n\n\nmoved to Chicago as a teenager. His instrumental number \"Hide Away\" (1961), was emulated by British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments such as keyboards and horns with emphasis on guitar soloing. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles.", "id": "12084292" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nhip hop music, reggae, rap, country music, and pop music, blues has been accused of being the \"devil's music\" and of inciting violence and other poor behavior. In the early 20th century, the blues was considered disreputable, especially as white audiences began listening to the blues during the 1920s. In the early twentieth century, W.C. Handy was the first to popularize blues-influenced music among non-black Americans. During the blues revival of the 1960s and '70s, acoustic blues artist Taj Mahal", "id": "2951049" }, { "contents": "Blues fiddle\n\n\nchances for frontline fiddlers to participate. Another reason for the violin's exclusion in post war blues was that it could not be effectively electrified. When artists migrated to the industrial centers from the Mississippi delta and rural south, they found a way to do so, but African-American music later mostly abandoned the instrument. Many blues guitar greats, such as Lonnie Johnson and Big Bill Broonzy, made early recordings on the violin. They are among the most-represented artists in the canon. The connection between guitar and violin", "id": "20387501" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\nin the 1950s, led by singer Mahalia Jackson. The blues genre experienced major revivals in the 1950s with Chicago blues musicians such as Muddy Waters and Little Walter, as well as in the 1960s in the British Invasion and American folk music revival when country blues musicians like Mississippi John Hurt and Reverend Gary Davis were rediscovered. The seminal blues musicians of these periods had tremendous influence on rock musicians such as Chuck Berry in the 1950s, as well as on the British blues and blues rock scenes of the 1960s and 1970s, including", "id": "7216667" }, { "contents": "Sugar Mama (song)\n\n\n\"Sugar Mama\" or \"Sugar Mama Blues\" is a song that is a standard of the blues. Called a \"tautly powerful slow blues\" by music journalist Charles Shaar Murray, it has been recorded by numerous artists, including early Chicago bluesmen Tampa Red, Sonny Boy Williamson I, and Tommy McClennan. John Lee Hooker and Howlin' Wolf later adapted \"Sugar Mama\" for electric blues and rock group Led Zeppelin reworked it during early recording sessions. Country bluesman Yank Rachell recorded \"Sugar Farm Blues\" February 6", "id": "15139181" }, { "contents": "Nathan Beauregard\n\n\nwith minor talent make a fortune as a recording artist while he himself was not offered such a chance. During the folk and blues revival of the 1960s Beauregard was \"discovered\" in Memphis by Bill Barth, who convinced him to work as a musician again. In the short time between his \"discovery\" in 1968 and his death in 1970, he played at various folk and blues festivals (e.g. the 1968 Memphis Country Blues Festival, which has been recorded on the Sire and Blue Horizon labels) and on a number", "id": "5223148" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe California blues style, performed a successful transition from the early urban blues à la Lonnie Johnson and Leroy Carr to the jump blues style and dominated the blues-jazz scene at Los Angeles during the 1940s. The transition from country blues to urban blues that began in the 1920s was driven by the successive waves of economic crisis and booms which led many rural blacks to move to urban areas, in a movement known as the Great Migration. The long boom following World War II induced another massive migration of the African-American", "id": "2951008" }, { "contents": "Women in music\n\n\nboys only club. Chinese idol girl groups have also recently achieved significant success, with C-pop groups like SNH48 and Rocket Girls 101, with the later selling over 1.6 million copies of their debut EP in 2018. Classic female blues was an early form of blues music popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues songs performed by female vocalists were accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles, and were the first blues to be", "id": "22079994" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nRock and roll emerged as a defined musical style in the United States in the early to mid-1950s. It derived most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Rock and roll in turn provided the main basis for the music that, since the mid-1960s, has been generally known simply as rock music. The phrase \"rocking and rolling\" originally described", "id": "5254840" }, { "contents": "Warner Williams and Jay Summerour\n\n\nWarner Williams and Jay Summerour are an American folk duo, who perform under the name Little Bit A Blues. They have played at numerous folk and blues festivals and at concerts at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. They are known for playing in the Piedmont blues style, a regional variant of the blues that developed in North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland and West Virginia. Williams and Summerour have been playing music together under the name of Little Bit A Blues since the early 1990s. During their tenure together,", "id": "20240347" }, { "contents": "American popular music\n\n\n—e.g., minorities or rural audiences. Beginning in the 1920s and accelerating greatly in the 1940s, the blues began rapidly diversifying into a broad spectrum of new styles. These included an uptempo, energetic style called rhythm and blues (R&B), a merger of blues and Anglo-Celtic song called country music and the fusion of hymns and spirituals with blues structures called gospel music. Later than these other styles, in the 1940s, a blues, R&B and country fusion eventually called rock and roll developed, eventually coming", "id": "6698779" }, { "contents": "1940s in music\n\n\ncalled \"folk\" in the trades, and \"hillbilly\" within the industry. In 1944, \"The Billboard\" replaced the term \"hillbilly\" with \"folk songs and blues,\" and switched to \"country\" or \"country and Western\" in 1949. But while cowboy and Western music were the most popular styles, a new style – honky tonk – would take root and define the genre of country music for decades to come. The style meshed Western swing and blues music; featured rough, nasal vocals", "id": "12815195" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n, salvation and death. Several blues musicians were imprisoned in the Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman Farm, which is referred to in songs such as Bukka White's \"Parchman Farm Blues\" and the folk song \"Midnight Special\". In big-city blues, women singers such as Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith and Mamie Smith dominated the recordings of the 1920s. However, women rarely recorded Delta blues and other rural or folk-style blues. In Delta blues female performers often had some romantic connection to more notable male performers", "id": "7794025" }, { "contents": "The Sky Is Crying (song)\n\n\nThe Sky Is Crying\" has been interpreted and recorded by many blues and other artists. In 1963, blues harmonica player and singer Sonny Boy Williamson II recorded the song as a country blues-style duet with Matt Murphy on acoustic guitar for his \"Keep It to Ourselves\" album. In 1964, Eric Clapton with The Yardbirds recorded a live slow blues which included a couple of lines from \"The Sky Is Crying\" (\"Blueswailing July '64 (Live)\"). In 1966, with Jeff Beck on", "id": "3146914" }, { "contents": "BeauSoleil\n\n\n, rhythm, and lyrics of Louisiana folk music, incorporating elements of rock and roll, jazz, blues, calypso, and other genres in original compositions and reworkings of traditional tunes. Lyrics on BeauSoleil recordings are sung in English or Cajun French (and sometimes both in one song). According to the band's web site, BeauSoleil's musicians \"take the rich Cajun traditions of Louisiana and artfully blend elements of zydeco, New Orleans jazz, Tex-Mex, country, blues and more into a satisfying musical recipe.", "id": "9860218" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. The origins of country are in rural Southern folk music, which was primarily Irish and British, with African and continental European musics. Anglo-Celtic tunes, dance music, and balladry were the earliest predecessors of modern country, then known as \"hillbilly music\". Early hillbilly also borrowed elements of the blues and drew upon more aspects of 19th-century pop songs as hillbilly music evolved into a commercial genre eventually known as \"country and western\" and then simply \"country\". The earliest country instrumentation revolved around", "id": "7216674" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nelements from the \"Ethiopian airs\", minstrel shows and Negro spirituals, including instrumental and harmonic accompaniment. The style also was closely related to ragtime, which developed at about the same time, though the blues better preserved \"the original melodic patterns of African music\". The musical forms and styles that are now considered the blues as well as modern country music arose in the same regions of the southern United States during the 19th century. Recorded blues and country music can be found as far back as the 1920s, when", "id": "2950988" }, { "contents": "Organ Thieves\n\n\nPrimate Sanctuary. The band's musical style is unique and although the music is mainly considered hard rock, southern rock and reggae rock, the band like to call themselves \"experimental-soul-rock\". The band's music takes influences from various genres including reggae, soul, country, blues, rhythm and blues, folk, rock and roll, punk, heavy metal, southern rock and more, as stated by the band that they are not limited to any genre and are willing to experiment everything.br They are also", "id": "3590626" }, { "contents": "African-American music\n\n\nstructure of the dance and folk music of peoples across western and sub-Saharan Africa. These musical forms had a wide-ranging influence on the development of music within the United States and around the world during the 20th century. The modern genres of blues and ragtime were developed during the late 19th century by fusing West African vocalizations - which employed the natural harmonic series, and blue notes. The earliest jazz and blues recordings were made in the 1920s. African-American musicians developed related styles such as Rhythm and Blues in", "id": "13306674" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\nWalter Brown \"Brownie\" McGhee (November 30, 1915 – February 16, 1996) was an African-American folk music and Piedmont blues singer and guitarist, best known for his collaboration with the harmonica player Sonny Terry. McGhee was born in Knoxville, Tennessee, and grew up in Kingsport, Tennessee. At about the age of four he contracted polio, which incapacitated his right leg. His brother Granville \"Sticks\"(or \"Stick\") McGhee, who also later became a musician and composed the famous song \"Drinkin'", "id": "4476033" }, { "contents": "Clarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown\n\n\nClarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown (April 18, 1924 – September 10, 2005) was an American musician from Louisiana and Texas known for his work as a blues musician, as well as other styles of music. He spent his career fighting purism by synthesizing old blues, country, jazz, Cajun music and R&B styles. His work also encompasses rock and roll, rock music, folk music, electric blues, and Texas blues. He was an acclaimed multi-instrumentalist, who played an array of musical instruments, including", "id": "15961748" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nby British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments like keyboards and horns, but placed particular emphasis on powerful lead guitar breaks. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles. In the 1970s Jimmie formed the Fabulous Thunderbirds and in the 1980s his brother Stevie Ray", "id": "8151279" } ]

[ { "contents": "Country blues\n\n\nCountry blues (also folk blues, rural blues, backwoods blues, or downhome blues) is one of the earliest forms of blues music. The mainly solo vocal with acoustic fingerstyle guitar accompaniment developed in the rural Southern United States in the early 1900s. Artists, such as Blind Lemon Jefferson (Texas), Charley Patton (Mississippi), Blind Willie McTell (Georgia) were among the first to record blues songs in the 1920s. Country blues ran parallel to urban blues, which was popular in cities. Folklorist Alan Lomax", "id": "8046896" }, { "contents": "Culture of the Southern United States\n\n\n-time music, gospel music, spirituals, country music, rhythm and blues, soul music, funk, rock and roll, beach music, bluegrass, jazz (including ragtime, popularized by Southerner Scott Joplin), zydeco, and Appalachian folk music were either born in the South or developed in the region. In general, country music is based on the folk music of white Southerners, and blues and rhythm and blues is based on African American southern forms. However, whites and blacks alike have contributed to each of", "id": "8469878" }, { "contents": "List of blues festivals\n\n\nBlues festivals are music festivals which focus on blues music. Blues is a genre and musical form that originated in African-American communities in the Southern United States around the end of the 19th century. It has elements of traditional African music, American folk music, spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. Blues has since evolved from unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves into a wide variety of styles and subgenres, such as country blues, Delta and Piedmont, Chicago", "id": "17295253" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand subgenres. Blues subgenres include country blues, such as Delta blues and Piedmont blues, as well as urban blues styles such as Chicago blues and West Coast blues. World War II marked the transition from acoustic to electric blues and the progressive opening of blues music to a wider audience, especially white listeners. In the 1960s and 1970s, a hybrid form called blues rock developed, which blended blues styles with rock music. The term \"Blues\" may have come from \"blue devils\", meaning melancholy and sadness;", "id": "2950960" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nthe supposed appearance of a southern U.S.-style station. About 200 fans were brought by train to the platform opposite the performers. The performance was interrupted by a rainstorm, after which Tharpe performed the gospel song \"Didn't It Rain\". Blues musicians who performed on the American Folk Blues Festival tours included Muddy Waters, Sonny Boy Williamson, John Lee Hooker, Sippie Wallace, T-Bone Walker, Sonny Terry & Brownie McGhee, Memphis Slim, Otis Rush, Lonnie Johnson, Eddie Boyd, Big Walter Horton, Junior Wells", "id": "2225138" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nthrough EMI's Stateside label and Chess Records through Pye International's R&B series. These records were enthusiastically sought and collected by a new generation of enthusiasts. The increasing appetite for rhythm and blues was reflected in the growing numbers of Afro-American artists visiting the country. From 1962 the American Folk Blues Festival, organised by German promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau, brought American blues stars including Waters, Wolf, Sonny Boy Williamson, and John Lee Hooker to the country. In 1964 the American Folk Blues and Gospel Caravan arrived", "id": "16087069" }, { "contents": "Piedmont (United States)\n\n\nblues musicians came from Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. During the Great Migration, African Americans migrated to the Piedmont. With the Appalachian Mountains to the west, those who might otherwise have spread into rural areas stayed in cities and were thus exposed to a broader mixture of music than those in, for example, the rural Mississippi delta. Thus, Piedmont blues was influenced by many types of music such as ragtime, country, and popular songs—styles that had comparatively less influence on blues music in other regions.", "id": "1946509" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\n, it was being performed at US folk music revivals and festivals initially by established Piedmont blues artists such as Josh White, Rev. Gary Davis, and Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry, as well as Cephas & Wiggins, John Jackson in later years. While musicologists such as George Mitchell, Axel Küstner, Kip Lornell, Peter B. Lowry and Tim Duffy collected recordings by the aging community of Piedmont blues players, younger musicians such as Stefan Grossman, Roy Book Binder, Jorma Kaukonen, Paul Geremia, Keb Mo', Michael Roach", "id": "8150348" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nGerman promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau. The rise of electric blues, and its eventual mainstream success, meant that British acoustic blues was completely overshadowed. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers Bert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham (who played and recorded with Korner), played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene, with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones", "id": "8151338" }, { "contents": "Americana (music)\n\n\nAmericana (also known as American roots music) is an amalgam of American music formed by the confluence of the shared and varied traditions that make up the musical ethos of the United States, specifically those sounds that are merged from folk, country, blues, rhythm and blues, rock and roll, gospel, and other external influences. Americana, as defined by the Americana Music Association (AMA), is \"contemporary music that incorporates elements of various mostly acoustic American roots music styles, including country, roots rock, folk", "id": "9198553" }, { "contents": "Muddy Waters\n\n\nSpann in 1958, where they were backed by local Dixieland-style or \"trad jazz\" musicians, including members of Chris Barber's band. At the time, English audiences had only been exposed to acoustic folk blues, as performed by artists such as Sonny Terry, Brownie McGhee, and Big Bill Broonzy. Both the musicians and audiences were unprepared for Muddy Waters' performance, which included his electric slide guitar playing. He recalled: Although his performances alienated the old guard, some younger musicians, including Alexis Korner and", "id": "15757617" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nBert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham, played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. It continued with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones. Most British acoustic blues players could achieve little commercial success and found it difficult to gain recognition for their \"imitations\" of the blues in the US, being overshadowed by the rhythm and blues and electric blues that had emerged in the later 1950s. Blues harpist Cyril Davies ran the London Skiffle", "id": "16087062" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nas well as people that shared his country roots. His work in this period shows he performed across a wider musical spectrum than almost any other bluesman before or since, including in his repertoire ragtime, hokum blues, country blues, urban blues, jazz-tinged songs, folk songs and spirituals. After World War II, Broonzy recorded songs that were the bridge that allowed many younger musicians to cross over to the future of the blues: the electric blues of postwar Chicago. His 1945 recordings of \"Where the Blues Began", "id": "9494361" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nBig Bill Broonzy (born Lee Conley Bradley, June 26, 1903 – August 14, 1958) was an American blues singer, songwriter and guitarist. His career began in the 1920s, when he played country blues to mostly African-American audiences. Through the 1930s and 1940s he successfully navigated a transition in style to a more urban blues sound popular with working-class African-American audiences. In the 1950s a return to his traditional folk-blues roots made him one of the leading figures of the emerging American folk", "id": "9494347" }, { "contents": "Precious Bryant\n\n\nPrecious Bryant (née Bussey; January 4, 1942 – January 12, 2013) was an American country blues, gospel, and folk singer and guitarist. She played Piedmont fingerstyle guitar. Bryant was born in Talbot County, Georgia. She released two solo albums. Her 2002 debut, \"Fool Me Good,\" was nominated for two Blues Music Awards, in the categories Acoustic Blues Album of the Year and Best New Artist Debut. In 2006 she was nominated for a similar award for Traditional Blues Female Artist of the", "id": "2571157" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nAmerica, a series of tours that began with Josh White and Big Bill Broonzy in 1951, and would include Brownie McGhee, Sonny Terry, Memphis Slim, Muddy Waters and Lonnie Johnson. Lonnie Johnson played at the Royal Festival Hall in 1952 on a bill opened by a group led by the young Lonnie Donegan. Donegan became the key figure in the development of the British skiffle \"craze\", beginning in Ken Colyer's Jazzmen by playing American folk and blues songs, particularly those derived from the recordings of Huddie Leadbetter,", "id": "16087056" }, { "contents": "Hill country blues\n\n\npatterns that conform to proverbial phrases or the words of popular fife and drum tunes—\"is considered the sign of a good drummer.\" This enduring tradition of folk polyrhythm played an important part in the development of Mississippi blues. \"Mississippi\" Fred McDowell, who lived in Como, Mississippi, was one of the subgenre's most widely known musicians, in the 1960s and after. His music was heavier on percussive elements and African rhythms than traditional Delta blues. McDowell's performances helped define the Hill Country blues sound, influencing later artists", "id": "19106875" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nfit in with British expectations of American blues as a form of folk music. In 1957 Davies and Korner decided that their central interest was the blues and closed the skiffle club, reopening a month later as The London Blues and Barrelhouse Club. To this point British blues was acoustically played emulating Delta blues and Country blues styles and often part of the emerging second British folk revival. Critical in changing this was the visit of Muddy Waters in 1958, who initially shocked British audiences by playing amplified electric blues, but who was soon", "id": "8151324" }, { "contents": "Valerie Turner\n\n\nValerie Turner is an American blues guitarist-vocalist, educator, and author. She plays in the Piedmont style of fingerpicking guitar, continuing in the traditions of Mississippi John Hurt, Elizabeth Cotten, Memphis Minnie, and Etta Baker. She performs blues, ballads, country, popular songs, ragtime, and gospels. She is a native New Yorker with southern roots in Virginia and Georgia. She started learning and studying traditional country blues guitar in 1978. Valerie and her spouse, Benedict Turner, are an acoustic blues duo called", "id": "8216617" }, { "contents": "Mr. Misunderstood\n\n\n\"Mr. Misunderstood\", at the 2015 Country Music Association Awards, where the news of the new album became evident. The musical style of this album has been described as the following; country, rock, blues, folk, gospel, soul, funk, alternative country, alternative rock, country rock, country blues, country gospel, gospel blues, bluegrass, folk rock, heartland rock, roots rock, rock and roll, rhythm and blues, Southern gospel, Southern rock, and Southern soul. His music here", "id": "5570655" }, { "contents": "Chris Barber\n\n\nwas mainly responsible for arranging the first UK tours of blues artists Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee and Muddy Waters. This, with the encouragement of local enthusiasts such as Alexis Korner and John Mayall, sparked young musicians such as Peter Green, Eric Clapton and the Rolling Stones. British rhythm and blues powered the British invasion of the USA charts in the 1960s, yet Dixieland itself remained popular: in January 1963 the British music magazine, \"NME\" reported the biggest trad jazz event in Britain at Alexandra Palace", "id": "17410986" }, { "contents": "The Blues, the Whole Blues, and Nothing But the Blues\n\n\ninterplay of instruments gives them the freedom to move from the country blues of the Mississippi Delta to the jug band tradition of the urban South, and from New Orleans to Chicago, embracing the breadth of American music in its myriad places and times.\" In \"Glide\" magazine, Lee Zimmerman said, \"David Bromberg’s fondness for the blues has been a single-minded concern throughout his storied career, one that’s found him working alongside any number of icons, folks like Bob Dylan and George Harrison included... Of", "id": "7352775" }, { "contents": "Dave Van Ronk\n\n\nand Van Ronk turned to performing blues he had stumbled across while shopping for jazz 78s, by artists like Furry Lewis and Mississippi John Hurt. Van Ronk was not the first white musician to perform African-American blues, but became noted for his interpretation of it in its original context. By about 1958, he was firmly committed to the folk-blues style, accompanying himself with his own acoustic guitar. He performed blues, jazz and folk music, occasionally writing his own songs but generally arranging the work of earlier artists", "id": "10878367" }, { "contents": "Fingerstyle guitar\n\n\nis also very common. Examples of traditions that John Fahey and Robbie Basho would employ in their compositions include, but are not limited to, the extended Raga of Indian classical music, the Japanese Koto, and the early ragtime-based country blues music of Mississippi John Hurt or Blind Blake. A distinctive style to emerge from Britain in the early 1960s, which combined elements of American folk, blues, jazz and ragtime with British traditional music, was what became known as 'folk baroque'. Pioneered by musicians of the", "id": "13793683" }, { "contents": "Country music\n\n\nCountry music, also known as country and western (or simply country), and hillbilly music, is a genre of popular music that originated in the southern United States in the early 1920s. It takes its roots from genres such as American folk music (especially Appalachian folk and Western music) and blues. Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms, folk lyrics, and harmonies mostly accompanied by string instruments such as banjos, electric and acoustic guitars, steel guitars (such as pedal steels and", "id": "4960825" }, { "contents": "WFDU\n\n\n. WFDU (FM) plays wide array of music ranging from Blues & Country/Bluegrass music to RetroRadio, Eclectic, Folk, Gospel, Oldies Rock and Soul/R&B. Big Frank Mirra, a well-known Blues musician in the Metro area for over three decades along with former blues radio producer, Music Director of Blues/Roots/American programing, Mike Stokes hosts Blues on the Run on Tuesdays. Dennis Gruenling is the host of Blues & the Beat, spinning everything from the legends of Chicago-style blues like", "id": "1564525" }, { "contents": "Nick Katzman\n\n\nNick Katzman (born 1951) is an American blues musician. Katzman was born in New York City, and lives in both Manhattan and Berlin, Germany. He plays in a variety of musical genres, including Chicago blues, Mississippi blues, Texas blues, and ragtime. As a teenager in the 1960s, Katzman saw many of the surviving country blues guitarists who travelled north to play their music in clubs and at the folk festivals. He learned to lay both guitar and lute. He studied classical music and jazz at Antioch", "id": "16730431" }, { "contents": "Louisiana blues\n\n\nLouisiana blues is a genre of blues music that developed in the period after World War II in the state of Louisiana. It is generally divided into two major subgenres, with the jazz-influenced New Orleans blues based on the musical traditions of that city and the slower tempo swamp blues incorporating influences from zydeco and Cajun music from around Baton Rouge. Major artists in the New Orleans tradition include Professor Longhair and Guitar Slim and for swamp blues Slim Harpo and Lightnin' Slim. Both genres peaked in popularity in the 1960s and were", "id": "8046899" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. Theatrical composers and lyricists like the brothers George and Ira Gershwin created a uniquely American theatrical style that used American vernacular speech and music. Musicals featured popular songs and fast-paced plots that often revolved around love and romance. The blues is a genre of African American folk music that is the basis for much of modern American popular music. Blues can be seen as part of a continuum of musical styles like country, jazz, ragtime, and gospel; though each genre evolved into distinct forms, their origins were often indistinct", "id": "7216662" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nspirituals, work songs, ragtime music, hokum, and country blues he heard growing up and the styles of his contemporaries, including Jimmie Rodgers, Blind Blake, Son House, and Blind Lemon Jefferson. Broonzy combined all these influences into his own style of the blues, which foreshadowed the postwar Chicago blues, later refined and popularized by artists such as Muddy Waters and Willie Dixon. Although he had been a pioneer of the Chicago blues style and had employed electric instruments as early as 1942, white audiences in the 1950s wanted", "id": "9494369" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\n, a large number of British rhythm and blues musicians began their careers playing skiffle, including Van Morrison, Ronnie Wood, Mick Jagger and Roger Daltrey. The fashion created a demand for opportunities to play versions of American folk, blues and jazz music that would contribute to the growth of a club scene. Until the mid-1950s in Britain the blues was seen as a form of folk music. When Broonzy toured England he played a folk blues set to fit British expectations of American blues, rather than his current electric Chicago blues.", "id": "16087059" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nintroduction of many later followers of the blues to the music and hardships of life for African Americans in the Southern US. The next year the \"Jazz Club\" programme, hosted by Max Jones, included a recital of \"Town and Country Blues\", which played music by a wide range of blues artists. The British rhythm and blues scene developed in London out of the related jazz, skiffle and folk club scenes of the 1950s. The first of these scenes, that of jazz, had developed during the Second World", "id": "16087053" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nrecognized the album for its historically significant material. An extensively recorded bluesman, Big Bill Broonzy left the United States to tour Europe in 1951, becoming the first Chicago blues player to perform for European audiences. Broonzy previously spent time in Iowa, where he honed a repertoire which remained a fixture of his concerts and recordings for the remainder of the decade. With bluesmen such as Muddy Waters and Howlin' Wolf amplifying their music, resulting in the popularity of the electric blues, Broonzy decided to reinvent himself as a folk blues musician", "id": "18296717" }, { "contents": "Alec Seward\n\n\nhe relocated from the South to New York, in his case in 1924. Seward befriended Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry and retained his Piedmont blues styling despite changes in musical trends. He and the blues musician Louis Hayes (who later became a minister in northern New Jersey) performed together, variously billed as the Blues Servant Boys, Guitar Slim and Jelly Belly, and the Back Porch Boys. During the 1940s and 1950s Seward played and recorded with Lead Belly, Woody Guthrie, McGhee and Terry. Around 1947 Seward, Guthrie", "id": "7237009" }, { "contents": "The Real Folk Blues\n\n\nThe Real Folk Blues is a series of blues albums released between 1965 and 1967 by Chess Records, later reissued MCA Records. Each album in the series highlighted the music of one major Chess artist, including John Lee Hooker, Howlin' Wolf, Muddy Waters, and Sonny Boy Williamson II. The series, overseen by Marshall Chess, was a reaction to the increasing audience for the blues following the British Invasion. Companion discs, titled More Real Folk Blues, were released for many of the artists. Hooker's companion disc", "id": "17857302" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nNew styles of music emerged among black Americans in the early 20th century in the form of blues, ragtime, jazz, and gospel music. According to the writer Robert Palmer:\"Rock 'n' roll was an inevitable outgrowth of the social and musical interactions between blacks and whites in the South and Southwest. Its roots are a complex tangle. Bedrock black church music influenced blues, rural blues influenced white folk song and the black popular music of the Northern ghettos, blues and black pop influenced jazz, and so on. But the", "id": "5254864" }, { "contents": "Ernie Hawkins\n\n\nErnie Hawkins (born Ernest Leroy Hawkins, 1947, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American acoustic blues guitar player, singer, song writer, recording artist, and educator. Hawkins, along with fellow bluesmen Stefan Grossman and Roy Bookbinder, studied with blues legend Reverend Gary Davis in New York City in 1965 and 1966. Over the years, he learned a variety of styles, including Piedmont blues, Delta blues, ragtime, and gospel. In 1969, Hawkins moved back to his hometown of Pittsburgh, and enrolled at the", "id": "8862999" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nThe American Folk Blues Festival was a music festival that toured Europe as an annual event for several years beginning in 1962. It introduced audiences in Europe, including the UK, to leading blues performers of the day such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, most of whom had never previously performed outside the US. The tours attracted substantial media coverage, including TV shows, and contributed to the growth of the audience for blues music in Europe. German jazz publicist Joachim-Ernst Berendt", "id": "2225133" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\ninspire much of the later popular development of the blues and blues-derived genres, including the legendary delta blues musician Robert Johnson and Piedmont blues musician Blind Willie McTell. By the end of the 1940s, however, pure blues was only a minor part of popular music, having been subsumed by offshoots like rhythm & blues and the nascent rock and roll style. Some styles of electric, piano-driven blues, like boogie-woogie, retained a large audience. A bluesy style of gospel also became popular in mainstream America", "id": "7216666" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\n. Known primarily as a folk-blues guitarist, he learned to play guitar by listening to blues musicians, such as Charlie Patton and Mississippi John Hurt, and has developed a distinctive fingerpicking technique in which he plays the bass line, rhythm chords, and single-note leads simultaneously. In his original compositions and artistic styling, he incorporates influences from other genres, such as jazz, folk music, country music, classical and world music, often utilizing odd time measures, to personalize his music and story telling. An", "id": "1583130" }, { "contents": "Alan Lomax\n\n\n\"The Land Where the Blues Began\" (1995), linking the birth of the blues to debt peonage, segregation, and forced labor in the American South. Lomax's greatest legacy is in preserving and publishing recordings of musicians in many folk and blues traditions around the US and Europe. Among the artists Lomax is credited with discovering and bringing to a wider audience include blues guitarist Robert Johnson, protest singer Woody Guthrie, folk artist Pete Seeger, country musician Burl Ives, and country blues singer Lead Belly, among many", "id": "8697682" }, { "contents": "Brian Protheroe\n\n\nWhite, Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Dave Brubeck and the choral church music of Bach. Protheroe joined the folk group Folk Blues Incorporated (FBI) when he was nineteen, while at this time listening to Bob Dylan and the Beatles. He came to London with FBI in 1965, and played in folk music clubs in and around London. In 1966, Protheroe began his career as an actor. His first job was with his local repertory theatre in Salisbury. He worked there for about seven months", "id": "7666713" }, { "contents": "Down Home Blues (Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry album)\n\n\nDown Home Blues is an album by blues musicians Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry recorded in 1960 and released on the Bluesville label. AllMusic reviewer Bruce Eder stated: \"the music itself stands outside of time. McGhee's strumming and singing have enough polish to pass as a commercial recording, but at its best, it's still sufficiently unaffected so as to be regarded as authentic country-blues. It's Terry's harp, however, that really pulls this body of music back to its roots ... the dominant elements of this", "id": "12217779" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nTrouble in Mind is an album by American blues musician Big Bill Broonzy. It was released on February 22, 2000 by Smithsonian Folkways. The album consists of traditional folk, blues, and spiritual songs featuring Broonzy accompanying himself on acoustic guitar and a guest appearance by Pete Seeger. Suffering from cancer, Broonzy realized his time was limited and hence recorded extensively between 1956 and 1957. While most of the work draws from the album \"Big Bill Broonzy Sings Country Blues\" (1957), arranged by Moses Asch and Charles Edward", "id": "18296715" }, { "contents": "Music of Washington, D.C.\n\n\nhome to many bluesmen, such as Jelly Roll Morton and later rock and roll and rhythm and blues musicians such as Bo Diddley and Roy Buchanan. In the 1960s, a number of white youths formed local blues bands, including the Northside Blues Band and the Nighthawks. Starting in the early 1960s, Takoma Park native John Fahey became a nationally noted blues and folk guitarist who established the Takoma Records label, which attracted a number of other blues, folk, acoustic and fingerstyle guitarists to the District of Columbia area. Another local", "id": "9815809" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\nTerry Robb is a Canadian fingerstyle guitarist, composer, arranger and record producer living in the United States. He plays electric and acoustic guitar, and is associated with the American Primitive Guitar genre through his collaboration with steel string guitarist John Fahey. He is a member of the Oregon Music Hall of Fame and Cascade Blues Association Hall of Fame, and was honored with the eponymous \"Terry Robb\" Muddy Award for Best Acoustic Guitar in 2011. His original compositions draw on the Delta blues, ragtime, folk music, country music", "id": "1583113" }, { "contents": "Lightnin' Wells\n\n\nLightnin' Wells is an American Piedmont blues multi-instrumentalist and singer. He is a proficient musician and regularly plays various instruments in concert including the guitar, mandolin, harmonica, ukulele and banjo. At times he has performed as a one-man band. His style encompasses elements of the blues, country, gospel, old-time, bluegrass and folk. Mark Coltrain stated in \"Living Blues\" that, \"You won't find a more versatile musician around – able to move deftly between country blues, old", "id": "14064192" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nspending a year in Europe including recording the \"Sonny Boy Williamson and The Yardbirds\" album, (first released on Star-Club Records in 1965), and recording with The Animals. On 7 May 1964, Granada Television broadcast \"Blues and Gospel Train\", a programme directed by John Hamp featuring Muddy Waters, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, Rev. Gary Davis, Cousin Joe and Otis Spann. For filming, the company transformed the disused Wilbraham Road railway station into \"Chorltonville\", giving it", "id": "2225137" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n. Delta blues is a style as much as a geographical form: Skip James and Elmore James, who were not born in the Delta, are considered Delta blues musicians. Performers traveled throughout the Mississippi Delta, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and Tennessee. Eventually, Delta blues spread out across the country, giving rise to a host of regional variations, including Chicago blues and Detroit blues. Delta blues songs are typically expressed in the first person and often concern love, sex, the traveling lifestyle and its tribulations, sin", "id": "7794024" }, { "contents": "Traditional blues verses\n\n\nIn the folk tradition, there are many traditional blues verses that have been sung over and over by many artists. Blues singers, who include many country and folk artists as well as those commonly identified with blues singers, use these traditional lyrics to fill out their blues performances. Artists like Jimmie Rodgers, the \"blue yodeler\", and Big Joe Turner, \"the Boss of the Blues\" compiled virtual encyclopedias of lyrics. Turner reputedly could sing the blues for hours without repeating himself. Traditional blues verses in folk-", "id": "14213756" }, { "contents": "Midwestern United States\n\n\nmusical style in the United States, deriving most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz, and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Freed's contribution in identifying rock as a new genre helped establish the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, located in Cleveland. Chuck Berry, a Midwesterner from St. Louis, was among the first successful rock and roll artists and influenced many other rock musicians", "id": "15016383" }, { "contents": "Classic female blues\n\n\nClassic female blues was an early form of blues music, popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues were performed by female singers accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles and were the first blues to be recorded. Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, Ethel Waters, and the other singers in this genre were instrumental in spreading the popularity of the blues. Blues, a type of black folk music originating in the American South, were", "id": "5621307" }, { "contents": "Southern soul\n\n\n\"Country soul\", \"Downhome soul\" and \"Hard soul\" have been used synonymously with \"Southern soul\" Pioneers of southern soul include: Georgia natives Ray Charles and James Brown; Little Willie John, Bobby \"Blue\" Bland, New Orleans R&B artist Allen Toussaint; and Memphis DJ Rufus Thomas. Southern soul was influenced by blues and gospel music. Southern soul was at its peak during the 1960s, when Memphis soul was created. In 1963, Stan Lewis founded Jewel Records in Shreveport, Louisiana, along", "id": "18765148" }, { "contents": "South Korea\n\n\n1992 marked a turning point for South Korean popular music, also known as K-pop, as the genre modernized itself from incorporating elements of popular musical genres from across the world such as Western popular music, experimental, jazz, gospel, Latin, classical, hip hop, rhythm and blues, electronic dance, reggae, country, folk, and rock on top of its uniquely traditional Korean music roots. Western-style pop, hip hop, rhythm and blues, rock, folk, electronic dance oriented acts have become", "id": "7248618" }, { "contents": "The Subdudes\n\n\nThe Subdudes (stylized as The subdudes) are an American roots rock group from New Orleans. Their music blends folk, swamp pop, New Orleans rhythm and blues, Louisiana blues, country, cajun/zydeco, funk, soul and gospel with harmonic vocals. Their sound is notable for the band's substitution of a tambourine player for a drummer. The subdudes formed in 1987 through a music venue in New Orleans called Tipitina's. The Subdudes often credit their songwriting to the group as a whole, although the primary songwriters", "id": "12289559" }, { "contents": "American rock\n\n\nAmerican rock has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, rhythm and blues, and country music, and also drew on folk music, jazz, blues, and classical music. American rock music was further influenced by the British Invasion of the American pop charts from 1964 and resulted in the development of garage rock. From the late 1960s and early 1970s, American rock music was highly influential in the development of a number of fusions, including blending with folk music to create folk rock, with blues to create blues", "id": "5254668" }, { "contents": "Richard Trice\n\n\nRichard Trice (November 16, 1917 – April 6, 2000) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles. He lived most of his life in his native North Carolina and played in its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. His family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Music was an interest in the family, and he learned to play the guitar at an", "id": "1811700" }, { "contents": "J. B. Lenoir\n\n\nJefferson, which became a major influence. During the early 1940s, Lenoir worked with the blues artists Sonny Boy Williamson II and Elmore James in New Orleans. He was later influenced by Arthur Crudup and Lightnin' Hopkins. In 1949, he moved to Chicago, where Big Bill Broonzy helped introduce him to the blues community. He began to perform at local nightclubs, with musicians such as Memphis Minnie, Big Maceo Merriweather, and Muddy Waters, and became an important part of the city's blues scene. He began recording", "id": "7041136" }, { "contents": "Bishop Dready Manning\n\n\ncotton, peanuts, and corn. Some of his uncles and cousins played blues guitar in the North Carolina Piedmont fashion. When Manning was seven years old, he began learning how to fingerpick guitar. His skills improved over time and by his teenage years Manning had earned a reputation as a master of blues guitar and harmonica. His style was influenced by Piedmont blues musicians such as Blind Boy Fuller, Brownie McGhee and Buddy Moss, and national stars like Lightnin' Hopkins, Jimmy Reed and Sonny Boy Williamson As a young bluesman", "id": "13727518" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nartists and their own performances. The visit of Muddy Waters in 1958 had a major impact on the duo and on the nature of British R&B in general. Initially British audiences were shocked by Waters's amplified electric blues, but he was soon playing to ecstatic crowds and receiving rave reviews. Where British blues had often emulated Delta blues and country blues in the emerging British folk revival, Davies and Korner, who had supported Waters on tour, now began to play high-powered electric blues, forming the band Blues Incorporated.", "id": "16087064" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\njump blues combo with honking saxophone and rolling piano, variously calling themselves Brownie McGhee and his Jook House Rockers or Sonny Terry and his Buckshot Five, often with Champion Jack Dupree and Big Chief Ellis. They also appeared in the original Broadway productions of \"Finian's Rainbow\" and \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\". During the blues revival of the 1960s, Terry and McGhee were popular on the concert and music festival circuits, occasionally adding new material but usually remaining faithful to their roots and playing to the tastes of", "id": "4476037" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nelements of swing music and jazz in a long and prolific career. After World War II, amplified blues music became popular in American cities that had seen widespread African American migration, such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit, St. Louis, and the West Coast. The initial impulse was to be heard above the noise of lively rent parties. Playing in small venues, electric blues bands tended to remain modest in size compared with larger jazz bands. In its early stages electric blues typically used amplified electric guitars, double bass (", "id": "8151258" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe Beatles had brought African-American music to new audiences, both within the U.S. and abroad. However, the blues wave that brought artists such as Muddy Waters to the foreground had stopped. Bluesmen such as Big Bill Broonzy and Willie Dixon started looking for new markets in Europe. Dick Waterman and the blues festivals he organized in Europe played a major role in propagating blues music abroad. In the UK, bands emulated U.S. blues legends, and UK blues rock-based bands had an influential role throughout the 1960s. Blues", "id": "2951020" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\nThese drew on his studies with Rev. Davis and the other older blues artists and on his obsessive listening to old 78s. \"The Country Blues Guitar, Delta Blues, Texas Blues, Ragtime Blues Guitar\" and \"Rev. Gary Davis/Blues Guitar\" have remained in print through various editions. In the mid-1960s, Stefan Grossman recorded a number of cuts for Joe Bussard and his Frederick, Maryland-based Fonotone Records and performed at the Jabberwock coffeehouse in Berkeley under the nom du folk of \"Kid Future\". The origins", "id": "9236337" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nand they continued almost annually until 1972, after an eight-year hiatus reviving the festival in 1980 until its final performance in 1985. The concerts featured some of the leading blues artists of the 1960s, such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Willie Dixon, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, some playing in unique combinations such as T-Bone Walker playing guitar for pianist Memphis Slim, Otis Rush with Junior Wells, Sonny Boy Williamson with Muddy Waters. The Festival DVDs include the only known footage of Little", "id": "2225135" }, { "contents": "Checkin' Up on My Baby\n\n\n\"Checkin' Up on My Baby\" (or sometimes \"Checking On My Baby\") is a song recorded by Sonny Boy Williamson II in 1960 that has become a classic of the blues. The song was not released as a single, but was included on Williamson's \"The Real Folk Blues\" album released after his death in 1965. The song has been recorded by numerous blues and other artists, making it one of Williamson's most recorded songs. Williamson's namesake Sonny Boy Williamson I, also known as", "id": "10302292" }, { "contents": "History of modern Western subcultures\n\n\ncowboy songs (also known, in those days, as hillbilly music) were beginning to be more popular with a wider audience. A subculture of rural jazz and blues fans had mixed elements of jazz and blues into traditional cowboy and folk song styles to produce a crossover called western swing. Thanks to the prevalence of radio, this music spread across the United States in the 1940s. Radio was the first \"almost instantaneous\" mass media with the power to create large subcultures by spreading the ideas of small subcultures across a wide", "id": "19180987" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\n\"one of the greatest exponents of fingerstyle blues and gospel guitar playing\"\" and \"\"an incredible genius as a teacher\"\". He spent countless hours learning and documenting Davis's music, recording much of it on a tape recorder, and developing a form of tablature to take down his teacher's instructions. In the folk and country blues revival of the 1960s he was listening to old recordings of artists such as Elizabeth Cotten, Big Bill Broonzy, Lead Belly, Josh White, Lightnin' Hopkins, Rev. Gary", "id": "9236332" }, { "contents": "Steel-string acoustic guitar\n\n\nundistorted and full-range reproduction. Until the 1960s, the predominant forms of music played on the flat-top, steel-string guitar remained relatively stable and included acoustic blues, country, bluegrass, folk, and several genres of rock. The concept of playing solo steel-string guitar in a concert setting was introduced in the early 1960s by such performers as Davey Graham and John Fahey, who used country blues fingerpicking techniques to compose original compositions with structures somewhat like European classical music. Fahey contemporary Robbie Basho added elements", "id": "2024699" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nmusic. The music of the civil rights movement and Free Speech Movement in the U.S. prompted a resurgence of interest in American roots music and early African American music. As well festivals such as the Newport Folk Festival brought traditional blues to a new audience, which helped to revive interest in prewar acoustic blues and performers such as Son House, Mississippi John Hurt, Skip James, and Reverend Gary Davis. Many compilations of classic prewar blues were republished by the Yazoo Records. J. B. Lenoir from the Chicago blues movement in the 1950s", "id": "2951023" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nperformers such as Little Walter or Muddy Waters. Songs from this genre include \"Scratch my Back\", \"She's Tough\" and \"I'm a King Bee\". Alan Lomax's recordings of Mississippi Fred McDowell would eventually bring him wider attention on both the blues and folk circuit, with McDowell's droning style influencing North Mississippi hill country blues musicians. By the beginning of the 1960s, genres influenced by African American music such as rock and roll and soul were part of mainstream popular music. White performers such as", "id": "2951019" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nmore exclusively English folk clubs. The more traditional American folk blues continued to provide 1960s British groups with material, particularly after the emergence of Bob Dylan, who also popularised folk blues songs. In 1964, for example, the song-catalogue of Lead Belly provided the Animals with \"The House of the Rising Sun\", Manfred Mann with \"John Hardy\" and the Four Pennies with \"Black Girl\". British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers", "id": "16087061" }, { "contents": "Willie Trice\n\n\nWilliam Augusta Trice (February 10, 1908 – December 11, 1976) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles and an album. He remained loyal to his native North Carolina and its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, probably in 1908; some sources state 1910 or 1911. The family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Both of Trice’s parents played music", "id": "1573260" }, { "contents": "Rock and roll\n\n\nstyles such as jazz and swing which were taken up by white musicians, aided this process of \"cultural collision\". The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called \"race music\", and country music of the 1940s and 1950s. Particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. Commentators differ in their views of which of these forms were most important and the degree to which the new music was a re-branding of African-American rhythm and", "id": "5601387" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\nPiedmont blues (also known as East Coast, or Southeastern blues) refers primarily to a guitar style, the Piedmont fingerstyle, which is characterized by a fingerpicking approach in which a regular, alternating thumb bass string rhythmic pattern supports a syncopated melody using the treble strings generally picked with the fore-finger, occasionally others. The result is comparable in sound to ragtime or stride piano styles. Blues researcher Peter B. Lowry coined the term, giving co-credit to fellow folklorist Bruce Bastin. The Piedmont style is differentiated from other", "id": "8150344" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand the generalization of the blues beat, the blues shuffle, which became ubiquitous in R&B. This commercial stream had important consequences for blues music, which, together with jazz and gospel music, became a component of R&B. After World War II, new styles of electric blues became popular in cities such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit and St. Louis. Electric blues used electric guitars, double bass (gradually replaced by bass guitar), drums, and harmonica (or \"blues harp\") played through a microphone and a PA", "id": "2951010" }, { "contents": "New Orleans blues\n\n\nblues is primarily driven by piano and horn, enlivened by Caribbean rhythms and Dixieland music. It is generally cheerful in delivery regardless of the subject matter, with a laid back tempo and complex rhythms falling just behind the beat. Vocals range from laid-back crooning to full-throated gospel shouting. New Orleans is generally credited as the birthplace of jazz music, but has attracted less attention as a center of the blues. The 12 bar blues were well known in the city before most of the rest of the country.", "id": "20252986" }, { "contents": "Michael Roach (musician)\n\n\n2003, Roach presented \"Deep Blue\", a three part series on blues music featured on BBC Radio 4. In 2006 he released an instructional DVD, \"Introduction to Country Blues Guitar\". Roach's tours as an educator and performer have taken him to the Augusta Heritage Center (US), Centrum Piedmont Blues Intensive (US), The Ironworks (UK) and the Smithsonian Institution (US). He has performed and lectured at blues, jazz, folk and roots music festivals in Croatia, Czech Republic,", "id": "14072779" }, { "contents": "Texas blues\n\n\nmoved to Chicago as a teenager. His instrumental number \"Hide Away\" (1961), was emulated by British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments such as keyboards and horns with emphasis on guitar soloing. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles.", "id": "12084292" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nhip hop music, reggae, rap, country music, and pop music, blues has been accused of being the \"devil's music\" and of inciting violence and other poor behavior. In the early 20th century, the blues was considered disreputable, especially as white audiences began listening to the blues during the 1920s. In the early twentieth century, W.C. Handy was the first to popularize blues-influenced music among non-black Americans. During the blues revival of the 1960s and '70s, acoustic blues artist Taj Mahal", "id": "2951049" }, { "contents": "Blues fiddle\n\n\nchances for frontline fiddlers to participate. Another reason for the violin's exclusion in post war blues was that it could not be effectively electrified. When artists migrated to the industrial centers from the Mississippi delta and rural south, they found a way to do so, but African-American music later mostly abandoned the instrument. Many blues guitar greats, such as Lonnie Johnson and Big Bill Broonzy, made early recordings on the violin. They are among the most-represented artists in the canon. The connection between guitar and violin", "id": "20387501" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\nin the 1950s, led by singer Mahalia Jackson. The blues genre experienced major revivals in the 1950s with Chicago blues musicians such as Muddy Waters and Little Walter, as well as in the 1960s in the British Invasion and American folk music revival when country blues musicians like Mississippi John Hurt and Reverend Gary Davis were rediscovered. The seminal blues musicians of these periods had tremendous influence on rock musicians such as Chuck Berry in the 1950s, as well as on the British blues and blues rock scenes of the 1960s and 1970s, including", "id": "7216667" }, { "contents": "Sugar Mama (song)\n\n\n\"Sugar Mama\" or \"Sugar Mama Blues\" is a song that is a standard of the blues. Called a \"tautly powerful slow blues\" by music journalist Charles Shaar Murray, it has been recorded by numerous artists, including early Chicago bluesmen Tampa Red, Sonny Boy Williamson I, and Tommy McClennan. John Lee Hooker and Howlin' Wolf later adapted \"Sugar Mama\" for electric blues and rock group Led Zeppelin reworked it during early recording sessions. Country bluesman Yank Rachell recorded \"Sugar Farm Blues\" February 6", "id": "15139181" }, { "contents": "Nathan Beauregard\n\n\nwith minor talent make a fortune as a recording artist while he himself was not offered such a chance. During the folk and blues revival of the 1960s Beauregard was \"discovered\" in Memphis by Bill Barth, who convinced him to work as a musician again. In the short time between his \"discovery\" in 1968 and his death in 1970, he played at various folk and blues festivals (e.g. the 1968 Memphis Country Blues Festival, which has been recorded on the Sire and Blue Horizon labels) and on a number", "id": "5223148" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe California blues style, performed a successful transition from the early urban blues à la Lonnie Johnson and Leroy Carr to the jump blues style and dominated the blues-jazz scene at Los Angeles during the 1940s. The transition from country blues to urban blues that began in the 1920s was driven by the successive waves of economic crisis and booms which led many rural blacks to move to urban areas, in a movement known as the Great Migration. The long boom following World War II induced another massive migration of the African-American", "id": "2951008" }, { "contents": "Women in music\n\n\nboys only club. Chinese idol girl groups have also recently achieved significant success, with C-pop groups like SNH48 and Rocket Girls 101, with the later selling over 1.6 million copies of their debut EP in 2018. Classic female blues was an early form of blues music popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues songs performed by female vocalists were accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles, and were the first blues to be", "id": "22079994" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nRock and roll emerged as a defined musical style in the United States in the early to mid-1950s. It derived most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Rock and roll in turn provided the main basis for the music that, since the mid-1960s, has been generally known simply as rock music. The phrase \"rocking and rolling\" originally described", "id": "5254840" }, { "contents": "Warner Williams and Jay Summerour\n\n\nWarner Williams and Jay Summerour are an American folk duo, who perform under the name Little Bit A Blues. They have played at numerous folk and blues festivals and at concerts at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. They are known for playing in the Piedmont blues style, a regional variant of the blues that developed in North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland and West Virginia. Williams and Summerour have been playing music together under the name of Little Bit A Blues since the early 1990s. During their tenure together,", "id": "20240347" }, { "contents": "American popular music\n\n\n—e.g., minorities or rural audiences. Beginning in the 1920s and accelerating greatly in the 1940s, the blues began rapidly diversifying into a broad spectrum of new styles. These included an uptempo, energetic style called rhythm and blues (R&B), a merger of blues and Anglo-Celtic song called country music and the fusion of hymns and spirituals with blues structures called gospel music. Later than these other styles, in the 1940s, a blues, R&B and country fusion eventually called rock and roll developed, eventually coming", "id": "6698779" }, { "contents": "1940s in music\n\n\ncalled \"folk\" in the trades, and \"hillbilly\" within the industry. In 1944, \"The Billboard\" replaced the term \"hillbilly\" with \"folk songs and blues,\" and switched to \"country\" or \"country and Western\" in 1949. But while cowboy and Western music were the most popular styles, a new style – honky tonk – would take root and define the genre of country music for decades to come. The style meshed Western swing and blues music; featured rough, nasal vocals", "id": "12815195" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n, salvation and death. Several blues musicians were imprisoned in the Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman Farm, which is referred to in songs such as Bukka White's \"Parchman Farm Blues\" and the folk song \"Midnight Special\". In big-city blues, women singers such as Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith and Mamie Smith dominated the recordings of the 1920s. However, women rarely recorded Delta blues and other rural or folk-style blues. In Delta blues female performers often had some romantic connection to more notable male performers", "id": "7794025" }, { "contents": "The Sky Is Crying (song)\n\n\nThe Sky Is Crying\" has been interpreted and recorded by many blues and other artists. In 1963, blues harmonica player and singer Sonny Boy Williamson II recorded the song as a country blues-style duet with Matt Murphy on acoustic guitar for his \"Keep It to Ourselves\" album. In 1964, Eric Clapton with The Yardbirds recorded a live slow blues which included a couple of lines from \"The Sky Is Crying\" (\"Blueswailing July '64 (Live)\"). In 1966, with Jeff Beck on", "id": "3146914" }, { "contents": "BeauSoleil\n\n\n, rhythm, and lyrics of Louisiana folk music, incorporating elements of rock and roll, jazz, blues, calypso, and other genres in original compositions and reworkings of traditional tunes. Lyrics on BeauSoleil recordings are sung in English or Cajun French (and sometimes both in one song). According to the band's web site, BeauSoleil's musicians \"take the rich Cajun traditions of Louisiana and artfully blend elements of zydeco, New Orleans jazz, Tex-Mex, country, blues and more into a satisfying musical recipe.", "id": "9860218" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. The origins of country are in rural Southern folk music, which was primarily Irish and British, with African and continental European musics. Anglo-Celtic tunes, dance music, and balladry were the earliest predecessors of modern country, then known as \"hillbilly music\". Early hillbilly also borrowed elements of the blues and drew upon more aspects of 19th-century pop songs as hillbilly music evolved into a commercial genre eventually known as \"country and western\" and then simply \"country\". The earliest country instrumentation revolved around", "id": "7216674" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nelements from the \"Ethiopian airs\", minstrel shows and Negro spirituals, including instrumental and harmonic accompaniment. The style also was closely related to ragtime, which developed at about the same time, though the blues better preserved \"the original melodic patterns of African music\". The musical forms and styles that are now considered the blues as well as modern country music arose in the same regions of the southern United States during the 19th century. Recorded blues and country music can be found as far back as the 1920s, when", "id": "2950988" }, { "contents": "Organ Thieves\n\n\nPrimate Sanctuary. The band's musical style is unique and although the music is mainly considered hard rock, southern rock and reggae rock, the band like to call themselves \"experimental-soul-rock\". The band's music takes influences from various genres including reggae, soul, country, blues, rhythm and blues, folk, rock and roll, punk, heavy metal, southern rock and more, as stated by the band that they are not limited to any genre and are willing to experiment everything.br They are also", "id": "3590626" }, { "contents": "African-American music\n\n\nstructure of the dance and folk music of peoples across western and sub-Saharan Africa. These musical forms had a wide-ranging influence on the development of music within the United States and around the world during the 20th century. The modern genres of blues and ragtime were developed during the late 19th century by fusing West African vocalizations - which employed the natural harmonic series, and blue notes. The earliest jazz and blues recordings were made in the 1920s. African-American musicians developed related styles such as Rhythm and Blues in", "id": "13306674" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\nWalter Brown \"Brownie\" McGhee (November 30, 1915 – February 16, 1996) was an African-American folk music and Piedmont blues singer and guitarist, best known for his collaboration with the harmonica player Sonny Terry. McGhee was born in Knoxville, Tennessee, and grew up in Kingsport, Tennessee. At about the age of four he contracted polio, which incapacitated his right leg. His brother Granville \"Sticks\"(or \"Stick\") McGhee, who also later became a musician and composed the famous song \"Drinkin'", "id": "4476033" }, { "contents": "Clarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown\n\n\nClarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown (April 18, 1924 – September 10, 2005) was an American musician from Louisiana and Texas known for his work as a blues musician, as well as other styles of music. He spent his career fighting purism by synthesizing old blues, country, jazz, Cajun music and R&B styles. His work also encompasses rock and roll, rock music, folk music, electric blues, and Texas blues. He was an acclaimed multi-instrumentalist, who played an array of musical instruments, including", "id": "15961748" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nby British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments like keyboards and horns, but placed particular emphasis on powerful lead guitar breaks. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles. In the 1970s Jimmie formed the Fabulous Thunderbirds and in the 1980s his brother Stevie Ray", "id": "8151279" } ]

[ { "contents": "Country blues\n\n\nCountry blues (also folk blues, rural blues, backwoods blues, or downhome blues) is one of the earliest forms of blues music. The mainly solo vocal with acoustic fingerstyle guitar accompaniment developed in the rural Southern United States in the early 1900s. Artists, such as Blind Lemon Jefferson (Texas), Charley Patton (Mississippi), Blind Willie McTell (Georgia) were among the first to record blues songs in the 1920s. Country blues ran parallel to urban blues, which was popular in cities. Folklorist Alan Lomax", "id": "8046896" }, { "contents": "Culture of the Southern United States\n\n\n-time music, gospel music, spirituals, country music, rhythm and blues, soul music, funk, rock and roll, beach music, bluegrass, jazz (including ragtime, popularized by Southerner Scott Joplin), zydeco, and Appalachian folk music were either born in the South or developed in the region. In general, country music is based on the folk music of white Southerners, and blues and rhythm and blues is based on African American southern forms. However, whites and blacks alike have contributed to each of", "id": "8469878" }, { "contents": "List of blues festivals\n\n\nBlues festivals are music festivals which focus on blues music. Blues is a genre and musical form that originated in African-American communities in the Southern United States around the end of the 19th century. It has elements of traditional African music, American folk music, spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. Blues has since evolved from unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves into a wide variety of styles and subgenres, such as country blues, Delta and Piedmont, Chicago", "id": "17295253" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand subgenres. Blues subgenres include country blues, such as Delta blues and Piedmont blues, as well as urban blues styles such as Chicago blues and West Coast blues. World War II marked the transition from acoustic to electric blues and the progressive opening of blues music to a wider audience, especially white listeners. In the 1960s and 1970s, a hybrid form called blues rock developed, which blended blues styles with rock music. The term \"Blues\" may have come from \"blue devils\", meaning melancholy and sadness;", "id": "2950960" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nthe supposed appearance of a southern U.S.-style station. About 200 fans were brought by train to the platform opposite the performers. The performance was interrupted by a rainstorm, after which Tharpe performed the gospel song \"Didn't It Rain\". Blues musicians who performed on the American Folk Blues Festival tours included Muddy Waters, Sonny Boy Williamson, John Lee Hooker, Sippie Wallace, T-Bone Walker, Sonny Terry & Brownie McGhee, Memphis Slim, Otis Rush, Lonnie Johnson, Eddie Boyd, Big Walter Horton, Junior Wells", "id": "2225138" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nthrough EMI's Stateside label and Chess Records through Pye International's R&B series. These records were enthusiastically sought and collected by a new generation of enthusiasts. The increasing appetite for rhythm and blues was reflected in the growing numbers of Afro-American artists visiting the country. From 1962 the American Folk Blues Festival, organised by German promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau, brought American blues stars including Waters, Wolf, Sonny Boy Williamson, and John Lee Hooker to the country. In 1964 the American Folk Blues and Gospel Caravan arrived", "id": "16087069" }, { "contents": "Piedmont (United States)\n\n\nblues musicians came from Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. During the Great Migration, African Americans migrated to the Piedmont. With the Appalachian Mountains to the west, those who might otherwise have spread into rural areas stayed in cities and were thus exposed to a broader mixture of music than those in, for example, the rural Mississippi delta. Thus, Piedmont blues was influenced by many types of music such as ragtime, country, and popular songs—styles that had comparatively less influence on blues music in other regions.", "id": "1946509" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\n, it was being performed at US folk music revivals and festivals initially by established Piedmont blues artists such as Josh White, Rev. Gary Davis, and Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry, as well as Cephas & Wiggins, John Jackson in later years. While musicologists such as George Mitchell, Axel Küstner, Kip Lornell, Peter B. Lowry and Tim Duffy collected recordings by the aging community of Piedmont blues players, younger musicians such as Stefan Grossman, Roy Book Binder, Jorma Kaukonen, Paul Geremia, Keb Mo', Michael Roach", "id": "8150348" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nGerman promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau. The rise of electric blues, and its eventual mainstream success, meant that British acoustic blues was completely overshadowed. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers Bert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham (who played and recorded with Korner), played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene, with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones", "id": "8151338" }, { "contents": "Americana (music)\n\n\nAmericana (also known as American roots music) is an amalgam of American music formed by the confluence of the shared and varied traditions that make up the musical ethos of the United States, specifically those sounds that are merged from folk, country, blues, rhythm and blues, rock and roll, gospel, and other external influences. Americana, as defined by the Americana Music Association (AMA), is \"contemporary music that incorporates elements of various mostly acoustic American roots music styles, including country, roots rock, folk", "id": "9198553" }, { "contents": "Muddy Waters\n\n\nSpann in 1958, where they were backed by local Dixieland-style or \"trad jazz\" musicians, including members of Chris Barber's band. At the time, English audiences had only been exposed to acoustic folk blues, as performed by artists such as Sonny Terry, Brownie McGhee, and Big Bill Broonzy. Both the musicians and audiences were unprepared for Muddy Waters' performance, which included his electric slide guitar playing. He recalled: Although his performances alienated the old guard, some younger musicians, including Alexis Korner and", "id": "15757617" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nBert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham, played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. It continued with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones. Most British acoustic blues players could achieve little commercial success and found it difficult to gain recognition for their \"imitations\" of the blues in the US, being overshadowed by the rhythm and blues and electric blues that had emerged in the later 1950s. Blues harpist Cyril Davies ran the London Skiffle", "id": "16087062" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nas well as people that shared his country roots. His work in this period shows he performed across a wider musical spectrum than almost any other bluesman before or since, including in his repertoire ragtime, hokum blues, country blues, urban blues, jazz-tinged songs, folk songs and spirituals. After World War II, Broonzy recorded songs that were the bridge that allowed many younger musicians to cross over to the future of the blues: the electric blues of postwar Chicago. His 1945 recordings of \"Where the Blues Began", "id": "9494361" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nBig Bill Broonzy (born Lee Conley Bradley, June 26, 1903 – August 14, 1958) was an American blues singer, songwriter and guitarist. His career began in the 1920s, when he played country blues to mostly African-American audiences. Through the 1930s and 1940s he successfully navigated a transition in style to a more urban blues sound popular with working-class African-American audiences. In the 1950s a return to his traditional folk-blues roots made him one of the leading figures of the emerging American folk", "id": "9494347" }, { "contents": "Precious Bryant\n\n\nPrecious Bryant (née Bussey; January 4, 1942 – January 12, 2013) was an American country blues, gospel, and folk singer and guitarist. She played Piedmont fingerstyle guitar. Bryant was born in Talbot County, Georgia. She released two solo albums. Her 2002 debut, \"Fool Me Good,\" was nominated for two Blues Music Awards, in the categories Acoustic Blues Album of the Year and Best New Artist Debut. In 2006 she was nominated for a similar award for Traditional Blues Female Artist of the", "id": "2571157" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nAmerica, a series of tours that began with Josh White and Big Bill Broonzy in 1951, and would include Brownie McGhee, Sonny Terry, Memphis Slim, Muddy Waters and Lonnie Johnson. Lonnie Johnson played at the Royal Festival Hall in 1952 on a bill opened by a group led by the young Lonnie Donegan. Donegan became the key figure in the development of the British skiffle \"craze\", beginning in Ken Colyer's Jazzmen by playing American folk and blues songs, particularly those derived from the recordings of Huddie Leadbetter,", "id": "16087056" }, { "contents": "Hill country blues\n\n\npatterns that conform to proverbial phrases or the words of popular fife and drum tunes—\"is considered the sign of a good drummer.\" This enduring tradition of folk polyrhythm played an important part in the development of Mississippi blues. \"Mississippi\" Fred McDowell, who lived in Como, Mississippi, was one of the subgenre's most widely known musicians, in the 1960s and after. His music was heavier on percussive elements and African rhythms than traditional Delta blues. McDowell's performances helped define the Hill Country blues sound, influencing later artists", "id": "19106875" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nfit in with British expectations of American blues as a form of folk music. In 1957 Davies and Korner decided that their central interest was the blues and closed the skiffle club, reopening a month later as The London Blues and Barrelhouse Club. To this point British blues was acoustically played emulating Delta blues and Country blues styles and often part of the emerging second British folk revival. Critical in changing this was the visit of Muddy Waters in 1958, who initially shocked British audiences by playing amplified electric blues, but who was soon", "id": "8151324" }, { "contents": "Valerie Turner\n\n\nValerie Turner is an American blues guitarist-vocalist, educator, and author. She plays in the Piedmont style of fingerpicking guitar, continuing in the traditions of Mississippi John Hurt, Elizabeth Cotten, Memphis Minnie, and Etta Baker. She performs blues, ballads, country, popular songs, ragtime, and gospels. She is a native New Yorker with southern roots in Virginia and Georgia. She started learning and studying traditional country blues guitar in 1978. Valerie and her spouse, Benedict Turner, are an acoustic blues duo called", "id": "8216617" }, { "contents": "Mr. Misunderstood\n\n\n\"Mr. Misunderstood\", at the 2015 Country Music Association Awards, where the news of the new album became evident. The musical style of this album has been described as the following; country, rock, blues, folk, gospel, soul, funk, alternative country, alternative rock, country rock, country blues, country gospel, gospel blues, bluegrass, folk rock, heartland rock, roots rock, rock and roll, rhythm and blues, Southern gospel, Southern rock, and Southern soul. His music here", "id": "5570655" }, { "contents": "Chris Barber\n\n\nwas mainly responsible for arranging the first UK tours of blues artists Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee and Muddy Waters. This, with the encouragement of local enthusiasts such as Alexis Korner and John Mayall, sparked young musicians such as Peter Green, Eric Clapton and the Rolling Stones. British rhythm and blues powered the British invasion of the USA charts in the 1960s, yet Dixieland itself remained popular: in January 1963 the British music magazine, \"NME\" reported the biggest trad jazz event in Britain at Alexandra Palace", "id": "17410986" }, { "contents": "The Blues, the Whole Blues, and Nothing But the Blues\n\n\ninterplay of instruments gives them the freedom to move from the country blues of the Mississippi Delta to the jug band tradition of the urban South, and from New Orleans to Chicago, embracing the breadth of American music in its myriad places and times.\" In \"Glide\" magazine, Lee Zimmerman said, \"David Bromberg’s fondness for the blues has been a single-minded concern throughout his storied career, one that’s found him working alongside any number of icons, folks like Bob Dylan and George Harrison included... Of", "id": "7352775" }, { "contents": "Dave Van Ronk\n\n\nand Van Ronk turned to performing blues he had stumbled across while shopping for jazz 78s, by artists like Furry Lewis and Mississippi John Hurt. Van Ronk was not the first white musician to perform African-American blues, but became noted for his interpretation of it in its original context. By about 1958, he was firmly committed to the folk-blues style, accompanying himself with his own acoustic guitar. He performed blues, jazz and folk music, occasionally writing his own songs but generally arranging the work of earlier artists", "id": "10878367" }, { "contents": "Fingerstyle guitar\n\n\nis also very common. Examples of traditions that John Fahey and Robbie Basho would employ in their compositions include, but are not limited to, the extended Raga of Indian classical music, the Japanese Koto, and the early ragtime-based country blues music of Mississippi John Hurt or Blind Blake. A distinctive style to emerge from Britain in the early 1960s, which combined elements of American folk, blues, jazz and ragtime with British traditional music, was what became known as 'folk baroque'. Pioneered by musicians of the", "id": "13793683" }, { "contents": "Country music\n\n\nCountry music, also known as country and western (or simply country), and hillbilly music, is a genre of popular music that originated in the southern United States in the early 1920s. It takes its roots from genres such as American folk music (especially Appalachian folk and Western music) and blues. Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms, folk lyrics, and harmonies mostly accompanied by string instruments such as banjos, electric and acoustic guitars, steel guitars (such as pedal steels and", "id": "4960825" }, { "contents": "WFDU\n\n\n. WFDU (FM) plays wide array of music ranging from Blues & Country/Bluegrass music to RetroRadio, Eclectic, Folk, Gospel, Oldies Rock and Soul/R&B. Big Frank Mirra, a well-known Blues musician in the Metro area for over three decades along with former blues radio producer, Music Director of Blues/Roots/American programing, Mike Stokes hosts Blues on the Run on Tuesdays. Dennis Gruenling is the host of Blues & the Beat, spinning everything from the legends of Chicago-style blues like", "id": "1564525" }, { "contents": "Nick Katzman\n\n\nNick Katzman (born 1951) is an American blues musician. Katzman was born in New York City, and lives in both Manhattan and Berlin, Germany. He plays in a variety of musical genres, including Chicago blues, Mississippi blues, Texas blues, and ragtime. As a teenager in the 1960s, Katzman saw many of the surviving country blues guitarists who travelled north to play their music in clubs and at the folk festivals. He learned to lay both guitar and lute. He studied classical music and jazz at Antioch", "id": "16730431" }, { "contents": "Louisiana blues\n\n\nLouisiana blues is a genre of blues music that developed in the period after World War II in the state of Louisiana. It is generally divided into two major subgenres, with the jazz-influenced New Orleans blues based on the musical traditions of that city and the slower tempo swamp blues incorporating influences from zydeco and Cajun music from around Baton Rouge. Major artists in the New Orleans tradition include Professor Longhair and Guitar Slim and for swamp blues Slim Harpo and Lightnin' Slim. Both genres peaked in popularity in the 1960s and were", "id": "8046899" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. Theatrical composers and lyricists like the brothers George and Ira Gershwin created a uniquely American theatrical style that used American vernacular speech and music. Musicals featured popular songs and fast-paced plots that often revolved around love and romance. The blues is a genre of African American folk music that is the basis for much of modern American popular music. Blues can be seen as part of a continuum of musical styles like country, jazz, ragtime, and gospel; though each genre evolved into distinct forms, their origins were often indistinct", "id": "7216662" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nspirituals, work songs, ragtime music, hokum, and country blues he heard growing up and the styles of his contemporaries, including Jimmie Rodgers, Blind Blake, Son House, and Blind Lemon Jefferson. Broonzy combined all these influences into his own style of the blues, which foreshadowed the postwar Chicago blues, later refined and popularized by artists such as Muddy Waters and Willie Dixon. Although he had been a pioneer of the Chicago blues style and had employed electric instruments as early as 1942, white audiences in the 1950s wanted", "id": "9494369" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\n, a large number of British rhythm and blues musicians began their careers playing skiffle, including Van Morrison, Ronnie Wood, Mick Jagger and Roger Daltrey. The fashion created a demand for opportunities to play versions of American folk, blues and jazz music that would contribute to the growth of a club scene. Until the mid-1950s in Britain the blues was seen as a form of folk music. When Broonzy toured England he played a folk blues set to fit British expectations of American blues, rather than his current electric Chicago blues.", "id": "16087059" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nintroduction of many later followers of the blues to the music and hardships of life for African Americans in the Southern US. The next year the \"Jazz Club\" programme, hosted by Max Jones, included a recital of \"Town and Country Blues\", which played music by a wide range of blues artists. The British rhythm and blues scene developed in London out of the related jazz, skiffle and folk club scenes of the 1950s. The first of these scenes, that of jazz, had developed during the Second World", "id": "16087053" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nrecognized the album for its historically significant material. An extensively recorded bluesman, Big Bill Broonzy left the United States to tour Europe in 1951, becoming the first Chicago blues player to perform for European audiences. Broonzy previously spent time in Iowa, where he honed a repertoire which remained a fixture of his concerts and recordings for the remainder of the decade. With bluesmen such as Muddy Waters and Howlin' Wolf amplifying their music, resulting in the popularity of the electric blues, Broonzy decided to reinvent himself as a folk blues musician", "id": "18296717" }, { "contents": "Alec Seward\n\n\nhe relocated from the South to New York, in his case in 1924. Seward befriended Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry and retained his Piedmont blues styling despite changes in musical trends. He and the blues musician Louis Hayes (who later became a minister in northern New Jersey) performed together, variously billed as the Blues Servant Boys, Guitar Slim and Jelly Belly, and the Back Porch Boys. During the 1940s and 1950s Seward played and recorded with Lead Belly, Woody Guthrie, McGhee and Terry. Around 1947 Seward, Guthrie", "id": "7237009" }, { "contents": "The Real Folk Blues\n\n\nThe Real Folk Blues is a series of blues albums released between 1965 and 1967 by Chess Records, later reissued MCA Records. Each album in the series highlighted the music of one major Chess artist, including John Lee Hooker, Howlin' Wolf, Muddy Waters, and Sonny Boy Williamson II. The series, overseen by Marshall Chess, was a reaction to the increasing audience for the blues following the British Invasion. Companion discs, titled More Real Folk Blues, were released for many of the artists. Hooker's companion disc", "id": "17857302" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nNew styles of music emerged among black Americans in the early 20th century in the form of blues, ragtime, jazz, and gospel music. According to the writer Robert Palmer:\"Rock 'n' roll was an inevitable outgrowth of the social and musical interactions between blacks and whites in the South and Southwest. Its roots are a complex tangle. Bedrock black church music influenced blues, rural blues influenced white folk song and the black popular music of the Northern ghettos, blues and black pop influenced jazz, and so on. But the", "id": "5254864" }, { "contents": "Ernie Hawkins\n\n\nErnie Hawkins (born Ernest Leroy Hawkins, 1947, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American acoustic blues guitar player, singer, song writer, recording artist, and educator. Hawkins, along with fellow bluesmen Stefan Grossman and Roy Bookbinder, studied with blues legend Reverend Gary Davis in New York City in 1965 and 1966. Over the years, he learned a variety of styles, including Piedmont blues, Delta blues, ragtime, and gospel. In 1969, Hawkins moved back to his hometown of Pittsburgh, and enrolled at the", "id": "8862999" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nThe American Folk Blues Festival was a music festival that toured Europe as an annual event for several years beginning in 1962. It introduced audiences in Europe, including the UK, to leading blues performers of the day such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, most of whom had never previously performed outside the US. The tours attracted substantial media coverage, including TV shows, and contributed to the growth of the audience for blues music in Europe. German jazz publicist Joachim-Ernst Berendt", "id": "2225133" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\ninspire much of the later popular development of the blues and blues-derived genres, including the legendary delta blues musician Robert Johnson and Piedmont blues musician Blind Willie McTell. By the end of the 1940s, however, pure blues was only a minor part of popular music, having been subsumed by offshoots like rhythm & blues and the nascent rock and roll style. Some styles of electric, piano-driven blues, like boogie-woogie, retained a large audience. A bluesy style of gospel also became popular in mainstream America", "id": "7216666" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\n. Known primarily as a folk-blues guitarist, he learned to play guitar by listening to blues musicians, such as Charlie Patton and Mississippi John Hurt, and has developed a distinctive fingerpicking technique in which he plays the bass line, rhythm chords, and single-note leads simultaneously. In his original compositions and artistic styling, he incorporates influences from other genres, such as jazz, folk music, country music, classical and world music, often utilizing odd time measures, to personalize his music and story telling. An", "id": "1583130" }, { "contents": "Alan Lomax\n\n\n\"The Land Where the Blues Began\" (1995), linking the birth of the blues to debt peonage, segregation, and forced labor in the American South. Lomax's greatest legacy is in preserving and publishing recordings of musicians in many folk and blues traditions around the US and Europe. Among the artists Lomax is credited with discovering and bringing to a wider audience include blues guitarist Robert Johnson, protest singer Woody Guthrie, folk artist Pete Seeger, country musician Burl Ives, and country blues singer Lead Belly, among many", "id": "8697682" }, { "contents": "Brian Protheroe\n\n\nWhite, Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Dave Brubeck and the choral church music of Bach. Protheroe joined the folk group Folk Blues Incorporated (FBI) when he was nineteen, while at this time listening to Bob Dylan and the Beatles. He came to London with FBI in 1965, and played in folk music clubs in and around London. In 1966, Protheroe began his career as an actor. His first job was with his local repertory theatre in Salisbury. He worked there for about seven months", "id": "7666713" }, { "contents": "Down Home Blues (Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry album)\n\n\nDown Home Blues is an album by blues musicians Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry recorded in 1960 and released on the Bluesville label. AllMusic reviewer Bruce Eder stated: \"the music itself stands outside of time. McGhee's strumming and singing have enough polish to pass as a commercial recording, but at its best, it's still sufficiently unaffected so as to be regarded as authentic country-blues. It's Terry's harp, however, that really pulls this body of music back to its roots ... the dominant elements of this", "id": "12217779" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nTrouble in Mind is an album by American blues musician Big Bill Broonzy. It was released on February 22, 2000 by Smithsonian Folkways. The album consists of traditional folk, blues, and spiritual songs featuring Broonzy accompanying himself on acoustic guitar and a guest appearance by Pete Seeger. Suffering from cancer, Broonzy realized his time was limited and hence recorded extensively between 1956 and 1957. While most of the work draws from the album \"Big Bill Broonzy Sings Country Blues\" (1957), arranged by Moses Asch and Charles Edward", "id": "18296715" }, { "contents": "Music of Washington, D.C.\n\n\nhome to many bluesmen, such as Jelly Roll Morton and later rock and roll and rhythm and blues musicians such as Bo Diddley and Roy Buchanan. In the 1960s, a number of white youths formed local blues bands, including the Northside Blues Band and the Nighthawks. Starting in the early 1960s, Takoma Park native John Fahey became a nationally noted blues and folk guitarist who established the Takoma Records label, which attracted a number of other blues, folk, acoustic and fingerstyle guitarists to the District of Columbia area. Another local", "id": "9815809" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\nTerry Robb is a Canadian fingerstyle guitarist, composer, arranger and record producer living in the United States. He plays electric and acoustic guitar, and is associated with the American Primitive Guitar genre through his collaboration with steel string guitarist John Fahey. He is a member of the Oregon Music Hall of Fame and Cascade Blues Association Hall of Fame, and was honored with the eponymous \"Terry Robb\" Muddy Award for Best Acoustic Guitar in 2011. His original compositions draw on the Delta blues, ragtime, folk music, country music", "id": "1583113" }, { "contents": "Lightnin' Wells\n\n\nLightnin' Wells is an American Piedmont blues multi-instrumentalist and singer. He is a proficient musician and regularly plays various instruments in concert including the guitar, mandolin, harmonica, ukulele and banjo. At times he has performed as a one-man band. His style encompasses elements of the blues, country, gospel, old-time, bluegrass and folk. Mark Coltrain stated in \"Living Blues\" that, \"You won't find a more versatile musician around – able to move deftly between country blues, old", "id": "14064192" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nspending a year in Europe including recording the \"Sonny Boy Williamson and The Yardbirds\" album, (first released on Star-Club Records in 1965), and recording with The Animals. On 7 May 1964, Granada Television broadcast \"Blues and Gospel Train\", a programme directed by John Hamp featuring Muddy Waters, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, Rev. Gary Davis, Cousin Joe and Otis Spann. For filming, the company transformed the disused Wilbraham Road railway station into \"Chorltonville\", giving it", "id": "2225137" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n. Delta blues is a style as much as a geographical form: Skip James and Elmore James, who were not born in the Delta, are considered Delta blues musicians. Performers traveled throughout the Mississippi Delta, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and Tennessee. Eventually, Delta blues spread out across the country, giving rise to a host of regional variations, including Chicago blues and Detroit blues. Delta blues songs are typically expressed in the first person and often concern love, sex, the traveling lifestyle and its tribulations, sin", "id": "7794024" }, { "contents": "Traditional blues verses\n\n\nIn the folk tradition, there are many traditional blues verses that have been sung over and over by many artists. Blues singers, who include many country and folk artists as well as those commonly identified with blues singers, use these traditional lyrics to fill out their blues performances. Artists like Jimmie Rodgers, the \"blue yodeler\", and Big Joe Turner, \"the Boss of the Blues\" compiled virtual encyclopedias of lyrics. Turner reputedly could sing the blues for hours without repeating himself. Traditional blues verses in folk-", "id": "14213756" }, { "contents": "Midwestern United States\n\n\nmusical style in the United States, deriving most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz, and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Freed's contribution in identifying rock as a new genre helped establish the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, located in Cleveland. Chuck Berry, a Midwesterner from St. Louis, was among the first successful rock and roll artists and influenced many other rock musicians", "id": "15016383" }, { "contents": "Classic female blues\n\n\nClassic female blues was an early form of blues music, popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues were performed by female singers accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles and were the first blues to be recorded. Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, Ethel Waters, and the other singers in this genre were instrumental in spreading the popularity of the blues. Blues, a type of black folk music originating in the American South, were", "id": "5621307" }, { "contents": "Southern soul\n\n\n\"Country soul\", \"Downhome soul\" and \"Hard soul\" have been used synonymously with \"Southern soul\" Pioneers of southern soul include: Georgia natives Ray Charles and James Brown; Little Willie John, Bobby \"Blue\" Bland, New Orleans R&B artist Allen Toussaint; and Memphis DJ Rufus Thomas. Southern soul was influenced by blues and gospel music. Southern soul was at its peak during the 1960s, when Memphis soul was created. In 1963, Stan Lewis founded Jewel Records in Shreveport, Louisiana, along", "id": "18765148" }, { "contents": "South Korea\n\n\n1992 marked a turning point for South Korean popular music, also known as K-pop, as the genre modernized itself from incorporating elements of popular musical genres from across the world such as Western popular music, experimental, jazz, gospel, Latin, classical, hip hop, rhythm and blues, electronic dance, reggae, country, folk, and rock on top of its uniquely traditional Korean music roots. Western-style pop, hip hop, rhythm and blues, rock, folk, electronic dance oriented acts have become", "id": "7248618" }, { "contents": "The Subdudes\n\n\nThe Subdudes (stylized as The subdudes) are an American roots rock group from New Orleans. Their music blends folk, swamp pop, New Orleans rhythm and blues, Louisiana blues, country, cajun/zydeco, funk, soul and gospel with harmonic vocals. Their sound is notable for the band's substitution of a tambourine player for a drummer. The subdudes formed in 1987 through a music venue in New Orleans called Tipitina's. The Subdudes often credit their songwriting to the group as a whole, although the primary songwriters", "id": "12289559" }, { "contents": "American rock\n\n\nAmerican rock has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, rhythm and blues, and country music, and also drew on folk music, jazz, blues, and classical music. American rock music was further influenced by the British Invasion of the American pop charts from 1964 and resulted in the development of garage rock. From the late 1960s and early 1970s, American rock music was highly influential in the development of a number of fusions, including blending with folk music to create folk rock, with blues to create blues", "id": "5254668" }, { "contents": "Richard Trice\n\n\nRichard Trice (November 16, 1917 – April 6, 2000) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles. He lived most of his life in his native North Carolina and played in its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. His family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Music was an interest in the family, and he learned to play the guitar at an", "id": "1811700" }, { "contents": "J. B. Lenoir\n\n\nJefferson, which became a major influence. During the early 1940s, Lenoir worked with the blues artists Sonny Boy Williamson II and Elmore James in New Orleans. He was later influenced by Arthur Crudup and Lightnin' Hopkins. In 1949, he moved to Chicago, where Big Bill Broonzy helped introduce him to the blues community. He began to perform at local nightclubs, with musicians such as Memphis Minnie, Big Maceo Merriweather, and Muddy Waters, and became an important part of the city's blues scene. He began recording", "id": "7041136" }, { "contents": "Bishop Dready Manning\n\n\ncotton, peanuts, and corn. Some of his uncles and cousins played blues guitar in the North Carolina Piedmont fashion. When Manning was seven years old, he began learning how to fingerpick guitar. His skills improved over time and by his teenage years Manning had earned a reputation as a master of blues guitar and harmonica. His style was influenced by Piedmont blues musicians such as Blind Boy Fuller, Brownie McGhee and Buddy Moss, and national stars like Lightnin' Hopkins, Jimmy Reed and Sonny Boy Williamson As a young bluesman", "id": "13727518" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nartists and their own performances. The visit of Muddy Waters in 1958 had a major impact on the duo and on the nature of British R&B in general. Initially British audiences were shocked by Waters's amplified electric blues, but he was soon playing to ecstatic crowds and receiving rave reviews. Where British blues had often emulated Delta blues and country blues in the emerging British folk revival, Davies and Korner, who had supported Waters on tour, now began to play high-powered electric blues, forming the band Blues Incorporated.", "id": "16087064" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\njump blues combo with honking saxophone and rolling piano, variously calling themselves Brownie McGhee and his Jook House Rockers or Sonny Terry and his Buckshot Five, often with Champion Jack Dupree and Big Chief Ellis. They also appeared in the original Broadway productions of \"Finian's Rainbow\" and \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\". During the blues revival of the 1960s, Terry and McGhee were popular on the concert and music festival circuits, occasionally adding new material but usually remaining faithful to their roots and playing to the tastes of", "id": "4476037" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nelements of swing music and jazz in a long and prolific career. After World War II, amplified blues music became popular in American cities that had seen widespread African American migration, such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit, St. Louis, and the West Coast. The initial impulse was to be heard above the noise of lively rent parties. Playing in small venues, electric blues bands tended to remain modest in size compared with larger jazz bands. In its early stages electric blues typically used amplified electric guitars, double bass (", "id": "8151258" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe Beatles had brought African-American music to new audiences, both within the U.S. and abroad. However, the blues wave that brought artists such as Muddy Waters to the foreground had stopped. Bluesmen such as Big Bill Broonzy and Willie Dixon started looking for new markets in Europe. Dick Waterman and the blues festivals he organized in Europe played a major role in propagating blues music abroad. In the UK, bands emulated U.S. blues legends, and UK blues rock-based bands had an influential role throughout the 1960s. Blues", "id": "2951020" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\nThese drew on his studies with Rev. Davis and the other older blues artists and on his obsessive listening to old 78s. \"The Country Blues Guitar, Delta Blues, Texas Blues, Ragtime Blues Guitar\" and \"Rev. Gary Davis/Blues Guitar\" have remained in print through various editions. In the mid-1960s, Stefan Grossman recorded a number of cuts for Joe Bussard and his Frederick, Maryland-based Fonotone Records and performed at the Jabberwock coffeehouse in Berkeley under the nom du folk of \"Kid Future\". The origins", "id": "9236337" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nand they continued almost annually until 1972, after an eight-year hiatus reviving the festival in 1980 until its final performance in 1985. The concerts featured some of the leading blues artists of the 1960s, such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Willie Dixon, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, some playing in unique combinations such as T-Bone Walker playing guitar for pianist Memphis Slim, Otis Rush with Junior Wells, Sonny Boy Williamson with Muddy Waters. The Festival DVDs include the only known footage of Little", "id": "2225135" }, { "contents": "Checkin' Up on My Baby\n\n\n\"Checkin' Up on My Baby\" (or sometimes \"Checking On My Baby\") is a song recorded by Sonny Boy Williamson II in 1960 that has become a classic of the blues. The song was not released as a single, but was included on Williamson's \"The Real Folk Blues\" album released after his death in 1965. The song has been recorded by numerous blues and other artists, making it one of Williamson's most recorded songs. Williamson's namesake Sonny Boy Williamson I, also known as", "id": "10302292" }, { "contents": "History of modern Western subcultures\n\n\ncowboy songs (also known, in those days, as hillbilly music) were beginning to be more popular with a wider audience. A subculture of rural jazz and blues fans had mixed elements of jazz and blues into traditional cowboy and folk song styles to produce a crossover called western swing. Thanks to the prevalence of radio, this music spread across the United States in the 1940s. Radio was the first \"almost instantaneous\" mass media with the power to create large subcultures by spreading the ideas of small subcultures across a wide", "id": "19180987" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\n\"one of the greatest exponents of fingerstyle blues and gospel guitar playing\"\" and \"\"an incredible genius as a teacher\"\". He spent countless hours learning and documenting Davis's music, recording much of it on a tape recorder, and developing a form of tablature to take down his teacher's instructions. In the folk and country blues revival of the 1960s he was listening to old recordings of artists such as Elizabeth Cotten, Big Bill Broonzy, Lead Belly, Josh White, Lightnin' Hopkins, Rev. Gary", "id": "9236332" }, { "contents": "Steel-string acoustic guitar\n\n\nundistorted and full-range reproduction. Until the 1960s, the predominant forms of music played on the flat-top, steel-string guitar remained relatively stable and included acoustic blues, country, bluegrass, folk, and several genres of rock. The concept of playing solo steel-string guitar in a concert setting was introduced in the early 1960s by such performers as Davey Graham and John Fahey, who used country blues fingerpicking techniques to compose original compositions with structures somewhat like European classical music. Fahey contemporary Robbie Basho added elements", "id": "2024699" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nmusic. The music of the civil rights movement and Free Speech Movement in the U.S. prompted a resurgence of interest in American roots music and early African American music. As well festivals such as the Newport Folk Festival brought traditional blues to a new audience, which helped to revive interest in prewar acoustic blues and performers such as Son House, Mississippi John Hurt, Skip James, and Reverend Gary Davis. Many compilations of classic prewar blues were republished by the Yazoo Records. J. B. Lenoir from the Chicago blues movement in the 1950s", "id": "2951023" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nperformers such as Little Walter or Muddy Waters. Songs from this genre include \"Scratch my Back\", \"She's Tough\" and \"I'm a King Bee\". Alan Lomax's recordings of Mississippi Fred McDowell would eventually bring him wider attention on both the blues and folk circuit, with McDowell's droning style influencing North Mississippi hill country blues musicians. By the beginning of the 1960s, genres influenced by African American music such as rock and roll and soul were part of mainstream popular music. White performers such as", "id": "2951019" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nmore exclusively English folk clubs. The more traditional American folk blues continued to provide 1960s British groups with material, particularly after the emergence of Bob Dylan, who also popularised folk blues songs. In 1964, for example, the song-catalogue of Lead Belly provided the Animals with \"The House of the Rising Sun\", Manfred Mann with \"John Hardy\" and the Four Pennies with \"Black Girl\". British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers", "id": "16087061" }, { "contents": "Willie Trice\n\n\nWilliam Augusta Trice (February 10, 1908 – December 11, 1976) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles and an album. He remained loyal to his native North Carolina and its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, probably in 1908; some sources state 1910 or 1911. The family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Both of Trice’s parents played music", "id": "1573260" }, { "contents": "Rock and roll\n\n\nstyles such as jazz and swing which were taken up by white musicians, aided this process of \"cultural collision\". The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called \"race music\", and country music of the 1940s and 1950s. Particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. Commentators differ in their views of which of these forms were most important and the degree to which the new music was a re-branding of African-American rhythm and", "id": "5601387" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\nPiedmont blues (also known as East Coast, or Southeastern blues) refers primarily to a guitar style, the Piedmont fingerstyle, which is characterized by a fingerpicking approach in which a regular, alternating thumb bass string rhythmic pattern supports a syncopated melody using the treble strings generally picked with the fore-finger, occasionally others. The result is comparable in sound to ragtime or stride piano styles. Blues researcher Peter B. Lowry coined the term, giving co-credit to fellow folklorist Bruce Bastin. The Piedmont style is differentiated from other", "id": "8150344" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand the generalization of the blues beat, the blues shuffle, which became ubiquitous in R&B. This commercial stream had important consequences for blues music, which, together with jazz and gospel music, became a component of R&B. After World War II, new styles of electric blues became popular in cities such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit and St. Louis. Electric blues used electric guitars, double bass (gradually replaced by bass guitar), drums, and harmonica (or \"blues harp\") played through a microphone and a PA", "id": "2951010" }, { "contents": "New Orleans blues\n\n\nblues is primarily driven by piano and horn, enlivened by Caribbean rhythms and Dixieland music. It is generally cheerful in delivery regardless of the subject matter, with a laid back tempo and complex rhythms falling just behind the beat. Vocals range from laid-back crooning to full-throated gospel shouting. New Orleans is generally credited as the birthplace of jazz music, but has attracted less attention as a center of the blues. The 12 bar blues were well known in the city before most of the rest of the country.", "id": "20252986" }, { "contents": "Michael Roach (musician)\n\n\n2003, Roach presented \"Deep Blue\", a three part series on blues music featured on BBC Radio 4. In 2006 he released an instructional DVD, \"Introduction to Country Blues Guitar\". Roach's tours as an educator and performer have taken him to the Augusta Heritage Center (US), Centrum Piedmont Blues Intensive (US), The Ironworks (UK) and the Smithsonian Institution (US). He has performed and lectured at blues, jazz, folk and roots music festivals in Croatia, Czech Republic,", "id": "14072779" }, { "contents": "Texas blues\n\n\nmoved to Chicago as a teenager. His instrumental number \"Hide Away\" (1961), was emulated by British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments such as keyboards and horns with emphasis on guitar soloing. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles.", "id": "12084292" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nhip hop music, reggae, rap, country music, and pop music, blues has been accused of being the \"devil's music\" and of inciting violence and other poor behavior. In the early 20th century, the blues was considered disreputable, especially as white audiences began listening to the blues during the 1920s. In the early twentieth century, W.C. Handy was the first to popularize blues-influenced music among non-black Americans. During the blues revival of the 1960s and '70s, acoustic blues artist Taj Mahal", "id": "2951049" }, { "contents": "Blues fiddle\n\n\nchances for frontline fiddlers to participate. Another reason for the violin's exclusion in post war blues was that it could not be effectively electrified. When artists migrated to the industrial centers from the Mississippi delta and rural south, they found a way to do so, but African-American music later mostly abandoned the instrument. Many blues guitar greats, such as Lonnie Johnson and Big Bill Broonzy, made early recordings on the violin. They are among the most-represented artists in the canon. The connection between guitar and violin", "id": "20387501" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\nin the 1950s, led by singer Mahalia Jackson. The blues genre experienced major revivals in the 1950s with Chicago blues musicians such as Muddy Waters and Little Walter, as well as in the 1960s in the British Invasion and American folk music revival when country blues musicians like Mississippi John Hurt and Reverend Gary Davis were rediscovered. The seminal blues musicians of these periods had tremendous influence on rock musicians such as Chuck Berry in the 1950s, as well as on the British blues and blues rock scenes of the 1960s and 1970s, including", "id": "7216667" }, { "contents": "Sugar Mama (song)\n\n\n\"Sugar Mama\" or \"Sugar Mama Blues\" is a song that is a standard of the blues. Called a \"tautly powerful slow blues\" by music journalist Charles Shaar Murray, it has been recorded by numerous artists, including early Chicago bluesmen Tampa Red, Sonny Boy Williamson I, and Tommy McClennan. John Lee Hooker and Howlin' Wolf later adapted \"Sugar Mama\" for electric blues and rock group Led Zeppelin reworked it during early recording sessions. Country bluesman Yank Rachell recorded \"Sugar Farm Blues\" February 6", "id": "15139181" }, { "contents": "Nathan Beauregard\n\n\nwith minor talent make a fortune as a recording artist while he himself was not offered such a chance. During the folk and blues revival of the 1960s Beauregard was \"discovered\" in Memphis by Bill Barth, who convinced him to work as a musician again. In the short time between his \"discovery\" in 1968 and his death in 1970, he played at various folk and blues festivals (e.g. the 1968 Memphis Country Blues Festival, which has been recorded on the Sire and Blue Horizon labels) and on a number", "id": "5223148" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe California blues style, performed a successful transition from the early urban blues à la Lonnie Johnson and Leroy Carr to the jump blues style and dominated the blues-jazz scene at Los Angeles during the 1940s. The transition from country blues to urban blues that began in the 1920s was driven by the successive waves of economic crisis and booms which led many rural blacks to move to urban areas, in a movement known as the Great Migration. The long boom following World War II induced another massive migration of the African-American", "id": "2951008" }, { "contents": "Women in music\n\n\nboys only club. Chinese idol girl groups have also recently achieved significant success, with C-pop groups like SNH48 and Rocket Girls 101, with the later selling over 1.6 million copies of their debut EP in 2018. Classic female blues was an early form of blues music popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues songs performed by female vocalists were accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles, and were the first blues to be", "id": "22079994" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nRock and roll emerged as a defined musical style in the United States in the early to mid-1950s. It derived most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Rock and roll in turn provided the main basis for the music that, since the mid-1960s, has been generally known simply as rock music. The phrase \"rocking and rolling\" originally described", "id": "5254840" }, { "contents": "Warner Williams and Jay Summerour\n\n\nWarner Williams and Jay Summerour are an American folk duo, who perform under the name Little Bit A Blues. They have played at numerous folk and blues festivals and at concerts at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. They are known for playing in the Piedmont blues style, a regional variant of the blues that developed in North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland and West Virginia. Williams and Summerour have been playing music together under the name of Little Bit A Blues since the early 1990s. During their tenure together,", "id": "20240347" }, { "contents": "American popular music\n\n\n—e.g., minorities or rural audiences. Beginning in the 1920s and accelerating greatly in the 1940s, the blues began rapidly diversifying into a broad spectrum of new styles. These included an uptempo, energetic style called rhythm and blues (R&B), a merger of blues and Anglo-Celtic song called country music and the fusion of hymns and spirituals with blues structures called gospel music. Later than these other styles, in the 1940s, a blues, R&B and country fusion eventually called rock and roll developed, eventually coming", "id": "6698779" }, { "contents": "1940s in music\n\n\ncalled \"folk\" in the trades, and \"hillbilly\" within the industry. In 1944, \"The Billboard\" replaced the term \"hillbilly\" with \"folk songs and blues,\" and switched to \"country\" or \"country and Western\" in 1949. But while cowboy and Western music were the most popular styles, a new style – honky tonk – would take root and define the genre of country music for decades to come. The style meshed Western swing and blues music; featured rough, nasal vocals", "id": "12815195" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n, salvation and death. Several blues musicians were imprisoned in the Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman Farm, which is referred to in songs such as Bukka White's \"Parchman Farm Blues\" and the folk song \"Midnight Special\". In big-city blues, women singers such as Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith and Mamie Smith dominated the recordings of the 1920s. However, women rarely recorded Delta blues and other rural or folk-style blues. In Delta blues female performers often had some romantic connection to more notable male performers", "id": "7794025" }, { "contents": "The Sky Is Crying (song)\n\n\nThe Sky Is Crying\" has been interpreted and recorded by many blues and other artists. In 1963, blues harmonica player and singer Sonny Boy Williamson II recorded the song as a country blues-style duet with Matt Murphy on acoustic guitar for his \"Keep It to Ourselves\" album. In 1964, Eric Clapton with The Yardbirds recorded a live slow blues which included a couple of lines from \"The Sky Is Crying\" (\"Blueswailing July '64 (Live)\"). In 1966, with Jeff Beck on", "id": "3146914" }, { "contents": "BeauSoleil\n\n\n, rhythm, and lyrics of Louisiana folk music, incorporating elements of rock and roll, jazz, blues, calypso, and other genres in original compositions and reworkings of traditional tunes. Lyrics on BeauSoleil recordings are sung in English or Cajun French (and sometimes both in one song). According to the band's web site, BeauSoleil's musicians \"take the rich Cajun traditions of Louisiana and artfully blend elements of zydeco, New Orleans jazz, Tex-Mex, country, blues and more into a satisfying musical recipe.", "id": "9860218" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. The origins of country are in rural Southern folk music, which was primarily Irish and British, with African and continental European musics. Anglo-Celtic tunes, dance music, and balladry were the earliest predecessors of modern country, then known as \"hillbilly music\". Early hillbilly also borrowed elements of the blues and drew upon more aspects of 19th-century pop songs as hillbilly music evolved into a commercial genre eventually known as \"country and western\" and then simply \"country\". The earliest country instrumentation revolved around", "id": "7216674" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nelements from the \"Ethiopian airs\", minstrel shows and Negro spirituals, including instrumental and harmonic accompaniment. The style also was closely related to ragtime, which developed at about the same time, though the blues better preserved \"the original melodic patterns of African music\". The musical forms and styles that are now considered the blues as well as modern country music arose in the same regions of the southern United States during the 19th century. Recorded blues and country music can be found as far back as the 1920s, when", "id": "2950988" }, { "contents": "Organ Thieves\n\n\nPrimate Sanctuary. The band's musical style is unique and although the music is mainly considered hard rock, southern rock and reggae rock, the band like to call themselves \"experimental-soul-rock\". The band's music takes influences from various genres including reggae, soul, country, blues, rhythm and blues, folk, rock and roll, punk, heavy metal, southern rock and more, as stated by the band that they are not limited to any genre and are willing to experiment everything.br They are also", "id": "3590626" }, { "contents": "African-American music\n\n\nstructure of the dance and folk music of peoples across western and sub-Saharan Africa. These musical forms had a wide-ranging influence on the development of music within the United States and around the world during the 20th century. The modern genres of blues and ragtime were developed during the late 19th century by fusing West African vocalizations - which employed the natural harmonic series, and blue notes. The earliest jazz and blues recordings were made in the 1920s. African-American musicians developed related styles such as Rhythm and Blues in", "id": "13306674" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\nWalter Brown \"Brownie\" McGhee (November 30, 1915 – February 16, 1996) was an African-American folk music and Piedmont blues singer and guitarist, best known for his collaboration with the harmonica player Sonny Terry. McGhee was born in Knoxville, Tennessee, and grew up in Kingsport, Tennessee. At about the age of four he contracted polio, which incapacitated his right leg. His brother Granville \"Sticks\"(or \"Stick\") McGhee, who also later became a musician and composed the famous song \"Drinkin'", "id": "4476033" }, { "contents": "Clarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown\n\n\nClarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown (April 18, 1924 – September 10, 2005) was an American musician from Louisiana and Texas known for his work as a blues musician, as well as other styles of music. He spent his career fighting purism by synthesizing old blues, country, jazz, Cajun music and R&B styles. His work also encompasses rock and roll, rock music, folk music, electric blues, and Texas blues. He was an acclaimed multi-instrumentalist, who played an array of musical instruments, including", "id": "15961748" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nby British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments like keyboards and horns, but placed particular emphasis on powerful lead guitar breaks. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles. In the 1970s Jimmie formed the Fabulous Thunderbirds and in the 1980s his brother Stevie Ray", "id": "8151279" } ]

[ { "contents": "Country blues\n\n\nCountry blues (also folk blues, rural blues, backwoods blues, or downhome blues) is one of the earliest forms of blues music. The mainly solo vocal with acoustic fingerstyle guitar accompaniment developed in the rural Southern United States in the early 1900s. Artists, such as Blind Lemon Jefferson (Texas), Charley Patton (Mississippi), Blind Willie McTell (Georgia) were among the first to record blues songs in the 1920s. Country blues ran parallel to urban blues, which was popular in cities. Folklorist Alan Lomax", "id": "8046896" }, { "contents": "Culture of the Southern United States\n\n\n-time music, gospel music, spirituals, country music, rhythm and blues, soul music, funk, rock and roll, beach music, bluegrass, jazz (including ragtime, popularized by Southerner Scott Joplin), zydeco, and Appalachian folk music were either born in the South or developed in the region. In general, country music is based on the folk music of white Southerners, and blues and rhythm and blues is based on African American southern forms. However, whites and blacks alike have contributed to each of", "id": "8469878" }, { "contents": "List of blues festivals\n\n\nBlues festivals are music festivals which focus on blues music. Blues is a genre and musical form that originated in African-American communities in the Southern United States around the end of the 19th century. It has elements of traditional African music, American folk music, spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. Blues has since evolved from unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves into a wide variety of styles and subgenres, such as country blues, Delta and Piedmont, Chicago", "id": "17295253" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand subgenres. Blues subgenres include country blues, such as Delta blues and Piedmont blues, as well as urban blues styles such as Chicago blues and West Coast blues. World War II marked the transition from acoustic to electric blues and the progressive opening of blues music to a wider audience, especially white listeners. In the 1960s and 1970s, a hybrid form called blues rock developed, which blended blues styles with rock music. The term \"Blues\" may have come from \"blue devils\", meaning melancholy and sadness;", "id": "2950960" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nthe supposed appearance of a southern U.S.-style station. About 200 fans were brought by train to the platform opposite the performers. The performance was interrupted by a rainstorm, after which Tharpe performed the gospel song \"Didn't It Rain\". Blues musicians who performed on the American Folk Blues Festival tours included Muddy Waters, Sonny Boy Williamson, John Lee Hooker, Sippie Wallace, T-Bone Walker, Sonny Terry & Brownie McGhee, Memphis Slim, Otis Rush, Lonnie Johnson, Eddie Boyd, Big Walter Horton, Junior Wells", "id": "2225138" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nthrough EMI's Stateside label and Chess Records through Pye International's R&B series. These records were enthusiastically sought and collected by a new generation of enthusiasts. The increasing appetite for rhythm and blues was reflected in the growing numbers of Afro-American artists visiting the country. From 1962 the American Folk Blues Festival, organised by German promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau, brought American blues stars including Waters, Wolf, Sonny Boy Williamson, and John Lee Hooker to the country. In 1964 the American Folk Blues and Gospel Caravan arrived", "id": "16087069" }, { "contents": "Piedmont (United States)\n\n\nblues musicians came from Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. During the Great Migration, African Americans migrated to the Piedmont. With the Appalachian Mountains to the west, those who might otherwise have spread into rural areas stayed in cities and were thus exposed to a broader mixture of music than those in, for example, the rural Mississippi delta. Thus, Piedmont blues was influenced by many types of music such as ragtime, country, and popular songs—styles that had comparatively less influence on blues music in other regions.", "id": "1946509" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\n, it was being performed at US folk music revivals and festivals initially by established Piedmont blues artists such as Josh White, Rev. Gary Davis, and Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry, as well as Cephas & Wiggins, John Jackson in later years. While musicologists such as George Mitchell, Axel Küstner, Kip Lornell, Peter B. Lowry and Tim Duffy collected recordings by the aging community of Piedmont blues players, younger musicians such as Stefan Grossman, Roy Book Binder, Jorma Kaukonen, Paul Geremia, Keb Mo', Michael Roach", "id": "8150348" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nGerman promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau. The rise of electric blues, and its eventual mainstream success, meant that British acoustic blues was completely overshadowed. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers Bert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham (who played and recorded with Korner), played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene, with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones", "id": "8151338" }, { "contents": "Americana (music)\n\n\nAmericana (also known as American roots music) is an amalgam of American music formed by the confluence of the shared and varied traditions that make up the musical ethos of the United States, specifically those sounds that are merged from folk, country, blues, rhythm and blues, rock and roll, gospel, and other external influences. Americana, as defined by the Americana Music Association (AMA), is \"contemporary music that incorporates elements of various mostly acoustic American roots music styles, including country, roots rock, folk", "id": "9198553" }, { "contents": "Muddy Waters\n\n\nSpann in 1958, where they were backed by local Dixieland-style or \"trad jazz\" musicians, including members of Chris Barber's band. At the time, English audiences had only been exposed to acoustic folk blues, as performed by artists such as Sonny Terry, Brownie McGhee, and Big Bill Broonzy. Both the musicians and audiences were unprepared for Muddy Waters' performance, which included his electric slide guitar playing. He recalled: Although his performances alienated the old guard, some younger musicians, including Alexis Korner and", "id": "15757617" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nBert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham, played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. It continued with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones. Most British acoustic blues players could achieve little commercial success and found it difficult to gain recognition for their \"imitations\" of the blues in the US, being overshadowed by the rhythm and blues and electric blues that had emerged in the later 1950s. Blues harpist Cyril Davies ran the London Skiffle", "id": "16087062" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nas well as people that shared his country roots. His work in this period shows he performed across a wider musical spectrum than almost any other bluesman before or since, including in his repertoire ragtime, hokum blues, country blues, urban blues, jazz-tinged songs, folk songs and spirituals. After World War II, Broonzy recorded songs that were the bridge that allowed many younger musicians to cross over to the future of the blues: the electric blues of postwar Chicago. His 1945 recordings of \"Where the Blues Began", "id": "9494361" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nBig Bill Broonzy (born Lee Conley Bradley, June 26, 1903 – August 14, 1958) was an American blues singer, songwriter and guitarist. His career began in the 1920s, when he played country blues to mostly African-American audiences. Through the 1930s and 1940s he successfully navigated a transition in style to a more urban blues sound popular with working-class African-American audiences. In the 1950s a return to his traditional folk-blues roots made him one of the leading figures of the emerging American folk", "id": "9494347" }, { "contents": "Precious Bryant\n\n\nPrecious Bryant (née Bussey; January 4, 1942 – January 12, 2013) was an American country blues, gospel, and folk singer and guitarist. She played Piedmont fingerstyle guitar. Bryant was born in Talbot County, Georgia. She released two solo albums. Her 2002 debut, \"Fool Me Good,\" was nominated for two Blues Music Awards, in the categories Acoustic Blues Album of the Year and Best New Artist Debut. In 2006 she was nominated for a similar award for Traditional Blues Female Artist of the", "id": "2571157" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nAmerica, a series of tours that began with Josh White and Big Bill Broonzy in 1951, and would include Brownie McGhee, Sonny Terry, Memphis Slim, Muddy Waters and Lonnie Johnson. Lonnie Johnson played at the Royal Festival Hall in 1952 on a bill opened by a group led by the young Lonnie Donegan. Donegan became the key figure in the development of the British skiffle \"craze\", beginning in Ken Colyer's Jazzmen by playing American folk and blues songs, particularly those derived from the recordings of Huddie Leadbetter,", "id": "16087056" }, { "contents": "Hill country blues\n\n\npatterns that conform to proverbial phrases or the words of popular fife and drum tunes—\"is considered the sign of a good drummer.\" This enduring tradition of folk polyrhythm played an important part in the development of Mississippi blues. \"Mississippi\" Fred McDowell, who lived in Como, Mississippi, was one of the subgenre's most widely known musicians, in the 1960s and after. His music was heavier on percussive elements and African rhythms than traditional Delta blues. McDowell's performances helped define the Hill Country blues sound, influencing later artists", "id": "19106875" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nfit in with British expectations of American blues as a form of folk music. In 1957 Davies and Korner decided that their central interest was the blues and closed the skiffle club, reopening a month later as The London Blues and Barrelhouse Club. To this point British blues was acoustically played emulating Delta blues and Country blues styles and often part of the emerging second British folk revival. Critical in changing this was the visit of Muddy Waters in 1958, who initially shocked British audiences by playing amplified electric blues, but who was soon", "id": "8151324" }, { "contents": "Valerie Turner\n\n\nValerie Turner is an American blues guitarist-vocalist, educator, and author. She plays in the Piedmont style of fingerpicking guitar, continuing in the traditions of Mississippi John Hurt, Elizabeth Cotten, Memphis Minnie, and Etta Baker. She performs blues, ballads, country, popular songs, ragtime, and gospels. She is a native New Yorker with southern roots in Virginia and Georgia. She started learning and studying traditional country blues guitar in 1978. Valerie and her spouse, Benedict Turner, are an acoustic blues duo called", "id": "8216617" }, { "contents": "Mr. Misunderstood\n\n\n\"Mr. Misunderstood\", at the 2015 Country Music Association Awards, where the news of the new album became evident. The musical style of this album has been described as the following; country, rock, blues, folk, gospel, soul, funk, alternative country, alternative rock, country rock, country blues, country gospel, gospel blues, bluegrass, folk rock, heartland rock, roots rock, rock and roll, rhythm and blues, Southern gospel, Southern rock, and Southern soul. His music here", "id": "5570655" }, { "contents": "Chris Barber\n\n\nwas mainly responsible for arranging the first UK tours of blues artists Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee and Muddy Waters. This, with the encouragement of local enthusiasts such as Alexis Korner and John Mayall, sparked young musicians such as Peter Green, Eric Clapton and the Rolling Stones. British rhythm and blues powered the British invasion of the USA charts in the 1960s, yet Dixieland itself remained popular: in January 1963 the British music magazine, \"NME\" reported the biggest trad jazz event in Britain at Alexandra Palace", "id": "17410986" }, { "contents": "The Blues, the Whole Blues, and Nothing But the Blues\n\n\ninterplay of instruments gives them the freedom to move from the country blues of the Mississippi Delta to the jug band tradition of the urban South, and from New Orleans to Chicago, embracing the breadth of American music in its myriad places and times.\" In \"Glide\" magazine, Lee Zimmerman said, \"David Bromberg’s fondness for the blues has been a single-minded concern throughout his storied career, one that’s found him working alongside any number of icons, folks like Bob Dylan and George Harrison included... Of", "id": "7352775" }, { "contents": "Dave Van Ronk\n\n\nand Van Ronk turned to performing blues he had stumbled across while shopping for jazz 78s, by artists like Furry Lewis and Mississippi John Hurt. Van Ronk was not the first white musician to perform African-American blues, but became noted for his interpretation of it in its original context. By about 1958, he was firmly committed to the folk-blues style, accompanying himself with his own acoustic guitar. He performed blues, jazz and folk music, occasionally writing his own songs but generally arranging the work of earlier artists", "id": "10878367" }, { "contents": "Fingerstyle guitar\n\n\nis also very common. Examples of traditions that John Fahey and Robbie Basho would employ in their compositions include, but are not limited to, the extended Raga of Indian classical music, the Japanese Koto, and the early ragtime-based country blues music of Mississippi John Hurt or Blind Blake. A distinctive style to emerge from Britain in the early 1960s, which combined elements of American folk, blues, jazz and ragtime with British traditional music, was what became known as 'folk baroque'. Pioneered by musicians of the", "id": "13793683" }, { "contents": "Country music\n\n\nCountry music, also known as country and western (or simply country), and hillbilly music, is a genre of popular music that originated in the southern United States in the early 1920s. It takes its roots from genres such as American folk music (especially Appalachian folk and Western music) and blues. Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms, folk lyrics, and harmonies mostly accompanied by string instruments such as banjos, electric and acoustic guitars, steel guitars (such as pedal steels and", "id": "4960825" }, { "contents": "WFDU\n\n\n. WFDU (FM) plays wide array of music ranging from Blues & Country/Bluegrass music to RetroRadio, Eclectic, Folk, Gospel, Oldies Rock and Soul/R&B. Big Frank Mirra, a well-known Blues musician in the Metro area for over three decades along with former blues radio producer, Music Director of Blues/Roots/American programing, Mike Stokes hosts Blues on the Run on Tuesdays. Dennis Gruenling is the host of Blues & the Beat, spinning everything from the legends of Chicago-style blues like", "id": "1564525" }, { "contents": "Nick Katzman\n\n\nNick Katzman (born 1951) is an American blues musician. Katzman was born in New York City, and lives in both Manhattan and Berlin, Germany. He plays in a variety of musical genres, including Chicago blues, Mississippi blues, Texas blues, and ragtime. As a teenager in the 1960s, Katzman saw many of the surviving country blues guitarists who travelled north to play their music in clubs and at the folk festivals. He learned to lay both guitar and lute. He studied classical music and jazz at Antioch", "id": "16730431" }, { "contents": "Louisiana blues\n\n\nLouisiana blues is a genre of blues music that developed in the period after World War II in the state of Louisiana. It is generally divided into two major subgenres, with the jazz-influenced New Orleans blues based on the musical traditions of that city and the slower tempo swamp blues incorporating influences from zydeco and Cajun music from around Baton Rouge. Major artists in the New Orleans tradition include Professor Longhair and Guitar Slim and for swamp blues Slim Harpo and Lightnin' Slim. Both genres peaked in popularity in the 1960s and were", "id": "8046899" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. Theatrical composers and lyricists like the brothers George and Ira Gershwin created a uniquely American theatrical style that used American vernacular speech and music. Musicals featured popular songs and fast-paced plots that often revolved around love and romance. The blues is a genre of African American folk music that is the basis for much of modern American popular music. Blues can be seen as part of a continuum of musical styles like country, jazz, ragtime, and gospel; though each genre evolved into distinct forms, their origins were often indistinct", "id": "7216662" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nspirituals, work songs, ragtime music, hokum, and country blues he heard growing up and the styles of his contemporaries, including Jimmie Rodgers, Blind Blake, Son House, and Blind Lemon Jefferson. Broonzy combined all these influences into his own style of the blues, which foreshadowed the postwar Chicago blues, later refined and popularized by artists such as Muddy Waters and Willie Dixon. Although he had been a pioneer of the Chicago blues style and had employed electric instruments as early as 1942, white audiences in the 1950s wanted", "id": "9494369" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\n, a large number of British rhythm and blues musicians began their careers playing skiffle, including Van Morrison, Ronnie Wood, Mick Jagger and Roger Daltrey. The fashion created a demand for opportunities to play versions of American folk, blues and jazz music that would contribute to the growth of a club scene. Until the mid-1950s in Britain the blues was seen as a form of folk music. When Broonzy toured England he played a folk blues set to fit British expectations of American blues, rather than his current electric Chicago blues.", "id": "16087059" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nintroduction of many later followers of the blues to the music and hardships of life for African Americans in the Southern US. The next year the \"Jazz Club\" programme, hosted by Max Jones, included a recital of \"Town and Country Blues\", which played music by a wide range of blues artists. The British rhythm and blues scene developed in London out of the related jazz, skiffle and folk club scenes of the 1950s. The first of these scenes, that of jazz, had developed during the Second World", "id": "16087053" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nrecognized the album for its historically significant material. An extensively recorded bluesman, Big Bill Broonzy left the United States to tour Europe in 1951, becoming the first Chicago blues player to perform for European audiences. Broonzy previously spent time in Iowa, where he honed a repertoire which remained a fixture of his concerts and recordings for the remainder of the decade. With bluesmen such as Muddy Waters and Howlin' Wolf amplifying their music, resulting in the popularity of the electric blues, Broonzy decided to reinvent himself as a folk blues musician", "id": "18296717" }, { "contents": "Alec Seward\n\n\nhe relocated from the South to New York, in his case in 1924. Seward befriended Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry and retained his Piedmont blues styling despite changes in musical trends. He and the blues musician Louis Hayes (who later became a minister in northern New Jersey) performed together, variously billed as the Blues Servant Boys, Guitar Slim and Jelly Belly, and the Back Porch Boys. During the 1940s and 1950s Seward played and recorded with Lead Belly, Woody Guthrie, McGhee and Terry. Around 1947 Seward, Guthrie", "id": "7237009" }, { "contents": "The Real Folk Blues\n\n\nThe Real Folk Blues is a series of blues albums released between 1965 and 1967 by Chess Records, later reissued MCA Records. Each album in the series highlighted the music of one major Chess artist, including John Lee Hooker, Howlin' Wolf, Muddy Waters, and Sonny Boy Williamson II. The series, overseen by Marshall Chess, was a reaction to the increasing audience for the blues following the British Invasion. Companion discs, titled More Real Folk Blues, were released for many of the artists. Hooker's companion disc", "id": "17857302" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nNew styles of music emerged among black Americans in the early 20th century in the form of blues, ragtime, jazz, and gospel music. According to the writer Robert Palmer:\"Rock 'n' roll was an inevitable outgrowth of the social and musical interactions between blacks and whites in the South and Southwest. Its roots are a complex tangle. Bedrock black church music influenced blues, rural blues influenced white folk song and the black popular music of the Northern ghettos, blues and black pop influenced jazz, and so on. But the", "id": "5254864" }, { "contents": "Ernie Hawkins\n\n\nErnie Hawkins (born Ernest Leroy Hawkins, 1947, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American acoustic blues guitar player, singer, song writer, recording artist, and educator. Hawkins, along with fellow bluesmen Stefan Grossman and Roy Bookbinder, studied with blues legend Reverend Gary Davis in New York City in 1965 and 1966. Over the years, he learned a variety of styles, including Piedmont blues, Delta blues, ragtime, and gospel. In 1969, Hawkins moved back to his hometown of Pittsburgh, and enrolled at the", "id": "8862999" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nThe American Folk Blues Festival was a music festival that toured Europe as an annual event for several years beginning in 1962. It introduced audiences in Europe, including the UK, to leading blues performers of the day such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, most of whom had never previously performed outside the US. The tours attracted substantial media coverage, including TV shows, and contributed to the growth of the audience for blues music in Europe. German jazz publicist Joachim-Ernst Berendt", "id": "2225133" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\ninspire much of the later popular development of the blues and blues-derived genres, including the legendary delta blues musician Robert Johnson and Piedmont blues musician Blind Willie McTell. By the end of the 1940s, however, pure blues was only a minor part of popular music, having been subsumed by offshoots like rhythm & blues and the nascent rock and roll style. Some styles of electric, piano-driven blues, like boogie-woogie, retained a large audience. A bluesy style of gospel also became popular in mainstream America", "id": "7216666" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\n. Known primarily as a folk-blues guitarist, he learned to play guitar by listening to blues musicians, such as Charlie Patton and Mississippi John Hurt, and has developed a distinctive fingerpicking technique in which he plays the bass line, rhythm chords, and single-note leads simultaneously. In his original compositions and artistic styling, he incorporates influences from other genres, such as jazz, folk music, country music, classical and world music, often utilizing odd time measures, to personalize his music and story telling. An", "id": "1583130" }, { "contents": "Alan Lomax\n\n\n\"The Land Where the Blues Began\" (1995), linking the birth of the blues to debt peonage, segregation, and forced labor in the American South. Lomax's greatest legacy is in preserving and publishing recordings of musicians in many folk and blues traditions around the US and Europe. Among the artists Lomax is credited with discovering and bringing to a wider audience include blues guitarist Robert Johnson, protest singer Woody Guthrie, folk artist Pete Seeger, country musician Burl Ives, and country blues singer Lead Belly, among many", "id": "8697682" }, { "contents": "Brian Protheroe\n\n\nWhite, Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Dave Brubeck and the choral church music of Bach. Protheroe joined the folk group Folk Blues Incorporated (FBI) when he was nineteen, while at this time listening to Bob Dylan and the Beatles. He came to London with FBI in 1965, and played in folk music clubs in and around London. In 1966, Protheroe began his career as an actor. His first job was with his local repertory theatre in Salisbury. He worked there for about seven months", "id": "7666713" }, { "contents": "Down Home Blues (Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry album)\n\n\nDown Home Blues is an album by blues musicians Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry recorded in 1960 and released on the Bluesville label. AllMusic reviewer Bruce Eder stated: \"the music itself stands outside of time. McGhee's strumming and singing have enough polish to pass as a commercial recording, but at its best, it's still sufficiently unaffected so as to be regarded as authentic country-blues. It's Terry's harp, however, that really pulls this body of music back to its roots ... the dominant elements of this", "id": "12217779" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nTrouble in Mind is an album by American blues musician Big Bill Broonzy. It was released on February 22, 2000 by Smithsonian Folkways. The album consists of traditional folk, blues, and spiritual songs featuring Broonzy accompanying himself on acoustic guitar and a guest appearance by Pete Seeger. Suffering from cancer, Broonzy realized his time was limited and hence recorded extensively between 1956 and 1957. While most of the work draws from the album \"Big Bill Broonzy Sings Country Blues\" (1957), arranged by Moses Asch and Charles Edward", "id": "18296715" }, { "contents": "Music of Washington, D.C.\n\n\nhome to many bluesmen, such as Jelly Roll Morton and later rock and roll and rhythm and blues musicians such as Bo Diddley and Roy Buchanan. In the 1960s, a number of white youths formed local blues bands, including the Northside Blues Band and the Nighthawks. Starting in the early 1960s, Takoma Park native John Fahey became a nationally noted blues and folk guitarist who established the Takoma Records label, which attracted a number of other blues, folk, acoustic and fingerstyle guitarists to the District of Columbia area. Another local", "id": "9815809" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\nTerry Robb is a Canadian fingerstyle guitarist, composer, arranger and record producer living in the United States. He plays electric and acoustic guitar, and is associated with the American Primitive Guitar genre through his collaboration with steel string guitarist John Fahey. He is a member of the Oregon Music Hall of Fame and Cascade Blues Association Hall of Fame, and was honored with the eponymous \"Terry Robb\" Muddy Award for Best Acoustic Guitar in 2011. His original compositions draw on the Delta blues, ragtime, folk music, country music", "id": "1583113" }, { "contents": "Lightnin' Wells\n\n\nLightnin' Wells is an American Piedmont blues multi-instrumentalist and singer. He is a proficient musician and regularly plays various instruments in concert including the guitar, mandolin, harmonica, ukulele and banjo. At times he has performed as a one-man band. His style encompasses elements of the blues, country, gospel, old-time, bluegrass and folk. Mark Coltrain stated in \"Living Blues\" that, \"You won't find a more versatile musician around – able to move deftly between country blues, old", "id": "14064192" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nspending a year in Europe including recording the \"Sonny Boy Williamson and The Yardbirds\" album, (first released on Star-Club Records in 1965), and recording with The Animals. On 7 May 1964, Granada Television broadcast \"Blues and Gospel Train\", a programme directed by John Hamp featuring Muddy Waters, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, Rev. Gary Davis, Cousin Joe and Otis Spann. For filming, the company transformed the disused Wilbraham Road railway station into \"Chorltonville\", giving it", "id": "2225137" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n. Delta blues is a style as much as a geographical form: Skip James and Elmore James, who were not born in the Delta, are considered Delta blues musicians. Performers traveled throughout the Mississippi Delta, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and Tennessee. Eventually, Delta blues spread out across the country, giving rise to a host of regional variations, including Chicago blues and Detroit blues. Delta blues songs are typically expressed in the first person and often concern love, sex, the traveling lifestyle and its tribulations, sin", "id": "7794024" }, { "contents": "Traditional blues verses\n\n\nIn the folk tradition, there are many traditional blues verses that have been sung over and over by many artists. Blues singers, who include many country and folk artists as well as those commonly identified with blues singers, use these traditional lyrics to fill out their blues performances. Artists like Jimmie Rodgers, the \"blue yodeler\", and Big Joe Turner, \"the Boss of the Blues\" compiled virtual encyclopedias of lyrics. Turner reputedly could sing the blues for hours without repeating himself. Traditional blues verses in folk-", "id": "14213756" }, { "contents": "Midwestern United States\n\n\nmusical style in the United States, deriving most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz, and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Freed's contribution in identifying rock as a new genre helped establish the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, located in Cleveland. Chuck Berry, a Midwesterner from St. Louis, was among the first successful rock and roll artists and influenced many other rock musicians", "id": "15016383" }, { "contents": "Classic female blues\n\n\nClassic female blues was an early form of blues music, popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues were performed by female singers accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles and were the first blues to be recorded. Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, Ethel Waters, and the other singers in this genre were instrumental in spreading the popularity of the blues. Blues, a type of black folk music originating in the American South, were", "id": "5621307" }, { "contents": "Southern soul\n\n\n\"Country soul\", \"Downhome soul\" and \"Hard soul\" have been used synonymously with \"Southern soul\" Pioneers of southern soul include: Georgia natives Ray Charles and James Brown; Little Willie John, Bobby \"Blue\" Bland, New Orleans R&B artist Allen Toussaint; and Memphis DJ Rufus Thomas. Southern soul was influenced by blues and gospel music. Southern soul was at its peak during the 1960s, when Memphis soul was created. In 1963, Stan Lewis founded Jewel Records in Shreveport, Louisiana, along", "id": "18765148" }, { "contents": "South Korea\n\n\n1992 marked a turning point for South Korean popular music, also known as K-pop, as the genre modernized itself from incorporating elements of popular musical genres from across the world such as Western popular music, experimental, jazz, gospel, Latin, classical, hip hop, rhythm and blues, electronic dance, reggae, country, folk, and rock on top of its uniquely traditional Korean music roots. Western-style pop, hip hop, rhythm and blues, rock, folk, electronic dance oriented acts have become", "id": "7248618" }, { "contents": "The Subdudes\n\n\nThe Subdudes (stylized as The subdudes) are an American roots rock group from New Orleans. Their music blends folk, swamp pop, New Orleans rhythm and blues, Louisiana blues, country, cajun/zydeco, funk, soul and gospel with harmonic vocals. Their sound is notable for the band's substitution of a tambourine player for a drummer. The subdudes formed in 1987 through a music venue in New Orleans called Tipitina's. The Subdudes often credit their songwriting to the group as a whole, although the primary songwriters", "id": "12289559" }, { "contents": "American rock\n\n\nAmerican rock has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, rhythm and blues, and country music, and also drew on folk music, jazz, blues, and classical music. American rock music was further influenced by the British Invasion of the American pop charts from 1964 and resulted in the development of garage rock. From the late 1960s and early 1970s, American rock music was highly influential in the development of a number of fusions, including blending with folk music to create folk rock, with blues to create blues", "id": "5254668" }, { "contents": "Richard Trice\n\n\nRichard Trice (November 16, 1917 – April 6, 2000) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles. He lived most of his life in his native North Carolina and played in its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. His family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Music was an interest in the family, and he learned to play the guitar at an", "id": "1811700" }, { "contents": "J. B. Lenoir\n\n\nJefferson, which became a major influence. During the early 1940s, Lenoir worked with the blues artists Sonny Boy Williamson II and Elmore James in New Orleans. He was later influenced by Arthur Crudup and Lightnin' Hopkins. In 1949, he moved to Chicago, where Big Bill Broonzy helped introduce him to the blues community. He began to perform at local nightclubs, with musicians such as Memphis Minnie, Big Maceo Merriweather, and Muddy Waters, and became an important part of the city's blues scene. He began recording", "id": "7041136" }, { "contents": "Bishop Dready Manning\n\n\ncotton, peanuts, and corn. Some of his uncles and cousins played blues guitar in the North Carolina Piedmont fashion. When Manning was seven years old, he began learning how to fingerpick guitar. His skills improved over time and by his teenage years Manning had earned a reputation as a master of blues guitar and harmonica. His style was influenced by Piedmont blues musicians such as Blind Boy Fuller, Brownie McGhee and Buddy Moss, and national stars like Lightnin' Hopkins, Jimmy Reed and Sonny Boy Williamson As a young bluesman", "id": "13727518" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nartists and their own performances. The visit of Muddy Waters in 1958 had a major impact on the duo and on the nature of British R&B in general. Initially British audiences were shocked by Waters's amplified electric blues, but he was soon playing to ecstatic crowds and receiving rave reviews. Where British blues had often emulated Delta blues and country blues in the emerging British folk revival, Davies and Korner, who had supported Waters on tour, now began to play high-powered electric blues, forming the band Blues Incorporated.", "id": "16087064" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\njump blues combo with honking saxophone and rolling piano, variously calling themselves Brownie McGhee and his Jook House Rockers or Sonny Terry and his Buckshot Five, often with Champion Jack Dupree and Big Chief Ellis. They also appeared in the original Broadway productions of \"Finian's Rainbow\" and \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\". During the blues revival of the 1960s, Terry and McGhee were popular on the concert and music festival circuits, occasionally adding new material but usually remaining faithful to their roots and playing to the tastes of", "id": "4476037" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nelements of swing music and jazz in a long and prolific career. After World War II, amplified blues music became popular in American cities that had seen widespread African American migration, such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit, St. Louis, and the West Coast. The initial impulse was to be heard above the noise of lively rent parties. Playing in small venues, electric blues bands tended to remain modest in size compared with larger jazz bands. In its early stages electric blues typically used amplified electric guitars, double bass (", "id": "8151258" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe Beatles had brought African-American music to new audiences, both within the U.S. and abroad. However, the blues wave that brought artists such as Muddy Waters to the foreground had stopped. Bluesmen such as Big Bill Broonzy and Willie Dixon started looking for new markets in Europe. Dick Waterman and the blues festivals he organized in Europe played a major role in propagating blues music abroad. In the UK, bands emulated U.S. blues legends, and UK blues rock-based bands had an influential role throughout the 1960s. Blues", "id": "2951020" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\nThese drew on his studies with Rev. Davis and the other older blues artists and on his obsessive listening to old 78s. \"The Country Blues Guitar, Delta Blues, Texas Blues, Ragtime Blues Guitar\" and \"Rev. Gary Davis/Blues Guitar\" have remained in print through various editions. In the mid-1960s, Stefan Grossman recorded a number of cuts for Joe Bussard and his Frederick, Maryland-based Fonotone Records and performed at the Jabberwock coffeehouse in Berkeley under the nom du folk of \"Kid Future\". The origins", "id": "9236337" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nand they continued almost annually until 1972, after an eight-year hiatus reviving the festival in 1980 until its final performance in 1985. The concerts featured some of the leading blues artists of the 1960s, such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Willie Dixon, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, some playing in unique combinations such as T-Bone Walker playing guitar for pianist Memphis Slim, Otis Rush with Junior Wells, Sonny Boy Williamson with Muddy Waters. The Festival DVDs include the only known footage of Little", "id": "2225135" }, { "contents": "Checkin' Up on My Baby\n\n\n\"Checkin' Up on My Baby\" (or sometimes \"Checking On My Baby\") is a song recorded by Sonny Boy Williamson II in 1960 that has become a classic of the blues. The song was not released as a single, but was included on Williamson's \"The Real Folk Blues\" album released after his death in 1965. The song has been recorded by numerous blues and other artists, making it one of Williamson's most recorded songs. Williamson's namesake Sonny Boy Williamson I, also known as", "id": "10302292" }, { "contents": "History of modern Western subcultures\n\n\ncowboy songs (also known, in those days, as hillbilly music) were beginning to be more popular with a wider audience. A subculture of rural jazz and blues fans had mixed elements of jazz and blues into traditional cowboy and folk song styles to produce a crossover called western swing. Thanks to the prevalence of radio, this music spread across the United States in the 1940s. Radio was the first \"almost instantaneous\" mass media with the power to create large subcultures by spreading the ideas of small subcultures across a wide", "id": "19180987" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\n\"one of the greatest exponents of fingerstyle blues and gospel guitar playing\"\" and \"\"an incredible genius as a teacher\"\". He spent countless hours learning and documenting Davis's music, recording much of it on a tape recorder, and developing a form of tablature to take down his teacher's instructions. In the folk and country blues revival of the 1960s he was listening to old recordings of artists such as Elizabeth Cotten, Big Bill Broonzy, Lead Belly, Josh White, Lightnin' Hopkins, Rev. Gary", "id": "9236332" }, { "contents": "Steel-string acoustic guitar\n\n\nundistorted and full-range reproduction. Until the 1960s, the predominant forms of music played on the flat-top, steel-string guitar remained relatively stable and included acoustic blues, country, bluegrass, folk, and several genres of rock. The concept of playing solo steel-string guitar in a concert setting was introduced in the early 1960s by such performers as Davey Graham and John Fahey, who used country blues fingerpicking techniques to compose original compositions with structures somewhat like European classical music. Fahey contemporary Robbie Basho added elements", "id": "2024699" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nmusic. The music of the civil rights movement and Free Speech Movement in the U.S. prompted a resurgence of interest in American roots music and early African American music. As well festivals such as the Newport Folk Festival brought traditional blues to a new audience, which helped to revive interest in prewar acoustic blues and performers such as Son House, Mississippi John Hurt, Skip James, and Reverend Gary Davis. Many compilations of classic prewar blues were republished by the Yazoo Records. J. B. Lenoir from the Chicago blues movement in the 1950s", "id": "2951023" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nperformers such as Little Walter or Muddy Waters. Songs from this genre include \"Scratch my Back\", \"She's Tough\" and \"I'm a King Bee\". Alan Lomax's recordings of Mississippi Fred McDowell would eventually bring him wider attention on both the blues and folk circuit, with McDowell's droning style influencing North Mississippi hill country blues musicians. By the beginning of the 1960s, genres influenced by African American music such as rock and roll and soul were part of mainstream popular music. White performers such as", "id": "2951019" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nmore exclusively English folk clubs. The more traditional American folk blues continued to provide 1960s British groups with material, particularly after the emergence of Bob Dylan, who also popularised folk blues songs. In 1964, for example, the song-catalogue of Lead Belly provided the Animals with \"The House of the Rising Sun\", Manfred Mann with \"John Hardy\" and the Four Pennies with \"Black Girl\". British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers", "id": "16087061" }, { "contents": "Willie Trice\n\n\nWilliam Augusta Trice (February 10, 1908 – December 11, 1976) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles and an album. He remained loyal to his native North Carolina and its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, probably in 1908; some sources state 1910 or 1911. The family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Both of Trice’s parents played music", "id": "1573260" }, { "contents": "Rock and roll\n\n\nstyles such as jazz and swing which were taken up by white musicians, aided this process of \"cultural collision\". The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called \"race music\", and country music of the 1940s and 1950s. Particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. Commentators differ in their views of which of these forms were most important and the degree to which the new music was a re-branding of African-American rhythm and", "id": "5601387" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\nPiedmont blues (also known as East Coast, or Southeastern blues) refers primarily to a guitar style, the Piedmont fingerstyle, which is characterized by a fingerpicking approach in which a regular, alternating thumb bass string rhythmic pattern supports a syncopated melody using the treble strings generally picked with the fore-finger, occasionally others. The result is comparable in sound to ragtime or stride piano styles. Blues researcher Peter B. Lowry coined the term, giving co-credit to fellow folklorist Bruce Bastin. The Piedmont style is differentiated from other", "id": "8150344" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand the generalization of the blues beat, the blues shuffle, which became ubiquitous in R&B. This commercial stream had important consequences for blues music, which, together with jazz and gospel music, became a component of R&B. After World War II, new styles of electric blues became popular in cities such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit and St. Louis. Electric blues used electric guitars, double bass (gradually replaced by bass guitar), drums, and harmonica (or \"blues harp\") played through a microphone and a PA", "id": "2951010" }, { "contents": "New Orleans blues\n\n\nblues is primarily driven by piano and horn, enlivened by Caribbean rhythms and Dixieland music. It is generally cheerful in delivery regardless of the subject matter, with a laid back tempo and complex rhythms falling just behind the beat. Vocals range from laid-back crooning to full-throated gospel shouting. New Orleans is generally credited as the birthplace of jazz music, but has attracted less attention as a center of the blues. The 12 bar blues were well known in the city before most of the rest of the country.", "id": "20252986" }, { "contents": "Michael Roach (musician)\n\n\n2003, Roach presented \"Deep Blue\", a three part series on blues music featured on BBC Radio 4. In 2006 he released an instructional DVD, \"Introduction to Country Blues Guitar\". Roach's tours as an educator and performer have taken him to the Augusta Heritage Center (US), Centrum Piedmont Blues Intensive (US), The Ironworks (UK) and the Smithsonian Institution (US). He has performed and lectured at blues, jazz, folk and roots music festivals in Croatia, Czech Republic,", "id": "14072779" }, { "contents": "Texas blues\n\n\nmoved to Chicago as a teenager. His instrumental number \"Hide Away\" (1961), was emulated by British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments such as keyboards and horns with emphasis on guitar soloing. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles.", "id": "12084292" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nhip hop music, reggae, rap, country music, and pop music, blues has been accused of being the \"devil's music\" and of inciting violence and other poor behavior. In the early 20th century, the blues was considered disreputable, especially as white audiences began listening to the blues during the 1920s. In the early twentieth century, W.C. Handy was the first to popularize blues-influenced music among non-black Americans. During the blues revival of the 1960s and '70s, acoustic blues artist Taj Mahal", "id": "2951049" }, { "contents": "Blues fiddle\n\n\nchances for frontline fiddlers to participate. Another reason for the violin's exclusion in post war blues was that it could not be effectively electrified. When artists migrated to the industrial centers from the Mississippi delta and rural south, they found a way to do so, but African-American music later mostly abandoned the instrument. Many blues guitar greats, such as Lonnie Johnson and Big Bill Broonzy, made early recordings on the violin. They are among the most-represented artists in the canon. The connection between guitar and violin", "id": "20387501" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\nin the 1950s, led by singer Mahalia Jackson. The blues genre experienced major revivals in the 1950s with Chicago blues musicians such as Muddy Waters and Little Walter, as well as in the 1960s in the British Invasion and American folk music revival when country blues musicians like Mississippi John Hurt and Reverend Gary Davis were rediscovered. The seminal blues musicians of these periods had tremendous influence on rock musicians such as Chuck Berry in the 1950s, as well as on the British blues and blues rock scenes of the 1960s and 1970s, including", "id": "7216667" }, { "contents": "Sugar Mama (song)\n\n\n\"Sugar Mama\" or \"Sugar Mama Blues\" is a song that is a standard of the blues. Called a \"tautly powerful slow blues\" by music journalist Charles Shaar Murray, it has been recorded by numerous artists, including early Chicago bluesmen Tampa Red, Sonny Boy Williamson I, and Tommy McClennan. John Lee Hooker and Howlin' Wolf later adapted \"Sugar Mama\" for electric blues and rock group Led Zeppelin reworked it during early recording sessions. Country bluesman Yank Rachell recorded \"Sugar Farm Blues\" February 6", "id": "15139181" }, { "contents": "Nathan Beauregard\n\n\nwith minor talent make a fortune as a recording artist while he himself was not offered such a chance. During the folk and blues revival of the 1960s Beauregard was \"discovered\" in Memphis by Bill Barth, who convinced him to work as a musician again. In the short time between his \"discovery\" in 1968 and his death in 1970, he played at various folk and blues festivals (e.g. the 1968 Memphis Country Blues Festival, which has been recorded on the Sire and Blue Horizon labels) and on a number", "id": "5223148" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe California blues style, performed a successful transition from the early urban blues à la Lonnie Johnson and Leroy Carr to the jump blues style and dominated the blues-jazz scene at Los Angeles during the 1940s. The transition from country blues to urban blues that began in the 1920s was driven by the successive waves of economic crisis and booms which led many rural blacks to move to urban areas, in a movement known as the Great Migration. The long boom following World War II induced another massive migration of the African-American", "id": "2951008" }, { "contents": "Women in music\n\n\nboys only club. Chinese idol girl groups have also recently achieved significant success, with C-pop groups like SNH48 and Rocket Girls 101, with the later selling over 1.6 million copies of their debut EP in 2018. Classic female blues was an early form of blues music popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues songs performed by female vocalists were accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles, and were the first blues to be", "id": "22079994" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nRock and roll emerged as a defined musical style in the United States in the early to mid-1950s. It derived most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Rock and roll in turn provided the main basis for the music that, since the mid-1960s, has been generally known simply as rock music. The phrase \"rocking and rolling\" originally described", "id": "5254840" }, { "contents": "Warner Williams and Jay Summerour\n\n\nWarner Williams and Jay Summerour are an American folk duo, who perform under the name Little Bit A Blues. They have played at numerous folk and blues festivals and at concerts at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. They are known for playing in the Piedmont blues style, a regional variant of the blues that developed in North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland and West Virginia. Williams and Summerour have been playing music together under the name of Little Bit A Blues since the early 1990s. During their tenure together,", "id": "20240347" }, { "contents": "American popular music\n\n\n—e.g., minorities or rural audiences. Beginning in the 1920s and accelerating greatly in the 1940s, the blues began rapidly diversifying into a broad spectrum of new styles. These included an uptempo, energetic style called rhythm and blues (R&B), a merger of blues and Anglo-Celtic song called country music and the fusion of hymns and spirituals with blues structures called gospel music. Later than these other styles, in the 1940s, a blues, R&B and country fusion eventually called rock and roll developed, eventually coming", "id": "6698779" }, { "contents": "1940s in music\n\n\ncalled \"folk\" in the trades, and \"hillbilly\" within the industry. In 1944, \"The Billboard\" replaced the term \"hillbilly\" with \"folk songs and blues,\" and switched to \"country\" or \"country and Western\" in 1949. But while cowboy and Western music were the most popular styles, a new style – honky tonk – would take root and define the genre of country music for decades to come. The style meshed Western swing and blues music; featured rough, nasal vocals", "id": "12815195" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n, salvation and death. Several blues musicians were imprisoned in the Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman Farm, which is referred to in songs such as Bukka White's \"Parchman Farm Blues\" and the folk song \"Midnight Special\". In big-city blues, women singers such as Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith and Mamie Smith dominated the recordings of the 1920s. However, women rarely recorded Delta blues and other rural or folk-style blues. In Delta blues female performers often had some romantic connection to more notable male performers", "id": "7794025" }, { "contents": "The Sky Is Crying (song)\n\n\nThe Sky Is Crying\" has been interpreted and recorded by many blues and other artists. In 1963, blues harmonica player and singer Sonny Boy Williamson II recorded the song as a country blues-style duet with Matt Murphy on acoustic guitar for his \"Keep It to Ourselves\" album. In 1964, Eric Clapton with The Yardbirds recorded a live slow blues which included a couple of lines from \"The Sky Is Crying\" (\"Blueswailing July '64 (Live)\"). In 1966, with Jeff Beck on", "id": "3146914" }, { "contents": "BeauSoleil\n\n\n, rhythm, and lyrics of Louisiana folk music, incorporating elements of rock and roll, jazz, blues, calypso, and other genres in original compositions and reworkings of traditional tunes. Lyrics on BeauSoleil recordings are sung in English or Cajun French (and sometimes both in one song). According to the band's web site, BeauSoleil's musicians \"take the rich Cajun traditions of Louisiana and artfully blend elements of zydeco, New Orleans jazz, Tex-Mex, country, blues and more into a satisfying musical recipe.", "id": "9860218" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. The origins of country are in rural Southern folk music, which was primarily Irish and British, with African and continental European musics. Anglo-Celtic tunes, dance music, and balladry were the earliest predecessors of modern country, then known as \"hillbilly music\". Early hillbilly also borrowed elements of the blues and drew upon more aspects of 19th-century pop songs as hillbilly music evolved into a commercial genre eventually known as \"country and western\" and then simply \"country\". The earliest country instrumentation revolved around", "id": "7216674" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nelements from the \"Ethiopian airs\", minstrel shows and Negro spirituals, including instrumental and harmonic accompaniment. The style also was closely related to ragtime, which developed at about the same time, though the blues better preserved \"the original melodic patterns of African music\". The musical forms and styles that are now considered the blues as well as modern country music arose in the same regions of the southern United States during the 19th century. Recorded blues and country music can be found as far back as the 1920s, when", "id": "2950988" }, { "contents": "Organ Thieves\n\n\nPrimate Sanctuary. The band's musical style is unique and although the music is mainly considered hard rock, southern rock and reggae rock, the band like to call themselves \"experimental-soul-rock\". The band's music takes influences from various genres including reggae, soul, country, blues, rhythm and blues, folk, rock and roll, punk, heavy metal, southern rock and more, as stated by the band that they are not limited to any genre and are willing to experiment everything.br They are also", "id": "3590626" }, { "contents": "African-American music\n\n\nstructure of the dance and folk music of peoples across western and sub-Saharan Africa. These musical forms had a wide-ranging influence on the development of music within the United States and around the world during the 20th century. The modern genres of blues and ragtime were developed during the late 19th century by fusing West African vocalizations - which employed the natural harmonic series, and blue notes. The earliest jazz and blues recordings were made in the 1920s. African-American musicians developed related styles such as Rhythm and Blues in", "id": "13306674" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\nWalter Brown \"Brownie\" McGhee (November 30, 1915 – February 16, 1996) was an African-American folk music and Piedmont blues singer and guitarist, best known for his collaboration with the harmonica player Sonny Terry. McGhee was born in Knoxville, Tennessee, and grew up in Kingsport, Tennessee. At about the age of four he contracted polio, which incapacitated his right leg. His brother Granville \"Sticks\"(or \"Stick\") McGhee, who also later became a musician and composed the famous song \"Drinkin'", "id": "4476033" }, { "contents": "Clarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown\n\n\nClarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown (April 18, 1924 – September 10, 2005) was an American musician from Louisiana and Texas known for his work as a blues musician, as well as other styles of music. He spent his career fighting purism by synthesizing old blues, country, jazz, Cajun music and R&B styles. His work also encompasses rock and roll, rock music, folk music, electric blues, and Texas blues. He was an acclaimed multi-instrumentalist, who played an array of musical instruments, including", "id": "15961748" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nby British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments like keyboards and horns, but placed particular emphasis on powerful lead guitar breaks. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles. In the 1970s Jimmie formed the Fabulous Thunderbirds and in the 1980s his brother Stevie Ray", "id": "8151279" } ]

[ { "contents": "Country blues\n\n\nCountry blues (also folk blues, rural blues, backwoods blues, or downhome blues) is one of the earliest forms of blues music. The mainly solo vocal with acoustic fingerstyle guitar accompaniment developed in the rural Southern United States in the early 1900s. Artists, such as Blind Lemon Jefferson (Texas), Charley Patton (Mississippi), Blind Willie McTell (Georgia) were among the first to record blues songs in the 1920s. Country blues ran parallel to urban blues, which was popular in cities. Folklorist Alan Lomax", "id": "8046896" }, { "contents": "Culture of the Southern United States\n\n\n-time music, gospel music, spirituals, country music, rhythm and blues, soul music, funk, rock and roll, beach music, bluegrass, jazz (including ragtime, popularized by Southerner Scott Joplin), zydeco, and Appalachian folk music were either born in the South or developed in the region. In general, country music is based on the folk music of white Southerners, and blues and rhythm and blues is based on African American southern forms. However, whites and blacks alike have contributed to each of", "id": "8469878" }, { "contents": "List of blues festivals\n\n\nBlues festivals are music festivals which focus on blues music. Blues is a genre and musical form that originated in African-American communities in the Southern United States around the end of the 19th century. It has elements of traditional African music, American folk music, spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. Blues has since evolved from unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves into a wide variety of styles and subgenres, such as country blues, Delta and Piedmont, Chicago", "id": "17295253" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand subgenres. Blues subgenres include country blues, such as Delta blues and Piedmont blues, as well as urban blues styles such as Chicago blues and West Coast blues. World War II marked the transition from acoustic to electric blues and the progressive opening of blues music to a wider audience, especially white listeners. In the 1960s and 1970s, a hybrid form called blues rock developed, which blended blues styles with rock music. The term \"Blues\" may have come from \"blue devils\", meaning melancholy and sadness;", "id": "2950960" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nthe supposed appearance of a southern U.S.-style station. About 200 fans were brought by train to the platform opposite the performers. The performance was interrupted by a rainstorm, after which Tharpe performed the gospel song \"Didn't It Rain\". Blues musicians who performed on the American Folk Blues Festival tours included Muddy Waters, Sonny Boy Williamson, John Lee Hooker, Sippie Wallace, T-Bone Walker, Sonny Terry & Brownie McGhee, Memphis Slim, Otis Rush, Lonnie Johnson, Eddie Boyd, Big Walter Horton, Junior Wells", "id": "2225138" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nthrough EMI's Stateside label and Chess Records through Pye International's R&B series. These records were enthusiastically sought and collected by a new generation of enthusiasts. The increasing appetite for rhythm and blues was reflected in the growing numbers of Afro-American artists visiting the country. From 1962 the American Folk Blues Festival, organised by German promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau, brought American blues stars including Waters, Wolf, Sonny Boy Williamson, and John Lee Hooker to the country. In 1964 the American Folk Blues and Gospel Caravan arrived", "id": "16087069" }, { "contents": "Piedmont (United States)\n\n\nblues musicians came from Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. During the Great Migration, African Americans migrated to the Piedmont. With the Appalachian Mountains to the west, those who might otherwise have spread into rural areas stayed in cities and were thus exposed to a broader mixture of music than those in, for example, the rural Mississippi delta. Thus, Piedmont blues was influenced by many types of music such as ragtime, country, and popular songs—styles that had comparatively less influence on blues music in other regions.", "id": "1946509" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\n, it was being performed at US folk music revivals and festivals initially by established Piedmont blues artists such as Josh White, Rev. Gary Davis, and Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry, as well as Cephas & Wiggins, John Jackson in later years. While musicologists such as George Mitchell, Axel Küstner, Kip Lornell, Peter B. Lowry and Tim Duffy collected recordings by the aging community of Piedmont blues players, younger musicians such as Stefan Grossman, Roy Book Binder, Jorma Kaukonen, Paul Geremia, Keb Mo', Michael Roach", "id": "8150348" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nGerman promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau. The rise of electric blues, and its eventual mainstream success, meant that British acoustic blues was completely overshadowed. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers Bert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham (who played and recorded with Korner), played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene, with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones", "id": "8151338" }, { "contents": "Americana (music)\n\n\nAmericana (also known as American roots music) is an amalgam of American music formed by the confluence of the shared and varied traditions that make up the musical ethos of the United States, specifically those sounds that are merged from folk, country, blues, rhythm and blues, rock and roll, gospel, and other external influences. Americana, as defined by the Americana Music Association (AMA), is \"contemporary music that incorporates elements of various mostly acoustic American roots music styles, including country, roots rock, folk", "id": "9198553" }, { "contents": "Muddy Waters\n\n\nSpann in 1958, where they were backed by local Dixieland-style or \"trad jazz\" musicians, including members of Chris Barber's band. At the time, English audiences had only been exposed to acoustic folk blues, as performed by artists such as Sonny Terry, Brownie McGhee, and Big Bill Broonzy. Both the musicians and audiences were unprepared for Muddy Waters' performance, which included his electric slide guitar playing. He recalled: Although his performances alienated the old guard, some younger musicians, including Alexis Korner and", "id": "15757617" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nBert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham, played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. It continued with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones. Most British acoustic blues players could achieve little commercial success and found it difficult to gain recognition for their \"imitations\" of the blues in the US, being overshadowed by the rhythm and blues and electric blues that had emerged in the later 1950s. Blues harpist Cyril Davies ran the London Skiffle", "id": "16087062" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nas well as people that shared his country roots. His work in this period shows he performed across a wider musical spectrum than almost any other bluesman before or since, including in his repertoire ragtime, hokum blues, country blues, urban blues, jazz-tinged songs, folk songs and spirituals. After World War II, Broonzy recorded songs that were the bridge that allowed many younger musicians to cross over to the future of the blues: the electric blues of postwar Chicago. His 1945 recordings of \"Where the Blues Began", "id": "9494361" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nBig Bill Broonzy (born Lee Conley Bradley, June 26, 1903 – August 14, 1958) was an American blues singer, songwriter and guitarist. His career began in the 1920s, when he played country blues to mostly African-American audiences. Through the 1930s and 1940s he successfully navigated a transition in style to a more urban blues sound popular with working-class African-American audiences. In the 1950s a return to his traditional folk-blues roots made him one of the leading figures of the emerging American folk", "id": "9494347" }, { "contents": "Precious Bryant\n\n\nPrecious Bryant (née Bussey; January 4, 1942 – January 12, 2013) was an American country blues, gospel, and folk singer and guitarist. She played Piedmont fingerstyle guitar. Bryant was born in Talbot County, Georgia. She released two solo albums. Her 2002 debut, \"Fool Me Good,\" was nominated for two Blues Music Awards, in the categories Acoustic Blues Album of the Year and Best New Artist Debut. In 2006 she was nominated for a similar award for Traditional Blues Female Artist of the", "id": "2571157" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nAmerica, a series of tours that began with Josh White and Big Bill Broonzy in 1951, and would include Brownie McGhee, Sonny Terry, Memphis Slim, Muddy Waters and Lonnie Johnson. Lonnie Johnson played at the Royal Festival Hall in 1952 on a bill opened by a group led by the young Lonnie Donegan. Donegan became the key figure in the development of the British skiffle \"craze\", beginning in Ken Colyer's Jazzmen by playing American folk and blues songs, particularly those derived from the recordings of Huddie Leadbetter,", "id": "16087056" }, { "contents": "Hill country blues\n\n\npatterns that conform to proverbial phrases or the words of popular fife and drum tunes—\"is considered the sign of a good drummer.\" This enduring tradition of folk polyrhythm played an important part in the development of Mississippi blues. \"Mississippi\" Fred McDowell, who lived in Como, Mississippi, was one of the subgenre's most widely known musicians, in the 1960s and after. His music was heavier on percussive elements and African rhythms than traditional Delta blues. McDowell's performances helped define the Hill Country blues sound, influencing later artists", "id": "19106875" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nfit in with British expectations of American blues as a form of folk music. In 1957 Davies and Korner decided that their central interest was the blues and closed the skiffle club, reopening a month later as The London Blues and Barrelhouse Club. To this point British blues was acoustically played emulating Delta blues and Country blues styles and often part of the emerging second British folk revival. Critical in changing this was the visit of Muddy Waters in 1958, who initially shocked British audiences by playing amplified electric blues, but who was soon", "id": "8151324" }, { "contents": "Valerie Turner\n\n\nValerie Turner is an American blues guitarist-vocalist, educator, and author. She plays in the Piedmont style of fingerpicking guitar, continuing in the traditions of Mississippi John Hurt, Elizabeth Cotten, Memphis Minnie, and Etta Baker. She performs blues, ballads, country, popular songs, ragtime, and gospels. She is a native New Yorker with southern roots in Virginia and Georgia. She started learning and studying traditional country blues guitar in 1978. Valerie and her spouse, Benedict Turner, are an acoustic blues duo called", "id": "8216617" }, { "contents": "Mr. Misunderstood\n\n\n\"Mr. Misunderstood\", at the 2015 Country Music Association Awards, where the news of the new album became evident. The musical style of this album has been described as the following; country, rock, blues, folk, gospel, soul, funk, alternative country, alternative rock, country rock, country blues, country gospel, gospel blues, bluegrass, folk rock, heartland rock, roots rock, rock and roll, rhythm and blues, Southern gospel, Southern rock, and Southern soul. His music here", "id": "5570655" }, { "contents": "Chris Barber\n\n\nwas mainly responsible for arranging the first UK tours of blues artists Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee and Muddy Waters. This, with the encouragement of local enthusiasts such as Alexis Korner and John Mayall, sparked young musicians such as Peter Green, Eric Clapton and the Rolling Stones. British rhythm and blues powered the British invasion of the USA charts in the 1960s, yet Dixieland itself remained popular: in January 1963 the British music magazine, \"NME\" reported the biggest trad jazz event in Britain at Alexandra Palace", "id": "17410986" }, { "contents": "The Blues, the Whole Blues, and Nothing But the Blues\n\n\ninterplay of instruments gives them the freedom to move from the country blues of the Mississippi Delta to the jug band tradition of the urban South, and from New Orleans to Chicago, embracing the breadth of American music in its myriad places and times.\" In \"Glide\" magazine, Lee Zimmerman said, \"David Bromberg’s fondness for the blues has been a single-minded concern throughout his storied career, one that’s found him working alongside any number of icons, folks like Bob Dylan and George Harrison included... Of", "id": "7352775" }, { "contents": "Dave Van Ronk\n\n\nand Van Ronk turned to performing blues he had stumbled across while shopping for jazz 78s, by artists like Furry Lewis and Mississippi John Hurt. Van Ronk was not the first white musician to perform African-American blues, but became noted for his interpretation of it in its original context. By about 1958, he was firmly committed to the folk-blues style, accompanying himself with his own acoustic guitar. He performed blues, jazz and folk music, occasionally writing his own songs but generally arranging the work of earlier artists", "id": "10878367" }, { "contents": "Fingerstyle guitar\n\n\nis also very common. Examples of traditions that John Fahey and Robbie Basho would employ in their compositions include, but are not limited to, the extended Raga of Indian classical music, the Japanese Koto, and the early ragtime-based country blues music of Mississippi John Hurt or Blind Blake. A distinctive style to emerge from Britain in the early 1960s, which combined elements of American folk, blues, jazz and ragtime with British traditional music, was what became known as 'folk baroque'. Pioneered by musicians of the", "id": "13793683" }, { "contents": "Country music\n\n\nCountry music, also known as country and western (or simply country), and hillbilly music, is a genre of popular music that originated in the southern United States in the early 1920s. It takes its roots from genres such as American folk music (especially Appalachian folk and Western music) and blues. Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms, folk lyrics, and harmonies mostly accompanied by string instruments such as banjos, electric and acoustic guitars, steel guitars (such as pedal steels and", "id": "4960825" }, { "contents": "WFDU\n\n\n. WFDU (FM) plays wide array of music ranging from Blues & Country/Bluegrass music to RetroRadio, Eclectic, Folk, Gospel, Oldies Rock and Soul/R&B. Big Frank Mirra, a well-known Blues musician in the Metro area for over three decades along with former blues radio producer, Music Director of Blues/Roots/American programing, Mike Stokes hosts Blues on the Run on Tuesdays. Dennis Gruenling is the host of Blues & the Beat, spinning everything from the legends of Chicago-style blues like", "id": "1564525" }, { "contents": "Nick Katzman\n\n\nNick Katzman (born 1951) is an American blues musician. Katzman was born in New York City, and lives in both Manhattan and Berlin, Germany. He plays in a variety of musical genres, including Chicago blues, Mississippi blues, Texas blues, and ragtime. As a teenager in the 1960s, Katzman saw many of the surviving country blues guitarists who travelled north to play their music in clubs and at the folk festivals. He learned to lay both guitar and lute. He studied classical music and jazz at Antioch", "id": "16730431" }, { "contents": "Louisiana blues\n\n\nLouisiana blues is a genre of blues music that developed in the period after World War II in the state of Louisiana. It is generally divided into two major subgenres, with the jazz-influenced New Orleans blues based on the musical traditions of that city and the slower tempo swamp blues incorporating influences from zydeco and Cajun music from around Baton Rouge. Major artists in the New Orleans tradition include Professor Longhair and Guitar Slim and for swamp blues Slim Harpo and Lightnin' Slim. Both genres peaked in popularity in the 1960s and were", "id": "8046899" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. Theatrical composers and lyricists like the brothers George and Ira Gershwin created a uniquely American theatrical style that used American vernacular speech and music. Musicals featured popular songs and fast-paced plots that often revolved around love and romance. The blues is a genre of African American folk music that is the basis for much of modern American popular music. Blues can be seen as part of a continuum of musical styles like country, jazz, ragtime, and gospel; though each genre evolved into distinct forms, their origins were often indistinct", "id": "7216662" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nspirituals, work songs, ragtime music, hokum, and country blues he heard growing up and the styles of his contemporaries, including Jimmie Rodgers, Blind Blake, Son House, and Blind Lemon Jefferson. Broonzy combined all these influences into his own style of the blues, which foreshadowed the postwar Chicago blues, later refined and popularized by artists such as Muddy Waters and Willie Dixon. Although he had been a pioneer of the Chicago blues style and had employed electric instruments as early as 1942, white audiences in the 1950s wanted", "id": "9494369" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\n, a large number of British rhythm and blues musicians began their careers playing skiffle, including Van Morrison, Ronnie Wood, Mick Jagger and Roger Daltrey. The fashion created a demand for opportunities to play versions of American folk, blues and jazz music that would contribute to the growth of a club scene. Until the mid-1950s in Britain the blues was seen as a form of folk music. When Broonzy toured England he played a folk blues set to fit British expectations of American blues, rather than his current electric Chicago blues.", "id": "16087059" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nintroduction of many later followers of the blues to the music and hardships of life for African Americans in the Southern US. The next year the \"Jazz Club\" programme, hosted by Max Jones, included a recital of \"Town and Country Blues\", which played music by a wide range of blues artists. The British rhythm and blues scene developed in London out of the related jazz, skiffle and folk club scenes of the 1950s. The first of these scenes, that of jazz, had developed during the Second World", "id": "16087053" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nrecognized the album for its historically significant material. An extensively recorded bluesman, Big Bill Broonzy left the United States to tour Europe in 1951, becoming the first Chicago blues player to perform for European audiences. Broonzy previously spent time in Iowa, where he honed a repertoire which remained a fixture of his concerts and recordings for the remainder of the decade. With bluesmen such as Muddy Waters and Howlin' Wolf amplifying their music, resulting in the popularity of the electric blues, Broonzy decided to reinvent himself as a folk blues musician", "id": "18296717" }, { "contents": "Alec Seward\n\n\nhe relocated from the South to New York, in his case in 1924. Seward befriended Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry and retained his Piedmont blues styling despite changes in musical trends. He and the blues musician Louis Hayes (who later became a minister in northern New Jersey) performed together, variously billed as the Blues Servant Boys, Guitar Slim and Jelly Belly, and the Back Porch Boys. During the 1940s and 1950s Seward played and recorded with Lead Belly, Woody Guthrie, McGhee and Terry. Around 1947 Seward, Guthrie", "id": "7237009" }, { "contents": "The Real Folk Blues\n\n\nThe Real Folk Blues is a series of blues albums released between 1965 and 1967 by Chess Records, later reissued MCA Records. Each album in the series highlighted the music of one major Chess artist, including John Lee Hooker, Howlin' Wolf, Muddy Waters, and Sonny Boy Williamson II. The series, overseen by Marshall Chess, was a reaction to the increasing audience for the blues following the British Invasion. Companion discs, titled More Real Folk Blues, were released for many of the artists. Hooker's companion disc", "id": "17857302" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nNew styles of music emerged among black Americans in the early 20th century in the form of blues, ragtime, jazz, and gospel music. According to the writer Robert Palmer:\"Rock 'n' roll was an inevitable outgrowth of the social and musical interactions between blacks and whites in the South and Southwest. Its roots are a complex tangle. Bedrock black church music influenced blues, rural blues influenced white folk song and the black popular music of the Northern ghettos, blues and black pop influenced jazz, and so on. But the", "id": "5254864" }, { "contents": "Ernie Hawkins\n\n\nErnie Hawkins (born Ernest Leroy Hawkins, 1947, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American acoustic blues guitar player, singer, song writer, recording artist, and educator. Hawkins, along with fellow bluesmen Stefan Grossman and Roy Bookbinder, studied with blues legend Reverend Gary Davis in New York City in 1965 and 1966. Over the years, he learned a variety of styles, including Piedmont blues, Delta blues, ragtime, and gospel. In 1969, Hawkins moved back to his hometown of Pittsburgh, and enrolled at the", "id": "8862999" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nThe American Folk Blues Festival was a music festival that toured Europe as an annual event for several years beginning in 1962. It introduced audiences in Europe, including the UK, to leading blues performers of the day such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, most of whom had never previously performed outside the US. The tours attracted substantial media coverage, including TV shows, and contributed to the growth of the audience for blues music in Europe. German jazz publicist Joachim-Ernst Berendt", "id": "2225133" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\ninspire much of the later popular development of the blues and blues-derived genres, including the legendary delta blues musician Robert Johnson and Piedmont blues musician Blind Willie McTell. By the end of the 1940s, however, pure blues was only a minor part of popular music, having been subsumed by offshoots like rhythm & blues and the nascent rock and roll style. Some styles of electric, piano-driven blues, like boogie-woogie, retained a large audience. A bluesy style of gospel also became popular in mainstream America", "id": "7216666" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\n. Known primarily as a folk-blues guitarist, he learned to play guitar by listening to blues musicians, such as Charlie Patton and Mississippi John Hurt, and has developed a distinctive fingerpicking technique in which he plays the bass line, rhythm chords, and single-note leads simultaneously. In his original compositions and artistic styling, he incorporates influences from other genres, such as jazz, folk music, country music, classical and world music, often utilizing odd time measures, to personalize his music and story telling. An", "id": "1583130" }, { "contents": "Alan Lomax\n\n\n\"The Land Where the Blues Began\" (1995), linking the birth of the blues to debt peonage, segregation, and forced labor in the American South. Lomax's greatest legacy is in preserving and publishing recordings of musicians in many folk and blues traditions around the US and Europe. Among the artists Lomax is credited with discovering and bringing to a wider audience include blues guitarist Robert Johnson, protest singer Woody Guthrie, folk artist Pete Seeger, country musician Burl Ives, and country blues singer Lead Belly, among many", "id": "8697682" }, { "contents": "Brian Protheroe\n\n\nWhite, Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Dave Brubeck and the choral church music of Bach. Protheroe joined the folk group Folk Blues Incorporated (FBI) when he was nineteen, while at this time listening to Bob Dylan and the Beatles. He came to London with FBI in 1965, and played in folk music clubs in and around London. In 1966, Protheroe began his career as an actor. His first job was with his local repertory theatre in Salisbury. He worked there for about seven months", "id": "7666713" }, { "contents": "Down Home Blues (Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry album)\n\n\nDown Home Blues is an album by blues musicians Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry recorded in 1960 and released on the Bluesville label. AllMusic reviewer Bruce Eder stated: \"the music itself stands outside of time. McGhee's strumming and singing have enough polish to pass as a commercial recording, but at its best, it's still sufficiently unaffected so as to be regarded as authentic country-blues. It's Terry's harp, however, that really pulls this body of music back to its roots ... the dominant elements of this", "id": "12217779" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nTrouble in Mind is an album by American blues musician Big Bill Broonzy. It was released on February 22, 2000 by Smithsonian Folkways. The album consists of traditional folk, blues, and spiritual songs featuring Broonzy accompanying himself on acoustic guitar and a guest appearance by Pete Seeger. Suffering from cancer, Broonzy realized his time was limited and hence recorded extensively between 1956 and 1957. While most of the work draws from the album \"Big Bill Broonzy Sings Country Blues\" (1957), arranged by Moses Asch and Charles Edward", "id": "18296715" }, { "contents": "Music of Washington, D.C.\n\n\nhome to many bluesmen, such as Jelly Roll Morton and later rock and roll and rhythm and blues musicians such as Bo Diddley and Roy Buchanan. In the 1960s, a number of white youths formed local blues bands, including the Northside Blues Band and the Nighthawks. Starting in the early 1960s, Takoma Park native John Fahey became a nationally noted blues and folk guitarist who established the Takoma Records label, which attracted a number of other blues, folk, acoustic and fingerstyle guitarists to the District of Columbia area. Another local", "id": "9815809" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\nTerry Robb is a Canadian fingerstyle guitarist, composer, arranger and record producer living in the United States. He plays electric and acoustic guitar, and is associated with the American Primitive Guitar genre through his collaboration with steel string guitarist John Fahey. He is a member of the Oregon Music Hall of Fame and Cascade Blues Association Hall of Fame, and was honored with the eponymous \"Terry Robb\" Muddy Award for Best Acoustic Guitar in 2011. His original compositions draw on the Delta blues, ragtime, folk music, country music", "id": "1583113" }, { "contents": "Lightnin' Wells\n\n\nLightnin' Wells is an American Piedmont blues multi-instrumentalist and singer. He is a proficient musician and regularly plays various instruments in concert including the guitar, mandolin, harmonica, ukulele and banjo. At times he has performed as a one-man band. His style encompasses elements of the blues, country, gospel, old-time, bluegrass and folk. Mark Coltrain stated in \"Living Blues\" that, \"You won't find a more versatile musician around – able to move deftly between country blues, old", "id": "14064192" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nspending a year in Europe including recording the \"Sonny Boy Williamson and The Yardbirds\" album, (first released on Star-Club Records in 1965), and recording with The Animals. On 7 May 1964, Granada Television broadcast \"Blues and Gospel Train\", a programme directed by John Hamp featuring Muddy Waters, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, Rev. Gary Davis, Cousin Joe and Otis Spann. For filming, the company transformed the disused Wilbraham Road railway station into \"Chorltonville\", giving it", "id": "2225137" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n. Delta blues is a style as much as a geographical form: Skip James and Elmore James, who were not born in the Delta, are considered Delta blues musicians. Performers traveled throughout the Mississippi Delta, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and Tennessee. Eventually, Delta blues spread out across the country, giving rise to a host of regional variations, including Chicago blues and Detroit blues. Delta blues songs are typically expressed in the first person and often concern love, sex, the traveling lifestyle and its tribulations, sin", "id": "7794024" }, { "contents": "Traditional blues verses\n\n\nIn the folk tradition, there are many traditional blues verses that have been sung over and over by many artists. Blues singers, who include many country and folk artists as well as those commonly identified with blues singers, use these traditional lyrics to fill out their blues performances. Artists like Jimmie Rodgers, the \"blue yodeler\", and Big Joe Turner, \"the Boss of the Blues\" compiled virtual encyclopedias of lyrics. Turner reputedly could sing the blues for hours without repeating himself. Traditional blues verses in folk-", "id": "14213756" }, { "contents": "Midwestern United States\n\n\nmusical style in the United States, deriving most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz, and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Freed's contribution in identifying rock as a new genre helped establish the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, located in Cleveland. Chuck Berry, a Midwesterner from St. Louis, was among the first successful rock and roll artists and influenced many other rock musicians", "id": "15016383" }, { "contents": "Classic female blues\n\n\nClassic female blues was an early form of blues music, popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues were performed by female singers accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles and were the first blues to be recorded. Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, Ethel Waters, and the other singers in this genre were instrumental in spreading the popularity of the blues. Blues, a type of black folk music originating in the American South, were", "id": "5621307" }, { "contents": "Southern soul\n\n\n\"Country soul\", \"Downhome soul\" and \"Hard soul\" have been used synonymously with \"Southern soul\" Pioneers of southern soul include: Georgia natives Ray Charles and James Brown; Little Willie John, Bobby \"Blue\" Bland, New Orleans R&B artist Allen Toussaint; and Memphis DJ Rufus Thomas. Southern soul was influenced by blues and gospel music. Southern soul was at its peak during the 1960s, when Memphis soul was created. In 1963, Stan Lewis founded Jewel Records in Shreveport, Louisiana, along", "id": "18765148" }, { "contents": "South Korea\n\n\n1992 marked a turning point for South Korean popular music, also known as K-pop, as the genre modernized itself from incorporating elements of popular musical genres from across the world such as Western popular music, experimental, jazz, gospel, Latin, classical, hip hop, rhythm and blues, electronic dance, reggae, country, folk, and rock on top of its uniquely traditional Korean music roots. Western-style pop, hip hop, rhythm and blues, rock, folk, electronic dance oriented acts have become", "id": "7248618" }, { "contents": "The Subdudes\n\n\nThe Subdudes (stylized as The subdudes) are an American roots rock group from New Orleans. Their music blends folk, swamp pop, New Orleans rhythm and blues, Louisiana blues, country, cajun/zydeco, funk, soul and gospel with harmonic vocals. Their sound is notable for the band's substitution of a tambourine player for a drummer. The subdudes formed in 1987 through a music venue in New Orleans called Tipitina's. The Subdudes often credit their songwriting to the group as a whole, although the primary songwriters", "id": "12289559" }, { "contents": "American rock\n\n\nAmerican rock has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, rhythm and blues, and country music, and also drew on folk music, jazz, blues, and classical music. American rock music was further influenced by the British Invasion of the American pop charts from 1964 and resulted in the development of garage rock. From the late 1960s and early 1970s, American rock music was highly influential in the development of a number of fusions, including blending with folk music to create folk rock, with blues to create blues", "id": "5254668" }, { "contents": "Richard Trice\n\n\nRichard Trice (November 16, 1917 – April 6, 2000) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles. He lived most of his life in his native North Carolina and played in its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. His family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Music was an interest in the family, and he learned to play the guitar at an", "id": "1811700" }, { "contents": "J. B. Lenoir\n\n\nJefferson, which became a major influence. During the early 1940s, Lenoir worked with the blues artists Sonny Boy Williamson II and Elmore James in New Orleans. He was later influenced by Arthur Crudup and Lightnin' Hopkins. In 1949, he moved to Chicago, where Big Bill Broonzy helped introduce him to the blues community. He began to perform at local nightclubs, with musicians such as Memphis Minnie, Big Maceo Merriweather, and Muddy Waters, and became an important part of the city's blues scene. He began recording", "id": "7041136" }, { "contents": "Bishop Dready Manning\n\n\ncotton, peanuts, and corn. Some of his uncles and cousins played blues guitar in the North Carolina Piedmont fashion. When Manning was seven years old, he began learning how to fingerpick guitar. His skills improved over time and by his teenage years Manning had earned a reputation as a master of blues guitar and harmonica. His style was influenced by Piedmont blues musicians such as Blind Boy Fuller, Brownie McGhee and Buddy Moss, and national stars like Lightnin' Hopkins, Jimmy Reed and Sonny Boy Williamson As a young bluesman", "id": "13727518" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nartists and their own performances. The visit of Muddy Waters in 1958 had a major impact on the duo and on the nature of British R&B in general. Initially British audiences were shocked by Waters's amplified electric blues, but he was soon playing to ecstatic crowds and receiving rave reviews. Where British blues had often emulated Delta blues and country blues in the emerging British folk revival, Davies and Korner, who had supported Waters on tour, now began to play high-powered electric blues, forming the band Blues Incorporated.", "id": "16087064" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\njump blues combo with honking saxophone and rolling piano, variously calling themselves Brownie McGhee and his Jook House Rockers or Sonny Terry and his Buckshot Five, often with Champion Jack Dupree and Big Chief Ellis. They also appeared in the original Broadway productions of \"Finian's Rainbow\" and \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\". During the blues revival of the 1960s, Terry and McGhee were popular on the concert and music festival circuits, occasionally adding new material but usually remaining faithful to their roots and playing to the tastes of", "id": "4476037" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nelements of swing music and jazz in a long and prolific career. After World War II, amplified blues music became popular in American cities that had seen widespread African American migration, such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit, St. Louis, and the West Coast. The initial impulse was to be heard above the noise of lively rent parties. Playing in small venues, electric blues bands tended to remain modest in size compared with larger jazz bands. In its early stages electric blues typically used amplified electric guitars, double bass (", "id": "8151258" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe Beatles had brought African-American music to new audiences, both within the U.S. and abroad. However, the blues wave that brought artists such as Muddy Waters to the foreground had stopped. Bluesmen such as Big Bill Broonzy and Willie Dixon started looking for new markets in Europe. Dick Waterman and the blues festivals he organized in Europe played a major role in propagating blues music abroad. In the UK, bands emulated U.S. blues legends, and UK blues rock-based bands had an influential role throughout the 1960s. Blues", "id": "2951020" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\nThese drew on his studies with Rev. Davis and the other older blues artists and on his obsessive listening to old 78s. \"The Country Blues Guitar, Delta Blues, Texas Blues, Ragtime Blues Guitar\" and \"Rev. Gary Davis/Blues Guitar\" have remained in print through various editions. In the mid-1960s, Stefan Grossman recorded a number of cuts for Joe Bussard and his Frederick, Maryland-based Fonotone Records and performed at the Jabberwock coffeehouse in Berkeley under the nom du folk of \"Kid Future\". The origins", "id": "9236337" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nand they continued almost annually until 1972, after an eight-year hiatus reviving the festival in 1980 until its final performance in 1985. The concerts featured some of the leading blues artists of the 1960s, such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Willie Dixon, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, some playing in unique combinations such as T-Bone Walker playing guitar for pianist Memphis Slim, Otis Rush with Junior Wells, Sonny Boy Williamson with Muddy Waters. The Festival DVDs include the only known footage of Little", "id": "2225135" }, { "contents": "Checkin' Up on My Baby\n\n\n\"Checkin' Up on My Baby\" (or sometimes \"Checking On My Baby\") is a song recorded by Sonny Boy Williamson II in 1960 that has become a classic of the blues. The song was not released as a single, but was included on Williamson's \"The Real Folk Blues\" album released after his death in 1965. The song has been recorded by numerous blues and other artists, making it one of Williamson's most recorded songs. Williamson's namesake Sonny Boy Williamson I, also known as", "id": "10302292" }, { "contents": "History of modern Western subcultures\n\n\ncowboy songs (also known, in those days, as hillbilly music) were beginning to be more popular with a wider audience. A subculture of rural jazz and blues fans had mixed elements of jazz and blues into traditional cowboy and folk song styles to produce a crossover called western swing. Thanks to the prevalence of radio, this music spread across the United States in the 1940s. Radio was the first \"almost instantaneous\" mass media with the power to create large subcultures by spreading the ideas of small subcultures across a wide", "id": "19180987" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\n\"one of the greatest exponents of fingerstyle blues and gospel guitar playing\"\" and \"\"an incredible genius as a teacher\"\". He spent countless hours learning and documenting Davis's music, recording much of it on a tape recorder, and developing a form of tablature to take down his teacher's instructions. In the folk and country blues revival of the 1960s he was listening to old recordings of artists such as Elizabeth Cotten, Big Bill Broonzy, Lead Belly, Josh White, Lightnin' Hopkins, Rev. Gary", "id": "9236332" }, { "contents": "Steel-string acoustic guitar\n\n\nundistorted and full-range reproduction. Until the 1960s, the predominant forms of music played on the flat-top, steel-string guitar remained relatively stable and included acoustic blues, country, bluegrass, folk, and several genres of rock. The concept of playing solo steel-string guitar in a concert setting was introduced in the early 1960s by such performers as Davey Graham and John Fahey, who used country blues fingerpicking techniques to compose original compositions with structures somewhat like European classical music. Fahey contemporary Robbie Basho added elements", "id": "2024699" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nmusic. The music of the civil rights movement and Free Speech Movement in the U.S. prompted a resurgence of interest in American roots music and early African American music. As well festivals such as the Newport Folk Festival brought traditional blues to a new audience, which helped to revive interest in prewar acoustic blues and performers such as Son House, Mississippi John Hurt, Skip James, and Reverend Gary Davis. Many compilations of classic prewar blues were republished by the Yazoo Records. J. B. Lenoir from the Chicago blues movement in the 1950s", "id": "2951023" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nperformers such as Little Walter or Muddy Waters. Songs from this genre include \"Scratch my Back\", \"She's Tough\" and \"I'm a King Bee\". Alan Lomax's recordings of Mississippi Fred McDowell would eventually bring him wider attention on both the blues and folk circuit, with McDowell's droning style influencing North Mississippi hill country blues musicians. By the beginning of the 1960s, genres influenced by African American music such as rock and roll and soul were part of mainstream popular music. White performers such as", "id": "2951019" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nmore exclusively English folk clubs. The more traditional American folk blues continued to provide 1960s British groups with material, particularly after the emergence of Bob Dylan, who also popularised folk blues songs. In 1964, for example, the song-catalogue of Lead Belly provided the Animals with \"The House of the Rising Sun\", Manfred Mann with \"John Hardy\" and the Four Pennies with \"Black Girl\". British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers", "id": "16087061" }, { "contents": "Willie Trice\n\n\nWilliam Augusta Trice (February 10, 1908 – December 11, 1976) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles and an album. He remained loyal to his native North Carolina and its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, probably in 1908; some sources state 1910 or 1911. The family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Both of Trice’s parents played music", "id": "1573260" }, { "contents": "Rock and roll\n\n\nstyles such as jazz and swing which were taken up by white musicians, aided this process of \"cultural collision\". The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called \"race music\", and country music of the 1940s and 1950s. Particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. Commentators differ in their views of which of these forms were most important and the degree to which the new music was a re-branding of African-American rhythm and", "id": "5601387" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\nPiedmont blues (also known as East Coast, or Southeastern blues) refers primarily to a guitar style, the Piedmont fingerstyle, which is characterized by a fingerpicking approach in which a regular, alternating thumb bass string rhythmic pattern supports a syncopated melody using the treble strings generally picked with the fore-finger, occasionally others. The result is comparable in sound to ragtime or stride piano styles. Blues researcher Peter B. Lowry coined the term, giving co-credit to fellow folklorist Bruce Bastin. The Piedmont style is differentiated from other", "id": "8150344" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand the generalization of the blues beat, the blues shuffle, which became ubiquitous in R&B. This commercial stream had important consequences for blues music, which, together with jazz and gospel music, became a component of R&B. After World War II, new styles of electric blues became popular in cities such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit and St. Louis. Electric blues used electric guitars, double bass (gradually replaced by bass guitar), drums, and harmonica (or \"blues harp\") played through a microphone and a PA", "id": "2951010" }, { "contents": "New Orleans blues\n\n\nblues is primarily driven by piano and horn, enlivened by Caribbean rhythms and Dixieland music. It is generally cheerful in delivery regardless of the subject matter, with a laid back tempo and complex rhythms falling just behind the beat. Vocals range from laid-back crooning to full-throated gospel shouting. New Orleans is generally credited as the birthplace of jazz music, but has attracted less attention as a center of the blues. The 12 bar blues were well known in the city before most of the rest of the country.", "id": "20252986" }, { "contents": "Michael Roach (musician)\n\n\n2003, Roach presented \"Deep Blue\", a three part series on blues music featured on BBC Radio 4. In 2006 he released an instructional DVD, \"Introduction to Country Blues Guitar\". Roach's tours as an educator and performer have taken him to the Augusta Heritage Center (US), Centrum Piedmont Blues Intensive (US), The Ironworks (UK) and the Smithsonian Institution (US). He has performed and lectured at blues, jazz, folk and roots music festivals in Croatia, Czech Republic,", "id": "14072779" }, { "contents": "Texas blues\n\n\nmoved to Chicago as a teenager. His instrumental number \"Hide Away\" (1961), was emulated by British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments such as keyboards and horns with emphasis on guitar soloing. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles.", "id": "12084292" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nhip hop music, reggae, rap, country music, and pop music, blues has been accused of being the \"devil's music\" and of inciting violence and other poor behavior. In the early 20th century, the blues was considered disreputable, especially as white audiences began listening to the blues during the 1920s. In the early twentieth century, W.C. Handy was the first to popularize blues-influenced music among non-black Americans. During the blues revival of the 1960s and '70s, acoustic blues artist Taj Mahal", "id": "2951049" }, { "contents": "Blues fiddle\n\n\nchances for frontline fiddlers to participate. Another reason for the violin's exclusion in post war blues was that it could not be effectively electrified. When artists migrated to the industrial centers from the Mississippi delta and rural south, they found a way to do so, but African-American music later mostly abandoned the instrument. Many blues guitar greats, such as Lonnie Johnson and Big Bill Broonzy, made early recordings on the violin. They are among the most-represented artists in the canon. The connection between guitar and violin", "id": "20387501" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\nin the 1950s, led by singer Mahalia Jackson. The blues genre experienced major revivals in the 1950s with Chicago blues musicians such as Muddy Waters and Little Walter, as well as in the 1960s in the British Invasion and American folk music revival when country blues musicians like Mississippi John Hurt and Reverend Gary Davis were rediscovered. The seminal blues musicians of these periods had tremendous influence on rock musicians such as Chuck Berry in the 1950s, as well as on the British blues and blues rock scenes of the 1960s and 1970s, including", "id": "7216667" }, { "contents": "Sugar Mama (song)\n\n\n\"Sugar Mama\" or \"Sugar Mama Blues\" is a song that is a standard of the blues. Called a \"tautly powerful slow blues\" by music journalist Charles Shaar Murray, it has been recorded by numerous artists, including early Chicago bluesmen Tampa Red, Sonny Boy Williamson I, and Tommy McClennan. John Lee Hooker and Howlin' Wolf later adapted \"Sugar Mama\" for electric blues and rock group Led Zeppelin reworked it during early recording sessions. Country bluesman Yank Rachell recorded \"Sugar Farm Blues\" February 6", "id": "15139181" }, { "contents": "Nathan Beauregard\n\n\nwith minor talent make a fortune as a recording artist while he himself was not offered such a chance. During the folk and blues revival of the 1960s Beauregard was \"discovered\" in Memphis by Bill Barth, who convinced him to work as a musician again. In the short time between his \"discovery\" in 1968 and his death in 1970, he played at various folk and blues festivals (e.g. the 1968 Memphis Country Blues Festival, which has been recorded on the Sire and Blue Horizon labels) and on a number", "id": "5223148" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe California blues style, performed a successful transition from the early urban blues à la Lonnie Johnson and Leroy Carr to the jump blues style and dominated the blues-jazz scene at Los Angeles during the 1940s. The transition from country blues to urban blues that began in the 1920s was driven by the successive waves of economic crisis and booms which led many rural blacks to move to urban areas, in a movement known as the Great Migration. The long boom following World War II induced another massive migration of the African-American", "id": "2951008" }, { "contents": "Women in music\n\n\nboys only club. Chinese idol girl groups have also recently achieved significant success, with C-pop groups like SNH48 and Rocket Girls 101, with the later selling over 1.6 million copies of their debut EP in 2018. Classic female blues was an early form of blues music popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues songs performed by female vocalists were accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles, and were the first blues to be", "id": "22079994" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nRock and roll emerged as a defined musical style in the United States in the early to mid-1950s. It derived most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Rock and roll in turn provided the main basis for the music that, since the mid-1960s, has been generally known simply as rock music. The phrase \"rocking and rolling\" originally described", "id": "5254840" }, { "contents": "Warner Williams and Jay Summerour\n\n\nWarner Williams and Jay Summerour are an American folk duo, who perform under the name Little Bit A Blues. They have played at numerous folk and blues festivals and at concerts at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. They are known for playing in the Piedmont blues style, a regional variant of the blues that developed in North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland and West Virginia. Williams and Summerour have been playing music together under the name of Little Bit A Blues since the early 1990s. During their tenure together,", "id": "20240347" }, { "contents": "American popular music\n\n\n—e.g., minorities or rural audiences. Beginning in the 1920s and accelerating greatly in the 1940s, the blues began rapidly diversifying into a broad spectrum of new styles. These included an uptempo, energetic style called rhythm and blues (R&B), a merger of blues and Anglo-Celtic song called country music and the fusion of hymns and spirituals with blues structures called gospel music. Later than these other styles, in the 1940s, a blues, R&B and country fusion eventually called rock and roll developed, eventually coming", "id": "6698779" }, { "contents": "1940s in music\n\n\ncalled \"folk\" in the trades, and \"hillbilly\" within the industry. In 1944, \"The Billboard\" replaced the term \"hillbilly\" with \"folk songs and blues,\" and switched to \"country\" or \"country and Western\" in 1949. But while cowboy and Western music were the most popular styles, a new style – honky tonk – would take root and define the genre of country music for decades to come. The style meshed Western swing and blues music; featured rough, nasal vocals", "id": "12815195" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n, salvation and death. Several blues musicians were imprisoned in the Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman Farm, which is referred to in songs such as Bukka White's \"Parchman Farm Blues\" and the folk song \"Midnight Special\". In big-city blues, women singers such as Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith and Mamie Smith dominated the recordings of the 1920s. However, women rarely recorded Delta blues and other rural or folk-style blues. In Delta blues female performers often had some romantic connection to more notable male performers", "id": "7794025" }, { "contents": "The Sky Is Crying (song)\n\n\nThe Sky Is Crying\" has been interpreted and recorded by many blues and other artists. In 1963, blues harmonica player and singer Sonny Boy Williamson II recorded the song as a country blues-style duet with Matt Murphy on acoustic guitar for his \"Keep It to Ourselves\" album. In 1964, Eric Clapton with The Yardbirds recorded a live slow blues which included a couple of lines from \"The Sky Is Crying\" (\"Blueswailing July '64 (Live)\"). In 1966, with Jeff Beck on", "id": "3146914" }, { "contents": "BeauSoleil\n\n\n, rhythm, and lyrics of Louisiana folk music, incorporating elements of rock and roll, jazz, blues, calypso, and other genres in original compositions and reworkings of traditional tunes. Lyrics on BeauSoleil recordings are sung in English or Cajun French (and sometimes both in one song). According to the band's web site, BeauSoleil's musicians \"take the rich Cajun traditions of Louisiana and artfully blend elements of zydeco, New Orleans jazz, Tex-Mex, country, blues and more into a satisfying musical recipe.", "id": "9860218" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. The origins of country are in rural Southern folk music, which was primarily Irish and British, with African and continental European musics. Anglo-Celtic tunes, dance music, and balladry were the earliest predecessors of modern country, then known as \"hillbilly music\". Early hillbilly also borrowed elements of the blues and drew upon more aspects of 19th-century pop songs as hillbilly music evolved into a commercial genre eventually known as \"country and western\" and then simply \"country\". The earliest country instrumentation revolved around", "id": "7216674" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nelements from the \"Ethiopian airs\", minstrel shows and Negro spirituals, including instrumental and harmonic accompaniment. The style also was closely related to ragtime, which developed at about the same time, though the blues better preserved \"the original melodic patterns of African music\". The musical forms and styles that are now considered the blues as well as modern country music arose in the same regions of the southern United States during the 19th century. Recorded blues and country music can be found as far back as the 1920s, when", "id": "2950988" }, { "contents": "Organ Thieves\n\n\nPrimate Sanctuary. The band's musical style is unique and although the music is mainly considered hard rock, southern rock and reggae rock, the band like to call themselves \"experimental-soul-rock\". The band's music takes influences from various genres including reggae, soul, country, blues, rhythm and blues, folk, rock and roll, punk, heavy metal, southern rock and more, as stated by the band that they are not limited to any genre and are willing to experiment everything.br They are also", "id": "3590626" }, { "contents": "African-American music\n\n\nstructure of the dance and folk music of peoples across western and sub-Saharan Africa. These musical forms had a wide-ranging influence on the development of music within the United States and around the world during the 20th century. The modern genres of blues and ragtime were developed during the late 19th century by fusing West African vocalizations - which employed the natural harmonic series, and blue notes. The earliest jazz and blues recordings were made in the 1920s. African-American musicians developed related styles such as Rhythm and Blues in", "id": "13306674" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\nWalter Brown \"Brownie\" McGhee (November 30, 1915 – February 16, 1996) was an African-American folk music and Piedmont blues singer and guitarist, best known for his collaboration with the harmonica player Sonny Terry. McGhee was born in Knoxville, Tennessee, and grew up in Kingsport, Tennessee. At about the age of four he contracted polio, which incapacitated his right leg. His brother Granville \"Sticks\"(or \"Stick\") McGhee, who also later became a musician and composed the famous song \"Drinkin'", "id": "4476033" }, { "contents": "Clarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown\n\n\nClarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown (April 18, 1924 – September 10, 2005) was an American musician from Louisiana and Texas known for his work as a blues musician, as well as other styles of music. He spent his career fighting purism by synthesizing old blues, country, jazz, Cajun music and R&B styles. His work also encompasses rock and roll, rock music, folk music, electric blues, and Texas blues. He was an acclaimed multi-instrumentalist, who played an array of musical instruments, including", "id": "15961748" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nby British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments like keyboards and horns, but placed particular emphasis on powerful lead guitar breaks. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles. In the 1970s Jimmie formed the Fabulous Thunderbirds and in the 1980s his brother Stevie Ray", "id": "8151279" } ]

[ { "contents": "Country blues\n\n\nCountry blues (also folk blues, rural blues, backwoods blues, or downhome blues) is one of the earliest forms of blues music. The mainly solo vocal with acoustic fingerstyle guitar accompaniment developed in the rural Southern United States in the early 1900s. Artists, such as Blind Lemon Jefferson (Texas), Charley Patton (Mississippi), Blind Willie McTell (Georgia) were among the first to record blues songs in the 1920s. Country blues ran parallel to urban blues, which was popular in cities. Folklorist Alan Lomax", "id": "8046896" }, { "contents": "Culture of the Southern United States\n\n\n-time music, gospel music, spirituals, country music, rhythm and blues, soul music, funk, rock and roll, beach music, bluegrass, jazz (including ragtime, popularized by Southerner Scott Joplin), zydeco, and Appalachian folk music were either born in the South or developed in the region. In general, country music is based on the folk music of white Southerners, and blues and rhythm and blues is based on African American southern forms. However, whites and blacks alike have contributed to each of", "id": "8469878" }, { "contents": "List of blues festivals\n\n\nBlues festivals are music festivals which focus on blues music. Blues is a genre and musical form that originated in African-American communities in the Southern United States around the end of the 19th century. It has elements of traditional African music, American folk music, spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. Blues has since evolved from unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves into a wide variety of styles and subgenres, such as country blues, Delta and Piedmont, Chicago", "id": "17295253" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand subgenres. Blues subgenres include country blues, such as Delta blues and Piedmont blues, as well as urban blues styles such as Chicago blues and West Coast blues. World War II marked the transition from acoustic to electric blues and the progressive opening of blues music to a wider audience, especially white listeners. In the 1960s and 1970s, a hybrid form called blues rock developed, which blended blues styles with rock music. The term \"Blues\" may have come from \"blue devils\", meaning melancholy and sadness;", "id": "2950960" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nthe supposed appearance of a southern U.S.-style station. About 200 fans were brought by train to the platform opposite the performers. The performance was interrupted by a rainstorm, after which Tharpe performed the gospel song \"Didn't It Rain\". Blues musicians who performed on the American Folk Blues Festival tours included Muddy Waters, Sonny Boy Williamson, John Lee Hooker, Sippie Wallace, T-Bone Walker, Sonny Terry & Brownie McGhee, Memphis Slim, Otis Rush, Lonnie Johnson, Eddie Boyd, Big Walter Horton, Junior Wells", "id": "2225138" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nthrough EMI's Stateside label and Chess Records through Pye International's R&B series. These records were enthusiastically sought and collected by a new generation of enthusiasts. The increasing appetite for rhythm and blues was reflected in the growing numbers of Afro-American artists visiting the country. From 1962 the American Folk Blues Festival, organised by German promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau, brought American blues stars including Waters, Wolf, Sonny Boy Williamson, and John Lee Hooker to the country. In 1964 the American Folk Blues and Gospel Caravan arrived", "id": "16087069" }, { "contents": "Piedmont (United States)\n\n\nblues musicians came from Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. During the Great Migration, African Americans migrated to the Piedmont. With the Appalachian Mountains to the west, those who might otherwise have spread into rural areas stayed in cities and were thus exposed to a broader mixture of music than those in, for example, the rural Mississippi delta. Thus, Piedmont blues was influenced by many types of music such as ragtime, country, and popular songs—styles that had comparatively less influence on blues music in other regions.", "id": "1946509" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\n, it was being performed at US folk music revivals and festivals initially by established Piedmont blues artists such as Josh White, Rev. Gary Davis, and Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry, as well as Cephas & Wiggins, John Jackson in later years. While musicologists such as George Mitchell, Axel Küstner, Kip Lornell, Peter B. Lowry and Tim Duffy collected recordings by the aging community of Piedmont blues players, younger musicians such as Stefan Grossman, Roy Book Binder, Jorma Kaukonen, Paul Geremia, Keb Mo', Michael Roach", "id": "8150348" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nGerman promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau. The rise of electric blues, and its eventual mainstream success, meant that British acoustic blues was completely overshadowed. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers Bert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham (who played and recorded with Korner), played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene, with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones", "id": "8151338" }, { "contents": "Americana (music)\n\n\nAmericana (also known as American roots music) is an amalgam of American music formed by the confluence of the shared and varied traditions that make up the musical ethos of the United States, specifically those sounds that are merged from folk, country, blues, rhythm and blues, rock and roll, gospel, and other external influences. Americana, as defined by the Americana Music Association (AMA), is \"contemporary music that incorporates elements of various mostly acoustic American roots music styles, including country, roots rock, folk", "id": "9198553" }, { "contents": "Muddy Waters\n\n\nSpann in 1958, where they were backed by local Dixieland-style or \"trad jazz\" musicians, including members of Chris Barber's band. At the time, English audiences had only been exposed to acoustic folk blues, as performed by artists such as Sonny Terry, Brownie McGhee, and Big Bill Broonzy. Both the musicians and audiences were unprepared for Muddy Waters' performance, which included his electric slide guitar playing. He recalled: Although his performances alienated the old guard, some younger musicians, including Alexis Korner and", "id": "15757617" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nBert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham, played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. It continued with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones. Most British acoustic blues players could achieve little commercial success and found it difficult to gain recognition for their \"imitations\" of the blues in the US, being overshadowed by the rhythm and blues and electric blues that had emerged in the later 1950s. Blues harpist Cyril Davies ran the London Skiffle", "id": "16087062" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nas well as people that shared his country roots. His work in this period shows he performed across a wider musical spectrum than almost any other bluesman before or since, including in his repertoire ragtime, hokum blues, country blues, urban blues, jazz-tinged songs, folk songs and spirituals. After World War II, Broonzy recorded songs that were the bridge that allowed many younger musicians to cross over to the future of the blues: the electric blues of postwar Chicago. His 1945 recordings of \"Where the Blues Began", "id": "9494361" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nBig Bill Broonzy (born Lee Conley Bradley, June 26, 1903 – August 14, 1958) was an American blues singer, songwriter and guitarist. His career began in the 1920s, when he played country blues to mostly African-American audiences. Through the 1930s and 1940s he successfully navigated a transition in style to a more urban blues sound popular with working-class African-American audiences. In the 1950s a return to his traditional folk-blues roots made him one of the leading figures of the emerging American folk", "id": "9494347" }, { "contents": "Precious Bryant\n\n\nPrecious Bryant (née Bussey; January 4, 1942 – January 12, 2013) was an American country blues, gospel, and folk singer and guitarist. She played Piedmont fingerstyle guitar. Bryant was born in Talbot County, Georgia. She released two solo albums. Her 2002 debut, \"Fool Me Good,\" was nominated for two Blues Music Awards, in the categories Acoustic Blues Album of the Year and Best New Artist Debut. In 2006 she was nominated for a similar award for Traditional Blues Female Artist of the", "id": "2571157" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nAmerica, a series of tours that began with Josh White and Big Bill Broonzy in 1951, and would include Brownie McGhee, Sonny Terry, Memphis Slim, Muddy Waters and Lonnie Johnson. Lonnie Johnson played at the Royal Festival Hall in 1952 on a bill opened by a group led by the young Lonnie Donegan. Donegan became the key figure in the development of the British skiffle \"craze\", beginning in Ken Colyer's Jazzmen by playing American folk and blues songs, particularly those derived from the recordings of Huddie Leadbetter,", "id": "16087056" }, { "contents": "Hill country blues\n\n\npatterns that conform to proverbial phrases or the words of popular fife and drum tunes—\"is considered the sign of a good drummer.\" This enduring tradition of folk polyrhythm played an important part in the development of Mississippi blues. \"Mississippi\" Fred McDowell, who lived in Como, Mississippi, was one of the subgenre's most widely known musicians, in the 1960s and after. His music was heavier on percussive elements and African rhythms than traditional Delta blues. McDowell's performances helped define the Hill Country blues sound, influencing later artists", "id": "19106875" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nfit in with British expectations of American blues as a form of folk music. In 1957 Davies and Korner decided that their central interest was the blues and closed the skiffle club, reopening a month later as The London Blues and Barrelhouse Club. To this point British blues was acoustically played emulating Delta blues and Country blues styles and often part of the emerging second British folk revival. Critical in changing this was the visit of Muddy Waters in 1958, who initially shocked British audiences by playing amplified electric blues, but who was soon", "id": "8151324" }, { "contents": "Valerie Turner\n\n\nValerie Turner is an American blues guitarist-vocalist, educator, and author. She plays in the Piedmont style of fingerpicking guitar, continuing in the traditions of Mississippi John Hurt, Elizabeth Cotten, Memphis Minnie, and Etta Baker. She performs blues, ballads, country, popular songs, ragtime, and gospels. She is a native New Yorker with southern roots in Virginia and Georgia. She started learning and studying traditional country blues guitar in 1978. Valerie and her spouse, Benedict Turner, are an acoustic blues duo called", "id": "8216617" }, { "contents": "Mr. Misunderstood\n\n\n\"Mr. Misunderstood\", at the 2015 Country Music Association Awards, where the news of the new album became evident. The musical style of this album has been described as the following; country, rock, blues, folk, gospel, soul, funk, alternative country, alternative rock, country rock, country blues, country gospel, gospel blues, bluegrass, folk rock, heartland rock, roots rock, rock and roll, rhythm and blues, Southern gospel, Southern rock, and Southern soul. His music here", "id": "5570655" }, { "contents": "Chris Barber\n\n\nwas mainly responsible for arranging the first UK tours of blues artists Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee and Muddy Waters. This, with the encouragement of local enthusiasts such as Alexis Korner and John Mayall, sparked young musicians such as Peter Green, Eric Clapton and the Rolling Stones. British rhythm and blues powered the British invasion of the USA charts in the 1960s, yet Dixieland itself remained popular: in January 1963 the British music magazine, \"NME\" reported the biggest trad jazz event in Britain at Alexandra Palace", "id": "17410986" }, { "contents": "The Blues, the Whole Blues, and Nothing But the Blues\n\n\ninterplay of instruments gives them the freedom to move from the country blues of the Mississippi Delta to the jug band tradition of the urban South, and from New Orleans to Chicago, embracing the breadth of American music in its myriad places and times.\" In \"Glide\" magazine, Lee Zimmerman said, \"David Bromberg’s fondness for the blues has been a single-minded concern throughout his storied career, one that’s found him working alongside any number of icons, folks like Bob Dylan and George Harrison included... Of", "id": "7352775" }, { "contents": "Dave Van Ronk\n\n\nand Van Ronk turned to performing blues he had stumbled across while shopping for jazz 78s, by artists like Furry Lewis and Mississippi John Hurt. Van Ronk was not the first white musician to perform African-American blues, but became noted for his interpretation of it in its original context. By about 1958, he was firmly committed to the folk-blues style, accompanying himself with his own acoustic guitar. He performed blues, jazz and folk music, occasionally writing his own songs but generally arranging the work of earlier artists", "id": "10878367" }, { "contents": "Fingerstyle guitar\n\n\nis also very common. Examples of traditions that John Fahey and Robbie Basho would employ in their compositions include, but are not limited to, the extended Raga of Indian classical music, the Japanese Koto, and the early ragtime-based country blues music of Mississippi John Hurt or Blind Blake. A distinctive style to emerge from Britain in the early 1960s, which combined elements of American folk, blues, jazz and ragtime with British traditional music, was what became known as 'folk baroque'. Pioneered by musicians of the", "id": "13793683" }, { "contents": "Country music\n\n\nCountry music, also known as country and western (or simply country), and hillbilly music, is a genre of popular music that originated in the southern United States in the early 1920s. It takes its roots from genres such as American folk music (especially Appalachian folk and Western music) and blues. Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms, folk lyrics, and harmonies mostly accompanied by string instruments such as banjos, electric and acoustic guitars, steel guitars (such as pedal steels and", "id": "4960825" }, { "contents": "WFDU\n\n\n. WFDU (FM) plays wide array of music ranging from Blues & Country/Bluegrass music to RetroRadio, Eclectic, Folk, Gospel, Oldies Rock and Soul/R&B. Big Frank Mirra, a well-known Blues musician in the Metro area for over three decades along with former blues radio producer, Music Director of Blues/Roots/American programing, Mike Stokes hosts Blues on the Run on Tuesdays. Dennis Gruenling is the host of Blues & the Beat, spinning everything from the legends of Chicago-style blues like", "id": "1564525" }, { "contents": "Nick Katzman\n\n\nNick Katzman (born 1951) is an American blues musician. Katzman was born in New York City, and lives in both Manhattan and Berlin, Germany. He plays in a variety of musical genres, including Chicago blues, Mississippi blues, Texas blues, and ragtime. As a teenager in the 1960s, Katzman saw many of the surviving country blues guitarists who travelled north to play their music in clubs and at the folk festivals. He learned to lay both guitar and lute. He studied classical music and jazz at Antioch", "id": "16730431" }, { "contents": "Louisiana blues\n\n\nLouisiana blues is a genre of blues music that developed in the period after World War II in the state of Louisiana. It is generally divided into two major subgenres, with the jazz-influenced New Orleans blues based on the musical traditions of that city and the slower tempo swamp blues incorporating influences from zydeco and Cajun music from around Baton Rouge. Major artists in the New Orleans tradition include Professor Longhair and Guitar Slim and for swamp blues Slim Harpo and Lightnin' Slim. Both genres peaked in popularity in the 1960s and were", "id": "8046899" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. Theatrical composers and lyricists like the brothers George and Ira Gershwin created a uniquely American theatrical style that used American vernacular speech and music. Musicals featured popular songs and fast-paced plots that often revolved around love and romance. The blues is a genre of African American folk music that is the basis for much of modern American popular music. Blues can be seen as part of a continuum of musical styles like country, jazz, ragtime, and gospel; though each genre evolved into distinct forms, their origins were often indistinct", "id": "7216662" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nspirituals, work songs, ragtime music, hokum, and country blues he heard growing up and the styles of his contemporaries, including Jimmie Rodgers, Blind Blake, Son House, and Blind Lemon Jefferson. Broonzy combined all these influences into his own style of the blues, which foreshadowed the postwar Chicago blues, later refined and popularized by artists such as Muddy Waters and Willie Dixon. Although he had been a pioneer of the Chicago blues style and had employed electric instruments as early as 1942, white audiences in the 1950s wanted", "id": "9494369" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\n, a large number of British rhythm and blues musicians began their careers playing skiffle, including Van Morrison, Ronnie Wood, Mick Jagger and Roger Daltrey. The fashion created a demand for opportunities to play versions of American folk, blues and jazz music that would contribute to the growth of a club scene. Until the mid-1950s in Britain the blues was seen as a form of folk music. When Broonzy toured England he played a folk blues set to fit British expectations of American blues, rather than his current electric Chicago blues.", "id": "16087059" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nintroduction of many later followers of the blues to the music and hardships of life for African Americans in the Southern US. The next year the \"Jazz Club\" programme, hosted by Max Jones, included a recital of \"Town and Country Blues\", which played music by a wide range of blues artists. The British rhythm and blues scene developed in London out of the related jazz, skiffle and folk club scenes of the 1950s. The first of these scenes, that of jazz, had developed during the Second World", "id": "16087053" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nrecognized the album for its historically significant material. An extensively recorded bluesman, Big Bill Broonzy left the United States to tour Europe in 1951, becoming the first Chicago blues player to perform for European audiences. Broonzy previously spent time in Iowa, where he honed a repertoire which remained a fixture of his concerts and recordings for the remainder of the decade. With bluesmen such as Muddy Waters and Howlin' Wolf amplifying their music, resulting in the popularity of the electric blues, Broonzy decided to reinvent himself as a folk blues musician", "id": "18296717" }, { "contents": "Alec Seward\n\n\nhe relocated from the South to New York, in his case in 1924. Seward befriended Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry and retained his Piedmont blues styling despite changes in musical trends. He and the blues musician Louis Hayes (who later became a minister in northern New Jersey) performed together, variously billed as the Blues Servant Boys, Guitar Slim and Jelly Belly, and the Back Porch Boys. During the 1940s and 1950s Seward played and recorded with Lead Belly, Woody Guthrie, McGhee and Terry. Around 1947 Seward, Guthrie", "id": "7237009" }, { "contents": "The Real Folk Blues\n\n\nThe Real Folk Blues is a series of blues albums released between 1965 and 1967 by Chess Records, later reissued MCA Records. Each album in the series highlighted the music of one major Chess artist, including John Lee Hooker, Howlin' Wolf, Muddy Waters, and Sonny Boy Williamson II. The series, overseen by Marshall Chess, was a reaction to the increasing audience for the blues following the British Invasion. Companion discs, titled More Real Folk Blues, were released for many of the artists. Hooker's companion disc", "id": "17857302" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nNew styles of music emerged among black Americans in the early 20th century in the form of blues, ragtime, jazz, and gospel music. According to the writer Robert Palmer:\"Rock 'n' roll was an inevitable outgrowth of the social and musical interactions between blacks and whites in the South and Southwest. Its roots are a complex tangle. Bedrock black church music influenced blues, rural blues influenced white folk song and the black popular music of the Northern ghettos, blues and black pop influenced jazz, and so on. But the", "id": "5254864" }, { "contents": "Ernie Hawkins\n\n\nErnie Hawkins (born Ernest Leroy Hawkins, 1947, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American acoustic blues guitar player, singer, song writer, recording artist, and educator. Hawkins, along with fellow bluesmen Stefan Grossman and Roy Bookbinder, studied with blues legend Reverend Gary Davis in New York City in 1965 and 1966. Over the years, he learned a variety of styles, including Piedmont blues, Delta blues, ragtime, and gospel. In 1969, Hawkins moved back to his hometown of Pittsburgh, and enrolled at the", "id": "8862999" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nThe American Folk Blues Festival was a music festival that toured Europe as an annual event for several years beginning in 1962. It introduced audiences in Europe, including the UK, to leading blues performers of the day such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, most of whom had never previously performed outside the US. The tours attracted substantial media coverage, including TV shows, and contributed to the growth of the audience for blues music in Europe. German jazz publicist Joachim-Ernst Berendt", "id": "2225133" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\ninspire much of the later popular development of the blues and blues-derived genres, including the legendary delta blues musician Robert Johnson and Piedmont blues musician Blind Willie McTell. By the end of the 1940s, however, pure blues was only a minor part of popular music, having been subsumed by offshoots like rhythm & blues and the nascent rock and roll style. Some styles of electric, piano-driven blues, like boogie-woogie, retained a large audience. A bluesy style of gospel also became popular in mainstream America", "id": "7216666" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\n. Known primarily as a folk-blues guitarist, he learned to play guitar by listening to blues musicians, such as Charlie Patton and Mississippi John Hurt, and has developed a distinctive fingerpicking technique in which he plays the bass line, rhythm chords, and single-note leads simultaneously. In his original compositions and artistic styling, he incorporates influences from other genres, such as jazz, folk music, country music, classical and world music, often utilizing odd time measures, to personalize his music and story telling. An", "id": "1583130" }, { "contents": "Alan Lomax\n\n\n\"The Land Where the Blues Began\" (1995), linking the birth of the blues to debt peonage, segregation, and forced labor in the American South. Lomax's greatest legacy is in preserving and publishing recordings of musicians in many folk and blues traditions around the US and Europe. Among the artists Lomax is credited with discovering and bringing to a wider audience include blues guitarist Robert Johnson, protest singer Woody Guthrie, folk artist Pete Seeger, country musician Burl Ives, and country blues singer Lead Belly, among many", "id": "8697682" }, { "contents": "Brian Protheroe\n\n\nWhite, Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Dave Brubeck and the choral church music of Bach. Protheroe joined the folk group Folk Blues Incorporated (FBI) when he was nineteen, while at this time listening to Bob Dylan and the Beatles. He came to London with FBI in 1965, and played in folk music clubs in and around London. In 1966, Protheroe began his career as an actor. His first job was with his local repertory theatre in Salisbury. He worked there for about seven months", "id": "7666713" }, { "contents": "Down Home Blues (Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry album)\n\n\nDown Home Blues is an album by blues musicians Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry recorded in 1960 and released on the Bluesville label. AllMusic reviewer Bruce Eder stated: \"the music itself stands outside of time. McGhee's strumming and singing have enough polish to pass as a commercial recording, but at its best, it's still sufficiently unaffected so as to be regarded as authentic country-blues. It's Terry's harp, however, that really pulls this body of music back to its roots ... the dominant elements of this", "id": "12217779" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nTrouble in Mind is an album by American blues musician Big Bill Broonzy. It was released on February 22, 2000 by Smithsonian Folkways. The album consists of traditional folk, blues, and spiritual songs featuring Broonzy accompanying himself on acoustic guitar and a guest appearance by Pete Seeger. Suffering from cancer, Broonzy realized his time was limited and hence recorded extensively between 1956 and 1957. While most of the work draws from the album \"Big Bill Broonzy Sings Country Blues\" (1957), arranged by Moses Asch and Charles Edward", "id": "18296715" }, { "contents": "Music of Washington, D.C.\n\n\nhome to many bluesmen, such as Jelly Roll Morton and later rock and roll and rhythm and blues musicians such as Bo Diddley and Roy Buchanan. In the 1960s, a number of white youths formed local blues bands, including the Northside Blues Band and the Nighthawks. Starting in the early 1960s, Takoma Park native John Fahey became a nationally noted blues and folk guitarist who established the Takoma Records label, which attracted a number of other blues, folk, acoustic and fingerstyle guitarists to the District of Columbia area. Another local", "id": "9815809" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\nTerry Robb is a Canadian fingerstyle guitarist, composer, arranger and record producer living in the United States. He plays electric and acoustic guitar, and is associated with the American Primitive Guitar genre through his collaboration with steel string guitarist John Fahey. He is a member of the Oregon Music Hall of Fame and Cascade Blues Association Hall of Fame, and was honored with the eponymous \"Terry Robb\" Muddy Award for Best Acoustic Guitar in 2011. His original compositions draw on the Delta blues, ragtime, folk music, country music", "id": "1583113" }, { "contents": "Lightnin' Wells\n\n\nLightnin' Wells is an American Piedmont blues multi-instrumentalist and singer. He is a proficient musician and regularly plays various instruments in concert including the guitar, mandolin, harmonica, ukulele and banjo. At times he has performed as a one-man band. His style encompasses elements of the blues, country, gospel, old-time, bluegrass and folk. Mark Coltrain stated in \"Living Blues\" that, \"You won't find a more versatile musician around – able to move deftly between country blues, old", "id": "14064192" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nspending a year in Europe including recording the \"Sonny Boy Williamson and The Yardbirds\" album, (first released on Star-Club Records in 1965), and recording with The Animals. On 7 May 1964, Granada Television broadcast \"Blues and Gospel Train\", a programme directed by John Hamp featuring Muddy Waters, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, Rev. Gary Davis, Cousin Joe and Otis Spann. For filming, the company transformed the disused Wilbraham Road railway station into \"Chorltonville\", giving it", "id": "2225137" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n. Delta blues is a style as much as a geographical form: Skip James and Elmore James, who were not born in the Delta, are considered Delta blues musicians. Performers traveled throughout the Mississippi Delta, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and Tennessee. Eventually, Delta blues spread out across the country, giving rise to a host of regional variations, including Chicago blues and Detroit blues. Delta blues songs are typically expressed in the first person and often concern love, sex, the traveling lifestyle and its tribulations, sin", "id": "7794024" }, { "contents": "Traditional blues verses\n\n\nIn the folk tradition, there are many traditional blues verses that have been sung over and over by many artists. Blues singers, who include many country and folk artists as well as those commonly identified with blues singers, use these traditional lyrics to fill out their blues performances. Artists like Jimmie Rodgers, the \"blue yodeler\", and Big Joe Turner, \"the Boss of the Blues\" compiled virtual encyclopedias of lyrics. Turner reputedly could sing the blues for hours without repeating himself. Traditional blues verses in folk-", "id": "14213756" }, { "contents": "Midwestern United States\n\n\nmusical style in the United States, deriving most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz, and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Freed's contribution in identifying rock as a new genre helped establish the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, located in Cleveland. Chuck Berry, a Midwesterner from St. Louis, was among the first successful rock and roll artists and influenced many other rock musicians", "id": "15016383" }, { "contents": "Classic female blues\n\n\nClassic female blues was an early form of blues music, popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues were performed by female singers accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles and were the first blues to be recorded. Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, Ethel Waters, and the other singers in this genre were instrumental in spreading the popularity of the blues. Blues, a type of black folk music originating in the American South, were", "id": "5621307" }, { "contents": "Southern soul\n\n\n\"Country soul\", \"Downhome soul\" and \"Hard soul\" have been used synonymously with \"Southern soul\" Pioneers of southern soul include: Georgia natives Ray Charles and James Brown; Little Willie John, Bobby \"Blue\" Bland, New Orleans R&B artist Allen Toussaint; and Memphis DJ Rufus Thomas. Southern soul was influenced by blues and gospel music. Southern soul was at its peak during the 1960s, when Memphis soul was created. In 1963, Stan Lewis founded Jewel Records in Shreveport, Louisiana, along", "id": "18765148" }, { "contents": "South Korea\n\n\n1992 marked a turning point for South Korean popular music, also known as K-pop, as the genre modernized itself from incorporating elements of popular musical genres from across the world such as Western popular music, experimental, jazz, gospel, Latin, classical, hip hop, rhythm and blues, electronic dance, reggae, country, folk, and rock on top of its uniquely traditional Korean music roots. Western-style pop, hip hop, rhythm and blues, rock, folk, electronic dance oriented acts have become", "id": "7248618" }, { "contents": "The Subdudes\n\n\nThe Subdudes (stylized as The subdudes) are an American roots rock group from New Orleans. Their music blends folk, swamp pop, New Orleans rhythm and blues, Louisiana blues, country, cajun/zydeco, funk, soul and gospel with harmonic vocals. Their sound is notable for the band's substitution of a tambourine player for a drummer. The subdudes formed in 1987 through a music venue in New Orleans called Tipitina's. The Subdudes often credit their songwriting to the group as a whole, although the primary songwriters", "id": "12289559" }, { "contents": "American rock\n\n\nAmerican rock has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, rhythm and blues, and country music, and also drew on folk music, jazz, blues, and classical music. American rock music was further influenced by the British Invasion of the American pop charts from 1964 and resulted in the development of garage rock. From the late 1960s and early 1970s, American rock music was highly influential in the development of a number of fusions, including blending with folk music to create folk rock, with blues to create blues", "id": "5254668" }, { "contents": "Richard Trice\n\n\nRichard Trice (November 16, 1917 – April 6, 2000) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles. He lived most of his life in his native North Carolina and played in its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. His family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Music was an interest in the family, and he learned to play the guitar at an", "id": "1811700" }, { "contents": "J. B. Lenoir\n\n\nJefferson, which became a major influence. During the early 1940s, Lenoir worked with the blues artists Sonny Boy Williamson II and Elmore James in New Orleans. He was later influenced by Arthur Crudup and Lightnin' Hopkins. In 1949, he moved to Chicago, where Big Bill Broonzy helped introduce him to the blues community. He began to perform at local nightclubs, with musicians such as Memphis Minnie, Big Maceo Merriweather, and Muddy Waters, and became an important part of the city's blues scene. He began recording", "id": "7041136" }, { "contents": "Bishop Dready Manning\n\n\ncotton, peanuts, and corn. Some of his uncles and cousins played blues guitar in the North Carolina Piedmont fashion. When Manning was seven years old, he began learning how to fingerpick guitar. His skills improved over time and by his teenage years Manning had earned a reputation as a master of blues guitar and harmonica. His style was influenced by Piedmont blues musicians such as Blind Boy Fuller, Brownie McGhee and Buddy Moss, and national stars like Lightnin' Hopkins, Jimmy Reed and Sonny Boy Williamson As a young bluesman", "id": "13727518" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nartists and their own performances. The visit of Muddy Waters in 1958 had a major impact on the duo and on the nature of British R&B in general. Initially British audiences were shocked by Waters's amplified electric blues, but he was soon playing to ecstatic crowds and receiving rave reviews. Where British blues had often emulated Delta blues and country blues in the emerging British folk revival, Davies and Korner, who had supported Waters on tour, now began to play high-powered electric blues, forming the band Blues Incorporated.", "id": "16087064" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\njump blues combo with honking saxophone and rolling piano, variously calling themselves Brownie McGhee and his Jook House Rockers or Sonny Terry and his Buckshot Five, often with Champion Jack Dupree and Big Chief Ellis. They also appeared in the original Broadway productions of \"Finian's Rainbow\" and \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\". During the blues revival of the 1960s, Terry and McGhee were popular on the concert and music festival circuits, occasionally adding new material but usually remaining faithful to their roots and playing to the tastes of", "id": "4476037" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nelements of swing music and jazz in a long and prolific career. After World War II, amplified blues music became popular in American cities that had seen widespread African American migration, such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit, St. Louis, and the West Coast. The initial impulse was to be heard above the noise of lively rent parties. Playing in small venues, electric blues bands tended to remain modest in size compared with larger jazz bands. In its early stages electric blues typically used amplified electric guitars, double bass (", "id": "8151258" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe Beatles had brought African-American music to new audiences, both within the U.S. and abroad. However, the blues wave that brought artists such as Muddy Waters to the foreground had stopped. Bluesmen such as Big Bill Broonzy and Willie Dixon started looking for new markets in Europe. Dick Waterman and the blues festivals he organized in Europe played a major role in propagating blues music abroad. In the UK, bands emulated U.S. blues legends, and UK blues rock-based bands had an influential role throughout the 1960s. Blues", "id": "2951020" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\nThese drew on his studies with Rev. Davis and the other older blues artists and on his obsessive listening to old 78s. \"The Country Blues Guitar, Delta Blues, Texas Blues, Ragtime Blues Guitar\" and \"Rev. Gary Davis/Blues Guitar\" have remained in print through various editions. In the mid-1960s, Stefan Grossman recorded a number of cuts for Joe Bussard and his Frederick, Maryland-based Fonotone Records and performed at the Jabberwock coffeehouse in Berkeley under the nom du folk of \"Kid Future\". The origins", "id": "9236337" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nand they continued almost annually until 1972, after an eight-year hiatus reviving the festival in 1980 until its final performance in 1985. The concerts featured some of the leading blues artists of the 1960s, such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Willie Dixon, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, some playing in unique combinations such as T-Bone Walker playing guitar for pianist Memphis Slim, Otis Rush with Junior Wells, Sonny Boy Williamson with Muddy Waters. The Festival DVDs include the only known footage of Little", "id": "2225135" }, { "contents": "Checkin' Up on My Baby\n\n\n\"Checkin' Up on My Baby\" (or sometimes \"Checking On My Baby\") is a song recorded by Sonny Boy Williamson II in 1960 that has become a classic of the blues. The song was not released as a single, but was included on Williamson's \"The Real Folk Blues\" album released after his death in 1965. The song has been recorded by numerous blues and other artists, making it one of Williamson's most recorded songs. Williamson's namesake Sonny Boy Williamson I, also known as", "id": "10302292" }, { "contents": "History of modern Western subcultures\n\n\ncowboy songs (also known, in those days, as hillbilly music) were beginning to be more popular with a wider audience. A subculture of rural jazz and blues fans had mixed elements of jazz and blues into traditional cowboy and folk song styles to produce a crossover called western swing. Thanks to the prevalence of radio, this music spread across the United States in the 1940s. Radio was the first \"almost instantaneous\" mass media with the power to create large subcultures by spreading the ideas of small subcultures across a wide", "id": "19180987" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\n\"one of the greatest exponents of fingerstyle blues and gospel guitar playing\"\" and \"\"an incredible genius as a teacher\"\". He spent countless hours learning and documenting Davis's music, recording much of it on a tape recorder, and developing a form of tablature to take down his teacher's instructions. In the folk and country blues revival of the 1960s he was listening to old recordings of artists such as Elizabeth Cotten, Big Bill Broonzy, Lead Belly, Josh White, Lightnin' Hopkins, Rev. Gary", "id": "9236332" }, { "contents": "Steel-string acoustic guitar\n\n\nundistorted and full-range reproduction. Until the 1960s, the predominant forms of music played on the flat-top, steel-string guitar remained relatively stable and included acoustic blues, country, bluegrass, folk, and several genres of rock. The concept of playing solo steel-string guitar in a concert setting was introduced in the early 1960s by such performers as Davey Graham and John Fahey, who used country blues fingerpicking techniques to compose original compositions with structures somewhat like European classical music. Fahey contemporary Robbie Basho added elements", "id": "2024699" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nmusic. The music of the civil rights movement and Free Speech Movement in the U.S. prompted a resurgence of interest in American roots music and early African American music. As well festivals such as the Newport Folk Festival brought traditional blues to a new audience, which helped to revive interest in prewar acoustic blues and performers such as Son House, Mississippi John Hurt, Skip James, and Reverend Gary Davis. Many compilations of classic prewar blues were republished by the Yazoo Records. J. B. Lenoir from the Chicago blues movement in the 1950s", "id": "2951023" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nperformers such as Little Walter or Muddy Waters. Songs from this genre include \"Scratch my Back\", \"She's Tough\" and \"I'm a King Bee\". Alan Lomax's recordings of Mississippi Fred McDowell would eventually bring him wider attention on both the blues and folk circuit, with McDowell's droning style influencing North Mississippi hill country blues musicians. By the beginning of the 1960s, genres influenced by African American music such as rock and roll and soul were part of mainstream popular music. White performers such as", "id": "2951019" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nmore exclusively English folk clubs. The more traditional American folk blues continued to provide 1960s British groups with material, particularly after the emergence of Bob Dylan, who also popularised folk blues songs. In 1964, for example, the song-catalogue of Lead Belly provided the Animals with \"The House of the Rising Sun\", Manfred Mann with \"John Hardy\" and the Four Pennies with \"Black Girl\". British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers", "id": "16087061" }, { "contents": "Willie Trice\n\n\nWilliam Augusta Trice (February 10, 1908 – December 11, 1976) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles and an album. He remained loyal to his native North Carolina and its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, probably in 1908; some sources state 1910 or 1911. The family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Both of Trice’s parents played music", "id": "1573260" }, { "contents": "Rock and roll\n\n\nstyles such as jazz and swing which were taken up by white musicians, aided this process of \"cultural collision\". The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called \"race music\", and country music of the 1940s and 1950s. Particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. Commentators differ in their views of which of these forms were most important and the degree to which the new music was a re-branding of African-American rhythm and", "id": "5601387" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\nPiedmont blues (also known as East Coast, or Southeastern blues) refers primarily to a guitar style, the Piedmont fingerstyle, which is characterized by a fingerpicking approach in which a regular, alternating thumb bass string rhythmic pattern supports a syncopated melody using the treble strings generally picked with the fore-finger, occasionally others. The result is comparable in sound to ragtime or stride piano styles. Blues researcher Peter B. Lowry coined the term, giving co-credit to fellow folklorist Bruce Bastin. The Piedmont style is differentiated from other", "id": "8150344" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand the generalization of the blues beat, the blues shuffle, which became ubiquitous in R&B. This commercial stream had important consequences for blues music, which, together with jazz and gospel music, became a component of R&B. After World War II, new styles of electric blues became popular in cities such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit and St. Louis. Electric blues used electric guitars, double bass (gradually replaced by bass guitar), drums, and harmonica (or \"blues harp\") played through a microphone and a PA", "id": "2951010" }, { "contents": "New Orleans blues\n\n\nblues is primarily driven by piano and horn, enlivened by Caribbean rhythms and Dixieland music. It is generally cheerful in delivery regardless of the subject matter, with a laid back tempo and complex rhythms falling just behind the beat. Vocals range from laid-back crooning to full-throated gospel shouting. New Orleans is generally credited as the birthplace of jazz music, but has attracted less attention as a center of the blues. The 12 bar blues were well known in the city before most of the rest of the country.", "id": "20252986" }, { "contents": "Michael Roach (musician)\n\n\n2003, Roach presented \"Deep Blue\", a three part series on blues music featured on BBC Radio 4. In 2006 he released an instructional DVD, \"Introduction to Country Blues Guitar\". Roach's tours as an educator and performer have taken him to the Augusta Heritage Center (US), Centrum Piedmont Blues Intensive (US), The Ironworks (UK) and the Smithsonian Institution (US). He has performed and lectured at blues, jazz, folk and roots music festivals in Croatia, Czech Republic,", "id": "14072779" }, { "contents": "Texas blues\n\n\nmoved to Chicago as a teenager. His instrumental number \"Hide Away\" (1961), was emulated by British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments such as keyboards and horns with emphasis on guitar soloing. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles.", "id": "12084292" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nhip hop music, reggae, rap, country music, and pop music, blues has been accused of being the \"devil's music\" and of inciting violence and other poor behavior. In the early 20th century, the blues was considered disreputable, especially as white audiences began listening to the blues during the 1920s. In the early twentieth century, W.C. Handy was the first to popularize blues-influenced music among non-black Americans. During the blues revival of the 1960s and '70s, acoustic blues artist Taj Mahal", "id": "2951049" }, { "contents": "Blues fiddle\n\n\nchances for frontline fiddlers to participate. Another reason for the violin's exclusion in post war blues was that it could not be effectively electrified. When artists migrated to the industrial centers from the Mississippi delta and rural south, they found a way to do so, but African-American music later mostly abandoned the instrument. Many blues guitar greats, such as Lonnie Johnson and Big Bill Broonzy, made early recordings on the violin. They are among the most-represented artists in the canon. The connection between guitar and violin", "id": "20387501" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\nin the 1950s, led by singer Mahalia Jackson. The blues genre experienced major revivals in the 1950s with Chicago blues musicians such as Muddy Waters and Little Walter, as well as in the 1960s in the British Invasion and American folk music revival when country blues musicians like Mississippi John Hurt and Reverend Gary Davis were rediscovered. The seminal blues musicians of these periods had tremendous influence on rock musicians such as Chuck Berry in the 1950s, as well as on the British blues and blues rock scenes of the 1960s and 1970s, including", "id": "7216667" }, { "contents": "Sugar Mama (song)\n\n\n\"Sugar Mama\" or \"Sugar Mama Blues\" is a song that is a standard of the blues. Called a \"tautly powerful slow blues\" by music journalist Charles Shaar Murray, it has been recorded by numerous artists, including early Chicago bluesmen Tampa Red, Sonny Boy Williamson I, and Tommy McClennan. John Lee Hooker and Howlin' Wolf later adapted \"Sugar Mama\" for electric blues and rock group Led Zeppelin reworked it during early recording sessions. Country bluesman Yank Rachell recorded \"Sugar Farm Blues\" February 6", "id": "15139181" }, { "contents": "Nathan Beauregard\n\n\nwith minor talent make a fortune as a recording artist while he himself was not offered such a chance. During the folk and blues revival of the 1960s Beauregard was \"discovered\" in Memphis by Bill Barth, who convinced him to work as a musician again. In the short time between his \"discovery\" in 1968 and his death in 1970, he played at various folk and blues festivals (e.g. the 1968 Memphis Country Blues Festival, which has been recorded on the Sire and Blue Horizon labels) and on a number", "id": "5223148" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe California blues style, performed a successful transition from the early urban blues à la Lonnie Johnson and Leroy Carr to the jump blues style and dominated the blues-jazz scene at Los Angeles during the 1940s. The transition from country blues to urban blues that began in the 1920s was driven by the successive waves of economic crisis and booms which led many rural blacks to move to urban areas, in a movement known as the Great Migration. The long boom following World War II induced another massive migration of the African-American", "id": "2951008" }, { "contents": "Women in music\n\n\nboys only club. Chinese idol girl groups have also recently achieved significant success, with C-pop groups like SNH48 and Rocket Girls 101, with the later selling over 1.6 million copies of their debut EP in 2018. Classic female blues was an early form of blues music popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues songs performed by female vocalists were accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles, and were the first blues to be", "id": "22079994" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nRock and roll emerged as a defined musical style in the United States in the early to mid-1950s. It derived most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Rock and roll in turn provided the main basis for the music that, since the mid-1960s, has been generally known simply as rock music. The phrase \"rocking and rolling\" originally described", "id": "5254840" }, { "contents": "Warner Williams and Jay Summerour\n\n\nWarner Williams and Jay Summerour are an American folk duo, who perform under the name Little Bit A Blues. They have played at numerous folk and blues festivals and at concerts at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. They are known for playing in the Piedmont blues style, a regional variant of the blues that developed in North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland and West Virginia. Williams and Summerour have been playing music together under the name of Little Bit A Blues since the early 1990s. During their tenure together,", "id": "20240347" }, { "contents": "American popular music\n\n\n—e.g., minorities or rural audiences. Beginning in the 1920s and accelerating greatly in the 1940s, the blues began rapidly diversifying into a broad spectrum of new styles. These included an uptempo, energetic style called rhythm and blues (R&B), a merger of blues and Anglo-Celtic song called country music and the fusion of hymns and spirituals with blues structures called gospel music. Later than these other styles, in the 1940s, a blues, R&B and country fusion eventually called rock and roll developed, eventually coming", "id": "6698779" }, { "contents": "1940s in music\n\n\ncalled \"folk\" in the trades, and \"hillbilly\" within the industry. In 1944, \"The Billboard\" replaced the term \"hillbilly\" with \"folk songs and blues,\" and switched to \"country\" or \"country and Western\" in 1949. But while cowboy and Western music were the most popular styles, a new style – honky tonk – would take root and define the genre of country music for decades to come. The style meshed Western swing and blues music; featured rough, nasal vocals", "id": "12815195" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n, salvation and death. Several blues musicians were imprisoned in the Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman Farm, which is referred to in songs such as Bukka White's \"Parchman Farm Blues\" and the folk song \"Midnight Special\". In big-city blues, women singers such as Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith and Mamie Smith dominated the recordings of the 1920s. However, women rarely recorded Delta blues and other rural or folk-style blues. In Delta blues female performers often had some romantic connection to more notable male performers", "id": "7794025" }, { "contents": "The Sky Is Crying (song)\n\n\nThe Sky Is Crying\" has been interpreted and recorded by many blues and other artists. In 1963, blues harmonica player and singer Sonny Boy Williamson II recorded the song as a country blues-style duet with Matt Murphy on acoustic guitar for his \"Keep It to Ourselves\" album. In 1964, Eric Clapton with The Yardbirds recorded a live slow blues which included a couple of lines from \"The Sky Is Crying\" (\"Blueswailing July '64 (Live)\"). In 1966, with Jeff Beck on", "id": "3146914" }, { "contents": "BeauSoleil\n\n\n, rhythm, and lyrics of Louisiana folk music, incorporating elements of rock and roll, jazz, blues, calypso, and other genres in original compositions and reworkings of traditional tunes. Lyrics on BeauSoleil recordings are sung in English or Cajun French (and sometimes both in one song). According to the band's web site, BeauSoleil's musicians \"take the rich Cajun traditions of Louisiana and artfully blend elements of zydeco, New Orleans jazz, Tex-Mex, country, blues and more into a satisfying musical recipe.", "id": "9860218" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. The origins of country are in rural Southern folk music, which was primarily Irish and British, with African and continental European musics. Anglo-Celtic tunes, dance music, and balladry were the earliest predecessors of modern country, then known as \"hillbilly music\". Early hillbilly also borrowed elements of the blues and drew upon more aspects of 19th-century pop songs as hillbilly music evolved into a commercial genre eventually known as \"country and western\" and then simply \"country\". The earliest country instrumentation revolved around", "id": "7216674" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nelements from the \"Ethiopian airs\", minstrel shows and Negro spirituals, including instrumental and harmonic accompaniment. The style also was closely related to ragtime, which developed at about the same time, though the blues better preserved \"the original melodic patterns of African music\". The musical forms and styles that are now considered the blues as well as modern country music arose in the same regions of the southern United States during the 19th century. Recorded blues and country music can be found as far back as the 1920s, when", "id": "2950988" }, { "contents": "Organ Thieves\n\n\nPrimate Sanctuary. The band's musical style is unique and although the music is mainly considered hard rock, southern rock and reggae rock, the band like to call themselves \"experimental-soul-rock\". The band's music takes influences from various genres including reggae, soul, country, blues, rhythm and blues, folk, rock and roll, punk, heavy metal, southern rock and more, as stated by the band that they are not limited to any genre and are willing to experiment everything.br They are also", "id": "3590626" }, { "contents": "African-American music\n\n\nstructure of the dance and folk music of peoples across western and sub-Saharan Africa. These musical forms had a wide-ranging influence on the development of music within the United States and around the world during the 20th century. The modern genres of blues and ragtime were developed during the late 19th century by fusing West African vocalizations - which employed the natural harmonic series, and blue notes. The earliest jazz and blues recordings were made in the 1920s. African-American musicians developed related styles such as Rhythm and Blues in", "id": "13306674" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\nWalter Brown \"Brownie\" McGhee (November 30, 1915 – February 16, 1996) was an African-American folk music and Piedmont blues singer and guitarist, best known for his collaboration with the harmonica player Sonny Terry. McGhee was born in Knoxville, Tennessee, and grew up in Kingsport, Tennessee. At about the age of four he contracted polio, which incapacitated his right leg. His brother Granville \"Sticks\"(or \"Stick\") McGhee, who also later became a musician and composed the famous song \"Drinkin'", "id": "4476033" }, { "contents": "Clarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown\n\n\nClarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown (April 18, 1924 – September 10, 2005) was an American musician from Louisiana and Texas known for his work as a blues musician, as well as other styles of music. He spent his career fighting purism by synthesizing old blues, country, jazz, Cajun music and R&B styles. His work also encompasses rock and roll, rock music, folk music, electric blues, and Texas blues. He was an acclaimed multi-instrumentalist, who played an array of musical instruments, including", "id": "15961748" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nby British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments like keyboards and horns, but placed particular emphasis on powerful lead guitar breaks. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles. In the 1970s Jimmie formed the Fabulous Thunderbirds and in the 1980s his brother Stevie Ray", "id": "8151279" } ]

[ { "contents": "Country blues\n\n\nCountry blues (also folk blues, rural blues, backwoods blues, or downhome blues) is one of the earliest forms of blues music. The mainly solo vocal with acoustic fingerstyle guitar accompaniment developed in the rural Southern United States in the early 1900s. Artists, such as Blind Lemon Jefferson (Texas), Charley Patton (Mississippi), Blind Willie McTell (Georgia) were among the first to record blues songs in the 1920s. Country blues ran parallel to urban blues, which was popular in cities. Folklorist Alan Lomax", "id": "8046896" }, { "contents": "Culture of the Southern United States\n\n\n-time music, gospel music, spirituals, country music, rhythm and blues, soul music, funk, rock and roll, beach music, bluegrass, jazz (including ragtime, popularized by Southerner Scott Joplin), zydeco, and Appalachian folk music were either born in the South or developed in the region. In general, country music is based on the folk music of white Southerners, and blues and rhythm and blues is based on African American southern forms. However, whites and blacks alike have contributed to each of", "id": "8469878" }, { "contents": "List of blues festivals\n\n\nBlues festivals are music festivals which focus on blues music. Blues is a genre and musical form that originated in African-American communities in the Southern United States around the end of the 19th century. It has elements of traditional African music, American folk music, spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. Blues has since evolved from unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves into a wide variety of styles and subgenres, such as country blues, Delta and Piedmont, Chicago", "id": "17295253" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand subgenres. Blues subgenres include country blues, such as Delta blues and Piedmont blues, as well as urban blues styles such as Chicago blues and West Coast blues. World War II marked the transition from acoustic to electric blues and the progressive opening of blues music to a wider audience, especially white listeners. In the 1960s and 1970s, a hybrid form called blues rock developed, which blended blues styles with rock music. The term \"Blues\" may have come from \"blue devils\", meaning melancholy and sadness;", "id": "2950960" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nthe supposed appearance of a southern U.S.-style station. About 200 fans were brought by train to the platform opposite the performers. The performance was interrupted by a rainstorm, after which Tharpe performed the gospel song \"Didn't It Rain\". Blues musicians who performed on the American Folk Blues Festival tours included Muddy Waters, Sonny Boy Williamson, John Lee Hooker, Sippie Wallace, T-Bone Walker, Sonny Terry & Brownie McGhee, Memphis Slim, Otis Rush, Lonnie Johnson, Eddie Boyd, Big Walter Horton, Junior Wells", "id": "2225138" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nthrough EMI's Stateside label and Chess Records through Pye International's R&B series. These records were enthusiastically sought and collected by a new generation of enthusiasts. The increasing appetite for rhythm and blues was reflected in the growing numbers of Afro-American artists visiting the country. From 1962 the American Folk Blues Festival, organised by German promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau, brought American blues stars including Waters, Wolf, Sonny Boy Williamson, and John Lee Hooker to the country. In 1964 the American Folk Blues and Gospel Caravan arrived", "id": "16087069" }, { "contents": "Piedmont (United States)\n\n\nblues musicians came from Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. During the Great Migration, African Americans migrated to the Piedmont. With the Appalachian Mountains to the west, those who might otherwise have spread into rural areas stayed in cities and were thus exposed to a broader mixture of music than those in, for example, the rural Mississippi delta. Thus, Piedmont blues was influenced by many types of music such as ragtime, country, and popular songs—styles that had comparatively less influence on blues music in other regions.", "id": "1946509" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\n, it was being performed at US folk music revivals and festivals initially by established Piedmont blues artists such as Josh White, Rev. Gary Davis, and Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry, as well as Cephas & Wiggins, John Jackson in later years. While musicologists such as George Mitchell, Axel Küstner, Kip Lornell, Peter B. Lowry and Tim Duffy collected recordings by the aging community of Piedmont blues players, younger musicians such as Stefan Grossman, Roy Book Binder, Jorma Kaukonen, Paul Geremia, Keb Mo', Michael Roach", "id": "8150348" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nGerman promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau. The rise of electric blues, and its eventual mainstream success, meant that British acoustic blues was completely overshadowed. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers Bert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham (who played and recorded with Korner), played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene, with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones", "id": "8151338" }, { "contents": "Americana (music)\n\n\nAmericana (also known as American roots music) is an amalgam of American music formed by the confluence of the shared and varied traditions that make up the musical ethos of the United States, specifically those sounds that are merged from folk, country, blues, rhythm and blues, rock and roll, gospel, and other external influences. Americana, as defined by the Americana Music Association (AMA), is \"contemporary music that incorporates elements of various mostly acoustic American roots music styles, including country, roots rock, folk", "id": "9198553" }, { "contents": "Muddy Waters\n\n\nSpann in 1958, where they were backed by local Dixieland-style or \"trad jazz\" musicians, including members of Chris Barber's band. At the time, English audiences had only been exposed to acoustic folk blues, as performed by artists such as Sonny Terry, Brownie McGhee, and Big Bill Broonzy. Both the musicians and audiences were unprepared for Muddy Waters' performance, which included his electric slide guitar playing. He recalled: Although his performances alienated the old guard, some younger musicians, including Alexis Korner and", "id": "15757617" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nBert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham, played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. It continued with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones. Most British acoustic blues players could achieve little commercial success and found it difficult to gain recognition for their \"imitations\" of the blues in the US, being overshadowed by the rhythm and blues and electric blues that had emerged in the later 1950s. Blues harpist Cyril Davies ran the London Skiffle", "id": "16087062" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nas well as people that shared his country roots. His work in this period shows he performed across a wider musical spectrum than almost any other bluesman before or since, including in his repertoire ragtime, hokum blues, country blues, urban blues, jazz-tinged songs, folk songs and spirituals. After World War II, Broonzy recorded songs that were the bridge that allowed many younger musicians to cross over to the future of the blues: the electric blues of postwar Chicago. His 1945 recordings of \"Where the Blues Began", "id": "9494361" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nBig Bill Broonzy (born Lee Conley Bradley, June 26, 1903 – August 14, 1958) was an American blues singer, songwriter and guitarist. His career began in the 1920s, when he played country blues to mostly African-American audiences. Through the 1930s and 1940s he successfully navigated a transition in style to a more urban blues sound popular with working-class African-American audiences. In the 1950s a return to his traditional folk-blues roots made him one of the leading figures of the emerging American folk", "id": "9494347" }, { "contents": "Precious Bryant\n\n\nPrecious Bryant (née Bussey; January 4, 1942 – January 12, 2013) was an American country blues, gospel, and folk singer and guitarist. She played Piedmont fingerstyle guitar. Bryant was born in Talbot County, Georgia. She released two solo albums. Her 2002 debut, \"Fool Me Good,\" was nominated for two Blues Music Awards, in the categories Acoustic Blues Album of the Year and Best New Artist Debut. In 2006 she was nominated for a similar award for Traditional Blues Female Artist of the", "id": "2571157" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nAmerica, a series of tours that began with Josh White and Big Bill Broonzy in 1951, and would include Brownie McGhee, Sonny Terry, Memphis Slim, Muddy Waters and Lonnie Johnson. Lonnie Johnson played at the Royal Festival Hall in 1952 on a bill opened by a group led by the young Lonnie Donegan. Donegan became the key figure in the development of the British skiffle \"craze\", beginning in Ken Colyer's Jazzmen by playing American folk and blues songs, particularly those derived from the recordings of Huddie Leadbetter,", "id": "16087056" }, { "contents": "Hill country blues\n\n\npatterns that conform to proverbial phrases or the words of popular fife and drum tunes—\"is considered the sign of a good drummer.\" This enduring tradition of folk polyrhythm played an important part in the development of Mississippi blues. \"Mississippi\" Fred McDowell, who lived in Como, Mississippi, was one of the subgenre's most widely known musicians, in the 1960s and after. His music was heavier on percussive elements and African rhythms than traditional Delta blues. McDowell's performances helped define the Hill Country blues sound, influencing later artists", "id": "19106875" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nfit in with British expectations of American blues as a form of folk music. In 1957 Davies and Korner decided that their central interest was the blues and closed the skiffle club, reopening a month later as The London Blues and Barrelhouse Club. To this point British blues was acoustically played emulating Delta blues and Country blues styles and often part of the emerging second British folk revival. Critical in changing this was the visit of Muddy Waters in 1958, who initially shocked British audiences by playing amplified electric blues, but who was soon", "id": "8151324" }, { "contents": "Valerie Turner\n\n\nValerie Turner is an American blues guitarist-vocalist, educator, and author. She plays in the Piedmont style of fingerpicking guitar, continuing in the traditions of Mississippi John Hurt, Elizabeth Cotten, Memphis Minnie, and Etta Baker. She performs blues, ballads, country, popular songs, ragtime, and gospels. She is a native New Yorker with southern roots in Virginia and Georgia. She started learning and studying traditional country blues guitar in 1978. Valerie and her spouse, Benedict Turner, are an acoustic blues duo called", "id": "8216617" }, { "contents": "Mr. Misunderstood\n\n\n\"Mr. Misunderstood\", at the 2015 Country Music Association Awards, where the news of the new album became evident. The musical style of this album has been described as the following; country, rock, blues, folk, gospel, soul, funk, alternative country, alternative rock, country rock, country blues, country gospel, gospel blues, bluegrass, folk rock, heartland rock, roots rock, rock and roll, rhythm and blues, Southern gospel, Southern rock, and Southern soul. His music here", "id": "5570655" }, { "contents": "Chris Barber\n\n\nwas mainly responsible for arranging the first UK tours of blues artists Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee and Muddy Waters. This, with the encouragement of local enthusiasts such as Alexis Korner and John Mayall, sparked young musicians such as Peter Green, Eric Clapton and the Rolling Stones. British rhythm and blues powered the British invasion of the USA charts in the 1960s, yet Dixieland itself remained popular: in January 1963 the British music magazine, \"NME\" reported the biggest trad jazz event in Britain at Alexandra Palace", "id": "17410986" }, { "contents": "The Blues, the Whole Blues, and Nothing But the Blues\n\n\ninterplay of instruments gives them the freedom to move from the country blues of the Mississippi Delta to the jug band tradition of the urban South, and from New Orleans to Chicago, embracing the breadth of American music in its myriad places and times.\" In \"Glide\" magazine, Lee Zimmerman said, \"David Bromberg’s fondness for the blues has been a single-minded concern throughout his storied career, one that’s found him working alongside any number of icons, folks like Bob Dylan and George Harrison included... Of", "id": "7352775" }, { "contents": "Dave Van Ronk\n\n\nand Van Ronk turned to performing blues he had stumbled across while shopping for jazz 78s, by artists like Furry Lewis and Mississippi John Hurt. Van Ronk was not the first white musician to perform African-American blues, but became noted for his interpretation of it in its original context. By about 1958, he was firmly committed to the folk-blues style, accompanying himself with his own acoustic guitar. He performed blues, jazz and folk music, occasionally writing his own songs but generally arranging the work of earlier artists", "id": "10878367" }, { "contents": "Fingerstyle guitar\n\n\nis also very common. Examples of traditions that John Fahey and Robbie Basho would employ in their compositions include, but are not limited to, the extended Raga of Indian classical music, the Japanese Koto, and the early ragtime-based country blues music of Mississippi John Hurt or Blind Blake. A distinctive style to emerge from Britain in the early 1960s, which combined elements of American folk, blues, jazz and ragtime with British traditional music, was what became known as 'folk baroque'. Pioneered by musicians of the", "id": "13793683" }, { "contents": "Country music\n\n\nCountry music, also known as country and western (or simply country), and hillbilly music, is a genre of popular music that originated in the southern United States in the early 1920s. It takes its roots from genres such as American folk music (especially Appalachian folk and Western music) and blues. Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms, folk lyrics, and harmonies mostly accompanied by string instruments such as banjos, electric and acoustic guitars, steel guitars (such as pedal steels and", "id": "4960825" }, { "contents": "WFDU\n\n\n. WFDU (FM) plays wide array of music ranging from Blues & Country/Bluegrass music to RetroRadio, Eclectic, Folk, Gospel, Oldies Rock and Soul/R&B. Big Frank Mirra, a well-known Blues musician in the Metro area for over three decades along with former blues radio producer, Music Director of Blues/Roots/American programing, Mike Stokes hosts Blues on the Run on Tuesdays. Dennis Gruenling is the host of Blues & the Beat, spinning everything from the legends of Chicago-style blues like", "id": "1564525" }, { "contents": "Nick Katzman\n\n\nNick Katzman (born 1951) is an American blues musician. Katzman was born in New York City, and lives in both Manhattan and Berlin, Germany. He plays in a variety of musical genres, including Chicago blues, Mississippi blues, Texas blues, and ragtime. As a teenager in the 1960s, Katzman saw many of the surviving country blues guitarists who travelled north to play their music in clubs and at the folk festivals. He learned to lay both guitar and lute. He studied classical music and jazz at Antioch", "id": "16730431" }, { "contents": "Louisiana blues\n\n\nLouisiana blues is a genre of blues music that developed in the period after World War II in the state of Louisiana. It is generally divided into two major subgenres, with the jazz-influenced New Orleans blues based on the musical traditions of that city and the slower tempo swamp blues incorporating influences from zydeco and Cajun music from around Baton Rouge. Major artists in the New Orleans tradition include Professor Longhair and Guitar Slim and for swamp blues Slim Harpo and Lightnin' Slim. Both genres peaked in popularity in the 1960s and were", "id": "8046899" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. Theatrical composers and lyricists like the brothers George and Ira Gershwin created a uniquely American theatrical style that used American vernacular speech and music. Musicals featured popular songs and fast-paced plots that often revolved around love and romance. The blues is a genre of African American folk music that is the basis for much of modern American popular music. Blues can be seen as part of a continuum of musical styles like country, jazz, ragtime, and gospel; though each genre evolved into distinct forms, their origins were often indistinct", "id": "7216662" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nspirituals, work songs, ragtime music, hokum, and country blues he heard growing up and the styles of his contemporaries, including Jimmie Rodgers, Blind Blake, Son House, and Blind Lemon Jefferson. Broonzy combined all these influences into his own style of the blues, which foreshadowed the postwar Chicago blues, later refined and popularized by artists such as Muddy Waters and Willie Dixon. Although he had been a pioneer of the Chicago blues style and had employed electric instruments as early as 1942, white audiences in the 1950s wanted", "id": "9494369" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\n, a large number of British rhythm and blues musicians began their careers playing skiffle, including Van Morrison, Ronnie Wood, Mick Jagger and Roger Daltrey. The fashion created a demand for opportunities to play versions of American folk, blues and jazz music that would contribute to the growth of a club scene. Until the mid-1950s in Britain the blues was seen as a form of folk music. When Broonzy toured England he played a folk blues set to fit British expectations of American blues, rather than his current electric Chicago blues.", "id": "16087059" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nintroduction of many later followers of the blues to the music and hardships of life for African Americans in the Southern US. The next year the \"Jazz Club\" programme, hosted by Max Jones, included a recital of \"Town and Country Blues\", which played music by a wide range of blues artists. The British rhythm and blues scene developed in London out of the related jazz, skiffle and folk club scenes of the 1950s. The first of these scenes, that of jazz, had developed during the Second World", "id": "16087053" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nrecognized the album for its historically significant material. An extensively recorded bluesman, Big Bill Broonzy left the United States to tour Europe in 1951, becoming the first Chicago blues player to perform for European audiences. Broonzy previously spent time in Iowa, where he honed a repertoire which remained a fixture of his concerts and recordings for the remainder of the decade. With bluesmen such as Muddy Waters and Howlin' Wolf amplifying their music, resulting in the popularity of the electric blues, Broonzy decided to reinvent himself as a folk blues musician", "id": "18296717" }, { "contents": "Alec Seward\n\n\nhe relocated from the South to New York, in his case in 1924. Seward befriended Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry and retained his Piedmont blues styling despite changes in musical trends. He and the blues musician Louis Hayes (who later became a minister in northern New Jersey) performed together, variously billed as the Blues Servant Boys, Guitar Slim and Jelly Belly, and the Back Porch Boys. During the 1940s and 1950s Seward played and recorded with Lead Belly, Woody Guthrie, McGhee and Terry. Around 1947 Seward, Guthrie", "id": "7237009" }, { "contents": "The Real Folk Blues\n\n\nThe Real Folk Blues is a series of blues albums released between 1965 and 1967 by Chess Records, later reissued MCA Records. Each album in the series highlighted the music of one major Chess artist, including John Lee Hooker, Howlin' Wolf, Muddy Waters, and Sonny Boy Williamson II. The series, overseen by Marshall Chess, was a reaction to the increasing audience for the blues following the British Invasion. Companion discs, titled More Real Folk Blues, were released for many of the artists. Hooker's companion disc", "id": "17857302" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nNew styles of music emerged among black Americans in the early 20th century in the form of blues, ragtime, jazz, and gospel music. According to the writer Robert Palmer:\"Rock 'n' roll was an inevitable outgrowth of the social and musical interactions between blacks and whites in the South and Southwest. Its roots are a complex tangle. Bedrock black church music influenced blues, rural blues influenced white folk song and the black popular music of the Northern ghettos, blues and black pop influenced jazz, and so on. But the", "id": "5254864" }, { "contents": "Ernie Hawkins\n\n\nErnie Hawkins (born Ernest Leroy Hawkins, 1947, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American acoustic blues guitar player, singer, song writer, recording artist, and educator. Hawkins, along with fellow bluesmen Stefan Grossman and Roy Bookbinder, studied with blues legend Reverend Gary Davis in New York City in 1965 and 1966. Over the years, he learned a variety of styles, including Piedmont blues, Delta blues, ragtime, and gospel. In 1969, Hawkins moved back to his hometown of Pittsburgh, and enrolled at the", "id": "8862999" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nThe American Folk Blues Festival was a music festival that toured Europe as an annual event for several years beginning in 1962. It introduced audiences in Europe, including the UK, to leading blues performers of the day such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, most of whom had never previously performed outside the US. The tours attracted substantial media coverage, including TV shows, and contributed to the growth of the audience for blues music in Europe. German jazz publicist Joachim-Ernst Berendt", "id": "2225133" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\ninspire much of the later popular development of the blues and blues-derived genres, including the legendary delta blues musician Robert Johnson and Piedmont blues musician Blind Willie McTell. By the end of the 1940s, however, pure blues was only a minor part of popular music, having been subsumed by offshoots like rhythm & blues and the nascent rock and roll style. Some styles of electric, piano-driven blues, like boogie-woogie, retained a large audience. A bluesy style of gospel also became popular in mainstream America", "id": "7216666" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\n. Known primarily as a folk-blues guitarist, he learned to play guitar by listening to blues musicians, such as Charlie Patton and Mississippi John Hurt, and has developed a distinctive fingerpicking technique in which he plays the bass line, rhythm chords, and single-note leads simultaneously. In his original compositions and artistic styling, he incorporates influences from other genres, such as jazz, folk music, country music, classical and world music, often utilizing odd time measures, to personalize his music and story telling. An", "id": "1583130" }, { "contents": "Alan Lomax\n\n\n\"The Land Where the Blues Began\" (1995), linking the birth of the blues to debt peonage, segregation, and forced labor in the American South. Lomax's greatest legacy is in preserving and publishing recordings of musicians in many folk and blues traditions around the US and Europe. Among the artists Lomax is credited with discovering and bringing to a wider audience include blues guitarist Robert Johnson, protest singer Woody Guthrie, folk artist Pete Seeger, country musician Burl Ives, and country blues singer Lead Belly, among many", "id": "8697682" }, { "contents": "Brian Protheroe\n\n\nWhite, Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Dave Brubeck and the choral church music of Bach. Protheroe joined the folk group Folk Blues Incorporated (FBI) when he was nineteen, while at this time listening to Bob Dylan and the Beatles. He came to London with FBI in 1965, and played in folk music clubs in and around London. In 1966, Protheroe began his career as an actor. His first job was with his local repertory theatre in Salisbury. He worked there for about seven months", "id": "7666713" }, { "contents": "Down Home Blues (Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry album)\n\n\nDown Home Blues is an album by blues musicians Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry recorded in 1960 and released on the Bluesville label. AllMusic reviewer Bruce Eder stated: \"the music itself stands outside of time. McGhee's strumming and singing have enough polish to pass as a commercial recording, but at its best, it's still sufficiently unaffected so as to be regarded as authentic country-blues. It's Terry's harp, however, that really pulls this body of music back to its roots ... the dominant elements of this", "id": "12217779" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nTrouble in Mind is an album by American blues musician Big Bill Broonzy. It was released on February 22, 2000 by Smithsonian Folkways. The album consists of traditional folk, blues, and spiritual songs featuring Broonzy accompanying himself on acoustic guitar and a guest appearance by Pete Seeger. Suffering from cancer, Broonzy realized his time was limited and hence recorded extensively between 1956 and 1957. While most of the work draws from the album \"Big Bill Broonzy Sings Country Blues\" (1957), arranged by Moses Asch and Charles Edward", "id": "18296715" }, { "contents": "Music of Washington, D.C.\n\n\nhome to many bluesmen, such as Jelly Roll Morton and later rock and roll and rhythm and blues musicians such as Bo Diddley and Roy Buchanan. In the 1960s, a number of white youths formed local blues bands, including the Northside Blues Band and the Nighthawks. Starting in the early 1960s, Takoma Park native John Fahey became a nationally noted blues and folk guitarist who established the Takoma Records label, which attracted a number of other blues, folk, acoustic and fingerstyle guitarists to the District of Columbia area. Another local", "id": "9815809" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\nTerry Robb is a Canadian fingerstyle guitarist, composer, arranger and record producer living in the United States. He plays electric and acoustic guitar, and is associated with the American Primitive Guitar genre through his collaboration with steel string guitarist John Fahey. He is a member of the Oregon Music Hall of Fame and Cascade Blues Association Hall of Fame, and was honored with the eponymous \"Terry Robb\" Muddy Award for Best Acoustic Guitar in 2011. His original compositions draw on the Delta blues, ragtime, folk music, country music", "id": "1583113" }, { "contents": "Lightnin' Wells\n\n\nLightnin' Wells is an American Piedmont blues multi-instrumentalist and singer. He is a proficient musician and regularly plays various instruments in concert including the guitar, mandolin, harmonica, ukulele and banjo. At times he has performed as a one-man band. His style encompasses elements of the blues, country, gospel, old-time, bluegrass and folk. Mark Coltrain stated in \"Living Blues\" that, \"You won't find a more versatile musician around – able to move deftly between country blues, old", "id": "14064192" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nspending a year in Europe including recording the \"Sonny Boy Williamson and The Yardbirds\" album, (first released on Star-Club Records in 1965), and recording with The Animals. On 7 May 1964, Granada Television broadcast \"Blues and Gospel Train\", a programme directed by John Hamp featuring Muddy Waters, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, Rev. Gary Davis, Cousin Joe and Otis Spann. For filming, the company transformed the disused Wilbraham Road railway station into \"Chorltonville\", giving it", "id": "2225137" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n. Delta blues is a style as much as a geographical form: Skip James and Elmore James, who were not born in the Delta, are considered Delta blues musicians. Performers traveled throughout the Mississippi Delta, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and Tennessee. Eventually, Delta blues spread out across the country, giving rise to a host of regional variations, including Chicago blues and Detroit blues. Delta blues songs are typically expressed in the first person and often concern love, sex, the traveling lifestyle and its tribulations, sin", "id": "7794024" }, { "contents": "Traditional blues verses\n\n\nIn the folk tradition, there are many traditional blues verses that have been sung over and over by many artists. Blues singers, who include many country and folk artists as well as those commonly identified with blues singers, use these traditional lyrics to fill out their blues performances. Artists like Jimmie Rodgers, the \"blue yodeler\", and Big Joe Turner, \"the Boss of the Blues\" compiled virtual encyclopedias of lyrics. Turner reputedly could sing the blues for hours without repeating himself. Traditional blues verses in folk-", "id": "14213756" }, { "contents": "Midwestern United States\n\n\nmusical style in the United States, deriving most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz, and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Freed's contribution in identifying rock as a new genre helped establish the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, located in Cleveland. Chuck Berry, a Midwesterner from St. Louis, was among the first successful rock and roll artists and influenced many other rock musicians", "id": "15016383" }, { "contents": "Classic female blues\n\n\nClassic female blues was an early form of blues music, popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues were performed by female singers accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles and were the first blues to be recorded. Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, Ethel Waters, and the other singers in this genre were instrumental in spreading the popularity of the blues. Blues, a type of black folk music originating in the American South, were", "id": "5621307" }, { "contents": "Southern soul\n\n\n\"Country soul\", \"Downhome soul\" and \"Hard soul\" have been used synonymously with \"Southern soul\" Pioneers of southern soul include: Georgia natives Ray Charles and James Brown; Little Willie John, Bobby \"Blue\" Bland, New Orleans R&B artist Allen Toussaint; and Memphis DJ Rufus Thomas. Southern soul was influenced by blues and gospel music. Southern soul was at its peak during the 1960s, when Memphis soul was created. In 1963, Stan Lewis founded Jewel Records in Shreveport, Louisiana, along", "id": "18765148" }, { "contents": "South Korea\n\n\n1992 marked a turning point for South Korean popular music, also known as K-pop, as the genre modernized itself from incorporating elements of popular musical genres from across the world such as Western popular music, experimental, jazz, gospel, Latin, classical, hip hop, rhythm and blues, electronic dance, reggae, country, folk, and rock on top of its uniquely traditional Korean music roots. Western-style pop, hip hop, rhythm and blues, rock, folk, electronic dance oriented acts have become", "id": "7248618" }, { "contents": "The Subdudes\n\n\nThe Subdudes (stylized as The subdudes) are an American roots rock group from New Orleans. Their music blends folk, swamp pop, New Orleans rhythm and blues, Louisiana blues, country, cajun/zydeco, funk, soul and gospel with harmonic vocals. Their sound is notable for the band's substitution of a tambourine player for a drummer. The subdudes formed in 1987 through a music venue in New Orleans called Tipitina's. The Subdudes often credit their songwriting to the group as a whole, although the primary songwriters", "id": "12289559" }, { "contents": "American rock\n\n\nAmerican rock has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, rhythm and blues, and country music, and also drew on folk music, jazz, blues, and classical music. American rock music was further influenced by the British Invasion of the American pop charts from 1964 and resulted in the development of garage rock. From the late 1960s and early 1970s, American rock music was highly influential in the development of a number of fusions, including blending with folk music to create folk rock, with blues to create blues", "id": "5254668" }, { "contents": "Richard Trice\n\n\nRichard Trice (November 16, 1917 – April 6, 2000) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles. He lived most of his life in his native North Carolina and played in its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. His family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Music was an interest in the family, and he learned to play the guitar at an", "id": "1811700" }, { "contents": "J. B. Lenoir\n\n\nJefferson, which became a major influence. During the early 1940s, Lenoir worked with the blues artists Sonny Boy Williamson II and Elmore James in New Orleans. He was later influenced by Arthur Crudup and Lightnin' Hopkins. In 1949, he moved to Chicago, where Big Bill Broonzy helped introduce him to the blues community. He began to perform at local nightclubs, with musicians such as Memphis Minnie, Big Maceo Merriweather, and Muddy Waters, and became an important part of the city's blues scene. He began recording", "id": "7041136" }, { "contents": "Bishop Dready Manning\n\n\ncotton, peanuts, and corn. Some of his uncles and cousins played blues guitar in the North Carolina Piedmont fashion. When Manning was seven years old, he began learning how to fingerpick guitar. His skills improved over time and by his teenage years Manning had earned a reputation as a master of blues guitar and harmonica. His style was influenced by Piedmont blues musicians such as Blind Boy Fuller, Brownie McGhee and Buddy Moss, and national stars like Lightnin' Hopkins, Jimmy Reed and Sonny Boy Williamson As a young bluesman", "id": "13727518" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nartists and their own performances. The visit of Muddy Waters in 1958 had a major impact on the duo and on the nature of British R&B in general. Initially British audiences were shocked by Waters's amplified electric blues, but he was soon playing to ecstatic crowds and receiving rave reviews. Where British blues had often emulated Delta blues and country blues in the emerging British folk revival, Davies and Korner, who had supported Waters on tour, now began to play high-powered electric blues, forming the band Blues Incorporated.", "id": "16087064" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\njump blues combo with honking saxophone and rolling piano, variously calling themselves Brownie McGhee and his Jook House Rockers or Sonny Terry and his Buckshot Five, often with Champion Jack Dupree and Big Chief Ellis. They also appeared in the original Broadway productions of \"Finian's Rainbow\" and \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\". During the blues revival of the 1960s, Terry and McGhee were popular on the concert and music festival circuits, occasionally adding new material but usually remaining faithful to their roots and playing to the tastes of", "id": "4476037" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nelements of swing music and jazz in a long and prolific career. After World War II, amplified blues music became popular in American cities that had seen widespread African American migration, such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit, St. Louis, and the West Coast. The initial impulse was to be heard above the noise of lively rent parties. Playing in small venues, electric blues bands tended to remain modest in size compared with larger jazz bands. In its early stages electric blues typically used amplified electric guitars, double bass (", "id": "8151258" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe Beatles had brought African-American music to new audiences, both within the U.S. and abroad. However, the blues wave that brought artists such as Muddy Waters to the foreground had stopped. Bluesmen such as Big Bill Broonzy and Willie Dixon started looking for new markets in Europe. Dick Waterman and the blues festivals he organized in Europe played a major role in propagating blues music abroad. In the UK, bands emulated U.S. blues legends, and UK blues rock-based bands had an influential role throughout the 1960s. Blues", "id": "2951020" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\nThese drew on his studies with Rev. Davis and the other older blues artists and on his obsessive listening to old 78s. \"The Country Blues Guitar, Delta Blues, Texas Blues, Ragtime Blues Guitar\" and \"Rev. Gary Davis/Blues Guitar\" have remained in print through various editions. In the mid-1960s, Stefan Grossman recorded a number of cuts for Joe Bussard and his Frederick, Maryland-based Fonotone Records and performed at the Jabberwock coffeehouse in Berkeley under the nom du folk of \"Kid Future\". The origins", "id": "9236337" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nand they continued almost annually until 1972, after an eight-year hiatus reviving the festival in 1980 until its final performance in 1985. The concerts featured some of the leading blues artists of the 1960s, such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Willie Dixon, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, some playing in unique combinations such as T-Bone Walker playing guitar for pianist Memphis Slim, Otis Rush with Junior Wells, Sonny Boy Williamson with Muddy Waters. The Festival DVDs include the only known footage of Little", "id": "2225135" }, { "contents": "Checkin' Up on My Baby\n\n\n\"Checkin' Up on My Baby\" (or sometimes \"Checking On My Baby\") is a song recorded by Sonny Boy Williamson II in 1960 that has become a classic of the blues. The song was not released as a single, but was included on Williamson's \"The Real Folk Blues\" album released after his death in 1965. The song has been recorded by numerous blues and other artists, making it one of Williamson's most recorded songs. Williamson's namesake Sonny Boy Williamson I, also known as", "id": "10302292" }, { "contents": "History of modern Western subcultures\n\n\ncowboy songs (also known, in those days, as hillbilly music) were beginning to be more popular with a wider audience. A subculture of rural jazz and blues fans had mixed elements of jazz and blues into traditional cowboy and folk song styles to produce a crossover called western swing. Thanks to the prevalence of radio, this music spread across the United States in the 1940s. Radio was the first \"almost instantaneous\" mass media with the power to create large subcultures by spreading the ideas of small subcultures across a wide", "id": "19180987" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\n\"one of the greatest exponents of fingerstyle blues and gospel guitar playing\"\" and \"\"an incredible genius as a teacher\"\". He spent countless hours learning and documenting Davis's music, recording much of it on a tape recorder, and developing a form of tablature to take down his teacher's instructions. In the folk and country blues revival of the 1960s he was listening to old recordings of artists such as Elizabeth Cotten, Big Bill Broonzy, Lead Belly, Josh White, Lightnin' Hopkins, Rev. Gary", "id": "9236332" }, { "contents": "Steel-string acoustic guitar\n\n\nundistorted and full-range reproduction. Until the 1960s, the predominant forms of music played on the flat-top, steel-string guitar remained relatively stable and included acoustic blues, country, bluegrass, folk, and several genres of rock. The concept of playing solo steel-string guitar in a concert setting was introduced in the early 1960s by such performers as Davey Graham and John Fahey, who used country blues fingerpicking techniques to compose original compositions with structures somewhat like European classical music. Fahey contemporary Robbie Basho added elements", "id": "2024699" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nmusic. The music of the civil rights movement and Free Speech Movement in the U.S. prompted a resurgence of interest in American roots music and early African American music. As well festivals such as the Newport Folk Festival brought traditional blues to a new audience, which helped to revive interest in prewar acoustic blues and performers such as Son House, Mississippi John Hurt, Skip James, and Reverend Gary Davis. Many compilations of classic prewar blues were republished by the Yazoo Records. J. B. Lenoir from the Chicago blues movement in the 1950s", "id": "2951023" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nperformers such as Little Walter or Muddy Waters. Songs from this genre include \"Scratch my Back\", \"She's Tough\" and \"I'm a King Bee\". Alan Lomax's recordings of Mississippi Fred McDowell would eventually bring him wider attention on both the blues and folk circuit, with McDowell's droning style influencing North Mississippi hill country blues musicians. By the beginning of the 1960s, genres influenced by African American music such as rock and roll and soul were part of mainstream popular music. White performers such as", "id": "2951019" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nmore exclusively English folk clubs. The more traditional American folk blues continued to provide 1960s British groups with material, particularly after the emergence of Bob Dylan, who also popularised folk blues songs. In 1964, for example, the song-catalogue of Lead Belly provided the Animals with \"The House of the Rising Sun\", Manfred Mann with \"John Hardy\" and the Four Pennies with \"Black Girl\". British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers", "id": "16087061" }, { "contents": "Willie Trice\n\n\nWilliam Augusta Trice (February 10, 1908 – December 11, 1976) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles and an album. He remained loyal to his native North Carolina and its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, probably in 1908; some sources state 1910 or 1911. The family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Both of Trice’s parents played music", "id": "1573260" }, { "contents": "Rock and roll\n\n\nstyles such as jazz and swing which were taken up by white musicians, aided this process of \"cultural collision\". The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called \"race music\", and country music of the 1940s and 1950s. Particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. Commentators differ in their views of which of these forms were most important and the degree to which the new music was a re-branding of African-American rhythm and", "id": "5601387" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\nPiedmont blues (also known as East Coast, or Southeastern blues) refers primarily to a guitar style, the Piedmont fingerstyle, which is characterized by a fingerpicking approach in which a regular, alternating thumb bass string rhythmic pattern supports a syncopated melody using the treble strings generally picked with the fore-finger, occasionally others. The result is comparable in sound to ragtime or stride piano styles. Blues researcher Peter B. Lowry coined the term, giving co-credit to fellow folklorist Bruce Bastin. The Piedmont style is differentiated from other", "id": "8150344" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand the generalization of the blues beat, the blues shuffle, which became ubiquitous in R&B. This commercial stream had important consequences for blues music, which, together with jazz and gospel music, became a component of R&B. After World War II, new styles of electric blues became popular in cities such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit and St. Louis. Electric blues used electric guitars, double bass (gradually replaced by bass guitar), drums, and harmonica (or \"blues harp\") played through a microphone and a PA", "id": "2951010" }, { "contents": "New Orleans blues\n\n\nblues is primarily driven by piano and horn, enlivened by Caribbean rhythms and Dixieland music. It is generally cheerful in delivery regardless of the subject matter, with a laid back tempo and complex rhythms falling just behind the beat. Vocals range from laid-back crooning to full-throated gospel shouting. New Orleans is generally credited as the birthplace of jazz music, but has attracted less attention as a center of the blues. The 12 bar blues were well known in the city before most of the rest of the country.", "id": "20252986" }, { "contents": "Michael Roach (musician)\n\n\n2003, Roach presented \"Deep Blue\", a three part series on blues music featured on BBC Radio 4. In 2006 he released an instructional DVD, \"Introduction to Country Blues Guitar\". Roach's tours as an educator and performer have taken him to the Augusta Heritage Center (US), Centrum Piedmont Blues Intensive (US), The Ironworks (UK) and the Smithsonian Institution (US). He has performed and lectured at blues, jazz, folk and roots music festivals in Croatia, Czech Republic,", "id": "14072779" }, { "contents": "Texas blues\n\n\nmoved to Chicago as a teenager. His instrumental number \"Hide Away\" (1961), was emulated by British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments such as keyboards and horns with emphasis on guitar soloing. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles.", "id": "12084292" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nhip hop music, reggae, rap, country music, and pop music, blues has been accused of being the \"devil's music\" and of inciting violence and other poor behavior. In the early 20th century, the blues was considered disreputable, especially as white audiences began listening to the blues during the 1920s. In the early twentieth century, W.C. Handy was the first to popularize blues-influenced music among non-black Americans. During the blues revival of the 1960s and '70s, acoustic blues artist Taj Mahal", "id": "2951049" }, { "contents": "Blues fiddle\n\n\nchances for frontline fiddlers to participate. Another reason for the violin's exclusion in post war blues was that it could not be effectively electrified. When artists migrated to the industrial centers from the Mississippi delta and rural south, they found a way to do so, but African-American music later mostly abandoned the instrument. Many blues guitar greats, such as Lonnie Johnson and Big Bill Broonzy, made early recordings on the violin. They are among the most-represented artists in the canon. The connection between guitar and violin", "id": "20387501" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\nin the 1950s, led by singer Mahalia Jackson. The blues genre experienced major revivals in the 1950s with Chicago blues musicians such as Muddy Waters and Little Walter, as well as in the 1960s in the British Invasion and American folk music revival when country blues musicians like Mississippi John Hurt and Reverend Gary Davis were rediscovered. The seminal blues musicians of these periods had tremendous influence on rock musicians such as Chuck Berry in the 1950s, as well as on the British blues and blues rock scenes of the 1960s and 1970s, including", "id": "7216667" }, { "contents": "Sugar Mama (song)\n\n\n\"Sugar Mama\" or \"Sugar Mama Blues\" is a song that is a standard of the blues. Called a \"tautly powerful slow blues\" by music journalist Charles Shaar Murray, it has been recorded by numerous artists, including early Chicago bluesmen Tampa Red, Sonny Boy Williamson I, and Tommy McClennan. John Lee Hooker and Howlin' Wolf later adapted \"Sugar Mama\" for electric blues and rock group Led Zeppelin reworked it during early recording sessions. Country bluesman Yank Rachell recorded \"Sugar Farm Blues\" February 6", "id": "15139181" }, { "contents": "Nathan Beauregard\n\n\nwith minor talent make a fortune as a recording artist while he himself was not offered such a chance. During the folk and blues revival of the 1960s Beauregard was \"discovered\" in Memphis by Bill Barth, who convinced him to work as a musician again. In the short time between his \"discovery\" in 1968 and his death in 1970, he played at various folk and blues festivals (e.g. the 1968 Memphis Country Blues Festival, which has been recorded on the Sire and Blue Horizon labels) and on a number", "id": "5223148" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe California blues style, performed a successful transition from the early urban blues à la Lonnie Johnson and Leroy Carr to the jump blues style and dominated the blues-jazz scene at Los Angeles during the 1940s. The transition from country blues to urban blues that began in the 1920s was driven by the successive waves of economic crisis and booms which led many rural blacks to move to urban areas, in a movement known as the Great Migration. The long boom following World War II induced another massive migration of the African-American", "id": "2951008" }, { "contents": "Women in music\n\n\nboys only club. Chinese idol girl groups have also recently achieved significant success, with C-pop groups like SNH48 and Rocket Girls 101, with the later selling over 1.6 million copies of their debut EP in 2018. Classic female blues was an early form of blues music popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues songs performed by female vocalists were accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles, and were the first blues to be", "id": "22079994" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nRock and roll emerged as a defined musical style in the United States in the early to mid-1950s. It derived most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Rock and roll in turn provided the main basis for the music that, since the mid-1960s, has been generally known simply as rock music. The phrase \"rocking and rolling\" originally described", "id": "5254840" }, { "contents": "Warner Williams and Jay Summerour\n\n\nWarner Williams and Jay Summerour are an American folk duo, who perform under the name Little Bit A Blues. They have played at numerous folk and blues festivals and at concerts at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. They are known for playing in the Piedmont blues style, a regional variant of the blues that developed in North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland and West Virginia. Williams and Summerour have been playing music together under the name of Little Bit A Blues since the early 1990s. During their tenure together,", "id": "20240347" }, { "contents": "American popular music\n\n\n—e.g., minorities or rural audiences. Beginning in the 1920s and accelerating greatly in the 1940s, the blues began rapidly diversifying into a broad spectrum of new styles. These included an uptempo, energetic style called rhythm and blues (R&B), a merger of blues and Anglo-Celtic song called country music and the fusion of hymns and spirituals with blues structures called gospel music. Later than these other styles, in the 1940s, a blues, R&B and country fusion eventually called rock and roll developed, eventually coming", "id": "6698779" }, { "contents": "1940s in music\n\n\ncalled \"folk\" in the trades, and \"hillbilly\" within the industry. In 1944, \"The Billboard\" replaced the term \"hillbilly\" with \"folk songs and blues,\" and switched to \"country\" or \"country and Western\" in 1949. But while cowboy and Western music were the most popular styles, a new style – honky tonk – would take root and define the genre of country music for decades to come. The style meshed Western swing and blues music; featured rough, nasal vocals", "id": "12815195" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n, salvation and death. Several blues musicians were imprisoned in the Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman Farm, which is referred to in songs such as Bukka White's \"Parchman Farm Blues\" and the folk song \"Midnight Special\". In big-city blues, women singers such as Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith and Mamie Smith dominated the recordings of the 1920s. However, women rarely recorded Delta blues and other rural or folk-style blues. In Delta blues female performers often had some romantic connection to more notable male performers", "id": "7794025" }, { "contents": "The Sky Is Crying (song)\n\n\nThe Sky Is Crying\" has been interpreted and recorded by many blues and other artists. In 1963, blues harmonica player and singer Sonny Boy Williamson II recorded the song as a country blues-style duet with Matt Murphy on acoustic guitar for his \"Keep It to Ourselves\" album. In 1964, Eric Clapton with The Yardbirds recorded a live slow blues which included a couple of lines from \"The Sky Is Crying\" (\"Blueswailing July '64 (Live)\"). In 1966, with Jeff Beck on", "id": "3146914" }, { "contents": "BeauSoleil\n\n\n, rhythm, and lyrics of Louisiana folk music, incorporating elements of rock and roll, jazz, blues, calypso, and other genres in original compositions and reworkings of traditional tunes. Lyrics on BeauSoleil recordings are sung in English or Cajun French (and sometimes both in one song). According to the band's web site, BeauSoleil's musicians \"take the rich Cajun traditions of Louisiana and artfully blend elements of zydeco, New Orleans jazz, Tex-Mex, country, blues and more into a satisfying musical recipe.", "id": "9860218" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. The origins of country are in rural Southern folk music, which was primarily Irish and British, with African and continental European musics. Anglo-Celtic tunes, dance music, and balladry were the earliest predecessors of modern country, then known as \"hillbilly music\". Early hillbilly also borrowed elements of the blues and drew upon more aspects of 19th-century pop songs as hillbilly music evolved into a commercial genre eventually known as \"country and western\" and then simply \"country\". The earliest country instrumentation revolved around", "id": "7216674" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nelements from the \"Ethiopian airs\", minstrel shows and Negro spirituals, including instrumental and harmonic accompaniment. The style also was closely related to ragtime, which developed at about the same time, though the blues better preserved \"the original melodic patterns of African music\". The musical forms and styles that are now considered the blues as well as modern country music arose in the same regions of the southern United States during the 19th century. Recorded blues and country music can be found as far back as the 1920s, when", "id": "2950988" }, { "contents": "Organ Thieves\n\n\nPrimate Sanctuary. The band's musical style is unique and although the music is mainly considered hard rock, southern rock and reggae rock, the band like to call themselves \"experimental-soul-rock\". The band's music takes influences from various genres including reggae, soul, country, blues, rhythm and blues, folk, rock and roll, punk, heavy metal, southern rock and more, as stated by the band that they are not limited to any genre and are willing to experiment everything.br They are also", "id": "3590626" }, { "contents": "African-American music\n\n\nstructure of the dance and folk music of peoples across western and sub-Saharan Africa. These musical forms had a wide-ranging influence on the development of music within the United States and around the world during the 20th century. The modern genres of blues and ragtime were developed during the late 19th century by fusing West African vocalizations - which employed the natural harmonic series, and blue notes. The earliest jazz and blues recordings were made in the 1920s. African-American musicians developed related styles such as Rhythm and Blues in", "id": "13306674" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\nWalter Brown \"Brownie\" McGhee (November 30, 1915 – February 16, 1996) was an African-American folk music and Piedmont blues singer and guitarist, best known for his collaboration with the harmonica player Sonny Terry. McGhee was born in Knoxville, Tennessee, and grew up in Kingsport, Tennessee. At about the age of four he contracted polio, which incapacitated his right leg. His brother Granville \"Sticks\"(or \"Stick\") McGhee, who also later became a musician and composed the famous song \"Drinkin'", "id": "4476033" }, { "contents": "Clarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown\n\n\nClarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown (April 18, 1924 – September 10, 2005) was an American musician from Louisiana and Texas known for his work as a blues musician, as well as other styles of music. He spent his career fighting purism by synthesizing old blues, country, jazz, Cajun music and R&B styles. His work also encompasses rock and roll, rock music, folk music, electric blues, and Texas blues. He was an acclaimed multi-instrumentalist, who played an array of musical instruments, including", "id": "15961748" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nby British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments like keyboards and horns, but placed particular emphasis on powerful lead guitar breaks. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles. In the 1970s Jimmie formed the Fabulous Thunderbirds and in the 1980s his brother Stevie Ray", "id": "8151279" } ]

[ { "contents": "Country blues\n\n\nCountry blues (also folk blues, rural blues, backwoods blues, or downhome blues) is one of the earliest forms of blues music. The mainly solo vocal with acoustic fingerstyle guitar accompaniment developed in the rural Southern United States in the early 1900s. Artists, such as Blind Lemon Jefferson (Texas), Charley Patton (Mississippi), Blind Willie McTell (Georgia) were among the first to record blues songs in the 1920s. Country blues ran parallel to urban blues, which was popular in cities. Folklorist Alan Lomax", "id": "8046896" }, { "contents": "Culture of the Southern United States\n\n\n-time music, gospel music, spirituals, country music, rhythm and blues, soul music, funk, rock and roll, beach music, bluegrass, jazz (including ragtime, popularized by Southerner Scott Joplin), zydeco, and Appalachian folk music were either born in the South or developed in the region. In general, country music is based on the folk music of white Southerners, and blues and rhythm and blues is based on African American southern forms. However, whites and blacks alike have contributed to each of", "id": "8469878" }, { "contents": "List of blues festivals\n\n\nBlues festivals are music festivals which focus on blues music. Blues is a genre and musical form that originated in African-American communities in the Southern United States around the end of the 19th century. It has elements of traditional African music, American folk music, spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. Blues has since evolved from unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves into a wide variety of styles and subgenres, such as country blues, Delta and Piedmont, Chicago", "id": "17295253" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand subgenres. Blues subgenres include country blues, such as Delta blues and Piedmont blues, as well as urban blues styles such as Chicago blues and West Coast blues. World War II marked the transition from acoustic to electric blues and the progressive opening of blues music to a wider audience, especially white listeners. In the 1960s and 1970s, a hybrid form called blues rock developed, which blended blues styles with rock music. The term \"Blues\" may have come from \"blue devils\", meaning melancholy and sadness;", "id": "2950960" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nthe supposed appearance of a southern U.S.-style station. About 200 fans were brought by train to the platform opposite the performers. The performance was interrupted by a rainstorm, after which Tharpe performed the gospel song \"Didn't It Rain\". Blues musicians who performed on the American Folk Blues Festival tours included Muddy Waters, Sonny Boy Williamson, John Lee Hooker, Sippie Wallace, T-Bone Walker, Sonny Terry & Brownie McGhee, Memphis Slim, Otis Rush, Lonnie Johnson, Eddie Boyd, Big Walter Horton, Junior Wells", "id": "2225138" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nthrough EMI's Stateside label and Chess Records through Pye International's R&B series. These records were enthusiastically sought and collected by a new generation of enthusiasts. The increasing appetite for rhythm and blues was reflected in the growing numbers of Afro-American artists visiting the country. From 1962 the American Folk Blues Festival, organised by German promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau, brought American blues stars including Waters, Wolf, Sonny Boy Williamson, and John Lee Hooker to the country. In 1964 the American Folk Blues and Gospel Caravan arrived", "id": "16087069" }, { "contents": "Piedmont (United States)\n\n\nblues musicians came from Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. During the Great Migration, African Americans migrated to the Piedmont. With the Appalachian Mountains to the west, those who might otherwise have spread into rural areas stayed in cities and were thus exposed to a broader mixture of music than those in, for example, the rural Mississippi delta. Thus, Piedmont blues was influenced by many types of music such as ragtime, country, and popular songs—styles that had comparatively less influence on blues music in other regions.", "id": "1946509" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\n, it was being performed at US folk music revivals and festivals initially by established Piedmont blues artists such as Josh White, Rev. Gary Davis, and Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry, as well as Cephas & Wiggins, John Jackson in later years. While musicologists such as George Mitchell, Axel Küstner, Kip Lornell, Peter B. Lowry and Tim Duffy collected recordings by the aging community of Piedmont blues players, younger musicians such as Stefan Grossman, Roy Book Binder, Jorma Kaukonen, Paul Geremia, Keb Mo', Michael Roach", "id": "8150348" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nGerman promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau. The rise of electric blues, and its eventual mainstream success, meant that British acoustic blues was completely overshadowed. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers Bert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham (who played and recorded with Korner), played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene, with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones", "id": "8151338" }, { "contents": "Americana (music)\n\n\nAmericana (also known as American roots music) is an amalgam of American music formed by the confluence of the shared and varied traditions that make up the musical ethos of the United States, specifically those sounds that are merged from folk, country, blues, rhythm and blues, rock and roll, gospel, and other external influences. Americana, as defined by the Americana Music Association (AMA), is \"contemporary music that incorporates elements of various mostly acoustic American roots music styles, including country, roots rock, folk", "id": "9198553" }, { "contents": "Muddy Waters\n\n\nSpann in 1958, where they were backed by local Dixieland-style or \"trad jazz\" musicians, including members of Chris Barber's band. At the time, English audiences had only been exposed to acoustic folk blues, as performed by artists such as Sonny Terry, Brownie McGhee, and Big Bill Broonzy. Both the musicians and audiences were unprepared for Muddy Waters' performance, which included his electric slide guitar playing. He recalled: Although his performances alienated the old guard, some younger musicians, including Alexis Korner and", "id": "15757617" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nBert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham, played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. It continued with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones. Most British acoustic blues players could achieve little commercial success and found it difficult to gain recognition for their \"imitations\" of the blues in the US, being overshadowed by the rhythm and blues and electric blues that had emerged in the later 1950s. Blues harpist Cyril Davies ran the London Skiffle", "id": "16087062" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nas well as people that shared his country roots. His work in this period shows he performed across a wider musical spectrum than almost any other bluesman before or since, including in his repertoire ragtime, hokum blues, country blues, urban blues, jazz-tinged songs, folk songs and spirituals. After World War II, Broonzy recorded songs that were the bridge that allowed many younger musicians to cross over to the future of the blues: the electric blues of postwar Chicago. His 1945 recordings of \"Where the Blues Began", "id": "9494361" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nBig Bill Broonzy (born Lee Conley Bradley, June 26, 1903 – August 14, 1958) was an American blues singer, songwriter and guitarist. His career began in the 1920s, when he played country blues to mostly African-American audiences. Through the 1930s and 1940s he successfully navigated a transition in style to a more urban blues sound popular with working-class African-American audiences. In the 1950s a return to his traditional folk-blues roots made him one of the leading figures of the emerging American folk", "id": "9494347" }, { "contents": "Precious Bryant\n\n\nPrecious Bryant (née Bussey; January 4, 1942 – January 12, 2013) was an American country blues, gospel, and folk singer and guitarist. She played Piedmont fingerstyle guitar. Bryant was born in Talbot County, Georgia. She released two solo albums. Her 2002 debut, \"Fool Me Good,\" was nominated for two Blues Music Awards, in the categories Acoustic Blues Album of the Year and Best New Artist Debut. In 2006 she was nominated for a similar award for Traditional Blues Female Artist of the", "id": "2571157" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nAmerica, a series of tours that began with Josh White and Big Bill Broonzy in 1951, and would include Brownie McGhee, Sonny Terry, Memphis Slim, Muddy Waters and Lonnie Johnson. Lonnie Johnson played at the Royal Festival Hall in 1952 on a bill opened by a group led by the young Lonnie Donegan. Donegan became the key figure in the development of the British skiffle \"craze\", beginning in Ken Colyer's Jazzmen by playing American folk and blues songs, particularly those derived from the recordings of Huddie Leadbetter,", "id": "16087056" }, { "contents": "Hill country blues\n\n\npatterns that conform to proverbial phrases or the words of popular fife and drum tunes—\"is considered the sign of a good drummer.\" This enduring tradition of folk polyrhythm played an important part in the development of Mississippi blues. \"Mississippi\" Fred McDowell, who lived in Como, Mississippi, was one of the subgenre's most widely known musicians, in the 1960s and after. His music was heavier on percussive elements and African rhythms than traditional Delta blues. McDowell's performances helped define the Hill Country blues sound, influencing later artists", "id": "19106875" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nfit in with British expectations of American blues as a form of folk music. In 1957 Davies and Korner decided that their central interest was the blues and closed the skiffle club, reopening a month later as The London Blues and Barrelhouse Club. To this point British blues was acoustically played emulating Delta blues and Country blues styles and often part of the emerging second British folk revival. Critical in changing this was the visit of Muddy Waters in 1958, who initially shocked British audiences by playing amplified electric blues, but who was soon", "id": "8151324" }, { "contents": "Valerie Turner\n\n\nValerie Turner is an American blues guitarist-vocalist, educator, and author. She plays in the Piedmont style of fingerpicking guitar, continuing in the traditions of Mississippi John Hurt, Elizabeth Cotten, Memphis Minnie, and Etta Baker. She performs blues, ballads, country, popular songs, ragtime, and gospels. She is a native New Yorker with southern roots in Virginia and Georgia. She started learning and studying traditional country blues guitar in 1978. Valerie and her spouse, Benedict Turner, are an acoustic blues duo called", "id": "8216617" }, { "contents": "Mr. Misunderstood\n\n\n\"Mr. Misunderstood\", at the 2015 Country Music Association Awards, where the news of the new album became evident. The musical style of this album has been described as the following; country, rock, blues, folk, gospel, soul, funk, alternative country, alternative rock, country rock, country blues, country gospel, gospel blues, bluegrass, folk rock, heartland rock, roots rock, rock and roll, rhythm and blues, Southern gospel, Southern rock, and Southern soul. His music here", "id": "5570655" }, { "contents": "Chris Barber\n\n\nwas mainly responsible for arranging the first UK tours of blues artists Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee and Muddy Waters. This, with the encouragement of local enthusiasts such as Alexis Korner and John Mayall, sparked young musicians such as Peter Green, Eric Clapton and the Rolling Stones. British rhythm and blues powered the British invasion of the USA charts in the 1960s, yet Dixieland itself remained popular: in January 1963 the British music magazine, \"NME\" reported the biggest trad jazz event in Britain at Alexandra Palace", "id": "17410986" }, { "contents": "The Blues, the Whole Blues, and Nothing But the Blues\n\n\ninterplay of instruments gives them the freedom to move from the country blues of the Mississippi Delta to the jug band tradition of the urban South, and from New Orleans to Chicago, embracing the breadth of American music in its myriad places and times.\" In \"Glide\" magazine, Lee Zimmerman said, \"David Bromberg’s fondness for the blues has been a single-minded concern throughout his storied career, one that’s found him working alongside any number of icons, folks like Bob Dylan and George Harrison included... Of", "id": "7352775" }, { "contents": "Dave Van Ronk\n\n\nand Van Ronk turned to performing blues he had stumbled across while shopping for jazz 78s, by artists like Furry Lewis and Mississippi John Hurt. Van Ronk was not the first white musician to perform African-American blues, but became noted for his interpretation of it in its original context. By about 1958, he was firmly committed to the folk-blues style, accompanying himself with his own acoustic guitar. He performed blues, jazz and folk music, occasionally writing his own songs but generally arranging the work of earlier artists", "id": "10878367" }, { "contents": "Fingerstyle guitar\n\n\nis also very common. Examples of traditions that John Fahey and Robbie Basho would employ in their compositions include, but are not limited to, the extended Raga of Indian classical music, the Japanese Koto, and the early ragtime-based country blues music of Mississippi John Hurt or Blind Blake. A distinctive style to emerge from Britain in the early 1960s, which combined elements of American folk, blues, jazz and ragtime with British traditional music, was what became known as 'folk baroque'. Pioneered by musicians of the", "id": "13793683" }, { "contents": "Country music\n\n\nCountry music, also known as country and western (or simply country), and hillbilly music, is a genre of popular music that originated in the southern United States in the early 1920s. It takes its roots from genres such as American folk music (especially Appalachian folk and Western music) and blues. Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms, folk lyrics, and harmonies mostly accompanied by string instruments such as banjos, electric and acoustic guitars, steel guitars (such as pedal steels and", "id": "4960825" }, { "contents": "WFDU\n\n\n. WFDU (FM) plays wide array of music ranging from Blues & Country/Bluegrass music to RetroRadio, Eclectic, Folk, Gospel, Oldies Rock and Soul/R&B. Big Frank Mirra, a well-known Blues musician in the Metro area for over three decades along with former blues radio producer, Music Director of Blues/Roots/American programing, Mike Stokes hosts Blues on the Run on Tuesdays. Dennis Gruenling is the host of Blues & the Beat, spinning everything from the legends of Chicago-style blues like", "id": "1564525" }, { "contents": "Nick Katzman\n\n\nNick Katzman (born 1951) is an American blues musician. Katzman was born in New York City, and lives in both Manhattan and Berlin, Germany. He plays in a variety of musical genres, including Chicago blues, Mississippi blues, Texas blues, and ragtime. As a teenager in the 1960s, Katzman saw many of the surviving country blues guitarists who travelled north to play their music in clubs and at the folk festivals. He learned to lay both guitar and lute. He studied classical music and jazz at Antioch", "id": "16730431" }, { "contents": "Louisiana blues\n\n\nLouisiana blues is a genre of blues music that developed in the period after World War II in the state of Louisiana. It is generally divided into two major subgenres, with the jazz-influenced New Orleans blues based on the musical traditions of that city and the slower tempo swamp blues incorporating influences from zydeco and Cajun music from around Baton Rouge. Major artists in the New Orleans tradition include Professor Longhair and Guitar Slim and for swamp blues Slim Harpo and Lightnin' Slim. Both genres peaked in popularity in the 1960s and were", "id": "8046899" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. Theatrical composers and lyricists like the brothers George and Ira Gershwin created a uniquely American theatrical style that used American vernacular speech and music. Musicals featured popular songs and fast-paced plots that often revolved around love and romance. The blues is a genre of African American folk music that is the basis for much of modern American popular music. Blues can be seen as part of a continuum of musical styles like country, jazz, ragtime, and gospel; though each genre evolved into distinct forms, their origins were often indistinct", "id": "7216662" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nspirituals, work songs, ragtime music, hokum, and country blues he heard growing up and the styles of his contemporaries, including Jimmie Rodgers, Blind Blake, Son House, and Blind Lemon Jefferson. Broonzy combined all these influences into his own style of the blues, which foreshadowed the postwar Chicago blues, later refined and popularized by artists such as Muddy Waters and Willie Dixon. Although he had been a pioneer of the Chicago blues style and had employed electric instruments as early as 1942, white audiences in the 1950s wanted", "id": "9494369" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\n, a large number of British rhythm and blues musicians began their careers playing skiffle, including Van Morrison, Ronnie Wood, Mick Jagger and Roger Daltrey. The fashion created a demand for opportunities to play versions of American folk, blues and jazz music that would contribute to the growth of a club scene. Until the mid-1950s in Britain the blues was seen as a form of folk music. When Broonzy toured England he played a folk blues set to fit British expectations of American blues, rather than his current electric Chicago blues.", "id": "16087059" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nintroduction of many later followers of the blues to the music and hardships of life for African Americans in the Southern US. The next year the \"Jazz Club\" programme, hosted by Max Jones, included a recital of \"Town and Country Blues\", which played music by a wide range of blues artists. The British rhythm and blues scene developed in London out of the related jazz, skiffle and folk club scenes of the 1950s. The first of these scenes, that of jazz, had developed during the Second World", "id": "16087053" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nrecognized the album for its historically significant material. An extensively recorded bluesman, Big Bill Broonzy left the United States to tour Europe in 1951, becoming the first Chicago blues player to perform for European audiences. Broonzy previously spent time in Iowa, where he honed a repertoire which remained a fixture of his concerts and recordings for the remainder of the decade. With bluesmen such as Muddy Waters and Howlin' Wolf amplifying their music, resulting in the popularity of the electric blues, Broonzy decided to reinvent himself as a folk blues musician", "id": "18296717" }, { "contents": "Alec Seward\n\n\nhe relocated from the South to New York, in his case in 1924. Seward befriended Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry and retained his Piedmont blues styling despite changes in musical trends. He and the blues musician Louis Hayes (who later became a minister in northern New Jersey) performed together, variously billed as the Blues Servant Boys, Guitar Slim and Jelly Belly, and the Back Porch Boys. During the 1940s and 1950s Seward played and recorded with Lead Belly, Woody Guthrie, McGhee and Terry. Around 1947 Seward, Guthrie", "id": "7237009" }, { "contents": "The Real Folk Blues\n\n\nThe Real Folk Blues is a series of blues albums released between 1965 and 1967 by Chess Records, later reissued MCA Records. Each album in the series highlighted the music of one major Chess artist, including John Lee Hooker, Howlin' Wolf, Muddy Waters, and Sonny Boy Williamson II. The series, overseen by Marshall Chess, was a reaction to the increasing audience for the blues following the British Invasion. Companion discs, titled More Real Folk Blues, were released for many of the artists. Hooker's companion disc", "id": "17857302" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nNew styles of music emerged among black Americans in the early 20th century in the form of blues, ragtime, jazz, and gospel music. According to the writer Robert Palmer:\"Rock 'n' roll was an inevitable outgrowth of the social and musical interactions between blacks and whites in the South and Southwest. Its roots are a complex tangle. Bedrock black church music influenced blues, rural blues influenced white folk song and the black popular music of the Northern ghettos, blues and black pop influenced jazz, and so on. But the", "id": "5254864" }, { "contents": "Ernie Hawkins\n\n\nErnie Hawkins (born Ernest Leroy Hawkins, 1947, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American acoustic blues guitar player, singer, song writer, recording artist, and educator. Hawkins, along with fellow bluesmen Stefan Grossman and Roy Bookbinder, studied with blues legend Reverend Gary Davis in New York City in 1965 and 1966. Over the years, he learned a variety of styles, including Piedmont blues, Delta blues, ragtime, and gospel. In 1969, Hawkins moved back to his hometown of Pittsburgh, and enrolled at the", "id": "8862999" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nThe American Folk Blues Festival was a music festival that toured Europe as an annual event for several years beginning in 1962. It introduced audiences in Europe, including the UK, to leading blues performers of the day such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, most of whom had never previously performed outside the US. The tours attracted substantial media coverage, including TV shows, and contributed to the growth of the audience for blues music in Europe. German jazz publicist Joachim-Ernst Berendt", "id": "2225133" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\ninspire much of the later popular development of the blues and blues-derived genres, including the legendary delta blues musician Robert Johnson and Piedmont blues musician Blind Willie McTell. By the end of the 1940s, however, pure blues was only a minor part of popular music, having been subsumed by offshoots like rhythm & blues and the nascent rock and roll style. Some styles of electric, piano-driven blues, like boogie-woogie, retained a large audience. A bluesy style of gospel also became popular in mainstream America", "id": "7216666" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\n. Known primarily as a folk-blues guitarist, he learned to play guitar by listening to blues musicians, such as Charlie Patton and Mississippi John Hurt, and has developed a distinctive fingerpicking technique in which he plays the bass line, rhythm chords, and single-note leads simultaneously. In his original compositions and artistic styling, he incorporates influences from other genres, such as jazz, folk music, country music, classical and world music, often utilizing odd time measures, to personalize his music and story telling. An", "id": "1583130" }, { "contents": "Alan Lomax\n\n\n\"The Land Where the Blues Began\" (1995), linking the birth of the blues to debt peonage, segregation, and forced labor in the American South. Lomax's greatest legacy is in preserving and publishing recordings of musicians in many folk and blues traditions around the US and Europe. Among the artists Lomax is credited with discovering and bringing to a wider audience include blues guitarist Robert Johnson, protest singer Woody Guthrie, folk artist Pete Seeger, country musician Burl Ives, and country blues singer Lead Belly, among many", "id": "8697682" }, { "contents": "Brian Protheroe\n\n\nWhite, Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Dave Brubeck and the choral church music of Bach. Protheroe joined the folk group Folk Blues Incorporated (FBI) when he was nineteen, while at this time listening to Bob Dylan and the Beatles. He came to London with FBI in 1965, and played in folk music clubs in and around London. In 1966, Protheroe began his career as an actor. His first job was with his local repertory theatre in Salisbury. He worked there for about seven months", "id": "7666713" }, { "contents": "Down Home Blues (Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry album)\n\n\nDown Home Blues is an album by blues musicians Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry recorded in 1960 and released on the Bluesville label. AllMusic reviewer Bruce Eder stated: \"the music itself stands outside of time. McGhee's strumming and singing have enough polish to pass as a commercial recording, but at its best, it's still sufficiently unaffected so as to be regarded as authentic country-blues. It's Terry's harp, however, that really pulls this body of music back to its roots ... the dominant elements of this", "id": "12217779" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nTrouble in Mind is an album by American blues musician Big Bill Broonzy. It was released on February 22, 2000 by Smithsonian Folkways. The album consists of traditional folk, blues, and spiritual songs featuring Broonzy accompanying himself on acoustic guitar and a guest appearance by Pete Seeger. Suffering from cancer, Broonzy realized his time was limited and hence recorded extensively between 1956 and 1957. While most of the work draws from the album \"Big Bill Broonzy Sings Country Blues\" (1957), arranged by Moses Asch and Charles Edward", "id": "18296715" }, { "contents": "Music of Washington, D.C.\n\n\nhome to many bluesmen, such as Jelly Roll Morton and later rock and roll and rhythm and blues musicians such as Bo Diddley and Roy Buchanan. In the 1960s, a number of white youths formed local blues bands, including the Northside Blues Band and the Nighthawks. Starting in the early 1960s, Takoma Park native John Fahey became a nationally noted blues and folk guitarist who established the Takoma Records label, which attracted a number of other blues, folk, acoustic and fingerstyle guitarists to the District of Columbia area. Another local", "id": "9815809" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\nTerry Robb is a Canadian fingerstyle guitarist, composer, arranger and record producer living in the United States. He plays electric and acoustic guitar, and is associated with the American Primitive Guitar genre through his collaboration with steel string guitarist John Fahey. He is a member of the Oregon Music Hall of Fame and Cascade Blues Association Hall of Fame, and was honored with the eponymous \"Terry Robb\" Muddy Award for Best Acoustic Guitar in 2011. His original compositions draw on the Delta blues, ragtime, folk music, country music", "id": "1583113" }, { "contents": "Lightnin' Wells\n\n\nLightnin' Wells is an American Piedmont blues multi-instrumentalist and singer. He is a proficient musician and regularly plays various instruments in concert including the guitar, mandolin, harmonica, ukulele and banjo. At times he has performed as a one-man band. His style encompasses elements of the blues, country, gospel, old-time, bluegrass and folk. Mark Coltrain stated in \"Living Blues\" that, \"You won't find a more versatile musician around – able to move deftly between country blues, old", "id": "14064192" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nspending a year in Europe including recording the \"Sonny Boy Williamson and The Yardbirds\" album, (first released on Star-Club Records in 1965), and recording with The Animals. On 7 May 1964, Granada Television broadcast \"Blues and Gospel Train\", a programme directed by John Hamp featuring Muddy Waters, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, Rev. Gary Davis, Cousin Joe and Otis Spann. For filming, the company transformed the disused Wilbraham Road railway station into \"Chorltonville\", giving it", "id": "2225137" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n. Delta blues is a style as much as a geographical form: Skip James and Elmore James, who were not born in the Delta, are considered Delta blues musicians. Performers traveled throughout the Mississippi Delta, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and Tennessee. Eventually, Delta blues spread out across the country, giving rise to a host of regional variations, including Chicago blues and Detroit blues. Delta blues songs are typically expressed in the first person and often concern love, sex, the traveling lifestyle and its tribulations, sin", "id": "7794024" }, { "contents": "Traditional blues verses\n\n\nIn the folk tradition, there are many traditional blues verses that have been sung over and over by many artists. Blues singers, who include many country and folk artists as well as those commonly identified with blues singers, use these traditional lyrics to fill out their blues performances. Artists like Jimmie Rodgers, the \"blue yodeler\", and Big Joe Turner, \"the Boss of the Blues\" compiled virtual encyclopedias of lyrics. Turner reputedly could sing the blues for hours without repeating himself. Traditional blues verses in folk-", "id": "14213756" }, { "contents": "Midwestern United States\n\n\nmusical style in the United States, deriving most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz, and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Freed's contribution in identifying rock as a new genre helped establish the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, located in Cleveland. Chuck Berry, a Midwesterner from St. Louis, was among the first successful rock and roll artists and influenced many other rock musicians", "id": "15016383" }, { "contents": "Classic female blues\n\n\nClassic female blues was an early form of blues music, popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues were performed by female singers accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles and were the first blues to be recorded. Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, Ethel Waters, and the other singers in this genre were instrumental in spreading the popularity of the blues. Blues, a type of black folk music originating in the American South, were", "id": "5621307" }, { "contents": "Southern soul\n\n\n\"Country soul\", \"Downhome soul\" and \"Hard soul\" have been used synonymously with \"Southern soul\" Pioneers of southern soul include: Georgia natives Ray Charles and James Brown; Little Willie John, Bobby \"Blue\" Bland, New Orleans R&B artist Allen Toussaint; and Memphis DJ Rufus Thomas. Southern soul was influenced by blues and gospel music. Southern soul was at its peak during the 1960s, when Memphis soul was created. In 1963, Stan Lewis founded Jewel Records in Shreveport, Louisiana, along", "id": "18765148" }, { "contents": "South Korea\n\n\n1992 marked a turning point for South Korean popular music, also known as K-pop, as the genre modernized itself from incorporating elements of popular musical genres from across the world such as Western popular music, experimental, jazz, gospel, Latin, classical, hip hop, rhythm and blues, electronic dance, reggae, country, folk, and rock on top of its uniquely traditional Korean music roots. Western-style pop, hip hop, rhythm and blues, rock, folk, electronic dance oriented acts have become", "id": "7248618" }, { "contents": "The Subdudes\n\n\nThe Subdudes (stylized as The subdudes) are an American roots rock group from New Orleans. Their music blends folk, swamp pop, New Orleans rhythm and blues, Louisiana blues, country, cajun/zydeco, funk, soul and gospel with harmonic vocals. Their sound is notable for the band's substitution of a tambourine player for a drummer. The subdudes formed in 1987 through a music venue in New Orleans called Tipitina's. The Subdudes often credit their songwriting to the group as a whole, although the primary songwriters", "id": "12289559" }, { "contents": "American rock\n\n\nAmerican rock has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, rhythm and blues, and country music, and also drew on folk music, jazz, blues, and classical music. American rock music was further influenced by the British Invasion of the American pop charts from 1964 and resulted in the development of garage rock. From the late 1960s and early 1970s, American rock music was highly influential in the development of a number of fusions, including blending with folk music to create folk rock, with blues to create blues", "id": "5254668" }, { "contents": "Richard Trice\n\n\nRichard Trice (November 16, 1917 – April 6, 2000) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles. He lived most of his life in his native North Carolina and played in its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. His family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Music was an interest in the family, and he learned to play the guitar at an", "id": "1811700" }, { "contents": "J. B. Lenoir\n\n\nJefferson, which became a major influence. During the early 1940s, Lenoir worked with the blues artists Sonny Boy Williamson II and Elmore James in New Orleans. He was later influenced by Arthur Crudup and Lightnin' Hopkins. In 1949, he moved to Chicago, where Big Bill Broonzy helped introduce him to the blues community. He began to perform at local nightclubs, with musicians such as Memphis Minnie, Big Maceo Merriweather, and Muddy Waters, and became an important part of the city's blues scene. He began recording", "id": "7041136" }, { "contents": "Bishop Dready Manning\n\n\ncotton, peanuts, and corn. Some of his uncles and cousins played blues guitar in the North Carolina Piedmont fashion. When Manning was seven years old, he began learning how to fingerpick guitar. His skills improved over time and by his teenage years Manning had earned a reputation as a master of blues guitar and harmonica. His style was influenced by Piedmont blues musicians such as Blind Boy Fuller, Brownie McGhee and Buddy Moss, and national stars like Lightnin' Hopkins, Jimmy Reed and Sonny Boy Williamson As a young bluesman", "id": "13727518" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nartists and their own performances. The visit of Muddy Waters in 1958 had a major impact on the duo and on the nature of British R&B in general. Initially British audiences were shocked by Waters's amplified electric blues, but he was soon playing to ecstatic crowds and receiving rave reviews. Where British blues had often emulated Delta blues and country blues in the emerging British folk revival, Davies and Korner, who had supported Waters on tour, now began to play high-powered electric blues, forming the band Blues Incorporated.", "id": "16087064" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\njump blues combo with honking saxophone and rolling piano, variously calling themselves Brownie McGhee and his Jook House Rockers or Sonny Terry and his Buckshot Five, often with Champion Jack Dupree and Big Chief Ellis. They also appeared in the original Broadway productions of \"Finian's Rainbow\" and \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\". During the blues revival of the 1960s, Terry and McGhee were popular on the concert and music festival circuits, occasionally adding new material but usually remaining faithful to their roots and playing to the tastes of", "id": "4476037" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nelements of swing music and jazz in a long and prolific career. After World War II, amplified blues music became popular in American cities that had seen widespread African American migration, such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit, St. Louis, and the West Coast. The initial impulse was to be heard above the noise of lively rent parties. Playing in small venues, electric blues bands tended to remain modest in size compared with larger jazz bands. In its early stages electric blues typically used amplified electric guitars, double bass (", "id": "8151258" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe Beatles had brought African-American music to new audiences, both within the U.S. and abroad. However, the blues wave that brought artists such as Muddy Waters to the foreground had stopped. Bluesmen such as Big Bill Broonzy and Willie Dixon started looking for new markets in Europe. Dick Waterman and the blues festivals he organized in Europe played a major role in propagating blues music abroad. In the UK, bands emulated U.S. blues legends, and UK blues rock-based bands had an influential role throughout the 1960s. Blues", "id": "2951020" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\nThese drew on his studies with Rev. Davis and the other older blues artists and on his obsessive listening to old 78s. \"The Country Blues Guitar, Delta Blues, Texas Blues, Ragtime Blues Guitar\" and \"Rev. Gary Davis/Blues Guitar\" have remained in print through various editions. In the mid-1960s, Stefan Grossman recorded a number of cuts for Joe Bussard and his Frederick, Maryland-based Fonotone Records and performed at the Jabberwock coffeehouse in Berkeley under the nom du folk of \"Kid Future\". The origins", "id": "9236337" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nand they continued almost annually until 1972, after an eight-year hiatus reviving the festival in 1980 until its final performance in 1985. The concerts featured some of the leading blues artists of the 1960s, such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Willie Dixon, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, some playing in unique combinations such as T-Bone Walker playing guitar for pianist Memphis Slim, Otis Rush with Junior Wells, Sonny Boy Williamson with Muddy Waters. The Festival DVDs include the only known footage of Little", "id": "2225135" }, { "contents": "Checkin' Up on My Baby\n\n\n\"Checkin' Up on My Baby\" (or sometimes \"Checking On My Baby\") is a song recorded by Sonny Boy Williamson II in 1960 that has become a classic of the blues. The song was not released as a single, but was included on Williamson's \"The Real Folk Blues\" album released after his death in 1965. The song has been recorded by numerous blues and other artists, making it one of Williamson's most recorded songs. Williamson's namesake Sonny Boy Williamson I, also known as", "id": "10302292" }, { "contents": "History of modern Western subcultures\n\n\ncowboy songs (also known, in those days, as hillbilly music) were beginning to be more popular with a wider audience. A subculture of rural jazz and blues fans had mixed elements of jazz and blues into traditional cowboy and folk song styles to produce a crossover called western swing. Thanks to the prevalence of radio, this music spread across the United States in the 1940s. Radio was the first \"almost instantaneous\" mass media with the power to create large subcultures by spreading the ideas of small subcultures across a wide", "id": "19180987" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\n\"one of the greatest exponents of fingerstyle blues and gospel guitar playing\"\" and \"\"an incredible genius as a teacher\"\". He spent countless hours learning and documenting Davis's music, recording much of it on a tape recorder, and developing a form of tablature to take down his teacher's instructions. In the folk and country blues revival of the 1960s he was listening to old recordings of artists such as Elizabeth Cotten, Big Bill Broonzy, Lead Belly, Josh White, Lightnin' Hopkins, Rev. Gary", "id": "9236332" }, { "contents": "Steel-string acoustic guitar\n\n\nundistorted and full-range reproduction. Until the 1960s, the predominant forms of music played on the flat-top, steel-string guitar remained relatively stable and included acoustic blues, country, bluegrass, folk, and several genres of rock. The concept of playing solo steel-string guitar in a concert setting was introduced in the early 1960s by such performers as Davey Graham and John Fahey, who used country blues fingerpicking techniques to compose original compositions with structures somewhat like European classical music. Fahey contemporary Robbie Basho added elements", "id": "2024699" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nmusic. The music of the civil rights movement and Free Speech Movement in the U.S. prompted a resurgence of interest in American roots music and early African American music. As well festivals such as the Newport Folk Festival brought traditional blues to a new audience, which helped to revive interest in prewar acoustic blues and performers such as Son House, Mississippi John Hurt, Skip James, and Reverend Gary Davis. Many compilations of classic prewar blues were republished by the Yazoo Records. J. B. Lenoir from the Chicago blues movement in the 1950s", "id": "2951023" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nperformers such as Little Walter or Muddy Waters. Songs from this genre include \"Scratch my Back\", \"She's Tough\" and \"I'm a King Bee\". Alan Lomax's recordings of Mississippi Fred McDowell would eventually bring him wider attention on both the blues and folk circuit, with McDowell's droning style influencing North Mississippi hill country blues musicians. By the beginning of the 1960s, genres influenced by African American music such as rock and roll and soul were part of mainstream popular music. White performers such as", "id": "2951019" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nmore exclusively English folk clubs. The more traditional American folk blues continued to provide 1960s British groups with material, particularly after the emergence of Bob Dylan, who also popularised folk blues songs. In 1964, for example, the song-catalogue of Lead Belly provided the Animals with \"The House of the Rising Sun\", Manfred Mann with \"John Hardy\" and the Four Pennies with \"Black Girl\". British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers", "id": "16087061" }, { "contents": "Willie Trice\n\n\nWilliam Augusta Trice (February 10, 1908 – December 11, 1976) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles and an album. He remained loyal to his native North Carolina and its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, probably in 1908; some sources state 1910 or 1911. The family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Both of Trice’s parents played music", "id": "1573260" }, { "contents": "Rock and roll\n\n\nstyles such as jazz and swing which were taken up by white musicians, aided this process of \"cultural collision\". The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called \"race music\", and country music of the 1940s and 1950s. Particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. Commentators differ in their views of which of these forms were most important and the degree to which the new music was a re-branding of African-American rhythm and", "id": "5601387" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\nPiedmont blues (also known as East Coast, or Southeastern blues) refers primarily to a guitar style, the Piedmont fingerstyle, which is characterized by a fingerpicking approach in which a regular, alternating thumb bass string rhythmic pattern supports a syncopated melody using the treble strings generally picked with the fore-finger, occasionally others. The result is comparable in sound to ragtime or stride piano styles. Blues researcher Peter B. Lowry coined the term, giving co-credit to fellow folklorist Bruce Bastin. The Piedmont style is differentiated from other", "id": "8150344" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand the generalization of the blues beat, the blues shuffle, which became ubiquitous in R&B. This commercial stream had important consequences for blues music, which, together with jazz and gospel music, became a component of R&B. After World War II, new styles of electric blues became popular in cities such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit and St. Louis. Electric blues used electric guitars, double bass (gradually replaced by bass guitar), drums, and harmonica (or \"blues harp\") played through a microphone and a PA", "id": "2951010" }, { "contents": "New Orleans blues\n\n\nblues is primarily driven by piano and horn, enlivened by Caribbean rhythms and Dixieland music. It is generally cheerful in delivery regardless of the subject matter, with a laid back tempo and complex rhythms falling just behind the beat. Vocals range from laid-back crooning to full-throated gospel shouting. New Orleans is generally credited as the birthplace of jazz music, but has attracted less attention as a center of the blues. The 12 bar blues were well known in the city before most of the rest of the country.", "id": "20252986" }, { "contents": "Michael Roach (musician)\n\n\n2003, Roach presented \"Deep Blue\", a three part series on blues music featured on BBC Radio 4. In 2006 he released an instructional DVD, \"Introduction to Country Blues Guitar\". Roach's tours as an educator and performer have taken him to the Augusta Heritage Center (US), Centrum Piedmont Blues Intensive (US), The Ironworks (UK) and the Smithsonian Institution (US). He has performed and lectured at blues, jazz, folk and roots music festivals in Croatia, Czech Republic,", "id": "14072779" }, { "contents": "Texas blues\n\n\nmoved to Chicago as a teenager. His instrumental number \"Hide Away\" (1961), was emulated by British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments such as keyboards and horns with emphasis on guitar soloing. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles.", "id": "12084292" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nhip hop music, reggae, rap, country music, and pop music, blues has been accused of being the \"devil's music\" and of inciting violence and other poor behavior. In the early 20th century, the blues was considered disreputable, especially as white audiences began listening to the blues during the 1920s. In the early twentieth century, W.C. Handy was the first to popularize blues-influenced music among non-black Americans. During the blues revival of the 1960s and '70s, acoustic blues artist Taj Mahal", "id": "2951049" }, { "contents": "Blues fiddle\n\n\nchances for frontline fiddlers to participate. Another reason for the violin's exclusion in post war blues was that it could not be effectively electrified. When artists migrated to the industrial centers from the Mississippi delta and rural south, they found a way to do so, but African-American music later mostly abandoned the instrument. Many blues guitar greats, such as Lonnie Johnson and Big Bill Broonzy, made early recordings on the violin. They are among the most-represented artists in the canon. The connection between guitar and violin", "id": "20387501" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\nin the 1950s, led by singer Mahalia Jackson. The blues genre experienced major revivals in the 1950s with Chicago blues musicians such as Muddy Waters and Little Walter, as well as in the 1960s in the British Invasion and American folk music revival when country blues musicians like Mississippi John Hurt and Reverend Gary Davis were rediscovered. The seminal blues musicians of these periods had tremendous influence on rock musicians such as Chuck Berry in the 1950s, as well as on the British blues and blues rock scenes of the 1960s and 1970s, including", "id": "7216667" }, { "contents": "Sugar Mama (song)\n\n\n\"Sugar Mama\" or \"Sugar Mama Blues\" is a song that is a standard of the blues. Called a \"tautly powerful slow blues\" by music journalist Charles Shaar Murray, it has been recorded by numerous artists, including early Chicago bluesmen Tampa Red, Sonny Boy Williamson I, and Tommy McClennan. John Lee Hooker and Howlin' Wolf later adapted \"Sugar Mama\" for electric blues and rock group Led Zeppelin reworked it during early recording sessions. Country bluesman Yank Rachell recorded \"Sugar Farm Blues\" February 6", "id": "15139181" }, { "contents": "Nathan Beauregard\n\n\nwith minor talent make a fortune as a recording artist while he himself was not offered such a chance. During the folk and blues revival of the 1960s Beauregard was \"discovered\" in Memphis by Bill Barth, who convinced him to work as a musician again. In the short time between his \"discovery\" in 1968 and his death in 1970, he played at various folk and blues festivals (e.g. the 1968 Memphis Country Blues Festival, which has been recorded on the Sire and Blue Horizon labels) and on a number", "id": "5223148" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe California blues style, performed a successful transition from the early urban blues à la Lonnie Johnson and Leroy Carr to the jump blues style and dominated the blues-jazz scene at Los Angeles during the 1940s. The transition from country blues to urban blues that began in the 1920s was driven by the successive waves of economic crisis and booms which led many rural blacks to move to urban areas, in a movement known as the Great Migration. The long boom following World War II induced another massive migration of the African-American", "id": "2951008" }, { "contents": "Women in music\n\n\nboys only club. Chinese idol girl groups have also recently achieved significant success, with C-pop groups like SNH48 and Rocket Girls 101, with the later selling over 1.6 million copies of their debut EP in 2018. Classic female blues was an early form of blues music popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues songs performed by female vocalists were accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles, and were the first blues to be", "id": "22079994" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nRock and roll emerged as a defined musical style in the United States in the early to mid-1950s. It derived most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Rock and roll in turn provided the main basis for the music that, since the mid-1960s, has been generally known simply as rock music. The phrase \"rocking and rolling\" originally described", "id": "5254840" }, { "contents": "Warner Williams and Jay Summerour\n\n\nWarner Williams and Jay Summerour are an American folk duo, who perform under the name Little Bit A Blues. They have played at numerous folk and blues festivals and at concerts at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. They are known for playing in the Piedmont blues style, a regional variant of the blues that developed in North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland and West Virginia. Williams and Summerour have been playing music together under the name of Little Bit A Blues since the early 1990s. During their tenure together,", "id": "20240347" }, { "contents": "American popular music\n\n\n—e.g., minorities or rural audiences. Beginning in the 1920s and accelerating greatly in the 1940s, the blues began rapidly diversifying into a broad spectrum of new styles. These included an uptempo, energetic style called rhythm and blues (R&B), a merger of blues and Anglo-Celtic song called country music and the fusion of hymns and spirituals with blues structures called gospel music. Later than these other styles, in the 1940s, a blues, R&B and country fusion eventually called rock and roll developed, eventually coming", "id": "6698779" }, { "contents": "1940s in music\n\n\ncalled \"folk\" in the trades, and \"hillbilly\" within the industry. In 1944, \"The Billboard\" replaced the term \"hillbilly\" with \"folk songs and blues,\" and switched to \"country\" or \"country and Western\" in 1949. But while cowboy and Western music were the most popular styles, a new style – honky tonk – would take root and define the genre of country music for decades to come. The style meshed Western swing and blues music; featured rough, nasal vocals", "id": "12815195" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n, salvation and death. Several blues musicians were imprisoned in the Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman Farm, which is referred to in songs such as Bukka White's \"Parchman Farm Blues\" and the folk song \"Midnight Special\". In big-city blues, women singers such as Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith and Mamie Smith dominated the recordings of the 1920s. However, women rarely recorded Delta blues and other rural or folk-style blues. In Delta blues female performers often had some romantic connection to more notable male performers", "id": "7794025" }, { "contents": "The Sky Is Crying (song)\n\n\nThe Sky Is Crying\" has been interpreted and recorded by many blues and other artists. In 1963, blues harmonica player and singer Sonny Boy Williamson II recorded the song as a country blues-style duet with Matt Murphy on acoustic guitar for his \"Keep It to Ourselves\" album. In 1964, Eric Clapton with The Yardbirds recorded a live slow blues which included a couple of lines from \"The Sky Is Crying\" (\"Blueswailing July '64 (Live)\"). In 1966, with Jeff Beck on", "id": "3146914" }, { "contents": "BeauSoleil\n\n\n, rhythm, and lyrics of Louisiana folk music, incorporating elements of rock and roll, jazz, blues, calypso, and other genres in original compositions and reworkings of traditional tunes. Lyrics on BeauSoleil recordings are sung in English or Cajun French (and sometimes both in one song). According to the band's web site, BeauSoleil's musicians \"take the rich Cajun traditions of Louisiana and artfully blend elements of zydeco, New Orleans jazz, Tex-Mex, country, blues and more into a satisfying musical recipe.", "id": "9860218" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. The origins of country are in rural Southern folk music, which was primarily Irish and British, with African and continental European musics. Anglo-Celtic tunes, dance music, and balladry were the earliest predecessors of modern country, then known as \"hillbilly music\". Early hillbilly also borrowed elements of the blues and drew upon more aspects of 19th-century pop songs as hillbilly music evolved into a commercial genre eventually known as \"country and western\" and then simply \"country\". The earliest country instrumentation revolved around", "id": "7216674" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nelements from the \"Ethiopian airs\", minstrel shows and Negro spirituals, including instrumental and harmonic accompaniment. The style also was closely related to ragtime, which developed at about the same time, though the blues better preserved \"the original melodic patterns of African music\". The musical forms and styles that are now considered the blues as well as modern country music arose in the same regions of the southern United States during the 19th century. Recorded blues and country music can be found as far back as the 1920s, when", "id": "2950988" }, { "contents": "Organ Thieves\n\n\nPrimate Sanctuary. The band's musical style is unique and although the music is mainly considered hard rock, southern rock and reggae rock, the band like to call themselves \"experimental-soul-rock\". The band's music takes influences from various genres including reggae, soul, country, blues, rhythm and blues, folk, rock and roll, punk, heavy metal, southern rock and more, as stated by the band that they are not limited to any genre and are willing to experiment everything.br They are also", "id": "3590626" }, { "contents": "African-American music\n\n\nstructure of the dance and folk music of peoples across western and sub-Saharan Africa. These musical forms had a wide-ranging influence on the development of music within the United States and around the world during the 20th century. The modern genres of blues and ragtime were developed during the late 19th century by fusing West African vocalizations - which employed the natural harmonic series, and blue notes. The earliest jazz and blues recordings were made in the 1920s. African-American musicians developed related styles such as Rhythm and Blues in", "id": "13306674" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\nWalter Brown \"Brownie\" McGhee (November 30, 1915 – February 16, 1996) was an African-American folk music and Piedmont blues singer and guitarist, best known for his collaboration with the harmonica player Sonny Terry. McGhee was born in Knoxville, Tennessee, and grew up in Kingsport, Tennessee. At about the age of four he contracted polio, which incapacitated his right leg. His brother Granville \"Sticks\"(or \"Stick\") McGhee, who also later became a musician and composed the famous song \"Drinkin'", "id": "4476033" }, { "contents": "Clarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown\n\n\nClarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown (April 18, 1924 – September 10, 2005) was an American musician from Louisiana and Texas known for his work as a blues musician, as well as other styles of music. He spent his career fighting purism by synthesizing old blues, country, jazz, Cajun music and R&B styles. His work also encompasses rock and roll, rock music, folk music, electric blues, and Texas blues. He was an acclaimed multi-instrumentalist, who played an array of musical instruments, including", "id": "15961748" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nby British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments like keyboards and horns, but placed particular emphasis on powerful lead guitar breaks. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles. In the 1970s Jimmie formed the Fabulous Thunderbirds and in the 1980s his brother Stevie Ray", "id": "8151279" } ]

[ { "contents": "Country blues\n\n\nCountry blues (also folk blues, rural blues, backwoods blues, or downhome blues) is one of the earliest forms of blues music. The mainly solo vocal with acoustic fingerstyle guitar accompaniment developed in the rural Southern United States in the early 1900s. Artists, such as Blind Lemon Jefferson (Texas), Charley Patton (Mississippi), Blind Willie McTell (Georgia) were among the first to record blues songs in the 1920s. Country blues ran parallel to urban blues, which was popular in cities. Folklorist Alan Lomax", "id": "8046896" }, { "contents": "Culture of the Southern United States\n\n\n-time music, gospel music, spirituals, country music, rhythm and blues, soul music, funk, rock and roll, beach music, bluegrass, jazz (including ragtime, popularized by Southerner Scott Joplin), zydeco, and Appalachian folk music were either born in the South or developed in the region. In general, country music is based on the folk music of white Southerners, and blues and rhythm and blues is based on African American southern forms. However, whites and blacks alike have contributed to each of", "id": "8469878" }, { "contents": "List of blues festivals\n\n\nBlues festivals are music festivals which focus on blues music. Blues is a genre and musical form that originated in African-American communities in the Southern United States around the end of the 19th century. It has elements of traditional African music, American folk music, spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. Blues has since evolved from unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves into a wide variety of styles and subgenres, such as country blues, Delta and Piedmont, Chicago", "id": "17295253" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand subgenres. Blues subgenres include country blues, such as Delta blues and Piedmont blues, as well as urban blues styles such as Chicago blues and West Coast blues. World War II marked the transition from acoustic to electric blues and the progressive opening of blues music to a wider audience, especially white listeners. In the 1960s and 1970s, a hybrid form called blues rock developed, which blended blues styles with rock music. The term \"Blues\" may have come from \"blue devils\", meaning melancholy and sadness;", "id": "2950960" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nthe supposed appearance of a southern U.S.-style station. About 200 fans were brought by train to the platform opposite the performers. The performance was interrupted by a rainstorm, after which Tharpe performed the gospel song \"Didn't It Rain\". Blues musicians who performed on the American Folk Blues Festival tours included Muddy Waters, Sonny Boy Williamson, John Lee Hooker, Sippie Wallace, T-Bone Walker, Sonny Terry & Brownie McGhee, Memphis Slim, Otis Rush, Lonnie Johnson, Eddie Boyd, Big Walter Horton, Junior Wells", "id": "2225138" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nthrough EMI's Stateside label and Chess Records through Pye International's R&B series. These records were enthusiastically sought and collected by a new generation of enthusiasts. The increasing appetite for rhythm and blues was reflected in the growing numbers of Afro-American artists visiting the country. From 1962 the American Folk Blues Festival, organised by German promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau, brought American blues stars including Waters, Wolf, Sonny Boy Williamson, and John Lee Hooker to the country. In 1964 the American Folk Blues and Gospel Caravan arrived", "id": "16087069" }, { "contents": "Piedmont (United States)\n\n\nblues musicians came from Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia. During the Great Migration, African Americans migrated to the Piedmont. With the Appalachian Mountains to the west, those who might otherwise have spread into rural areas stayed in cities and were thus exposed to a broader mixture of music than those in, for example, the rural Mississippi delta. Thus, Piedmont blues was influenced by many types of music such as ragtime, country, and popular songs—styles that had comparatively less influence on blues music in other regions.", "id": "1946509" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\n, it was being performed at US folk music revivals and festivals initially by established Piedmont blues artists such as Josh White, Rev. Gary Davis, and Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry, as well as Cephas & Wiggins, John Jackson in later years. While musicologists such as George Mitchell, Axel Küstner, Kip Lornell, Peter B. Lowry and Tim Duffy collected recordings by the aging community of Piedmont blues players, younger musicians such as Stefan Grossman, Roy Book Binder, Jorma Kaukonen, Paul Geremia, Keb Mo', Michael Roach", "id": "8150348" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nGerman promoters Horst Lippmann and Fritz Rau. The rise of electric blues, and its eventual mainstream success, meant that British acoustic blues was completely overshadowed. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers Bert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham (who played and recorded with Korner), played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene, with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones", "id": "8151338" }, { "contents": "Americana (music)\n\n\nAmericana (also known as American roots music) is an amalgam of American music formed by the confluence of the shared and varied traditions that make up the musical ethos of the United States, specifically those sounds that are merged from folk, country, blues, rhythm and blues, rock and roll, gospel, and other external influences. Americana, as defined by the Americana Music Association (AMA), is \"contemporary music that incorporates elements of various mostly acoustic American roots music styles, including country, roots rock, folk", "id": "9198553" }, { "contents": "Muddy Waters\n\n\nSpann in 1958, where they were backed by local Dixieland-style or \"trad jazz\" musicians, including members of Chris Barber's band. At the time, English audiences had only been exposed to acoustic folk blues, as performed by artists such as Sonny Terry, Brownie McGhee, and Big Bill Broonzy. Both the musicians and audiences were unprepared for Muddy Waters' performance, which included his electric slide guitar playing. He recalled: Although his performances alienated the old guard, some younger musicians, including Alexis Korner and", "id": "15757617" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nBert Jansch, John Renbourn and particularly Davy Graham, played blues, folk and jazz, developing a distinctive guitar style known as folk baroque. It continued with figures like Ian A. Anderson and his Country Blues Band, and Al Jones. Most British acoustic blues players could achieve little commercial success and found it difficult to gain recognition for their \"imitations\" of the blues in the US, being overshadowed by the rhythm and blues and electric blues that had emerged in the later 1950s. Blues harpist Cyril Davies ran the London Skiffle", "id": "16087062" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nas well as people that shared his country roots. His work in this period shows he performed across a wider musical spectrum than almost any other bluesman before or since, including in his repertoire ragtime, hokum blues, country blues, urban blues, jazz-tinged songs, folk songs and spirituals. After World War II, Broonzy recorded songs that were the bridge that allowed many younger musicians to cross over to the future of the blues: the electric blues of postwar Chicago. His 1945 recordings of \"Where the Blues Began", "id": "9494361" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nBig Bill Broonzy (born Lee Conley Bradley, June 26, 1903 – August 14, 1958) was an American blues singer, songwriter and guitarist. His career began in the 1920s, when he played country blues to mostly African-American audiences. Through the 1930s and 1940s he successfully navigated a transition in style to a more urban blues sound popular with working-class African-American audiences. In the 1950s a return to his traditional folk-blues roots made him one of the leading figures of the emerging American folk", "id": "9494347" }, { "contents": "Precious Bryant\n\n\nPrecious Bryant (née Bussey; January 4, 1942 – January 12, 2013) was an American country blues, gospel, and folk singer and guitarist. She played Piedmont fingerstyle guitar. Bryant was born in Talbot County, Georgia. She released two solo albums. Her 2002 debut, \"Fool Me Good,\" was nominated for two Blues Music Awards, in the categories Acoustic Blues Album of the Year and Best New Artist Debut. In 2006 she was nominated for a similar award for Traditional Blues Female Artist of the", "id": "2571157" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nAmerica, a series of tours that began with Josh White and Big Bill Broonzy in 1951, and would include Brownie McGhee, Sonny Terry, Memphis Slim, Muddy Waters and Lonnie Johnson. Lonnie Johnson played at the Royal Festival Hall in 1952 on a bill opened by a group led by the young Lonnie Donegan. Donegan became the key figure in the development of the British skiffle \"craze\", beginning in Ken Colyer's Jazzmen by playing American folk and blues songs, particularly those derived from the recordings of Huddie Leadbetter,", "id": "16087056" }, { "contents": "Hill country blues\n\n\npatterns that conform to proverbial phrases or the words of popular fife and drum tunes—\"is considered the sign of a good drummer.\" This enduring tradition of folk polyrhythm played an important part in the development of Mississippi blues. \"Mississippi\" Fred McDowell, who lived in Como, Mississippi, was one of the subgenre's most widely known musicians, in the 1960s and after. His music was heavier on percussive elements and African rhythms than traditional Delta blues. McDowell's performances helped define the Hill Country blues sound, influencing later artists", "id": "19106875" }, { "contents": "British blues\n\n\nfit in with British expectations of American blues as a form of folk music. In 1957 Davies and Korner decided that their central interest was the blues and closed the skiffle club, reopening a month later as The London Blues and Barrelhouse Club. To this point British blues was acoustically played emulating Delta blues and Country blues styles and often part of the emerging second British folk revival. Critical in changing this was the visit of Muddy Waters in 1958, who initially shocked British audiences by playing amplified electric blues, but who was soon", "id": "8151324" }, { "contents": "Valerie Turner\n\n\nValerie Turner is an American blues guitarist-vocalist, educator, and author. She plays in the Piedmont style of fingerpicking guitar, continuing in the traditions of Mississippi John Hurt, Elizabeth Cotten, Memphis Minnie, and Etta Baker. She performs blues, ballads, country, popular songs, ragtime, and gospels. She is a native New Yorker with southern roots in Virginia and Georgia. She started learning and studying traditional country blues guitar in 1978. Valerie and her spouse, Benedict Turner, are an acoustic blues duo called", "id": "8216617" }, { "contents": "Mr. Misunderstood\n\n\n\"Mr. Misunderstood\", at the 2015 Country Music Association Awards, where the news of the new album became evident. The musical style of this album has been described as the following; country, rock, blues, folk, gospel, soul, funk, alternative country, alternative rock, country rock, country blues, country gospel, gospel blues, bluegrass, folk rock, heartland rock, roots rock, rock and roll, rhythm and blues, Southern gospel, Southern rock, and Southern soul. His music here", "id": "5570655" }, { "contents": "Chris Barber\n\n\nwas mainly responsible for arranging the first UK tours of blues artists Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee and Muddy Waters. This, with the encouragement of local enthusiasts such as Alexis Korner and John Mayall, sparked young musicians such as Peter Green, Eric Clapton and the Rolling Stones. British rhythm and blues powered the British invasion of the USA charts in the 1960s, yet Dixieland itself remained popular: in January 1963 the British music magazine, \"NME\" reported the biggest trad jazz event in Britain at Alexandra Palace", "id": "17410986" }, { "contents": "The Blues, the Whole Blues, and Nothing But the Blues\n\n\ninterplay of instruments gives them the freedom to move from the country blues of the Mississippi Delta to the jug band tradition of the urban South, and from New Orleans to Chicago, embracing the breadth of American music in its myriad places and times.\" In \"Glide\" magazine, Lee Zimmerman said, \"David Bromberg’s fondness for the blues has been a single-minded concern throughout his storied career, one that’s found him working alongside any number of icons, folks like Bob Dylan and George Harrison included... Of", "id": "7352775" }, { "contents": "Dave Van Ronk\n\n\nand Van Ronk turned to performing blues he had stumbled across while shopping for jazz 78s, by artists like Furry Lewis and Mississippi John Hurt. Van Ronk was not the first white musician to perform African-American blues, but became noted for his interpretation of it in its original context. By about 1958, he was firmly committed to the folk-blues style, accompanying himself with his own acoustic guitar. He performed blues, jazz and folk music, occasionally writing his own songs but generally arranging the work of earlier artists", "id": "10878367" }, { "contents": "Fingerstyle guitar\n\n\nis also very common. Examples of traditions that John Fahey and Robbie Basho would employ in their compositions include, but are not limited to, the extended Raga of Indian classical music, the Japanese Koto, and the early ragtime-based country blues music of Mississippi John Hurt or Blind Blake. A distinctive style to emerge from Britain in the early 1960s, which combined elements of American folk, blues, jazz and ragtime with British traditional music, was what became known as 'folk baroque'. Pioneered by musicians of the", "id": "13793683" }, { "contents": "Country music\n\n\nCountry music, also known as country and western (or simply country), and hillbilly music, is a genre of popular music that originated in the southern United States in the early 1920s. It takes its roots from genres such as American folk music (especially Appalachian folk and Western music) and blues. Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms, folk lyrics, and harmonies mostly accompanied by string instruments such as banjos, electric and acoustic guitars, steel guitars (such as pedal steels and", "id": "4960825" }, { "contents": "WFDU\n\n\n. WFDU (FM) plays wide array of music ranging from Blues & Country/Bluegrass music to RetroRadio, Eclectic, Folk, Gospel, Oldies Rock and Soul/R&B. Big Frank Mirra, a well-known Blues musician in the Metro area for over three decades along with former blues radio producer, Music Director of Blues/Roots/American programing, Mike Stokes hosts Blues on the Run on Tuesdays. Dennis Gruenling is the host of Blues & the Beat, spinning everything from the legends of Chicago-style blues like", "id": "1564525" }, { "contents": "Nick Katzman\n\n\nNick Katzman (born 1951) is an American blues musician. Katzman was born in New York City, and lives in both Manhattan and Berlin, Germany. He plays in a variety of musical genres, including Chicago blues, Mississippi blues, Texas blues, and ragtime. As a teenager in the 1960s, Katzman saw many of the surviving country blues guitarists who travelled north to play their music in clubs and at the folk festivals. He learned to lay both guitar and lute. He studied classical music and jazz at Antioch", "id": "16730431" }, { "contents": "Louisiana blues\n\n\nLouisiana blues is a genre of blues music that developed in the period after World War II in the state of Louisiana. It is generally divided into two major subgenres, with the jazz-influenced New Orleans blues based on the musical traditions of that city and the slower tempo swamp blues incorporating influences from zydeco and Cajun music from around Baton Rouge. Major artists in the New Orleans tradition include Professor Longhair and Guitar Slim and for swamp blues Slim Harpo and Lightnin' Slim. Both genres peaked in popularity in the 1960s and were", "id": "8046899" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. Theatrical composers and lyricists like the brothers George and Ira Gershwin created a uniquely American theatrical style that used American vernacular speech and music. Musicals featured popular songs and fast-paced plots that often revolved around love and romance. The blues is a genre of African American folk music that is the basis for much of modern American popular music. Blues can be seen as part of a continuum of musical styles like country, jazz, ragtime, and gospel; though each genre evolved into distinct forms, their origins were often indistinct", "id": "7216662" }, { "contents": "Big Bill Broonzy\n\n\nspirituals, work songs, ragtime music, hokum, and country blues he heard growing up and the styles of his contemporaries, including Jimmie Rodgers, Blind Blake, Son House, and Blind Lemon Jefferson. Broonzy combined all these influences into his own style of the blues, which foreshadowed the postwar Chicago blues, later refined and popularized by artists such as Muddy Waters and Willie Dixon. Although he had been a pioneer of the Chicago blues style and had employed electric instruments as early as 1942, white audiences in the 1950s wanted", "id": "9494369" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\n, a large number of British rhythm and blues musicians began their careers playing skiffle, including Van Morrison, Ronnie Wood, Mick Jagger and Roger Daltrey. The fashion created a demand for opportunities to play versions of American folk, blues and jazz music that would contribute to the growth of a club scene. Until the mid-1950s in Britain the blues was seen as a form of folk music. When Broonzy toured England he played a folk blues set to fit British expectations of American blues, rather than his current electric Chicago blues.", "id": "16087059" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nintroduction of many later followers of the blues to the music and hardships of life for African Americans in the Southern US. The next year the \"Jazz Club\" programme, hosted by Max Jones, included a recital of \"Town and Country Blues\", which played music by a wide range of blues artists. The British rhythm and blues scene developed in London out of the related jazz, skiffle and folk club scenes of the 1950s. The first of these scenes, that of jazz, had developed during the Second World", "id": "16087053" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nrecognized the album for its historically significant material. An extensively recorded bluesman, Big Bill Broonzy left the United States to tour Europe in 1951, becoming the first Chicago blues player to perform for European audiences. Broonzy previously spent time in Iowa, where he honed a repertoire which remained a fixture of his concerts and recordings for the remainder of the decade. With bluesmen such as Muddy Waters and Howlin' Wolf amplifying their music, resulting in the popularity of the electric blues, Broonzy decided to reinvent himself as a folk blues musician", "id": "18296717" }, { "contents": "Alec Seward\n\n\nhe relocated from the South to New York, in his case in 1924. Seward befriended Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry and retained his Piedmont blues styling despite changes in musical trends. He and the blues musician Louis Hayes (who later became a minister in northern New Jersey) performed together, variously billed as the Blues Servant Boys, Guitar Slim and Jelly Belly, and the Back Porch Boys. During the 1940s and 1950s Seward played and recorded with Lead Belly, Woody Guthrie, McGhee and Terry. Around 1947 Seward, Guthrie", "id": "7237009" }, { "contents": "The Real Folk Blues\n\n\nThe Real Folk Blues is a series of blues albums released between 1965 and 1967 by Chess Records, later reissued MCA Records. Each album in the series highlighted the music of one major Chess artist, including John Lee Hooker, Howlin' Wolf, Muddy Waters, and Sonny Boy Williamson II. The series, overseen by Marshall Chess, was a reaction to the increasing audience for the blues following the British Invasion. Companion discs, titled More Real Folk Blues, were released for many of the artists. Hooker's companion disc", "id": "17857302" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nNew styles of music emerged among black Americans in the early 20th century in the form of blues, ragtime, jazz, and gospel music. According to the writer Robert Palmer:\"Rock 'n' roll was an inevitable outgrowth of the social and musical interactions between blacks and whites in the South and Southwest. Its roots are a complex tangle. Bedrock black church music influenced blues, rural blues influenced white folk song and the black popular music of the Northern ghettos, blues and black pop influenced jazz, and so on. But the", "id": "5254864" }, { "contents": "Ernie Hawkins\n\n\nErnie Hawkins (born Ernest Leroy Hawkins, 1947, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American acoustic blues guitar player, singer, song writer, recording artist, and educator. Hawkins, along with fellow bluesmen Stefan Grossman and Roy Bookbinder, studied with blues legend Reverend Gary Davis in New York City in 1965 and 1966. Over the years, he learned a variety of styles, including Piedmont blues, Delta blues, ragtime, and gospel. In 1969, Hawkins moved back to his hometown of Pittsburgh, and enrolled at the", "id": "8862999" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nThe American Folk Blues Festival was a music festival that toured Europe as an annual event for several years beginning in 1962. It introduced audiences in Europe, including the UK, to leading blues performers of the day such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, most of whom had never previously performed outside the US. The tours attracted substantial media coverage, including TV shows, and contributed to the growth of the audience for blues music in Europe. German jazz publicist Joachim-Ernst Berendt", "id": "2225133" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\ninspire much of the later popular development of the blues and blues-derived genres, including the legendary delta blues musician Robert Johnson and Piedmont blues musician Blind Willie McTell. By the end of the 1940s, however, pure blues was only a minor part of popular music, having been subsumed by offshoots like rhythm & blues and the nascent rock and roll style. Some styles of electric, piano-driven blues, like boogie-woogie, retained a large audience. A bluesy style of gospel also became popular in mainstream America", "id": "7216666" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\n. Known primarily as a folk-blues guitarist, he learned to play guitar by listening to blues musicians, such as Charlie Patton and Mississippi John Hurt, and has developed a distinctive fingerpicking technique in which he plays the bass line, rhythm chords, and single-note leads simultaneously. In his original compositions and artistic styling, he incorporates influences from other genres, such as jazz, folk music, country music, classical and world music, often utilizing odd time measures, to personalize his music and story telling. An", "id": "1583130" }, { "contents": "Alan Lomax\n\n\n\"The Land Where the Blues Began\" (1995), linking the birth of the blues to debt peonage, segregation, and forced labor in the American South. Lomax's greatest legacy is in preserving and publishing recordings of musicians in many folk and blues traditions around the US and Europe. Among the artists Lomax is credited with discovering and bringing to a wider audience include blues guitarist Robert Johnson, protest singer Woody Guthrie, folk artist Pete Seeger, country musician Burl Ives, and country blues singer Lead Belly, among many", "id": "8697682" }, { "contents": "Brian Protheroe\n\n\nWhite, Big Bill Broonzy, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Dave Brubeck and the choral church music of Bach. Protheroe joined the folk group Folk Blues Incorporated (FBI) when he was nineteen, while at this time listening to Bob Dylan and the Beatles. He came to London with FBI in 1965, and played in folk music clubs in and around London. In 1966, Protheroe began his career as an actor. His first job was with his local repertory theatre in Salisbury. He worked there for about seven months", "id": "7666713" }, { "contents": "Down Home Blues (Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry album)\n\n\nDown Home Blues is an album by blues musicians Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry recorded in 1960 and released on the Bluesville label. AllMusic reviewer Bruce Eder stated: \"the music itself stands outside of time. McGhee's strumming and singing have enough polish to pass as a commercial recording, but at its best, it's still sufficiently unaffected so as to be regarded as authentic country-blues. It's Terry's harp, however, that really pulls this body of music back to its roots ... the dominant elements of this", "id": "12217779" }, { "contents": "Trouble in Mind (Big Bill Broonzy album)\n\n\nTrouble in Mind is an album by American blues musician Big Bill Broonzy. It was released on February 22, 2000 by Smithsonian Folkways. The album consists of traditional folk, blues, and spiritual songs featuring Broonzy accompanying himself on acoustic guitar and a guest appearance by Pete Seeger. Suffering from cancer, Broonzy realized his time was limited and hence recorded extensively between 1956 and 1957. While most of the work draws from the album \"Big Bill Broonzy Sings Country Blues\" (1957), arranged by Moses Asch and Charles Edward", "id": "18296715" }, { "contents": "Music of Washington, D.C.\n\n\nhome to many bluesmen, such as Jelly Roll Morton and later rock and roll and rhythm and blues musicians such as Bo Diddley and Roy Buchanan. In the 1960s, a number of white youths formed local blues bands, including the Northside Blues Band and the Nighthawks. Starting in the early 1960s, Takoma Park native John Fahey became a nationally noted blues and folk guitarist who established the Takoma Records label, which attracted a number of other blues, folk, acoustic and fingerstyle guitarists to the District of Columbia area. Another local", "id": "9815809" }, { "contents": "Terry Robb\n\n\nTerry Robb is a Canadian fingerstyle guitarist, composer, arranger and record producer living in the United States. He plays electric and acoustic guitar, and is associated with the American Primitive Guitar genre through his collaboration with steel string guitarist John Fahey. He is a member of the Oregon Music Hall of Fame and Cascade Blues Association Hall of Fame, and was honored with the eponymous \"Terry Robb\" Muddy Award for Best Acoustic Guitar in 2011. His original compositions draw on the Delta blues, ragtime, folk music, country music", "id": "1583113" }, { "contents": "Lightnin' Wells\n\n\nLightnin' Wells is an American Piedmont blues multi-instrumentalist and singer. He is a proficient musician and regularly plays various instruments in concert including the guitar, mandolin, harmonica, ukulele and banjo. At times he has performed as a one-man band. His style encompasses elements of the blues, country, gospel, old-time, bluegrass and folk. Mark Coltrain stated in \"Living Blues\" that, \"You won't find a more versatile musician around – able to move deftly between country blues, old", "id": "14064192" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nspending a year in Europe including recording the \"Sonny Boy Williamson and The Yardbirds\" album, (first released on Star-Club Records in 1965), and recording with The Animals. On 7 May 1964, Granada Television broadcast \"Blues and Gospel Train\", a programme directed by John Hamp featuring Muddy Waters, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, Rev. Gary Davis, Cousin Joe and Otis Spann. For filming, the company transformed the disused Wilbraham Road railway station into \"Chorltonville\", giving it", "id": "2225137" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n. Delta blues is a style as much as a geographical form: Skip James and Elmore James, who were not born in the Delta, are considered Delta blues musicians. Performers traveled throughout the Mississippi Delta, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and Tennessee. Eventually, Delta blues spread out across the country, giving rise to a host of regional variations, including Chicago blues and Detroit blues. Delta blues songs are typically expressed in the first person and often concern love, sex, the traveling lifestyle and its tribulations, sin", "id": "7794024" }, { "contents": "Traditional blues verses\n\n\nIn the folk tradition, there are many traditional blues verses that have been sung over and over by many artists. Blues singers, who include many country and folk artists as well as those commonly identified with blues singers, use these traditional lyrics to fill out their blues performances. Artists like Jimmie Rodgers, the \"blue yodeler\", and Big Joe Turner, \"the Boss of the Blues\" compiled virtual encyclopedias of lyrics. Turner reputedly could sing the blues for hours without repeating himself. Traditional blues verses in folk-", "id": "14213756" }, { "contents": "Midwestern United States\n\n\nmusical style in the United States, deriving most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz, and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Freed's contribution in identifying rock as a new genre helped establish the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, located in Cleveland. Chuck Berry, a Midwesterner from St. Louis, was among the first successful rock and roll artists and influenced many other rock musicians", "id": "15016383" }, { "contents": "Classic female blues\n\n\nClassic female blues was an early form of blues music, popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues were performed by female singers accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles and were the first blues to be recorded. Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, Ethel Waters, and the other singers in this genre were instrumental in spreading the popularity of the blues. Blues, a type of black folk music originating in the American South, were", "id": "5621307" }, { "contents": "Southern soul\n\n\n\"Country soul\", \"Downhome soul\" and \"Hard soul\" have been used synonymously with \"Southern soul\" Pioneers of southern soul include: Georgia natives Ray Charles and James Brown; Little Willie John, Bobby \"Blue\" Bland, New Orleans R&B artist Allen Toussaint; and Memphis DJ Rufus Thomas. Southern soul was influenced by blues and gospel music. Southern soul was at its peak during the 1960s, when Memphis soul was created. In 1963, Stan Lewis founded Jewel Records in Shreveport, Louisiana, along", "id": "18765148" }, { "contents": "South Korea\n\n\n1992 marked a turning point for South Korean popular music, also known as K-pop, as the genre modernized itself from incorporating elements of popular musical genres from across the world such as Western popular music, experimental, jazz, gospel, Latin, classical, hip hop, rhythm and blues, electronic dance, reggae, country, folk, and rock on top of its uniquely traditional Korean music roots. Western-style pop, hip hop, rhythm and blues, rock, folk, electronic dance oriented acts have become", "id": "7248618" }, { "contents": "The Subdudes\n\n\nThe Subdudes (stylized as The subdudes) are an American roots rock group from New Orleans. Their music blends folk, swamp pop, New Orleans rhythm and blues, Louisiana blues, country, cajun/zydeco, funk, soul and gospel with harmonic vocals. Their sound is notable for the band's substitution of a tambourine player for a drummer. The subdudes formed in 1987 through a music venue in New Orleans called Tipitina's. The Subdudes often credit their songwriting to the group as a whole, although the primary songwriters", "id": "12289559" }, { "contents": "American rock\n\n\nAmerican rock has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, rhythm and blues, and country music, and also drew on folk music, jazz, blues, and classical music. American rock music was further influenced by the British Invasion of the American pop charts from 1964 and resulted in the development of garage rock. From the late 1960s and early 1970s, American rock music was highly influential in the development of a number of fusions, including blending with folk music to create folk rock, with blues to create blues", "id": "5254668" }, { "contents": "Richard Trice\n\n\nRichard Trice (November 16, 1917 – April 6, 2000) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles. He lived most of his life in his native North Carolina and played in its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. His family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Music was an interest in the family, and he learned to play the guitar at an", "id": "1811700" }, { "contents": "J. B. Lenoir\n\n\nJefferson, which became a major influence. During the early 1940s, Lenoir worked with the blues artists Sonny Boy Williamson II and Elmore James in New Orleans. He was later influenced by Arthur Crudup and Lightnin' Hopkins. In 1949, he moved to Chicago, where Big Bill Broonzy helped introduce him to the blues community. He began to perform at local nightclubs, with musicians such as Memphis Minnie, Big Maceo Merriweather, and Muddy Waters, and became an important part of the city's blues scene. He began recording", "id": "7041136" }, { "contents": "Bishop Dready Manning\n\n\ncotton, peanuts, and corn. Some of his uncles and cousins played blues guitar in the North Carolina Piedmont fashion. When Manning was seven years old, he began learning how to fingerpick guitar. His skills improved over time and by his teenage years Manning had earned a reputation as a master of blues guitar and harmonica. His style was influenced by Piedmont blues musicians such as Blind Boy Fuller, Brownie McGhee and Buddy Moss, and national stars like Lightnin' Hopkins, Jimmy Reed and Sonny Boy Williamson As a young bluesman", "id": "13727518" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nartists and their own performances. The visit of Muddy Waters in 1958 had a major impact on the duo and on the nature of British R&B in general. Initially British audiences were shocked by Waters's amplified electric blues, but he was soon playing to ecstatic crowds and receiving rave reviews. Where British blues had often emulated Delta blues and country blues in the emerging British folk revival, Davies and Korner, who had supported Waters on tour, now began to play high-powered electric blues, forming the band Blues Incorporated.", "id": "16087064" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\njump blues combo with honking saxophone and rolling piano, variously calling themselves Brownie McGhee and his Jook House Rockers or Sonny Terry and his Buckshot Five, often with Champion Jack Dupree and Big Chief Ellis. They also appeared in the original Broadway productions of \"Finian's Rainbow\" and \"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\". During the blues revival of the 1960s, Terry and McGhee were popular on the concert and music festival circuits, occasionally adding new material but usually remaining faithful to their roots and playing to the tastes of", "id": "4476037" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nelements of swing music and jazz in a long and prolific career. After World War II, amplified blues music became popular in American cities that had seen widespread African American migration, such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit, St. Louis, and the West Coast. The initial impulse was to be heard above the noise of lively rent parties. Playing in small venues, electric blues bands tended to remain modest in size compared with larger jazz bands. In its early stages electric blues typically used amplified electric guitars, double bass (", "id": "8151258" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe Beatles had brought African-American music to new audiences, both within the U.S. and abroad. However, the blues wave that brought artists such as Muddy Waters to the foreground had stopped. Bluesmen such as Big Bill Broonzy and Willie Dixon started looking for new markets in Europe. Dick Waterman and the blues festivals he organized in Europe played a major role in propagating blues music abroad. In the UK, bands emulated U.S. blues legends, and UK blues rock-based bands had an influential role throughout the 1960s. Blues", "id": "2951020" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\nThese drew on his studies with Rev. Davis and the other older blues artists and on his obsessive listening to old 78s. \"The Country Blues Guitar, Delta Blues, Texas Blues, Ragtime Blues Guitar\" and \"Rev. Gary Davis/Blues Guitar\" have remained in print through various editions. In the mid-1960s, Stefan Grossman recorded a number of cuts for Joe Bussard and his Frederick, Maryland-based Fonotone Records and performed at the Jabberwock coffeehouse in Berkeley under the nom du folk of \"Kid Future\". The origins", "id": "9236337" }, { "contents": "American Folk Blues Festival\n\n\nand they continued almost annually until 1972, after an eight-year hiatus reviving the festival in 1980 until its final performance in 1985. The concerts featured some of the leading blues artists of the 1960s, such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, Willie Dixon, John Lee Hooker and Sonny Boy Williamson, some playing in unique combinations such as T-Bone Walker playing guitar for pianist Memphis Slim, Otis Rush with Junior Wells, Sonny Boy Williamson with Muddy Waters. The Festival DVDs include the only known footage of Little", "id": "2225135" }, { "contents": "Checkin' Up on My Baby\n\n\n\"Checkin' Up on My Baby\" (or sometimes \"Checking On My Baby\") is a song recorded by Sonny Boy Williamson II in 1960 that has become a classic of the blues. The song was not released as a single, but was included on Williamson's \"The Real Folk Blues\" album released after his death in 1965. The song has been recorded by numerous blues and other artists, making it one of Williamson's most recorded songs. Williamson's namesake Sonny Boy Williamson I, also known as", "id": "10302292" }, { "contents": "History of modern Western subcultures\n\n\ncowboy songs (also known, in those days, as hillbilly music) were beginning to be more popular with a wider audience. A subculture of rural jazz and blues fans had mixed elements of jazz and blues into traditional cowboy and folk song styles to produce a crossover called western swing. Thanks to the prevalence of radio, this music spread across the United States in the 1940s. Radio was the first \"almost instantaneous\" mass media with the power to create large subcultures by spreading the ideas of small subcultures across a wide", "id": "19180987" }, { "contents": "Stefan Grossman\n\n\n\"one of the greatest exponents of fingerstyle blues and gospel guitar playing\"\" and \"\"an incredible genius as a teacher\"\". He spent countless hours learning and documenting Davis's music, recording much of it on a tape recorder, and developing a form of tablature to take down his teacher's instructions. In the folk and country blues revival of the 1960s he was listening to old recordings of artists such as Elizabeth Cotten, Big Bill Broonzy, Lead Belly, Josh White, Lightnin' Hopkins, Rev. Gary", "id": "9236332" }, { "contents": "Steel-string acoustic guitar\n\n\nundistorted and full-range reproduction. Until the 1960s, the predominant forms of music played on the flat-top, steel-string guitar remained relatively stable and included acoustic blues, country, bluegrass, folk, and several genres of rock. The concept of playing solo steel-string guitar in a concert setting was introduced in the early 1960s by such performers as Davey Graham and John Fahey, who used country blues fingerpicking techniques to compose original compositions with structures somewhat like European classical music. Fahey contemporary Robbie Basho added elements", "id": "2024699" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nmusic. The music of the civil rights movement and Free Speech Movement in the U.S. prompted a resurgence of interest in American roots music and early African American music. As well festivals such as the Newport Folk Festival brought traditional blues to a new audience, which helped to revive interest in prewar acoustic blues and performers such as Son House, Mississippi John Hurt, Skip James, and Reverend Gary Davis. Many compilations of classic prewar blues were republished by the Yazoo Records. J. B. Lenoir from the Chicago blues movement in the 1950s", "id": "2951023" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nperformers such as Little Walter or Muddy Waters. Songs from this genre include \"Scratch my Back\", \"She's Tough\" and \"I'm a King Bee\". Alan Lomax's recordings of Mississippi Fred McDowell would eventually bring him wider attention on both the blues and folk circuit, with McDowell's droning style influencing North Mississippi hill country blues musicians. By the beginning of the 1960s, genres influenced by African American music such as rock and roll and soul were part of mainstream popular music. White performers such as", "id": "2951019" }, { "contents": "British rhythm and blues\n\n\nmore exclusively English folk clubs. The more traditional American folk blues continued to provide 1960s British groups with material, particularly after the emergence of Bob Dylan, who also popularised folk blues songs. In 1964, for example, the song-catalogue of Lead Belly provided the Animals with \"The House of the Rising Sun\", Manfred Mann with \"John Hardy\" and the Four Pennies with \"Black Girl\". British acoustic blues continued to develop as part of the folk scene. In the early 1960s, folk guitar pioneers", "id": "16087061" }, { "contents": "Willie Trice\n\n\nWilliam Augusta Trice (February 10, 1908 – December 11, 1976) was an American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. He released two singles and an album. He remained loyal to his native North Carolina and its regional blues style, often referred to as Piedmont blues, East Coast blues, or more generally country blues. Trice was born in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, probably in 1908; some sources state 1910 or 1911. The family had moved to Raleigh by 1920. Both of Trice’s parents played music", "id": "1573260" }, { "contents": "Rock and roll\n\n\nstyles such as jazz and swing which were taken up by white musicians, aided this process of \"cultural collision\". The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called \"race music\", and country music of the 1940s and 1950s. Particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. Commentators differ in their views of which of these forms were most important and the degree to which the new music was a re-branding of African-American rhythm and", "id": "5601387" }, { "contents": "Piedmont blues\n\n\nPiedmont blues (also known as East Coast, or Southeastern blues) refers primarily to a guitar style, the Piedmont fingerstyle, which is characterized by a fingerpicking approach in which a regular, alternating thumb bass string rhythmic pattern supports a syncopated melody using the treble strings generally picked with the fore-finger, occasionally others. The result is comparable in sound to ragtime or stride piano styles. Blues researcher Peter B. Lowry coined the term, giving co-credit to fellow folklorist Bruce Bastin. The Piedmont style is differentiated from other", "id": "8150344" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nand the generalization of the blues beat, the blues shuffle, which became ubiquitous in R&B. This commercial stream had important consequences for blues music, which, together with jazz and gospel music, became a component of R&B. After World War II, new styles of electric blues became popular in cities such as Chicago, Memphis, Detroit and St. Louis. Electric blues used electric guitars, double bass (gradually replaced by bass guitar), drums, and harmonica (or \"blues harp\") played through a microphone and a PA", "id": "2951010" }, { "contents": "New Orleans blues\n\n\nblues is primarily driven by piano and horn, enlivened by Caribbean rhythms and Dixieland music. It is generally cheerful in delivery regardless of the subject matter, with a laid back tempo and complex rhythms falling just behind the beat. Vocals range from laid-back crooning to full-throated gospel shouting. New Orleans is generally credited as the birthplace of jazz music, but has attracted less attention as a center of the blues. The 12 bar blues were well known in the city before most of the rest of the country.", "id": "20252986" }, { "contents": "Michael Roach (musician)\n\n\n2003, Roach presented \"Deep Blue\", a three part series on blues music featured on BBC Radio 4. In 2006 he released an instructional DVD, \"Introduction to Country Blues Guitar\". Roach's tours as an educator and performer have taken him to the Augusta Heritage Center (US), Centrum Piedmont Blues Intensive (US), The Ironworks (UK) and the Smithsonian Institution (US). He has performed and lectured at blues, jazz, folk and roots music festivals in Croatia, Czech Republic,", "id": "14072779" }, { "contents": "Texas blues\n\n\nmoved to Chicago as a teenager. His instrumental number \"Hide Away\" (1961), was emulated by British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments such as keyboards and horns with emphasis on guitar soloing. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles.", "id": "12084292" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nhip hop music, reggae, rap, country music, and pop music, blues has been accused of being the \"devil's music\" and of inciting violence and other poor behavior. In the early 20th century, the blues was considered disreputable, especially as white audiences began listening to the blues during the 1920s. In the early twentieth century, W.C. Handy was the first to popularize blues-influenced music among non-black Americans. During the blues revival of the 1960s and '70s, acoustic blues artist Taj Mahal", "id": "2951049" }, { "contents": "Blues fiddle\n\n\nchances for frontline fiddlers to participate. Another reason for the violin's exclusion in post war blues was that it could not be effectively electrified. When artists migrated to the industrial centers from the Mississippi delta and rural south, they found a way to do so, but African-American music later mostly abandoned the instrument. Many blues guitar greats, such as Lonnie Johnson and Big Bill Broonzy, made early recordings on the violin. They are among the most-represented artists in the canon. The connection between guitar and violin", "id": "20387501" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\nin the 1950s, led by singer Mahalia Jackson. The blues genre experienced major revivals in the 1950s with Chicago blues musicians such as Muddy Waters and Little Walter, as well as in the 1960s in the British Invasion and American folk music revival when country blues musicians like Mississippi John Hurt and Reverend Gary Davis were rediscovered. The seminal blues musicians of these periods had tremendous influence on rock musicians such as Chuck Berry in the 1950s, as well as on the British blues and blues rock scenes of the 1960s and 1970s, including", "id": "7216667" }, { "contents": "Sugar Mama (song)\n\n\n\"Sugar Mama\" or \"Sugar Mama Blues\" is a song that is a standard of the blues. Called a \"tautly powerful slow blues\" by music journalist Charles Shaar Murray, it has been recorded by numerous artists, including early Chicago bluesmen Tampa Red, Sonny Boy Williamson I, and Tommy McClennan. John Lee Hooker and Howlin' Wolf later adapted \"Sugar Mama\" for electric blues and rock group Led Zeppelin reworked it during early recording sessions. Country bluesman Yank Rachell recorded \"Sugar Farm Blues\" February 6", "id": "15139181" }, { "contents": "Nathan Beauregard\n\n\nwith minor talent make a fortune as a recording artist while he himself was not offered such a chance. During the folk and blues revival of the 1960s Beauregard was \"discovered\" in Memphis by Bill Barth, who convinced him to work as a musician again. In the short time between his \"discovery\" in 1968 and his death in 1970, he played at various folk and blues festivals (e.g. the 1968 Memphis Country Blues Festival, which has been recorded on the Sire and Blue Horizon labels) and on a number", "id": "5223148" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nthe California blues style, performed a successful transition from the early urban blues à la Lonnie Johnson and Leroy Carr to the jump blues style and dominated the blues-jazz scene at Los Angeles during the 1940s. The transition from country blues to urban blues that began in the 1920s was driven by the successive waves of economic crisis and booms which led many rural blacks to move to urban areas, in a movement known as the Great Migration. The long boom following World War II induced another massive migration of the African-American", "id": "2951008" }, { "contents": "Women in music\n\n\nboys only club. Chinese idol girl groups have also recently achieved significant success, with C-pop groups like SNH48 and Rocket Girls 101, with the later selling over 1.6 million copies of their debut EP in 2018. Classic female blues was an early form of blues music popular in the 1920s. An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music, the style is also known as vaudeville blues. Classic blues songs performed by female vocalists were accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles, and were the first blues to be", "id": "22079994" }, { "contents": "Origins of rock and roll\n\n\nRock and roll emerged as a defined musical style in the United States in the early to mid-1950s. It derived most directly from the rhythm and blues music of the 1940s, which itself developed from earlier blues, boogie woogie, jazz and swing music, and was also influenced by gospel, country and western, and traditional folk music. Rock and roll in turn provided the main basis for the music that, since the mid-1960s, has been generally known simply as rock music. The phrase \"rocking and rolling\" originally described", "id": "5254840" }, { "contents": "Warner Williams and Jay Summerour\n\n\nWarner Williams and Jay Summerour are an American folk duo, who perform under the name Little Bit A Blues. They have played at numerous folk and blues festivals and at concerts at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. They are known for playing in the Piedmont blues style, a regional variant of the blues that developed in North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland and West Virginia. Williams and Summerour have been playing music together under the name of Little Bit A Blues since the early 1990s. During their tenure together,", "id": "20240347" }, { "contents": "American popular music\n\n\n—e.g., minorities or rural audiences. Beginning in the 1920s and accelerating greatly in the 1940s, the blues began rapidly diversifying into a broad spectrum of new styles. These included an uptempo, energetic style called rhythm and blues (R&B), a merger of blues and Anglo-Celtic song called country music and the fusion of hymns and spirituals with blues structures called gospel music. Later than these other styles, in the 1940s, a blues, R&B and country fusion eventually called rock and roll developed, eventually coming", "id": "6698779" }, { "contents": "1940s in music\n\n\ncalled \"folk\" in the trades, and \"hillbilly\" within the industry. In 1944, \"The Billboard\" replaced the term \"hillbilly\" with \"folk songs and blues,\" and switched to \"country\" or \"country and Western\" in 1949. But while cowboy and Western music were the most popular styles, a new style – honky tonk – would take root and define the genre of country music for decades to come. The style meshed Western swing and blues music; featured rough, nasal vocals", "id": "12815195" }, { "contents": "Delta blues\n\n\n, salvation and death. Several blues musicians were imprisoned in the Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman Farm, which is referred to in songs such as Bukka White's \"Parchman Farm Blues\" and the folk song \"Midnight Special\". In big-city blues, women singers such as Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith and Mamie Smith dominated the recordings of the 1920s. However, women rarely recorded Delta blues and other rural or folk-style blues. In Delta blues female performers often had some romantic connection to more notable male performers", "id": "7794025" }, { "contents": "The Sky Is Crying (song)\n\n\nThe Sky Is Crying\" has been interpreted and recorded by many blues and other artists. In 1963, blues harmonica player and singer Sonny Boy Williamson II recorded the song as a country blues-style duet with Matt Murphy on acoustic guitar for his \"Keep It to Ourselves\" album. In 1964, Eric Clapton with The Yardbirds recorded a live slow blues which included a couple of lines from \"The Sky Is Crying\" (\"Blueswailing July '64 (Live)\"). In 1966, with Jeff Beck on", "id": "3146914" }, { "contents": "BeauSoleil\n\n\n, rhythm, and lyrics of Louisiana folk music, incorporating elements of rock and roll, jazz, blues, calypso, and other genres in original compositions and reworkings of traditional tunes. Lyrics on BeauSoleil recordings are sung in English or Cajun French (and sometimes both in one song). According to the band's web site, BeauSoleil's musicians \"take the rich Cajun traditions of Louisiana and artfully blend elements of zydeco, New Orleans jazz, Tex-Mex, country, blues and more into a satisfying musical recipe.", "id": "9860218" }, { "contents": "Music of the United States\n\n\n. The origins of country are in rural Southern folk music, which was primarily Irish and British, with African and continental European musics. Anglo-Celtic tunes, dance music, and balladry were the earliest predecessors of modern country, then known as \"hillbilly music\". Early hillbilly also borrowed elements of the blues and drew upon more aspects of 19th-century pop songs as hillbilly music evolved into a commercial genre eventually known as \"country and western\" and then simply \"country\". The earliest country instrumentation revolved around", "id": "7216674" }, { "contents": "Blues\n\n\nelements from the \"Ethiopian airs\", minstrel shows and Negro spirituals, including instrumental and harmonic accompaniment. The style also was closely related to ragtime, which developed at about the same time, though the blues better preserved \"the original melodic patterns of African music\". The musical forms and styles that are now considered the blues as well as modern country music arose in the same regions of the southern United States during the 19th century. Recorded blues and country music can be found as far back as the 1920s, when", "id": "2950988" }, { "contents": "Organ Thieves\n\n\nPrimate Sanctuary. The band's musical style is unique and although the music is mainly considered hard rock, southern rock and reggae rock, the band like to call themselves \"experimental-soul-rock\". The band's music takes influences from various genres including reggae, soul, country, blues, rhythm and blues, folk, rock and roll, punk, heavy metal, southern rock and more, as stated by the band that they are not limited to any genre and are willing to experiment everything.br They are also", "id": "3590626" }, { "contents": "African-American music\n\n\nstructure of the dance and folk music of peoples across western and sub-Saharan Africa. These musical forms had a wide-ranging influence on the development of music within the United States and around the world during the 20th century. The modern genres of blues and ragtime were developed during the late 19th century by fusing West African vocalizations - which employed the natural harmonic series, and blue notes. The earliest jazz and blues recordings were made in the 1920s. African-American musicians developed related styles such as Rhythm and Blues in", "id": "13306674" }, { "contents": "Brownie McGhee\n\n\nWalter Brown \"Brownie\" McGhee (November 30, 1915 – February 16, 1996) was an African-American folk music and Piedmont blues singer and guitarist, best known for his collaboration with the harmonica player Sonny Terry. McGhee was born in Knoxville, Tennessee, and grew up in Kingsport, Tennessee. At about the age of four he contracted polio, which incapacitated his right leg. His brother Granville \"Sticks\"(or \"Stick\") McGhee, who also later became a musician and composed the famous song \"Drinkin'", "id": "4476033" }, { "contents": "Clarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown\n\n\nClarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown (April 18, 1924 – September 10, 2005) was an American musician from Louisiana and Texas known for his work as a blues musician, as well as other styles of music. He spent his career fighting purism by synthesizing old blues, country, jazz, Cajun music and R&B styles. His work also encompasses rock and roll, rock music, folk music, electric blues, and Texas blues. He was an acclaimed multi-instrumentalist, who played an array of musical instruments, including", "id": "15961748" }, { "contents": "Electric blues\n\n\nby British blues artists including Eric Clapton. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the Texas electric blues scene began to flourish, influenced by country music and blues rock, particularly in the clubs of Austin. The diverse style often featured instruments like keyboards and horns, but placed particular emphasis on powerful lead guitar breaks. The most prominent artists to emerge in this era were the brothers Johnny and Edgar Winter, who combined traditional and southern styles. In the 1970s Jimmie formed the Fabulous Thunderbirds and in the 1980s his brother Stevie Ray", "id": "8151279" } ]

[ { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nthe 6–8 defeat by New South Wales at Sydney on 7 August 1922, and scored a penalty in the 45–11 victory over Manawatu-Wellington XV at Palmerston North on 16 August 1922 but never played a Test match for New Zealand. In 1923 Fitzgerald moved to Christchurch, joining the Marist Old Boys club. However the club was expelled from the Canterbury Rugby Union in April 1924 and Fitzgerald followed to club to rugby league. Fitzgerald excelled in rugby league and in his debut year he made the national side, playing in two Test", "id": "13539549" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nhe lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Jim O'Brien. Fitzgerald played for the South Island in 1922, scoring a try in the inter-island match. Following this he was selected for New Zealand, playing in five matches on a tour of New Zealand and Australia. Fitzgerald represented New Zealand (RU) in the 12–11 victory over Wairarapa at Carterton on 19 July 1922, the 26–19 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on 29 July 1922, the 24–6 victory over Metropolitan Union at Sydney on 2 August 1922,", "id": "13539548" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nCharles James Fitzgerald (6 June 1899, in Fairhall – 8 May 1961, in Awatere Valley) was a New Zealand dual-code international rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Fitzgerald was a utility back in both codes. Fitzgerald represented Marlborough between 1917 and 1921, appearing for the union in every backline position except fullback. He played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks kicking a penalty goal in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game", "id": "13539547" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nAndrew James \"Jim\" O'Brien (1897–1969) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. O'Brien began his career playing rugby union for Marlborough between 1919 and 1921. He also played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game he lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Charles Fitzgerald. In 1922 he moved north to Auckland, joining the Grafton club. He immediately was selected for the", "id": "13908850" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nNorth Island side and subsequently the All Blacks tour of New Zealand and South Wales. He finished the tour having played in 3 games and scored one try. Returning to Auckland, O’Brien played his first game for the union late in the 1922 season. In 1923 he played five games for Auckland. O'Brien switched to rugby league in 1924, joining Marist in the Auckland Rugby League competition. He played for Auckland and made the New Zealand national rugby league team for three tests against the touring Great Britain Lions side that year.", "id": "13908851" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\nLouis Charles Petersen (19 April 1897 – 25 June 1961) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Petersen served with the New Zealand Expeditionary Force in World War I and it was here that he developed his football skills, playing for the \"Trench team\". Petersen began his career with the Marist Old Boys club in Christchurch and in 1919 was first selected to represent Canterbury. He made the South Island side in 1919, 1920 and 1921. In 1922 Petersen was", "id": "14015995" }, { "contents": "Jim Craig (rugby league)\n\n\nversatility was such that he was selected at hooker for a match on tour of New Zealand in 1919. Graig first represented for New South Wales against a touring English side in 1920. He was selected on the 1921–22 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and made his Test debut in the first Test at Leeds. He appeared in 23 minor tour matches notching a total of 58 points as a try scorer and goal kicker. Following his Kangaroo Tour representative appearances in 1922 he played a season with the University club in Sydney. In 1923", "id": "6542629" }, { "contents": "Albert Johnston (rugby league)\n\n\nclub seasons of 1921 and 1922. In 1912 he was selected in a Sydney Metropolis side. In 1913 he was in a New South Wales touring squad to New Zealand as half-back but was kept out of the major matches by the form of his peer Arthur Halloway. He captained New South Wales in some 1918 games and then made his Australian Test debut in 1919 on Australia's tour of New Zealand. He scored a try on debut assisting Australia to a 44-21 victory. With tour captain Halloway unfit for", "id": "9752107" }, { "contents": "Percy Hickey\n\n\nPercival \"Percy\" Hubert Hickey (28 April 1899 – 21 December 1943) was a New Zealand rugby union player who represented the All Blacks in 1922. His position of choice was wing three-quarter. Hickey was born in Rahotu in 1899. He made the provincial side in 1919. He was selected for the North against South Island match in 1922. He scored a try. He was then selected for the national side on their tour of New South Wales. Hickey played in two of the possible five matches.", "id": "3545214" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1922 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the tenth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales Selection, and NSW won the 3 match series 2–1. In", "id": "13453802" }, { "contents": "Billy Sheehan (rugby union)\n\n\ntop Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of their 1920s fixtures played against full international opposition were decreed in 1986 as official Test matches, including the three of Sheehan's 1921 debut and fifteen other appearances he would make over the next six years. In 1922 he appeared in all three Test in Sydney against the visiting All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Sheehan played all of the three match series in which the Waratahs were undefeated. On the 1923 tour of New Zealand and", "id": "5401479" }, { "contents": "Les Steel\n\n\nLeslie William Steel (1900 – 28 April 1966) was a rugby league footballer in Australia's major competition, the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL). Steel played over 100 matches for his club side, Eastern Suburbs in the years (1922–29). A Winger, Steel was a try scorer in Easts 1923 premiership victory. In 1922 Steel was selected to represent New South Wales. Following his football career, Steel spent many years as an official of the Eastern Suburbs club. He died at Hurstville, New South", "id": "20482633" }, { "contents": "Jim Bacon (rugby)\n\n\nLions tour of Australasia. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Leeds in 1920 against Australia (3 matches), and New Zealand (3 matches), in 1921 against Australia (2 matches), in 1922 against Australia, in 1924 against Australia, and in 1927 against New Zealand. From 1921 until 1927 he also represented Wales, winning six caps, all against England, including 1-victory, and 5-defeats. Bacon played left-, i.e. number 4 and scored 2-tries in Leeds' 11–3 victory over Dewsbury", "id": "5182427" }, { "contents": "Karl Ifwersen\n\n\nrep team, captaining the combined Auckland-North Auckland side against South Africa in his first game back and scoring the only try. Ifwersen played in one test match for the All Blacks during the 1921 South Africa tour of the country. Ifwersen continued to play for Auckland between 1922 and 1938. Ifwersen died in Auckland on 19 May 1967, having suffered considerably from football injuries during his old age. Ifwersen was inducted into the New Zealand Rugby League's Legends of League in 2000. He was the first New Zealander to represent", "id": "14118993" }, { "contents": "New Zealand national rugby union team\n\n\nThomas Ellison captained team won nine of their ten matches. The following year New Zealand played its first home \"international\" game, losing 8–6 to New South Wales. The team's first true test match occurred against Australia on 15 August 1903 at the Sydney Cricket Ground in front of over 30,000 spectators, and resulted in a 22–3 victory. A representative New Zealand team first toured the British Isles in 1905. The side is now known as the \"Originals\", as the \"All Blacks\" name emerged during this tour", "id": "20449805" }, { "contents": "Wilson Hall (rugby league)\n\n\nA. Wilson Hall was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s and 1930s who represented New Zealand and later played at club level in England for Castleford. From the Ngaruawahia club, Wilson Hall represented South Auckland in 1922. He was a half for South Auckland and the North Island in 1925. In 1926 he moved to Christchurch. Wilson Hall then represented the Hornby club, Canterbury and the South Island. He was selected for New Zealand's tour of Great Britain in 1926. He played in two test matches", "id": "20659026" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\nwas selected to tour New Zealand. He played in seven matches on tour including the Waratah's Test victory. He made representative appearances in 1922 against the New Zealand Maori and the All Blacks, played in three Tests against them in 1924 and in five matches against them in 1925. The 3rd test of 1925 played on 23 June at the Sydney Showground was Fox's sole appearance as the national captain. He was solid in further Test appearances against New Zealand in 1926 He was a tremendous lineout forward and one of the senior", "id": "9169857" }, { "contents": "Dai Fitzgerald\n\n\nDavid \"Dai\" Fitzgerald (1872 – 30 November 1951) was a Welsh rugby centre who played club rugby under the union code for Cardiff, and later switched to professional rugby league team Batley (captain). He played international rugby union for Wales winning two caps, and in his first match for Wales scored all the points in a victory over Scotland. Fitzgerald first played rugby in Cardiff for the now defunct club, St. Davids, one of several Welsh teams built around Catholic churches. He switched to first class club", "id": "18632594" }, { "contents": "Bruce Gall\n\n\nBruce Gall is a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Gall played in the Taranaki Rugby League and represented Taranaki. In 1976 Gall played for the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. In 1979 he played for the Central Districts side that won the Inter-Districts competition. He was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team on the 1980 tour of Great Britain and France. Gall did not play in a test match but did play in 8 games for the Kiwis, scoring 3 tries.", "id": "18658371" }, { "contents": "Shaun Foley\n\n\nShaun Foley (born 29 August 1986 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia) is an Australian rugby union player and a former member of the National Rugby League's (NRL) Sydney Roosters squad. Foley played in the Australian Schoolboys Rugby Union team that lost to New Zealand 21-16 in 2004. Foley scored all 16 points for the Australian team. Foley joined NRL side the Sydney Roosters in 2006, playing 7 games and scoring 6 tries. He scored two tries in the Roosters 40-20 victory over the", "id": "3276301" }, { "contents": "Sam Lowrie\n\n\nSamuel Arthur \"Sam\" Lowrie was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. His grandnephew, Jason Lowrie, also represented New Zealand in rugby league. Lowrie played for the Ponsonby club in the Auckland Rugby League competition. In 1919 Lowrie played for Auckland and was first selected to represent New Zealand, playing in three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1922 Lowrie toured Australia, with the New Zealand Māori rugby league team. Lowrie was named Ponsonby's best forward in 1923. He again played for", "id": "21879456" }, { "contents": "Arthur Kay (rugby league)\n\n\nArthur Geig Kay was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Kay represented Auckland and was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1935. He played in all three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1936 he played in two matches against the touring Great Britain team and played in his final test match in New Zealand's 16-15 victory over Australia at Carlaw Park on 14 August 1937. He was selected to tour Great Britain and France in 1939 but the tour was abandoned due to the", "id": "13813701" }, { "contents": "Percy Williams (New Zealand rugby league player)\n\n\nPercy Williams was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Williams originally played rugby union and represented Auckland. Williams played for Wigan for three seasons between 1910/11 to 1912/13. During this time he played in 111 matches for the club in the Lancashire League, including in the 1911 Challenge Cup Final loss. In 1913 he was called into the New Zealand squad, joining them midway through their tour of Australia. Williams was said to be instrumental in New Zealand's 17-11 upset victory over New South Wales.", "id": "14326389" }, { "contents": "Johnnie Wallace\n\n\nthe club's first Wallaby representative. His potential was obvious and in 1921 he was selected in the New South Wales side picked to tour New Zealand. He played in five of the ten tour matches including the September 1921 fixture against a New Zealand XV which is now regarded as a Test match. With no Queensland Rugby Union administration or competition in place from 1919 to 1929, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of the fixtures of 1920s which were played against", "id": "7506396" }, { "contents": "Jack Forrest (rugby league)\n\n\nJohn Alexander \"Jack\" Forrest (24 February 1924 – 26 February 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 12 international matches between 1947 and 1952. His cousin Jonas Masters also played rugby league for New Zealand. Forrest played in the West Coast Rugby League competition for Runanga and represented both the West Coast and the South Island. He played in 42 matches, 12 of which were test matches, for the New Zealand national rugby league team, including matches against the 1951 touring French side and", "id": "18556717" }, { "contents": "Pat Devery\n\n\n, New South Wales on 9 August 1922. A Tumbulgum junior, he played football in the Brisbane Rugby League for Fortitude Valley. Devery was then discovered by coach of Sydney's Balmain club Latchem Robinson while playing football in The Domain, Sydney as a sailor in the Royal Australian Navy during the war. Devery played for Balmain at halfback in the 1944 NSWRFL season's premiership final, scoring a try in his side's victory over Newtown. Devery also represented Sydney on 6 occasions, New South Wales on 2 occasions between 1946–1947", "id": "14526725" }, { "contents": "Charles Kingstone\n\n\nCharles Napoleon \"Nipper\" Kingstone (2 July 1895 – 6 May 1960) was a New Zealand sportsman who played international rugby union for New Zealand. He was also a first-class cricketer. A fullback, Kingstone played all three of his Tests during South Africa's 1921 tour of New Zealand. He was injured in a motor accident in 1922 and didn't play again for New Zealand. Kingstone played just one first-class cricket match. He represented a team called the \"Rest of New Zealand\" in a", "id": "8516640" }, { "contents": "Dougie McGregor\n\n\nAlwin John \"Dougie\" McGregor (1889–1963) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. McGregor played rugby union for the Karangahake club in the Goldfields sub-union competition in 1908. The following year he moved to Auckland, joining the Ponsonby club. McGregor represented Auckland and the North Island that same year. In 1913 McGregor was picked in the New Zealand squad for their North America tour and played in 11 games during the tour, including Test matches against Australia and", "id": "14128313" }, { "contents": "1893 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1893 New Zealand tour rugby to Australia was the second tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. Ten matches were played against regional and district sides, but no Test matches were played. It was first tour arranged by New Zealand Rugby Football Union which was founded the year before. The only previous New Zealand national team was the side that toured New South Wales in 1884. Immediately before departing for Sydney, the tourists played a match against a \"Combined XV\" in Wellington, which New Zealand won", "id": "14310646" }, { "contents": "Australasia rugby league team\n\n\nThe Australasian rugby league team (or the Kangaroos) represented Australia and New Zealand in rugby league sporadically between 1910 and 1922. Administered by the New South Wales Rugby League, appearances for the team were counted towards the Australian team's records and playing register but not the New Zealand team's. The team toured Great Britain twice, participating in two Ashes series, and also played Great Britain twice in Sydney. The Australasian side first played in 1910. After Great Britain had defeated Australia in two Test matches it was decided that", "id": "15931608" }, { "contents": "George Dickinson\n\n\nChurch in Dunedin. While at Otago Boys' High School, Dickinson played as a five-eighth in the school's 1st XV rugby team between 1918 and 1921. He made his debut for the All Blacks in 1922 on their tour of New South Wales, playing five matches and scoring three tries. He went on to play 12 matches for between 1922 and 1924, scoring five tries, 11 conversions and one penalty goal. Dickinson also played for the South Island in 1922. He retired from first-class rugby at", "id": "2808375" }, { "contents": "Alexander Kirkpatrick (rugby union)\n\n\nAlexander Kirkpatrick (4 October 1898 – 25 August 1971) was an All Blacks rugby union player from New Zealand. He was a hooker. He played 12 matches for the All Blacks in1925-26 against Australia (New South Wales), scoring 6 points (2 tries). He was a member of the Hastings club and captained the Hawke’s Bay Region to take the Ranfurly Shield off Wellington in 1922; and appeared in 22 of the 24 successful defences (more than any other player). In 1952-56", "id": "16723938" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nClaud Augustus O'Donnell (30 January 1886 – 4 August 1953) was an Australian rugby union and rugby league player and represented his country at both sports as a dual-code rugby international. O'Donnell played rugby union with the Glebe club in inner city Sydney. He made his representative debut for New South Wales in 1912 and the following year made two Test appearances as hooker for the Wallabies against the All Blacks in the 1913 tour of New Zealand. Switching to rugby league O'Donnell joined the Glebe Dirty Reds in 1915 and had three", "id": "1170779" }, { "contents": "Wally O'Connell\n\n\nand played 80 games. His first representative match was for City New South Wales in 1943. On 18 June 1945 a Sydney rugby league team featuring O'Connell travelled to Newcastle to play against their representative team and were defeated 27-26. He was the Roosters' pivot in their 1945 premiership final victory over Balmain. With senior representative matches canceled during WWII O'Connell didn't make his Test debut until 1948 against New Zealand in Sydney.He was selected for the 1948-49 Kangaroo Tour and played in five Tests and 16 minor", "id": "14384862" }, { "contents": "Mawene Hiroti\n\n\nMawene Hiroti (born 6 March 1999) is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who plays as a or er for the South Sydney Rabbitohs in the NRL. Hiroti was born in Taranaki, New Zealand. He has represented the Australian Schoolboys rugby league team and the New Zealand Under 18s. Forged his career playing for New Plymouth Old Boys under 11s 12s and 13s - winning Taranaki Premiership every year. Mawene scoring 50 percent of all tries. He played for the Rabbitohs in their pre-season 18-8 victory over English", "id": "14480103" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\n) for British Empire XIII, and at club level for Streatham and Mitcham and Halifax (Heritage № 437), as a , or , i.e. number 2 or 5, or, 3 or 4. Smith represented New Zealand (RU) in the 16–13 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on Monday 6 August 1934, and scored a try in the 35–3 victory over Newcastle at Newcastle, New South Wales on Wednesday 22 August 1934, but was not selected for the 1935–36 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland", "id": "11805488" }, { "contents": "Jim Rukutai\n\n\nNew Zealand played matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Rukutai coached New Zealand during their 1921 tour of Australia. He remains New Zealand's youngest ever national coach. He also coached New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1937. In 1937 he coached the New Zealand Māori to an upset win over Australia. In 1932 Rukutai served on the Auckland Rugby League board as the Clubs' delegate. He then served as the first chairman of the New Zealand Māori Rugby League Board when it was formed in 1934. Rukutai died at his", "id": "1899959" }, { "contents": "Greg Davis (rugby)\n\n\nand there joined the Drummoyne Rugby Club Davis was immediately selected for both New South Wales and Australia in his first year in Sydney. He debuted in a Sydney Test match against England in June 1963 and the following month was selected in the squad for the 1963 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa. He played in all four Test matches of the tied series and in ten other tour matches. The next year he made the 1964 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand playing in seven of the eight matches including all three Tests", "id": "3641367" }, { "contents": "Bill Kelly (rugby league)\n\n\n, Kelly played first class rugby union for Buller when he was 18 and later represented Wellington. Kelly switched to rugby league with the launch of the Wellington Rugby League competition in 1912 and played for Athletic in their grand final loss to Petone. He became a Wellington representative and toured Australia in 1912 and 1913 with the New Zealand national side. No test matches were played with the Kiwis meeting New South Wales and Queensland and a number of regional sides. He played in Wellingtons 1913 victory over Auckland. He joined the Balmain Tigers", "id": "146975" }, { "contents": "1929 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\nThe 1929 New Zealand rugby league season was the 22nd season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand. New Zealand played in no international matches in 1929. The New South Wales Rugby Football League's South Sydney Rabbitohs toured the country late in the season. They played two matches against Marist, with both sides securing one win. South Sydney also defeated Huntly. Souths were without five Kangaroos who were on a tour of Great Britain. Marist won the first match 10-9 at Carlaw Park while Souths won the", "id": "3198729" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\ndue to a row over the eligibility of three players. They instead joined the Rugby League and the Football Association. Marist spent just seven seasons in the Canterbury Rugby League but won three titles, in 1924, 1925 and 1928. In 1924 they produced six New Zealand internationals; Bill Devine, Charles Fitzgerald, Ted Fitzgerald, Terry Gilroy, Harry Mullins and Lou Petersen. Jim Amos also switched codes with Marist but played in their lower divisions. Greymouth Marist joined the West Coast Rugby League in support of Christchurch Marist. The", "id": "3198709" }, { "contents": "Charles Webb (rugby league)\n\n\nCharles Webb was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand . A halfback from the Ponsonby United club, Webb also represented Auckland. In 1912, Webb toured Australia with New Zealand. The side played in matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Later that same year, New South Wales made a return tour to New Zealand. Webb captained the New Zealand side that played against them, losing 10-18. He also played in two matches for Auckland against the touring Blues side. Webb was selected for the", "id": "14418029" }, { "contents": "David Evans (rugby)\n\n\nDavid \"Dave\" Alexander Evans (4 October 1886 – 12 October 1940) was a New Zealand dual-code international who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Evans began his career playing rugby union and represented Hawke's Bay 19 times from 1906. He made the 1910 New Zealand tour of Australia and played in the 0–11 Test defeat by Australia at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 27 June 1910, becoming the Hawke's Bay's third representative. While in Australia Evans had been impressed by the rugby league", "id": "13088290" }, { "contents": "Bill Cunningham (rugby union)\n\n\nFootball Union. He was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1901, and played against Wellington and the New South Wales team that was touring New Zealand at the time. Both matches were comfortably won, with the tourists defeated 20–3. Cunningham played his first of four matches for Auckland against international opposition, against the same New South Wales side a week later, with his Auckland team winning 24–3. Cunningham moved to Auckland in 1902, and played his club rugby for City, before joining Ponsonby the following season. He", "id": "17185617" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\nWilliam Robert \"Bill\" Hardcastle (30 August 1874 – 11 July 1944) born in Wellington, New Zealand was a pioneer New Zealand and Australian rugby union player and an Australian rugby league footballer. He represented both countries in union and Australia in league. He was one of the first dual-code rugby internationals. Hardcastle commenced his club rugby in New Zealand with Petone and represented for Wellington from 1895 to 1897. He joined the Melrose club in 1897 and was selected in a North Island representative side from where he was", "id": "802015" }, { "contents": "Steve Skinnon\n\n\nSteve Skinnon (born 27 November 1976) is a New Zealand rugby footballer who played rugby union for Wellington and Hawkes Bay in the National Provincial Championship and rugby league for the Sydney Roosters and South Sydney Rabbitohs in the National Rugby League. He represented his country in both codes at a junior level. Skinnon started his career in rugby union and represented the New Zealand under 19 side in 1994 from Wellington College, playing at second five eighth. He switched codes to rugby league in 1995 and was picked to play for the Junior", "id": "2628332" }, { "contents": "Jim Wylie\n\n\nJames Thomas Wylie (26 October 1887 – 19 December 1956) was a New Zealand rugby union player, who represented both the country of his birth and Australia. He went on to coach the Stanford University rugby team for over 30 years from 1917. Born in Galatea in 1887, Wylie was a tall man at , and played as a loose forward. He first represented in 1910, playing six matches, before moving to Sydney for the next two years. There he made four appearances for New South Wales against Queensland,", "id": "12170928" }, { "contents": "Edward Baird (rugby league)\n\n\nNorthern Union\" style of rugby, taking on Albert Baskerville's New Zealand All Golds on their inaugural tour. Baird played as a reserve as the Queenslanders lost the historic match 34–12. He went on to make another appearance against New Zealand and two against New South Wales. When the New Zealand team came back on the return leg of their tour, they played three Test matches against the first Australian representative sides ever selected. The first Test was played in Sydney on 9 May 1908 with the Kiwis prevailing. On 30 May", "id": "17722972" }, { "contents": "Bob Aynsley\n\n\nRobert Aynsley (5 January 1922 – 12 October 2012) was a New Zealand rugby league player. He played five test matches for the New Zealand national rugby league team. Aynsley played for Blackball and represented the West Coast and the South Island before first being selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1946. He played in five test matches, his last in 1949. He played in 15 tour games on the 1947–1948 tour of Great Britain and France. After retirement, Aynsley was a referee from 1953 to 1960", "id": "5310628" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\ninterest in rugby union in Sydney following WWI. In 1920 he appeared three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the All Blacks scoring a try in his representative debut. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches. In 1921 he represented for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks and", "id": "9169856" }, { "contents": "1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand, more commonly known in New Zealand as the 1956 Springboks tour was a series of rugby union matches played by South Africa in Australia and New Zealand. The \"Springboks\" won 21 matches of 29, drew 1, and lost 7. They played 6 Test matches, with two victories over Australia and one over New Zealand. The New Zealand leg of their trip was the primary focus of the tour—23 of their 29 matches were in New Zealand, which included", "id": "12210178" }, { "contents": "Bert Cooke (rugby)\n\n\nspent 1932 with Hawke's Bay, before switching codes. Cooke also represented Wairarapa and Wellington while playing rugby union. He finished his rugby union career with 121 tries in 131 first class matches. Cooke joined the Richmond Rovers club in the Auckland Rugby League competition in 1932 and made an immediate impact, racing away for three tries in the inter-island game only weeks later. He was selected for New Zealand that year against the Great Britain Lions. Cooke also represented Auckland and captained New Zealand in two Test matches against Australia", "id": "12460198" }, { "contents": "Queensland rugby league team\n\n\nZealand rugby league tour of Australia, Queensland lost both its matches against the Kiwis in Brisbane. Again, Queensland played two matches against the Kiwis during the 1913 New Zealand rugby league tour of Australia and again the Maroons lost both. New South Wales had won every match between the two states until 1922, when the Maroons, with Cyril Connell playing at , achieved their maiden victory. This commenced Queensland's only golden period before the introduction of State of Origin. In 1925 Queensland toured New Zealand and played against the full New", "id": "12687033" }, { "contents": "1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia was the sixth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. Four matches were played against regional and district sides along with three Test match against the Australia national side, being the first time both teams played each other. New Zealand won the series with two victories and a tied match. Before the tour matches, New Zealand played a preliminary game v. the Wellington RU team at the Athletic Park, won by the \"All Blacks\" 19–6. Complete list of matches played", "id": "1302262" }, { "contents": "Watty Friend\n\n\nTest matches. In 1921 he figured in three matches for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks. Howell notes that Friends was one of the Waratahs' top players. In 1922 he appeared in all three matches again when the All Blacks visited Sydney, with second and third matches wins resulting in a rare series victory of those days to the Waratahs over the All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Friend was honoured with the captaincy of New South Wales in a three match series in which the Waratahs", "id": "5285969" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nseasons in the Sydney premiership. In 1918 he moved to Brisbane and joined the Carltons club, one of the early incarnations of the Souths Magpies. From there he made state appearances for Queensland against New South Wales over four years and in 1919 was selected in the Australian team as hooker. He played in all four Tests of the 1919 rugby league tour of New Zealand. He is listed as Australia's 97th representative on the Australian Rugby League's Kangaroo register. His international rugby league debut against New Zealand in Wellington on 23", "id": "1170780" }, { "contents": "John Rosewell\n\n\n. Along with Dally Messenger, Denis Lutge, Doug McLean snr and Micky Dore he was one of the inaugural five Australian dual code rugby internationals who having earlier represented at rugby union, debuted in international rugby league in Sydney on 9 May 1908 in the first ever Australian league Test against New Zealand. He is listed on the \"Australian Players Register\" as Kangaroo No.13. He spent three seasons at South Sydney playing 29 matches scoring 4 tries and 6 goals. He was a member of the 1910 Rabbitohs side that drew the", "id": "801844" }, { "contents": "George Aitken (rugby union)\n\n\nGeorge Gothard Aitken (2 July 1898 – 8 July 1952) was a rugby union footballer who represented New Zealand – known as the All Blacks – and then Scotland. He was born in Westport, New Zealand, and was selected to play provincially for Buller at the age of 16. After moving to Wellington, Aitken played for the province from 1917, and from there was selected for the All Blacks side that faced South Africa when they toured New Zealand in 1921. After only two Test matches for the All Blacks,", "id": "5006718" }, { "contents": "Jack Holland (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Holland (1922-1994) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s. An Australian international and New South Wales interstate representative forward, he played his club football in Sydney's NSWRFL Premiership for the St. George club. Holland was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia on 19 August 1922. Holland served in the Army during World War II. Commencing his first-grade NSWRFL Premiership playing career with St. George in 1947, he was selected to represent New South Wales in 1948", "id": "4207831" }, { "contents": "Jack Price (rugby league)\n\n\nagainst Australia (2 matches), and while at Wigan in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches). Jack Price played , in Wigan's 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. Jack Price played in Wigan's victories in the Lancashire County League during the 1922–23 season, 1923–24 season and 1925–26 season. Jack Price played , and scored a try in Wigan's 21-4 victory over", "id": "12779224" }, { "contents": "Edwin Abbott (rugby league)\n\n\nEdwin Frederick Abbott (1909–1976) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 1930 and 1932. Abbott was the nephew of 1905 All Black Harold Abbott and the uncle of Bill Deacon, a Kiwi from 1965 to 1971. From the Ngaruawahia Panthers club, Abbott represented South Auckland and the North Island. In 1930 he was selected for the New Zealand tour of New South Wales, playing in both matches against New South Wales and scoring three tries against Sydney Metropolis. He played for South Auckland against both the", "id": "19358978" }, { "contents": "Jim Davis (rugby league)\n\n\nthe 1911 NSWRFL season with North Sydney before playing three seasons with the Glebe club. His top-grade career finished up back at Souths in 1918-19 before concluding with a country stint at Parkes. Davis made his debut Test appearance in 1908 against New Zealand, appearing in both matches of the first rugby league international series played by an Australian representative side. At the end of that season he was selected in the 35 man squad to make the first ever Kangaroo Tour. Davis played in six tour matches but in none", "id": "11335988" }, { "contents": "Herb Brackenreg\n\n\nEastern Suburbs club. An Eastern Suburbs rugby union player, Brackenreg had been a member of the rebel New South Wales sides that played against the rebel New Zealand 'All Blacks' in the 1907 series that helped to establish rugby league in Australia. He played in 8 NSWRFL Premiership matches for Easts including that club's first match and was a member of the NSWRL's first premiership decider played against local rival, South Sydney. In that first season Brackenreg was selected to represent his state, New South Wales, in 2 matches", "id": "12715024" }, { "contents": "Danny Hurcombe\n\n\nFrom 29 November 1919 Hurcombe played for English rugby league club, Wigan. Hurcombe was selected to go on the 1920 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Wigan in 1920 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand, in 1922 against Australia, and in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches), and he won 6 caps for Wales in 1921–1926 while at Wigan. Hurcombe made his début for Wigan in", "id": "11028974" }, { "contents": "Arthur Hardgrave\n\n\nArthur Hardgrave ( 1908–14) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. A fullback, Hardgrave played for Taranaki against Auckland in 1908 and 1909. He later moved to Auckland and played for Otahuhu at club level and represented Auckland provincially. In 1912, Hardgrave was selected for the New Zealand national side who toured Australia. No test matches were played on the tour but Hardgrave became the 74th player to represent New Zealand. Following the tour, Hardgrave was part of the Auckland side that defeated New South Wales 10–3", "id": "124840" }, { "contents": "Ted Thorn\n\n\n. Ted made his state representative debut in 1922, appearing three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the visiting All Blacks for two victories. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches - including fifteen such appearances made by Ted Thorn. Thorn made the 1923 New South Wales tour", "id": "5576534" }, { "contents": "Jack Fitzgerald (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Fitzgerald was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s, and coached in the 1960s. He played for Western Suburbs as a winger and later coached the club from 1961 to 1964. Fitzgerald began his career with Western Suburbs in 1949. In 1952, Fitzgerald was a member of the Western Suburbs side which claimed their fourth and final premiership defeating South Sydney in the grand final, with Fitzgerald scoring a try. Fitzgerald played for three more seasons before retiring as a player. Fitzgerald began his coaching", "id": "15556425" }, { "contents": "Owen Stephens\n\n\nWales. He won a single cap for New Zealand, playing in the All Blacks' 19–12 victory over France at Eden Park, Auckland on 10 August 1968, and won five caps for Australia, playing against Tonga and Wales in 1973 and New Zealand in 1974. Only three players have played rugby union at test match level for both New Zealand and Australia: namely Des Connor, Ted Jessep and Stephens. He played club level rugby league for St. George Dragons (trial), Parramatta Eels (Heritage № 339) (", "id": "7733372" }, { "contents": "Peter Williams (New Zealand rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Williams (22 April 188430 August 1976) was a rugby union player who represented New Zealand nine times, including a single Test match. He played club rugby for Dunedin side Alhambra, and played provincial rugby for Otago between 1908 and 1914. His sole season of international rugby was 1913, when he played in a home Test against Australia before touring North America with the All Blacksas New Zealand's international team is knownthat same year. He was selected for a tour of Australia the following year, but was unavailable and so", "id": "8410349" }, { "contents": "Frank Smyth\n\n\nBernard Francis \"Frank\" Smyth (11 February 1891 – 15 July 1972) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A hooker, Smyth played a single representative game for Canterbury in 1915, one match for the South Island in 1922 and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, also in 1922. He played three matches for the All Blacks but did not appear in any internationals. His grandson is politician Peter Dunne. Smyth served in the No. 3 Field Company, New Zealand Engineers", "id": "16651150" }, { "contents": "1921 Waratahs tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe Queensland Rugby Union had collapsed in 1919 and would not be reborn until 1929 leaving the New South Wales Rugby Union to administer the game in Australia at the national representative level. In 1923 the New South Wales side toured New Zealand In 1986 the Australian Rugby Union decreed the five full-internationals played on the tour as official Test matches. Previously the All Blacks visited New South Wales in the 1920 tour. This tour happened while the Springboks were completing their tour in New Zealand. Previously in June, South Africa played three", "id": "14085090" }, { "contents": "Robert Graves (rugby)\n\n\n1905 and from there was selected to represent Metropolis (Sydney) in a fixture against Country played over Easter in 1905. He continued in a coaching role for the Grosvenor club even while himself playing rugby for those other sides from 1903 to 1907. Graves was one of the New South Wales rugby union players who matched up against the first professional New Zealand team, Albert Baskiville's 'All Golds' in three matches in Sydney in August 1907. He played in all three matches and along with the other Australian rebel players was", "id": "3902454" }, { "contents": "Jim Sullivan (rugby league)\n\n\n, converting five goals in a 21–0 win against Widnes. He made his first representative appearance in December 1921, playing for Wales in a 16–21 defeat against Australia. Jim Sullivan played , and scored 4-conversions in Wigan's 13-2 victory over Oldham in the Championship Final during the 1921–22 season at The Cliff, Broughton on Saturday 6 May 1922, played , and scored 4-conversions in the 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. played", "id": "338598" }, { "contents": "Simon Poidevin\n\n\nwas then selected to play for New South Wales in a succession of the matches in 1981. The first match against Manawatu was won 58-3, with NSW scoring 10 tries. Victories over Waikato and Counties followed, before New South Wales were defeated by Queensland 26-15 at the Sydney Cricket Ground. New South Wales played Queensland in a return match a week later in Brisbane that was won 7-6. Poidevin played for Sydney against France in the third game France played for their 1981 France rugby union tour of", "id": "16857237" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\ncalled up to the All Blacks and he played in eight games for New Zealand, although he did not appear in any Test matches. In 1924 Marist Old Boys became locked in a dispute with the Canterbury Rugby Union and quit, instead fielding rugby league and soccer teams. Petersen followed the club, taking up rugby league. Petersen made an immediate impact and was one of six Marist Old Boys players who were selected to represent New Zealand that season. In total Petersen played in three Test matches for New Zealand in rugby league", "id": "14015996" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\n, Bert Avery and Maurice Wetherill. Lou Brown made his Auckland debut in the second match. At the end of the tour the NSW members of the 1921-22 Australasian Kangaroos were joined by New Zealand member Bert Laing for a match against the rest of the NSW squad and local Auckland stars. The Kangaroos won 65-27. The New Zealand Māori side played Sydney Metropolis in Sydney. South Auckland held the Northern Union Cup at the end of the season. They defeated Auckland 21-20 in Auckland to win the", "id": "3198700" }, { "contents": "John Solomon (rugby union)\n\n\nmade his state and national representative debuts at age nineteen, first playing for Australia against the at the Sydney Cricket Ground in June 1949. Later that year he toured New Zealand with Trevor Allan's Bledisloe Cup winning Wallabies. Solomon played variously at five-eighth, fullback and centre in seven matches of the tour including the 2nd Test at Eden Park where he scored a try thus helping the side make history as the first Australian team to win the Cup in New Zealand. He played twice for New South Wales in 1950 at", "id": "19470085" }, { "contents": "Darby Loudon\n\n\nDarby Briton Loudon (12 March 1897 – c. 1963) was a New Zealand born rugby union player, a flanker who made sixteen representative appearances for the New South Wales state team in the 1920s. Four of these matches have since been decreed as Test matches by the Australian Rugby Union and Loudon, who led the side in one such match in 1922, was therefore a captain of the Australian national team. Loudon, was born in Leeston, New Zealand and relocated to Sydney during his youth. He attended Sydney Grammar School", "id": "5401488" }, { "contents": "Michael Fitzgerald (rugby union)\n\n\nMichael Fitzgerald (born ) is a New Zealand rugby union player currently playing for Kamaishi Seawaves in Japan. He previously played for Leicester Tigers in England's Premiership Rugby, for the Chiefs in Super Rugby and Manawatu in the ITM Cup. His regular playing position is lock. In 2013, he signed a contract extension with the Chiefs until 2015. On 21 April 2015, it was announced he had signed for English Aviva Premiership side Leicester Tigers. Fitzgerald made his Leicester debut on 18 October 2015 in a 28-16 win", "id": "17447697" }, { "contents": "Peter Johnstone (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Johnstone (9 August 1922 – 18 October 1997) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A backrow forward, Johnstone represented Ashburton County while serving in the army and later at a provincial level. He was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1949 to 1951. He played 26 matches for the All Blacks —10 as captain—including nine internationals, touring South Africa in 1949 and playing all four tests against the touring 1950 British Lions. He was a key member of the", "id": "5603616" }, { "contents": "Brian Reidy\n\n\nBrian Thomas Reidy (27 January 1939 – 2 June 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Reidy played for the Marist club and represented Auckland. He made his debut for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1959, becoming Kiwi #383, but did not make his test match debut until 1961, against Australia at Carlaw Park. Between 1959 and 1966, Reidy played 65 games for New Zealand, including 19 tests, scoring 34 tries in all. He could play anywhere in the", "id": "21473667" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nmatches. In 1911 Mitchell, along with three other players from the Merivale club, moved to Sydney and played for the North Sydney Bears. He was then enticed north by the Queensland Rugby League. At the same time the New Zealand rugby league side was touring Australia and he was invited to join the touring party. Mitchell played in four matches, becoming a dual-code rugby international. Mitchell then returned to Christchurch and represented Canterbury in its first ever match in 1912. Mitchell toured Australia twice more with New Zealand,", "id": "3816467" }, { "contents": "Pat Creedy\n\n\nPatrick Joseph \"Pat\" Creedy (18 November 1927 – 7 April 2011) was a New Zealand rugby football player who represented New Zealand in rugby league. Creedy originally played rugby union and represented both the Southland Rugby Union and the Canterbury Rugby Union. Creedy later switched codes to rugby league and joined the Marist club in the Canterbury Rugby League competition. He represented Canterbury and in 1955 was selected at halfback for the South Island. That year he was first selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team, playing against the", "id": "6530820" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1924 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the 11th tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales selection, and New Zealand won the 3 match series", "id": "14085325" }, { "contents": "Jim Sanders (rugby league)\n\n\nJames Sanders (1900–1981) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Sanders started his career in third grade with Addington in 1915. He spent his entire career with Addington apart from a few games for Hornby when Addington had no senior team. He captained Addington to their first title in 1923. Sanders made his New Zealand debut in 1919 against Australia. In 1921 Sanders toured Australia for New Zealand under coach Jim Rukutai. He played for New Zealand in 1922 against New South Wales and was part of the", "id": "6884071" }, { "contents": "Nolan Tupaea\n\n\na first grade match. In 1979 he moved to Petone, winning premierships in 1980, 1981 and 1982. He was also part of their 1982 victory in the National Club Cup. Tupaea represented Wellington, playing 64 matches between 1971 and 1985. He was selected for the Kiwi Colts in 1973 for a match against Queensland. In 1976 he represented the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. Tupaea played for the Central Districts side in their first five years of the New Zealand Rugby League's district competition. The side", "id": "15687157" }, { "contents": "Peter Ward (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter M. Ward (born 5 November 1876) was a New Zealand-born rugby union player who represented Australia. A fly-half, he was born in Invercargill. Ward was described as \"astute and a skillful inside back\". A member of the Britannia club Ward initially played for the Southland province between 1897 and 1898. He then moved to Sydney, Australia in 1899 and joined the Marrackville club. He was selected for New South Wales to play in their two matches against the touring Great Britain side. After", "id": "2597515" }, { "contents": "Frano Botica\n\n\nFrano Michael Botica (born 3 August 1963) is a New Zealand rugby union and rugby league coach and former player in both codes, who played in the 1980s and 1990s. He is the head coach of the Philippines sevens team. He represented New Zealand at both codes, and later also played for Croatia in two rugby union World Cup qualifying matches. Born in Mangakino, New Zealand, Botica played rugby union for club side North Shore, New Zealand provincial side North Harbour, as well as Llanelli in Wales, and", "id": "3135809" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nWilliam James Mitchell (28 November 1890 – 2 June 1959) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Mitchell was born in Melbourne, Australia before moving to New Zealand where he worked for the New Zealand Railways Department. Mitchell played rugby union for the Merivale club in Christchurch and represented the province nine times in 1909 and 1910. He was selected to be part of the All Blacks tour of Australia in 1910 and played in five matches, including the second and third Test", "id": "3816466" }, { "contents": "1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand was the third tour made by the Springboks rugby team, and their first tour to Australia and New Zealand. South Africa played three Test matches against the All Blacks. The series was drawn 1–all, and the long-running controversy between the countries over the All Blacks' inclusion of Maori players began. The Springboks played five matches in Australia, winning them all. The three most important matches against New South Wales, were retroactively accorded Test status by the Australian", "id": "19644461" }, { "contents": "1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand was a series of rugby union matches played in New Zealand by the South African national rugby union team, from June - August 1994. The team played 14 matches in total; 11 against several provincial rugby teams and 3 against the New Zealand national rugby union team. South Africa won 10 out of the 11 matches against provincial sides, losing one match to Otago. They lost their first two test matches against the New Zealand national side and drew the last test. The", "id": "14043514" }, { "contents": "Ewen McKenzie\n\n\nTri nations, but was reselected in 1997 for the 1997 French tour of Australia. 1997 was the year McKenzie retired from international rugby, making his last appearance on 12 July 1997 after a 25–6 victory over England in Sydney. In his entire career of 51 test matches, he only ever played as a substitute once, during a pool game in the 1995 Rugby World Cup. In 1992, McKenzie toured New Zealand with the World XV to mark the centenary of the New Zealand Rugby Union. New Zealand won the series 2–1", "id": "7179494" }, { "contents": "Sam Gemmell\n\n\nSamuel William Gemmell (28 August 1896 – 28 June 1970) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A loose forward, Gemmell represented Hawke's Bay at a provincial level. He played one match for the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, out of position at hooker against New South Wales at Dunedin. Affiliating to Ngāti Pāhauwera, Gemmell played 57 matches for New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1929, making him the most capped player for that team. He served as a private with the New Zealand (Māori", "id": "16059662" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\nCharles \"Charlie\" Herbert \"Herb\" Smith (13 February 1909 – 10 April 1976) was a New Zealand rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s. He played representative level rugby union (RU) for New Zealand (Heritage № 406) (non-test matches), South Island and Otago (captain), and at club level for Southern RFC , as a centre, i.e. number 12 or 13, switching codes in 1936. He played representative level rugby league (RL", "id": "11805487" }, { "contents": "James Barber (rugby)\n\n\nover to join the squad. He played in the first ever trans-Tasman test which was the debut match of the Australia national rugby league team. Barber would go on to appear in all three test matches against Australia. Barber later captained the New Zealand side in its 1909 tour of Australia. His last game for New Zealand was in 1912. In 1912 he was in Petone's side that won the inaugural Wellington Rugby League competition. Barber captained Wellington between 1911 and 1914, including Wellington's 1913 victory over Auckland.", "id": "7778848" }, { "contents": "Alex Watson (rugby league)\n\n\nAlex Watson (1931–2002) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer of the 1950s. An Australian international and Queensland interstate representative three-quarter back, he played club football in the Brisbane Rugby League premiership for Western Suburbs. Watson first represented Queensland in 1951 in a match against New South Wales. He made his test debut at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 12 June 1954 against Great Britain in the first test of that year's Ashes series. Australia won this test 37-12. In 1953 Watson toured New Zealand with the", "id": "15082194" }, { "contents": "Jack McLeod (rugby league)\n\n\nJack McLeod is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. McLeod played for Taranaki and Auckland. While at the Manukau club, McLeod was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1937, playing against Australia. He toured Australia with New Zealand in 1938 however no test matches were played on the tour. Four days after the 1937 test, McLeod was part of the New Zealand Māori side that defeated Australia 16-5. In 2008 he was named in the Taranaki Rugby League Team of the Century", "id": "19760905" }, { "contents": "Frank Nicholson (rugby union)\n\n\nof these matches played against New South Wales. The Howell reference claims that Nicholson's rugby career was interrupted by enlistment in the Boer War. He claimed two international rugby caps for Australia. He appeared for Queensland against the touring New Zealanders in Brisbane in August 1903 and two weeks later made his international debut against the same tourists in Sydney, on 15 August 1903. In 1904 he captained Queensland in the inter-state series and played alongside his brother Fred who scored a try in that match. Later that season he had", "id": "2954916" }, { "contents": "Frank Brogan (rugby league)\n\n\nFrank Brogan (1903–1961) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s. He played as a halfback with South Sydney during the club's golden era of the 1920s when they won 5 premierships. Brogan made his debut for South Sydney in 1922 against Newtown as an 18 year old. In 1924, Brogan was selected to play for New South Wales and featured in two matches. The following year, Brogan won his first premiership with Souths as they finished first on the table and were not required to play in", "id": "18073767" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\ntest of 1899 against the first British side to tour Australia, at Sydney, on 12 August. He also played for Australia in 1903 in Sydney against New Zealand in the first official rugby union international between the countries. He became an early convert to the fledgling league code and played for the Ipswich club in Queensland. He was selected in the 2nd Test of 1908 against New Zealand. Five former Wallabies had debuted for the Kangaroos in the inaugural Test three weeks earlier, Hardcastle's league Test debut that day with George Watson", "id": "802017" } ]

[ { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nthe 6–8 defeat by New South Wales at Sydney on 7 August 1922, and scored a penalty in the 45–11 victory over Manawatu-Wellington XV at Palmerston North on 16 August 1922 but never played a Test match for New Zealand. In 1923 Fitzgerald moved to Christchurch, joining the Marist Old Boys club. However the club was expelled from the Canterbury Rugby Union in April 1924 and Fitzgerald followed to club to rugby league. Fitzgerald excelled in rugby league and in his debut year he made the national side, playing in two Test", "id": "13539549" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nhe lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Jim O'Brien. Fitzgerald played for the South Island in 1922, scoring a try in the inter-island match. Following this he was selected for New Zealand, playing in five matches on a tour of New Zealand and Australia. Fitzgerald represented New Zealand (RU) in the 12–11 victory over Wairarapa at Carterton on 19 July 1922, the 26–19 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on 29 July 1922, the 24–6 victory over Metropolitan Union at Sydney on 2 August 1922,", "id": "13539548" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nCharles James Fitzgerald (6 June 1899, in Fairhall – 8 May 1961, in Awatere Valley) was a New Zealand dual-code international rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Fitzgerald was a utility back in both codes. Fitzgerald represented Marlborough between 1917 and 1921, appearing for the union in every backline position except fullback. He played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks kicking a penalty goal in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game", "id": "13539547" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nAndrew James \"Jim\" O'Brien (1897–1969) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. O'Brien began his career playing rugby union for Marlborough between 1919 and 1921. He also played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game he lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Charles Fitzgerald. In 1922 he moved north to Auckland, joining the Grafton club. He immediately was selected for the", "id": "13908850" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nNorth Island side and subsequently the All Blacks tour of New Zealand and South Wales. He finished the tour having played in 3 games and scored one try. Returning to Auckland, O’Brien played his first game for the union late in the 1922 season. In 1923 he played five games for Auckland. O'Brien switched to rugby league in 1924, joining Marist in the Auckland Rugby League competition. He played for Auckland and made the New Zealand national rugby league team for three tests against the touring Great Britain Lions side that year.", "id": "13908851" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\nLouis Charles Petersen (19 April 1897 – 25 June 1961) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Petersen served with the New Zealand Expeditionary Force in World War I and it was here that he developed his football skills, playing for the \"Trench team\". Petersen began his career with the Marist Old Boys club in Christchurch and in 1919 was first selected to represent Canterbury. He made the South Island side in 1919, 1920 and 1921. In 1922 Petersen was", "id": "14015995" }, { "contents": "Jim Craig (rugby league)\n\n\nversatility was such that he was selected at hooker for a match on tour of New Zealand in 1919. Graig first represented for New South Wales against a touring English side in 1920. He was selected on the 1921–22 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and made his Test debut in the first Test at Leeds. He appeared in 23 minor tour matches notching a total of 58 points as a try scorer and goal kicker. Following his Kangaroo Tour representative appearances in 1922 he played a season with the University club in Sydney. In 1923", "id": "6542629" }, { "contents": "Albert Johnston (rugby league)\n\n\nclub seasons of 1921 and 1922. In 1912 he was selected in a Sydney Metropolis side. In 1913 he was in a New South Wales touring squad to New Zealand as half-back but was kept out of the major matches by the form of his peer Arthur Halloway. He captained New South Wales in some 1918 games and then made his Australian Test debut in 1919 on Australia's tour of New Zealand. He scored a try on debut assisting Australia to a 44-21 victory. With tour captain Halloway unfit for", "id": "9752107" }, { "contents": "Percy Hickey\n\n\nPercival \"Percy\" Hubert Hickey (28 April 1899 – 21 December 1943) was a New Zealand rugby union player who represented the All Blacks in 1922. His position of choice was wing three-quarter. Hickey was born in Rahotu in 1899. He made the provincial side in 1919. He was selected for the North against South Island match in 1922. He scored a try. He was then selected for the national side on their tour of New South Wales. Hickey played in two of the possible five matches.", "id": "3545214" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1922 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the tenth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales Selection, and NSW won the 3 match series 2–1. In", "id": "13453802" }, { "contents": "Billy Sheehan (rugby union)\n\n\ntop Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of their 1920s fixtures played against full international opposition were decreed in 1986 as official Test matches, including the three of Sheehan's 1921 debut and fifteen other appearances he would make over the next six years. In 1922 he appeared in all three Test in Sydney against the visiting All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Sheehan played all of the three match series in which the Waratahs were undefeated. On the 1923 tour of New Zealand and", "id": "5401479" }, { "contents": "Les Steel\n\n\nLeslie William Steel (1900 – 28 April 1966) was a rugby league footballer in Australia's major competition, the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL). Steel played over 100 matches for his club side, Eastern Suburbs in the years (1922–29). A Winger, Steel was a try scorer in Easts 1923 premiership victory. In 1922 Steel was selected to represent New South Wales. Following his football career, Steel spent many years as an official of the Eastern Suburbs club. He died at Hurstville, New South", "id": "20482633" }, { "contents": "Jim Bacon (rugby)\n\n\nLions tour of Australasia. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Leeds in 1920 against Australia (3 matches), and New Zealand (3 matches), in 1921 against Australia (2 matches), in 1922 against Australia, in 1924 against Australia, and in 1927 against New Zealand. From 1921 until 1927 he also represented Wales, winning six caps, all against England, including 1-victory, and 5-defeats. Bacon played left-, i.e. number 4 and scored 2-tries in Leeds' 11–3 victory over Dewsbury", "id": "5182427" }, { "contents": "Karl Ifwersen\n\n\nrep team, captaining the combined Auckland-North Auckland side against South Africa in his first game back and scoring the only try. Ifwersen played in one test match for the All Blacks during the 1921 South Africa tour of the country. Ifwersen continued to play for Auckland between 1922 and 1938. Ifwersen died in Auckland on 19 May 1967, having suffered considerably from football injuries during his old age. Ifwersen was inducted into the New Zealand Rugby League's Legends of League in 2000. He was the first New Zealander to represent", "id": "14118993" }, { "contents": "New Zealand national rugby union team\n\n\nThomas Ellison captained team won nine of their ten matches. The following year New Zealand played its first home \"international\" game, losing 8–6 to New South Wales. The team's first true test match occurred against Australia on 15 August 1903 at the Sydney Cricket Ground in front of over 30,000 spectators, and resulted in a 22–3 victory. A representative New Zealand team first toured the British Isles in 1905. The side is now known as the \"Originals\", as the \"All Blacks\" name emerged during this tour", "id": "20449805" }, { "contents": "Wilson Hall (rugby league)\n\n\nA. Wilson Hall was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s and 1930s who represented New Zealand and later played at club level in England for Castleford. From the Ngaruawahia club, Wilson Hall represented South Auckland in 1922. He was a half for South Auckland and the North Island in 1925. In 1926 he moved to Christchurch. Wilson Hall then represented the Hornby club, Canterbury and the South Island. He was selected for New Zealand's tour of Great Britain in 1926. He played in two test matches", "id": "20659026" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\nwas selected to tour New Zealand. He played in seven matches on tour including the Waratah's Test victory. He made representative appearances in 1922 against the New Zealand Maori and the All Blacks, played in three Tests against them in 1924 and in five matches against them in 1925. The 3rd test of 1925 played on 23 June at the Sydney Showground was Fox's sole appearance as the national captain. He was solid in further Test appearances against New Zealand in 1926 He was a tremendous lineout forward and one of the senior", "id": "9169857" }, { "contents": "Dai Fitzgerald\n\n\nDavid \"Dai\" Fitzgerald (1872 – 30 November 1951) was a Welsh rugby centre who played club rugby under the union code for Cardiff, and later switched to professional rugby league team Batley (captain). He played international rugby union for Wales winning two caps, and in his first match for Wales scored all the points in a victory over Scotland. Fitzgerald first played rugby in Cardiff for the now defunct club, St. Davids, one of several Welsh teams built around Catholic churches. He switched to first class club", "id": "18632594" }, { "contents": "Bruce Gall\n\n\nBruce Gall is a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Gall played in the Taranaki Rugby League and represented Taranaki. In 1976 Gall played for the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. In 1979 he played for the Central Districts side that won the Inter-Districts competition. He was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team on the 1980 tour of Great Britain and France. Gall did not play in a test match but did play in 8 games for the Kiwis, scoring 3 tries.", "id": "18658371" }, { "contents": "Shaun Foley\n\n\nShaun Foley (born 29 August 1986 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia) is an Australian rugby union player and a former member of the National Rugby League's (NRL) Sydney Roosters squad. Foley played in the Australian Schoolboys Rugby Union team that lost to New Zealand 21-16 in 2004. Foley scored all 16 points for the Australian team. Foley joined NRL side the Sydney Roosters in 2006, playing 7 games and scoring 6 tries. He scored two tries in the Roosters 40-20 victory over the", "id": "3276301" }, { "contents": "Sam Lowrie\n\n\nSamuel Arthur \"Sam\" Lowrie was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. His grandnephew, Jason Lowrie, also represented New Zealand in rugby league. Lowrie played for the Ponsonby club in the Auckland Rugby League competition. In 1919 Lowrie played for Auckland and was first selected to represent New Zealand, playing in three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1922 Lowrie toured Australia, with the New Zealand Māori rugby league team. Lowrie was named Ponsonby's best forward in 1923. He again played for", "id": "21879456" }, { "contents": "Arthur Kay (rugby league)\n\n\nArthur Geig Kay was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Kay represented Auckland and was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1935. He played in all three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1936 he played in two matches against the touring Great Britain team and played in his final test match in New Zealand's 16-15 victory over Australia at Carlaw Park on 14 August 1937. He was selected to tour Great Britain and France in 1939 but the tour was abandoned due to the", "id": "13813701" }, { "contents": "Percy Williams (New Zealand rugby league player)\n\n\nPercy Williams was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Williams originally played rugby union and represented Auckland. Williams played for Wigan for three seasons between 1910/11 to 1912/13. During this time he played in 111 matches for the club in the Lancashire League, including in the 1911 Challenge Cup Final loss. In 1913 he was called into the New Zealand squad, joining them midway through their tour of Australia. Williams was said to be instrumental in New Zealand's 17-11 upset victory over New South Wales.", "id": "14326389" }, { "contents": "Johnnie Wallace\n\n\nthe club's first Wallaby representative. His potential was obvious and in 1921 he was selected in the New South Wales side picked to tour New Zealand. He played in five of the ten tour matches including the September 1921 fixture against a New Zealand XV which is now regarded as a Test match. With no Queensland Rugby Union administration or competition in place from 1919 to 1929, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of the fixtures of 1920s which were played against", "id": "7506396" }, { "contents": "Jack Forrest (rugby league)\n\n\nJohn Alexander \"Jack\" Forrest (24 February 1924 – 26 February 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 12 international matches between 1947 and 1952. His cousin Jonas Masters also played rugby league for New Zealand. Forrest played in the West Coast Rugby League competition for Runanga and represented both the West Coast and the South Island. He played in 42 matches, 12 of which were test matches, for the New Zealand national rugby league team, including matches against the 1951 touring French side and", "id": "18556717" }, { "contents": "Pat Devery\n\n\n, New South Wales on 9 August 1922. A Tumbulgum junior, he played football in the Brisbane Rugby League for Fortitude Valley. Devery was then discovered by coach of Sydney's Balmain club Latchem Robinson while playing football in The Domain, Sydney as a sailor in the Royal Australian Navy during the war. Devery played for Balmain at halfback in the 1944 NSWRFL season's premiership final, scoring a try in his side's victory over Newtown. Devery also represented Sydney on 6 occasions, New South Wales on 2 occasions between 1946–1947", "id": "14526725" }, { "contents": "Charles Kingstone\n\n\nCharles Napoleon \"Nipper\" Kingstone (2 July 1895 – 6 May 1960) was a New Zealand sportsman who played international rugby union for New Zealand. He was also a first-class cricketer. A fullback, Kingstone played all three of his Tests during South Africa's 1921 tour of New Zealand. He was injured in a motor accident in 1922 and didn't play again for New Zealand. Kingstone played just one first-class cricket match. He represented a team called the \"Rest of New Zealand\" in a", "id": "8516640" }, { "contents": "Dougie McGregor\n\n\nAlwin John \"Dougie\" McGregor (1889–1963) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. McGregor played rugby union for the Karangahake club in the Goldfields sub-union competition in 1908. The following year he moved to Auckland, joining the Ponsonby club. McGregor represented Auckland and the North Island that same year. In 1913 McGregor was picked in the New Zealand squad for their North America tour and played in 11 games during the tour, including Test matches against Australia and", "id": "14128313" }, { "contents": "1893 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1893 New Zealand tour rugby to Australia was the second tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. Ten matches were played against regional and district sides, but no Test matches were played. It was first tour arranged by New Zealand Rugby Football Union which was founded the year before. The only previous New Zealand national team was the side that toured New South Wales in 1884. Immediately before departing for Sydney, the tourists played a match against a \"Combined XV\" in Wellington, which New Zealand won", "id": "14310646" }, { "contents": "Australasia rugby league team\n\n\nThe Australasian rugby league team (or the Kangaroos) represented Australia and New Zealand in rugby league sporadically between 1910 and 1922. Administered by the New South Wales Rugby League, appearances for the team were counted towards the Australian team's records and playing register but not the New Zealand team's. The team toured Great Britain twice, participating in two Ashes series, and also played Great Britain twice in Sydney. The Australasian side first played in 1910. After Great Britain had defeated Australia in two Test matches it was decided that", "id": "15931608" }, { "contents": "George Dickinson\n\n\nChurch in Dunedin. While at Otago Boys' High School, Dickinson played as a five-eighth in the school's 1st XV rugby team between 1918 and 1921. He made his debut for the All Blacks in 1922 on their tour of New South Wales, playing five matches and scoring three tries. He went on to play 12 matches for between 1922 and 1924, scoring five tries, 11 conversions and one penalty goal. Dickinson also played for the South Island in 1922. He retired from first-class rugby at", "id": "2808375" }, { "contents": "Alexander Kirkpatrick (rugby union)\n\n\nAlexander Kirkpatrick (4 October 1898 – 25 August 1971) was an All Blacks rugby union player from New Zealand. He was a hooker. He played 12 matches for the All Blacks in1925-26 against Australia (New South Wales), scoring 6 points (2 tries). He was a member of the Hastings club and captained the Hawke’s Bay Region to take the Ranfurly Shield off Wellington in 1922; and appeared in 22 of the 24 successful defences (more than any other player). In 1952-56", "id": "16723938" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nClaud Augustus O'Donnell (30 January 1886 – 4 August 1953) was an Australian rugby union and rugby league player and represented his country at both sports as a dual-code rugby international. O'Donnell played rugby union with the Glebe club in inner city Sydney. He made his representative debut for New South Wales in 1912 and the following year made two Test appearances as hooker for the Wallabies against the All Blacks in the 1913 tour of New Zealand. Switching to rugby league O'Donnell joined the Glebe Dirty Reds in 1915 and had three", "id": "1170779" }, { "contents": "Wally O'Connell\n\n\nand played 80 games. His first representative match was for City New South Wales in 1943. On 18 June 1945 a Sydney rugby league team featuring O'Connell travelled to Newcastle to play against their representative team and were defeated 27-26. He was the Roosters' pivot in their 1945 premiership final victory over Balmain. With senior representative matches canceled during WWII O'Connell didn't make his Test debut until 1948 against New Zealand in Sydney.He was selected for the 1948-49 Kangaroo Tour and played in five Tests and 16 minor", "id": "14384862" }, { "contents": "Mawene Hiroti\n\n\nMawene Hiroti (born 6 March 1999) is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who plays as a or er for the South Sydney Rabbitohs in the NRL. Hiroti was born in Taranaki, New Zealand. He has represented the Australian Schoolboys rugby league team and the New Zealand Under 18s. Forged his career playing for New Plymouth Old Boys under 11s 12s and 13s - winning Taranaki Premiership every year. Mawene scoring 50 percent of all tries. He played for the Rabbitohs in their pre-season 18-8 victory over English", "id": "14480103" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\n) for British Empire XIII, and at club level for Streatham and Mitcham and Halifax (Heritage № 437), as a , or , i.e. number 2 or 5, or, 3 or 4. Smith represented New Zealand (RU) in the 16–13 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on Monday 6 August 1934, and scored a try in the 35–3 victory over Newcastle at Newcastle, New South Wales on Wednesday 22 August 1934, but was not selected for the 1935–36 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland", "id": "11805488" }, { "contents": "Jim Rukutai\n\n\nNew Zealand played matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Rukutai coached New Zealand during their 1921 tour of Australia. He remains New Zealand's youngest ever national coach. He also coached New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1937. In 1937 he coached the New Zealand Māori to an upset win over Australia. In 1932 Rukutai served on the Auckland Rugby League board as the Clubs' delegate. He then served as the first chairman of the New Zealand Māori Rugby League Board when it was formed in 1934. Rukutai died at his", "id": "1899959" }, { "contents": "Greg Davis (rugby)\n\n\nand there joined the Drummoyne Rugby Club Davis was immediately selected for both New South Wales and Australia in his first year in Sydney. He debuted in a Sydney Test match against England in June 1963 and the following month was selected in the squad for the 1963 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa. He played in all four Test matches of the tied series and in ten other tour matches. The next year he made the 1964 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand playing in seven of the eight matches including all three Tests", "id": "3641367" }, { "contents": "Bill Kelly (rugby league)\n\n\n, Kelly played first class rugby union for Buller when he was 18 and later represented Wellington. Kelly switched to rugby league with the launch of the Wellington Rugby League competition in 1912 and played for Athletic in their grand final loss to Petone. He became a Wellington representative and toured Australia in 1912 and 1913 with the New Zealand national side. No test matches were played with the Kiwis meeting New South Wales and Queensland and a number of regional sides. He played in Wellingtons 1913 victory over Auckland. He joined the Balmain Tigers", "id": "146975" }, { "contents": "1929 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\nThe 1929 New Zealand rugby league season was the 22nd season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand. New Zealand played in no international matches in 1929. The New South Wales Rugby Football League's South Sydney Rabbitohs toured the country late in the season. They played two matches against Marist, with both sides securing one win. South Sydney also defeated Huntly. Souths were without five Kangaroos who were on a tour of Great Britain. Marist won the first match 10-9 at Carlaw Park while Souths won the", "id": "3198729" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\ndue to a row over the eligibility of three players. They instead joined the Rugby League and the Football Association. Marist spent just seven seasons in the Canterbury Rugby League but won three titles, in 1924, 1925 and 1928. In 1924 they produced six New Zealand internationals; Bill Devine, Charles Fitzgerald, Ted Fitzgerald, Terry Gilroy, Harry Mullins and Lou Petersen. Jim Amos also switched codes with Marist but played in their lower divisions. Greymouth Marist joined the West Coast Rugby League in support of Christchurch Marist. The", "id": "3198709" }, { "contents": "Charles Webb (rugby league)\n\n\nCharles Webb was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand . A halfback from the Ponsonby United club, Webb also represented Auckland. In 1912, Webb toured Australia with New Zealand. The side played in matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Later that same year, New South Wales made a return tour to New Zealand. Webb captained the New Zealand side that played against them, losing 10-18. He also played in two matches for Auckland against the touring Blues side. Webb was selected for the", "id": "14418029" }, { "contents": "David Evans (rugby)\n\n\nDavid \"Dave\" Alexander Evans (4 October 1886 – 12 October 1940) was a New Zealand dual-code international who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Evans began his career playing rugby union and represented Hawke's Bay 19 times from 1906. He made the 1910 New Zealand tour of Australia and played in the 0–11 Test defeat by Australia at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 27 June 1910, becoming the Hawke's Bay's third representative. While in Australia Evans had been impressed by the rugby league", "id": "13088290" }, { "contents": "Bill Cunningham (rugby union)\n\n\nFootball Union. He was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1901, and played against Wellington and the New South Wales team that was touring New Zealand at the time. Both matches were comfortably won, with the tourists defeated 20–3. Cunningham played his first of four matches for Auckland against international opposition, against the same New South Wales side a week later, with his Auckland team winning 24–3. Cunningham moved to Auckland in 1902, and played his club rugby for City, before joining Ponsonby the following season. He", "id": "17185617" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\nWilliam Robert \"Bill\" Hardcastle (30 August 1874 – 11 July 1944) born in Wellington, New Zealand was a pioneer New Zealand and Australian rugby union player and an Australian rugby league footballer. He represented both countries in union and Australia in league. He was one of the first dual-code rugby internationals. Hardcastle commenced his club rugby in New Zealand with Petone and represented for Wellington from 1895 to 1897. He joined the Melrose club in 1897 and was selected in a North Island representative side from where he was", "id": "802015" }, { "contents": "Steve Skinnon\n\n\nSteve Skinnon (born 27 November 1976) is a New Zealand rugby footballer who played rugby union for Wellington and Hawkes Bay in the National Provincial Championship and rugby league for the Sydney Roosters and South Sydney Rabbitohs in the National Rugby League. He represented his country in both codes at a junior level. Skinnon started his career in rugby union and represented the New Zealand under 19 side in 1994 from Wellington College, playing at second five eighth. He switched codes to rugby league in 1995 and was picked to play for the Junior", "id": "2628332" }, { "contents": "Jim Wylie\n\n\nJames Thomas Wylie (26 October 1887 – 19 December 1956) was a New Zealand rugby union player, who represented both the country of his birth and Australia. He went on to coach the Stanford University rugby team for over 30 years from 1917. Born in Galatea in 1887, Wylie was a tall man at , and played as a loose forward. He first represented in 1910, playing six matches, before moving to Sydney for the next two years. There he made four appearances for New South Wales against Queensland,", "id": "12170928" }, { "contents": "Edward Baird (rugby league)\n\n\nNorthern Union\" style of rugby, taking on Albert Baskerville's New Zealand All Golds on their inaugural tour. Baird played as a reserve as the Queenslanders lost the historic match 34–12. He went on to make another appearance against New Zealand and two against New South Wales. When the New Zealand team came back on the return leg of their tour, they played three Test matches against the first Australian representative sides ever selected. The first Test was played in Sydney on 9 May 1908 with the Kiwis prevailing. On 30 May", "id": "17722972" }, { "contents": "Bob Aynsley\n\n\nRobert Aynsley (5 January 1922 – 12 October 2012) was a New Zealand rugby league player. He played five test matches for the New Zealand national rugby league team. Aynsley played for Blackball and represented the West Coast and the South Island before first being selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1946. He played in five test matches, his last in 1949. He played in 15 tour games on the 1947–1948 tour of Great Britain and France. After retirement, Aynsley was a referee from 1953 to 1960", "id": "5310628" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\ninterest in rugby union in Sydney following WWI. In 1920 he appeared three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the All Blacks scoring a try in his representative debut. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches. In 1921 he represented for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks and", "id": "9169856" }, { "contents": "1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand, more commonly known in New Zealand as the 1956 Springboks tour was a series of rugby union matches played by South Africa in Australia and New Zealand. The \"Springboks\" won 21 matches of 29, drew 1, and lost 7. They played 6 Test matches, with two victories over Australia and one over New Zealand. The New Zealand leg of their trip was the primary focus of the tour—23 of their 29 matches were in New Zealand, which included", "id": "12210178" }, { "contents": "Bert Cooke (rugby)\n\n\nspent 1932 with Hawke's Bay, before switching codes. Cooke also represented Wairarapa and Wellington while playing rugby union. He finished his rugby union career with 121 tries in 131 first class matches. Cooke joined the Richmond Rovers club in the Auckland Rugby League competition in 1932 and made an immediate impact, racing away for three tries in the inter-island game only weeks later. He was selected for New Zealand that year against the Great Britain Lions. Cooke also represented Auckland and captained New Zealand in two Test matches against Australia", "id": "12460198" }, { "contents": "Queensland rugby league team\n\n\nZealand rugby league tour of Australia, Queensland lost both its matches against the Kiwis in Brisbane. Again, Queensland played two matches against the Kiwis during the 1913 New Zealand rugby league tour of Australia and again the Maroons lost both. New South Wales had won every match between the two states until 1922, when the Maroons, with Cyril Connell playing at , achieved their maiden victory. This commenced Queensland's only golden period before the introduction of State of Origin. In 1925 Queensland toured New Zealand and played against the full New", "id": "12687033" }, { "contents": "1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia was the sixth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. Four matches were played against regional and district sides along with three Test match against the Australia national side, being the first time both teams played each other. New Zealand won the series with two victories and a tied match. Before the tour matches, New Zealand played a preliminary game v. the Wellington RU team at the Athletic Park, won by the \"All Blacks\" 19–6. Complete list of matches played", "id": "1302262" }, { "contents": "Watty Friend\n\n\nTest matches. In 1921 he figured in three matches for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks. Howell notes that Friends was one of the Waratahs' top players. In 1922 he appeared in all three matches again when the All Blacks visited Sydney, with second and third matches wins resulting in a rare series victory of those days to the Waratahs over the All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Friend was honoured with the captaincy of New South Wales in a three match series in which the Waratahs", "id": "5285969" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nseasons in the Sydney premiership. In 1918 he moved to Brisbane and joined the Carltons club, one of the early incarnations of the Souths Magpies. From there he made state appearances for Queensland against New South Wales over four years and in 1919 was selected in the Australian team as hooker. He played in all four Tests of the 1919 rugby league tour of New Zealand. He is listed as Australia's 97th representative on the Australian Rugby League's Kangaroo register. His international rugby league debut against New Zealand in Wellington on 23", "id": "1170780" }, { "contents": "John Rosewell\n\n\n. Along with Dally Messenger, Denis Lutge, Doug McLean snr and Micky Dore he was one of the inaugural five Australian dual code rugby internationals who having earlier represented at rugby union, debuted in international rugby league in Sydney on 9 May 1908 in the first ever Australian league Test against New Zealand. He is listed on the \"Australian Players Register\" as Kangaroo No.13. He spent three seasons at South Sydney playing 29 matches scoring 4 tries and 6 goals. He was a member of the 1910 Rabbitohs side that drew the", "id": "801844" }, { "contents": "George Aitken (rugby union)\n\n\nGeorge Gothard Aitken (2 July 1898 – 8 July 1952) was a rugby union footballer who represented New Zealand – known as the All Blacks – and then Scotland. He was born in Westport, New Zealand, and was selected to play provincially for Buller at the age of 16. After moving to Wellington, Aitken played for the province from 1917, and from there was selected for the All Blacks side that faced South Africa when they toured New Zealand in 1921. After only two Test matches for the All Blacks,", "id": "5006718" }, { "contents": "Jack Holland (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Holland (1922-1994) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s. An Australian international and New South Wales interstate representative forward, he played his club football in Sydney's NSWRFL Premiership for the St. George club. Holland was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia on 19 August 1922. Holland served in the Army during World War II. Commencing his first-grade NSWRFL Premiership playing career with St. George in 1947, he was selected to represent New South Wales in 1948", "id": "4207831" }, { "contents": "Jack Price (rugby league)\n\n\nagainst Australia (2 matches), and while at Wigan in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches). Jack Price played , in Wigan's 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. Jack Price played in Wigan's victories in the Lancashire County League during the 1922–23 season, 1923–24 season and 1925–26 season. Jack Price played , and scored a try in Wigan's 21-4 victory over", "id": "12779224" }, { "contents": "Edwin Abbott (rugby league)\n\n\nEdwin Frederick Abbott (1909–1976) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 1930 and 1932. Abbott was the nephew of 1905 All Black Harold Abbott and the uncle of Bill Deacon, a Kiwi from 1965 to 1971. From the Ngaruawahia Panthers club, Abbott represented South Auckland and the North Island. In 1930 he was selected for the New Zealand tour of New South Wales, playing in both matches against New South Wales and scoring three tries against Sydney Metropolis. He played for South Auckland against both the", "id": "19358978" }, { "contents": "Jim Davis (rugby league)\n\n\nthe 1911 NSWRFL season with North Sydney before playing three seasons with the Glebe club. His top-grade career finished up back at Souths in 1918-19 before concluding with a country stint at Parkes. Davis made his debut Test appearance in 1908 against New Zealand, appearing in both matches of the first rugby league international series played by an Australian representative side. At the end of that season he was selected in the 35 man squad to make the first ever Kangaroo Tour. Davis played in six tour matches but in none", "id": "11335988" }, { "contents": "Herb Brackenreg\n\n\nEastern Suburbs club. An Eastern Suburbs rugby union player, Brackenreg had been a member of the rebel New South Wales sides that played against the rebel New Zealand 'All Blacks' in the 1907 series that helped to establish rugby league in Australia. He played in 8 NSWRFL Premiership matches for Easts including that club's first match and was a member of the NSWRL's first premiership decider played against local rival, South Sydney. In that first season Brackenreg was selected to represent his state, New South Wales, in 2 matches", "id": "12715024" }, { "contents": "Danny Hurcombe\n\n\nFrom 29 November 1919 Hurcombe played for English rugby league club, Wigan. Hurcombe was selected to go on the 1920 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Wigan in 1920 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand, in 1922 against Australia, and in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches), and he won 6 caps for Wales in 1921–1926 while at Wigan. Hurcombe made his début for Wigan in", "id": "11028974" }, { "contents": "Arthur Hardgrave\n\n\nArthur Hardgrave ( 1908–14) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. A fullback, Hardgrave played for Taranaki against Auckland in 1908 and 1909. He later moved to Auckland and played for Otahuhu at club level and represented Auckland provincially. In 1912, Hardgrave was selected for the New Zealand national side who toured Australia. No test matches were played on the tour but Hardgrave became the 74th player to represent New Zealand. Following the tour, Hardgrave was part of the Auckland side that defeated New South Wales 10–3", "id": "124840" }, { "contents": "Ted Thorn\n\n\n. Ted made his state representative debut in 1922, appearing three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the visiting All Blacks for two victories. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches - including fifteen such appearances made by Ted Thorn. Thorn made the 1923 New South Wales tour", "id": "5576534" }, { "contents": "Jack Fitzgerald (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Fitzgerald was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s, and coached in the 1960s. He played for Western Suburbs as a winger and later coached the club from 1961 to 1964. Fitzgerald began his career with Western Suburbs in 1949. In 1952, Fitzgerald was a member of the Western Suburbs side which claimed their fourth and final premiership defeating South Sydney in the grand final, with Fitzgerald scoring a try. Fitzgerald played for three more seasons before retiring as a player. Fitzgerald began his coaching", "id": "15556425" }, { "contents": "Owen Stephens\n\n\nWales. He won a single cap for New Zealand, playing in the All Blacks' 19–12 victory over France at Eden Park, Auckland on 10 August 1968, and won five caps for Australia, playing against Tonga and Wales in 1973 and New Zealand in 1974. Only three players have played rugby union at test match level for both New Zealand and Australia: namely Des Connor, Ted Jessep and Stephens. He played club level rugby league for St. George Dragons (trial), Parramatta Eels (Heritage № 339) (", "id": "7733372" }, { "contents": "Peter Williams (New Zealand rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Williams (22 April 188430 August 1976) was a rugby union player who represented New Zealand nine times, including a single Test match. He played club rugby for Dunedin side Alhambra, and played provincial rugby for Otago between 1908 and 1914. His sole season of international rugby was 1913, when he played in a home Test against Australia before touring North America with the All Blacksas New Zealand's international team is knownthat same year. He was selected for a tour of Australia the following year, but was unavailable and so", "id": "8410349" }, { "contents": "Frank Smyth\n\n\nBernard Francis \"Frank\" Smyth (11 February 1891 – 15 July 1972) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A hooker, Smyth played a single representative game for Canterbury in 1915, one match for the South Island in 1922 and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, also in 1922. He played three matches for the All Blacks but did not appear in any internationals. His grandson is politician Peter Dunne. Smyth served in the No. 3 Field Company, New Zealand Engineers", "id": "16651150" }, { "contents": "1921 Waratahs tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe Queensland Rugby Union had collapsed in 1919 and would not be reborn until 1929 leaving the New South Wales Rugby Union to administer the game in Australia at the national representative level. In 1923 the New South Wales side toured New Zealand In 1986 the Australian Rugby Union decreed the five full-internationals played on the tour as official Test matches. Previously the All Blacks visited New South Wales in the 1920 tour. This tour happened while the Springboks were completing their tour in New Zealand. Previously in June, South Africa played three", "id": "14085090" }, { "contents": "Robert Graves (rugby)\n\n\n1905 and from there was selected to represent Metropolis (Sydney) in a fixture against Country played over Easter in 1905. He continued in a coaching role for the Grosvenor club even while himself playing rugby for those other sides from 1903 to 1907. Graves was one of the New South Wales rugby union players who matched up against the first professional New Zealand team, Albert Baskiville's 'All Golds' in three matches in Sydney in August 1907. He played in all three matches and along with the other Australian rebel players was", "id": "3902454" }, { "contents": "Jim Sullivan (rugby league)\n\n\n, converting five goals in a 21–0 win against Widnes. He made his first representative appearance in December 1921, playing for Wales in a 16–21 defeat against Australia. Jim Sullivan played , and scored 4-conversions in Wigan's 13-2 victory over Oldham in the Championship Final during the 1921–22 season at The Cliff, Broughton on Saturday 6 May 1922, played , and scored 4-conversions in the 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. played", "id": "338598" }, { "contents": "Simon Poidevin\n\n\nwas then selected to play for New South Wales in a succession of the matches in 1981. The first match against Manawatu was won 58-3, with NSW scoring 10 tries. Victories over Waikato and Counties followed, before New South Wales were defeated by Queensland 26-15 at the Sydney Cricket Ground. New South Wales played Queensland in a return match a week later in Brisbane that was won 7-6. Poidevin played for Sydney against France in the third game France played for their 1981 France rugby union tour of", "id": "16857237" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\ncalled up to the All Blacks and he played in eight games for New Zealand, although he did not appear in any Test matches. In 1924 Marist Old Boys became locked in a dispute with the Canterbury Rugby Union and quit, instead fielding rugby league and soccer teams. Petersen followed the club, taking up rugby league. Petersen made an immediate impact and was one of six Marist Old Boys players who were selected to represent New Zealand that season. In total Petersen played in three Test matches for New Zealand in rugby league", "id": "14015996" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\n, Bert Avery and Maurice Wetherill. Lou Brown made his Auckland debut in the second match. At the end of the tour the NSW members of the 1921-22 Australasian Kangaroos were joined by New Zealand member Bert Laing for a match against the rest of the NSW squad and local Auckland stars. The Kangaroos won 65-27. The New Zealand Māori side played Sydney Metropolis in Sydney. South Auckland held the Northern Union Cup at the end of the season. They defeated Auckland 21-20 in Auckland to win the", "id": "3198700" }, { "contents": "John Solomon (rugby union)\n\n\nmade his state and national representative debuts at age nineteen, first playing for Australia against the at the Sydney Cricket Ground in June 1949. Later that year he toured New Zealand with Trevor Allan's Bledisloe Cup winning Wallabies. Solomon played variously at five-eighth, fullback and centre in seven matches of the tour including the 2nd Test at Eden Park where he scored a try thus helping the side make history as the first Australian team to win the Cup in New Zealand. He played twice for New South Wales in 1950 at", "id": "19470085" }, { "contents": "Darby Loudon\n\n\nDarby Briton Loudon (12 March 1897 – c. 1963) was a New Zealand born rugby union player, a flanker who made sixteen representative appearances for the New South Wales state team in the 1920s. Four of these matches have since been decreed as Test matches by the Australian Rugby Union and Loudon, who led the side in one such match in 1922, was therefore a captain of the Australian national team. Loudon, was born in Leeston, New Zealand and relocated to Sydney during his youth. He attended Sydney Grammar School", "id": "5401488" }, { "contents": "Michael Fitzgerald (rugby union)\n\n\nMichael Fitzgerald (born ) is a New Zealand rugby union player currently playing for Kamaishi Seawaves in Japan. He previously played for Leicester Tigers in England's Premiership Rugby, for the Chiefs in Super Rugby and Manawatu in the ITM Cup. His regular playing position is lock. In 2013, he signed a contract extension with the Chiefs until 2015. On 21 April 2015, it was announced he had signed for English Aviva Premiership side Leicester Tigers. Fitzgerald made his Leicester debut on 18 October 2015 in a 28-16 win", "id": "17447697" }, { "contents": "Peter Johnstone (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Johnstone (9 August 1922 – 18 October 1997) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A backrow forward, Johnstone represented Ashburton County while serving in the army and later at a provincial level. He was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1949 to 1951. He played 26 matches for the All Blacks —10 as captain—including nine internationals, touring South Africa in 1949 and playing all four tests against the touring 1950 British Lions. He was a key member of the", "id": "5603616" }, { "contents": "Brian Reidy\n\n\nBrian Thomas Reidy (27 January 1939 – 2 June 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Reidy played for the Marist club and represented Auckland. He made his debut for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1959, becoming Kiwi #383, but did not make his test match debut until 1961, against Australia at Carlaw Park. Between 1959 and 1966, Reidy played 65 games for New Zealand, including 19 tests, scoring 34 tries in all. He could play anywhere in the", "id": "21473667" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nmatches. In 1911 Mitchell, along with three other players from the Merivale club, moved to Sydney and played for the North Sydney Bears. He was then enticed north by the Queensland Rugby League. At the same time the New Zealand rugby league side was touring Australia and he was invited to join the touring party. Mitchell played in four matches, becoming a dual-code rugby international. Mitchell then returned to Christchurch and represented Canterbury in its first ever match in 1912. Mitchell toured Australia twice more with New Zealand,", "id": "3816467" }, { "contents": "Pat Creedy\n\n\nPatrick Joseph \"Pat\" Creedy (18 November 1927 – 7 April 2011) was a New Zealand rugby football player who represented New Zealand in rugby league. Creedy originally played rugby union and represented both the Southland Rugby Union and the Canterbury Rugby Union. Creedy later switched codes to rugby league and joined the Marist club in the Canterbury Rugby League competition. He represented Canterbury and in 1955 was selected at halfback for the South Island. That year he was first selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team, playing against the", "id": "6530820" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1924 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the 11th tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales selection, and New Zealand won the 3 match series", "id": "14085325" }, { "contents": "Jim Sanders (rugby league)\n\n\nJames Sanders (1900–1981) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Sanders started his career in third grade with Addington in 1915. He spent his entire career with Addington apart from a few games for Hornby when Addington had no senior team. He captained Addington to their first title in 1923. Sanders made his New Zealand debut in 1919 against Australia. In 1921 Sanders toured Australia for New Zealand under coach Jim Rukutai. He played for New Zealand in 1922 against New South Wales and was part of the", "id": "6884071" }, { "contents": "Nolan Tupaea\n\n\na first grade match. In 1979 he moved to Petone, winning premierships in 1980, 1981 and 1982. He was also part of their 1982 victory in the National Club Cup. Tupaea represented Wellington, playing 64 matches between 1971 and 1985. He was selected for the Kiwi Colts in 1973 for a match against Queensland. In 1976 he represented the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. Tupaea played for the Central Districts side in their first five years of the New Zealand Rugby League's district competition. The side", "id": "15687157" }, { "contents": "Peter Ward (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter M. Ward (born 5 November 1876) was a New Zealand-born rugby union player who represented Australia. A fly-half, he was born in Invercargill. Ward was described as \"astute and a skillful inside back\". A member of the Britannia club Ward initially played for the Southland province between 1897 and 1898. He then moved to Sydney, Australia in 1899 and joined the Marrackville club. He was selected for New South Wales to play in their two matches against the touring Great Britain side. After", "id": "2597515" }, { "contents": "Frano Botica\n\n\nFrano Michael Botica (born 3 August 1963) is a New Zealand rugby union and rugby league coach and former player in both codes, who played in the 1980s and 1990s. He is the head coach of the Philippines sevens team. He represented New Zealand at both codes, and later also played for Croatia in two rugby union World Cup qualifying matches. Born in Mangakino, New Zealand, Botica played rugby union for club side North Shore, New Zealand provincial side North Harbour, as well as Llanelli in Wales, and", "id": "3135809" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nWilliam James Mitchell (28 November 1890 – 2 June 1959) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Mitchell was born in Melbourne, Australia before moving to New Zealand where he worked for the New Zealand Railways Department. Mitchell played rugby union for the Merivale club in Christchurch and represented the province nine times in 1909 and 1910. He was selected to be part of the All Blacks tour of Australia in 1910 and played in five matches, including the second and third Test", "id": "3816466" }, { "contents": "1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand was the third tour made by the Springboks rugby team, and their first tour to Australia and New Zealand. South Africa played three Test matches against the All Blacks. The series was drawn 1–all, and the long-running controversy between the countries over the All Blacks' inclusion of Maori players began. The Springboks played five matches in Australia, winning them all. The three most important matches against New South Wales, were retroactively accorded Test status by the Australian", "id": "19644461" }, { "contents": "1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand was a series of rugby union matches played in New Zealand by the South African national rugby union team, from June - August 1994. The team played 14 matches in total; 11 against several provincial rugby teams and 3 against the New Zealand national rugby union team. South Africa won 10 out of the 11 matches against provincial sides, losing one match to Otago. They lost their first two test matches against the New Zealand national side and drew the last test. The", "id": "14043514" }, { "contents": "Ewen McKenzie\n\n\nTri nations, but was reselected in 1997 for the 1997 French tour of Australia. 1997 was the year McKenzie retired from international rugby, making his last appearance on 12 July 1997 after a 25–6 victory over England in Sydney. In his entire career of 51 test matches, he only ever played as a substitute once, during a pool game in the 1995 Rugby World Cup. In 1992, McKenzie toured New Zealand with the World XV to mark the centenary of the New Zealand Rugby Union. New Zealand won the series 2–1", "id": "7179494" }, { "contents": "Sam Gemmell\n\n\nSamuel William Gemmell (28 August 1896 – 28 June 1970) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A loose forward, Gemmell represented Hawke's Bay at a provincial level. He played one match for the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, out of position at hooker against New South Wales at Dunedin. Affiliating to Ngāti Pāhauwera, Gemmell played 57 matches for New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1929, making him the most capped player for that team. He served as a private with the New Zealand (Māori", "id": "16059662" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\nCharles \"Charlie\" Herbert \"Herb\" Smith (13 February 1909 – 10 April 1976) was a New Zealand rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s. He played representative level rugby union (RU) for New Zealand (Heritage № 406) (non-test matches), South Island and Otago (captain), and at club level for Southern RFC , as a centre, i.e. number 12 or 13, switching codes in 1936. He played representative level rugby league (RL", "id": "11805487" }, { "contents": "James Barber (rugby)\n\n\nover to join the squad. He played in the first ever trans-Tasman test which was the debut match of the Australia national rugby league team. Barber would go on to appear in all three test matches against Australia. Barber later captained the New Zealand side in its 1909 tour of Australia. His last game for New Zealand was in 1912. In 1912 he was in Petone's side that won the inaugural Wellington Rugby League competition. Barber captained Wellington between 1911 and 1914, including Wellington's 1913 victory over Auckland.", "id": "7778848" }, { "contents": "Alex Watson (rugby league)\n\n\nAlex Watson (1931–2002) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer of the 1950s. An Australian international and Queensland interstate representative three-quarter back, he played club football in the Brisbane Rugby League premiership for Western Suburbs. Watson first represented Queensland in 1951 in a match against New South Wales. He made his test debut at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 12 June 1954 against Great Britain in the first test of that year's Ashes series. Australia won this test 37-12. In 1953 Watson toured New Zealand with the", "id": "15082194" }, { "contents": "Jack McLeod (rugby league)\n\n\nJack McLeod is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. McLeod played for Taranaki and Auckland. While at the Manukau club, McLeod was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1937, playing against Australia. He toured Australia with New Zealand in 1938 however no test matches were played on the tour. Four days after the 1937 test, McLeod was part of the New Zealand Māori side that defeated Australia 16-5. In 2008 he was named in the Taranaki Rugby League Team of the Century", "id": "19760905" }, { "contents": "Frank Nicholson (rugby union)\n\n\nof these matches played against New South Wales. The Howell reference claims that Nicholson's rugby career was interrupted by enlistment in the Boer War. He claimed two international rugby caps for Australia. He appeared for Queensland against the touring New Zealanders in Brisbane in August 1903 and two weeks later made his international debut against the same tourists in Sydney, on 15 August 1903. In 1904 he captained Queensland in the inter-state series and played alongside his brother Fred who scored a try in that match. Later that season he had", "id": "2954916" }, { "contents": "Frank Brogan (rugby league)\n\n\nFrank Brogan (1903–1961) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s. He played as a halfback with South Sydney during the club's golden era of the 1920s when they won 5 premierships. Brogan made his debut for South Sydney in 1922 against Newtown as an 18 year old. In 1924, Brogan was selected to play for New South Wales and featured in two matches. The following year, Brogan won his first premiership with Souths as they finished first on the table and were not required to play in", "id": "18073767" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\ntest of 1899 against the first British side to tour Australia, at Sydney, on 12 August. He also played for Australia in 1903 in Sydney against New Zealand in the first official rugby union international between the countries. He became an early convert to the fledgling league code and played for the Ipswich club in Queensland. He was selected in the 2nd Test of 1908 against New Zealand. Five former Wallabies had debuted for the Kangaroos in the inaugural Test three weeks earlier, Hardcastle's league Test debut that day with George Watson", "id": "802017" } ]

[ { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nthe 6–8 defeat by New South Wales at Sydney on 7 August 1922, and scored a penalty in the 45–11 victory over Manawatu-Wellington XV at Palmerston North on 16 August 1922 but never played a Test match for New Zealand. In 1923 Fitzgerald moved to Christchurch, joining the Marist Old Boys club. However the club was expelled from the Canterbury Rugby Union in April 1924 and Fitzgerald followed to club to rugby league. Fitzgerald excelled in rugby league and in his debut year he made the national side, playing in two Test", "id": "13539549" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nhe lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Jim O'Brien. Fitzgerald played for the South Island in 1922, scoring a try in the inter-island match. Following this he was selected for New Zealand, playing in five matches on a tour of New Zealand and Australia. Fitzgerald represented New Zealand (RU) in the 12–11 victory over Wairarapa at Carterton on 19 July 1922, the 26–19 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on 29 July 1922, the 24–6 victory over Metropolitan Union at Sydney on 2 August 1922,", "id": "13539548" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nCharles James Fitzgerald (6 June 1899, in Fairhall – 8 May 1961, in Awatere Valley) was a New Zealand dual-code international rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Fitzgerald was a utility back in both codes. Fitzgerald represented Marlborough between 1917 and 1921, appearing for the union in every backline position except fullback. He played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks kicking a penalty goal in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game", "id": "13539547" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nAndrew James \"Jim\" O'Brien (1897–1969) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. O'Brien began his career playing rugby union for Marlborough between 1919 and 1921. He also played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game he lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Charles Fitzgerald. In 1922 he moved north to Auckland, joining the Grafton club. He immediately was selected for the", "id": "13908850" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nNorth Island side and subsequently the All Blacks tour of New Zealand and South Wales. He finished the tour having played in 3 games and scored one try. Returning to Auckland, O’Brien played his first game for the union late in the 1922 season. In 1923 he played five games for Auckland. O'Brien switched to rugby league in 1924, joining Marist in the Auckland Rugby League competition. He played for Auckland and made the New Zealand national rugby league team for three tests against the touring Great Britain Lions side that year.", "id": "13908851" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\nLouis Charles Petersen (19 April 1897 – 25 June 1961) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Petersen served with the New Zealand Expeditionary Force in World War I and it was here that he developed his football skills, playing for the \"Trench team\". Petersen began his career with the Marist Old Boys club in Christchurch and in 1919 was first selected to represent Canterbury. He made the South Island side in 1919, 1920 and 1921. In 1922 Petersen was", "id": "14015995" }, { "contents": "Jim Craig (rugby league)\n\n\nversatility was such that he was selected at hooker for a match on tour of New Zealand in 1919. Graig first represented for New South Wales against a touring English side in 1920. He was selected on the 1921–22 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and made his Test debut in the first Test at Leeds. He appeared in 23 minor tour matches notching a total of 58 points as a try scorer and goal kicker. Following his Kangaroo Tour representative appearances in 1922 he played a season with the University club in Sydney. In 1923", "id": "6542629" }, { "contents": "Albert Johnston (rugby league)\n\n\nclub seasons of 1921 and 1922. In 1912 he was selected in a Sydney Metropolis side. In 1913 he was in a New South Wales touring squad to New Zealand as half-back but was kept out of the major matches by the form of his peer Arthur Halloway. He captained New South Wales in some 1918 games and then made his Australian Test debut in 1919 on Australia's tour of New Zealand. He scored a try on debut assisting Australia to a 44-21 victory. With tour captain Halloway unfit for", "id": "9752107" }, { "contents": "Percy Hickey\n\n\nPercival \"Percy\" Hubert Hickey (28 April 1899 – 21 December 1943) was a New Zealand rugby union player who represented the All Blacks in 1922. His position of choice was wing three-quarter. Hickey was born in Rahotu in 1899. He made the provincial side in 1919. He was selected for the North against South Island match in 1922. He scored a try. He was then selected for the national side on their tour of New South Wales. Hickey played in two of the possible five matches.", "id": "3545214" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1922 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the tenth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales Selection, and NSW won the 3 match series 2–1. In", "id": "13453802" }, { "contents": "Billy Sheehan (rugby union)\n\n\ntop Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of their 1920s fixtures played against full international opposition were decreed in 1986 as official Test matches, including the three of Sheehan's 1921 debut and fifteen other appearances he would make over the next six years. In 1922 he appeared in all three Test in Sydney against the visiting All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Sheehan played all of the three match series in which the Waratahs were undefeated. On the 1923 tour of New Zealand and", "id": "5401479" }, { "contents": "Les Steel\n\n\nLeslie William Steel (1900 – 28 April 1966) was a rugby league footballer in Australia's major competition, the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL). Steel played over 100 matches for his club side, Eastern Suburbs in the years (1922–29). A Winger, Steel was a try scorer in Easts 1923 premiership victory. In 1922 Steel was selected to represent New South Wales. Following his football career, Steel spent many years as an official of the Eastern Suburbs club. He died at Hurstville, New South", "id": "20482633" }, { "contents": "Jim Bacon (rugby)\n\n\nLions tour of Australasia. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Leeds in 1920 against Australia (3 matches), and New Zealand (3 matches), in 1921 against Australia (2 matches), in 1922 against Australia, in 1924 against Australia, and in 1927 against New Zealand. From 1921 until 1927 he also represented Wales, winning six caps, all against England, including 1-victory, and 5-defeats. Bacon played left-, i.e. number 4 and scored 2-tries in Leeds' 11–3 victory over Dewsbury", "id": "5182427" }, { "contents": "Karl Ifwersen\n\n\nrep team, captaining the combined Auckland-North Auckland side against South Africa in his first game back and scoring the only try. Ifwersen played in one test match for the All Blacks during the 1921 South Africa tour of the country. Ifwersen continued to play for Auckland between 1922 and 1938. Ifwersen died in Auckland on 19 May 1967, having suffered considerably from football injuries during his old age. Ifwersen was inducted into the New Zealand Rugby League's Legends of League in 2000. He was the first New Zealander to represent", "id": "14118993" }, { "contents": "New Zealand national rugby union team\n\n\nThomas Ellison captained team won nine of their ten matches. The following year New Zealand played its first home \"international\" game, losing 8–6 to New South Wales. The team's first true test match occurred against Australia on 15 August 1903 at the Sydney Cricket Ground in front of over 30,000 spectators, and resulted in a 22–3 victory. A representative New Zealand team first toured the British Isles in 1905. The side is now known as the \"Originals\", as the \"All Blacks\" name emerged during this tour", "id": "20449805" }, { "contents": "Wilson Hall (rugby league)\n\n\nA. Wilson Hall was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s and 1930s who represented New Zealand and later played at club level in England for Castleford. From the Ngaruawahia club, Wilson Hall represented South Auckland in 1922. He was a half for South Auckland and the North Island in 1925. In 1926 he moved to Christchurch. Wilson Hall then represented the Hornby club, Canterbury and the South Island. He was selected for New Zealand's tour of Great Britain in 1926. He played in two test matches", "id": "20659026" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\nwas selected to tour New Zealand. He played in seven matches on tour including the Waratah's Test victory. He made representative appearances in 1922 against the New Zealand Maori and the All Blacks, played in three Tests against them in 1924 and in five matches against them in 1925. The 3rd test of 1925 played on 23 June at the Sydney Showground was Fox's sole appearance as the national captain. He was solid in further Test appearances against New Zealand in 1926 He was a tremendous lineout forward and one of the senior", "id": "9169857" }, { "contents": "Dai Fitzgerald\n\n\nDavid \"Dai\" Fitzgerald (1872 – 30 November 1951) was a Welsh rugby centre who played club rugby under the union code for Cardiff, and later switched to professional rugby league team Batley (captain). He played international rugby union for Wales winning two caps, and in his first match for Wales scored all the points in a victory over Scotland. Fitzgerald first played rugby in Cardiff for the now defunct club, St. Davids, one of several Welsh teams built around Catholic churches. He switched to first class club", "id": "18632594" }, { "contents": "Bruce Gall\n\n\nBruce Gall is a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Gall played in the Taranaki Rugby League and represented Taranaki. In 1976 Gall played for the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. In 1979 he played for the Central Districts side that won the Inter-Districts competition. He was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team on the 1980 tour of Great Britain and France. Gall did not play in a test match but did play in 8 games for the Kiwis, scoring 3 tries.", "id": "18658371" }, { "contents": "Shaun Foley\n\n\nShaun Foley (born 29 August 1986 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia) is an Australian rugby union player and a former member of the National Rugby League's (NRL) Sydney Roosters squad. Foley played in the Australian Schoolboys Rugby Union team that lost to New Zealand 21-16 in 2004. Foley scored all 16 points for the Australian team. Foley joined NRL side the Sydney Roosters in 2006, playing 7 games and scoring 6 tries. He scored two tries in the Roosters 40-20 victory over the", "id": "3276301" }, { "contents": "Sam Lowrie\n\n\nSamuel Arthur \"Sam\" Lowrie was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. His grandnephew, Jason Lowrie, also represented New Zealand in rugby league. Lowrie played for the Ponsonby club in the Auckland Rugby League competition. In 1919 Lowrie played for Auckland and was first selected to represent New Zealand, playing in three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1922 Lowrie toured Australia, with the New Zealand Māori rugby league team. Lowrie was named Ponsonby's best forward in 1923. He again played for", "id": "21879456" }, { "contents": "Arthur Kay (rugby league)\n\n\nArthur Geig Kay was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Kay represented Auckland and was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1935. He played in all three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1936 he played in two matches against the touring Great Britain team and played in his final test match in New Zealand's 16-15 victory over Australia at Carlaw Park on 14 August 1937. He was selected to tour Great Britain and France in 1939 but the tour was abandoned due to the", "id": "13813701" }, { "contents": "Percy Williams (New Zealand rugby league player)\n\n\nPercy Williams was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Williams originally played rugby union and represented Auckland. Williams played for Wigan for three seasons between 1910/11 to 1912/13. During this time he played in 111 matches for the club in the Lancashire League, including in the 1911 Challenge Cup Final loss. In 1913 he was called into the New Zealand squad, joining them midway through their tour of Australia. Williams was said to be instrumental in New Zealand's 17-11 upset victory over New South Wales.", "id": "14326389" }, { "contents": "Johnnie Wallace\n\n\nthe club's first Wallaby representative. His potential was obvious and in 1921 he was selected in the New South Wales side picked to tour New Zealand. He played in five of the ten tour matches including the September 1921 fixture against a New Zealand XV which is now regarded as a Test match. With no Queensland Rugby Union administration or competition in place from 1919 to 1929, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of the fixtures of 1920s which were played against", "id": "7506396" }, { "contents": "Jack Forrest (rugby league)\n\n\nJohn Alexander \"Jack\" Forrest (24 February 1924 – 26 February 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 12 international matches between 1947 and 1952. His cousin Jonas Masters also played rugby league for New Zealand. Forrest played in the West Coast Rugby League competition for Runanga and represented both the West Coast and the South Island. He played in 42 matches, 12 of which were test matches, for the New Zealand national rugby league team, including matches against the 1951 touring French side and", "id": "18556717" }, { "contents": "Pat Devery\n\n\n, New South Wales on 9 August 1922. A Tumbulgum junior, he played football in the Brisbane Rugby League for Fortitude Valley. Devery was then discovered by coach of Sydney's Balmain club Latchem Robinson while playing football in The Domain, Sydney as a sailor in the Royal Australian Navy during the war. Devery played for Balmain at halfback in the 1944 NSWRFL season's premiership final, scoring a try in his side's victory over Newtown. Devery also represented Sydney on 6 occasions, New South Wales on 2 occasions between 1946–1947", "id": "14526725" }, { "contents": "Charles Kingstone\n\n\nCharles Napoleon \"Nipper\" Kingstone (2 July 1895 – 6 May 1960) was a New Zealand sportsman who played international rugby union for New Zealand. He was also a first-class cricketer. A fullback, Kingstone played all three of his Tests during South Africa's 1921 tour of New Zealand. He was injured in a motor accident in 1922 and didn't play again for New Zealand. Kingstone played just one first-class cricket match. He represented a team called the \"Rest of New Zealand\" in a", "id": "8516640" }, { "contents": "Dougie McGregor\n\n\nAlwin John \"Dougie\" McGregor (1889–1963) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. McGregor played rugby union for the Karangahake club in the Goldfields sub-union competition in 1908. The following year he moved to Auckland, joining the Ponsonby club. McGregor represented Auckland and the North Island that same year. In 1913 McGregor was picked in the New Zealand squad for their North America tour and played in 11 games during the tour, including Test matches against Australia and", "id": "14128313" }, { "contents": "1893 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1893 New Zealand tour rugby to Australia was the second tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. Ten matches were played against regional and district sides, but no Test matches were played. It was first tour arranged by New Zealand Rugby Football Union which was founded the year before. The only previous New Zealand national team was the side that toured New South Wales in 1884. Immediately before departing for Sydney, the tourists played a match against a \"Combined XV\" in Wellington, which New Zealand won", "id": "14310646" }, { "contents": "Australasia rugby league team\n\n\nThe Australasian rugby league team (or the Kangaroos) represented Australia and New Zealand in rugby league sporadically between 1910 and 1922. Administered by the New South Wales Rugby League, appearances for the team were counted towards the Australian team's records and playing register but not the New Zealand team's. The team toured Great Britain twice, participating in two Ashes series, and also played Great Britain twice in Sydney. The Australasian side first played in 1910. After Great Britain had defeated Australia in two Test matches it was decided that", "id": "15931608" }, { "contents": "George Dickinson\n\n\nChurch in Dunedin. While at Otago Boys' High School, Dickinson played as a five-eighth in the school's 1st XV rugby team between 1918 and 1921. He made his debut for the All Blacks in 1922 on their tour of New South Wales, playing five matches and scoring three tries. He went on to play 12 matches for between 1922 and 1924, scoring five tries, 11 conversions and one penalty goal. Dickinson also played for the South Island in 1922. He retired from first-class rugby at", "id": "2808375" }, { "contents": "Alexander Kirkpatrick (rugby union)\n\n\nAlexander Kirkpatrick (4 October 1898 – 25 August 1971) was an All Blacks rugby union player from New Zealand. He was a hooker. He played 12 matches for the All Blacks in1925-26 against Australia (New South Wales), scoring 6 points (2 tries). He was a member of the Hastings club and captained the Hawke’s Bay Region to take the Ranfurly Shield off Wellington in 1922; and appeared in 22 of the 24 successful defences (more than any other player). In 1952-56", "id": "16723938" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nClaud Augustus O'Donnell (30 January 1886 – 4 August 1953) was an Australian rugby union and rugby league player and represented his country at both sports as a dual-code rugby international. O'Donnell played rugby union with the Glebe club in inner city Sydney. He made his representative debut for New South Wales in 1912 and the following year made two Test appearances as hooker for the Wallabies against the All Blacks in the 1913 tour of New Zealand. Switching to rugby league O'Donnell joined the Glebe Dirty Reds in 1915 and had three", "id": "1170779" }, { "contents": "Wally O'Connell\n\n\nand played 80 games. His first representative match was for City New South Wales in 1943. On 18 June 1945 a Sydney rugby league team featuring O'Connell travelled to Newcastle to play against their representative team and were defeated 27-26. He was the Roosters' pivot in their 1945 premiership final victory over Balmain. With senior representative matches canceled during WWII O'Connell didn't make his Test debut until 1948 against New Zealand in Sydney.He was selected for the 1948-49 Kangaroo Tour and played in five Tests and 16 minor", "id": "14384862" }, { "contents": "Mawene Hiroti\n\n\nMawene Hiroti (born 6 March 1999) is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who plays as a or er for the South Sydney Rabbitohs in the NRL. Hiroti was born in Taranaki, New Zealand. He has represented the Australian Schoolboys rugby league team and the New Zealand Under 18s. Forged his career playing for New Plymouth Old Boys under 11s 12s and 13s - winning Taranaki Premiership every year. Mawene scoring 50 percent of all tries. He played for the Rabbitohs in their pre-season 18-8 victory over English", "id": "14480103" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\n) for British Empire XIII, and at club level for Streatham and Mitcham and Halifax (Heritage № 437), as a , or , i.e. number 2 or 5, or, 3 or 4. Smith represented New Zealand (RU) in the 16–13 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on Monday 6 August 1934, and scored a try in the 35–3 victory over Newcastle at Newcastle, New South Wales on Wednesday 22 August 1934, but was not selected for the 1935–36 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland", "id": "11805488" }, { "contents": "Jim Rukutai\n\n\nNew Zealand played matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Rukutai coached New Zealand during their 1921 tour of Australia. He remains New Zealand's youngest ever national coach. He also coached New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1937. In 1937 he coached the New Zealand Māori to an upset win over Australia. In 1932 Rukutai served on the Auckland Rugby League board as the Clubs' delegate. He then served as the first chairman of the New Zealand Māori Rugby League Board when it was formed in 1934. Rukutai died at his", "id": "1899959" }, { "contents": "Greg Davis (rugby)\n\n\nand there joined the Drummoyne Rugby Club Davis was immediately selected for both New South Wales and Australia in his first year in Sydney. He debuted in a Sydney Test match against England in June 1963 and the following month was selected in the squad for the 1963 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa. He played in all four Test matches of the tied series and in ten other tour matches. The next year he made the 1964 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand playing in seven of the eight matches including all three Tests", "id": "3641367" }, { "contents": "Bill Kelly (rugby league)\n\n\n, Kelly played first class rugby union for Buller when he was 18 and later represented Wellington. Kelly switched to rugby league with the launch of the Wellington Rugby League competition in 1912 and played for Athletic in their grand final loss to Petone. He became a Wellington representative and toured Australia in 1912 and 1913 with the New Zealand national side. No test matches were played with the Kiwis meeting New South Wales and Queensland and a number of regional sides. He played in Wellingtons 1913 victory over Auckland. He joined the Balmain Tigers", "id": "146975" }, { "contents": "1929 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\nThe 1929 New Zealand rugby league season was the 22nd season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand. New Zealand played in no international matches in 1929. The New South Wales Rugby Football League's South Sydney Rabbitohs toured the country late in the season. They played two matches against Marist, with both sides securing one win. South Sydney also defeated Huntly. Souths were without five Kangaroos who were on a tour of Great Britain. Marist won the first match 10-9 at Carlaw Park while Souths won the", "id": "3198729" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\ndue to a row over the eligibility of three players. They instead joined the Rugby League and the Football Association. Marist spent just seven seasons in the Canterbury Rugby League but won three titles, in 1924, 1925 and 1928. In 1924 they produced six New Zealand internationals; Bill Devine, Charles Fitzgerald, Ted Fitzgerald, Terry Gilroy, Harry Mullins and Lou Petersen. Jim Amos also switched codes with Marist but played in their lower divisions. Greymouth Marist joined the West Coast Rugby League in support of Christchurch Marist. The", "id": "3198709" }, { "contents": "Charles Webb (rugby league)\n\n\nCharles Webb was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand . A halfback from the Ponsonby United club, Webb also represented Auckland. In 1912, Webb toured Australia with New Zealand. The side played in matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Later that same year, New South Wales made a return tour to New Zealand. Webb captained the New Zealand side that played against them, losing 10-18. He also played in two matches for Auckland against the touring Blues side. Webb was selected for the", "id": "14418029" }, { "contents": "David Evans (rugby)\n\n\nDavid \"Dave\" Alexander Evans (4 October 1886 – 12 October 1940) was a New Zealand dual-code international who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Evans began his career playing rugby union and represented Hawke's Bay 19 times from 1906. He made the 1910 New Zealand tour of Australia and played in the 0–11 Test defeat by Australia at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 27 June 1910, becoming the Hawke's Bay's third representative. While in Australia Evans had been impressed by the rugby league", "id": "13088290" }, { "contents": "Bill Cunningham (rugby union)\n\n\nFootball Union. He was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1901, and played against Wellington and the New South Wales team that was touring New Zealand at the time. Both matches were comfortably won, with the tourists defeated 20–3. Cunningham played his first of four matches for Auckland against international opposition, against the same New South Wales side a week later, with his Auckland team winning 24–3. Cunningham moved to Auckland in 1902, and played his club rugby for City, before joining Ponsonby the following season. He", "id": "17185617" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\nWilliam Robert \"Bill\" Hardcastle (30 August 1874 – 11 July 1944) born in Wellington, New Zealand was a pioneer New Zealand and Australian rugby union player and an Australian rugby league footballer. He represented both countries in union and Australia in league. He was one of the first dual-code rugby internationals. Hardcastle commenced his club rugby in New Zealand with Petone and represented for Wellington from 1895 to 1897. He joined the Melrose club in 1897 and was selected in a North Island representative side from where he was", "id": "802015" }, { "contents": "Steve Skinnon\n\n\nSteve Skinnon (born 27 November 1976) is a New Zealand rugby footballer who played rugby union for Wellington and Hawkes Bay in the National Provincial Championship and rugby league for the Sydney Roosters and South Sydney Rabbitohs in the National Rugby League. He represented his country in both codes at a junior level. Skinnon started his career in rugby union and represented the New Zealand under 19 side in 1994 from Wellington College, playing at second five eighth. He switched codes to rugby league in 1995 and was picked to play for the Junior", "id": "2628332" }, { "contents": "Jim Wylie\n\n\nJames Thomas Wylie (26 October 1887 – 19 December 1956) was a New Zealand rugby union player, who represented both the country of his birth and Australia. He went on to coach the Stanford University rugby team for over 30 years from 1917. Born in Galatea in 1887, Wylie was a tall man at , and played as a loose forward. He first represented in 1910, playing six matches, before moving to Sydney for the next two years. There he made four appearances for New South Wales against Queensland,", "id": "12170928" }, { "contents": "Edward Baird (rugby league)\n\n\nNorthern Union\" style of rugby, taking on Albert Baskerville's New Zealand All Golds on their inaugural tour. Baird played as a reserve as the Queenslanders lost the historic match 34–12. He went on to make another appearance against New Zealand and two against New South Wales. When the New Zealand team came back on the return leg of their tour, they played three Test matches against the first Australian representative sides ever selected. The first Test was played in Sydney on 9 May 1908 with the Kiwis prevailing. On 30 May", "id": "17722972" }, { "contents": "Bob Aynsley\n\n\nRobert Aynsley (5 January 1922 – 12 October 2012) was a New Zealand rugby league player. He played five test matches for the New Zealand national rugby league team. Aynsley played for Blackball and represented the West Coast and the South Island before first being selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1946. He played in five test matches, his last in 1949. He played in 15 tour games on the 1947–1948 tour of Great Britain and France. After retirement, Aynsley was a referee from 1953 to 1960", "id": "5310628" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\ninterest in rugby union in Sydney following WWI. In 1920 he appeared three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the All Blacks scoring a try in his representative debut. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches. In 1921 he represented for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks and", "id": "9169856" }, { "contents": "1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand, more commonly known in New Zealand as the 1956 Springboks tour was a series of rugby union matches played by South Africa in Australia and New Zealand. The \"Springboks\" won 21 matches of 29, drew 1, and lost 7. They played 6 Test matches, with two victories over Australia and one over New Zealand. The New Zealand leg of their trip was the primary focus of the tour—23 of their 29 matches were in New Zealand, which included", "id": "12210178" }, { "contents": "Bert Cooke (rugby)\n\n\nspent 1932 with Hawke's Bay, before switching codes. Cooke also represented Wairarapa and Wellington while playing rugby union. He finished his rugby union career with 121 tries in 131 first class matches. Cooke joined the Richmond Rovers club in the Auckland Rugby League competition in 1932 and made an immediate impact, racing away for three tries in the inter-island game only weeks later. He was selected for New Zealand that year against the Great Britain Lions. Cooke also represented Auckland and captained New Zealand in two Test matches against Australia", "id": "12460198" }, { "contents": "Queensland rugby league team\n\n\nZealand rugby league tour of Australia, Queensland lost both its matches against the Kiwis in Brisbane. Again, Queensland played two matches against the Kiwis during the 1913 New Zealand rugby league tour of Australia and again the Maroons lost both. New South Wales had won every match between the two states until 1922, when the Maroons, with Cyril Connell playing at , achieved their maiden victory. This commenced Queensland's only golden period before the introduction of State of Origin. In 1925 Queensland toured New Zealand and played against the full New", "id": "12687033" }, { "contents": "1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia was the sixth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. Four matches were played against regional and district sides along with three Test match against the Australia national side, being the first time both teams played each other. New Zealand won the series with two victories and a tied match. Before the tour matches, New Zealand played a preliminary game v. the Wellington RU team at the Athletic Park, won by the \"All Blacks\" 19–6. Complete list of matches played", "id": "1302262" }, { "contents": "Watty Friend\n\n\nTest matches. In 1921 he figured in three matches for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks. Howell notes that Friends was one of the Waratahs' top players. In 1922 he appeared in all three matches again when the All Blacks visited Sydney, with second and third matches wins resulting in a rare series victory of those days to the Waratahs over the All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Friend was honoured with the captaincy of New South Wales in a three match series in which the Waratahs", "id": "5285969" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nseasons in the Sydney premiership. In 1918 he moved to Brisbane and joined the Carltons club, one of the early incarnations of the Souths Magpies. From there he made state appearances for Queensland against New South Wales over four years and in 1919 was selected in the Australian team as hooker. He played in all four Tests of the 1919 rugby league tour of New Zealand. He is listed as Australia's 97th representative on the Australian Rugby League's Kangaroo register. His international rugby league debut against New Zealand in Wellington on 23", "id": "1170780" }, { "contents": "John Rosewell\n\n\n. Along with Dally Messenger, Denis Lutge, Doug McLean snr and Micky Dore he was one of the inaugural five Australian dual code rugby internationals who having earlier represented at rugby union, debuted in international rugby league in Sydney on 9 May 1908 in the first ever Australian league Test against New Zealand. He is listed on the \"Australian Players Register\" as Kangaroo No.13. He spent three seasons at South Sydney playing 29 matches scoring 4 tries and 6 goals. He was a member of the 1910 Rabbitohs side that drew the", "id": "801844" }, { "contents": "George Aitken (rugby union)\n\n\nGeorge Gothard Aitken (2 July 1898 – 8 July 1952) was a rugby union footballer who represented New Zealand – known as the All Blacks – and then Scotland. He was born in Westport, New Zealand, and was selected to play provincially for Buller at the age of 16. After moving to Wellington, Aitken played for the province from 1917, and from there was selected for the All Blacks side that faced South Africa when they toured New Zealand in 1921. After only two Test matches for the All Blacks,", "id": "5006718" }, { "contents": "Jack Holland (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Holland (1922-1994) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s. An Australian international and New South Wales interstate representative forward, he played his club football in Sydney's NSWRFL Premiership for the St. George club. Holland was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia on 19 August 1922. Holland served in the Army during World War II. Commencing his first-grade NSWRFL Premiership playing career with St. George in 1947, he was selected to represent New South Wales in 1948", "id": "4207831" }, { "contents": "Jack Price (rugby league)\n\n\nagainst Australia (2 matches), and while at Wigan in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches). Jack Price played , in Wigan's 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. Jack Price played in Wigan's victories in the Lancashire County League during the 1922–23 season, 1923–24 season and 1925–26 season. Jack Price played , and scored a try in Wigan's 21-4 victory over", "id": "12779224" }, { "contents": "Edwin Abbott (rugby league)\n\n\nEdwin Frederick Abbott (1909–1976) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 1930 and 1932. Abbott was the nephew of 1905 All Black Harold Abbott and the uncle of Bill Deacon, a Kiwi from 1965 to 1971. From the Ngaruawahia Panthers club, Abbott represented South Auckland and the North Island. In 1930 he was selected for the New Zealand tour of New South Wales, playing in both matches against New South Wales and scoring three tries against Sydney Metropolis. He played for South Auckland against both the", "id": "19358978" }, { "contents": "Jim Davis (rugby league)\n\n\nthe 1911 NSWRFL season with North Sydney before playing three seasons with the Glebe club. His top-grade career finished up back at Souths in 1918-19 before concluding with a country stint at Parkes. Davis made his debut Test appearance in 1908 against New Zealand, appearing in both matches of the first rugby league international series played by an Australian representative side. At the end of that season he was selected in the 35 man squad to make the first ever Kangaroo Tour. Davis played in six tour matches but in none", "id": "11335988" }, { "contents": "Herb Brackenreg\n\n\nEastern Suburbs club. An Eastern Suburbs rugby union player, Brackenreg had been a member of the rebel New South Wales sides that played against the rebel New Zealand 'All Blacks' in the 1907 series that helped to establish rugby league in Australia. He played in 8 NSWRFL Premiership matches for Easts including that club's first match and was a member of the NSWRL's first premiership decider played against local rival, South Sydney. In that first season Brackenreg was selected to represent his state, New South Wales, in 2 matches", "id": "12715024" }, { "contents": "Danny Hurcombe\n\n\nFrom 29 November 1919 Hurcombe played for English rugby league club, Wigan. Hurcombe was selected to go on the 1920 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Wigan in 1920 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand, in 1922 against Australia, and in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches), and he won 6 caps for Wales in 1921–1926 while at Wigan. Hurcombe made his début for Wigan in", "id": "11028974" }, { "contents": "Arthur Hardgrave\n\n\nArthur Hardgrave ( 1908–14) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. A fullback, Hardgrave played for Taranaki against Auckland in 1908 and 1909. He later moved to Auckland and played for Otahuhu at club level and represented Auckland provincially. In 1912, Hardgrave was selected for the New Zealand national side who toured Australia. No test matches were played on the tour but Hardgrave became the 74th player to represent New Zealand. Following the tour, Hardgrave was part of the Auckland side that defeated New South Wales 10–3", "id": "124840" }, { "contents": "Ted Thorn\n\n\n. Ted made his state representative debut in 1922, appearing three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the visiting All Blacks for two victories. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches - including fifteen such appearances made by Ted Thorn. Thorn made the 1923 New South Wales tour", "id": "5576534" }, { "contents": "Jack Fitzgerald (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Fitzgerald was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s, and coached in the 1960s. He played for Western Suburbs as a winger and later coached the club from 1961 to 1964. Fitzgerald began his career with Western Suburbs in 1949. In 1952, Fitzgerald was a member of the Western Suburbs side which claimed their fourth and final premiership defeating South Sydney in the grand final, with Fitzgerald scoring a try. Fitzgerald played for three more seasons before retiring as a player. Fitzgerald began his coaching", "id": "15556425" }, { "contents": "Owen Stephens\n\n\nWales. He won a single cap for New Zealand, playing in the All Blacks' 19–12 victory over France at Eden Park, Auckland on 10 August 1968, and won five caps for Australia, playing against Tonga and Wales in 1973 and New Zealand in 1974. Only three players have played rugby union at test match level for both New Zealand and Australia: namely Des Connor, Ted Jessep and Stephens. He played club level rugby league for St. George Dragons (trial), Parramatta Eels (Heritage № 339) (", "id": "7733372" }, { "contents": "Peter Williams (New Zealand rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Williams (22 April 188430 August 1976) was a rugby union player who represented New Zealand nine times, including a single Test match. He played club rugby for Dunedin side Alhambra, and played provincial rugby for Otago between 1908 and 1914. His sole season of international rugby was 1913, when he played in a home Test against Australia before touring North America with the All Blacksas New Zealand's international team is knownthat same year. He was selected for a tour of Australia the following year, but was unavailable and so", "id": "8410349" }, { "contents": "Frank Smyth\n\n\nBernard Francis \"Frank\" Smyth (11 February 1891 – 15 July 1972) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A hooker, Smyth played a single representative game for Canterbury in 1915, one match for the South Island in 1922 and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, also in 1922. He played three matches for the All Blacks but did not appear in any internationals. His grandson is politician Peter Dunne. Smyth served in the No. 3 Field Company, New Zealand Engineers", "id": "16651150" }, { "contents": "1921 Waratahs tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe Queensland Rugby Union had collapsed in 1919 and would not be reborn until 1929 leaving the New South Wales Rugby Union to administer the game in Australia at the national representative level. In 1923 the New South Wales side toured New Zealand In 1986 the Australian Rugby Union decreed the five full-internationals played on the tour as official Test matches. Previously the All Blacks visited New South Wales in the 1920 tour. This tour happened while the Springboks were completing their tour in New Zealand. Previously in June, South Africa played three", "id": "14085090" }, { "contents": "Robert Graves (rugby)\n\n\n1905 and from there was selected to represent Metropolis (Sydney) in a fixture against Country played over Easter in 1905. He continued in a coaching role for the Grosvenor club even while himself playing rugby for those other sides from 1903 to 1907. Graves was one of the New South Wales rugby union players who matched up against the first professional New Zealand team, Albert Baskiville's 'All Golds' in three matches in Sydney in August 1907. He played in all three matches and along with the other Australian rebel players was", "id": "3902454" }, { "contents": "Jim Sullivan (rugby league)\n\n\n, converting five goals in a 21–0 win against Widnes. He made his first representative appearance in December 1921, playing for Wales in a 16–21 defeat against Australia. Jim Sullivan played , and scored 4-conversions in Wigan's 13-2 victory over Oldham in the Championship Final during the 1921–22 season at The Cliff, Broughton on Saturday 6 May 1922, played , and scored 4-conversions in the 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. played", "id": "338598" }, { "contents": "Simon Poidevin\n\n\nwas then selected to play for New South Wales in a succession of the matches in 1981. The first match against Manawatu was won 58-3, with NSW scoring 10 tries. Victories over Waikato and Counties followed, before New South Wales were defeated by Queensland 26-15 at the Sydney Cricket Ground. New South Wales played Queensland in a return match a week later in Brisbane that was won 7-6. Poidevin played for Sydney against France in the third game France played for their 1981 France rugby union tour of", "id": "16857237" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\ncalled up to the All Blacks and he played in eight games for New Zealand, although he did not appear in any Test matches. In 1924 Marist Old Boys became locked in a dispute with the Canterbury Rugby Union and quit, instead fielding rugby league and soccer teams. Petersen followed the club, taking up rugby league. Petersen made an immediate impact and was one of six Marist Old Boys players who were selected to represent New Zealand that season. In total Petersen played in three Test matches for New Zealand in rugby league", "id": "14015996" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\n, Bert Avery and Maurice Wetherill. Lou Brown made his Auckland debut in the second match. At the end of the tour the NSW members of the 1921-22 Australasian Kangaroos were joined by New Zealand member Bert Laing for a match against the rest of the NSW squad and local Auckland stars. The Kangaroos won 65-27. The New Zealand Māori side played Sydney Metropolis in Sydney. South Auckland held the Northern Union Cup at the end of the season. They defeated Auckland 21-20 in Auckland to win the", "id": "3198700" }, { "contents": "John Solomon (rugby union)\n\n\nmade his state and national representative debuts at age nineteen, first playing for Australia against the at the Sydney Cricket Ground in June 1949. Later that year he toured New Zealand with Trevor Allan's Bledisloe Cup winning Wallabies. Solomon played variously at five-eighth, fullback and centre in seven matches of the tour including the 2nd Test at Eden Park where he scored a try thus helping the side make history as the first Australian team to win the Cup in New Zealand. He played twice for New South Wales in 1950 at", "id": "19470085" }, { "contents": "Darby Loudon\n\n\nDarby Briton Loudon (12 March 1897 – c. 1963) was a New Zealand born rugby union player, a flanker who made sixteen representative appearances for the New South Wales state team in the 1920s. Four of these matches have since been decreed as Test matches by the Australian Rugby Union and Loudon, who led the side in one such match in 1922, was therefore a captain of the Australian national team. Loudon, was born in Leeston, New Zealand and relocated to Sydney during his youth. He attended Sydney Grammar School", "id": "5401488" }, { "contents": "Michael Fitzgerald (rugby union)\n\n\nMichael Fitzgerald (born ) is a New Zealand rugby union player currently playing for Kamaishi Seawaves in Japan. He previously played for Leicester Tigers in England's Premiership Rugby, for the Chiefs in Super Rugby and Manawatu in the ITM Cup. His regular playing position is lock. In 2013, he signed a contract extension with the Chiefs until 2015. On 21 April 2015, it was announced he had signed for English Aviva Premiership side Leicester Tigers. Fitzgerald made his Leicester debut on 18 October 2015 in a 28-16 win", "id": "17447697" }, { "contents": "Peter Johnstone (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Johnstone (9 August 1922 – 18 October 1997) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A backrow forward, Johnstone represented Ashburton County while serving in the army and later at a provincial level. He was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1949 to 1951. He played 26 matches for the All Blacks —10 as captain—including nine internationals, touring South Africa in 1949 and playing all four tests against the touring 1950 British Lions. He was a key member of the", "id": "5603616" }, { "contents": "Brian Reidy\n\n\nBrian Thomas Reidy (27 January 1939 – 2 June 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Reidy played for the Marist club and represented Auckland. He made his debut for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1959, becoming Kiwi #383, but did not make his test match debut until 1961, against Australia at Carlaw Park. Between 1959 and 1966, Reidy played 65 games for New Zealand, including 19 tests, scoring 34 tries in all. He could play anywhere in the", "id": "21473667" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nmatches. In 1911 Mitchell, along with three other players from the Merivale club, moved to Sydney and played for the North Sydney Bears. He was then enticed north by the Queensland Rugby League. At the same time the New Zealand rugby league side was touring Australia and he was invited to join the touring party. Mitchell played in four matches, becoming a dual-code rugby international. Mitchell then returned to Christchurch and represented Canterbury in its first ever match in 1912. Mitchell toured Australia twice more with New Zealand,", "id": "3816467" }, { "contents": "Pat Creedy\n\n\nPatrick Joseph \"Pat\" Creedy (18 November 1927 – 7 April 2011) was a New Zealand rugby football player who represented New Zealand in rugby league. Creedy originally played rugby union and represented both the Southland Rugby Union and the Canterbury Rugby Union. Creedy later switched codes to rugby league and joined the Marist club in the Canterbury Rugby League competition. He represented Canterbury and in 1955 was selected at halfback for the South Island. That year he was first selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team, playing against the", "id": "6530820" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1924 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the 11th tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales selection, and New Zealand won the 3 match series", "id": "14085325" }, { "contents": "Jim Sanders (rugby league)\n\n\nJames Sanders (1900–1981) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Sanders started his career in third grade with Addington in 1915. He spent his entire career with Addington apart from a few games for Hornby when Addington had no senior team. He captained Addington to their first title in 1923. Sanders made his New Zealand debut in 1919 against Australia. In 1921 Sanders toured Australia for New Zealand under coach Jim Rukutai. He played for New Zealand in 1922 against New South Wales and was part of the", "id": "6884071" }, { "contents": "Nolan Tupaea\n\n\na first grade match. In 1979 he moved to Petone, winning premierships in 1980, 1981 and 1982. He was also part of their 1982 victory in the National Club Cup. Tupaea represented Wellington, playing 64 matches between 1971 and 1985. He was selected for the Kiwi Colts in 1973 for a match against Queensland. In 1976 he represented the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. Tupaea played for the Central Districts side in their first five years of the New Zealand Rugby League's district competition. The side", "id": "15687157" }, { "contents": "Peter Ward (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter M. Ward (born 5 November 1876) was a New Zealand-born rugby union player who represented Australia. A fly-half, he was born in Invercargill. Ward was described as \"astute and a skillful inside back\". A member of the Britannia club Ward initially played for the Southland province between 1897 and 1898. He then moved to Sydney, Australia in 1899 and joined the Marrackville club. He was selected for New South Wales to play in their two matches against the touring Great Britain side. After", "id": "2597515" }, { "contents": "Frano Botica\n\n\nFrano Michael Botica (born 3 August 1963) is a New Zealand rugby union and rugby league coach and former player in both codes, who played in the 1980s and 1990s. He is the head coach of the Philippines sevens team. He represented New Zealand at both codes, and later also played for Croatia in two rugby union World Cup qualifying matches. Born in Mangakino, New Zealand, Botica played rugby union for club side North Shore, New Zealand provincial side North Harbour, as well as Llanelli in Wales, and", "id": "3135809" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nWilliam James Mitchell (28 November 1890 – 2 June 1959) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Mitchell was born in Melbourne, Australia before moving to New Zealand where he worked for the New Zealand Railways Department. Mitchell played rugby union for the Merivale club in Christchurch and represented the province nine times in 1909 and 1910. He was selected to be part of the All Blacks tour of Australia in 1910 and played in five matches, including the second and third Test", "id": "3816466" }, { "contents": "1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand was the third tour made by the Springboks rugby team, and their first tour to Australia and New Zealand. South Africa played three Test matches against the All Blacks. The series was drawn 1–all, and the long-running controversy between the countries over the All Blacks' inclusion of Maori players began. The Springboks played five matches in Australia, winning them all. The three most important matches against New South Wales, were retroactively accorded Test status by the Australian", "id": "19644461" }, { "contents": "1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand was a series of rugby union matches played in New Zealand by the South African national rugby union team, from June - August 1994. The team played 14 matches in total; 11 against several provincial rugby teams and 3 against the New Zealand national rugby union team. South Africa won 10 out of the 11 matches against provincial sides, losing one match to Otago. They lost their first two test matches against the New Zealand national side and drew the last test. The", "id": "14043514" }, { "contents": "Ewen McKenzie\n\n\nTri nations, but was reselected in 1997 for the 1997 French tour of Australia. 1997 was the year McKenzie retired from international rugby, making his last appearance on 12 July 1997 after a 25–6 victory over England in Sydney. In his entire career of 51 test matches, he only ever played as a substitute once, during a pool game in the 1995 Rugby World Cup. In 1992, McKenzie toured New Zealand with the World XV to mark the centenary of the New Zealand Rugby Union. New Zealand won the series 2–1", "id": "7179494" }, { "contents": "Sam Gemmell\n\n\nSamuel William Gemmell (28 August 1896 – 28 June 1970) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A loose forward, Gemmell represented Hawke's Bay at a provincial level. He played one match for the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, out of position at hooker against New South Wales at Dunedin. Affiliating to Ngāti Pāhauwera, Gemmell played 57 matches for New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1929, making him the most capped player for that team. He served as a private with the New Zealand (Māori", "id": "16059662" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\nCharles \"Charlie\" Herbert \"Herb\" Smith (13 February 1909 – 10 April 1976) was a New Zealand rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s. He played representative level rugby union (RU) for New Zealand (Heritage № 406) (non-test matches), South Island and Otago (captain), and at club level for Southern RFC , as a centre, i.e. number 12 or 13, switching codes in 1936. He played representative level rugby league (RL", "id": "11805487" }, { "contents": "James Barber (rugby)\n\n\nover to join the squad. He played in the first ever trans-Tasman test which was the debut match of the Australia national rugby league team. Barber would go on to appear in all three test matches against Australia. Barber later captained the New Zealand side in its 1909 tour of Australia. His last game for New Zealand was in 1912. In 1912 he was in Petone's side that won the inaugural Wellington Rugby League competition. Barber captained Wellington between 1911 and 1914, including Wellington's 1913 victory over Auckland.", "id": "7778848" }, { "contents": "Alex Watson (rugby league)\n\n\nAlex Watson (1931–2002) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer of the 1950s. An Australian international and Queensland interstate representative three-quarter back, he played club football in the Brisbane Rugby League premiership for Western Suburbs. Watson first represented Queensland in 1951 in a match against New South Wales. He made his test debut at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 12 June 1954 against Great Britain in the first test of that year's Ashes series. Australia won this test 37-12. In 1953 Watson toured New Zealand with the", "id": "15082194" }, { "contents": "Jack McLeod (rugby league)\n\n\nJack McLeod is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. McLeod played for Taranaki and Auckland. While at the Manukau club, McLeod was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1937, playing against Australia. He toured Australia with New Zealand in 1938 however no test matches were played on the tour. Four days after the 1937 test, McLeod was part of the New Zealand Māori side that defeated Australia 16-5. In 2008 he was named in the Taranaki Rugby League Team of the Century", "id": "19760905" }, { "contents": "Frank Nicholson (rugby union)\n\n\nof these matches played against New South Wales. The Howell reference claims that Nicholson's rugby career was interrupted by enlistment in the Boer War. He claimed two international rugby caps for Australia. He appeared for Queensland against the touring New Zealanders in Brisbane in August 1903 and two weeks later made his international debut against the same tourists in Sydney, on 15 August 1903. In 1904 he captained Queensland in the inter-state series and played alongside his brother Fred who scored a try in that match. Later that season he had", "id": "2954916" }, { "contents": "Frank Brogan (rugby league)\n\n\nFrank Brogan (1903–1961) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s. He played as a halfback with South Sydney during the club's golden era of the 1920s when they won 5 premierships. Brogan made his debut for South Sydney in 1922 against Newtown as an 18 year old. In 1924, Brogan was selected to play for New South Wales and featured in two matches. The following year, Brogan won his first premiership with Souths as they finished first on the table and were not required to play in", "id": "18073767" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\ntest of 1899 against the first British side to tour Australia, at Sydney, on 12 August. He also played for Australia in 1903 in Sydney against New Zealand in the first official rugby union international between the countries. He became an early convert to the fledgling league code and played for the Ipswich club in Queensland. He was selected in the 2nd Test of 1908 against New Zealand. Five former Wallabies had debuted for the Kangaroos in the inaugural Test three weeks earlier, Hardcastle's league Test debut that day with George Watson", "id": "802017" } ]

[ { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nthe 6–8 defeat by New South Wales at Sydney on 7 August 1922, and scored a penalty in the 45–11 victory over Manawatu-Wellington XV at Palmerston North on 16 August 1922 but never played a Test match for New Zealand. In 1923 Fitzgerald moved to Christchurch, joining the Marist Old Boys club. However the club was expelled from the Canterbury Rugby Union in April 1924 and Fitzgerald followed to club to rugby league. Fitzgerald excelled in rugby league and in his debut year he made the national side, playing in two Test", "id": "13539549" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nhe lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Jim O'Brien. Fitzgerald played for the South Island in 1922, scoring a try in the inter-island match. Following this he was selected for New Zealand, playing in five matches on a tour of New Zealand and Australia. Fitzgerald represented New Zealand (RU) in the 12–11 victory over Wairarapa at Carterton on 19 July 1922, the 26–19 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on 29 July 1922, the 24–6 victory over Metropolitan Union at Sydney on 2 August 1922,", "id": "13539548" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nCharles James Fitzgerald (6 June 1899, in Fairhall – 8 May 1961, in Awatere Valley) was a New Zealand dual-code international rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Fitzgerald was a utility back in both codes. Fitzgerald represented Marlborough between 1917 and 1921, appearing for the union in every backline position except fullback. He played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks kicking a penalty goal in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game", "id": "13539547" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nAndrew James \"Jim\" O'Brien (1897–1969) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. O'Brien began his career playing rugby union for Marlborough between 1919 and 1921. He also played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game he lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Charles Fitzgerald. In 1922 he moved north to Auckland, joining the Grafton club. He immediately was selected for the", "id": "13908850" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nNorth Island side and subsequently the All Blacks tour of New Zealand and South Wales. He finished the tour having played in 3 games and scored one try. Returning to Auckland, O’Brien played his first game for the union late in the 1922 season. In 1923 he played five games for Auckland. O'Brien switched to rugby league in 1924, joining Marist in the Auckland Rugby League competition. He played for Auckland and made the New Zealand national rugby league team for three tests against the touring Great Britain Lions side that year.", "id": "13908851" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\nLouis Charles Petersen (19 April 1897 – 25 June 1961) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Petersen served with the New Zealand Expeditionary Force in World War I and it was here that he developed his football skills, playing for the \"Trench team\". Petersen began his career with the Marist Old Boys club in Christchurch and in 1919 was first selected to represent Canterbury. He made the South Island side in 1919, 1920 and 1921. In 1922 Petersen was", "id": "14015995" }, { "contents": "Jim Craig (rugby league)\n\n\nversatility was such that he was selected at hooker for a match on tour of New Zealand in 1919. Graig first represented for New South Wales against a touring English side in 1920. He was selected on the 1921–22 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and made his Test debut in the first Test at Leeds. He appeared in 23 minor tour matches notching a total of 58 points as a try scorer and goal kicker. Following his Kangaroo Tour representative appearances in 1922 he played a season with the University club in Sydney. In 1923", "id": "6542629" }, { "contents": "Albert Johnston (rugby league)\n\n\nclub seasons of 1921 and 1922. In 1912 he was selected in a Sydney Metropolis side. In 1913 he was in a New South Wales touring squad to New Zealand as half-back but was kept out of the major matches by the form of his peer Arthur Halloway. He captained New South Wales in some 1918 games and then made his Australian Test debut in 1919 on Australia's tour of New Zealand. He scored a try on debut assisting Australia to a 44-21 victory. With tour captain Halloway unfit for", "id": "9752107" }, { "contents": "Percy Hickey\n\n\nPercival \"Percy\" Hubert Hickey (28 April 1899 – 21 December 1943) was a New Zealand rugby union player who represented the All Blacks in 1922. His position of choice was wing three-quarter. Hickey was born in Rahotu in 1899. He made the provincial side in 1919. He was selected for the North against South Island match in 1922. He scored a try. He was then selected for the national side on their tour of New South Wales. Hickey played in two of the possible five matches.", "id": "3545214" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1922 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the tenth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales Selection, and NSW won the 3 match series 2–1. In", "id": "13453802" }, { "contents": "Billy Sheehan (rugby union)\n\n\ntop Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of their 1920s fixtures played against full international opposition were decreed in 1986 as official Test matches, including the three of Sheehan's 1921 debut and fifteen other appearances he would make over the next six years. In 1922 he appeared in all three Test in Sydney against the visiting All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Sheehan played all of the three match series in which the Waratahs were undefeated. On the 1923 tour of New Zealand and", "id": "5401479" }, { "contents": "Les Steel\n\n\nLeslie William Steel (1900 – 28 April 1966) was a rugby league footballer in Australia's major competition, the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL). Steel played over 100 matches for his club side, Eastern Suburbs in the years (1922–29). A Winger, Steel was a try scorer in Easts 1923 premiership victory. In 1922 Steel was selected to represent New South Wales. Following his football career, Steel spent many years as an official of the Eastern Suburbs club. He died at Hurstville, New South", "id": "20482633" }, { "contents": "Jim Bacon (rugby)\n\n\nLions tour of Australasia. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Leeds in 1920 against Australia (3 matches), and New Zealand (3 matches), in 1921 against Australia (2 matches), in 1922 against Australia, in 1924 against Australia, and in 1927 against New Zealand. From 1921 until 1927 he also represented Wales, winning six caps, all against England, including 1-victory, and 5-defeats. Bacon played left-, i.e. number 4 and scored 2-tries in Leeds' 11–3 victory over Dewsbury", "id": "5182427" }, { "contents": "Karl Ifwersen\n\n\nrep team, captaining the combined Auckland-North Auckland side against South Africa in his first game back and scoring the only try. Ifwersen played in one test match for the All Blacks during the 1921 South Africa tour of the country. Ifwersen continued to play for Auckland between 1922 and 1938. Ifwersen died in Auckland on 19 May 1967, having suffered considerably from football injuries during his old age. Ifwersen was inducted into the New Zealand Rugby League's Legends of League in 2000. He was the first New Zealander to represent", "id": "14118993" }, { "contents": "New Zealand national rugby union team\n\n\nThomas Ellison captained team won nine of their ten matches. The following year New Zealand played its first home \"international\" game, losing 8–6 to New South Wales. The team's first true test match occurred against Australia on 15 August 1903 at the Sydney Cricket Ground in front of over 30,000 spectators, and resulted in a 22–3 victory. A representative New Zealand team first toured the British Isles in 1905. The side is now known as the \"Originals\", as the \"All Blacks\" name emerged during this tour", "id": "20449805" }, { "contents": "Wilson Hall (rugby league)\n\n\nA. Wilson Hall was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s and 1930s who represented New Zealand and later played at club level in England for Castleford. From the Ngaruawahia club, Wilson Hall represented South Auckland in 1922. He was a half for South Auckland and the North Island in 1925. In 1926 he moved to Christchurch. Wilson Hall then represented the Hornby club, Canterbury and the South Island. He was selected for New Zealand's tour of Great Britain in 1926. He played in two test matches", "id": "20659026" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\nwas selected to tour New Zealand. He played in seven matches on tour including the Waratah's Test victory. He made representative appearances in 1922 against the New Zealand Maori and the All Blacks, played in three Tests against them in 1924 and in five matches against them in 1925. The 3rd test of 1925 played on 23 June at the Sydney Showground was Fox's sole appearance as the national captain. He was solid in further Test appearances against New Zealand in 1926 He was a tremendous lineout forward and one of the senior", "id": "9169857" }, { "contents": "Dai Fitzgerald\n\n\nDavid \"Dai\" Fitzgerald (1872 – 30 November 1951) was a Welsh rugby centre who played club rugby under the union code for Cardiff, and later switched to professional rugby league team Batley (captain). He played international rugby union for Wales winning two caps, and in his first match for Wales scored all the points in a victory over Scotland. Fitzgerald first played rugby in Cardiff for the now defunct club, St. Davids, one of several Welsh teams built around Catholic churches. He switched to first class club", "id": "18632594" }, { "contents": "Bruce Gall\n\n\nBruce Gall is a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Gall played in the Taranaki Rugby League and represented Taranaki. In 1976 Gall played for the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. In 1979 he played for the Central Districts side that won the Inter-Districts competition. He was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team on the 1980 tour of Great Britain and France. Gall did not play in a test match but did play in 8 games for the Kiwis, scoring 3 tries.", "id": "18658371" }, { "contents": "Shaun Foley\n\n\nShaun Foley (born 29 August 1986 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia) is an Australian rugby union player and a former member of the National Rugby League's (NRL) Sydney Roosters squad. Foley played in the Australian Schoolboys Rugby Union team that lost to New Zealand 21-16 in 2004. Foley scored all 16 points for the Australian team. Foley joined NRL side the Sydney Roosters in 2006, playing 7 games and scoring 6 tries. He scored two tries in the Roosters 40-20 victory over the", "id": "3276301" }, { "contents": "Sam Lowrie\n\n\nSamuel Arthur \"Sam\" Lowrie was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. His grandnephew, Jason Lowrie, also represented New Zealand in rugby league. Lowrie played for the Ponsonby club in the Auckland Rugby League competition. In 1919 Lowrie played for Auckland and was first selected to represent New Zealand, playing in three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1922 Lowrie toured Australia, with the New Zealand Māori rugby league team. Lowrie was named Ponsonby's best forward in 1923. He again played for", "id": "21879456" }, { "contents": "Arthur Kay (rugby league)\n\n\nArthur Geig Kay was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Kay represented Auckland and was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1935. He played in all three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1936 he played in two matches against the touring Great Britain team and played in his final test match in New Zealand's 16-15 victory over Australia at Carlaw Park on 14 August 1937. He was selected to tour Great Britain and France in 1939 but the tour was abandoned due to the", "id": "13813701" }, { "contents": "Percy Williams (New Zealand rugby league player)\n\n\nPercy Williams was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Williams originally played rugby union and represented Auckland. Williams played for Wigan for three seasons between 1910/11 to 1912/13. During this time he played in 111 matches for the club in the Lancashire League, including in the 1911 Challenge Cup Final loss. In 1913 he was called into the New Zealand squad, joining them midway through their tour of Australia. Williams was said to be instrumental in New Zealand's 17-11 upset victory over New South Wales.", "id": "14326389" }, { "contents": "Johnnie Wallace\n\n\nthe club's first Wallaby representative. His potential was obvious and in 1921 he was selected in the New South Wales side picked to tour New Zealand. He played in five of the ten tour matches including the September 1921 fixture against a New Zealand XV which is now regarded as a Test match. With no Queensland Rugby Union administration or competition in place from 1919 to 1929, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of the fixtures of 1920s which were played against", "id": "7506396" }, { "contents": "Jack Forrest (rugby league)\n\n\nJohn Alexander \"Jack\" Forrest (24 February 1924 – 26 February 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 12 international matches between 1947 and 1952. His cousin Jonas Masters also played rugby league for New Zealand. Forrest played in the West Coast Rugby League competition for Runanga and represented both the West Coast and the South Island. He played in 42 matches, 12 of which were test matches, for the New Zealand national rugby league team, including matches against the 1951 touring French side and", "id": "18556717" }, { "contents": "Pat Devery\n\n\n, New South Wales on 9 August 1922. A Tumbulgum junior, he played football in the Brisbane Rugby League for Fortitude Valley. Devery was then discovered by coach of Sydney's Balmain club Latchem Robinson while playing football in The Domain, Sydney as a sailor in the Royal Australian Navy during the war. Devery played for Balmain at halfback in the 1944 NSWRFL season's premiership final, scoring a try in his side's victory over Newtown. Devery also represented Sydney on 6 occasions, New South Wales on 2 occasions between 1946–1947", "id": "14526725" }, { "contents": "Charles Kingstone\n\n\nCharles Napoleon \"Nipper\" Kingstone (2 July 1895 – 6 May 1960) was a New Zealand sportsman who played international rugby union for New Zealand. He was also a first-class cricketer. A fullback, Kingstone played all three of his Tests during South Africa's 1921 tour of New Zealand. He was injured in a motor accident in 1922 and didn't play again for New Zealand. Kingstone played just one first-class cricket match. He represented a team called the \"Rest of New Zealand\" in a", "id": "8516640" }, { "contents": "Dougie McGregor\n\n\nAlwin John \"Dougie\" McGregor (1889–1963) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. McGregor played rugby union for the Karangahake club in the Goldfields sub-union competition in 1908. The following year he moved to Auckland, joining the Ponsonby club. McGregor represented Auckland and the North Island that same year. In 1913 McGregor was picked in the New Zealand squad for their North America tour and played in 11 games during the tour, including Test matches against Australia and", "id": "14128313" }, { "contents": "1893 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1893 New Zealand tour rugby to Australia was the second tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. Ten matches were played against regional and district sides, but no Test matches were played. It was first tour arranged by New Zealand Rugby Football Union which was founded the year before. The only previous New Zealand national team was the side that toured New South Wales in 1884. Immediately before departing for Sydney, the tourists played a match against a \"Combined XV\" in Wellington, which New Zealand won", "id": "14310646" }, { "contents": "Australasia rugby league team\n\n\nThe Australasian rugby league team (or the Kangaroos) represented Australia and New Zealand in rugby league sporadically between 1910 and 1922. Administered by the New South Wales Rugby League, appearances for the team were counted towards the Australian team's records and playing register but not the New Zealand team's. The team toured Great Britain twice, participating in two Ashes series, and also played Great Britain twice in Sydney. The Australasian side first played in 1910. After Great Britain had defeated Australia in two Test matches it was decided that", "id": "15931608" }, { "contents": "George Dickinson\n\n\nChurch in Dunedin. While at Otago Boys' High School, Dickinson played as a five-eighth in the school's 1st XV rugby team between 1918 and 1921. He made his debut for the All Blacks in 1922 on their tour of New South Wales, playing five matches and scoring three tries. He went on to play 12 matches for between 1922 and 1924, scoring five tries, 11 conversions and one penalty goal. Dickinson also played for the South Island in 1922. He retired from first-class rugby at", "id": "2808375" }, { "contents": "Alexander Kirkpatrick (rugby union)\n\n\nAlexander Kirkpatrick (4 October 1898 – 25 August 1971) was an All Blacks rugby union player from New Zealand. He was a hooker. He played 12 matches for the All Blacks in1925-26 against Australia (New South Wales), scoring 6 points (2 tries). He was a member of the Hastings club and captained the Hawke’s Bay Region to take the Ranfurly Shield off Wellington in 1922; and appeared in 22 of the 24 successful defences (more than any other player). In 1952-56", "id": "16723938" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nClaud Augustus O'Donnell (30 January 1886 – 4 August 1953) was an Australian rugby union and rugby league player and represented his country at both sports as a dual-code rugby international. O'Donnell played rugby union with the Glebe club in inner city Sydney. He made his representative debut for New South Wales in 1912 and the following year made two Test appearances as hooker for the Wallabies against the All Blacks in the 1913 tour of New Zealand. Switching to rugby league O'Donnell joined the Glebe Dirty Reds in 1915 and had three", "id": "1170779" }, { "contents": "Wally O'Connell\n\n\nand played 80 games. His first representative match was for City New South Wales in 1943. On 18 June 1945 a Sydney rugby league team featuring O'Connell travelled to Newcastle to play against their representative team and were defeated 27-26. He was the Roosters' pivot in their 1945 premiership final victory over Balmain. With senior representative matches canceled during WWII O'Connell didn't make his Test debut until 1948 against New Zealand in Sydney.He was selected for the 1948-49 Kangaroo Tour and played in five Tests and 16 minor", "id": "14384862" }, { "contents": "Mawene Hiroti\n\n\nMawene Hiroti (born 6 March 1999) is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who plays as a or er for the South Sydney Rabbitohs in the NRL. Hiroti was born in Taranaki, New Zealand. He has represented the Australian Schoolboys rugby league team and the New Zealand Under 18s. Forged his career playing for New Plymouth Old Boys under 11s 12s and 13s - winning Taranaki Premiership every year. Mawene scoring 50 percent of all tries. He played for the Rabbitohs in their pre-season 18-8 victory over English", "id": "14480103" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\n) for British Empire XIII, and at club level for Streatham and Mitcham and Halifax (Heritage № 437), as a , or , i.e. number 2 or 5, or, 3 or 4. Smith represented New Zealand (RU) in the 16–13 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on Monday 6 August 1934, and scored a try in the 35–3 victory over Newcastle at Newcastle, New South Wales on Wednesday 22 August 1934, but was not selected for the 1935–36 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland", "id": "11805488" }, { "contents": "Jim Rukutai\n\n\nNew Zealand played matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Rukutai coached New Zealand during their 1921 tour of Australia. He remains New Zealand's youngest ever national coach. He also coached New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1937. In 1937 he coached the New Zealand Māori to an upset win over Australia. In 1932 Rukutai served on the Auckland Rugby League board as the Clubs' delegate. He then served as the first chairman of the New Zealand Māori Rugby League Board when it was formed in 1934. Rukutai died at his", "id": "1899959" }, { "contents": "Greg Davis (rugby)\n\n\nand there joined the Drummoyne Rugby Club Davis was immediately selected for both New South Wales and Australia in his first year in Sydney. He debuted in a Sydney Test match against England in June 1963 and the following month was selected in the squad for the 1963 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa. He played in all four Test matches of the tied series and in ten other tour matches. The next year he made the 1964 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand playing in seven of the eight matches including all three Tests", "id": "3641367" }, { "contents": "Bill Kelly (rugby league)\n\n\n, Kelly played first class rugby union for Buller when he was 18 and later represented Wellington. Kelly switched to rugby league with the launch of the Wellington Rugby League competition in 1912 and played for Athletic in their grand final loss to Petone. He became a Wellington representative and toured Australia in 1912 and 1913 with the New Zealand national side. No test matches were played with the Kiwis meeting New South Wales and Queensland and a number of regional sides. He played in Wellingtons 1913 victory over Auckland. He joined the Balmain Tigers", "id": "146975" }, { "contents": "1929 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\nThe 1929 New Zealand rugby league season was the 22nd season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand. New Zealand played in no international matches in 1929. The New South Wales Rugby Football League's South Sydney Rabbitohs toured the country late in the season. They played two matches against Marist, with both sides securing one win. South Sydney also defeated Huntly. Souths were without five Kangaroos who were on a tour of Great Britain. Marist won the first match 10-9 at Carlaw Park while Souths won the", "id": "3198729" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\ndue to a row over the eligibility of three players. They instead joined the Rugby League and the Football Association. Marist spent just seven seasons in the Canterbury Rugby League but won three titles, in 1924, 1925 and 1928. In 1924 they produced six New Zealand internationals; Bill Devine, Charles Fitzgerald, Ted Fitzgerald, Terry Gilroy, Harry Mullins and Lou Petersen. Jim Amos also switched codes with Marist but played in their lower divisions. Greymouth Marist joined the West Coast Rugby League in support of Christchurch Marist. The", "id": "3198709" }, { "contents": "Charles Webb (rugby league)\n\n\nCharles Webb was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand . A halfback from the Ponsonby United club, Webb also represented Auckland. In 1912, Webb toured Australia with New Zealand. The side played in matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Later that same year, New South Wales made a return tour to New Zealand. Webb captained the New Zealand side that played against them, losing 10-18. He also played in two matches for Auckland against the touring Blues side. Webb was selected for the", "id": "14418029" }, { "contents": "David Evans (rugby)\n\n\nDavid \"Dave\" Alexander Evans (4 October 1886 – 12 October 1940) was a New Zealand dual-code international who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Evans began his career playing rugby union and represented Hawke's Bay 19 times from 1906. He made the 1910 New Zealand tour of Australia and played in the 0–11 Test defeat by Australia at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 27 June 1910, becoming the Hawke's Bay's third representative. While in Australia Evans had been impressed by the rugby league", "id": "13088290" }, { "contents": "Bill Cunningham (rugby union)\n\n\nFootball Union. He was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1901, and played against Wellington and the New South Wales team that was touring New Zealand at the time. Both matches were comfortably won, with the tourists defeated 20–3. Cunningham played his first of four matches for Auckland against international opposition, against the same New South Wales side a week later, with his Auckland team winning 24–3. Cunningham moved to Auckland in 1902, and played his club rugby for City, before joining Ponsonby the following season. He", "id": "17185617" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\nWilliam Robert \"Bill\" Hardcastle (30 August 1874 – 11 July 1944) born in Wellington, New Zealand was a pioneer New Zealand and Australian rugby union player and an Australian rugby league footballer. He represented both countries in union and Australia in league. He was one of the first dual-code rugby internationals. Hardcastle commenced his club rugby in New Zealand with Petone and represented for Wellington from 1895 to 1897. He joined the Melrose club in 1897 and was selected in a North Island representative side from where he was", "id": "802015" }, { "contents": "Steve Skinnon\n\n\nSteve Skinnon (born 27 November 1976) is a New Zealand rugby footballer who played rugby union for Wellington and Hawkes Bay in the National Provincial Championship and rugby league for the Sydney Roosters and South Sydney Rabbitohs in the National Rugby League. He represented his country in both codes at a junior level. Skinnon started his career in rugby union and represented the New Zealand under 19 side in 1994 from Wellington College, playing at second five eighth. He switched codes to rugby league in 1995 and was picked to play for the Junior", "id": "2628332" }, { "contents": "Jim Wylie\n\n\nJames Thomas Wylie (26 October 1887 – 19 December 1956) was a New Zealand rugby union player, who represented both the country of his birth and Australia. He went on to coach the Stanford University rugby team for over 30 years from 1917. Born in Galatea in 1887, Wylie was a tall man at , and played as a loose forward. He first represented in 1910, playing six matches, before moving to Sydney for the next two years. There he made four appearances for New South Wales against Queensland,", "id": "12170928" }, { "contents": "Edward Baird (rugby league)\n\n\nNorthern Union\" style of rugby, taking on Albert Baskerville's New Zealand All Golds on their inaugural tour. Baird played as a reserve as the Queenslanders lost the historic match 34–12. He went on to make another appearance against New Zealand and two against New South Wales. When the New Zealand team came back on the return leg of their tour, they played three Test matches against the first Australian representative sides ever selected. The first Test was played in Sydney on 9 May 1908 with the Kiwis prevailing. On 30 May", "id": "17722972" }, { "contents": "Bob Aynsley\n\n\nRobert Aynsley (5 January 1922 – 12 October 2012) was a New Zealand rugby league player. He played five test matches for the New Zealand national rugby league team. Aynsley played for Blackball and represented the West Coast and the South Island before first being selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1946. He played in five test matches, his last in 1949. He played in 15 tour games on the 1947–1948 tour of Great Britain and France. After retirement, Aynsley was a referee from 1953 to 1960", "id": "5310628" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\ninterest in rugby union in Sydney following WWI. In 1920 he appeared three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the All Blacks scoring a try in his representative debut. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches. In 1921 he represented for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks and", "id": "9169856" }, { "contents": "1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand, more commonly known in New Zealand as the 1956 Springboks tour was a series of rugby union matches played by South Africa in Australia and New Zealand. The \"Springboks\" won 21 matches of 29, drew 1, and lost 7. They played 6 Test matches, with two victories over Australia and one over New Zealand. The New Zealand leg of their trip was the primary focus of the tour—23 of their 29 matches were in New Zealand, which included", "id": "12210178" }, { "contents": "Bert Cooke (rugby)\n\n\nspent 1932 with Hawke's Bay, before switching codes. Cooke also represented Wairarapa and Wellington while playing rugby union. He finished his rugby union career with 121 tries in 131 first class matches. Cooke joined the Richmond Rovers club in the Auckland Rugby League competition in 1932 and made an immediate impact, racing away for three tries in the inter-island game only weeks later. He was selected for New Zealand that year against the Great Britain Lions. Cooke also represented Auckland and captained New Zealand in two Test matches against Australia", "id": "12460198" }, { "contents": "Queensland rugby league team\n\n\nZealand rugby league tour of Australia, Queensland lost both its matches against the Kiwis in Brisbane. Again, Queensland played two matches against the Kiwis during the 1913 New Zealand rugby league tour of Australia and again the Maroons lost both. New South Wales had won every match between the two states until 1922, when the Maroons, with Cyril Connell playing at , achieved their maiden victory. This commenced Queensland's only golden period before the introduction of State of Origin. In 1925 Queensland toured New Zealand and played against the full New", "id": "12687033" }, { "contents": "1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia was the sixth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. Four matches were played against regional and district sides along with three Test match against the Australia national side, being the first time both teams played each other. New Zealand won the series with two victories and a tied match. Before the tour matches, New Zealand played a preliminary game v. the Wellington RU team at the Athletic Park, won by the \"All Blacks\" 19–6. Complete list of matches played", "id": "1302262" }, { "contents": "Watty Friend\n\n\nTest matches. In 1921 he figured in three matches for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks. Howell notes that Friends was one of the Waratahs' top players. In 1922 he appeared in all three matches again when the All Blacks visited Sydney, with second and third matches wins resulting in a rare series victory of those days to the Waratahs over the All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Friend was honoured with the captaincy of New South Wales in a three match series in which the Waratahs", "id": "5285969" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nseasons in the Sydney premiership. In 1918 he moved to Brisbane and joined the Carltons club, one of the early incarnations of the Souths Magpies. From there he made state appearances for Queensland against New South Wales over four years and in 1919 was selected in the Australian team as hooker. He played in all four Tests of the 1919 rugby league tour of New Zealand. He is listed as Australia's 97th representative on the Australian Rugby League's Kangaroo register. His international rugby league debut against New Zealand in Wellington on 23", "id": "1170780" }, { "contents": "John Rosewell\n\n\n. Along with Dally Messenger, Denis Lutge, Doug McLean snr and Micky Dore he was one of the inaugural five Australian dual code rugby internationals who having earlier represented at rugby union, debuted in international rugby league in Sydney on 9 May 1908 in the first ever Australian league Test against New Zealand. He is listed on the \"Australian Players Register\" as Kangaroo No.13. He spent three seasons at South Sydney playing 29 matches scoring 4 tries and 6 goals. He was a member of the 1910 Rabbitohs side that drew the", "id": "801844" }, { "contents": "George Aitken (rugby union)\n\n\nGeorge Gothard Aitken (2 July 1898 – 8 July 1952) was a rugby union footballer who represented New Zealand – known as the All Blacks – and then Scotland. He was born in Westport, New Zealand, and was selected to play provincially for Buller at the age of 16. After moving to Wellington, Aitken played for the province from 1917, and from there was selected for the All Blacks side that faced South Africa when they toured New Zealand in 1921. After only two Test matches for the All Blacks,", "id": "5006718" }, { "contents": "Jack Holland (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Holland (1922-1994) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s. An Australian international and New South Wales interstate representative forward, he played his club football in Sydney's NSWRFL Premiership for the St. George club. Holland was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia on 19 August 1922. Holland served in the Army during World War II. Commencing his first-grade NSWRFL Premiership playing career with St. George in 1947, he was selected to represent New South Wales in 1948", "id": "4207831" }, { "contents": "Jack Price (rugby league)\n\n\nagainst Australia (2 matches), and while at Wigan in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches). Jack Price played , in Wigan's 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. Jack Price played in Wigan's victories in the Lancashire County League during the 1922–23 season, 1923–24 season and 1925–26 season. Jack Price played , and scored a try in Wigan's 21-4 victory over", "id": "12779224" }, { "contents": "Edwin Abbott (rugby league)\n\n\nEdwin Frederick Abbott (1909–1976) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 1930 and 1932. Abbott was the nephew of 1905 All Black Harold Abbott and the uncle of Bill Deacon, a Kiwi from 1965 to 1971. From the Ngaruawahia Panthers club, Abbott represented South Auckland and the North Island. In 1930 he was selected for the New Zealand tour of New South Wales, playing in both matches against New South Wales and scoring three tries against Sydney Metropolis. He played for South Auckland against both the", "id": "19358978" }, { "contents": "Jim Davis (rugby league)\n\n\nthe 1911 NSWRFL season with North Sydney before playing three seasons with the Glebe club. His top-grade career finished up back at Souths in 1918-19 before concluding with a country stint at Parkes. Davis made his debut Test appearance in 1908 against New Zealand, appearing in both matches of the first rugby league international series played by an Australian representative side. At the end of that season he was selected in the 35 man squad to make the first ever Kangaroo Tour. Davis played in six tour matches but in none", "id": "11335988" }, { "contents": "Herb Brackenreg\n\n\nEastern Suburbs club. An Eastern Suburbs rugby union player, Brackenreg had been a member of the rebel New South Wales sides that played against the rebel New Zealand 'All Blacks' in the 1907 series that helped to establish rugby league in Australia. He played in 8 NSWRFL Premiership matches for Easts including that club's first match and was a member of the NSWRL's first premiership decider played against local rival, South Sydney. In that first season Brackenreg was selected to represent his state, New South Wales, in 2 matches", "id": "12715024" }, { "contents": "Danny Hurcombe\n\n\nFrom 29 November 1919 Hurcombe played for English rugby league club, Wigan. Hurcombe was selected to go on the 1920 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Wigan in 1920 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand, in 1922 against Australia, and in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches), and he won 6 caps for Wales in 1921–1926 while at Wigan. Hurcombe made his début for Wigan in", "id": "11028974" }, { "contents": "Arthur Hardgrave\n\n\nArthur Hardgrave ( 1908–14) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. A fullback, Hardgrave played for Taranaki against Auckland in 1908 and 1909. He later moved to Auckland and played for Otahuhu at club level and represented Auckland provincially. In 1912, Hardgrave was selected for the New Zealand national side who toured Australia. No test matches were played on the tour but Hardgrave became the 74th player to represent New Zealand. Following the tour, Hardgrave was part of the Auckland side that defeated New South Wales 10–3", "id": "124840" }, { "contents": "Ted Thorn\n\n\n. Ted made his state representative debut in 1922, appearing three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the visiting All Blacks for two victories. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches - including fifteen such appearances made by Ted Thorn. Thorn made the 1923 New South Wales tour", "id": "5576534" }, { "contents": "Jack Fitzgerald (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Fitzgerald was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s, and coached in the 1960s. He played for Western Suburbs as a winger and later coached the club from 1961 to 1964. Fitzgerald began his career with Western Suburbs in 1949. In 1952, Fitzgerald was a member of the Western Suburbs side which claimed their fourth and final premiership defeating South Sydney in the grand final, with Fitzgerald scoring a try. Fitzgerald played for three more seasons before retiring as a player. Fitzgerald began his coaching", "id": "15556425" }, { "contents": "Owen Stephens\n\n\nWales. He won a single cap for New Zealand, playing in the All Blacks' 19–12 victory over France at Eden Park, Auckland on 10 August 1968, and won five caps for Australia, playing against Tonga and Wales in 1973 and New Zealand in 1974. Only three players have played rugby union at test match level for both New Zealand and Australia: namely Des Connor, Ted Jessep and Stephens. He played club level rugby league for St. George Dragons (trial), Parramatta Eels (Heritage № 339) (", "id": "7733372" }, { "contents": "Peter Williams (New Zealand rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Williams (22 April 188430 August 1976) was a rugby union player who represented New Zealand nine times, including a single Test match. He played club rugby for Dunedin side Alhambra, and played provincial rugby for Otago between 1908 and 1914. His sole season of international rugby was 1913, when he played in a home Test against Australia before touring North America with the All Blacksas New Zealand's international team is knownthat same year. He was selected for a tour of Australia the following year, but was unavailable and so", "id": "8410349" }, { "contents": "Frank Smyth\n\n\nBernard Francis \"Frank\" Smyth (11 February 1891 – 15 July 1972) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A hooker, Smyth played a single representative game for Canterbury in 1915, one match for the South Island in 1922 and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, also in 1922. He played three matches for the All Blacks but did not appear in any internationals. His grandson is politician Peter Dunne. Smyth served in the No. 3 Field Company, New Zealand Engineers", "id": "16651150" }, { "contents": "1921 Waratahs tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe Queensland Rugby Union had collapsed in 1919 and would not be reborn until 1929 leaving the New South Wales Rugby Union to administer the game in Australia at the national representative level. In 1923 the New South Wales side toured New Zealand In 1986 the Australian Rugby Union decreed the five full-internationals played on the tour as official Test matches. Previously the All Blacks visited New South Wales in the 1920 tour. This tour happened while the Springboks were completing their tour in New Zealand. Previously in June, South Africa played three", "id": "14085090" }, { "contents": "Robert Graves (rugby)\n\n\n1905 and from there was selected to represent Metropolis (Sydney) in a fixture against Country played over Easter in 1905. He continued in a coaching role for the Grosvenor club even while himself playing rugby for those other sides from 1903 to 1907. Graves was one of the New South Wales rugby union players who matched up against the first professional New Zealand team, Albert Baskiville's 'All Golds' in three matches in Sydney in August 1907. He played in all three matches and along with the other Australian rebel players was", "id": "3902454" }, { "contents": "Jim Sullivan (rugby league)\n\n\n, converting five goals in a 21–0 win against Widnes. He made his first representative appearance in December 1921, playing for Wales in a 16–21 defeat against Australia. Jim Sullivan played , and scored 4-conversions in Wigan's 13-2 victory over Oldham in the Championship Final during the 1921–22 season at The Cliff, Broughton on Saturday 6 May 1922, played , and scored 4-conversions in the 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. played", "id": "338598" }, { "contents": "Simon Poidevin\n\n\nwas then selected to play for New South Wales in a succession of the matches in 1981. The first match against Manawatu was won 58-3, with NSW scoring 10 tries. Victories over Waikato and Counties followed, before New South Wales were defeated by Queensland 26-15 at the Sydney Cricket Ground. New South Wales played Queensland in a return match a week later in Brisbane that was won 7-6. Poidevin played for Sydney against France in the third game France played for their 1981 France rugby union tour of", "id": "16857237" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\ncalled up to the All Blacks and he played in eight games for New Zealand, although he did not appear in any Test matches. In 1924 Marist Old Boys became locked in a dispute with the Canterbury Rugby Union and quit, instead fielding rugby league and soccer teams. Petersen followed the club, taking up rugby league. Petersen made an immediate impact and was one of six Marist Old Boys players who were selected to represent New Zealand that season. In total Petersen played in three Test matches for New Zealand in rugby league", "id": "14015996" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\n, Bert Avery and Maurice Wetherill. Lou Brown made his Auckland debut in the second match. At the end of the tour the NSW members of the 1921-22 Australasian Kangaroos were joined by New Zealand member Bert Laing for a match against the rest of the NSW squad and local Auckland stars. The Kangaroos won 65-27. The New Zealand Māori side played Sydney Metropolis in Sydney. South Auckland held the Northern Union Cup at the end of the season. They defeated Auckland 21-20 in Auckland to win the", "id": "3198700" }, { "contents": "John Solomon (rugby union)\n\n\nmade his state and national representative debuts at age nineteen, first playing for Australia against the at the Sydney Cricket Ground in June 1949. Later that year he toured New Zealand with Trevor Allan's Bledisloe Cup winning Wallabies. Solomon played variously at five-eighth, fullback and centre in seven matches of the tour including the 2nd Test at Eden Park where he scored a try thus helping the side make history as the first Australian team to win the Cup in New Zealand. He played twice for New South Wales in 1950 at", "id": "19470085" }, { "contents": "Darby Loudon\n\n\nDarby Briton Loudon (12 March 1897 – c. 1963) was a New Zealand born rugby union player, a flanker who made sixteen representative appearances for the New South Wales state team in the 1920s. Four of these matches have since been decreed as Test matches by the Australian Rugby Union and Loudon, who led the side in one such match in 1922, was therefore a captain of the Australian national team. Loudon, was born in Leeston, New Zealand and relocated to Sydney during his youth. He attended Sydney Grammar School", "id": "5401488" }, { "contents": "Michael Fitzgerald (rugby union)\n\n\nMichael Fitzgerald (born ) is a New Zealand rugby union player currently playing for Kamaishi Seawaves in Japan. He previously played for Leicester Tigers in England's Premiership Rugby, for the Chiefs in Super Rugby and Manawatu in the ITM Cup. His regular playing position is lock. In 2013, he signed a contract extension with the Chiefs until 2015. On 21 April 2015, it was announced he had signed for English Aviva Premiership side Leicester Tigers. Fitzgerald made his Leicester debut on 18 October 2015 in a 28-16 win", "id": "17447697" }, { "contents": "Peter Johnstone (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Johnstone (9 August 1922 – 18 October 1997) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A backrow forward, Johnstone represented Ashburton County while serving in the army and later at a provincial level. He was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1949 to 1951. He played 26 matches for the All Blacks —10 as captain—including nine internationals, touring South Africa in 1949 and playing all four tests against the touring 1950 British Lions. He was a key member of the", "id": "5603616" }, { "contents": "Brian Reidy\n\n\nBrian Thomas Reidy (27 January 1939 – 2 June 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Reidy played for the Marist club and represented Auckland. He made his debut for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1959, becoming Kiwi #383, but did not make his test match debut until 1961, against Australia at Carlaw Park. Between 1959 and 1966, Reidy played 65 games for New Zealand, including 19 tests, scoring 34 tries in all. He could play anywhere in the", "id": "21473667" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nmatches. In 1911 Mitchell, along with three other players from the Merivale club, moved to Sydney and played for the North Sydney Bears. He was then enticed north by the Queensland Rugby League. At the same time the New Zealand rugby league side was touring Australia and he was invited to join the touring party. Mitchell played in four matches, becoming a dual-code rugby international. Mitchell then returned to Christchurch and represented Canterbury in its first ever match in 1912. Mitchell toured Australia twice more with New Zealand,", "id": "3816467" }, { "contents": "Pat Creedy\n\n\nPatrick Joseph \"Pat\" Creedy (18 November 1927 – 7 April 2011) was a New Zealand rugby football player who represented New Zealand in rugby league. Creedy originally played rugby union and represented both the Southland Rugby Union and the Canterbury Rugby Union. Creedy later switched codes to rugby league and joined the Marist club in the Canterbury Rugby League competition. He represented Canterbury and in 1955 was selected at halfback for the South Island. That year he was first selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team, playing against the", "id": "6530820" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1924 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the 11th tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales selection, and New Zealand won the 3 match series", "id": "14085325" }, { "contents": "Jim Sanders (rugby league)\n\n\nJames Sanders (1900–1981) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Sanders started his career in third grade with Addington in 1915. He spent his entire career with Addington apart from a few games for Hornby when Addington had no senior team. He captained Addington to their first title in 1923. Sanders made his New Zealand debut in 1919 against Australia. In 1921 Sanders toured Australia for New Zealand under coach Jim Rukutai. He played for New Zealand in 1922 against New South Wales and was part of the", "id": "6884071" }, { "contents": "Nolan Tupaea\n\n\na first grade match. In 1979 he moved to Petone, winning premierships in 1980, 1981 and 1982. He was also part of their 1982 victory in the National Club Cup. Tupaea represented Wellington, playing 64 matches between 1971 and 1985. He was selected for the Kiwi Colts in 1973 for a match against Queensland. In 1976 he represented the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. Tupaea played for the Central Districts side in their first five years of the New Zealand Rugby League's district competition. The side", "id": "15687157" }, { "contents": "Peter Ward (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter M. Ward (born 5 November 1876) was a New Zealand-born rugby union player who represented Australia. A fly-half, he was born in Invercargill. Ward was described as \"astute and a skillful inside back\". A member of the Britannia club Ward initially played for the Southland province between 1897 and 1898. He then moved to Sydney, Australia in 1899 and joined the Marrackville club. He was selected for New South Wales to play in their two matches against the touring Great Britain side. After", "id": "2597515" }, { "contents": "Frano Botica\n\n\nFrano Michael Botica (born 3 August 1963) is a New Zealand rugby union and rugby league coach and former player in both codes, who played in the 1980s and 1990s. He is the head coach of the Philippines sevens team. He represented New Zealand at both codes, and later also played for Croatia in two rugby union World Cup qualifying matches. Born in Mangakino, New Zealand, Botica played rugby union for club side North Shore, New Zealand provincial side North Harbour, as well as Llanelli in Wales, and", "id": "3135809" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nWilliam James Mitchell (28 November 1890 – 2 June 1959) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Mitchell was born in Melbourne, Australia before moving to New Zealand where he worked for the New Zealand Railways Department. Mitchell played rugby union for the Merivale club in Christchurch and represented the province nine times in 1909 and 1910. He was selected to be part of the All Blacks tour of Australia in 1910 and played in five matches, including the second and third Test", "id": "3816466" }, { "contents": "1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand was the third tour made by the Springboks rugby team, and their first tour to Australia and New Zealand. South Africa played three Test matches against the All Blacks. The series was drawn 1–all, and the long-running controversy between the countries over the All Blacks' inclusion of Maori players began. The Springboks played five matches in Australia, winning them all. The three most important matches against New South Wales, were retroactively accorded Test status by the Australian", "id": "19644461" }, { "contents": "1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand was a series of rugby union matches played in New Zealand by the South African national rugby union team, from June - August 1994. The team played 14 matches in total; 11 against several provincial rugby teams and 3 against the New Zealand national rugby union team. South Africa won 10 out of the 11 matches against provincial sides, losing one match to Otago. They lost their first two test matches against the New Zealand national side and drew the last test. The", "id": "14043514" }, { "contents": "Ewen McKenzie\n\n\nTri nations, but was reselected in 1997 for the 1997 French tour of Australia. 1997 was the year McKenzie retired from international rugby, making his last appearance on 12 July 1997 after a 25–6 victory over England in Sydney. In his entire career of 51 test matches, he only ever played as a substitute once, during a pool game in the 1995 Rugby World Cup. In 1992, McKenzie toured New Zealand with the World XV to mark the centenary of the New Zealand Rugby Union. New Zealand won the series 2–1", "id": "7179494" }, { "contents": "Sam Gemmell\n\n\nSamuel William Gemmell (28 August 1896 – 28 June 1970) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A loose forward, Gemmell represented Hawke's Bay at a provincial level. He played one match for the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, out of position at hooker against New South Wales at Dunedin. Affiliating to Ngāti Pāhauwera, Gemmell played 57 matches for New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1929, making him the most capped player for that team. He served as a private with the New Zealand (Māori", "id": "16059662" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\nCharles \"Charlie\" Herbert \"Herb\" Smith (13 February 1909 – 10 April 1976) was a New Zealand rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s. He played representative level rugby union (RU) for New Zealand (Heritage № 406) (non-test matches), South Island and Otago (captain), and at club level for Southern RFC , as a centre, i.e. number 12 or 13, switching codes in 1936. He played representative level rugby league (RL", "id": "11805487" }, { "contents": "James Barber (rugby)\n\n\nover to join the squad. He played in the first ever trans-Tasman test which was the debut match of the Australia national rugby league team. Barber would go on to appear in all three test matches against Australia. Barber later captained the New Zealand side in its 1909 tour of Australia. His last game for New Zealand was in 1912. In 1912 he was in Petone's side that won the inaugural Wellington Rugby League competition. Barber captained Wellington between 1911 and 1914, including Wellington's 1913 victory over Auckland.", "id": "7778848" }, { "contents": "Alex Watson (rugby league)\n\n\nAlex Watson (1931–2002) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer of the 1950s. An Australian international and Queensland interstate representative three-quarter back, he played club football in the Brisbane Rugby League premiership for Western Suburbs. Watson first represented Queensland in 1951 in a match against New South Wales. He made his test debut at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 12 June 1954 against Great Britain in the first test of that year's Ashes series. Australia won this test 37-12. In 1953 Watson toured New Zealand with the", "id": "15082194" }, { "contents": "Jack McLeod (rugby league)\n\n\nJack McLeod is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. McLeod played for Taranaki and Auckland. While at the Manukau club, McLeod was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1937, playing against Australia. He toured Australia with New Zealand in 1938 however no test matches were played on the tour. Four days after the 1937 test, McLeod was part of the New Zealand Māori side that defeated Australia 16-5. In 2008 he was named in the Taranaki Rugby League Team of the Century", "id": "19760905" }, { "contents": "Frank Nicholson (rugby union)\n\n\nof these matches played against New South Wales. The Howell reference claims that Nicholson's rugby career was interrupted by enlistment in the Boer War. He claimed two international rugby caps for Australia. He appeared for Queensland against the touring New Zealanders in Brisbane in August 1903 and two weeks later made his international debut against the same tourists in Sydney, on 15 August 1903. In 1904 he captained Queensland in the inter-state series and played alongside his brother Fred who scored a try in that match. Later that season he had", "id": "2954916" }, { "contents": "Frank Brogan (rugby league)\n\n\nFrank Brogan (1903–1961) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s. He played as a halfback with South Sydney during the club's golden era of the 1920s when they won 5 premierships. Brogan made his debut for South Sydney in 1922 against Newtown as an 18 year old. In 1924, Brogan was selected to play for New South Wales and featured in two matches. The following year, Brogan won his first premiership with Souths as they finished first on the table and were not required to play in", "id": "18073767" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\ntest of 1899 against the first British side to tour Australia, at Sydney, on 12 August. He also played for Australia in 1903 in Sydney against New Zealand in the first official rugby union international between the countries. He became an early convert to the fledgling league code and played for the Ipswich club in Queensland. He was selected in the 2nd Test of 1908 against New Zealand. Five former Wallabies had debuted for the Kangaroos in the inaugural Test three weeks earlier, Hardcastle's league Test debut that day with George Watson", "id": "802017" } ]

[ { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nthe 6–8 defeat by New South Wales at Sydney on 7 August 1922, and scored a penalty in the 45–11 victory over Manawatu-Wellington XV at Palmerston North on 16 August 1922 but never played a Test match for New Zealand. In 1923 Fitzgerald moved to Christchurch, joining the Marist Old Boys club. However the club was expelled from the Canterbury Rugby Union in April 1924 and Fitzgerald followed to club to rugby league. Fitzgerald excelled in rugby league and in his debut year he made the national side, playing in two Test", "id": "13539549" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nhe lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Jim O'Brien. Fitzgerald played for the South Island in 1922, scoring a try in the inter-island match. Following this he was selected for New Zealand, playing in five matches on a tour of New Zealand and Australia. Fitzgerald represented New Zealand (RU) in the 12–11 victory over Wairarapa at Carterton on 19 July 1922, the 26–19 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on 29 July 1922, the 24–6 victory over Metropolitan Union at Sydney on 2 August 1922,", "id": "13539548" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nCharles James Fitzgerald (6 June 1899, in Fairhall – 8 May 1961, in Awatere Valley) was a New Zealand dual-code international rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Fitzgerald was a utility back in both codes. Fitzgerald represented Marlborough between 1917 and 1921, appearing for the union in every backline position except fullback. He played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks kicking a penalty goal in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game", "id": "13539547" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nAndrew James \"Jim\" O'Brien (1897–1969) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. O'Brien began his career playing rugby union for Marlborough between 1919 and 1921. He also played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game he lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Charles Fitzgerald. In 1922 he moved north to Auckland, joining the Grafton club. He immediately was selected for the", "id": "13908850" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nNorth Island side and subsequently the All Blacks tour of New Zealand and South Wales. He finished the tour having played in 3 games and scored one try. Returning to Auckland, O’Brien played his first game for the union late in the 1922 season. In 1923 he played five games for Auckland. O'Brien switched to rugby league in 1924, joining Marist in the Auckland Rugby League competition. He played for Auckland and made the New Zealand national rugby league team for three tests against the touring Great Britain Lions side that year.", "id": "13908851" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\nLouis Charles Petersen (19 April 1897 – 25 June 1961) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Petersen served with the New Zealand Expeditionary Force in World War I and it was here that he developed his football skills, playing for the \"Trench team\". Petersen began his career with the Marist Old Boys club in Christchurch and in 1919 was first selected to represent Canterbury. He made the South Island side in 1919, 1920 and 1921. In 1922 Petersen was", "id": "14015995" }, { "contents": "Jim Craig (rugby league)\n\n\nversatility was such that he was selected at hooker for a match on tour of New Zealand in 1919. Graig first represented for New South Wales against a touring English side in 1920. He was selected on the 1921–22 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and made his Test debut in the first Test at Leeds. He appeared in 23 minor tour matches notching a total of 58 points as a try scorer and goal kicker. Following his Kangaroo Tour representative appearances in 1922 he played a season with the University club in Sydney. In 1923", "id": "6542629" }, { "contents": "Albert Johnston (rugby league)\n\n\nclub seasons of 1921 and 1922. In 1912 he was selected in a Sydney Metropolis side. In 1913 he was in a New South Wales touring squad to New Zealand as half-back but was kept out of the major matches by the form of his peer Arthur Halloway. He captained New South Wales in some 1918 games and then made his Australian Test debut in 1919 on Australia's tour of New Zealand. He scored a try on debut assisting Australia to a 44-21 victory. With tour captain Halloway unfit for", "id": "9752107" }, { "contents": "Percy Hickey\n\n\nPercival \"Percy\" Hubert Hickey (28 April 1899 – 21 December 1943) was a New Zealand rugby union player who represented the All Blacks in 1922. His position of choice was wing three-quarter. Hickey was born in Rahotu in 1899. He made the provincial side in 1919. He was selected for the North against South Island match in 1922. He scored a try. He was then selected for the national side on their tour of New South Wales. Hickey played in two of the possible five matches.", "id": "3545214" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1922 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the tenth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales Selection, and NSW won the 3 match series 2–1. In", "id": "13453802" }, { "contents": "Billy Sheehan (rugby union)\n\n\ntop Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of their 1920s fixtures played against full international opposition were decreed in 1986 as official Test matches, including the three of Sheehan's 1921 debut and fifteen other appearances he would make over the next six years. In 1922 he appeared in all three Test in Sydney against the visiting All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Sheehan played all of the three match series in which the Waratahs were undefeated. On the 1923 tour of New Zealand and", "id": "5401479" }, { "contents": "Les Steel\n\n\nLeslie William Steel (1900 – 28 April 1966) was a rugby league footballer in Australia's major competition, the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL). Steel played over 100 matches for his club side, Eastern Suburbs in the years (1922–29). A Winger, Steel was a try scorer in Easts 1923 premiership victory. In 1922 Steel was selected to represent New South Wales. Following his football career, Steel spent many years as an official of the Eastern Suburbs club. He died at Hurstville, New South", "id": "20482633" }, { "contents": "Jim Bacon (rugby)\n\n\nLions tour of Australasia. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Leeds in 1920 against Australia (3 matches), and New Zealand (3 matches), in 1921 against Australia (2 matches), in 1922 against Australia, in 1924 against Australia, and in 1927 against New Zealand. From 1921 until 1927 he also represented Wales, winning six caps, all against England, including 1-victory, and 5-defeats. Bacon played left-, i.e. number 4 and scored 2-tries in Leeds' 11–3 victory over Dewsbury", "id": "5182427" }, { "contents": "Karl Ifwersen\n\n\nrep team, captaining the combined Auckland-North Auckland side against South Africa in his first game back and scoring the only try. Ifwersen played in one test match for the All Blacks during the 1921 South Africa tour of the country. Ifwersen continued to play for Auckland between 1922 and 1938. Ifwersen died in Auckland on 19 May 1967, having suffered considerably from football injuries during his old age. Ifwersen was inducted into the New Zealand Rugby League's Legends of League in 2000. He was the first New Zealander to represent", "id": "14118993" }, { "contents": "New Zealand national rugby union team\n\n\nThomas Ellison captained team won nine of their ten matches. The following year New Zealand played its first home \"international\" game, losing 8–6 to New South Wales. The team's first true test match occurred against Australia on 15 August 1903 at the Sydney Cricket Ground in front of over 30,000 spectators, and resulted in a 22–3 victory. A representative New Zealand team first toured the British Isles in 1905. The side is now known as the \"Originals\", as the \"All Blacks\" name emerged during this tour", "id": "20449805" }, { "contents": "Wilson Hall (rugby league)\n\n\nA. Wilson Hall was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s and 1930s who represented New Zealand and later played at club level in England for Castleford. From the Ngaruawahia club, Wilson Hall represented South Auckland in 1922. He was a half for South Auckland and the North Island in 1925. In 1926 he moved to Christchurch. Wilson Hall then represented the Hornby club, Canterbury and the South Island. He was selected for New Zealand's tour of Great Britain in 1926. He played in two test matches", "id": "20659026" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\nwas selected to tour New Zealand. He played in seven matches on tour including the Waratah's Test victory. He made representative appearances in 1922 against the New Zealand Maori and the All Blacks, played in three Tests against them in 1924 and in five matches against them in 1925. The 3rd test of 1925 played on 23 June at the Sydney Showground was Fox's sole appearance as the national captain. He was solid in further Test appearances against New Zealand in 1926 He was a tremendous lineout forward and one of the senior", "id": "9169857" }, { "contents": "Dai Fitzgerald\n\n\nDavid \"Dai\" Fitzgerald (1872 – 30 November 1951) was a Welsh rugby centre who played club rugby under the union code for Cardiff, and later switched to professional rugby league team Batley (captain). He played international rugby union for Wales winning two caps, and in his first match for Wales scored all the points in a victory over Scotland. Fitzgerald first played rugby in Cardiff for the now defunct club, St. Davids, one of several Welsh teams built around Catholic churches. He switched to first class club", "id": "18632594" }, { "contents": "Bruce Gall\n\n\nBruce Gall is a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Gall played in the Taranaki Rugby League and represented Taranaki. In 1976 Gall played for the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. In 1979 he played for the Central Districts side that won the Inter-Districts competition. He was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team on the 1980 tour of Great Britain and France. Gall did not play in a test match but did play in 8 games for the Kiwis, scoring 3 tries.", "id": "18658371" }, { "contents": "Shaun Foley\n\n\nShaun Foley (born 29 August 1986 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia) is an Australian rugby union player and a former member of the National Rugby League's (NRL) Sydney Roosters squad. Foley played in the Australian Schoolboys Rugby Union team that lost to New Zealand 21-16 in 2004. Foley scored all 16 points for the Australian team. Foley joined NRL side the Sydney Roosters in 2006, playing 7 games and scoring 6 tries. He scored two tries in the Roosters 40-20 victory over the", "id": "3276301" }, { "contents": "Sam Lowrie\n\n\nSamuel Arthur \"Sam\" Lowrie was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. His grandnephew, Jason Lowrie, also represented New Zealand in rugby league. Lowrie played for the Ponsonby club in the Auckland Rugby League competition. In 1919 Lowrie played for Auckland and was first selected to represent New Zealand, playing in three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1922 Lowrie toured Australia, with the New Zealand Māori rugby league team. Lowrie was named Ponsonby's best forward in 1923. He again played for", "id": "21879456" }, { "contents": "Arthur Kay (rugby league)\n\n\nArthur Geig Kay was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Kay represented Auckland and was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1935. He played in all three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1936 he played in two matches against the touring Great Britain team and played in his final test match in New Zealand's 16-15 victory over Australia at Carlaw Park on 14 August 1937. He was selected to tour Great Britain and France in 1939 but the tour was abandoned due to the", "id": "13813701" }, { "contents": "Percy Williams (New Zealand rugby league player)\n\n\nPercy Williams was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Williams originally played rugby union and represented Auckland. Williams played for Wigan for three seasons between 1910/11 to 1912/13. During this time he played in 111 matches for the club in the Lancashire League, including in the 1911 Challenge Cup Final loss. In 1913 he was called into the New Zealand squad, joining them midway through their tour of Australia. Williams was said to be instrumental in New Zealand's 17-11 upset victory over New South Wales.", "id": "14326389" }, { "contents": "Johnnie Wallace\n\n\nthe club's first Wallaby representative. His potential was obvious and in 1921 he was selected in the New South Wales side picked to tour New Zealand. He played in five of the ten tour matches including the September 1921 fixture against a New Zealand XV which is now regarded as a Test match. With no Queensland Rugby Union administration or competition in place from 1919 to 1929, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of the fixtures of 1920s which were played against", "id": "7506396" }, { "contents": "Jack Forrest (rugby league)\n\n\nJohn Alexander \"Jack\" Forrest (24 February 1924 – 26 February 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 12 international matches between 1947 and 1952. His cousin Jonas Masters also played rugby league for New Zealand. Forrest played in the West Coast Rugby League competition for Runanga and represented both the West Coast and the South Island. He played in 42 matches, 12 of which were test matches, for the New Zealand national rugby league team, including matches against the 1951 touring French side and", "id": "18556717" }, { "contents": "Pat Devery\n\n\n, New South Wales on 9 August 1922. A Tumbulgum junior, he played football in the Brisbane Rugby League for Fortitude Valley. Devery was then discovered by coach of Sydney's Balmain club Latchem Robinson while playing football in The Domain, Sydney as a sailor in the Royal Australian Navy during the war. Devery played for Balmain at halfback in the 1944 NSWRFL season's premiership final, scoring a try in his side's victory over Newtown. Devery also represented Sydney on 6 occasions, New South Wales on 2 occasions between 1946–1947", "id": "14526725" }, { "contents": "Charles Kingstone\n\n\nCharles Napoleon \"Nipper\" Kingstone (2 July 1895 – 6 May 1960) was a New Zealand sportsman who played international rugby union for New Zealand. He was also a first-class cricketer. A fullback, Kingstone played all three of his Tests during South Africa's 1921 tour of New Zealand. He was injured in a motor accident in 1922 and didn't play again for New Zealand. Kingstone played just one first-class cricket match. He represented a team called the \"Rest of New Zealand\" in a", "id": "8516640" }, { "contents": "Dougie McGregor\n\n\nAlwin John \"Dougie\" McGregor (1889–1963) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. McGregor played rugby union for the Karangahake club in the Goldfields sub-union competition in 1908. The following year he moved to Auckland, joining the Ponsonby club. McGregor represented Auckland and the North Island that same year. In 1913 McGregor was picked in the New Zealand squad for their North America tour and played in 11 games during the tour, including Test matches against Australia and", "id": "14128313" }, { "contents": "1893 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1893 New Zealand tour rugby to Australia was the second tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. Ten matches were played against regional and district sides, but no Test matches were played. It was first tour arranged by New Zealand Rugby Football Union which was founded the year before. The only previous New Zealand national team was the side that toured New South Wales in 1884. Immediately before departing for Sydney, the tourists played a match against a \"Combined XV\" in Wellington, which New Zealand won", "id": "14310646" }, { "contents": "Australasia rugby league team\n\n\nThe Australasian rugby league team (or the Kangaroos) represented Australia and New Zealand in rugby league sporadically between 1910 and 1922. Administered by the New South Wales Rugby League, appearances for the team were counted towards the Australian team's records and playing register but not the New Zealand team's. The team toured Great Britain twice, participating in two Ashes series, and also played Great Britain twice in Sydney. The Australasian side first played in 1910. After Great Britain had defeated Australia in two Test matches it was decided that", "id": "15931608" }, { "contents": "George Dickinson\n\n\nChurch in Dunedin. While at Otago Boys' High School, Dickinson played as a five-eighth in the school's 1st XV rugby team between 1918 and 1921. He made his debut for the All Blacks in 1922 on their tour of New South Wales, playing five matches and scoring three tries. He went on to play 12 matches for between 1922 and 1924, scoring five tries, 11 conversions and one penalty goal. Dickinson also played for the South Island in 1922. He retired from first-class rugby at", "id": "2808375" }, { "contents": "Alexander Kirkpatrick (rugby union)\n\n\nAlexander Kirkpatrick (4 October 1898 – 25 August 1971) was an All Blacks rugby union player from New Zealand. He was a hooker. He played 12 matches for the All Blacks in1925-26 against Australia (New South Wales), scoring 6 points (2 tries). He was a member of the Hastings club and captained the Hawke’s Bay Region to take the Ranfurly Shield off Wellington in 1922; and appeared in 22 of the 24 successful defences (more than any other player). In 1952-56", "id": "16723938" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nClaud Augustus O'Donnell (30 January 1886 – 4 August 1953) was an Australian rugby union and rugby league player and represented his country at both sports as a dual-code rugby international. O'Donnell played rugby union with the Glebe club in inner city Sydney. He made his representative debut for New South Wales in 1912 and the following year made two Test appearances as hooker for the Wallabies against the All Blacks in the 1913 tour of New Zealand. Switching to rugby league O'Donnell joined the Glebe Dirty Reds in 1915 and had three", "id": "1170779" }, { "contents": "Wally O'Connell\n\n\nand played 80 games. His first representative match was for City New South Wales in 1943. On 18 June 1945 a Sydney rugby league team featuring O'Connell travelled to Newcastle to play against their representative team and were defeated 27-26. He was the Roosters' pivot in their 1945 premiership final victory over Balmain. With senior representative matches canceled during WWII O'Connell didn't make his Test debut until 1948 against New Zealand in Sydney.He was selected for the 1948-49 Kangaroo Tour and played in five Tests and 16 minor", "id": "14384862" }, { "contents": "Mawene Hiroti\n\n\nMawene Hiroti (born 6 March 1999) is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who plays as a or er for the South Sydney Rabbitohs in the NRL. Hiroti was born in Taranaki, New Zealand. He has represented the Australian Schoolboys rugby league team and the New Zealand Under 18s. Forged his career playing for New Plymouth Old Boys under 11s 12s and 13s - winning Taranaki Premiership every year. Mawene scoring 50 percent of all tries. He played for the Rabbitohs in their pre-season 18-8 victory over English", "id": "14480103" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\n) for British Empire XIII, and at club level for Streatham and Mitcham and Halifax (Heritage № 437), as a , or , i.e. number 2 or 5, or, 3 or 4. Smith represented New Zealand (RU) in the 16–13 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on Monday 6 August 1934, and scored a try in the 35–3 victory over Newcastle at Newcastle, New South Wales on Wednesday 22 August 1934, but was not selected for the 1935–36 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland", "id": "11805488" }, { "contents": "Jim Rukutai\n\n\nNew Zealand played matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Rukutai coached New Zealand during their 1921 tour of Australia. He remains New Zealand's youngest ever national coach. He also coached New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1937. In 1937 he coached the New Zealand Māori to an upset win over Australia. In 1932 Rukutai served on the Auckland Rugby League board as the Clubs' delegate. He then served as the first chairman of the New Zealand Māori Rugby League Board when it was formed in 1934. Rukutai died at his", "id": "1899959" }, { "contents": "Greg Davis (rugby)\n\n\nand there joined the Drummoyne Rugby Club Davis was immediately selected for both New South Wales and Australia in his first year in Sydney. He debuted in a Sydney Test match against England in June 1963 and the following month was selected in the squad for the 1963 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa. He played in all four Test matches of the tied series and in ten other tour matches. The next year he made the 1964 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand playing in seven of the eight matches including all three Tests", "id": "3641367" }, { "contents": "Bill Kelly (rugby league)\n\n\n, Kelly played first class rugby union for Buller when he was 18 and later represented Wellington. Kelly switched to rugby league with the launch of the Wellington Rugby League competition in 1912 and played for Athletic in their grand final loss to Petone. He became a Wellington representative and toured Australia in 1912 and 1913 with the New Zealand national side. No test matches were played with the Kiwis meeting New South Wales and Queensland and a number of regional sides. He played in Wellingtons 1913 victory over Auckland. He joined the Balmain Tigers", "id": "146975" }, { "contents": "1929 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\nThe 1929 New Zealand rugby league season was the 22nd season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand. New Zealand played in no international matches in 1929. The New South Wales Rugby Football League's South Sydney Rabbitohs toured the country late in the season. They played two matches against Marist, with both sides securing one win. South Sydney also defeated Huntly. Souths were without five Kangaroos who were on a tour of Great Britain. Marist won the first match 10-9 at Carlaw Park while Souths won the", "id": "3198729" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\ndue to a row over the eligibility of three players. They instead joined the Rugby League and the Football Association. Marist spent just seven seasons in the Canterbury Rugby League but won three titles, in 1924, 1925 and 1928. In 1924 they produced six New Zealand internationals; Bill Devine, Charles Fitzgerald, Ted Fitzgerald, Terry Gilroy, Harry Mullins and Lou Petersen. Jim Amos also switched codes with Marist but played in their lower divisions. Greymouth Marist joined the West Coast Rugby League in support of Christchurch Marist. The", "id": "3198709" }, { "contents": "Charles Webb (rugby league)\n\n\nCharles Webb was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand . A halfback from the Ponsonby United club, Webb also represented Auckland. In 1912, Webb toured Australia with New Zealand. The side played in matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Later that same year, New South Wales made a return tour to New Zealand. Webb captained the New Zealand side that played against them, losing 10-18. He also played in two matches for Auckland against the touring Blues side. Webb was selected for the", "id": "14418029" }, { "contents": "David Evans (rugby)\n\n\nDavid \"Dave\" Alexander Evans (4 October 1886 – 12 October 1940) was a New Zealand dual-code international who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Evans began his career playing rugby union and represented Hawke's Bay 19 times from 1906. He made the 1910 New Zealand tour of Australia and played in the 0–11 Test defeat by Australia at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 27 June 1910, becoming the Hawke's Bay's third representative. While in Australia Evans had been impressed by the rugby league", "id": "13088290" }, { "contents": "Bill Cunningham (rugby union)\n\n\nFootball Union. He was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1901, and played against Wellington and the New South Wales team that was touring New Zealand at the time. Both matches were comfortably won, with the tourists defeated 20–3. Cunningham played his first of four matches for Auckland against international opposition, against the same New South Wales side a week later, with his Auckland team winning 24–3. Cunningham moved to Auckland in 1902, and played his club rugby for City, before joining Ponsonby the following season. He", "id": "17185617" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\nWilliam Robert \"Bill\" Hardcastle (30 August 1874 – 11 July 1944) born in Wellington, New Zealand was a pioneer New Zealand and Australian rugby union player and an Australian rugby league footballer. He represented both countries in union and Australia in league. He was one of the first dual-code rugby internationals. Hardcastle commenced his club rugby in New Zealand with Petone and represented for Wellington from 1895 to 1897. He joined the Melrose club in 1897 and was selected in a North Island representative side from where he was", "id": "802015" }, { "contents": "Steve Skinnon\n\n\nSteve Skinnon (born 27 November 1976) is a New Zealand rugby footballer who played rugby union for Wellington and Hawkes Bay in the National Provincial Championship and rugby league for the Sydney Roosters and South Sydney Rabbitohs in the National Rugby League. He represented his country in both codes at a junior level. Skinnon started his career in rugby union and represented the New Zealand under 19 side in 1994 from Wellington College, playing at second five eighth. He switched codes to rugby league in 1995 and was picked to play for the Junior", "id": "2628332" }, { "contents": "Jim Wylie\n\n\nJames Thomas Wylie (26 October 1887 – 19 December 1956) was a New Zealand rugby union player, who represented both the country of his birth and Australia. He went on to coach the Stanford University rugby team for over 30 years from 1917. Born in Galatea in 1887, Wylie was a tall man at , and played as a loose forward. He first represented in 1910, playing six matches, before moving to Sydney for the next two years. There he made four appearances for New South Wales against Queensland,", "id": "12170928" }, { "contents": "Edward Baird (rugby league)\n\n\nNorthern Union\" style of rugby, taking on Albert Baskerville's New Zealand All Golds on their inaugural tour. Baird played as a reserve as the Queenslanders lost the historic match 34–12. He went on to make another appearance against New Zealand and two against New South Wales. When the New Zealand team came back on the return leg of their tour, they played three Test matches against the first Australian representative sides ever selected. The first Test was played in Sydney on 9 May 1908 with the Kiwis prevailing. On 30 May", "id": "17722972" }, { "contents": "Bob Aynsley\n\n\nRobert Aynsley (5 January 1922 – 12 October 2012) was a New Zealand rugby league player. He played five test matches for the New Zealand national rugby league team. Aynsley played for Blackball and represented the West Coast and the South Island before first being selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1946. He played in five test matches, his last in 1949. He played in 15 tour games on the 1947–1948 tour of Great Britain and France. After retirement, Aynsley was a referee from 1953 to 1960", "id": "5310628" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\ninterest in rugby union in Sydney following WWI. In 1920 he appeared three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the All Blacks scoring a try in his representative debut. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches. In 1921 he represented for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks and", "id": "9169856" }, { "contents": "1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand, more commonly known in New Zealand as the 1956 Springboks tour was a series of rugby union matches played by South Africa in Australia and New Zealand. The \"Springboks\" won 21 matches of 29, drew 1, and lost 7. They played 6 Test matches, with two victories over Australia and one over New Zealand. The New Zealand leg of their trip was the primary focus of the tour—23 of their 29 matches were in New Zealand, which included", "id": "12210178" }, { "contents": "Bert Cooke (rugby)\n\n\nspent 1932 with Hawke's Bay, before switching codes. Cooke also represented Wairarapa and Wellington while playing rugby union. He finished his rugby union career with 121 tries in 131 first class matches. Cooke joined the Richmond Rovers club in the Auckland Rugby League competition in 1932 and made an immediate impact, racing away for three tries in the inter-island game only weeks later. He was selected for New Zealand that year against the Great Britain Lions. Cooke also represented Auckland and captained New Zealand in two Test matches against Australia", "id": "12460198" }, { "contents": "Queensland rugby league team\n\n\nZealand rugby league tour of Australia, Queensland lost both its matches against the Kiwis in Brisbane. Again, Queensland played two matches against the Kiwis during the 1913 New Zealand rugby league tour of Australia and again the Maroons lost both. New South Wales had won every match between the two states until 1922, when the Maroons, with Cyril Connell playing at , achieved their maiden victory. This commenced Queensland's only golden period before the introduction of State of Origin. In 1925 Queensland toured New Zealand and played against the full New", "id": "12687033" }, { "contents": "1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia was the sixth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. Four matches were played against regional and district sides along with three Test match against the Australia national side, being the first time both teams played each other. New Zealand won the series with two victories and a tied match. Before the tour matches, New Zealand played a preliminary game v. the Wellington RU team at the Athletic Park, won by the \"All Blacks\" 19–6. Complete list of matches played", "id": "1302262" }, { "contents": "Watty Friend\n\n\nTest matches. In 1921 he figured in three matches for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks. Howell notes that Friends was one of the Waratahs' top players. In 1922 he appeared in all three matches again when the All Blacks visited Sydney, with second and third matches wins resulting in a rare series victory of those days to the Waratahs over the All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Friend was honoured with the captaincy of New South Wales in a three match series in which the Waratahs", "id": "5285969" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nseasons in the Sydney premiership. In 1918 he moved to Brisbane and joined the Carltons club, one of the early incarnations of the Souths Magpies. From there he made state appearances for Queensland against New South Wales over four years and in 1919 was selected in the Australian team as hooker. He played in all four Tests of the 1919 rugby league tour of New Zealand. He is listed as Australia's 97th representative on the Australian Rugby League's Kangaroo register. His international rugby league debut against New Zealand in Wellington on 23", "id": "1170780" }, { "contents": "John Rosewell\n\n\n. Along with Dally Messenger, Denis Lutge, Doug McLean snr and Micky Dore he was one of the inaugural five Australian dual code rugby internationals who having earlier represented at rugby union, debuted in international rugby league in Sydney on 9 May 1908 in the first ever Australian league Test against New Zealand. He is listed on the \"Australian Players Register\" as Kangaroo No.13. He spent three seasons at South Sydney playing 29 matches scoring 4 tries and 6 goals. He was a member of the 1910 Rabbitohs side that drew the", "id": "801844" }, { "contents": "George Aitken (rugby union)\n\n\nGeorge Gothard Aitken (2 July 1898 – 8 July 1952) was a rugby union footballer who represented New Zealand – known as the All Blacks – and then Scotland. He was born in Westport, New Zealand, and was selected to play provincially for Buller at the age of 16. After moving to Wellington, Aitken played for the province from 1917, and from there was selected for the All Blacks side that faced South Africa when they toured New Zealand in 1921. After only two Test matches for the All Blacks,", "id": "5006718" }, { "contents": "Jack Holland (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Holland (1922-1994) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s. An Australian international and New South Wales interstate representative forward, he played his club football in Sydney's NSWRFL Premiership for the St. George club. Holland was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia on 19 August 1922. Holland served in the Army during World War II. Commencing his first-grade NSWRFL Premiership playing career with St. George in 1947, he was selected to represent New South Wales in 1948", "id": "4207831" }, { "contents": "Jack Price (rugby league)\n\n\nagainst Australia (2 matches), and while at Wigan in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches). Jack Price played , in Wigan's 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. Jack Price played in Wigan's victories in the Lancashire County League during the 1922–23 season, 1923–24 season and 1925–26 season. Jack Price played , and scored a try in Wigan's 21-4 victory over", "id": "12779224" }, { "contents": "Edwin Abbott (rugby league)\n\n\nEdwin Frederick Abbott (1909–1976) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 1930 and 1932. Abbott was the nephew of 1905 All Black Harold Abbott and the uncle of Bill Deacon, a Kiwi from 1965 to 1971. From the Ngaruawahia Panthers club, Abbott represented South Auckland and the North Island. In 1930 he was selected for the New Zealand tour of New South Wales, playing in both matches against New South Wales and scoring three tries against Sydney Metropolis. He played for South Auckland against both the", "id": "19358978" }, { "contents": "Jim Davis (rugby league)\n\n\nthe 1911 NSWRFL season with North Sydney before playing three seasons with the Glebe club. His top-grade career finished up back at Souths in 1918-19 before concluding with a country stint at Parkes. Davis made his debut Test appearance in 1908 against New Zealand, appearing in both matches of the first rugby league international series played by an Australian representative side. At the end of that season he was selected in the 35 man squad to make the first ever Kangaroo Tour. Davis played in six tour matches but in none", "id": "11335988" }, { "contents": "Herb Brackenreg\n\n\nEastern Suburbs club. An Eastern Suburbs rugby union player, Brackenreg had been a member of the rebel New South Wales sides that played against the rebel New Zealand 'All Blacks' in the 1907 series that helped to establish rugby league in Australia. He played in 8 NSWRFL Premiership matches for Easts including that club's first match and was a member of the NSWRL's first premiership decider played against local rival, South Sydney. In that first season Brackenreg was selected to represent his state, New South Wales, in 2 matches", "id": "12715024" }, { "contents": "Danny Hurcombe\n\n\nFrom 29 November 1919 Hurcombe played for English rugby league club, Wigan. Hurcombe was selected to go on the 1920 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Wigan in 1920 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand, in 1922 against Australia, and in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches), and he won 6 caps for Wales in 1921–1926 while at Wigan. Hurcombe made his début for Wigan in", "id": "11028974" }, { "contents": "Arthur Hardgrave\n\n\nArthur Hardgrave ( 1908–14) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. A fullback, Hardgrave played for Taranaki against Auckland in 1908 and 1909. He later moved to Auckland and played for Otahuhu at club level and represented Auckland provincially. In 1912, Hardgrave was selected for the New Zealand national side who toured Australia. No test matches were played on the tour but Hardgrave became the 74th player to represent New Zealand. Following the tour, Hardgrave was part of the Auckland side that defeated New South Wales 10–3", "id": "124840" }, { "contents": "Ted Thorn\n\n\n. Ted made his state representative debut in 1922, appearing three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the visiting All Blacks for two victories. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches - including fifteen such appearances made by Ted Thorn. Thorn made the 1923 New South Wales tour", "id": "5576534" }, { "contents": "Jack Fitzgerald (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Fitzgerald was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s, and coached in the 1960s. He played for Western Suburbs as a winger and later coached the club from 1961 to 1964. Fitzgerald began his career with Western Suburbs in 1949. In 1952, Fitzgerald was a member of the Western Suburbs side which claimed their fourth and final premiership defeating South Sydney in the grand final, with Fitzgerald scoring a try. Fitzgerald played for three more seasons before retiring as a player. Fitzgerald began his coaching", "id": "15556425" }, { "contents": "Owen Stephens\n\n\nWales. He won a single cap for New Zealand, playing in the All Blacks' 19–12 victory over France at Eden Park, Auckland on 10 August 1968, and won five caps for Australia, playing against Tonga and Wales in 1973 and New Zealand in 1974. Only three players have played rugby union at test match level for both New Zealand and Australia: namely Des Connor, Ted Jessep and Stephens. He played club level rugby league for St. George Dragons (trial), Parramatta Eels (Heritage № 339) (", "id": "7733372" }, { "contents": "Peter Williams (New Zealand rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Williams (22 April 188430 August 1976) was a rugby union player who represented New Zealand nine times, including a single Test match. He played club rugby for Dunedin side Alhambra, and played provincial rugby for Otago between 1908 and 1914. His sole season of international rugby was 1913, when he played in a home Test against Australia before touring North America with the All Blacksas New Zealand's international team is knownthat same year. He was selected for a tour of Australia the following year, but was unavailable and so", "id": "8410349" }, { "contents": "Frank Smyth\n\n\nBernard Francis \"Frank\" Smyth (11 February 1891 – 15 July 1972) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A hooker, Smyth played a single representative game for Canterbury in 1915, one match for the South Island in 1922 and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, also in 1922. He played three matches for the All Blacks but did not appear in any internationals. His grandson is politician Peter Dunne. Smyth served in the No. 3 Field Company, New Zealand Engineers", "id": "16651150" }, { "contents": "1921 Waratahs tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe Queensland Rugby Union had collapsed in 1919 and would not be reborn until 1929 leaving the New South Wales Rugby Union to administer the game in Australia at the national representative level. In 1923 the New South Wales side toured New Zealand In 1986 the Australian Rugby Union decreed the five full-internationals played on the tour as official Test matches. Previously the All Blacks visited New South Wales in the 1920 tour. This tour happened while the Springboks were completing their tour in New Zealand. Previously in June, South Africa played three", "id": "14085090" }, { "contents": "Robert Graves (rugby)\n\n\n1905 and from there was selected to represent Metropolis (Sydney) in a fixture against Country played over Easter in 1905. He continued in a coaching role for the Grosvenor club even while himself playing rugby for those other sides from 1903 to 1907. Graves was one of the New South Wales rugby union players who matched up against the first professional New Zealand team, Albert Baskiville's 'All Golds' in three matches in Sydney in August 1907. He played in all three matches and along with the other Australian rebel players was", "id": "3902454" }, { "contents": "Jim Sullivan (rugby league)\n\n\n, converting five goals in a 21–0 win against Widnes. He made his first representative appearance in December 1921, playing for Wales in a 16–21 defeat against Australia. Jim Sullivan played , and scored 4-conversions in Wigan's 13-2 victory over Oldham in the Championship Final during the 1921–22 season at The Cliff, Broughton on Saturday 6 May 1922, played , and scored 4-conversions in the 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. played", "id": "338598" }, { "contents": "Simon Poidevin\n\n\nwas then selected to play for New South Wales in a succession of the matches in 1981. The first match against Manawatu was won 58-3, with NSW scoring 10 tries. Victories over Waikato and Counties followed, before New South Wales were defeated by Queensland 26-15 at the Sydney Cricket Ground. New South Wales played Queensland in a return match a week later in Brisbane that was won 7-6. Poidevin played for Sydney against France in the third game France played for their 1981 France rugby union tour of", "id": "16857237" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\ncalled up to the All Blacks and he played in eight games for New Zealand, although he did not appear in any Test matches. In 1924 Marist Old Boys became locked in a dispute with the Canterbury Rugby Union and quit, instead fielding rugby league and soccer teams. Petersen followed the club, taking up rugby league. Petersen made an immediate impact and was one of six Marist Old Boys players who were selected to represent New Zealand that season. In total Petersen played in three Test matches for New Zealand in rugby league", "id": "14015996" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\n, Bert Avery and Maurice Wetherill. Lou Brown made his Auckland debut in the second match. At the end of the tour the NSW members of the 1921-22 Australasian Kangaroos were joined by New Zealand member Bert Laing for a match against the rest of the NSW squad and local Auckland stars. The Kangaroos won 65-27. The New Zealand Māori side played Sydney Metropolis in Sydney. South Auckland held the Northern Union Cup at the end of the season. They defeated Auckland 21-20 in Auckland to win the", "id": "3198700" }, { "contents": "John Solomon (rugby union)\n\n\nmade his state and national representative debuts at age nineteen, first playing for Australia against the at the Sydney Cricket Ground in June 1949. Later that year he toured New Zealand with Trevor Allan's Bledisloe Cup winning Wallabies. Solomon played variously at five-eighth, fullback and centre in seven matches of the tour including the 2nd Test at Eden Park where he scored a try thus helping the side make history as the first Australian team to win the Cup in New Zealand. He played twice for New South Wales in 1950 at", "id": "19470085" }, { "contents": "Darby Loudon\n\n\nDarby Briton Loudon (12 March 1897 – c. 1963) was a New Zealand born rugby union player, a flanker who made sixteen representative appearances for the New South Wales state team in the 1920s. Four of these matches have since been decreed as Test matches by the Australian Rugby Union and Loudon, who led the side in one such match in 1922, was therefore a captain of the Australian national team. Loudon, was born in Leeston, New Zealand and relocated to Sydney during his youth. He attended Sydney Grammar School", "id": "5401488" }, { "contents": "Michael Fitzgerald (rugby union)\n\n\nMichael Fitzgerald (born ) is a New Zealand rugby union player currently playing for Kamaishi Seawaves in Japan. He previously played for Leicester Tigers in England's Premiership Rugby, for the Chiefs in Super Rugby and Manawatu in the ITM Cup. His regular playing position is lock. In 2013, he signed a contract extension with the Chiefs until 2015. On 21 April 2015, it was announced he had signed for English Aviva Premiership side Leicester Tigers. Fitzgerald made his Leicester debut on 18 October 2015 in a 28-16 win", "id": "17447697" }, { "contents": "Peter Johnstone (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Johnstone (9 August 1922 – 18 October 1997) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A backrow forward, Johnstone represented Ashburton County while serving in the army and later at a provincial level. He was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1949 to 1951. He played 26 matches for the All Blacks —10 as captain—including nine internationals, touring South Africa in 1949 and playing all four tests against the touring 1950 British Lions. He was a key member of the", "id": "5603616" }, { "contents": "Brian Reidy\n\n\nBrian Thomas Reidy (27 January 1939 – 2 June 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Reidy played for the Marist club and represented Auckland. He made his debut for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1959, becoming Kiwi #383, but did not make his test match debut until 1961, against Australia at Carlaw Park. Between 1959 and 1966, Reidy played 65 games for New Zealand, including 19 tests, scoring 34 tries in all. He could play anywhere in the", "id": "21473667" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nmatches. In 1911 Mitchell, along with three other players from the Merivale club, moved to Sydney and played for the North Sydney Bears. He was then enticed north by the Queensland Rugby League. At the same time the New Zealand rugby league side was touring Australia and he was invited to join the touring party. Mitchell played in four matches, becoming a dual-code rugby international. Mitchell then returned to Christchurch and represented Canterbury in its first ever match in 1912. Mitchell toured Australia twice more with New Zealand,", "id": "3816467" }, { "contents": "Pat Creedy\n\n\nPatrick Joseph \"Pat\" Creedy (18 November 1927 – 7 April 2011) was a New Zealand rugby football player who represented New Zealand in rugby league. Creedy originally played rugby union and represented both the Southland Rugby Union and the Canterbury Rugby Union. Creedy later switched codes to rugby league and joined the Marist club in the Canterbury Rugby League competition. He represented Canterbury and in 1955 was selected at halfback for the South Island. That year he was first selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team, playing against the", "id": "6530820" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1924 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the 11th tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales selection, and New Zealand won the 3 match series", "id": "14085325" }, { "contents": "Jim Sanders (rugby league)\n\n\nJames Sanders (1900–1981) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Sanders started his career in third grade with Addington in 1915. He spent his entire career with Addington apart from a few games for Hornby when Addington had no senior team. He captained Addington to their first title in 1923. Sanders made his New Zealand debut in 1919 against Australia. In 1921 Sanders toured Australia for New Zealand under coach Jim Rukutai. He played for New Zealand in 1922 against New South Wales and was part of the", "id": "6884071" }, { "contents": "Nolan Tupaea\n\n\na first grade match. In 1979 he moved to Petone, winning premierships in 1980, 1981 and 1982. He was also part of their 1982 victory in the National Club Cup. Tupaea represented Wellington, playing 64 matches between 1971 and 1985. He was selected for the Kiwi Colts in 1973 for a match against Queensland. In 1976 he represented the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. Tupaea played for the Central Districts side in their first five years of the New Zealand Rugby League's district competition. The side", "id": "15687157" }, { "contents": "Peter Ward (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter M. Ward (born 5 November 1876) was a New Zealand-born rugby union player who represented Australia. A fly-half, he was born in Invercargill. Ward was described as \"astute and a skillful inside back\". A member of the Britannia club Ward initially played for the Southland province between 1897 and 1898. He then moved to Sydney, Australia in 1899 and joined the Marrackville club. He was selected for New South Wales to play in their two matches against the touring Great Britain side. After", "id": "2597515" }, { "contents": "Frano Botica\n\n\nFrano Michael Botica (born 3 August 1963) is a New Zealand rugby union and rugby league coach and former player in both codes, who played in the 1980s and 1990s. He is the head coach of the Philippines sevens team. He represented New Zealand at both codes, and later also played for Croatia in two rugby union World Cup qualifying matches. Born in Mangakino, New Zealand, Botica played rugby union for club side North Shore, New Zealand provincial side North Harbour, as well as Llanelli in Wales, and", "id": "3135809" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nWilliam James Mitchell (28 November 1890 – 2 June 1959) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Mitchell was born in Melbourne, Australia before moving to New Zealand where he worked for the New Zealand Railways Department. Mitchell played rugby union for the Merivale club in Christchurch and represented the province nine times in 1909 and 1910. He was selected to be part of the All Blacks tour of Australia in 1910 and played in five matches, including the second and third Test", "id": "3816466" }, { "contents": "1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand was the third tour made by the Springboks rugby team, and their first tour to Australia and New Zealand. South Africa played three Test matches against the All Blacks. The series was drawn 1–all, and the long-running controversy between the countries over the All Blacks' inclusion of Maori players began. The Springboks played five matches in Australia, winning them all. The three most important matches against New South Wales, were retroactively accorded Test status by the Australian", "id": "19644461" }, { "contents": "1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand was a series of rugby union matches played in New Zealand by the South African national rugby union team, from June - August 1994. The team played 14 matches in total; 11 against several provincial rugby teams and 3 against the New Zealand national rugby union team. South Africa won 10 out of the 11 matches against provincial sides, losing one match to Otago. They lost their first two test matches against the New Zealand national side and drew the last test. The", "id": "14043514" }, { "contents": "Ewen McKenzie\n\n\nTri nations, but was reselected in 1997 for the 1997 French tour of Australia. 1997 was the year McKenzie retired from international rugby, making his last appearance on 12 July 1997 after a 25–6 victory over England in Sydney. In his entire career of 51 test matches, he only ever played as a substitute once, during a pool game in the 1995 Rugby World Cup. In 1992, McKenzie toured New Zealand with the World XV to mark the centenary of the New Zealand Rugby Union. New Zealand won the series 2–1", "id": "7179494" }, { "contents": "Sam Gemmell\n\n\nSamuel William Gemmell (28 August 1896 – 28 June 1970) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A loose forward, Gemmell represented Hawke's Bay at a provincial level. He played one match for the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, out of position at hooker against New South Wales at Dunedin. Affiliating to Ngāti Pāhauwera, Gemmell played 57 matches for New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1929, making him the most capped player for that team. He served as a private with the New Zealand (Māori", "id": "16059662" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\nCharles \"Charlie\" Herbert \"Herb\" Smith (13 February 1909 – 10 April 1976) was a New Zealand rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s. He played representative level rugby union (RU) for New Zealand (Heritage № 406) (non-test matches), South Island and Otago (captain), and at club level for Southern RFC , as a centre, i.e. number 12 or 13, switching codes in 1936. He played representative level rugby league (RL", "id": "11805487" }, { "contents": "James Barber (rugby)\n\n\nover to join the squad. He played in the first ever trans-Tasman test which was the debut match of the Australia national rugby league team. Barber would go on to appear in all three test matches against Australia. Barber later captained the New Zealand side in its 1909 tour of Australia. His last game for New Zealand was in 1912. In 1912 he was in Petone's side that won the inaugural Wellington Rugby League competition. Barber captained Wellington between 1911 and 1914, including Wellington's 1913 victory over Auckland.", "id": "7778848" }, { "contents": "Alex Watson (rugby league)\n\n\nAlex Watson (1931–2002) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer of the 1950s. An Australian international and Queensland interstate representative three-quarter back, he played club football in the Brisbane Rugby League premiership for Western Suburbs. Watson first represented Queensland in 1951 in a match against New South Wales. He made his test debut at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 12 June 1954 against Great Britain in the first test of that year's Ashes series. Australia won this test 37-12. In 1953 Watson toured New Zealand with the", "id": "15082194" }, { "contents": "Jack McLeod (rugby league)\n\n\nJack McLeod is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. McLeod played for Taranaki and Auckland. While at the Manukau club, McLeod was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1937, playing against Australia. He toured Australia with New Zealand in 1938 however no test matches were played on the tour. Four days after the 1937 test, McLeod was part of the New Zealand Māori side that defeated Australia 16-5. In 2008 he was named in the Taranaki Rugby League Team of the Century", "id": "19760905" }, { "contents": "Frank Nicholson (rugby union)\n\n\nof these matches played against New South Wales. The Howell reference claims that Nicholson's rugby career was interrupted by enlistment in the Boer War. He claimed two international rugby caps for Australia. He appeared for Queensland against the touring New Zealanders in Brisbane in August 1903 and two weeks later made his international debut against the same tourists in Sydney, on 15 August 1903. In 1904 he captained Queensland in the inter-state series and played alongside his brother Fred who scored a try in that match. Later that season he had", "id": "2954916" }, { "contents": "Frank Brogan (rugby league)\n\n\nFrank Brogan (1903–1961) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s. He played as a halfback with South Sydney during the club's golden era of the 1920s when they won 5 premierships. Brogan made his debut for South Sydney in 1922 against Newtown as an 18 year old. In 1924, Brogan was selected to play for New South Wales and featured in two matches. The following year, Brogan won his first premiership with Souths as they finished first on the table and were not required to play in", "id": "18073767" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\ntest of 1899 against the first British side to tour Australia, at Sydney, on 12 August. He also played for Australia in 1903 in Sydney against New Zealand in the first official rugby union international between the countries. He became an early convert to the fledgling league code and played for the Ipswich club in Queensland. He was selected in the 2nd Test of 1908 against New Zealand. Five former Wallabies had debuted for the Kangaroos in the inaugural Test three weeks earlier, Hardcastle's league Test debut that day with George Watson", "id": "802017" } ]

[ { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nthe 6–8 defeat by New South Wales at Sydney on 7 August 1922, and scored a penalty in the 45–11 victory over Manawatu-Wellington XV at Palmerston North on 16 August 1922 but never played a Test match for New Zealand. In 1923 Fitzgerald moved to Christchurch, joining the Marist Old Boys club. However the club was expelled from the Canterbury Rugby Union in April 1924 and Fitzgerald followed to club to rugby league. Fitzgerald excelled in rugby league and in his debut year he made the national side, playing in two Test", "id": "13539549" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nhe lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Jim O'Brien. Fitzgerald played for the South Island in 1922, scoring a try in the inter-island match. Following this he was selected for New Zealand, playing in five matches on a tour of New Zealand and Australia. Fitzgerald represented New Zealand (RU) in the 12–11 victory over Wairarapa at Carterton on 19 July 1922, the 26–19 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on 29 July 1922, the 24–6 victory over Metropolitan Union at Sydney on 2 August 1922,", "id": "13539548" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nCharles James Fitzgerald (6 June 1899, in Fairhall – 8 May 1961, in Awatere Valley) was a New Zealand dual-code international rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Fitzgerald was a utility back in both codes. Fitzgerald represented Marlborough between 1917 and 1921, appearing for the union in every backline position except fullback. He played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks kicking a penalty goal in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game", "id": "13539547" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nAndrew James \"Jim\" O'Brien (1897–1969) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. O'Brien began his career playing rugby union for Marlborough between 1919 and 1921. He also played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game he lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Charles Fitzgerald. In 1922 he moved north to Auckland, joining the Grafton club. He immediately was selected for the", "id": "13908850" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nNorth Island side and subsequently the All Blacks tour of New Zealand and South Wales. He finished the tour having played in 3 games and scored one try. Returning to Auckland, O’Brien played his first game for the union late in the 1922 season. In 1923 he played five games for Auckland. O'Brien switched to rugby league in 1924, joining Marist in the Auckland Rugby League competition. He played for Auckland and made the New Zealand national rugby league team for three tests against the touring Great Britain Lions side that year.", "id": "13908851" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\nLouis Charles Petersen (19 April 1897 – 25 June 1961) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Petersen served with the New Zealand Expeditionary Force in World War I and it was here that he developed his football skills, playing for the \"Trench team\". Petersen began his career with the Marist Old Boys club in Christchurch and in 1919 was first selected to represent Canterbury. He made the South Island side in 1919, 1920 and 1921. In 1922 Petersen was", "id": "14015995" }, { "contents": "Jim Craig (rugby league)\n\n\nversatility was such that he was selected at hooker for a match on tour of New Zealand in 1919. Graig first represented for New South Wales against a touring English side in 1920. He was selected on the 1921–22 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and made his Test debut in the first Test at Leeds. He appeared in 23 minor tour matches notching a total of 58 points as a try scorer and goal kicker. Following his Kangaroo Tour representative appearances in 1922 he played a season with the University club in Sydney. In 1923", "id": "6542629" }, { "contents": "Albert Johnston (rugby league)\n\n\nclub seasons of 1921 and 1922. In 1912 he was selected in a Sydney Metropolis side. In 1913 he was in a New South Wales touring squad to New Zealand as half-back but was kept out of the major matches by the form of his peer Arthur Halloway. He captained New South Wales in some 1918 games and then made his Australian Test debut in 1919 on Australia's tour of New Zealand. He scored a try on debut assisting Australia to a 44-21 victory. With tour captain Halloway unfit for", "id": "9752107" }, { "contents": "Percy Hickey\n\n\nPercival \"Percy\" Hubert Hickey (28 April 1899 – 21 December 1943) was a New Zealand rugby union player who represented the All Blacks in 1922. His position of choice was wing three-quarter. Hickey was born in Rahotu in 1899. He made the provincial side in 1919. He was selected for the North against South Island match in 1922. He scored a try. He was then selected for the national side on their tour of New South Wales. Hickey played in two of the possible five matches.", "id": "3545214" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1922 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the tenth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales Selection, and NSW won the 3 match series 2–1. In", "id": "13453802" }, { "contents": "Billy Sheehan (rugby union)\n\n\ntop Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of their 1920s fixtures played against full international opposition were decreed in 1986 as official Test matches, including the three of Sheehan's 1921 debut and fifteen other appearances he would make over the next six years. In 1922 he appeared in all three Test in Sydney against the visiting All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Sheehan played all of the three match series in which the Waratahs were undefeated. On the 1923 tour of New Zealand and", "id": "5401479" }, { "contents": "Les Steel\n\n\nLeslie William Steel (1900 – 28 April 1966) was a rugby league footballer in Australia's major competition, the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL). Steel played over 100 matches for his club side, Eastern Suburbs in the years (1922–29). A Winger, Steel was a try scorer in Easts 1923 premiership victory. In 1922 Steel was selected to represent New South Wales. Following his football career, Steel spent many years as an official of the Eastern Suburbs club. He died at Hurstville, New South", "id": "20482633" }, { "contents": "Jim Bacon (rugby)\n\n\nLions tour of Australasia. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Leeds in 1920 against Australia (3 matches), and New Zealand (3 matches), in 1921 against Australia (2 matches), in 1922 against Australia, in 1924 against Australia, and in 1927 against New Zealand. From 1921 until 1927 he also represented Wales, winning six caps, all against England, including 1-victory, and 5-defeats. Bacon played left-, i.e. number 4 and scored 2-tries in Leeds' 11–3 victory over Dewsbury", "id": "5182427" }, { "contents": "Karl Ifwersen\n\n\nrep team, captaining the combined Auckland-North Auckland side against South Africa in his first game back and scoring the only try. Ifwersen played in one test match for the All Blacks during the 1921 South Africa tour of the country. Ifwersen continued to play for Auckland between 1922 and 1938. Ifwersen died in Auckland on 19 May 1967, having suffered considerably from football injuries during his old age. Ifwersen was inducted into the New Zealand Rugby League's Legends of League in 2000. He was the first New Zealander to represent", "id": "14118993" }, { "contents": "New Zealand national rugby union team\n\n\nThomas Ellison captained team won nine of their ten matches. The following year New Zealand played its first home \"international\" game, losing 8–6 to New South Wales. The team's first true test match occurred against Australia on 15 August 1903 at the Sydney Cricket Ground in front of over 30,000 spectators, and resulted in a 22–3 victory. A representative New Zealand team first toured the British Isles in 1905. The side is now known as the \"Originals\", as the \"All Blacks\" name emerged during this tour", "id": "20449805" }, { "contents": "Wilson Hall (rugby league)\n\n\nA. Wilson Hall was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s and 1930s who represented New Zealand and later played at club level in England for Castleford. From the Ngaruawahia club, Wilson Hall represented South Auckland in 1922. He was a half for South Auckland and the North Island in 1925. In 1926 he moved to Christchurch. Wilson Hall then represented the Hornby club, Canterbury and the South Island. He was selected for New Zealand's tour of Great Britain in 1926. He played in two test matches", "id": "20659026" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\nwas selected to tour New Zealand. He played in seven matches on tour including the Waratah's Test victory. He made representative appearances in 1922 against the New Zealand Maori and the All Blacks, played in three Tests against them in 1924 and in five matches against them in 1925. The 3rd test of 1925 played on 23 June at the Sydney Showground was Fox's sole appearance as the national captain. He was solid in further Test appearances against New Zealand in 1926 He was a tremendous lineout forward and one of the senior", "id": "9169857" }, { "contents": "Dai Fitzgerald\n\n\nDavid \"Dai\" Fitzgerald (1872 – 30 November 1951) was a Welsh rugby centre who played club rugby under the union code for Cardiff, and later switched to professional rugby league team Batley (captain). He played international rugby union for Wales winning two caps, and in his first match for Wales scored all the points in a victory over Scotland. Fitzgerald first played rugby in Cardiff for the now defunct club, St. Davids, one of several Welsh teams built around Catholic churches. He switched to first class club", "id": "18632594" }, { "contents": "Bruce Gall\n\n\nBruce Gall is a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Gall played in the Taranaki Rugby League and represented Taranaki. In 1976 Gall played for the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. In 1979 he played for the Central Districts side that won the Inter-Districts competition. He was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team on the 1980 tour of Great Britain and France. Gall did not play in a test match but did play in 8 games for the Kiwis, scoring 3 tries.", "id": "18658371" }, { "contents": "Shaun Foley\n\n\nShaun Foley (born 29 August 1986 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia) is an Australian rugby union player and a former member of the National Rugby League's (NRL) Sydney Roosters squad. Foley played in the Australian Schoolboys Rugby Union team that lost to New Zealand 21-16 in 2004. Foley scored all 16 points for the Australian team. Foley joined NRL side the Sydney Roosters in 2006, playing 7 games and scoring 6 tries. He scored two tries in the Roosters 40-20 victory over the", "id": "3276301" }, { "contents": "Sam Lowrie\n\n\nSamuel Arthur \"Sam\" Lowrie was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. His grandnephew, Jason Lowrie, also represented New Zealand in rugby league. Lowrie played for the Ponsonby club in the Auckland Rugby League competition. In 1919 Lowrie played for Auckland and was first selected to represent New Zealand, playing in three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1922 Lowrie toured Australia, with the New Zealand Māori rugby league team. Lowrie was named Ponsonby's best forward in 1923. He again played for", "id": "21879456" }, { "contents": "Arthur Kay (rugby league)\n\n\nArthur Geig Kay was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Kay represented Auckland and was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1935. He played in all three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1936 he played in two matches against the touring Great Britain team and played in his final test match in New Zealand's 16-15 victory over Australia at Carlaw Park on 14 August 1937. He was selected to tour Great Britain and France in 1939 but the tour was abandoned due to the", "id": "13813701" }, { "contents": "Percy Williams (New Zealand rugby league player)\n\n\nPercy Williams was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Williams originally played rugby union and represented Auckland. Williams played for Wigan for three seasons between 1910/11 to 1912/13. During this time he played in 111 matches for the club in the Lancashire League, including in the 1911 Challenge Cup Final loss. In 1913 he was called into the New Zealand squad, joining them midway through their tour of Australia. Williams was said to be instrumental in New Zealand's 17-11 upset victory over New South Wales.", "id": "14326389" }, { "contents": "Johnnie Wallace\n\n\nthe club's first Wallaby representative. His potential was obvious and in 1921 he was selected in the New South Wales side picked to tour New Zealand. He played in five of the ten tour matches including the September 1921 fixture against a New Zealand XV which is now regarded as a Test match. With no Queensland Rugby Union administration or competition in place from 1919 to 1929, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of the fixtures of 1920s which were played against", "id": "7506396" }, { "contents": "Jack Forrest (rugby league)\n\n\nJohn Alexander \"Jack\" Forrest (24 February 1924 – 26 February 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 12 international matches between 1947 and 1952. His cousin Jonas Masters also played rugby league for New Zealand. Forrest played in the West Coast Rugby League competition for Runanga and represented both the West Coast and the South Island. He played in 42 matches, 12 of which were test matches, for the New Zealand national rugby league team, including matches against the 1951 touring French side and", "id": "18556717" }, { "contents": "Pat Devery\n\n\n, New South Wales on 9 August 1922. A Tumbulgum junior, he played football in the Brisbane Rugby League for Fortitude Valley. Devery was then discovered by coach of Sydney's Balmain club Latchem Robinson while playing football in The Domain, Sydney as a sailor in the Royal Australian Navy during the war. Devery played for Balmain at halfback in the 1944 NSWRFL season's premiership final, scoring a try in his side's victory over Newtown. Devery also represented Sydney on 6 occasions, New South Wales on 2 occasions between 1946–1947", "id": "14526725" }, { "contents": "Charles Kingstone\n\n\nCharles Napoleon \"Nipper\" Kingstone (2 July 1895 – 6 May 1960) was a New Zealand sportsman who played international rugby union for New Zealand. He was also a first-class cricketer. A fullback, Kingstone played all three of his Tests during South Africa's 1921 tour of New Zealand. He was injured in a motor accident in 1922 and didn't play again for New Zealand. Kingstone played just one first-class cricket match. He represented a team called the \"Rest of New Zealand\" in a", "id": "8516640" }, { "contents": "Dougie McGregor\n\n\nAlwin John \"Dougie\" McGregor (1889–1963) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. McGregor played rugby union for the Karangahake club in the Goldfields sub-union competition in 1908. The following year he moved to Auckland, joining the Ponsonby club. McGregor represented Auckland and the North Island that same year. In 1913 McGregor was picked in the New Zealand squad for their North America tour and played in 11 games during the tour, including Test matches against Australia and", "id": "14128313" }, { "contents": "1893 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1893 New Zealand tour rugby to Australia was the second tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. Ten matches were played against regional and district sides, but no Test matches were played. It was first tour arranged by New Zealand Rugby Football Union which was founded the year before. The only previous New Zealand national team was the side that toured New South Wales in 1884. Immediately before departing for Sydney, the tourists played a match against a \"Combined XV\" in Wellington, which New Zealand won", "id": "14310646" }, { "contents": "Australasia rugby league team\n\n\nThe Australasian rugby league team (or the Kangaroos) represented Australia and New Zealand in rugby league sporadically between 1910 and 1922. Administered by the New South Wales Rugby League, appearances for the team were counted towards the Australian team's records and playing register but not the New Zealand team's. The team toured Great Britain twice, participating in two Ashes series, and also played Great Britain twice in Sydney. The Australasian side first played in 1910. After Great Britain had defeated Australia in two Test matches it was decided that", "id": "15931608" }, { "contents": "George Dickinson\n\n\nChurch in Dunedin. While at Otago Boys' High School, Dickinson played as a five-eighth in the school's 1st XV rugby team between 1918 and 1921. He made his debut for the All Blacks in 1922 on their tour of New South Wales, playing five matches and scoring three tries. He went on to play 12 matches for between 1922 and 1924, scoring five tries, 11 conversions and one penalty goal. Dickinson also played for the South Island in 1922. He retired from first-class rugby at", "id": "2808375" }, { "contents": "Alexander Kirkpatrick (rugby union)\n\n\nAlexander Kirkpatrick (4 October 1898 – 25 August 1971) was an All Blacks rugby union player from New Zealand. He was a hooker. He played 12 matches for the All Blacks in1925-26 against Australia (New South Wales), scoring 6 points (2 tries). He was a member of the Hastings club and captained the Hawke’s Bay Region to take the Ranfurly Shield off Wellington in 1922; and appeared in 22 of the 24 successful defences (more than any other player). In 1952-56", "id": "16723938" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nClaud Augustus O'Donnell (30 January 1886 – 4 August 1953) was an Australian rugby union and rugby league player and represented his country at both sports as a dual-code rugby international. O'Donnell played rugby union with the Glebe club in inner city Sydney. He made his representative debut for New South Wales in 1912 and the following year made two Test appearances as hooker for the Wallabies against the All Blacks in the 1913 tour of New Zealand. Switching to rugby league O'Donnell joined the Glebe Dirty Reds in 1915 and had three", "id": "1170779" }, { "contents": "Wally O'Connell\n\n\nand played 80 games. His first representative match was for City New South Wales in 1943. On 18 June 1945 a Sydney rugby league team featuring O'Connell travelled to Newcastle to play against their representative team and were defeated 27-26. He was the Roosters' pivot in their 1945 premiership final victory over Balmain. With senior representative matches canceled during WWII O'Connell didn't make his Test debut until 1948 against New Zealand in Sydney.He was selected for the 1948-49 Kangaroo Tour and played in five Tests and 16 minor", "id": "14384862" }, { "contents": "Mawene Hiroti\n\n\nMawene Hiroti (born 6 March 1999) is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who plays as a or er for the South Sydney Rabbitohs in the NRL. Hiroti was born in Taranaki, New Zealand. He has represented the Australian Schoolboys rugby league team and the New Zealand Under 18s. Forged his career playing for New Plymouth Old Boys under 11s 12s and 13s - winning Taranaki Premiership every year. Mawene scoring 50 percent of all tries. He played for the Rabbitohs in their pre-season 18-8 victory over English", "id": "14480103" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\n) for British Empire XIII, and at club level for Streatham and Mitcham and Halifax (Heritage № 437), as a , or , i.e. number 2 or 5, or, 3 or 4. Smith represented New Zealand (RU) in the 16–13 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on Monday 6 August 1934, and scored a try in the 35–3 victory over Newcastle at Newcastle, New South Wales on Wednesday 22 August 1934, but was not selected for the 1935–36 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland", "id": "11805488" }, { "contents": "Jim Rukutai\n\n\nNew Zealand played matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Rukutai coached New Zealand during their 1921 tour of Australia. He remains New Zealand's youngest ever national coach. He also coached New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1937. In 1937 he coached the New Zealand Māori to an upset win over Australia. In 1932 Rukutai served on the Auckland Rugby League board as the Clubs' delegate. He then served as the first chairman of the New Zealand Māori Rugby League Board when it was formed in 1934. Rukutai died at his", "id": "1899959" }, { "contents": "Greg Davis (rugby)\n\n\nand there joined the Drummoyne Rugby Club Davis was immediately selected for both New South Wales and Australia in his first year in Sydney. He debuted in a Sydney Test match against England in June 1963 and the following month was selected in the squad for the 1963 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa. He played in all four Test matches of the tied series and in ten other tour matches. The next year he made the 1964 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand playing in seven of the eight matches including all three Tests", "id": "3641367" }, { "contents": "Bill Kelly (rugby league)\n\n\n, Kelly played first class rugby union for Buller when he was 18 and later represented Wellington. Kelly switched to rugby league with the launch of the Wellington Rugby League competition in 1912 and played for Athletic in their grand final loss to Petone. He became a Wellington representative and toured Australia in 1912 and 1913 with the New Zealand national side. No test matches were played with the Kiwis meeting New South Wales and Queensland and a number of regional sides. He played in Wellingtons 1913 victory over Auckland. He joined the Balmain Tigers", "id": "146975" }, { "contents": "1929 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\nThe 1929 New Zealand rugby league season was the 22nd season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand. New Zealand played in no international matches in 1929. The New South Wales Rugby Football League's South Sydney Rabbitohs toured the country late in the season. They played two matches against Marist, with both sides securing one win. South Sydney also defeated Huntly. Souths were without five Kangaroos who were on a tour of Great Britain. Marist won the first match 10-9 at Carlaw Park while Souths won the", "id": "3198729" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\ndue to a row over the eligibility of three players. They instead joined the Rugby League and the Football Association. Marist spent just seven seasons in the Canterbury Rugby League but won three titles, in 1924, 1925 and 1928. In 1924 they produced six New Zealand internationals; Bill Devine, Charles Fitzgerald, Ted Fitzgerald, Terry Gilroy, Harry Mullins and Lou Petersen. Jim Amos also switched codes with Marist but played in their lower divisions. Greymouth Marist joined the West Coast Rugby League in support of Christchurch Marist. The", "id": "3198709" }, { "contents": "Charles Webb (rugby league)\n\n\nCharles Webb was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand . A halfback from the Ponsonby United club, Webb also represented Auckland. In 1912, Webb toured Australia with New Zealand. The side played in matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Later that same year, New South Wales made a return tour to New Zealand. Webb captained the New Zealand side that played against them, losing 10-18. He also played in two matches for Auckland against the touring Blues side. Webb was selected for the", "id": "14418029" }, { "contents": "David Evans (rugby)\n\n\nDavid \"Dave\" Alexander Evans (4 October 1886 – 12 October 1940) was a New Zealand dual-code international who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Evans began his career playing rugby union and represented Hawke's Bay 19 times from 1906. He made the 1910 New Zealand tour of Australia and played in the 0–11 Test defeat by Australia at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 27 June 1910, becoming the Hawke's Bay's third representative. While in Australia Evans had been impressed by the rugby league", "id": "13088290" }, { "contents": "Bill Cunningham (rugby union)\n\n\nFootball Union. He was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1901, and played against Wellington and the New South Wales team that was touring New Zealand at the time. Both matches were comfortably won, with the tourists defeated 20–3. Cunningham played his first of four matches for Auckland against international opposition, against the same New South Wales side a week later, with his Auckland team winning 24–3. Cunningham moved to Auckland in 1902, and played his club rugby for City, before joining Ponsonby the following season. He", "id": "17185617" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\nWilliam Robert \"Bill\" Hardcastle (30 August 1874 – 11 July 1944) born in Wellington, New Zealand was a pioneer New Zealand and Australian rugby union player and an Australian rugby league footballer. He represented both countries in union and Australia in league. He was one of the first dual-code rugby internationals. Hardcastle commenced his club rugby in New Zealand with Petone and represented for Wellington from 1895 to 1897. He joined the Melrose club in 1897 and was selected in a North Island representative side from where he was", "id": "802015" }, { "contents": "Steve Skinnon\n\n\nSteve Skinnon (born 27 November 1976) is a New Zealand rugby footballer who played rugby union for Wellington and Hawkes Bay in the National Provincial Championship and rugby league for the Sydney Roosters and South Sydney Rabbitohs in the National Rugby League. He represented his country in both codes at a junior level. Skinnon started his career in rugby union and represented the New Zealand under 19 side in 1994 from Wellington College, playing at second five eighth. He switched codes to rugby league in 1995 and was picked to play for the Junior", "id": "2628332" }, { "contents": "Jim Wylie\n\n\nJames Thomas Wylie (26 October 1887 – 19 December 1956) was a New Zealand rugby union player, who represented both the country of his birth and Australia. He went on to coach the Stanford University rugby team for over 30 years from 1917. Born in Galatea in 1887, Wylie was a tall man at , and played as a loose forward. He first represented in 1910, playing six matches, before moving to Sydney for the next two years. There he made four appearances for New South Wales against Queensland,", "id": "12170928" }, { "contents": "Edward Baird (rugby league)\n\n\nNorthern Union\" style of rugby, taking on Albert Baskerville's New Zealand All Golds on their inaugural tour. Baird played as a reserve as the Queenslanders lost the historic match 34–12. He went on to make another appearance against New Zealand and two against New South Wales. When the New Zealand team came back on the return leg of their tour, they played three Test matches against the first Australian representative sides ever selected. The first Test was played in Sydney on 9 May 1908 with the Kiwis prevailing. On 30 May", "id": "17722972" }, { "contents": "Bob Aynsley\n\n\nRobert Aynsley (5 January 1922 – 12 October 2012) was a New Zealand rugby league player. He played five test matches for the New Zealand national rugby league team. Aynsley played for Blackball and represented the West Coast and the South Island before first being selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1946. He played in five test matches, his last in 1949. He played in 15 tour games on the 1947–1948 tour of Great Britain and France. After retirement, Aynsley was a referee from 1953 to 1960", "id": "5310628" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\ninterest in rugby union in Sydney following WWI. In 1920 he appeared three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the All Blacks scoring a try in his representative debut. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches. In 1921 he represented for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks and", "id": "9169856" }, { "contents": "1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand, more commonly known in New Zealand as the 1956 Springboks tour was a series of rugby union matches played by South Africa in Australia and New Zealand. The \"Springboks\" won 21 matches of 29, drew 1, and lost 7. They played 6 Test matches, with two victories over Australia and one over New Zealand. The New Zealand leg of their trip was the primary focus of the tour—23 of their 29 matches were in New Zealand, which included", "id": "12210178" }, { "contents": "Bert Cooke (rugby)\n\n\nspent 1932 with Hawke's Bay, before switching codes. Cooke also represented Wairarapa and Wellington while playing rugby union. He finished his rugby union career with 121 tries in 131 first class matches. Cooke joined the Richmond Rovers club in the Auckland Rugby League competition in 1932 and made an immediate impact, racing away for three tries in the inter-island game only weeks later. He was selected for New Zealand that year against the Great Britain Lions. Cooke also represented Auckland and captained New Zealand in two Test matches against Australia", "id": "12460198" }, { "contents": "Queensland rugby league team\n\n\nZealand rugby league tour of Australia, Queensland lost both its matches against the Kiwis in Brisbane. Again, Queensland played two matches against the Kiwis during the 1913 New Zealand rugby league tour of Australia and again the Maroons lost both. New South Wales had won every match between the two states until 1922, when the Maroons, with Cyril Connell playing at , achieved their maiden victory. This commenced Queensland's only golden period before the introduction of State of Origin. In 1925 Queensland toured New Zealand and played against the full New", "id": "12687033" }, { "contents": "1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia was the sixth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. Four matches were played against regional and district sides along with three Test match against the Australia national side, being the first time both teams played each other. New Zealand won the series with two victories and a tied match. Before the tour matches, New Zealand played a preliminary game v. the Wellington RU team at the Athletic Park, won by the \"All Blacks\" 19–6. Complete list of matches played", "id": "1302262" }, { "contents": "Watty Friend\n\n\nTest matches. In 1921 he figured in three matches for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks. Howell notes that Friends was one of the Waratahs' top players. In 1922 he appeared in all three matches again when the All Blacks visited Sydney, with second and third matches wins resulting in a rare series victory of those days to the Waratahs over the All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Friend was honoured with the captaincy of New South Wales in a three match series in which the Waratahs", "id": "5285969" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nseasons in the Sydney premiership. In 1918 he moved to Brisbane and joined the Carltons club, one of the early incarnations of the Souths Magpies. From there he made state appearances for Queensland against New South Wales over four years and in 1919 was selected in the Australian team as hooker. He played in all four Tests of the 1919 rugby league tour of New Zealand. He is listed as Australia's 97th representative on the Australian Rugby League's Kangaroo register. His international rugby league debut against New Zealand in Wellington on 23", "id": "1170780" }, { "contents": "John Rosewell\n\n\n. Along with Dally Messenger, Denis Lutge, Doug McLean snr and Micky Dore he was one of the inaugural five Australian dual code rugby internationals who having earlier represented at rugby union, debuted in international rugby league in Sydney on 9 May 1908 in the first ever Australian league Test against New Zealand. He is listed on the \"Australian Players Register\" as Kangaroo No.13. He spent three seasons at South Sydney playing 29 matches scoring 4 tries and 6 goals. He was a member of the 1910 Rabbitohs side that drew the", "id": "801844" }, { "contents": "George Aitken (rugby union)\n\n\nGeorge Gothard Aitken (2 July 1898 – 8 July 1952) was a rugby union footballer who represented New Zealand – known as the All Blacks – and then Scotland. He was born in Westport, New Zealand, and was selected to play provincially for Buller at the age of 16. After moving to Wellington, Aitken played for the province from 1917, and from there was selected for the All Blacks side that faced South Africa when they toured New Zealand in 1921. After only two Test matches for the All Blacks,", "id": "5006718" }, { "contents": "Jack Holland (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Holland (1922-1994) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s. An Australian international and New South Wales interstate representative forward, he played his club football in Sydney's NSWRFL Premiership for the St. George club. Holland was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia on 19 August 1922. Holland served in the Army during World War II. Commencing his first-grade NSWRFL Premiership playing career with St. George in 1947, he was selected to represent New South Wales in 1948", "id": "4207831" }, { "contents": "Jack Price (rugby league)\n\n\nagainst Australia (2 matches), and while at Wigan in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches). Jack Price played , in Wigan's 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. Jack Price played in Wigan's victories in the Lancashire County League during the 1922–23 season, 1923–24 season and 1925–26 season. Jack Price played , and scored a try in Wigan's 21-4 victory over", "id": "12779224" }, { "contents": "Edwin Abbott (rugby league)\n\n\nEdwin Frederick Abbott (1909–1976) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 1930 and 1932. Abbott was the nephew of 1905 All Black Harold Abbott and the uncle of Bill Deacon, a Kiwi from 1965 to 1971. From the Ngaruawahia Panthers club, Abbott represented South Auckland and the North Island. In 1930 he was selected for the New Zealand tour of New South Wales, playing in both matches against New South Wales and scoring three tries against Sydney Metropolis. He played for South Auckland against both the", "id": "19358978" }, { "contents": "Jim Davis (rugby league)\n\n\nthe 1911 NSWRFL season with North Sydney before playing three seasons with the Glebe club. His top-grade career finished up back at Souths in 1918-19 before concluding with a country stint at Parkes. Davis made his debut Test appearance in 1908 against New Zealand, appearing in both matches of the first rugby league international series played by an Australian representative side. At the end of that season he was selected in the 35 man squad to make the first ever Kangaroo Tour. Davis played in six tour matches but in none", "id": "11335988" }, { "contents": "Herb Brackenreg\n\n\nEastern Suburbs club. An Eastern Suburbs rugby union player, Brackenreg had been a member of the rebel New South Wales sides that played against the rebel New Zealand 'All Blacks' in the 1907 series that helped to establish rugby league in Australia. He played in 8 NSWRFL Premiership matches for Easts including that club's first match and was a member of the NSWRL's first premiership decider played against local rival, South Sydney. In that first season Brackenreg was selected to represent his state, New South Wales, in 2 matches", "id": "12715024" }, { "contents": "Danny Hurcombe\n\n\nFrom 29 November 1919 Hurcombe played for English rugby league club, Wigan. Hurcombe was selected to go on the 1920 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Wigan in 1920 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand, in 1922 against Australia, and in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches), and he won 6 caps for Wales in 1921–1926 while at Wigan. Hurcombe made his début for Wigan in", "id": "11028974" }, { "contents": "Arthur Hardgrave\n\n\nArthur Hardgrave ( 1908–14) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. A fullback, Hardgrave played for Taranaki against Auckland in 1908 and 1909. He later moved to Auckland and played for Otahuhu at club level and represented Auckland provincially. In 1912, Hardgrave was selected for the New Zealand national side who toured Australia. No test matches were played on the tour but Hardgrave became the 74th player to represent New Zealand. Following the tour, Hardgrave was part of the Auckland side that defeated New South Wales 10–3", "id": "124840" }, { "contents": "Ted Thorn\n\n\n. Ted made his state representative debut in 1922, appearing three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the visiting All Blacks for two victories. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches - including fifteen such appearances made by Ted Thorn. Thorn made the 1923 New South Wales tour", "id": "5576534" }, { "contents": "Jack Fitzgerald (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Fitzgerald was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s, and coached in the 1960s. He played for Western Suburbs as a winger and later coached the club from 1961 to 1964. Fitzgerald began his career with Western Suburbs in 1949. In 1952, Fitzgerald was a member of the Western Suburbs side which claimed their fourth and final premiership defeating South Sydney in the grand final, with Fitzgerald scoring a try. Fitzgerald played for three more seasons before retiring as a player. Fitzgerald began his coaching", "id": "15556425" }, { "contents": "Owen Stephens\n\n\nWales. He won a single cap for New Zealand, playing in the All Blacks' 19–12 victory over France at Eden Park, Auckland on 10 August 1968, and won five caps for Australia, playing against Tonga and Wales in 1973 and New Zealand in 1974. Only three players have played rugby union at test match level for both New Zealand and Australia: namely Des Connor, Ted Jessep and Stephens. He played club level rugby league for St. George Dragons (trial), Parramatta Eels (Heritage № 339) (", "id": "7733372" }, { "contents": "Peter Williams (New Zealand rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Williams (22 April 188430 August 1976) was a rugby union player who represented New Zealand nine times, including a single Test match. He played club rugby for Dunedin side Alhambra, and played provincial rugby for Otago between 1908 and 1914. His sole season of international rugby was 1913, when he played in a home Test against Australia before touring North America with the All Blacksas New Zealand's international team is knownthat same year. He was selected for a tour of Australia the following year, but was unavailable and so", "id": "8410349" }, { "contents": "Frank Smyth\n\n\nBernard Francis \"Frank\" Smyth (11 February 1891 – 15 July 1972) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A hooker, Smyth played a single representative game for Canterbury in 1915, one match for the South Island in 1922 and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, also in 1922. He played three matches for the All Blacks but did not appear in any internationals. His grandson is politician Peter Dunne. Smyth served in the No. 3 Field Company, New Zealand Engineers", "id": "16651150" }, { "contents": "1921 Waratahs tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe Queensland Rugby Union had collapsed in 1919 and would not be reborn until 1929 leaving the New South Wales Rugby Union to administer the game in Australia at the national representative level. In 1923 the New South Wales side toured New Zealand In 1986 the Australian Rugby Union decreed the five full-internationals played on the tour as official Test matches. Previously the All Blacks visited New South Wales in the 1920 tour. This tour happened while the Springboks were completing their tour in New Zealand. Previously in June, South Africa played three", "id": "14085090" }, { "contents": "Robert Graves (rugby)\n\n\n1905 and from there was selected to represent Metropolis (Sydney) in a fixture against Country played over Easter in 1905. He continued in a coaching role for the Grosvenor club even while himself playing rugby for those other sides from 1903 to 1907. Graves was one of the New South Wales rugby union players who matched up against the first professional New Zealand team, Albert Baskiville's 'All Golds' in three matches in Sydney in August 1907. He played in all three matches and along with the other Australian rebel players was", "id": "3902454" }, { "contents": "Jim Sullivan (rugby league)\n\n\n, converting five goals in a 21–0 win against Widnes. He made his first representative appearance in December 1921, playing for Wales in a 16–21 defeat against Australia. Jim Sullivan played , and scored 4-conversions in Wigan's 13-2 victory over Oldham in the Championship Final during the 1921–22 season at The Cliff, Broughton on Saturday 6 May 1922, played , and scored 4-conversions in the 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. played", "id": "338598" }, { "contents": "Simon Poidevin\n\n\nwas then selected to play for New South Wales in a succession of the matches in 1981. The first match against Manawatu was won 58-3, with NSW scoring 10 tries. Victories over Waikato and Counties followed, before New South Wales were defeated by Queensland 26-15 at the Sydney Cricket Ground. New South Wales played Queensland in a return match a week later in Brisbane that was won 7-6. Poidevin played for Sydney against France in the third game France played for their 1981 France rugby union tour of", "id": "16857237" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\ncalled up to the All Blacks and he played in eight games for New Zealand, although he did not appear in any Test matches. In 1924 Marist Old Boys became locked in a dispute with the Canterbury Rugby Union and quit, instead fielding rugby league and soccer teams. Petersen followed the club, taking up rugby league. Petersen made an immediate impact and was one of six Marist Old Boys players who were selected to represent New Zealand that season. In total Petersen played in three Test matches for New Zealand in rugby league", "id": "14015996" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\n, Bert Avery and Maurice Wetherill. Lou Brown made his Auckland debut in the second match. At the end of the tour the NSW members of the 1921-22 Australasian Kangaroos were joined by New Zealand member Bert Laing for a match against the rest of the NSW squad and local Auckland stars. The Kangaroos won 65-27. The New Zealand Māori side played Sydney Metropolis in Sydney. South Auckland held the Northern Union Cup at the end of the season. They defeated Auckland 21-20 in Auckland to win the", "id": "3198700" }, { "contents": "John Solomon (rugby union)\n\n\nmade his state and national representative debuts at age nineteen, first playing for Australia against the at the Sydney Cricket Ground in June 1949. Later that year he toured New Zealand with Trevor Allan's Bledisloe Cup winning Wallabies. Solomon played variously at five-eighth, fullback and centre in seven matches of the tour including the 2nd Test at Eden Park where he scored a try thus helping the side make history as the first Australian team to win the Cup in New Zealand. He played twice for New South Wales in 1950 at", "id": "19470085" }, { "contents": "Darby Loudon\n\n\nDarby Briton Loudon (12 March 1897 – c. 1963) was a New Zealand born rugby union player, a flanker who made sixteen representative appearances for the New South Wales state team in the 1920s. Four of these matches have since been decreed as Test matches by the Australian Rugby Union and Loudon, who led the side in one such match in 1922, was therefore a captain of the Australian national team. Loudon, was born in Leeston, New Zealand and relocated to Sydney during his youth. He attended Sydney Grammar School", "id": "5401488" }, { "contents": "Michael Fitzgerald (rugby union)\n\n\nMichael Fitzgerald (born ) is a New Zealand rugby union player currently playing for Kamaishi Seawaves in Japan. He previously played for Leicester Tigers in England's Premiership Rugby, for the Chiefs in Super Rugby and Manawatu in the ITM Cup. His regular playing position is lock. In 2013, he signed a contract extension with the Chiefs until 2015. On 21 April 2015, it was announced he had signed for English Aviva Premiership side Leicester Tigers. Fitzgerald made his Leicester debut on 18 October 2015 in a 28-16 win", "id": "17447697" }, { "contents": "Peter Johnstone (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Johnstone (9 August 1922 – 18 October 1997) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A backrow forward, Johnstone represented Ashburton County while serving in the army and later at a provincial level. He was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1949 to 1951. He played 26 matches for the All Blacks —10 as captain—including nine internationals, touring South Africa in 1949 and playing all four tests against the touring 1950 British Lions. He was a key member of the", "id": "5603616" }, { "contents": "Brian Reidy\n\n\nBrian Thomas Reidy (27 January 1939 – 2 June 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Reidy played for the Marist club and represented Auckland. He made his debut for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1959, becoming Kiwi #383, but did not make his test match debut until 1961, against Australia at Carlaw Park. Between 1959 and 1966, Reidy played 65 games for New Zealand, including 19 tests, scoring 34 tries in all. He could play anywhere in the", "id": "21473667" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nmatches. In 1911 Mitchell, along with three other players from the Merivale club, moved to Sydney and played for the North Sydney Bears. He was then enticed north by the Queensland Rugby League. At the same time the New Zealand rugby league side was touring Australia and he was invited to join the touring party. Mitchell played in four matches, becoming a dual-code rugby international. Mitchell then returned to Christchurch and represented Canterbury in its first ever match in 1912. Mitchell toured Australia twice more with New Zealand,", "id": "3816467" }, { "contents": "Pat Creedy\n\n\nPatrick Joseph \"Pat\" Creedy (18 November 1927 – 7 April 2011) was a New Zealand rugby football player who represented New Zealand in rugby league. Creedy originally played rugby union and represented both the Southland Rugby Union and the Canterbury Rugby Union. Creedy later switched codes to rugby league and joined the Marist club in the Canterbury Rugby League competition. He represented Canterbury and in 1955 was selected at halfback for the South Island. That year he was first selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team, playing against the", "id": "6530820" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1924 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the 11th tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales selection, and New Zealand won the 3 match series", "id": "14085325" }, { "contents": "Jim Sanders (rugby league)\n\n\nJames Sanders (1900–1981) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Sanders started his career in third grade with Addington in 1915. He spent his entire career with Addington apart from a few games for Hornby when Addington had no senior team. He captained Addington to their first title in 1923. Sanders made his New Zealand debut in 1919 against Australia. In 1921 Sanders toured Australia for New Zealand under coach Jim Rukutai. He played for New Zealand in 1922 against New South Wales and was part of the", "id": "6884071" }, { "contents": "Nolan Tupaea\n\n\na first grade match. In 1979 he moved to Petone, winning premierships in 1980, 1981 and 1982. He was also part of their 1982 victory in the National Club Cup. Tupaea represented Wellington, playing 64 matches between 1971 and 1985. He was selected for the Kiwi Colts in 1973 for a match against Queensland. In 1976 he represented the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. Tupaea played for the Central Districts side in their first five years of the New Zealand Rugby League's district competition. The side", "id": "15687157" }, { "contents": "Peter Ward (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter M. Ward (born 5 November 1876) was a New Zealand-born rugby union player who represented Australia. A fly-half, he was born in Invercargill. Ward was described as \"astute and a skillful inside back\". A member of the Britannia club Ward initially played for the Southland province between 1897 and 1898. He then moved to Sydney, Australia in 1899 and joined the Marrackville club. He was selected for New South Wales to play in their two matches against the touring Great Britain side. After", "id": "2597515" }, { "contents": "Frano Botica\n\n\nFrano Michael Botica (born 3 August 1963) is a New Zealand rugby union and rugby league coach and former player in both codes, who played in the 1980s and 1990s. He is the head coach of the Philippines sevens team. He represented New Zealand at both codes, and later also played for Croatia in two rugby union World Cup qualifying matches. Born in Mangakino, New Zealand, Botica played rugby union for club side North Shore, New Zealand provincial side North Harbour, as well as Llanelli in Wales, and", "id": "3135809" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nWilliam James Mitchell (28 November 1890 – 2 June 1959) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Mitchell was born in Melbourne, Australia before moving to New Zealand where he worked for the New Zealand Railways Department. Mitchell played rugby union for the Merivale club in Christchurch and represented the province nine times in 1909 and 1910. He was selected to be part of the All Blacks tour of Australia in 1910 and played in five matches, including the second and third Test", "id": "3816466" }, { "contents": "1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand was the third tour made by the Springboks rugby team, and their first tour to Australia and New Zealand. South Africa played three Test matches against the All Blacks. The series was drawn 1–all, and the long-running controversy between the countries over the All Blacks' inclusion of Maori players began. The Springboks played five matches in Australia, winning them all. The three most important matches against New South Wales, were retroactively accorded Test status by the Australian", "id": "19644461" }, { "contents": "1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand was a series of rugby union matches played in New Zealand by the South African national rugby union team, from June - August 1994. The team played 14 matches in total; 11 against several provincial rugby teams and 3 against the New Zealand national rugby union team. South Africa won 10 out of the 11 matches against provincial sides, losing one match to Otago. They lost their first two test matches against the New Zealand national side and drew the last test. The", "id": "14043514" }, { "contents": "Ewen McKenzie\n\n\nTri nations, but was reselected in 1997 for the 1997 French tour of Australia. 1997 was the year McKenzie retired from international rugby, making his last appearance on 12 July 1997 after a 25–6 victory over England in Sydney. In his entire career of 51 test matches, he only ever played as a substitute once, during a pool game in the 1995 Rugby World Cup. In 1992, McKenzie toured New Zealand with the World XV to mark the centenary of the New Zealand Rugby Union. New Zealand won the series 2–1", "id": "7179494" }, { "contents": "Sam Gemmell\n\n\nSamuel William Gemmell (28 August 1896 – 28 June 1970) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A loose forward, Gemmell represented Hawke's Bay at a provincial level. He played one match for the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, out of position at hooker against New South Wales at Dunedin. Affiliating to Ngāti Pāhauwera, Gemmell played 57 matches for New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1929, making him the most capped player for that team. He served as a private with the New Zealand (Māori", "id": "16059662" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\nCharles \"Charlie\" Herbert \"Herb\" Smith (13 February 1909 – 10 April 1976) was a New Zealand rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s. He played representative level rugby union (RU) for New Zealand (Heritage № 406) (non-test matches), South Island and Otago (captain), and at club level for Southern RFC , as a centre, i.e. number 12 or 13, switching codes in 1936. He played representative level rugby league (RL", "id": "11805487" }, { "contents": "James Barber (rugby)\n\n\nover to join the squad. He played in the first ever trans-Tasman test which was the debut match of the Australia national rugby league team. Barber would go on to appear in all three test matches against Australia. Barber later captained the New Zealand side in its 1909 tour of Australia. His last game for New Zealand was in 1912. In 1912 he was in Petone's side that won the inaugural Wellington Rugby League competition. Barber captained Wellington between 1911 and 1914, including Wellington's 1913 victory over Auckland.", "id": "7778848" }, { "contents": "Alex Watson (rugby league)\n\n\nAlex Watson (1931–2002) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer of the 1950s. An Australian international and Queensland interstate representative three-quarter back, he played club football in the Brisbane Rugby League premiership for Western Suburbs. Watson first represented Queensland in 1951 in a match against New South Wales. He made his test debut at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 12 June 1954 against Great Britain in the first test of that year's Ashes series. Australia won this test 37-12. In 1953 Watson toured New Zealand with the", "id": "15082194" }, { "contents": "Jack McLeod (rugby league)\n\n\nJack McLeod is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. McLeod played for Taranaki and Auckland. While at the Manukau club, McLeod was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1937, playing against Australia. He toured Australia with New Zealand in 1938 however no test matches were played on the tour. Four days after the 1937 test, McLeod was part of the New Zealand Māori side that defeated Australia 16-5. In 2008 he was named in the Taranaki Rugby League Team of the Century", "id": "19760905" }, { "contents": "Frank Nicholson (rugby union)\n\n\nof these matches played against New South Wales. The Howell reference claims that Nicholson's rugby career was interrupted by enlistment in the Boer War. He claimed two international rugby caps for Australia. He appeared for Queensland against the touring New Zealanders in Brisbane in August 1903 and two weeks later made his international debut against the same tourists in Sydney, on 15 August 1903. In 1904 he captained Queensland in the inter-state series and played alongside his brother Fred who scored a try in that match. Later that season he had", "id": "2954916" }, { "contents": "Frank Brogan (rugby league)\n\n\nFrank Brogan (1903–1961) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s. He played as a halfback with South Sydney during the club's golden era of the 1920s when they won 5 premierships. Brogan made his debut for South Sydney in 1922 against Newtown as an 18 year old. In 1924, Brogan was selected to play for New South Wales and featured in two matches. The following year, Brogan won his first premiership with Souths as they finished first on the table and were not required to play in", "id": "18073767" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\ntest of 1899 against the first British side to tour Australia, at Sydney, on 12 August. He also played for Australia in 1903 in Sydney against New Zealand in the first official rugby union international between the countries. He became an early convert to the fledgling league code and played for the Ipswich club in Queensland. He was selected in the 2nd Test of 1908 against New Zealand. Five former Wallabies had debuted for the Kangaroos in the inaugural Test three weeks earlier, Hardcastle's league Test debut that day with George Watson", "id": "802017" } ]

[ { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nthe 6–8 defeat by New South Wales at Sydney on 7 August 1922, and scored a penalty in the 45–11 victory over Manawatu-Wellington XV at Palmerston North on 16 August 1922 but never played a Test match for New Zealand. In 1923 Fitzgerald moved to Christchurch, joining the Marist Old Boys club. However the club was expelled from the Canterbury Rugby Union in April 1924 and Fitzgerald followed to club to rugby league. Fitzgerald excelled in rugby league and in his debut year he made the national side, playing in two Test", "id": "13539549" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nhe lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Jim O'Brien. Fitzgerald played for the South Island in 1922, scoring a try in the inter-island match. Following this he was selected for New Zealand, playing in five matches on a tour of New Zealand and Australia. Fitzgerald represented New Zealand (RU) in the 12–11 victory over Wairarapa at Carterton on 19 July 1922, the 26–19 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on 29 July 1922, the 24–6 victory over Metropolitan Union at Sydney on 2 August 1922,", "id": "13539548" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nCharles James Fitzgerald (6 June 1899, in Fairhall – 8 May 1961, in Awatere Valley) was a New Zealand dual-code international rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Fitzgerald was a utility back in both codes. Fitzgerald represented Marlborough between 1917 and 1921, appearing for the union in every backline position except fullback. He played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks kicking a penalty goal in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game", "id": "13539547" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nAndrew James \"Jim\" O'Brien (1897–1969) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. O'Brien began his career playing rugby union for Marlborough between 1919 and 1921. He also played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game he lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Charles Fitzgerald. In 1922 he moved north to Auckland, joining the Grafton club. He immediately was selected for the", "id": "13908850" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nNorth Island side and subsequently the All Blacks tour of New Zealand and South Wales. He finished the tour having played in 3 games and scored one try. Returning to Auckland, O’Brien played his first game for the union late in the 1922 season. In 1923 he played five games for Auckland. O'Brien switched to rugby league in 1924, joining Marist in the Auckland Rugby League competition. He played for Auckland and made the New Zealand national rugby league team for three tests against the touring Great Britain Lions side that year.", "id": "13908851" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\nLouis Charles Petersen (19 April 1897 – 25 June 1961) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Petersen served with the New Zealand Expeditionary Force in World War I and it was here that he developed his football skills, playing for the \"Trench team\". Petersen began his career with the Marist Old Boys club in Christchurch and in 1919 was first selected to represent Canterbury. He made the South Island side in 1919, 1920 and 1921. In 1922 Petersen was", "id": "14015995" }, { "contents": "Jim Craig (rugby league)\n\n\nversatility was such that he was selected at hooker for a match on tour of New Zealand in 1919. Graig first represented for New South Wales against a touring English side in 1920. He was selected on the 1921–22 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and made his Test debut in the first Test at Leeds. He appeared in 23 minor tour matches notching a total of 58 points as a try scorer and goal kicker. Following his Kangaroo Tour representative appearances in 1922 he played a season with the University club in Sydney. In 1923", "id": "6542629" }, { "contents": "Albert Johnston (rugby league)\n\n\nclub seasons of 1921 and 1922. In 1912 he was selected in a Sydney Metropolis side. In 1913 he was in a New South Wales touring squad to New Zealand as half-back but was kept out of the major matches by the form of his peer Arthur Halloway. He captained New South Wales in some 1918 games and then made his Australian Test debut in 1919 on Australia's tour of New Zealand. He scored a try on debut assisting Australia to a 44-21 victory. With tour captain Halloway unfit for", "id": "9752107" }, { "contents": "Percy Hickey\n\n\nPercival \"Percy\" Hubert Hickey (28 April 1899 – 21 December 1943) was a New Zealand rugby union player who represented the All Blacks in 1922. His position of choice was wing three-quarter. Hickey was born in Rahotu in 1899. He made the provincial side in 1919. He was selected for the North against South Island match in 1922. He scored a try. He was then selected for the national side on their tour of New South Wales. Hickey played in two of the possible five matches.", "id": "3545214" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1922 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the tenth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales Selection, and NSW won the 3 match series 2–1. In", "id": "13453802" }, { "contents": "Billy Sheehan (rugby union)\n\n\ntop Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of their 1920s fixtures played against full international opposition were decreed in 1986 as official Test matches, including the three of Sheehan's 1921 debut and fifteen other appearances he would make over the next six years. In 1922 he appeared in all three Test in Sydney against the visiting All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Sheehan played all of the three match series in which the Waratahs were undefeated. On the 1923 tour of New Zealand and", "id": "5401479" }, { "contents": "Les Steel\n\n\nLeslie William Steel (1900 – 28 April 1966) was a rugby league footballer in Australia's major competition, the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL). Steel played over 100 matches for his club side, Eastern Suburbs in the years (1922–29). A Winger, Steel was a try scorer in Easts 1923 premiership victory. In 1922 Steel was selected to represent New South Wales. Following his football career, Steel spent many years as an official of the Eastern Suburbs club. He died at Hurstville, New South", "id": "20482633" }, { "contents": "Jim Bacon (rugby)\n\n\nLions tour of Australasia. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Leeds in 1920 against Australia (3 matches), and New Zealand (3 matches), in 1921 against Australia (2 matches), in 1922 against Australia, in 1924 against Australia, and in 1927 against New Zealand. From 1921 until 1927 he also represented Wales, winning six caps, all against England, including 1-victory, and 5-defeats. Bacon played left-, i.e. number 4 and scored 2-tries in Leeds' 11–3 victory over Dewsbury", "id": "5182427" }, { "contents": "Karl Ifwersen\n\n\nrep team, captaining the combined Auckland-North Auckland side against South Africa in his first game back and scoring the only try. Ifwersen played in one test match for the All Blacks during the 1921 South Africa tour of the country. Ifwersen continued to play for Auckland between 1922 and 1938. Ifwersen died in Auckland on 19 May 1967, having suffered considerably from football injuries during his old age. Ifwersen was inducted into the New Zealand Rugby League's Legends of League in 2000. He was the first New Zealander to represent", "id": "14118993" }, { "contents": "New Zealand national rugby union team\n\n\nThomas Ellison captained team won nine of their ten matches. The following year New Zealand played its first home \"international\" game, losing 8–6 to New South Wales. The team's first true test match occurred against Australia on 15 August 1903 at the Sydney Cricket Ground in front of over 30,000 spectators, and resulted in a 22–3 victory. A representative New Zealand team first toured the British Isles in 1905. The side is now known as the \"Originals\", as the \"All Blacks\" name emerged during this tour", "id": "20449805" }, { "contents": "Wilson Hall (rugby league)\n\n\nA. Wilson Hall was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s and 1930s who represented New Zealand and later played at club level in England for Castleford. From the Ngaruawahia club, Wilson Hall represented South Auckland in 1922. He was a half for South Auckland and the North Island in 1925. In 1926 he moved to Christchurch. Wilson Hall then represented the Hornby club, Canterbury and the South Island. He was selected for New Zealand's tour of Great Britain in 1926. He played in two test matches", "id": "20659026" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\nwas selected to tour New Zealand. He played in seven matches on tour including the Waratah's Test victory. He made representative appearances in 1922 against the New Zealand Maori and the All Blacks, played in three Tests against them in 1924 and in five matches against them in 1925. The 3rd test of 1925 played on 23 June at the Sydney Showground was Fox's sole appearance as the national captain. He was solid in further Test appearances against New Zealand in 1926 He was a tremendous lineout forward and one of the senior", "id": "9169857" }, { "contents": "Dai Fitzgerald\n\n\nDavid \"Dai\" Fitzgerald (1872 – 30 November 1951) was a Welsh rugby centre who played club rugby under the union code for Cardiff, and later switched to professional rugby league team Batley (captain). He played international rugby union for Wales winning two caps, and in his first match for Wales scored all the points in a victory over Scotland. Fitzgerald first played rugby in Cardiff for the now defunct club, St. Davids, one of several Welsh teams built around Catholic churches. He switched to first class club", "id": "18632594" }, { "contents": "Bruce Gall\n\n\nBruce Gall is a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Gall played in the Taranaki Rugby League and represented Taranaki. In 1976 Gall played for the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. In 1979 he played for the Central Districts side that won the Inter-Districts competition. He was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team on the 1980 tour of Great Britain and France. Gall did not play in a test match but did play in 8 games for the Kiwis, scoring 3 tries.", "id": "18658371" }, { "contents": "Shaun Foley\n\n\nShaun Foley (born 29 August 1986 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia) is an Australian rugby union player and a former member of the National Rugby League's (NRL) Sydney Roosters squad. Foley played in the Australian Schoolboys Rugby Union team that lost to New Zealand 21-16 in 2004. Foley scored all 16 points for the Australian team. Foley joined NRL side the Sydney Roosters in 2006, playing 7 games and scoring 6 tries. He scored two tries in the Roosters 40-20 victory over the", "id": "3276301" }, { "contents": "Sam Lowrie\n\n\nSamuel Arthur \"Sam\" Lowrie was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. His grandnephew, Jason Lowrie, also represented New Zealand in rugby league. Lowrie played for the Ponsonby club in the Auckland Rugby League competition. In 1919 Lowrie played for Auckland and was first selected to represent New Zealand, playing in three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1922 Lowrie toured Australia, with the New Zealand Māori rugby league team. Lowrie was named Ponsonby's best forward in 1923. He again played for", "id": "21879456" }, { "contents": "Arthur Kay (rugby league)\n\n\nArthur Geig Kay was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Kay represented Auckland and was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1935. He played in all three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1936 he played in two matches against the touring Great Britain team and played in his final test match in New Zealand's 16-15 victory over Australia at Carlaw Park on 14 August 1937. He was selected to tour Great Britain and France in 1939 but the tour was abandoned due to the", "id": "13813701" }, { "contents": "Percy Williams (New Zealand rugby league player)\n\n\nPercy Williams was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Williams originally played rugby union and represented Auckland. Williams played for Wigan for three seasons between 1910/11 to 1912/13. During this time he played in 111 matches for the club in the Lancashire League, including in the 1911 Challenge Cup Final loss. In 1913 he was called into the New Zealand squad, joining them midway through their tour of Australia. Williams was said to be instrumental in New Zealand's 17-11 upset victory over New South Wales.", "id": "14326389" }, { "contents": "Johnnie Wallace\n\n\nthe club's first Wallaby representative. His potential was obvious and in 1921 he was selected in the New South Wales side picked to tour New Zealand. He played in five of the ten tour matches including the September 1921 fixture against a New Zealand XV which is now regarded as a Test match. With no Queensland Rugby Union administration or competition in place from 1919 to 1929, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of the fixtures of 1920s which were played against", "id": "7506396" }, { "contents": "Jack Forrest (rugby league)\n\n\nJohn Alexander \"Jack\" Forrest (24 February 1924 – 26 February 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 12 international matches between 1947 and 1952. His cousin Jonas Masters also played rugby league for New Zealand. Forrest played in the West Coast Rugby League competition for Runanga and represented both the West Coast and the South Island. He played in 42 matches, 12 of which were test matches, for the New Zealand national rugby league team, including matches against the 1951 touring French side and", "id": "18556717" }, { "contents": "Pat Devery\n\n\n, New South Wales on 9 August 1922. A Tumbulgum junior, he played football in the Brisbane Rugby League for Fortitude Valley. Devery was then discovered by coach of Sydney's Balmain club Latchem Robinson while playing football in The Domain, Sydney as a sailor in the Royal Australian Navy during the war. Devery played for Balmain at halfback in the 1944 NSWRFL season's premiership final, scoring a try in his side's victory over Newtown. Devery also represented Sydney on 6 occasions, New South Wales on 2 occasions between 1946–1947", "id": "14526725" }, { "contents": "Charles Kingstone\n\n\nCharles Napoleon \"Nipper\" Kingstone (2 July 1895 – 6 May 1960) was a New Zealand sportsman who played international rugby union for New Zealand. He was also a first-class cricketer. A fullback, Kingstone played all three of his Tests during South Africa's 1921 tour of New Zealand. He was injured in a motor accident in 1922 and didn't play again for New Zealand. Kingstone played just one first-class cricket match. He represented a team called the \"Rest of New Zealand\" in a", "id": "8516640" }, { "contents": "Dougie McGregor\n\n\nAlwin John \"Dougie\" McGregor (1889–1963) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. McGregor played rugby union for the Karangahake club in the Goldfields sub-union competition in 1908. The following year he moved to Auckland, joining the Ponsonby club. McGregor represented Auckland and the North Island that same year. In 1913 McGregor was picked in the New Zealand squad for their North America tour and played in 11 games during the tour, including Test matches against Australia and", "id": "14128313" }, { "contents": "1893 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1893 New Zealand tour rugby to Australia was the second tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. Ten matches were played against regional and district sides, but no Test matches were played. It was first tour arranged by New Zealand Rugby Football Union which was founded the year before. The only previous New Zealand national team was the side that toured New South Wales in 1884. Immediately before departing for Sydney, the tourists played a match against a \"Combined XV\" in Wellington, which New Zealand won", "id": "14310646" }, { "contents": "Australasia rugby league team\n\n\nThe Australasian rugby league team (or the Kangaroos) represented Australia and New Zealand in rugby league sporadically between 1910 and 1922. Administered by the New South Wales Rugby League, appearances for the team were counted towards the Australian team's records and playing register but not the New Zealand team's. The team toured Great Britain twice, participating in two Ashes series, and also played Great Britain twice in Sydney. The Australasian side first played in 1910. After Great Britain had defeated Australia in two Test matches it was decided that", "id": "15931608" }, { "contents": "George Dickinson\n\n\nChurch in Dunedin. While at Otago Boys' High School, Dickinson played as a five-eighth in the school's 1st XV rugby team between 1918 and 1921. He made his debut for the All Blacks in 1922 on their tour of New South Wales, playing five matches and scoring three tries. He went on to play 12 matches for between 1922 and 1924, scoring five tries, 11 conversions and one penalty goal. Dickinson also played for the South Island in 1922. He retired from first-class rugby at", "id": "2808375" }, { "contents": "Alexander Kirkpatrick (rugby union)\n\n\nAlexander Kirkpatrick (4 October 1898 – 25 August 1971) was an All Blacks rugby union player from New Zealand. He was a hooker. He played 12 matches for the All Blacks in1925-26 against Australia (New South Wales), scoring 6 points (2 tries). He was a member of the Hastings club and captained the Hawke’s Bay Region to take the Ranfurly Shield off Wellington in 1922; and appeared in 22 of the 24 successful defences (more than any other player). In 1952-56", "id": "16723938" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nClaud Augustus O'Donnell (30 January 1886 – 4 August 1953) was an Australian rugby union and rugby league player and represented his country at both sports as a dual-code rugby international. O'Donnell played rugby union with the Glebe club in inner city Sydney. He made his representative debut for New South Wales in 1912 and the following year made two Test appearances as hooker for the Wallabies against the All Blacks in the 1913 tour of New Zealand. Switching to rugby league O'Donnell joined the Glebe Dirty Reds in 1915 and had three", "id": "1170779" }, { "contents": "Wally O'Connell\n\n\nand played 80 games. His first representative match was for City New South Wales in 1943. On 18 June 1945 a Sydney rugby league team featuring O'Connell travelled to Newcastle to play against their representative team and were defeated 27-26. He was the Roosters' pivot in their 1945 premiership final victory over Balmain. With senior representative matches canceled during WWII O'Connell didn't make his Test debut until 1948 against New Zealand in Sydney.He was selected for the 1948-49 Kangaroo Tour and played in five Tests and 16 minor", "id": "14384862" }, { "contents": "Mawene Hiroti\n\n\nMawene Hiroti (born 6 March 1999) is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who plays as a or er for the South Sydney Rabbitohs in the NRL. Hiroti was born in Taranaki, New Zealand. He has represented the Australian Schoolboys rugby league team and the New Zealand Under 18s. Forged his career playing for New Plymouth Old Boys under 11s 12s and 13s - winning Taranaki Premiership every year. Mawene scoring 50 percent of all tries. He played for the Rabbitohs in their pre-season 18-8 victory over English", "id": "14480103" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\n) for British Empire XIII, and at club level for Streatham and Mitcham and Halifax (Heritage № 437), as a , or , i.e. number 2 or 5, or, 3 or 4. Smith represented New Zealand (RU) in the 16–13 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on Monday 6 August 1934, and scored a try in the 35–3 victory over Newcastle at Newcastle, New South Wales on Wednesday 22 August 1934, but was not selected for the 1935–36 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland", "id": "11805488" }, { "contents": "Jim Rukutai\n\n\nNew Zealand played matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Rukutai coached New Zealand during their 1921 tour of Australia. He remains New Zealand's youngest ever national coach. He also coached New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1937. In 1937 he coached the New Zealand Māori to an upset win over Australia. In 1932 Rukutai served on the Auckland Rugby League board as the Clubs' delegate. He then served as the first chairman of the New Zealand Māori Rugby League Board when it was formed in 1934. Rukutai died at his", "id": "1899959" }, { "contents": "Greg Davis (rugby)\n\n\nand there joined the Drummoyne Rugby Club Davis was immediately selected for both New South Wales and Australia in his first year in Sydney. He debuted in a Sydney Test match against England in June 1963 and the following month was selected in the squad for the 1963 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa. He played in all four Test matches of the tied series and in ten other tour matches. The next year he made the 1964 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand playing in seven of the eight matches including all three Tests", "id": "3641367" }, { "contents": "Bill Kelly (rugby league)\n\n\n, Kelly played first class rugby union for Buller when he was 18 and later represented Wellington. Kelly switched to rugby league with the launch of the Wellington Rugby League competition in 1912 and played for Athletic in their grand final loss to Petone. He became a Wellington representative and toured Australia in 1912 and 1913 with the New Zealand national side. No test matches were played with the Kiwis meeting New South Wales and Queensland and a number of regional sides. He played in Wellingtons 1913 victory over Auckland. He joined the Balmain Tigers", "id": "146975" }, { "contents": "1929 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\nThe 1929 New Zealand rugby league season was the 22nd season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand. New Zealand played in no international matches in 1929. The New South Wales Rugby Football League's South Sydney Rabbitohs toured the country late in the season. They played two matches against Marist, with both sides securing one win. South Sydney also defeated Huntly. Souths were without five Kangaroos who were on a tour of Great Britain. Marist won the first match 10-9 at Carlaw Park while Souths won the", "id": "3198729" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\ndue to a row over the eligibility of three players. They instead joined the Rugby League and the Football Association. Marist spent just seven seasons in the Canterbury Rugby League but won three titles, in 1924, 1925 and 1928. In 1924 they produced six New Zealand internationals; Bill Devine, Charles Fitzgerald, Ted Fitzgerald, Terry Gilroy, Harry Mullins and Lou Petersen. Jim Amos also switched codes with Marist but played in their lower divisions. Greymouth Marist joined the West Coast Rugby League in support of Christchurch Marist. The", "id": "3198709" }, { "contents": "Charles Webb (rugby league)\n\n\nCharles Webb was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand . A halfback from the Ponsonby United club, Webb also represented Auckland. In 1912, Webb toured Australia with New Zealand. The side played in matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Later that same year, New South Wales made a return tour to New Zealand. Webb captained the New Zealand side that played against them, losing 10-18. He also played in two matches for Auckland against the touring Blues side. Webb was selected for the", "id": "14418029" }, { "contents": "David Evans (rugby)\n\n\nDavid \"Dave\" Alexander Evans (4 October 1886 – 12 October 1940) was a New Zealand dual-code international who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Evans began his career playing rugby union and represented Hawke's Bay 19 times from 1906. He made the 1910 New Zealand tour of Australia and played in the 0–11 Test defeat by Australia at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 27 June 1910, becoming the Hawke's Bay's third representative. While in Australia Evans had been impressed by the rugby league", "id": "13088290" }, { "contents": "Bill Cunningham (rugby union)\n\n\nFootball Union. He was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1901, and played against Wellington and the New South Wales team that was touring New Zealand at the time. Both matches were comfortably won, with the tourists defeated 20–3. Cunningham played his first of four matches for Auckland against international opposition, against the same New South Wales side a week later, with his Auckland team winning 24–3. Cunningham moved to Auckland in 1902, and played his club rugby for City, before joining Ponsonby the following season. He", "id": "17185617" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\nWilliam Robert \"Bill\" Hardcastle (30 August 1874 – 11 July 1944) born in Wellington, New Zealand was a pioneer New Zealand and Australian rugby union player and an Australian rugby league footballer. He represented both countries in union and Australia in league. He was one of the first dual-code rugby internationals. Hardcastle commenced his club rugby in New Zealand with Petone and represented for Wellington from 1895 to 1897. He joined the Melrose club in 1897 and was selected in a North Island representative side from where he was", "id": "802015" }, { "contents": "Steve Skinnon\n\n\nSteve Skinnon (born 27 November 1976) is a New Zealand rugby footballer who played rugby union for Wellington and Hawkes Bay in the National Provincial Championship and rugby league for the Sydney Roosters and South Sydney Rabbitohs in the National Rugby League. He represented his country in both codes at a junior level. Skinnon started his career in rugby union and represented the New Zealand under 19 side in 1994 from Wellington College, playing at second five eighth. He switched codes to rugby league in 1995 and was picked to play for the Junior", "id": "2628332" }, { "contents": "Jim Wylie\n\n\nJames Thomas Wylie (26 October 1887 – 19 December 1956) was a New Zealand rugby union player, who represented both the country of his birth and Australia. He went on to coach the Stanford University rugby team for over 30 years from 1917. Born in Galatea in 1887, Wylie was a tall man at , and played as a loose forward. He first represented in 1910, playing six matches, before moving to Sydney for the next two years. There he made four appearances for New South Wales against Queensland,", "id": "12170928" }, { "contents": "Edward Baird (rugby league)\n\n\nNorthern Union\" style of rugby, taking on Albert Baskerville's New Zealand All Golds on their inaugural tour. Baird played as a reserve as the Queenslanders lost the historic match 34–12. He went on to make another appearance against New Zealand and two against New South Wales. When the New Zealand team came back on the return leg of their tour, they played three Test matches against the first Australian representative sides ever selected. The first Test was played in Sydney on 9 May 1908 with the Kiwis prevailing. On 30 May", "id": "17722972" }, { "contents": "Bob Aynsley\n\n\nRobert Aynsley (5 January 1922 – 12 October 2012) was a New Zealand rugby league player. He played five test matches for the New Zealand national rugby league team. Aynsley played for Blackball and represented the West Coast and the South Island before first being selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1946. He played in five test matches, his last in 1949. He played in 15 tour games on the 1947–1948 tour of Great Britain and France. After retirement, Aynsley was a referee from 1953 to 1960", "id": "5310628" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\ninterest in rugby union in Sydney following WWI. In 1920 he appeared three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the All Blacks scoring a try in his representative debut. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches. In 1921 he represented for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks and", "id": "9169856" }, { "contents": "1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand, more commonly known in New Zealand as the 1956 Springboks tour was a series of rugby union matches played by South Africa in Australia and New Zealand. The \"Springboks\" won 21 matches of 29, drew 1, and lost 7. They played 6 Test matches, with two victories over Australia and one over New Zealand. The New Zealand leg of their trip was the primary focus of the tour—23 of their 29 matches were in New Zealand, which included", "id": "12210178" }, { "contents": "Bert Cooke (rugby)\n\n\nspent 1932 with Hawke's Bay, before switching codes. Cooke also represented Wairarapa and Wellington while playing rugby union. He finished his rugby union career with 121 tries in 131 first class matches. Cooke joined the Richmond Rovers club in the Auckland Rugby League competition in 1932 and made an immediate impact, racing away for three tries in the inter-island game only weeks later. He was selected for New Zealand that year against the Great Britain Lions. Cooke also represented Auckland and captained New Zealand in two Test matches against Australia", "id": "12460198" }, { "contents": "Queensland rugby league team\n\n\nZealand rugby league tour of Australia, Queensland lost both its matches against the Kiwis in Brisbane. Again, Queensland played two matches against the Kiwis during the 1913 New Zealand rugby league tour of Australia and again the Maroons lost both. New South Wales had won every match between the two states until 1922, when the Maroons, with Cyril Connell playing at , achieved their maiden victory. This commenced Queensland's only golden period before the introduction of State of Origin. In 1925 Queensland toured New Zealand and played against the full New", "id": "12687033" }, { "contents": "1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia was the sixth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. Four matches were played against regional and district sides along with three Test match against the Australia national side, being the first time both teams played each other. New Zealand won the series with two victories and a tied match. Before the tour matches, New Zealand played a preliminary game v. the Wellington RU team at the Athletic Park, won by the \"All Blacks\" 19–6. Complete list of matches played", "id": "1302262" }, { "contents": "Watty Friend\n\n\nTest matches. In 1921 he figured in three matches for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks. Howell notes that Friends was one of the Waratahs' top players. In 1922 he appeared in all three matches again when the All Blacks visited Sydney, with second and third matches wins resulting in a rare series victory of those days to the Waratahs over the All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Friend was honoured with the captaincy of New South Wales in a three match series in which the Waratahs", "id": "5285969" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nseasons in the Sydney premiership. In 1918 he moved to Brisbane and joined the Carltons club, one of the early incarnations of the Souths Magpies. From there he made state appearances for Queensland against New South Wales over four years and in 1919 was selected in the Australian team as hooker. He played in all four Tests of the 1919 rugby league tour of New Zealand. He is listed as Australia's 97th representative on the Australian Rugby League's Kangaroo register. His international rugby league debut against New Zealand in Wellington on 23", "id": "1170780" }, { "contents": "John Rosewell\n\n\n. Along with Dally Messenger, Denis Lutge, Doug McLean snr and Micky Dore he was one of the inaugural five Australian dual code rugby internationals who having earlier represented at rugby union, debuted in international rugby league in Sydney on 9 May 1908 in the first ever Australian league Test against New Zealand. He is listed on the \"Australian Players Register\" as Kangaroo No.13. He spent three seasons at South Sydney playing 29 matches scoring 4 tries and 6 goals. He was a member of the 1910 Rabbitohs side that drew the", "id": "801844" }, { "contents": "George Aitken (rugby union)\n\n\nGeorge Gothard Aitken (2 July 1898 – 8 July 1952) was a rugby union footballer who represented New Zealand – known as the All Blacks – and then Scotland. He was born in Westport, New Zealand, and was selected to play provincially for Buller at the age of 16. After moving to Wellington, Aitken played for the province from 1917, and from there was selected for the All Blacks side that faced South Africa when they toured New Zealand in 1921. After only two Test matches for the All Blacks,", "id": "5006718" }, { "contents": "Jack Holland (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Holland (1922-1994) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s. An Australian international and New South Wales interstate representative forward, he played his club football in Sydney's NSWRFL Premiership for the St. George club. Holland was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia on 19 August 1922. Holland served in the Army during World War II. Commencing his first-grade NSWRFL Premiership playing career with St. George in 1947, he was selected to represent New South Wales in 1948", "id": "4207831" }, { "contents": "Jack Price (rugby league)\n\n\nagainst Australia (2 matches), and while at Wigan in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches). Jack Price played , in Wigan's 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. Jack Price played in Wigan's victories in the Lancashire County League during the 1922–23 season, 1923–24 season and 1925–26 season. Jack Price played , and scored a try in Wigan's 21-4 victory over", "id": "12779224" }, { "contents": "Edwin Abbott (rugby league)\n\n\nEdwin Frederick Abbott (1909–1976) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 1930 and 1932. Abbott was the nephew of 1905 All Black Harold Abbott and the uncle of Bill Deacon, a Kiwi from 1965 to 1971. From the Ngaruawahia Panthers club, Abbott represented South Auckland and the North Island. In 1930 he was selected for the New Zealand tour of New South Wales, playing in both matches against New South Wales and scoring three tries against Sydney Metropolis. He played for South Auckland against both the", "id": "19358978" }, { "contents": "Jim Davis (rugby league)\n\n\nthe 1911 NSWRFL season with North Sydney before playing three seasons with the Glebe club. His top-grade career finished up back at Souths in 1918-19 before concluding with a country stint at Parkes. Davis made his debut Test appearance in 1908 against New Zealand, appearing in both matches of the first rugby league international series played by an Australian representative side. At the end of that season he was selected in the 35 man squad to make the first ever Kangaroo Tour. Davis played in six tour matches but in none", "id": "11335988" }, { "contents": "Herb Brackenreg\n\n\nEastern Suburbs club. An Eastern Suburbs rugby union player, Brackenreg had been a member of the rebel New South Wales sides that played against the rebel New Zealand 'All Blacks' in the 1907 series that helped to establish rugby league in Australia. He played in 8 NSWRFL Premiership matches for Easts including that club's first match and was a member of the NSWRL's first premiership decider played against local rival, South Sydney. In that first season Brackenreg was selected to represent his state, New South Wales, in 2 matches", "id": "12715024" }, { "contents": "Danny Hurcombe\n\n\nFrom 29 November 1919 Hurcombe played for English rugby league club, Wigan. Hurcombe was selected to go on the 1920 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Wigan in 1920 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand, in 1922 against Australia, and in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches), and he won 6 caps for Wales in 1921–1926 while at Wigan. Hurcombe made his début for Wigan in", "id": "11028974" }, { "contents": "Arthur Hardgrave\n\n\nArthur Hardgrave ( 1908–14) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. A fullback, Hardgrave played for Taranaki against Auckland in 1908 and 1909. He later moved to Auckland and played for Otahuhu at club level and represented Auckland provincially. In 1912, Hardgrave was selected for the New Zealand national side who toured Australia. No test matches were played on the tour but Hardgrave became the 74th player to represent New Zealand. Following the tour, Hardgrave was part of the Auckland side that defeated New South Wales 10–3", "id": "124840" }, { "contents": "Ted Thorn\n\n\n. Ted made his state representative debut in 1922, appearing three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the visiting All Blacks for two victories. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches - including fifteen such appearances made by Ted Thorn. Thorn made the 1923 New South Wales tour", "id": "5576534" }, { "contents": "Jack Fitzgerald (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Fitzgerald was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s, and coached in the 1960s. He played for Western Suburbs as a winger and later coached the club from 1961 to 1964. Fitzgerald began his career with Western Suburbs in 1949. In 1952, Fitzgerald was a member of the Western Suburbs side which claimed their fourth and final premiership defeating South Sydney in the grand final, with Fitzgerald scoring a try. Fitzgerald played for three more seasons before retiring as a player. Fitzgerald began his coaching", "id": "15556425" }, { "contents": "Owen Stephens\n\n\nWales. He won a single cap for New Zealand, playing in the All Blacks' 19–12 victory over France at Eden Park, Auckland on 10 August 1968, and won five caps for Australia, playing against Tonga and Wales in 1973 and New Zealand in 1974. Only three players have played rugby union at test match level for both New Zealand and Australia: namely Des Connor, Ted Jessep and Stephens. He played club level rugby league for St. George Dragons (trial), Parramatta Eels (Heritage № 339) (", "id": "7733372" }, { "contents": "Peter Williams (New Zealand rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Williams (22 April 188430 August 1976) was a rugby union player who represented New Zealand nine times, including a single Test match. He played club rugby for Dunedin side Alhambra, and played provincial rugby for Otago between 1908 and 1914. His sole season of international rugby was 1913, when he played in a home Test against Australia before touring North America with the All Blacksas New Zealand's international team is knownthat same year. He was selected for a tour of Australia the following year, but was unavailable and so", "id": "8410349" }, { "contents": "Frank Smyth\n\n\nBernard Francis \"Frank\" Smyth (11 February 1891 – 15 July 1972) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A hooker, Smyth played a single representative game for Canterbury in 1915, one match for the South Island in 1922 and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, also in 1922. He played three matches for the All Blacks but did not appear in any internationals. His grandson is politician Peter Dunne. Smyth served in the No. 3 Field Company, New Zealand Engineers", "id": "16651150" }, { "contents": "1921 Waratahs tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe Queensland Rugby Union had collapsed in 1919 and would not be reborn until 1929 leaving the New South Wales Rugby Union to administer the game in Australia at the national representative level. In 1923 the New South Wales side toured New Zealand In 1986 the Australian Rugby Union decreed the five full-internationals played on the tour as official Test matches. Previously the All Blacks visited New South Wales in the 1920 tour. This tour happened while the Springboks were completing their tour in New Zealand. Previously in June, South Africa played three", "id": "14085090" }, { "contents": "Robert Graves (rugby)\n\n\n1905 and from there was selected to represent Metropolis (Sydney) in a fixture against Country played over Easter in 1905. He continued in a coaching role for the Grosvenor club even while himself playing rugby for those other sides from 1903 to 1907. Graves was one of the New South Wales rugby union players who matched up against the first professional New Zealand team, Albert Baskiville's 'All Golds' in three matches in Sydney in August 1907. He played in all three matches and along with the other Australian rebel players was", "id": "3902454" }, { "contents": "Jim Sullivan (rugby league)\n\n\n, converting five goals in a 21–0 win against Widnes. He made his first representative appearance in December 1921, playing for Wales in a 16–21 defeat against Australia. Jim Sullivan played , and scored 4-conversions in Wigan's 13-2 victory over Oldham in the Championship Final during the 1921–22 season at The Cliff, Broughton on Saturday 6 May 1922, played , and scored 4-conversions in the 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. played", "id": "338598" }, { "contents": "Simon Poidevin\n\n\nwas then selected to play for New South Wales in a succession of the matches in 1981. The first match against Manawatu was won 58-3, with NSW scoring 10 tries. Victories over Waikato and Counties followed, before New South Wales were defeated by Queensland 26-15 at the Sydney Cricket Ground. New South Wales played Queensland in a return match a week later in Brisbane that was won 7-6. Poidevin played for Sydney against France in the third game France played for their 1981 France rugby union tour of", "id": "16857237" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\ncalled up to the All Blacks and he played in eight games for New Zealand, although he did not appear in any Test matches. In 1924 Marist Old Boys became locked in a dispute with the Canterbury Rugby Union and quit, instead fielding rugby league and soccer teams. Petersen followed the club, taking up rugby league. Petersen made an immediate impact and was one of six Marist Old Boys players who were selected to represent New Zealand that season. In total Petersen played in three Test matches for New Zealand in rugby league", "id": "14015996" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\n, Bert Avery and Maurice Wetherill. Lou Brown made his Auckland debut in the second match. At the end of the tour the NSW members of the 1921-22 Australasian Kangaroos were joined by New Zealand member Bert Laing for a match against the rest of the NSW squad and local Auckland stars. The Kangaroos won 65-27. The New Zealand Māori side played Sydney Metropolis in Sydney. South Auckland held the Northern Union Cup at the end of the season. They defeated Auckland 21-20 in Auckland to win the", "id": "3198700" }, { "contents": "John Solomon (rugby union)\n\n\nmade his state and national representative debuts at age nineteen, first playing for Australia against the at the Sydney Cricket Ground in June 1949. Later that year he toured New Zealand with Trevor Allan's Bledisloe Cup winning Wallabies. Solomon played variously at five-eighth, fullback and centre in seven matches of the tour including the 2nd Test at Eden Park where he scored a try thus helping the side make history as the first Australian team to win the Cup in New Zealand. He played twice for New South Wales in 1950 at", "id": "19470085" }, { "contents": "Darby Loudon\n\n\nDarby Briton Loudon (12 March 1897 – c. 1963) was a New Zealand born rugby union player, a flanker who made sixteen representative appearances for the New South Wales state team in the 1920s. Four of these matches have since been decreed as Test matches by the Australian Rugby Union and Loudon, who led the side in one such match in 1922, was therefore a captain of the Australian national team. Loudon, was born in Leeston, New Zealand and relocated to Sydney during his youth. He attended Sydney Grammar School", "id": "5401488" }, { "contents": "Michael Fitzgerald (rugby union)\n\n\nMichael Fitzgerald (born ) is a New Zealand rugby union player currently playing for Kamaishi Seawaves in Japan. He previously played for Leicester Tigers in England's Premiership Rugby, for the Chiefs in Super Rugby and Manawatu in the ITM Cup. His regular playing position is lock. In 2013, he signed a contract extension with the Chiefs until 2015. On 21 April 2015, it was announced he had signed for English Aviva Premiership side Leicester Tigers. Fitzgerald made his Leicester debut on 18 October 2015 in a 28-16 win", "id": "17447697" }, { "contents": "Peter Johnstone (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Johnstone (9 August 1922 – 18 October 1997) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A backrow forward, Johnstone represented Ashburton County while serving in the army and later at a provincial level. He was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1949 to 1951. He played 26 matches for the All Blacks —10 as captain—including nine internationals, touring South Africa in 1949 and playing all four tests against the touring 1950 British Lions. He was a key member of the", "id": "5603616" }, { "contents": "Brian Reidy\n\n\nBrian Thomas Reidy (27 January 1939 – 2 June 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Reidy played for the Marist club and represented Auckland. He made his debut for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1959, becoming Kiwi #383, but did not make his test match debut until 1961, against Australia at Carlaw Park. Between 1959 and 1966, Reidy played 65 games for New Zealand, including 19 tests, scoring 34 tries in all. He could play anywhere in the", "id": "21473667" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nmatches. In 1911 Mitchell, along with three other players from the Merivale club, moved to Sydney and played for the North Sydney Bears. He was then enticed north by the Queensland Rugby League. At the same time the New Zealand rugby league side was touring Australia and he was invited to join the touring party. Mitchell played in four matches, becoming a dual-code rugby international. Mitchell then returned to Christchurch and represented Canterbury in its first ever match in 1912. Mitchell toured Australia twice more with New Zealand,", "id": "3816467" }, { "contents": "Pat Creedy\n\n\nPatrick Joseph \"Pat\" Creedy (18 November 1927 – 7 April 2011) was a New Zealand rugby football player who represented New Zealand in rugby league. Creedy originally played rugby union and represented both the Southland Rugby Union and the Canterbury Rugby Union. Creedy later switched codes to rugby league and joined the Marist club in the Canterbury Rugby League competition. He represented Canterbury and in 1955 was selected at halfback for the South Island. That year he was first selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team, playing against the", "id": "6530820" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1924 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the 11th tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales selection, and New Zealand won the 3 match series", "id": "14085325" }, { "contents": "Jim Sanders (rugby league)\n\n\nJames Sanders (1900–1981) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Sanders started his career in third grade with Addington in 1915. He spent his entire career with Addington apart from a few games for Hornby when Addington had no senior team. He captained Addington to their first title in 1923. Sanders made his New Zealand debut in 1919 against Australia. In 1921 Sanders toured Australia for New Zealand under coach Jim Rukutai. He played for New Zealand in 1922 against New South Wales and was part of the", "id": "6884071" }, { "contents": "Nolan Tupaea\n\n\na first grade match. In 1979 he moved to Petone, winning premierships in 1980, 1981 and 1982. He was also part of their 1982 victory in the National Club Cup. Tupaea represented Wellington, playing 64 matches between 1971 and 1985. He was selected for the Kiwi Colts in 1973 for a match against Queensland. In 1976 he represented the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. Tupaea played for the Central Districts side in their first five years of the New Zealand Rugby League's district competition. The side", "id": "15687157" }, { "contents": "Peter Ward (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter M. Ward (born 5 November 1876) was a New Zealand-born rugby union player who represented Australia. A fly-half, he was born in Invercargill. Ward was described as \"astute and a skillful inside back\". A member of the Britannia club Ward initially played for the Southland province between 1897 and 1898. He then moved to Sydney, Australia in 1899 and joined the Marrackville club. He was selected for New South Wales to play in their two matches against the touring Great Britain side. After", "id": "2597515" }, { "contents": "Frano Botica\n\n\nFrano Michael Botica (born 3 August 1963) is a New Zealand rugby union and rugby league coach and former player in both codes, who played in the 1980s and 1990s. He is the head coach of the Philippines sevens team. He represented New Zealand at both codes, and later also played for Croatia in two rugby union World Cup qualifying matches. Born in Mangakino, New Zealand, Botica played rugby union for club side North Shore, New Zealand provincial side North Harbour, as well as Llanelli in Wales, and", "id": "3135809" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nWilliam James Mitchell (28 November 1890 – 2 June 1959) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Mitchell was born in Melbourne, Australia before moving to New Zealand where he worked for the New Zealand Railways Department. Mitchell played rugby union for the Merivale club in Christchurch and represented the province nine times in 1909 and 1910. He was selected to be part of the All Blacks tour of Australia in 1910 and played in five matches, including the second and third Test", "id": "3816466" }, { "contents": "1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand was the third tour made by the Springboks rugby team, and their first tour to Australia and New Zealand. South Africa played three Test matches against the All Blacks. The series was drawn 1–all, and the long-running controversy between the countries over the All Blacks' inclusion of Maori players began. The Springboks played five matches in Australia, winning them all. The three most important matches against New South Wales, were retroactively accorded Test status by the Australian", "id": "19644461" }, { "contents": "1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand was a series of rugby union matches played in New Zealand by the South African national rugby union team, from June - August 1994. The team played 14 matches in total; 11 against several provincial rugby teams and 3 against the New Zealand national rugby union team. South Africa won 10 out of the 11 matches against provincial sides, losing one match to Otago. They lost their first two test matches against the New Zealand national side and drew the last test. The", "id": "14043514" }, { "contents": "Ewen McKenzie\n\n\nTri nations, but was reselected in 1997 for the 1997 French tour of Australia. 1997 was the year McKenzie retired from international rugby, making his last appearance on 12 July 1997 after a 25–6 victory over England in Sydney. In his entire career of 51 test matches, he only ever played as a substitute once, during a pool game in the 1995 Rugby World Cup. In 1992, McKenzie toured New Zealand with the World XV to mark the centenary of the New Zealand Rugby Union. New Zealand won the series 2–1", "id": "7179494" }, { "contents": "Sam Gemmell\n\n\nSamuel William Gemmell (28 August 1896 – 28 June 1970) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A loose forward, Gemmell represented Hawke's Bay at a provincial level. He played one match for the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, out of position at hooker against New South Wales at Dunedin. Affiliating to Ngāti Pāhauwera, Gemmell played 57 matches for New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1929, making him the most capped player for that team. He served as a private with the New Zealand (Māori", "id": "16059662" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\nCharles \"Charlie\" Herbert \"Herb\" Smith (13 February 1909 – 10 April 1976) was a New Zealand rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s. He played representative level rugby union (RU) for New Zealand (Heritage № 406) (non-test matches), South Island and Otago (captain), and at club level for Southern RFC , as a centre, i.e. number 12 or 13, switching codes in 1936. He played representative level rugby league (RL", "id": "11805487" }, { "contents": "James Barber (rugby)\n\n\nover to join the squad. He played in the first ever trans-Tasman test which was the debut match of the Australia national rugby league team. Barber would go on to appear in all three test matches against Australia. Barber later captained the New Zealand side in its 1909 tour of Australia. His last game for New Zealand was in 1912. In 1912 he was in Petone's side that won the inaugural Wellington Rugby League competition. Barber captained Wellington between 1911 and 1914, including Wellington's 1913 victory over Auckland.", "id": "7778848" }, { "contents": "Alex Watson (rugby league)\n\n\nAlex Watson (1931–2002) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer of the 1950s. An Australian international and Queensland interstate representative three-quarter back, he played club football in the Brisbane Rugby League premiership for Western Suburbs. Watson first represented Queensland in 1951 in a match against New South Wales. He made his test debut at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 12 June 1954 against Great Britain in the first test of that year's Ashes series. Australia won this test 37-12. In 1953 Watson toured New Zealand with the", "id": "15082194" }, { "contents": "Jack McLeod (rugby league)\n\n\nJack McLeod is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. McLeod played for Taranaki and Auckland. While at the Manukau club, McLeod was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1937, playing against Australia. He toured Australia with New Zealand in 1938 however no test matches were played on the tour. Four days after the 1937 test, McLeod was part of the New Zealand Māori side that defeated Australia 16-5. In 2008 he was named in the Taranaki Rugby League Team of the Century", "id": "19760905" }, { "contents": "Frank Nicholson (rugby union)\n\n\nof these matches played against New South Wales. The Howell reference claims that Nicholson's rugby career was interrupted by enlistment in the Boer War. He claimed two international rugby caps for Australia. He appeared for Queensland against the touring New Zealanders in Brisbane in August 1903 and two weeks later made his international debut against the same tourists in Sydney, on 15 August 1903. In 1904 he captained Queensland in the inter-state series and played alongside his brother Fred who scored a try in that match. Later that season he had", "id": "2954916" }, { "contents": "Frank Brogan (rugby league)\n\n\nFrank Brogan (1903–1961) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s. He played as a halfback with South Sydney during the club's golden era of the 1920s when they won 5 premierships. Brogan made his debut for South Sydney in 1922 against Newtown as an 18 year old. In 1924, Brogan was selected to play for New South Wales and featured in two matches. The following year, Brogan won his first premiership with Souths as they finished first on the table and were not required to play in", "id": "18073767" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\ntest of 1899 against the first British side to tour Australia, at Sydney, on 12 August. He also played for Australia in 1903 in Sydney against New Zealand in the first official rugby union international between the countries. He became an early convert to the fledgling league code and played for the Ipswich club in Queensland. He was selected in the 2nd Test of 1908 against New Zealand. Five former Wallabies had debuted for the Kangaroos in the inaugural Test three weeks earlier, Hardcastle's league Test debut that day with George Watson", "id": "802017" } ]

[ { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nthe 6–8 defeat by New South Wales at Sydney on 7 August 1922, and scored a penalty in the 45–11 victory over Manawatu-Wellington XV at Palmerston North on 16 August 1922 but never played a Test match for New Zealand. In 1923 Fitzgerald moved to Christchurch, joining the Marist Old Boys club. However the club was expelled from the Canterbury Rugby Union in April 1924 and Fitzgerald followed to club to rugby league. Fitzgerald excelled in rugby league and in his debut year he made the national side, playing in two Test", "id": "13539549" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nhe lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Jim O'Brien. Fitzgerald played for the South Island in 1922, scoring a try in the inter-island match. Following this he was selected for New Zealand, playing in five matches on a tour of New Zealand and Australia. Fitzgerald represented New Zealand (RU) in the 12–11 victory over Wairarapa at Carterton on 19 July 1922, the 26–19 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on 29 July 1922, the 24–6 victory over Metropolitan Union at Sydney on 2 August 1922,", "id": "13539548" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nCharles James Fitzgerald (6 June 1899, in Fairhall – 8 May 1961, in Awatere Valley) was a New Zealand dual-code international rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Fitzgerald was a utility back in both codes. Fitzgerald represented Marlborough between 1917 and 1921, appearing for the union in every backline position except fullback. He played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks kicking a penalty goal in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game", "id": "13539547" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nAndrew James \"Jim\" O'Brien (1897–1969) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. O'Brien began his career playing rugby union for Marlborough between 1919 and 1921. He also played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game he lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Charles Fitzgerald. In 1922 he moved north to Auckland, joining the Grafton club. He immediately was selected for the", "id": "13908850" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nNorth Island side and subsequently the All Blacks tour of New Zealand and South Wales. He finished the tour having played in 3 games and scored one try. Returning to Auckland, O’Brien played his first game for the union late in the 1922 season. In 1923 he played five games for Auckland. O'Brien switched to rugby league in 1924, joining Marist in the Auckland Rugby League competition. He played for Auckland and made the New Zealand national rugby league team for three tests against the touring Great Britain Lions side that year.", "id": "13908851" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\nLouis Charles Petersen (19 April 1897 – 25 June 1961) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Petersen served with the New Zealand Expeditionary Force in World War I and it was here that he developed his football skills, playing for the \"Trench team\". Petersen began his career with the Marist Old Boys club in Christchurch and in 1919 was first selected to represent Canterbury. He made the South Island side in 1919, 1920 and 1921. In 1922 Petersen was", "id": "14015995" }, { "contents": "Jim Craig (rugby league)\n\n\nversatility was such that he was selected at hooker for a match on tour of New Zealand in 1919. Graig first represented for New South Wales against a touring English side in 1920. He was selected on the 1921–22 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and made his Test debut in the first Test at Leeds. He appeared in 23 minor tour matches notching a total of 58 points as a try scorer and goal kicker. Following his Kangaroo Tour representative appearances in 1922 he played a season with the University club in Sydney. In 1923", "id": "6542629" }, { "contents": "Albert Johnston (rugby league)\n\n\nclub seasons of 1921 and 1922. In 1912 he was selected in a Sydney Metropolis side. In 1913 he was in a New South Wales touring squad to New Zealand as half-back but was kept out of the major matches by the form of his peer Arthur Halloway. He captained New South Wales in some 1918 games and then made his Australian Test debut in 1919 on Australia's tour of New Zealand. He scored a try on debut assisting Australia to a 44-21 victory. With tour captain Halloway unfit for", "id": "9752107" }, { "contents": "Percy Hickey\n\n\nPercival \"Percy\" Hubert Hickey (28 April 1899 – 21 December 1943) was a New Zealand rugby union player who represented the All Blacks in 1922. His position of choice was wing three-quarter. Hickey was born in Rahotu in 1899. He made the provincial side in 1919. He was selected for the North against South Island match in 1922. He scored a try. He was then selected for the national side on their tour of New South Wales. Hickey played in two of the possible five matches.", "id": "3545214" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1922 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the tenth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales Selection, and NSW won the 3 match series 2–1. In", "id": "13453802" }, { "contents": "Billy Sheehan (rugby union)\n\n\ntop Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of their 1920s fixtures played against full international opposition were decreed in 1986 as official Test matches, including the three of Sheehan's 1921 debut and fifteen other appearances he would make over the next six years. In 1922 he appeared in all three Test in Sydney against the visiting All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Sheehan played all of the three match series in which the Waratahs were undefeated. On the 1923 tour of New Zealand and", "id": "5401479" }, { "contents": "Les Steel\n\n\nLeslie William Steel (1900 – 28 April 1966) was a rugby league footballer in Australia's major competition, the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL). Steel played over 100 matches for his club side, Eastern Suburbs in the years (1922–29). A Winger, Steel was a try scorer in Easts 1923 premiership victory. In 1922 Steel was selected to represent New South Wales. Following his football career, Steel spent many years as an official of the Eastern Suburbs club. He died at Hurstville, New South", "id": "20482633" }, { "contents": "Jim Bacon (rugby)\n\n\nLions tour of Australasia. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Leeds in 1920 against Australia (3 matches), and New Zealand (3 matches), in 1921 against Australia (2 matches), in 1922 against Australia, in 1924 against Australia, and in 1927 against New Zealand. From 1921 until 1927 he also represented Wales, winning six caps, all against England, including 1-victory, and 5-defeats. Bacon played left-, i.e. number 4 and scored 2-tries in Leeds' 11–3 victory over Dewsbury", "id": "5182427" }, { "contents": "Karl Ifwersen\n\n\nrep team, captaining the combined Auckland-North Auckland side against South Africa in his first game back and scoring the only try. Ifwersen played in one test match for the All Blacks during the 1921 South Africa tour of the country. Ifwersen continued to play for Auckland between 1922 and 1938. Ifwersen died in Auckland on 19 May 1967, having suffered considerably from football injuries during his old age. Ifwersen was inducted into the New Zealand Rugby League's Legends of League in 2000. He was the first New Zealander to represent", "id": "14118993" }, { "contents": "New Zealand national rugby union team\n\n\nThomas Ellison captained team won nine of their ten matches. The following year New Zealand played its first home \"international\" game, losing 8–6 to New South Wales. The team's first true test match occurred against Australia on 15 August 1903 at the Sydney Cricket Ground in front of over 30,000 spectators, and resulted in a 22–3 victory. A representative New Zealand team first toured the British Isles in 1905. The side is now known as the \"Originals\", as the \"All Blacks\" name emerged during this tour", "id": "20449805" }, { "contents": "Wilson Hall (rugby league)\n\n\nA. Wilson Hall was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s and 1930s who represented New Zealand and later played at club level in England for Castleford. From the Ngaruawahia club, Wilson Hall represented South Auckland in 1922. He was a half for South Auckland and the North Island in 1925. In 1926 he moved to Christchurch. Wilson Hall then represented the Hornby club, Canterbury and the South Island. He was selected for New Zealand's tour of Great Britain in 1926. He played in two test matches", "id": "20659026" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\nwas selected to tour New Zealand. He played in seven matches on tour including the Waratah's Test victory. He made representative appearances in 1922 against the New Zealand Maori and the All Blacks, played in three Tests against them in 1924 and in five matches against them in 1925. The 3rd test of 1925 played on 23 June at the Sydney Showground was Fox's sole appearance as the national captain. He was solid in further Test appearances against New Zealand in 1926 He was a tremendous lineout forward and one of the senior", "id": "9169857" }, { "contents": "Dai Fitzgerald\n\n\nDavid \"Dai\" Fitzgerald (1872 – 30 November 1951) was a Welsh rugby centre who played club rugby under the union code for Cardiff, and later switched to professional rugby league team Batley (captain). He played international rugby union for Wales winning two caps, and in his first match for Wales scored all the points in a victory over Scotland. Fitzgerald first played rugby in Cardiff for the now defunct club, St. Davids, one of several Welsh teams built around Catholic churches. He switched to first class club", "id": "18632594" }, { "contents": "Bruce Gall\n\n\nBruce Gall is a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Gall played in the Taranaki Rugby League and represented Taranaki. In 1976 Gall played for the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. In 1979 he played for the Central Districts side that won the Inter-Districts competition. He was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team on the 1980 tour of Great Britain and France. Gall did not play in a test match but did play in 8 games for the Kiwis, scoring 3 tries.", "id": "18658371" }, { "contents": "Shaun Foley\n\n\nShaun Foley (born 29 August 1986 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia) is an Australian rugby union player and a former member of the National Rugby League's (NRL) Sydney Roosters squad. Foley played in the Australian Schoolboys Rugby Union team that lost to New Zealand 21-16 in 2004. Foley scored all 16 points for the Australian team. Foley joined NRL side the Sydney Roosters in 2006, playing 7 games and scoring 6 tries. He scored two tries in the Roosters 40-20 victory over the", "id": "3276301" }, { "contents": "Sam Lowrie\n\n\nSamuel Arthur \"Sam\" Lowrie was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. His grandnephew, Jason Lowrie, also represented New Zealand in rugby league. Lowrie played for the Ponsonby club in the Auckland Rugby League competition. In 1919 Lowrie played for Auckland and was first selected to represent New Zealand, playing in three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1922 Lowrie toured Australia, with the New Zealand Māori rugby league team. Lowrie was named Ponsonby's best forward in 1923. He again played for", "id": "21879456" }, { "contents": "Arthur Kay (rugby league)\n\n\nArthur Geig Kay was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Kay represented Auckland and was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1935. He played in all three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1936 he played in two matches against the touring Great Britain team and played in his final test match in New Zealand's 16-15 victory over Australia at Carlaw Park on 14 August 1937. He was selected to tour Great Britain and France in 1939 but the tour was abandoned due to the", "id": "13813701" }, { "contents": "Percy Williams (New Zealand rugby league player)\n\n\nPercy Williams was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Williams originally played rugby union and represented Auckland. Williams played for Wigan for three seasons between 1910/11 to 1912/13. During this time he played in 111 matches for the club in the Lancashire League, including in the 1911 Challenge Cup Final loss. In 1913 he was called into the New Zealand squad, joining them midway through their tour of Australia. Williams was said to be instrumental in New Zealand's 17-11 upset victory over New South Wales.", "id": "14326389" }, { "contents": "Johnnie Wallace\n\n\nthe club's first Wallaby representative. His potential was obvious and in 1921 he was selected in the New South Wales side picked to tour New Zealand. He played in five of the ten tour matches including the September 1921 fixture against a New Zealand XV which is now regarded as a Test match. With no Queensland Rugby Union administration or competition in place from 1919 to 1929, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of the fixtures of 1920s which were played against", "id": "7506396" }, { "contents": "Jack Forrest (rugby league)\n\n\nJohn Alexander \"Jack\" Forrest (24 February 1924 – 26 February 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 12 international matches between 1947 and 1952. His cousin Jonas Masters also played rugby league for New Zealand. Forrest played in the West Coast Rugby League competition for Runanga and represented both the West Coast and the South Island. He played in 42 matches, 12 of which were test matches, for the New Zealand national rugby league team, including matches against the 1951 touring French side and", "id": "18556717" }, { "contents": "Pat Devery\n\n\n, New South Wales on 9 August 1922. A Tumbulgum junior, he played football in the Brisbane Rugby League for Fortitude Valley. Devery was then discovered by coach of Sydney's Balmain club Latchem Robinson while playing football in The Domain, Sydney as a sailor in the Royal Australian Navy during the war. Devery played for Balmain at halfback in the 1944 NSWRFL season's premiership final, scoring a try in his side's victory over Newtown. Devery also represented Sydney on 6 occasions, New South Wales on 2 occasions between 1946–1947", "id": "14526725" }, { "contents": "Charles Kingstone\n\n\nCharles Napoleon \"Nipper\" Kingstone (2 July 1895 – 6 May 1960) was a New Zealand sportsman who played international rugby union for New Zealand. He was also a first-class cricketer. A fullback, Kingstone played all three of his Tests during South Africa's 1921 tour of New Zealand. He was injured in a motor accident in 1922 and didn't play again for New Zealand. Kingstone played just one first-class cricket match. He represented a team called the \"Rest of New Zealand\" in a", "id": "8516640" }, { "contents": "Dougie McGregor\n\n\nAlwin John \"Dougie\" McGregor (1889–1963) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. McGregor played rugby union for the Karangahake club in the Goldfields sub-union competition in 1908. The following year he moved to Auckland, joining the Ponsonby club. McGregor represented Auckland and the North Island that same year. In 1913 McGregor was picked in the New Zealand squad for their North America tour and played in 11 games during the tour, including Test matches against Australia and", "id": "14128313" }, { "contents": "1893 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1893 New Zealand tour rugby to Australia was the second tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. Ten matches were played against regional and district sides, but no Test matches were played. It was first tour arranged by New Zealand Rugby Football Union which was founded the year before. The only previous New Zealand national team was the side that toured New South Wales in 1884. Immediately before departing for Sydney, the tourists played a match against a \"Combined XV\" in Wellington, which New Zealand won", "id": "14310646" }, { "contents": "Australasia rugby league team\n\n\nThe Australasian rugby league team (or the Kangaroos) represented Australia and New Zealand in rugby league sporadically between 1910 and 1922. Administered by the New South Wales Rugby League, appearances for the team were counted towards the Australian team's records and playing register but not the New Zealand team's. The team toured Great Britain twice, participating in two Ashes series, and also played Great Britain twice in Sydney. The Australasian side first played in 1910. After Great Britain had defeated Australia in two Test matches it was decided that", "id": "15931608" }, { "contents": "George Dickinson\n\n\nChurch in Dunedin. While at Otago Boys' High School, Dickinson played as a five-eighth in the school's 1st XV rugby team between 1918 and 1921. He made his debut for the All Blacks in 1922 on their tour of New South Wales, playing five matches and scoring three tries. He went on to play 12 matches for between 1922 and 1924, scoring five tries, 11 conversions and one penalty goal. Dickinson also played for the South Island in 1922. He retired from first-class rugby at", "id": "2808375" }, { "contents": "Alexander Kirkpatrick (rugby union)\n\n\nAlexander Kirkpatrick (4 October 1898 – 25 August 1971) was an All Blacks rugby union player from New Zealand. He was a hooker. He played 12 matches for the All Blacks in1925-26 against Australia (New South Wales), scoring 6 points (2 tries). He was a member of the Hastings club and captained the Hawke’s Bay Region to take the Ranfurly Shield off Wellington in 1922; and appeared in 22 of the 24 successful defences (more than any other player). In 1952-56", "id": "16723938" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nClaud Augustus O'Donnell (30 January 1886 – 4 August 1953) was an Australian rugby union and rugby league player and represented his country at both sports as a dual-code rugby international. O'Donnell played rugby union with the Glebe club in inner city Sydney. He made his representative debut for New South Wales in 1912 and the following year made two Test appearances as hooker for the Wallabies against the All Blacks in the 1913 tour of New Zealand. Switching to rugby league O'Donnell joined the Glebe Dirty Reds in 1915 and had three", "id": "1170779" }, { "contents": "Wally O'Connell\n\n\nand played 80 games. His first representative match was for City New South Wales in 1943. On 18 June 1945 a Sydney rugby league team featuring O'Connell travelled to Newcastle to play against their representative team and were defeated 27-26. He was the Roosters' pivot in their 1945 premiership final victory over Balmain. With senior representative matches canceled during WWII O'Connell didn't make his Test debut until 1948 against New Zealand in Sydney.He was selected for the 1948-49 Kangaroo Tour and played in five Tests and 16 minor", "id": "14384862" }, { "contents": "Mawene Hiroti\n\n\nMawene Hiroti (born 6 March 1999) is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who plays as a or er for the South Sydney Rabbitohs in the NRL. Hiroti was born in Taranaki, New Zealand. He has represented the Australian Schoolboys rugby league team and the New Zealand Under 18s. Forged his career playing for New Plymouth Old Boys under 11s 12s and 13s - winning Taranaki Premiership every year. Mawene scoring 50 percent of all tries. He played for the Rabbitohs in their pre-season 18-8 victory over English", "id": "14480103" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\n) for British Empire XIII, and at club level for Streatham and Mitcham and Halifax (Heritage № 437), as a , or , i.e. number 2 or 5, or, 3 or 4. Smith represented New Zealand (RU) in the 16–13 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on Monday 6 August 1934, and scored a try in the 35–3 victory over Newcastle at Newcastle, New South Wales on Wednesday 22 August 1934, but was not selected for the 1935–36 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland", "id": "11805488" }, { "contents": "Jim Rukutai\n\n\nNew Zealand played matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Rukutai coached New Zealand during their 1921 tour of Australia. He remains New Zealand's youngest ever national coach. He also coached New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1937. In 1937 he coached the New Zealand Māori to an upset win over Australia. In 1932 Rukutai served on the Auckland Rugby League board as the Clubs' delegate. He then served as the first chairman of the New Zealand Māori Rugby League Board when it was formed in 1934. Rukutai died at his", "id": "1899959" }, { "contents": "Greg Davis (rugby)\n\n\nand there joined the Drummoyne Rugby Club Davis was immediately selected for both New South Wales and Australia in his first year in Sydney. He debuted in a Sydney Test match against England in June 1963 and the following month was selected in the squad for the 1963 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa. He played in all four Test matches of the tied series and in ten other tour matches. The next year he made the 1964 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand playing in seven of the eight matches including all three Tests", "id": "3641367" }, { "contents": "Bill Kelly (rugby league)\n\n\n, Kelly played first class rugby union for Buller when he was 18 and later represented Wellington. Kelly switched to rugby league with the launch of the Wellington Rugby League competition in 1912 and played for Athletic in their grand final loss to Petone. He became a Wellington representative and toured Australia in 1912 and 1913 with the New Zealand national side. No test matches were played with the Kiwis meeting New South Wales and Queensland and a number of regional sides. He played in Wellingtons 1913 victory over Auckland. He joined the Balmain Tigers", "id": "146975" }, { "contents": "1929 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\nThe 1929 New Zealand rugby league season was the 22nd season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand. New Zealand played in no international matches in 1929. The New South Wales Rugby Football League's South Sydney Rabbitohs toured the country late in the season. They played two matches against Marist, with both sides securing one win. South Sydney also defeated Huntly. Souths were without five Kangaroos who were on a tour of Great Britain. Marist won the first match 10-9 at Carlaw Park while Souths won the", "id": "3198729" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\ndue to a row over the eligibility of three players. They instead joined the Rugby League and the Football Association. Marist spent just seven seasons in the Canterbury Rugby League but won three titles, in 1924, 1925 and 1928. In 1924 they produced six New Zealand internationals; Bill Devine, Charles Fitzgerald, Ted Fitzgerald, Terry Gilroy, Harry Mullins and Lou Petersen. Jim Amos also switched codes with Marist but played in their lower divisions. Greymouth Marist joined the West Coast Rugby League in support of Christchurch Marist. The", "id": "3198709" }, { "contents": "Charles Webb (rugby league)\n\n\nCharles Webb was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand . A halfback from the Ponsonby United club, Webb also represented Auckland. In 1912, Webb toured Australia with New Zealand. The side played in matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Later that same year, New South Wales made a return tour to New Zealand. Webb captained the New Zealand side that played against them, losing 10-18. He also played in two matches for Auckland against the touring Blues side. Webb was selected for the", "id": "14418029" }, { "contents": "David Evans (rugby)\n\n\nDavid \"Dave\" Alexander Evans (4 October 1886 – 12 October 1940) was a New Zealand dual-code international who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Evans began his career playing rugby union and represented Hawke's Bay 19 times from 1906. He made the 1910 New Zealand tour of Australia and played in the 0–11 Test defeat by Australia at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 27 June 1910, becoming the Hawke's Bay's third representative. While in Australia Evans had been impressed by the rugby league", "id": "13088290" }, { "contents": "Bill Cunningham (rugby union)\n\n\nFootball Union. He was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1901, and played against Wellington and the New South Wales team that was touring New Zealand at the time. Both matches were comfortably won, with the tourists defeated 20–3. Cunningham played his first of four matches for Auckland against international opposition, against the same New South Wales side a week later, with his Auckland team winning 24–3. Cunningham moved to Auckland in 1902, and played his club rugby for City, before joining Ponsonby the following season. He", "id": "17185617" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\nWilliam Robert \"Bill\" Hardcastle (30 August 1874 – 11 July 1944) born in Wellington, New Zealand was a pioneer New Zealand and Australian rugby union player and an Australian rugby league footballer. He represented both countries in union and Australia in league. He was one of the first dual-code rugby internationals. Hardcastle commenced his club rugby in New Zealand with Petone and represented for Wellington from 1895 to 1897. He joined the Melrose club in 1897 and was selected in a North Island representative side from where he was", "id": "802015" }, { "contents": "Steve Skinnon\n\n\nSteve Skinnon (born 27 November 1976) is a New Zealand rugby footballer who played rugby union for Wellington and Hawkes Bay in the National Provincial Championship and rugby league for the Sydney Roosters and South Sydney Rabbitohs in the National Rugby League. He represented his country in both codes at a junior level. Skinnon started his career in rugby union and represented the New Zealand under 19 side in 1994 from Wellington College, playing at second five eighth. He switched codes to rugby league in 1995 and was picked to play for the Junior", "id": "2628332" }, { "contents": "Jim Wylie\n\n\nJames Thomas Wylie (26 October 1887 – 19 December 1956) was a New Zealand rugby union player, who represented both the country of his birth and Australia. He went on to coach the Stanford University rugby team for over 30 years from 1917. Born in Galatea in 1887, Wylie was a tall man at , and played as a loose forward. He first represented in 1910, playing six matches, before moving to Sydney for the next two years. There he made four appearances for New South Wales against Queensland,", "id": "12170928" }, { "contents": "Edward Baird (rugby league)\n\n\nNorthern Union\" style of rugby, taking on Albert Baskerville's New Zealand All Golds on their inaugural tour. Baird played as a reserve as the Queenslanders lost the historic match 34–12. He went on to make another appearance against New Zealand and two against New South Wales. When the New Zealand team came back on the return leg of their tour, they played three Test matches against the first Australian representative sides ever selected. The first Test was played in Sydney on 9 May 1908 with the Kiwis prevailing. On 30 May", "id": "17722972" }, { "contents": "Bob Aynsley\n\n\nRobert Aynsley (5 January 1922 – 12 October 2012) was a New Zealand rugby league player. He played five test matches for the New Zealand national rugby league team. Aynsley played for Blackball and represented the West Coast and the South Island before first being selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1946. He played in five test matches, his last in 1949. He played in 15 tour games on the 1947–1948 tour of Great Britain and France. After retirement, Aynsley was a referee from 1953 to 1960", "id": "5310628" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\ninterest in rugby union in Sydney following WWI. In 1920 he appeared three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the All Blacks scoring a try in his representative debut. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches. In 1921 he represented for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks and", "id": "9169856" }, { "contents": "1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand, more commonly known in New Zealand as the 1956 Springboks tour was a series of rugby union matches played by South Africa in Australia and New Zealand. The \"Springboks\" won 21 matches of 29, drew 1, and lost 7. They played 6 Test matches, with two victories over Australia and one over New Zealand. The New Zealand leg of their trip was the primary focus of the tour—23 of their 29 matches were in New Zealand, which included", "id": "12210178" }, { "contents": "Bert Cooke (rugby)\n\n\nspent 1932 with Hawke's Bay, before switching codes. Cooke also represented Wairarapa and Wellington while playing rugby union. He finished his rugby union career with 121 tries in 131 first class matches. Cooke joined the Richmond Rovers club in the Auckland Rugby League competition in 1932 and made an immediate impact, racing away for three tries in the inter-island game only weeks later. He was selected for New Zealand that year against the Great Britain Lions. Cooke also represented Auckland and captained New Zealand in two Test matches against Australia", "id": "12460198" }, { "contents": "Queensland rugby league team\n\n\nZealand rugby league tour of Australia, Queensland lost both its matches against the Kiwis in Brisbane. Again, Queensland played two matches against the Kiwis during the 1913 New Zealand rugby league tour of Australia and again the Maroons lost both. New South Wales had won every match between the two states until 1922, when the Maroons, with Cyril Connell playing at , achieved their maiden victory. This commenced Queensland's only golden period before the introduction of State of Origin. In 1925 Queensland toured New Zealand and played against the full New", "id": "12687033" }, { "contents": "1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia was the sixth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. Four matches were played against regional and district sides along with three Test match against the Australia national side, being the first time both teams played each other. New Zealand won the series with two victories and a tied match. Before the tour matches, New Zealand played a preliminary game v. the Wellington RU team at the Athletic Park, won by the \"All Blacks\" 19–6. Complete list of matches played", "id": "1302262" }, { "contents": "Watty Friend\n\n\nTest matches. In 1921 he figured in three matches for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks. Howell notes that Friends was one of the Waratahs' top players. In 1922 he appeared in all three matches again when the All Blacks visited Sydney, with second and third matches wins resulting in a rare series victory of those days to the Waratahs over the All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Friend was honoured with the captaincy of New South Wales in a three match series in which the Waratahs", "id": "5285969" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nseasons in the Sydney premiership. In 1918 he moved to Brisbane and joined the Carltons club, one of the early incarnations of the Souths Magpies. From there he made state appearances for Queensland against New South Wales over four years and in 1919 was selected in the Australian team as hooker. He played in all four Tests of the 1919 rugby league tour of New Zealand. He is listed as Australia's 97th representative on the Australian Rugby League's Kangaroo register. His international rugby league debut against New Zealand in Wellington on 23", "id": "1170780" }, { "contents": "John Rosewell\n\n\n. Along with Dally Messenger, Denis Lutge, Doug McLean snr and Micky Dore he was one of the inaugural five Australian dual code rugby internationals who having earlier represented at rugby union, debuted in international rugby league in Sydney on 9 May 1908 in the first ever Australian league Test against New Zealand. He is listed on the \"Australian Players Register\" as Kangaroo No.13. He spent three seasons at South Sydney playing 29 matches scoring 4 tries and 6 goals. He was a member of the 1910 Rabbitohs side that drew the", "id": "801844" }, { "contents": "George Aitken (rugby union)\n\n\nGeorge Gothard Aitken (2 July 1898 – 8 July 1952) was a rugby union footballer who represented New Zealand – known as the All Blacks – and then Scotland. He was born in Westport, New Zealand, and was selected to play provincially for Buller at the age of 16. After moving to Wellington, Aitken played for the province from 1917, and from there was selected for the All Blacks side that faced South Africa when they toured New Zealand in 1921. After only two Test matches for the All Blacks,", "id": "5006718" }, { "contents": "Jack Holland (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Holland (1922-1994) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s. An Australian international and New South Wales interstate representative forward, he played his club football in Sydney's NSWRFL Premiership for the St. George club. Holland was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia on 19 August 1922. Holland served in the Army during World War II. Commencing his first-grade NSWRFL Premiership playing career with St. George in 1947, he was selected to represent New South Wales in 1948", "id": "4207831" }, { "contents": "Jack Price (rugby league)\n\n\nagainst Australia (2 matches), and while at Wigan in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches). Jack Price played , in Wigan's 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. Jack Price played in Wigan's victories in the Lancashire County League during the 1922–23 season, 1923–24 season and 1925–26 season. Jack Price played , and scored a try in Wigan's 21-4 victory over", "id": "12779224" }, { "contents": "Edwin Abbott (rugby league)\n\n\nEdwin Frederick Abbott (1909–1976) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 1930 and 1932. Abbott was the nephew of 1905 All Black Harold Abbott and the uncle of Bill Deacon, a Kiwi from 1965 to 1971. From the Ngaruawahia Panthers club, Abbott represented South Auckland and the North Island. In 1930 he was selected for the New Zealand tour of New South Wales, playing in both matches against New South Wales and scoring three tries against Sydney Metropolis. He played for South Auckland against both the", "id": "19358978" }, { "contents": "Jim Davis (rugby league)\n\n\nthe 1911 NSWRFL season with North Sydney before playing three seasons with the Glebe club. His top-grade career finished up back at Souths in 1918-19 before concluding with a country stint at Parkes. Davis made his debut Test appearance in 1908 against New Zealand, appearing in both matches of the first rugby league international series played by an Australian representative side. At the end of that season he was selected in the 35 man squad to make the first ever Kangaroo Tour. Davis played in six tour matches but in none", "id": "11335988" }, { "contents": "Herb Brackenreg\n\n\nEastern Suburbs club. An Eastern Suburbs rugby union player, Brackenreg had been a member of the rebel New South Wales sides that played against the rebel New Zealand 'All Blacks' in the 1907 series that helped to establish rugby league in Australia. He played in 8 NSWRFL Premiership matches for Easts including that club's first match and was a member of the NSWRL's first premiership decider played against local rival, South Sydney. In that first season Brackenreg was selected to represent his state, New South Wales, in 2 matches", "id": "12715024" }, { "contents": "Danny Hurcombe\n\n\nFrom 29 November 1919 Hurcombe played for English rugby league club, Wigan. Hurcombe was selected to go on the 1920 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Wigan in 1920 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand, in 1922 against Australia, and in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches), and he won 6 caps for Wales in 1921–1926 while at Wigan. Hurcombe made his début for Wigan in", "id": "11028974" }, { "contents": "Arthur Hardgrave\n\n\nArthur Hardgrave ( 1908–14) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. A fullback, Hardgrave played for Taranaki against Auckland in 1908 and 1909. He later moved to Auckland and played for Otahuhu at club level and represented Auckland provincially. In 1912, Hardgrave was selected for the New Zealand national side who toured Australia. No test matches were played on the tour but Hardgrave became the 74th player to represent New Zealand. Following the tour, Hardgrave was part of the Auckland side that defeated New South Wales 10–3", "id": "124840" }, { "contents": "Ted Thorn\n\n\n. Ted made his state representative debut in 1922, appearing three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the visiting All Blacks for two victories. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches - including fifteen such appearances made by Ted Thorn. Thorn made the 1923 New South Wales tour", "id": "5576534" }, { "contents": "Jack Fitzgerald (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Fitzgerald was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s, and coached in the 1960s. He played for Western Suburbs as a winger and later coached the club from 1961 to 1964. Fitzgerald began his career with Western Suburbs in 1949. In 1952, Fitzgerald was a member of the Western Suburbs side which claimed their fourth and final premiership defeating South Sydney in the grand final, with Fitzgerald scoring a try. Fitzgerald played for three more seasons before retiring as a player. Fitzgerald began his coaching", "id": "15556425" }, { "contents": "Owen Stephens\n\n\nWales. He won a single cap for New Zealand, playing in the All Blacks' 19–12 victory over France at Eden Park, Auckland on 10 August 1968, and won five caps for Australia, playing against Tonga and Wales in 1973 and New Zealand in 1974. Only three players have played rugby union at test match level for both New Zealand and Australia: namely Des Connor, Ted Jessep and Stephens. He played club level rugby league for St. George Dragons (trial), Parramatta Eels (Heritage № 339) (", "id": "7733372" }, { "contents": "Peter Williams (New Zealand rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Williams (22 April 188430 August 1976) was a rugby union player who represented New Zealand nine times, including a single Test match. He played club rugby for Dunedin side Alhambra, and played provincial rugby for Otago between 1908 and 1914. His sole season of international rugby was 1913, when he played in a home Test against Australia before touring North America with the All Blacksas New Zealand's international team is knownthat same year. He was selected for a tour of Australia the following year, but was unavailable and so", "id": "8410349" }, { "contents": "Frank Smyth\n\n\nBernard Francis \"Frank\" Smyth (11 February 1891 – 15 July 1972) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A hooker, Smyth played a single representative game for Canterbury in 1915, one match for the South Island in 1922 and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, also in 1922. He played three matches for the All Blacks but did not appear in any internationals. His grandson is politician Peter Dunne. Smyth served in the No. 3 Field Company, New Zealand Engineers", "id": "16651150" }, { "contents": "1921 Waratahs tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe Queensland Rugby Union had collapsed in 1919 and would not be reborn until 1929 leaving the New South Wales Rugby Union to administer the game in Australia at the national representative level. In 1923 the New South Wales side toured New Zealand In 1986 the Australian Rugby Union decreed the five full-internationals played on the tour as official Test matches. Previously the All Blacks visited New South Wales in the 1920 tour. This tour happened while the Springboks were completing their tour in New Zealand. Previously in June, South Africa played three", "id": "14085090" }, { "contents": "Robert Graves (rugby)\n\n\n1905 and from there was selected to represent Metropolis (Sydney) in a fixture against Country played over Easter in 1905. He continued in a coaching role for the Grosvenor club even while himself playing rugby for those other sides from 1903 to 1907. Graves was one of the New South Wales rugby union players who matched up against the first professional New Zealand team, Albert Baskiville's 'All Golds' in three matches in Sydney in August 1907. He played in all three matches and along with the other Australian rebel players was", "id": "3902454" }, { "contents": "Jim Sullivan (rugby league)\n\n\n, converting five goals in a 21–0 win against Widnes. He made his first representative appearance in December 1921, playing for Wales in a 16–21 defeat against Australia. Jim Sullivan played , and scored 4-conversions in Wigan's 13-2 victory over Oldham in the Championship Final during the 1921–22 season at The Cliff, Broughton on Saturday 6 May 1922, played , and scored 4-conversions in the 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. played", "id": "338598" }, { "contents": "Simon Poidevin\n\n\nwas then selected to play for New South Wales in a succession of the matches in 1981. The first match against Manawatu was won 58-3, with NSW scoring 10 tries. Victories over Waikato and Counties followed, before New South Wales were defeated by Queensland 26-15 at the Sydney Cricket Ground. New South Wales played Queensland in a return match a week later in Brisbane that was won 7-6. Poidevin played for Sydney against France in the third game France played for their 1981 France rugby union tour of", "id": "16857237" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\ncalled up to the All Blacks and he played in eight games for New Zealand, although he did not appear in any Test matches. In 1924 Marist Old Boys became locked in a dispute with the Canterbury Rugby Union and quit, instead fielding rugby league and soccer teams. Petersen followed the club, taking up rugby league. Petersen made an immediate impact and was one of six Marist Old Boys players who were selected to represent New Zealand that season. In total Petersen played in three Test matches for New Zealand in rugby league", "id": "14015996" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\n, Bert Avery and Maurice Wetherill. Lou Brown made his Auckland debut in the second match. At the end of the tour the NSW members of the 1921-22 Australasian Kangaroos were joined by New Zealand member Bert Laing for a match against the rest of the NSW squad and local Auckland stars. The Kangaroos won 65-27. The New Zealand Māori side played Sydney Metropolis in Sydney. South Auckland held the Northern Union Cup at the end of the season. They defeated Auckland 21-20 in Auckland to win the", "id": "3198700" }, { "contents": "John Solomon (rugby union)\n\n\nmade his state and national representative debuts at age nineteen, first playing for Australia against the at the Sydney Cricket Ground in June 1949. Later that year he toured New Zealand with Trevor Allan's Bledisloe Cup winning Wallabies. Solomon played variously at five-eighth, fullback and centre in seven matches of the tour including the 2nd Test at Eden Park where he scored a try thus helping the side make history as the first Australian team to win the Cup in New Zealand. He played twice for New South Wales in 1950 at", "id": "19470085" }, { "contents": "Darby Loudon\n\n\nDarby Briton Loudon (12 March 1897 – c. 1963) was a New Zealand born rugby union player, a flanker who made sixteen representative appearances for the New South Wales state team in the 1920s. Four of these matches have since been decreed as Test matches by the Australian Rugby Union and Loudon, who led the side in one such match in 1922, was therefore a captain of the Australian national team. Loudon, was born in Leeston, New Zealand and relocated to Sydney during his youth. He attended Sydney Grammar School", "id": "5401488" }, { "contents": "Michael Fitzgerald (rugby union)\n\n\nMichael Fitzgerald (born ) is a New Zealand rugby union player currently playing for Kamaishi Seawaves in Japan. He previously played for Leicester Tigers in England's Premiership Rugby, for the Chiefs in Super Rugby and Manawatu in the ITM Cup. His regular playing position is lock. In 2013, he signed a contract extension with the Chiefs until 2015. On 21 April 2015, it was announced he had signed for English Aviva Premiership side Leicester Tigers. Fitzgerald made his Leicester debut on 18 October 2015 in a 28-16 win", "id": "17447697" }, { "contents": "Peter Johnstone (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Johnstone (9 August 1922 – 18 October 1997) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A backrow forward, Johnstone represented Ashburton County while serving in the army and later at a provincial level. He was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1949 to 1951. He played 26 matches for the All Blacks —10 as captain—including nine internationals, touring South Africa in 1949 and playing all four tests against the touring 1950 British Lions. He was a key member of the", "id": "5603616" }, { "contents": "Brian Reidy\n\n\nBrian Thomas Reidy (27 January 1939 – 2 June 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Reidy played for the Marist club and represented Auckland. He made his debut for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1959, becoming Kiwi #383, but did not make his test match debut until 1961, against Australia at Carlaw Park. Between 1959 and 1966, Reidy played 65 games for New Zealand, including 19 tests, scoring 34 tries in all. He could play anywhere in the", "id": "21473667" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nmatches. In 1911 Mitchell, along with three other players from the Merivale club, moved to Sydney and played for the North Sydney Bears. He was then enticed north by the Queensland Rugby League. At the same time the New Zealand rugby league side was touring Australia and he was invited to join the touring party. Mitchell played in four matches, becoming a dual-code rugby international. Mitchell then returned to Christchurch and represented Canterbury in its first ever match in 1912. Mitchell toured Australia twice more with New Zealand,", "id": "3816467" }, { "contents": "Pat Creedy\n\n\nPatrick Joseph \"Pat\" Creedy (18 November 1927 – 7 April 2011) was a New Zealand rugby football player who represented New Zealand in rugby league. Creedy originally played rugby union and represented both the Southland Rugby Union and the Canterbury Rugby Union. Creedy later switched codes to rugby league and joined the Marist club in the Canterbury Rugby League competition. He represented Canterbury and in 1955 was selected at halfback for the South Island. That year he was first selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team, playing against the", "id": "6530820" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1924 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the 11th tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales selection, and New Zealand won the 3 match series", "id": "14085325" }, { "contents": "Jim Sanders (rugby league)\n\n\nJames Sanders (1900–1981) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Sanders started his career in third grade with Addington in 1915. He spent his entire career with Addington apart from a few games for Hornby when Addington had no senior team. He captained Addington to their first title in 1923. Sanders made his New Zealand debut in 1919 against Australia. In 1921 Sanders toured Australia for New Zealand under coach Jim Rukutai. He played for New Zealand in 1922 against New South Wales and was part of the", "id": "6884071" }, { "contents": "Nolan Tupaea\n\n\na first grade match. In 1979 he moved to Petone, winning premierships in 1980, 1981 and 1982. He was also part of their 1982 victory in the National Club Cup. Tupaea represented Wellington, playing 64 matches between 1971 and 1985. He was selected for the Kiwi Colts in 1973 for a match against Queensland. In 1976 he represented the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. Tupaea played for the Central Districts side in their first five years of the New Zealand Rugby League's district competition. The side", "id": "15687157" }, { "contents": "Peter Ward (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter M. Ward (born 5 November 1876) was a New Zealand-born rugby union player who represented Australia. A fly-half, he was born in Invercargill. Ward was described as \"astute and a skillful inside back\". A member of the Britannia club Ward initially played for the Southland province between 1897 and 1898. He then moved to Sydney, Australia in 1899 and joined the Marrackville club. He was selected for New South Wales to play in their two matches against the touring Great Britain side. After", "id": "2597515" }, { "contents": "Frano Botica\n\n\nFrano Michael Botica (born 3 August 1963) is a New Zealand rugby union and rugby league coach and former player in both codes, who played in the 1980s and 1990s. He is the head coach of the Philippines sevens team. He represented New Zealand at both codes, and later also played for Croatia in two rugby union World Cup qualifying matches. Born in Mangakino, New Zealand, Botica played rugby union for club side North Shore, New Zealand provincial side North Harbour, as well as Llanelli in Wales, and", "id": "3135809" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nWilliam James Mitchell (28 November 1890 – 2 June 1959) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Mitchell was born in Melbourne, Australia before moving to New Zealand where he worked for the New Zealand Railways Department. Mitchell played rugby union for the Merivale club in Christchurch and represented the province nine times in 1909 and 1910. He was selected to be part of the All Blacks tour of Australia in 1910 and played in five matches, including the second and third Test", "id": "3816466" }, { "contents": "1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand was the third tour made by the Springboks rugby team, and their first tour to Australia and New Zealand. South Africa played three Test matches against the All Blacks. The series was drawn 1–all, and the long-running controversy between the countries over the All Blacks' inclusion of Maori players began. The Springboks played five matches in Australia, winning them all. The three most important matches against New South Wales, were retroactively accorded Test status by the Australian", "id": "19644461" }, { "contents": "1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand was a series of rugby union matches played in New Zealand by the South African national rugby union team, from June - August 1994. The team played 14 matches in total; 11 against several provincial rugby teams and 3 against the New Zealand national rugby union team. South Africa won 10 out of the 11 matches against provincial sides, losing one match to Otago. They lost their first two test matches against the New Zealand national side and drew the last test. The", "id": "14043514" }, { "contents": "Ewen McKenzie\n\n\nTri nations, but was reselected in 1997 for the 1997 French tour of Australia. 1997 was the year McKenzie retired from international rugby, making his last appearance on 12 July 1997 after a 25–6 victory over England in Sydney. In his entire career of 51 test matches, he only ever played as a substitute once, during a pool game in the 1995 Rugby World Cup. In 1992, McKenzie toured New Zealand with the World XV to mark the centenary of the New Zealand Rugby Union. New Zealand won the series 2–1", "id": "7179494" }, { "contents": "Sam Gemmell\n\n\nSamuel William Gemmell (28 August 1896 – 28 June 1970) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A loose forward, Gemmell represented Hawke's Bay at a provincial level. He played one match for the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, out of position at hooker against New South Wales at Dunedin. Affiliating to Ngāti Pāhauwera, Gemmell played 57 matches for New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1929, making him the most capped player for that team. He served as a private with the New Zealand (Māori", "id": "16059662" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\nCharles \"Charlie\" Herbert \"Herb\" Smith (13 February 1909 – 10 April 1976) was a New Zealand rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s. He played representative level rugby union (RU) for New Zealand (Heritage № 406) (non-test matches), South Island and Otago (captain), and at club level for Southern RFC , as a centre, i.e. number 12 or 13, switching codes in 1936. He played representative level rugby league (RL", "id": "11805487" }, { "contents": "James Barber (rugby)\n\n\nover to join the squad. He played in the first ever trans-Tasman test which was the debut match of the Australia national rugby league team. Barber would go on to appear in all three test matches against Australia. Barber later captained the New Zealand side in its 1909 tour of Australia. His last game for New Zealand was in 1912. In 1912 he was in Petone's side that won the inaugural Wellington Rugby League competition. Barber captained Wellington between 1911 and 1914, including Wellington's 1913 victory over Auckland.", "id": "7778848" }, { "contents": "Alex Watson (rugby league)\n\n\nAlex Watson (1931–2002) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer of the 1950s. An Australian international and Queensland interstate representative three-quarter back, he played club football in the Brisbane Rugby League premiership for Western Suburbs. Watson first represented Queensland in 1951 in a match against New South Wales. He made his test debut at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 12 June 1954 against Great Britain in the first test of that year's Ashes series. Australia won this test 37-12. In 1953 Watson toured New Zealand with the", "id": "15082194" }, { "contents": "Jack McLeod (rugby league)\n\n\nJack McLeod is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. McLeod played for Taranaki and Auckland. While at the Manukau club, McLeod was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1937, playing against Australia. He toured Australia with New Zealand in 1938 however no test matches were played on the tour. Four days after the 1937 test, McLeod was part of the New Zealand Māori side that defeated Australia 16-5. In 2008 he was named in the Taranaki Rugby League Team of the Century", "id": "19760905" }, { "contents": "Frank Nicholson (rugby union)\n\n\nof these matches played against New South Wales. The Howell reference claims that Nicholson's rugby career was interrupted by enlistment in the Boer War. He claimed two international rugby caps for Australia. He appeared for Queensland against the touring New Zealanders in Brisbane in August 1903 and two weeks later made his international debut against the same tourists in Sydney, on 15 August 1903. In 1904 he captained Queensland in the inter-state series and played alongside his brother Fred who scored a try in that match. Later that season he had", "id": "2954916" }, { "contents": "Frank Brogan (rugby league)\n\n\nFrank Brogan (1903–1961) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s. He played as a halfback with South Sydney during the club's golden era of the 1920s when they won 5 premierships. Brogan made his debut for South Sydney in 1922 against Newtown as an 18 year old. In 1924, Brogan was selected to play for New South Wales and featured in two matches. The following year, Brogan won his first premiership with Souths as they finished first on the table and were not required to play in", "id": "18073767" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\ntest of 1899 against the first British side to tour Australia, at Sydney, on 12 August. He also played for Australia in 1903 in Sydney against New Zealand in the first official rugby union international between the countries. He became an early convert to the fledgling league code and played for the Ipswich club in Queensland. He was selected in the 2nd Test of 1908 against New Zealand. Five former Wallabies had debuted for the Kangaroos in the inaugural Test three weeks earlier, Hardcastle's league Test debut that day with George Watson", "id": "802017" } ]

[ { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nthe 6–8 defeat by New South Wales at Sydney on 7 August 1922, and scored a penalty in the 45–11 victory over Manawatu-Wellington XV at Palmerston North on 16 August 1922 but never played a Test match for New Zealand. In 1923 Fitzgerald moved to Christchurch, joining the Marist Old Boys club. However the club was expelled from the Canterbury Rugby Union in April 1924 and Fitzgerald followed to club to rugby league. Fitzgerald excelled in rugby league and in his debut year he made the national side, playing in two Test", "id": "13539549" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nhe lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Jim O'Brien. Fitzgerald played for the South Island in 1922, scoring a try in the inter-island match. Following this he was selected for New Zealand, playing in five matches on a tour of New Zealand and Australia. Fitzgerald represented New Zealand (RU) in the 12–11 victory over Wairarapa at Carterton on 19 July 1922, the 26–19 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on 29 July 1922, the 24–6 victory over Metropolitan Union at Sydney on 2 August 1922,", "id": "13539548" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nCharles James Fitzgerald (6 June 1899, in Fairhall – 8 May 1961, in Awatere Valley) was a New Zealand dual-code international rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Fitzgerald was a utility back in both codes. Fitzgerald represented Marlborough between 1917 and 1921, appearing for the union in every backline position except fullback. He played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks kicking a penalty goal in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game", "id": "13539547" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nAndrew James \"Jim\" O'Brien (1897–1969) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. O'Brien began his career playing rugby union for Marlborough between 1919 and 1921. He also played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game he lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Charles Fitzgerald. In 1922 he moved north to Auckland, joining the Grafton club. He immediately was selected for the", "id": "13908850" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nNorth Island side and subsequently the All Blacks tour of New Zealand and South Wales. He finished the tour having played in 3 games and scored one try. Returning to Auckland, O’Brien played his first game for the union late in the 1922 season. In 1923 he played five games for Auckland. O'Brien switched to rugby league in 1924, joining Marist in the Auckland Rugby League competition. He played for Auckland and made the New Zealand national rugby league team for three tests against the touring Great Britain Lions side that year.", "id": "13908851" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\nLouis Charles Petersen (19 April 1897 – 25 June 1961) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Petersen served with the New Zealand Expeditionary Force in World War I and it was here that he developed his football skills, playing for the \"Trench team\". Petersen began his career with the Marist Old Boys club in Christchurch and in 1919 was first selected to represent Canterbury. He made the South Island side in 1919, 1920 and 1921. In 1922 Petersen was", "id": "14015995" }, { "contents": "Jim Craig (rugby league)\n\n\nversatility was such that he was selected at hooker for a match on tour of New Zealand in 1919. Graig first represented for New South Wales against a touring English side in 1920. He was selected on the 1921–22 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and made his Test debut in the first Test at Leeds. He appeared in 23 minor tour matches notching a total of 58 points as a try scorer and goal kicker. Following his Kangaroo Tour representative appearances in 1922 he played a season with the University club in Sydney. In 1923", "id": "6542629" }, { "contents": "Albert Johnston (rugby league)\n\n\nclub seasons of 1921 and 1922. In 1912 he was selected in a Sydney Metropolis side. In 1913 he was in a New South Wales touring squad to New Zealand as half-back but was kept out of the major matches by the form of his peer Arthur Halloway. He captained New South Wales in some 1918 games and then made his Australian Test debut in 1919 on Australia's tour of New Zealand. He scored a try on debut assisting Australia to a 44-21 victory. With tour captain Halloway unfit for", "id": "9752107" }, { "contents": "Percy Hickey\n\n\nPercival \"Percy\" Hubert Hickey (28 April 1899 – 21 December 1943) was a New Zealand rugby union player who represented the All Blacks in 1922. His position of choice was wing three-quarter. Hickey was born in Rahotu in 1899. He made the provincial side in 1919. He was selected for the North against South Island match in 1922. He scored a try. He was then selected for the national side on their tour of New South Wales. Hickey played in two of the possible five matches.", "id": "3545214" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1922 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the tenth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales Selection, and NSW won the 3 match series 2–1. In", "id": "13453802" }, { "contents": "Billy Sheehan (rugby union)\n\n\ntop Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of their 1920s fixtures played against full international opposition were decreed in 1986 as official Test matches, including the three of Sheehan's 1921 debut and fifteen other appearances he would make over the next six years. In 1922 he appeared in all three Test in Sydney against the visiting All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Sheehan played all of the three match series in which the Waratahs were undefeated. On the 1923 tour of New Zealand and", "id": "5401479" }, { "contents": "Les Steel\n\n\nLeslie William Steel (1900 – 28 April 1966) was a rugby league footballer in Australia's major competition, the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL). Steel played over 100 matches for his club side, Eastern Suburbs in the years (1922–29). A Winger, Steel was a try scorer in Easts 1923 premiership victory. In 1922 Steel was selected to represent New South Wales. Following his football career, Steel spent many years as an official of the Eastern Suburbs club. He died at Hurstville, New South", "id": "20482633" }, { "contents": "Jim Bacon (rugby)\n\n\nLions tour of Australasia. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Leeds in 1920 against Australia (3 matches), and New Zealand (3 matches), in 1921 against Australia (2 matches), in 1922 against Australia, in 1924 against Australia, and in 1927 against New Zealand. From 1921 until 1927 he also represented Wales, winning six caps, all against England, including 1-victory, and 5-defeats. Bacon played left-, i.e. number 4 and scored 2-tries in Leeds' 11–3 victory over Dewsbury", "id": "5182427" }, { "contents": "Karl Ifwersen\n\n\nrep team, captaining the combined Auckland-North Auckland side against South Africa in his first game back and scoring the only try. Ifwersen played in one test match for the All Blacks during the 1921 South Africa tour of the country. Ifwersen continued to play for Auckland between 1922 and 1938. Ifwersen died in Auckland on 19 May 1967, having suffered considerably from football injuries during his old age. Ifwersen was inducted into the New Zealand Rugby League's Legends of League in 2000. He was the first New Zealander to represent", "id": "14118993" }, { "contents": "New Zealand national rugby union team\n\n\nThomas Ellison captained team won nine of their ten matches. The following year New Zealand played its first home \"international\" game, losing 8–6 to New South Wales. The team's first true test match occurred against Australia on 15 August 1903 at the Sydney Cricket Ground in front of over 30,000 spectators, and resulted in a 22–3 victory. A representative New Zealand team first toured the British Isles in 1905. The side is now known as the \"Originals\", as the \"All Blacks\" name emerged during this tour", "id": "20449805" }, { "contents": "Wilson Hall (rugby league)\n\n\nA. Wilson Hall was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s and 1930s who represented New Zealand and later played at club level in England for Castleford. From the Ngaruawahia club, Wilson Hall represented South Auckland in 1922. He was a half for South Auckland and the North Island in 1925. In 1926 he moved to Christchurch. Wilson Hall then represented the Hornby club, Canterbury and the South Island. He was selected for New Zealand's tour of Great Britain in 1926. He played in two test matches", "id": "20659026" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\nwas selected to tour New Zealand. He played in seven matches on tour including the Waratah's Test victory. He made representative appearances in 1922 against the New Zealand Maori and the All Blacks, played in three Tests against them in 1924 and in five matches against them in 1925. The 3rd test of 1925 played on 23 June at the Sydney Showground was Fox's sole appearance as the national captain. He was solid in further Test appearances against New Zealand in 1926 He was a tremendous lineout forward and one of the senior", "id": "9169857" }, { "contents": "Dai Fitzgerald\n\n\nDavid \"Dai\" Fitzgerald (1872 – 30 November 1951) was a Welsh rugby centre who played club rugby under the union code for Cardiff, and later switched to professional rugby league team Batley (captain). He played international rugby union for Wales winning two caps, and in his first match for Wales scored all the points in a victory over Scotland. Fitzgerald first played rugby in Cardiff for the now defunct club, St. Davids, one of several Welsh teams built around Catholic churches. He switched to first class club", "id": "18632594" }, { "contents": "Bruce Gall\n\n\nBruce Gall is a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Gall played in the Taranaki Rugby League and represented Taranaki. In 1976 Gall played for the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. In 1979 he played for the Central Districts side that won the Inter-Districts competition. He was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team on the 1980 tour of Great Britain and France. Gall did not play in a test match but did play in 8 games for the Kiwis, scoring 3 tries.", "id": "18658371" }, { "contents": "Shaun Foley\n\n\nShaun Foley (born 29 August 1986 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia) is an Australian rugby union player and a former member of the National Rugby League's (NRL) Sydney Roosters squad. Foley played in the Australian Schoolboys Rugby Union team that lost to New Zealand 21-16 in 2004. Foley scored all 16 points for the Australian team. Foley joined NRL side the Sydney Roosters in 2006, playing 7 games and scoring 6 tries. He scored two tries in the Roosters 40-20 victory over the", "id": "3276301" }, { "contents": "Sam Lowrie\n\n\nSamuel Arthur \"Sam\" Lowrie was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. His grandnephew, Jason Lowrie, also represented New Zealand in rugby league. Lowrie played for the Ponsonby club in the Auckland Rugby League competition. In 1919 Lowrie played for Auckland and was first selected to represent New Zealand, playing in three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1922 Lowrie toured Australia, with the New Zealand Māori rugby league team. Lowrie was named Ponsonby's best forward in 1923. He again played for", "id": "21879456" }, { "contents": "Arthur Kay (rugby league)\n\n\nArthur Geig Kay was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Kay represented Auckland and was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1935. He played in all three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1936 he played in two matches against the touring Great Britain team and played in his final test match in New Zealand's 16-15 victory over Australia at Carlaw Park on 14 August 1937. He was selected to tour Great Britain and France in 1939 but the tour was abandoned due to the", "id": "13813701" }, { "contents": "Percy Williams (New Zealand rugby league player)\n\n\nPercy Williams was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Williams originally played rugby union and represented Auckland. Williams played for Wigan for three seasons between 1910/11 to 1912/13. During this time he played in 111 matches for the club in the Lancashire League, including in the 1911 Challenge Cup Final loss. In 1913 he was called into the New Zealand squad, joining them midway through their tour of Australia. Williams was said to be instrumental in New Zealand's 17-11 upset victory over New South Wales.", "id": "14326389" }, { "contents": "Johnnie Wallace\n\n\nthe club's first Wallaby representative. His potential was obvious and in 1921 he was selected in the New South Wales side picked to tour New Zealand. He played in five of the ten tour matches including the September 1921 fixture against a New Zealand XV which is now regarded as a Test match. With no Queensland Rugby Union administration or competition in place from 1919 to 1929, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of the fixtures of 1920s which were played against", "id": "7506396" }, { "contents": "Jack Forrest (rugby league)\n\n\nJohn Alexander \"Jack\" Forrest (24 February 1924 – 26 February 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 12 international matches between 1947 and 1952. His cousin Jonas Masters also played rugby league for New Zealand. Forrest played in the West Coast Rugby League competition for Runanga and represented both the West Coast and the South Island. He played in 42 matches, 12 of which were test matches, for the New Zealand national rugby league team, including matches against the 1951 touring French side and", "id": "18556717" }, { "contents": "Pat Devery\n\n\n, New South Wales on 9 August 1922. A Tumbulgum junior, he played football in the Brisbane Rugby League for Fortitude Valley. Devery was then discovered by coach of Sydney's Balmain club Latchem Robinson while playing football in The Domain, Sydney as a sailor in the Royal Australian Navy during the war. Devery played for Balmain at halfback in the 1944 NSWRFL season's premiership final, scoring a try in his side's victory over Newtown. Devery also represented Sydney on 6 occasions, New South Wales on 2 occasions between 1946–1947", "id": "14526725" }, { "contents": "Charles Kingstone\n\n\nCharles Napoleon \"Nipper\" Kingstone (2 July 1895 – 6 May 1960) was a New Zealand sportsman who played international rugby union for New Zealand. He was also a first-class cricketer. A fullback, Kingstone played all three of his Tests during South Africa's 1921 tour of New Zealand. He was injured in a motor accident in 1922 and didn't play again for New Zealand. Kingstone played just one first-class cricket match. He represented a team called the \"Rest of New Zealand\" in a", "id": "8516640" }, { "contents": "Dougie McGregor\n\n\nAlwin John \"Dougie\" McGregor (1889–1963) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. McGregor played rugby union for the Karangahake club in the Goldfields sub-union competition in 1908. The following year he moved to Auckland, joining the Ponsonby club. McGregor represented Auckland and the North Island that same year. In 1913 McGregor was picked in the New Zealand squad for their North America tour and played in 11 games during the tour, including Test matches against Australia and", "id": "14128313" }, { "contents": "1893 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1893 New Zealand tour rugby to Australia was the second tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. Ten matches were played against regional and district sides, but no Test matches were played. It was first tour arranged by New Zealand Rugby Football Union which was founded the year before. The only previous New Zealand national team was the side that toured New South Wales in 1884. Immediately before departing for Sydney, the tourists played a match against a \"Combined XV\" in Wellington, which New Zealand won", "id": "14310646" }, { "contents": "Australasia rugby league team\n\n\nThe Australasian rugby league team (or the Kangaroos) represented Australia and New Zealand in rugby league sporadically between 1910 and 1922. Administered by the New South Wales Rugby League, appearances for the team were counted towards the Australian team's records and playing register but not the New Zealand team's. The team toured Great Britain twice, participating in two Ashes series, and also played Great Britain twice in Sydney. The Australasian side first played in 1910. After Great Britain had defeated Australia in two Test matches it was decided that", "id": "15931608" }, { "contents": "George Dickinson\n\n\nChurch in Dunedin. While at Otago Boys' High School, Dickinson played as a five-eighth in the school's 1st XV rugby team between 1918 and 1921. He made his debut for the All Blacks in 1922 on their tour of New South Wales, playing five matches and scoring three tries. He went on to play 12 matches for between 1922 and 1924, scoring five tries, 11 conversions and one penalty goal. Dickinson also played for the South Island in 1922. He retired from first-class rugby at", "id": "2808375" }, { "contents": "Alexander Kirkpatrick (rugby union)\n\n\nAlexander Kirkpatrick (4 October 1898 – 25 August 1971) was an All Blacks rugby union player from New Zealand. He was a hooker. He played 12 matches for the All Blacks in1925-26 against Australia (New South Wales), scoring 6 points (2 tries). He was a member of the Hastings club and captained the Hawke’s Bay Region to take the Ranfurly Shield off Wellington in 1922; and appeared in 22 of the 24 successful defences (more than any other player). In 1952-56", "id": "16723938" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nClaud Augustus O'Donnell (30 January 1886 – 4 August 1953) was an Australian rugby union and rugby league player and represented his country at both sports as a dual-code rugby international. O'Donnell played rugby union with the Glebe club in inner city Sydney. He made his representative debut for New South Wales in 1912 and the following year made two Test appearances as hooker for the Wallabies against the All Blacks in the 1913 tour of New Zealand. Switching to rugby league O'Donnell joined the Glebe Dirty Reds in 1915 and had three", "id": "1170779" }, { "contents": "Wally O'Connell\n\n\nand played 80 games. His first representative match was for City New South Wales in 1943. On 18 June 1945 a Sydney rugby league team featuring O'Connell travelled to Newcastle to play against their representative team and were defeated 27-26. He was the Roosters' pivot in their 1945 premiership final victory over Balmain. With senior representative matches canceled during WWII O'Connell didn't make his Test debut until 1948 against New Zealand in Sydney.He was selected for the 1948-49 Kangaroo Tour and played in five Tests and 16 minor", "id": "14384862" }, { "contents": "Mawene Hiroti\n\n\nMawene Hiroti (born 6 March 1999) is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who plays as a or er for the South Sydney Rabbitohs in the NRL. Hiroti was born in Taranaki, New Zealand. He has represented the Australian Schoolboys rugby league team and the New Zealand Under 18s. Forged his career playing for New Plymouth Old Boys under 11s 12s and 13s - winning Taranaki Premiership every year. Mawene scoring 50 percent of all tries. He played for the Rabbitohs in their pre-season 18-8 victory over English", "id": "14480103" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\n) for British Empire XIII, and at club level for Streatham and Mitcham and Halifax (Heritage № 437), as a , or , i.e. number 2 or 5, or, 3 or 4. Smith represented New Zealand (RU) in the 16–13 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on Monday 6 August 1934, and scored a try in the 35–3 victory over Newcastle at Newcastle, New South Wales on Wednesday 22 August 1934, but was not selected for the 1935–36 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland", "id": "11805488" }, { "contents": "Jim Rukutai\n\n\nNew Zealand played matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Rukutai coached New Zealand during their 1921 tour of Australia. He remains New Zealand's youngest ever national coach. He also coached New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1937. In 1937 he coached the New Zealand Māori to an upset win over Australia. In 1932 Rukutai served on the Auckland Rugby League board as the Clubs' delegate. He then served as the first chairman of the New Zealand Māori Rugby League Board when it was formed in 1934. Rukutai died at his", "id": "1899959" }, { "contents": "Greg Davis (rugby)\n\n\nand there joined the Drummoyne Rugby Club Davis was immediately selected for both New South Wales and Australia in his first year in Sydney. He debuted in a Sydney Test match against England in June 1963 and the following month was selected in the squad for the 1963 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa. He played in all four Test matches of the tied series and in ten other tour matches. The next year he made the 1964 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand playing in seven of the eight matches including all three Tests", "id": "3641367" }, { "contents": "Bill Kelly (rugby league)\n\n\n, Kelly played first class rugby union for Buller when he was 18 and later represented Wellington. Kelly switched to rugby league with the launch of the Wellington Rugby League competition in 1912 and played for Athletic in their grand final loss to Petone. He became a Wellington representative and toured Australia in 1912 and 1913 with the New Zealand national side. No test matches were played with the Kiwis meeting New South Wales and Queensland and a number of regional sides. He played in Wellingtons 1913 victory over Auckland. He joined the Balmain Tigers", "id": "146975" }, { "contents": "1929 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\nThe 1929 New Zealand rugby league season was the 22nd season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand. New Zealand played in no international matches in 1929. The New South Wales Rugby Football League's South Sydney Rabbitohs toured the country late in the season. They played two matches against Marist, with both sides securing one win. South Sydney also defeated Huntly. Souths were without five Kangaroos who were on a tour of Great Britain. Marist won the first match 10-9 at Carlaw Park while Souths won the", "id": "3198729" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\ndue to a row over the eligibility of three players. They instead joined the Rugby League and the Football Association. Marist spent just seven seasons in the Canterbury Rugby League but won three titles, in 1924, 1925 and 1928. In 1924 they produced six New Zealand internationals; Bill Devine, Charles Fitzgerald, Ted Fitzgerald, Terry Gilroy, Harry Mullins and Lou Petersen. Jim Amos also switched codes with Marist but played in their lower divisions. Greymouth Marist joined the West Coast Rugby League in support of Christchurch Marist. The", "id": "3198709" }, { "contents": "Charles Webb (rugby league)\n\n\nCharles Webb was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand . A halfback from the Ponsonby United club, Webb also represented Auckland. In 1912, Webb toured Australia with New Zealand. The side played in matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Later that same year, New South Wales made a return tour to New Zealand. Webb captained the New Zealand side that played against them, losing 10-18. He also played in two matches for Auckland against the touring Blues side. Webb was selected for the", "id": "14418029" }, { "contents": "David Evans (rugby)\n\n\nDavid \"Dave\" Alexander Evans (4 October 1886 – 12 October 1940) was a New Zealand dual-code international who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Evans began his career playing rugby union and represented Hawke's Bay 19 times from 1906. He made the 1910 New Zealand tour of Australia and played in the 0–11 Test defeat by Australia at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 27 June 1910, becoming the Hawke's Bay's third representative. While in Australia Evans had been impressed by the rugby league", "id": "13088290" }, { "contents": "Bill Cunningham (rugby union)\n\n\nFootball Union. He was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1901, and played against Wellington and the New South Wales team that was touring New Zealand at the time. Both matches were comfortably won, with the tourists defeated 20–3. Cunningham played his first of four matches for Auckland against international opposition, against the same New South Wales side a week later, with his Auckland team winning 24–3. Cunningham moved to Auckland in 1902, and played his club rugby for City, before joining Ponsonby the following season. He", "id": "17185617" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\nWilliam Robert \"Bill\" Hardcastle (30 August 1874 – 11 July 1944) born in Wellington, New Zealand was a pioneer New Zealand and Australian rugby union player and an Australian rugby league footballer. He represented both countries in union and Australia in league. He was one of the first dual-code rugby internationals. Hardcastle commenced his club rugby in New Zealand with Petone and represented for Wellington from 1895 to 1897. He joined the Melrose club in 1897 and was selected in a North Island representative side from where he was", "id": "802015" }, { "contents": "Steve Skinnon\n\n\nSteve Skinnon (born 27 November 1976) is a New Zealand rugby footballer who played rugby union for Wellington and Hawkes Bay in the National Provincial Championship and rugby league for the Sydney Roosters and South Sydney Rabbitohs in the National Rugby League. He represented his country in both codes at a junior level. Skinnon started his career in rugby union and represented the New Zealand under 19 side in 1994 from Wellington College, playing at second five eighth. He switched codes to rugby league in 1995 and was picked to play for the Junior", "id": "2628332" }, { "contents": "Jim Wylie\n\n\nJames Thomas Wylie (26 October 1887 – 19 December 1956) was a New Zealand rugby union player, who represented both the country of his birth and Australia. He went on to coach the Stanford University rugby team for over 30 years from 1917. Born in Galatea in 1887, Wylie was a tall man at , and played as a loose forward. He first represented in 1910, playing six matches, before moving to Sydney for the next two years. There he made four appearances for New South Wales against Queensland,", "id": "12170928" }, { "contents": "Edward Baird (rugby league)\n\n\nNorthern Union\" style of rugby, taking on Albert Baskerville's New Zealand All Golds on their inaugural tour. Baird played as a reserve as the Queenslanders lost the historic match 34–12. He went on to make another appearance against New Zealand and two against New South Wales. When the New Zealand team came back on the return leg of their tour, they played three Test matches against the first Australian representative sides ever selected. The first Test was played in Sydney on 9 May 1908 with the Kiwis prevailing. On 30 May", "id": "17722972" }, { "contents": "Bob Aynsley\n\n\nRobert Aynsley (5 January 1922 – 12 October 2012) was a New Zealand rugby league player. He played five test matches for the New Zealand national rugby league team. Aynsley played for Blackball and represented the West Coast and the South Island before first being selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1946. He played in five test matches, his last in 1949. He played in 15 tour games on the 1947–1948 tour of Great Britain and France. After retirement, Aynsley was a referee from 1953 to 1960", "id": "5310628" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\ninterest in rugby union in Sydney following WWI. In 1920 he appeared three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the All Blacks scoring a try in his representative debut. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches. In 1921 he represented for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks and", "id": "9169856" }, { "contents": "1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand, more commonly known in New Zealand as the 1956 Springboks tour was a series of rugby union matches played by South Africa in Australia and New Zealand. The \"Springboks\" won 21 matches of 29, drew 1, and lost 7. They played 6 Test matches, with two victories over Australia and one over New Zealand. The New Zealand leg of their trip was the primary focus of the tour—23 of their 29 matches were in New Zealand, which included", "id": "12210178" }, { "contents": "Bert Cooke (rugby)\n\n\nspent 1932 with Hawke's Bay, before switching codes. Cooke also represented Wairarapa and Wellington while playing rugby union. He finished his rugby union career with 121 tries in 131 first class matches. Cooke joined the Richmond Rovers club in the Auckland Rugby League competition in 1932 and made an immediate impact, racing away for three tries in the inter-island game only weeks later. He was selected for New Zealand that year against the Great Britain Lions. Cooke also represented Auckland and captained New Zealand in two Test matches against Australia", "id": "12460198" }, { "contents": "Queensland rugby league team\n\n\nZealand rugby league tour of Australia, Queensland lost both its matches against the Kiwis in Brisbane. Again, Queensland played two matches against the Kiwis during the 1913 New Zealand rugby league tour of Australia and again the Maroons lost both. New South Wales had won every match between the two states until 1922, when the Maroons, with Cyril Connell playing at , achieved their maiden victory. This commenced Queensland's only golden period before the introduction of State of Origin. In 1925 Queensland toured New Zealand and played against the full New", "id": "12687033" }, { "contents": "1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia was the sixth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. Four matches were played against regional and district sides along with three Test match against the Australia national side, being the first time both teams played each other. New Zealand won the series with two victories and a tied match. Before the tour matches, New Zealand played a preliminary game v. the Wellington RU team at the Athletic Park, won by the \"All Blacks\" 19–6. Complete list of matches played", "id": "1302262" }, { "contents": "Watty Friend\n\n\nTest matches. In 1921 he figured in three matches for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks. Howell notes that Friends was one of the Waratahs' top players. In 1922 he appeared in all three matches again when the All Blacks visited Sydney, with second and third matches wins resulting in a rare series victory of those days to the Waratahs over the All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Friend was honoured with the captaincy of New South Wales in a three match series in which the Waratahs", "id": "5285969" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nseasons in the Sydney premiership. In 1918 he moved to Brisbane and joined the Carltons club, one of the early incarnations of the Souths Magpies. From there he made state appearances for Queensland against New South Wales over four years and in 1919 was selected in the Australian team as hooker. He played in all four Tests of the 1919 rugby league tour of New Zealand. He is listed as Australia's 97th representative on the Australian Rugby League's Kangaroo register. His international rugby league debut against New Zealand in Wellington on 23", "id": "1170780" }, { "contents": "John Rosewell\n\n\n. Along with Dally Messenger, Denis Lutge, Doug McLean snr and Micky Dore he was one of the inaugural five Australian dual code rugby internationals who having earlier represented at rugby union, debuted in international rugby league in Sydney on 9 May 1908 in the first ever Australian league Test against New Zealand. He is listed on the \"Australian Players Register\" as Kangaroo No.13. He spent three seasons at South Sydney playing 29 matches scoring 4 tries and 6 goals. He was a member of the 1910 Rabbitohs side that drew the", "id": "801844" }, { "contents": "George Aitken (rugby union)\n\n\nGeorge Gothard Aitken (2 July 1898 – 8 July 1952) was a rugby union footballer who represented New Zealand – known as the All Blacks – and then Scotland. He was born in Westport, New Zealand, and was selected to play provincially for Buller at the age of 16. After moving to Wellington, Aitken played for the province from 1917, and from there was selected for the All Blacks side that faced South Africa when they toured New Zealand in 1921. After only two Test matches for the All Blacks,", "id": "5006718" }, { "contents": "Jack Holland (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Holland (1922-1994) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s. An Australian international and New South Wales interstate representative forward, he played his club football in Sydney's NSWRFL Premiership for the St. George club. Holland was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia on 19 August 1922. Holland served in the Army during World War II. Commencing his first-grade NSWRFL Premiership playing career with St. George in 1947, he was selected to represent New South Wales in 1948", "id": "4207831" }, { "contents": "Jack Price (rugby league)\n\n\nagainst Australia (2 matches), and while at Wigan in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches). Jack Price played , in Wigan's 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. Jack Price played in Wigan's victories in the Lancashire County League during the 1922–23 season, 1923–24 season and 1925–26 season. Jack Price played , and scored a try in Wigan's 21-4 victory over", "id": "12779224" }, { "contents": "Edwin Abbott (rugby league)\n\n\nEdwin Frederick Abbott (1909–1976) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 1930 and 1932. Abbott was the nephew of 1905 All Black Harold Abbott and the uncle of Bill Deacon, a Kiwi from 1965 to 1971. From the Ngaruawahia Panthers club, Abbott represented South Auckland and the North Island. In 1930 he was selected for the New Zealand tour of New South Wales, playing in both matches against New South Wales and scoring three tries against Sydney Metropolis. He played for South Auckland against both the", "id": "19358978" }, { "contents": "Jim Davis (rugby league)\n\n\nthe 1911 NSWRFL season with North Sydney before playing three seasons with the Glebe club. His top-grade career finished up back at Souths in 1918-19 before concluding with a country stint at Parkes. Davis made his debut Test appearance in 1908 against New Zealand, appearing in both matches of the first rugby league international series played by an Australian representative side. At the end of that season he was selected in the 35 man squad to make the first ever Kangaroo Tour. Davis played in six tour matches but in none", "id": "11335988" }, { "contents": "Herb Brackenreg\n\n\nEastern Suburbs club. An Eastern Suburbs rugby union player, Brackenreg had been a member of the rebel New South Wales sides that played against the rebel New Zealand 'All Blacks' in the 1907 series that helped to establish rugby league in Australia. He played in 8 NSWRFL Premiership matches for Easts including that club's first match and was a member of the NSWRL's first premiership decider played against local rival, South Sydney. In that first season Brackenreg was selected to represent his state, New South Wales, in 2 matches", "id": "12715024" }, { "contents": "Danny Hurcombe\n\n\nFrom 29 November 1919 Hurcombe played for English rugby league club, Wigan. Hurcombe was selected to go on the 1920 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Wigan in 1920 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand, in 1922 against Australia, and in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches), and he won 6 caps for Wales in 1921–1926 while at Wigan. Hurcombe made his début for Wigan in", "id": "11028974" }, { "contents": "Arthur Hardgrave\n\n\nArthur Hardgrave ( 1908–14) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. A fullback, Hardgrave played for Taranaki against Auckland in 1908 and 1909. He later moved to Auckland and played for Otahuhu at club level and represented Auckland provincially. In 1912, Hardgrave was selected for the New Zealand national side who toured Australia. No test matches were played on the tour but Hardgrave became the 74th player to represent New Zealand. Following the tour, Hardgrave was part of the Auckland side that defeated New South Wales 10–3", "id": "124840" }, { "contents": "Ted Thorn\n\n\n. Ted made his state representative debut in 1922, appearing three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the visiting All Blacks for two victories. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches - including fifteen such appearances made by Ted Thorn. Thorn made the 1923 New South Wales tour", "id": "5576534" }, { "contents": "Jack Fitzgerald (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Fitzgerald was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s, and coached in the 1960s. He played for Western Suburbs as a winger and later coached the club from 1961 to 1964. Fitzgerald began his career with Western Suburbs in 1949. In 1952, Fitzgerald was a member of the Western Suburbs side which claimed their fourth and final premiership defeating South Sydney in the grand final, with Fitzgerald scoring a try. Fitzgerald played for three more seasons before retiring as a player. Fitzgerald began his coaching", "id": "15556425" }, { "contents": "Owen Stephens\n\n\nWales. He won a single cap for New Zealand, playing in the All Blacks' 19–12 victory over France at Eden Park, Auckland on 10 August 1968, and won five caps for Australia, playing against Tonga and Wales in 1973 and New Zealand in 1974. Only three players have played rugby union at test match level for both New Zealand and Australia: namely Des Connor, Ted Jessep and Stephens. He played club level rugby league for St. George Dragons (trial), Parramatta Eels (Heritage № 339) (", "id": "7733372" }, { "contents": "Peter Williams (New Zealand rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Williams (22 April 188430 August 1976) was a rugby union player who represented New Zealand nine times, including a single Test match. He played club rugby for Dunedin side Alhambra, and played provincial rugby for Otago between 1908 and 1914. His sole season of international rugby was 1913, when he played in a home Test against Australia before touring North America with the All Blacksas New Zealand's international team is knownthat same year. He was selected for a tour of Australia the following year, but was unavailable and so", "id": "8410349" }, { "contents": "Frank Smyth\n\n\nBernard Francis \"Frank\" Smyth (11 February 1891 – 15 July 1972) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A hooker, Smyth played a single representative game for Canterbury in 1915, one match for the South Island in 1922 and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, also in 1922. He played three matches for the All Blacks but did not appear in any internationals. His grandson is politician Peter Dunne. Smyth served in the No. 3 Field Company, New Zealand Engineers", "id": "16651150" }, { "contents": "1921 Waratahs tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe Queensland Rugby Union had collapsed in 1919 and would not be reborn until 1929 leaving the New South Wales Rugby Union to administer the game in Australia at the national representative level. In 1923 the New South Wales side toured New Zealand In 1986 the Australian Rugby Union decreed the five full-internationals played on the tour as official Test matches. Previously the All Blacks visited New South Wales in the 1920 tour. This tour happened while the Springboks were completing their tour in New Zealand. Previously in June, South Africa played three", "id": "14085090" }, { "contents": "Robert Graves (rugby)\n\n\n1905 and from there was selected to represent Metropolis (Sydney) in a fixture against Country played over Easter in 1905. He continued in a coaching role for the Grosvenor club even while himself playing rugby for those other sides from 1903 to 1907. Graves was one of the New South Wales rugby union players who matched up against the first professional New Zealand team, Albert Baskiville's 'All Golds' in three matches in Sydney in August 1907. He played in all three matches and along with the other Australian rebel players was", "id": "3902454" }, { "contents": "Jim Sullivan (rugby league)\n\n\n, converting five goals in a 21–0 win against Widnes. He made his first representative appearance in December 1921, playing for Wales in a 16–21 defeat against Australia. Jim Sullivan played , and scored 4-conversions in Wigan's 13-2 victory over Oldham in the Championship Final during the 1921–22 season at The Cliff, Broughton on Saturday 6 May 1922, played , and scored 4-conversions in the 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. played", "id": "338598" }, { "contents": "Simon Poidevin\n\n\nwas then selected to play for New South Wales in a succession of the matches in 1981. The first match against Manawatu was won 58-3, with NSW scoring 10 tries. Victories over Waikato and Counties followed, before New South Wales were defeated by Queensland 26-15 at the Sydney Cricket Ground. New South Wales played Queensland in a return match a week later in Brisbane that was won 7-6. Poidevin played for Sydney against France in the third game France played for their 1981 France rugby union tour of", "id": "16857237" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\ncalled up to the All Blacks and he played in eight games for New Zealand, although he did not appear in any Test matches. In 1924 Marist Old Boys became locked in a dispute with the Canterbury Rugby Union and quit, instead fielding rugby league and soccer teams. Petersen followed the club, taking up rugby league. Petersen made an immediate impact and was one of six Marist Old Boys players who were selected to represent New Zealand that season. In total Petersen played in three Test matches for New Zealand in rugby league", "id": "14015996" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\n, Bert Avery and Maurice Wetherill. Lou Brown made his Auckland debut in the second match. At the end of the tour the NSW members of the 1921-22 Australasian Kangaroos were joined by New Zealand member Bert Laing for a match against the rest of the NSW squad and local Auckland stars. The Kangaroos won 65-27. The New Zealand Māori side played Sydney Metropolis in Sydney. South Auckland held the Northern Union Cup at the end of the season. They defeated Auckland 21-20 in Auckland to win the", "id": "3198700" }, { "contents": "John Solomon (rugby union)\n\n\nmade his state and national representative debuts at age nineteen, first playing for Australia against the at the Sydney Cricket Ground in June 1949. Later that year he toured New Zealand with Trevor Allan's Bledisloe Cup winning Wallabies. Solomon played variously at five-eighth, fullback and centre in seven matches of the tour including the 2nd Test at Eden Park where he scored a try thus helping the side make history as the first Australian team to win the Cup in New Zealand. He played twice for New South Wales in 1950 at", "id": "19470085" }, { "contents": "Darby Loudon\n\n\nDarby Briton Loudon (12 March 1897 – c. 1963) was a New Zealand born rugby union player, a flanker who made sixteen representative appearances for the New South Wales state team in the 1920s. Four of these matches have since been decreed as Test matches by the Australian Rugby Union and Loudon, who led the side in one such match in 1922, was therefore a captain of the Australian national team. Loudon, was born in Leeston, New Zealand and relocated to Sydney during his youth. He attended Sydney Grammar School", "id": "5401488" }, { "contents": "Michael Fitzgerald (rugby union)\n\n\nMichael Fitzgerald (born ) is a New Zealand rugby union player currently playing for Kamaishi Seawaves in Japan. He previously played for Leicester Tigers in England's Premiership Rugby, for the Chiefs in Super Rugby and Manawatu in the ITM Cup. His regular playing position is lock. In 2013, he signed a contract extension with the Chiefs until 2015. On 21 April 2015, it was announced he had signed for English Aviva Premiership side Leicester Tigers. Fitzgerald made his Leicester debut on 18 October 2015 in a 28-16 win", "id": "17447697" }, { "contents": "Peter Johnstone (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Johnstone (9 August 1922 – 18 October 1997) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A backrow forward, Johnstone represented Ashburton County while serving in the army and later at a provincial level. He was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1949 to 1951. He played 26 matches for the All Blacks —10 as captain—including nine internationals, touring South Africa in 1949 and playing all four tests against the touring 1950 British Lions. He was a key member of the", "id": "5603616" }, { "contents": "Brian Reidy\n\n\nBrian Thomas Reidy (27 January 1939 – 2 June 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Reidy played for the Marist club and represented Auckland. He made his debut for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1959, becoming Kiwi #383, but did not make his test match debut until 1961, against Australia at Carlaw Park. Between 1959 and 1966, Reidy played 65 games for New Zealand, including 19 tests, scoring 34 tries in all. He could play anywhere in the", "id": "21473667" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nmatches. In 1911 Mitchell, along with three other players from the Merivale club, moved to Sydney and played for the North Sydney Bears. He was then enticed north by the Queensland Rugby League. At the same time the New Zealand rugby league side was touring Australia and he was invited to join the touring party. Mitchell played in four matches, becoming a dual-code rugby international. Mitchell then returned to Christchurch and represented Canterbury in its first ever match in 1912. Mitchell toured Australia twice more with New Zealand,", "id": "3816467" }, { "contents": "Pat Creedy\n\n\nPatrick Joseph \"Pat\" Creedy (18 November 1927 – 7 April 2011) was a New Zealand rugby football player who represented New Zealand in rugby league. Creedy originally played rugby union and represented both the Southland Rugby Union and the Canterbury Rugby Union. Creedy later switched codes to rugby league and joined the Marist club in the Canterbury Rugby League competition. He represented Canterbury and in 1955 was selected at halfback for the South Island. That year he was first selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team, playing against the", "id": "6530820" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1924 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the 11th tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales selection, and New Zealand won the 3 match series", "id": "14085325" }, { "contents": "Jim Sanders (rugby league)\n\n\nJames Sanders (1900–1981) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Sanders started his career in third grade with Addington in 1915. He spent his entire career with Addington apart from a few games for Hornby when Addington had no senior team. He captained Addington to their first title in 1923. Sanders made his New Zealand debut in 1919 against Australia. In 1921 Sanders toured Australia for New Zealand under coach Jim Rukutai. He played for New Zealand in 1922 against New South Wales and was part of the", "id": "6884071" }, { "contents": "Nolan Tupaea\n\n\na first grade match. In 1979 he moved to Petone, winning premierships in 1980, 1981 and 1982. He was also part of their 1982 victory in the National Club Cup. Tupaea represented Wellington, playing 64 matches between 1971 and 1985. He was selected for the Kiwi Colts in 1973 for a match against Queensland. In 1976 he represented the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. Tupaea played for the Central Districts side in their first five years of the New Zealand Rugby League's district competition. The side", "id": "15687157" }, { "contents": "Peter Ward (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter M. Ward (born 5 November 1876) was a New Zealand-born rugby union player who represented Australia. A fly-half, he was born in Invercargill. Ward was described as \"astute and a skillful inside back\". A member of the Britannia club Ward initially played for the Southland province between 1897 and 1898. He then moved to Sydney, Australia in 1899 and joined the Marrackville club. He was selected for New South Wales to play in their two matches against the touring Great Britain side. After", "id": "2597515" }, { "contents": "Frano Botica\n\n\nFrano Michael Botica (born 3 August 1963) is a New Zealand rugby union and rugby league coach and former player in both codes, who played in the 1980s and 1990s. He is the head coach of the Philippines sevens team. He represented New Zealand at both codes, and later also played for Croatia in two rugby union World Cup qualifying matches. Born in Mangakino, New Zealand, Botica played rugby union for club side North Shore, New Zealand provincial side North Harbour, as well as Llanelli in Wales, and", "id": "3135809" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nWilliam James Mitchell (28 November 1890 – 2 June 1959) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Mitchell was born in Melbourne, Australia before moving to New Zealand where he worked for the New Zealand Railways Department. Mitchell played rugby union for the Merivale club in Christchurch and represented the province nine times in 1909 and 1910. He was selected to be part of the All Blacks tour of Australia in 1910 and played in five matches, including the second and third Test", "id": "3816466" }, { "contents": "1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand was the third tour made by the Springboks rugby team, and their first tour to Australia and New Zealand. South Africa played three Test matches against the All Blacks. The series was drawn 1–all, and the long-running controversy between the countries over the All Blacks' inclusion of Maori players began. The Springboks played five matches in Australia, winning them all. The three most important matches against New South Wales, were retroactively accorded Test status by the Australian", "id": "19644461" }, { "contents": "1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand was a series of rugby union matches played in New Zealand by the South African national rugby union team, from June - August 1994. The team played 14 matches in total; 11 against several provincial rugby teams and 3 against the New Zealand national rugby union team. South Africa won 10 out of the 11 matches against provincial sides, losing one match to Otago. They lost their first two test matches against the New Zealand national side and drew the last test. The", "id": "14043514" }, { "contents": "Ewen McKenzie\n\n\nTri nations, but was reselected in 1997 for the 1997 French tour of Australia. 1997 was the year McKenzie retired from international rugby, making his last appearance on 12 July 1997 after a 25–6 victory over England in Sydney. In his entire career of 51 test matches, he only ever played as a substitute once, during a pool game in the 1995 Rugby World Cup. In 1992, McKenzie toured New Zealand with the World XV to mark the centenary of the New Zealand Rugby Union. New Zealand won the series 2–1", "id": "7179494" }, { "contents": "Sam Gemmell\n\n\nSamuel William Gemmell (28 August 1896 – 28 June 1970) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A loose forward, Gemmell represented Hawke's Bay at a provincial level. He played one match for the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, out of position at hooker against New South Wales at Dunedin. Affiliating to Ngāti Pāhauwera, Gemmell played 57 matches for New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1929, making him the most capped player for that team. He served as a private with the New Zealand (Māori", "id": "16059662" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\nCharles \"Charlie\" Herbert \"Herb\" Smith (13 February 1909 – 10 April 1976) was a New Zealand rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s. He played representative level rugby union (RU) for New Zealand (Heritage № 406) (non-test matches), South Island and Otago (captain), and at club level for Southern RFC , as a centre, i.e. number 12 or 13, switching codes in 1936. He played representative level rugby league (RL", "id": "11805487" }, { "contents": "James Barber (rugby)\n\n\nover to join the squad. He played in the first ever trans-Tasman test which was the debut match of the Australia national rugby league team. Barber would go on to appear in all three test matches against Australia. Barber later captained the New Zealand side in its 1909 tour of Australia. His last game for New Zealand was in 1912. In 1912 he was in Petone's side that won the inaugural Wellington Rugby League competition. Barber captained Wellington between 1911 and 1914, including Wellington's 1913 victory over Auckland.", "id": "7778848" }, { "contents": "Alex Watson (rugby league)\n\n\nAlex Watson (1931–2002) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer of the 1950s. An Australian international and Queensland interstate representative three-quarter back, he played club football in the Brisbane Rugby League premiership for Western Suburbs. Watson first represented Queensland in 1951 in a match against New South Wales. He made his test debut at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 12 June 1954 against Great Britain in the first test of that year's Ashes series. Australia won this test 37-12. In 1953 Watson toured New Zealand with the", "id": "15082194" }, { "contents": "Jack McLeod (rugby league)\n\n\nJack McLeod is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. McLeod played for Taranaki and Auckland. While at the Manukau club, McLeod was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1937, playing against Australia. He toured Australia with New Zealand in 1938 however no test matches were played on the tour. Four days after the 1937 test, McLeod was part of the New Zealand Māori side that defeated Australia 16-5. In 2008 he was named in the Taranaki Rugby League Team of the Century", "id": "19760905" }, { "contents": "Frank Nicholson (rugby union)\n\n\nof these matches played against New South Wales. The Howell reference claims that Nicholson's rugby career was interrupted by enlistment in the Boer War. He claimed two international rugby caps for Australia. He appeared for Queensland against the touring New Zealanders in Brisbane in August 1903 and two weeks later made his international debut against the same tourists in Sydney, on 15 August 1903. In 1904 he captained Queensland in the inter-state series and played alongside his brother Fred who scored a try in that match. Later that season he had", "id": "2954916" }, { "contents": "Frank Brogan (rugby league)\n\n\nFrank Brogan (1903–1961) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s. He played as a halfback with South Sydney during the club's golden era of the 1920s when they won 5 premierships. Brogan made his debut for South Sydney in 1922 against Newtown as an 18 year old. In 1924, Brogan was selected to play for New South Wales and featured in two matches. The following year, Brogan won his first premiership with Souths as they finished first on the table and were not required to play in", "id": "18073767" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\ntest of 1899 against the first British side to tour Australia, at Sydney, on 12 August. He also played for Australia in 1903 in Sydney against New Zealand in the first official rugby union international between the countries. He became an early convert to the fledgling league code and played for the Ipswich club in Queensland. He was selected in the 2nd Test of 1908 against New Zealand. Five former Wallabies had debuted for the Kangaroos in the inaugural Test three weeks earlier, Hardcastle's league Test debut that day with George Watson", "id": "802017" } ]

[ { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nthe 6–8 defeat by New South Wales at Sydney on 7 August 1922, and scored a penalty in the 45–11 victory over Manawatu-Wellington XV at Palmerston North on 16 August 1922 but never played a Test match for New Zealand. In 1923 Fitzgerald moved to Christchurch, joining the Marist Old Boys club. However the club was expelled from the Canterbury Rugby Union in April 1924 and Fitzgerald followed to club to rugby league. Fitzgerald excelled in rugby league and in his debut year he made the national side, playing in two Test", "id": "13539549" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nhe lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Jim O'Brien. Fitzgerald played for the South Island in 1922, scoring a try in the inter-island match. Following this he was selected for New Zealand, playing in five matches on a tour of New Zealand and Australia. Fitzgerald represented New Zealand (RU) in the 12–11 victory over Wairarapa at Carterton on 19 July 1922, the 26–19 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on 29 July 1922, the 24–6 victory over Metropolitan Union at Sydney on 2 August 1922,", "id": "13539548" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nCharles James Fitzgerald (6 June 1899, in Fairhall – 8 May 1961, in Awatere Valley) was a New Zealand dual-code international rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Fitzgerald was a utility back in both codes. Fitzgerald represented Marlborough between 1917 and 1921, appearing for the union in every backline position except fullback. He played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks kicking a penalty goal in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game", "id": "13539547" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nAndrew James \"Jim\" O'Brien (1897–1969) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. O'Brien began his career playing rugby union for Marlborough between 1919 and 1921. He also played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game he lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Charles Fitzgerald. In 1922 he moved north to Auckland, joining the Grafton club. He immediately was selected for the", "id": "13908850" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nNorth Island side and subsequently the All Blacks tour of New Zealand and South Wales. He finished the tour having played in 3 games and scored one try. Returning to Auckland, O’Brien played his first game for the union late in the 1922 season. In 1923 he played five games for Auckland. O'Brien switched to rugby league in 1924, joining Marist in the Auckland Rugby League competition. He played for Auckland and made the New Zealand national rugby league team for three tests against the touring Great Britain Lions side that year.", "id": "13908851" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\nLouis Charles Petersen (19 April 1897 – 25 June 1961) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Petersen served with the New Zealand Expeditionary Force in World War I and it was here that he developed his football skills, playing for the \"Trench team\". Petersen began his career with the Marist Old Boys club in Christchurch and in 1919 was first selected to represent Canterbury. He made the South Island side in 1919, 1920 and 1921. In 1922 Petersen was", "id": "14015995" }, { "contents": "Jim Craig (rugby league)\n\n\nversatility was such that he was selected at hooker for a match on tour of New Zealand in 1919. Graig first represented for New South Wales against a touring English side in 1920. He was selected on the 1921–22 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and made his Test debut in the first Test at Leeds. He appeared in 23 minor tour matches notching a total of 58 points as a try scorer and goal kicker. Following his Kangaroo Tour representative appearances in 1922 he played a season with the University club in Sydney. In 1923", "id": "6542629" }, { "contents": "Albert Johnston (rugby league)\n\n\nclub seasons of 1921 and 1922. In 1912 he was selected in a Sydney Metropolis side. In 1913 he was in a New South Wales touring squad to New Zealand as half-back but was kept out of the major matches by the form of his peer Arthur Halloway. He captained New South Wales in some 1918 games and then made his Australian Test debut in 1919 on Australia's tour of New Zealand. He scored a try on debut assisting Australia to a 44-21 victory. With tour captain Halloway unfit for", "id": "9752107" }, { "contents": "Percy Hickey\n\n\nPercival \"Percy\" Hubert Hickey (28 April 1899 – 21 December 1943) was a New Zealand rugby union player who represented the All Blacks in 1922. His position of choice was wing three-quarter. Hickey was born in Rahotu in 1899. He made the provincial side in 1919. He was selected for the North against South Island match in 1922. He scored a try. He was then selected for the national side on their tour of New South Wales. Hickey played in two of the possible five matches.", "id": "3545214" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1922 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the tenth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales Selection, and NSW won the 3 match series 2–1. In", "id": "13453802" }, { "contents": "Billy Sheehan (rugby union)\n\n\ntop Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of their 1920s fixtures played against full international opposition were decreed in 1986 as official Test matches, including the three of Sheehan's 1921 debut and fifteen other appearances he would make over the next six years. In 1922 he appeared in all three Test in Sydney against the visiting All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Sheehan played all of the three match series in which the Waratahs were undefeated. On the 1923 tour of New Zealand and", "id": "5401479" }, { "contents": "Les Steel\n\n\nLeslie William Steel (1900 – 28 April 1966) was a rugby league footballer in Australia's major competition, the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL). Steel played over 100 matches for his club side, Eastern Suburbs in the years (1922–29). A Winger, Steel was a try scorer in Easts 1923 premiership victory. In 1922 Steel was selected to represent New South Wales. Following his football career, Steel spent many years as an official of the Eastern Suburbs club. He died at Hurstville, New South", "id": "20482633" }, { "contents": "Jim Bacon (rugby)\n\n\nLions tour of Australasia. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Leeds in 1920 against Australia (3 matches), and New Zealand (3 matches), in 1921 against Australia (2 matches), in 1922 against Australia, in 1924 against Australia, and in 1927 against New Zealand. From 1921 until 1927 he also represented Wales, winning six caps, all against England, including 1-victory, and 5-defeats. Bacon played left-, i.e. number 4 and scored 2-tries in Leeds' 11–3 victory over Dewsbury", "id": "5182427" }, { "contents": "Karl Ifwersen\n\n\nrep team, captaining the combined Auckland-North Auckland side against South Africa in his first game back and scoring the only try. Ifwersen played in one test match for the All Blacks during the 1921 South Africa tour of the country. Ifwersen continued to play for Auckland between 1922 and 1938. Ifwersen died in Auckland on 19 May 1967, having suffered considerably from football injuries during his old age. Ifwersen was inducted into the New Zealand Rugby League's Legends of League in 2000. He was the first New Zealander to represent", "id": "14118993" }, { "contents": "New Zealand national rugby union team\n\n\nThomas Ellison captained team won nine of their ten matches. The following year New Zealand played its first home \"international\" game, losing 8–6 to New South Wales. The team's first true test match occurred against Australia on 15 August 1903 at the Sydney Cricket Ground in front of over 30,000 spectators, and resulted in a 22–3 victory. A representative New Zealand team first toured the British Isles in 1905. The side is now known as the \"Originals\", as the \"All Blacks\" name emerged during this tour", "id": "20449805" }, { "contents": "Wilson Hall (rugby league)\n\n\nA. Wilson Hall was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s and 1930s who represented New Zealand and later played at club level in England for Castleford. From the Ngaruawahia club, Wilson Hall represented South Auckland in 1922. He was a half for South Auckland and the North Island in 1925. In 1926 he moved to Christchurch. Wilson Hall then represented the Hornby club, Canterbury and the South Island. He was selected for New Zealand's tour of Great Britain in 1926. He played in two test matches", "id": "20659026" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\nwas selected to tour New Zealand. He played in seven matches on tour including the Waratah's Test victory. He made representative appearances in 1922 against the New Zealand Maori and the All Blacks, played in three Tests against them in 1924 and in five matches against them in 1925. The 3rd test of 1925 played on 23 June at the Sydney Showground was Fox's sole appearance as the national captain. He was solid in further Test appearances against New Zealand in 1926 He was a tremendous lineout forward and one of the senior", "id": "9169857" }, { "contents": "Dai Fitzgerald\n\n\nDavid \"Dai\" Fitzgerald (1872 – 30 November 1951) was a Welsh rugby centre who played club rugby under the union code for Cardiff, and later switched to professional rugby league team Batley (captain). He played international rugby union for Wales winning two caps, and in his first match for Wales scored all the points in a victory over Scotland. Fitzgerald first played rugby in Cardiff for the now defunct club, St. Davids, one of several Welsh teams built around Catholic churches. He switched to first class club", "id": "18632594" }, { "contents": "Bruce Gall\n\n\nBruce Gall is a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Gall played in the Taranaki Rugby League and represented Taranaki. In 1976 Gall played for the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. In 1979 he played for the Central Districts side that won the Inter-Districts competition. He was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team on the 1980 tour of Great Britain and France. Gall did not play in a test match but did play in 8 games for the Kiwis, scoring 3 tries.", "id": "18658371" }, { "contents": "Shaun Foley\n\n\nShaun Foley (born 29 August 1986 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia) is an Australian rugby union player and a former member of the National Rugby League's (NRL) Sydney Roosters squad. Foley played in the Australian Schoolboys Rugby Union team that lost to New Zealand 21-16 in 2004. Foley scored all 16 points for the Australian team. Foley joined NRL side the Sydney Roosters in 2006, playing 7 games and scoring 6 tries. He scored two tries in the Roosters 40-20 victory over the", "id": "3276301" }, { "contents": "Sam Lowrie\n\n\nSamuel Arthur \"Sam\" Lowrie was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. His grandnephew, Jason Lowrie, also represented New Zealand in rugby league. Lowrie played for the Ponsonby club in the Auckland Rugby League competition. In 1919 Lowrie played for Auckland and was first selected to represent New Zealand, playing in three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1922 Lowrie toured Australia, with the New Zealand Māori rugby league team. Lowrie was named Ponsonby's best forward in 1923. He again played for", "id": "21879456" }, { "contents": "Arthur Kay (rugby league)\n\n\nArthur Geig Kay was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Kay represented Auckland and was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1935. He played in all three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1936 he played in two matches against the touring Great Britain team and played in his final test match in New Zealand's 16-15 victory over Australia at Carlaw Park on 14 August 1937. He was selected to tour Great Britain and France in 1939 but the tour was abandoned due to the", "id": "13813701" }, { "contents": "Percy Williams (New Zealand rugby league player)\n\n\nPercy Williams was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Williams originally played rugby union and represented Auckland. Williams played for Wigan for three seasons between 1910/11 to 1912/13. During this time he played in 111 matches for the club in the Lancashire League, including in the 1911 Challenge Cup Final loss. In 1913 he was called into the New Zealand squad, joining them midway through their tour of Australia. Williams was said to be instrumental in New Zealand's 17-11 upset victory over New South Wales.", "id": "14326389" }, { "contents": "Johnnie Wallace\n\n\nthe club's first Wallaby representative. His potential was obvious and in 1921 he was selected in the New South Wales side picked to tour New Zealand. He played in five of the ten tour matches including the September 1921 fixture against a New Zealand XV which is now regarded as a Test match. With no Queensland Rugby Union administration or competition in place from 1919 to 1929, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of the fixtures of 1920s which were played against", "id": "7506396" }, { "contents": "Jack Forrest (rugby league)\n\n\nJohn Alexander \"Jack\" Forrest (24 February 1924 – 26 February 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 12 international matches between 1947 and 1952. His cousin Jonas Masters also played rugby league for New Zealand. Forrest played in the West Coast Rugby League competition for Runanga and represented both the West Coast and the South Island. He played in 42 matches, 12 of which were test matches, for the New Zealand national rugby league team, including matches against the 1951 touring French side and", "id": "18556717" }, { "contents": "Pat Devery\n\n\n, New South Wales on 9 August 1922. A Tumbulgum junior, he played football in the Brisbane Rugby League for Fortitude Valley. Devery was then discovered by coach of Sydney's Balmain club Latchem Robinson while playing football in The Domain, Sydney as a sailor in the Royal Australian Navy during the war. Devery played for Balmain at halfback in the 1944 NSWRFL season's premiership final, scoring a try in his side's victory over Newtown. Devery also represented Sydney on 6 occasions, New South Wales on 2 occasions between 1946–1947", "id": "14526725" }, { "contents": "Charles Kingstone\n\n\nCharles Napoleon \"Nipper\" Kingstone (2 July 1895 – 6 May 1960) was a New Zealand sportsman who played international rugby union for New Zealand. He was also a first-class cricketer. A fullback, Kingstone played all three of his Tests during South Africa's 1921 tour of New Zealand. He was injured in a motor accident in 1922 and didn't play again for New Zealand. Kingstone played just one first-class cricket match. He represented a team called the \"Rest of New Zealand\" in a", "id": "8516640" }, { "contents": "Dougie McGregor\n\n\nAlwin John \"Dougie\" McGregor (1889–1963) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. McGregor played rugby union for the Karangahake club in the Goldfields sub-union competition in 1908. The following year he moved to Auckland, joining the Ponsonby club. McGregor represented Auckland and the North Island that same year. In 1913 McGregor was picked in the New Zealand squad for their North America tour and played in 11 games during the tour, including Test matches against Australia and", "id": "14128313" }, { "contents": "1893 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1893 New Zealand tour rugby to Australia was the second tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. Ten matches were played against regional and district sides, but no Test matches were played. It was first tour arranged by New Zealand Rugby Football Union which was founded the year before. The only previous New Zealand national team was the side that toured New South Wales in 1884. Immediately before departing for Sydney, the tourists played a match against a \"Combined XV\" in Wellington, which New Zealand won", "id": "14310646" }, { "contents": "Australasia rugby league team\n\n\nThe Australasian rugby league team (or the Kangaroos) represented Australia and New Zealand in rugby league sporadically between 1910 and 1922. Administered by the New South Wales Rugby League, appearances for the team were counted towards the Australian team's records and playing register but not the New Zealand team's. The team toured Great Britain twice, participating in two Ashes series, and also played Great Britain twice in Sydney. The Australasian side first played in 1910. After Great Britain had defeated Australia in two Test matches it was decided that", "id": "15931608" }, { "contents": "George Dickinson\n\n\nChurch in Dunedin. While at Otago Boys' High School, Dickinson played as a five-eighth in the school's 1st XV rugby team between 1918 and 1921. He made his debut for the All Blacks in 1922 on their tour of New South Wales, playing five matches and scoring three tries. He went on to play 12 matches for between 1922 and 1924, scoring five tries, 11 conversions and one penalty goal. Dickinson also played for the South Island in 1922. He retired from first-class rugby at", "id": "2808375" }, { "contents": "Alexander Kirkpatrick (rugby union)\n\n\nAlexander Kirkpatrick (4 October 1898 – 25 August 1971) was an All Blacks rugby union player from New Zealand. He was a hooker. He played 12 matches for the All Blacks in1925-26 against Australia (New South Wales), scoring 6 points (2 tries). He was a member of the Hastings club and captained the Hawke’s Bay Region to take the Ranfurly Shield off Wellington in 1922; and appeared in 22 of the 24 successful defences (more than any other player). In 1952-56", "id": "16723938" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nClaud Augustus O'Donnell (30 January 1886 – 4 August 1953) was an Australian rugby union and rugby league player and represented his country at both sports as a dual-code rugby international. O'Donnell played rugby union with the Glebe club in inner city Sydney. He made his representative debut for New South Wales in 1912 and the following year made two Test appearances as hooker for the Wallabies against the All Blacks in the 1913 tour of New Zealand. Switching to rugby league O'Donnell joined the Glebe Dirty Reds in 1915 and had three", "id": "1170779" }, { "contents": "Wally O'Connell\n\n\nand played 80 games. His first representative match was for City New South Wales in 1943. On 18 June 1945 a Sydney rugby league team featuring O'Connell travelled to Newcastle to play against their representative team and were defeated 27-26. He was the Roosters' pivot in their 1945 premiership final victory over Balmain. With senior representative matches canceled during WWII O'Connell didn't make his Test debut until 1948 against New Zealand in Sydney.He was selected for the 1948-49 Kangaroo Tour and played in five Tests and 16 minor", "id": "14384862" }, { "contents": "Mawene Hiroti\n\n\nMawene Hiroti (born 6 March 1999) is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who plays as a or er for the South Sydney Rabbitohs in the NRL. Hiroti was born in Taranaki, New Zealand. He has represented the Australian Schoolboys rugby league team and the New Zealand Under 18s. Forged his career playing for New Plymouth Old Boys under 11s 12s and 13s - winning Taranaki Premiership every year. Mawene scoring 50 percent of all tries. He played for the Rabbitohs in their pre-season 18-8 victory over English", "id": "14480103" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\n) for British Empire XIII, and at club level for Streatham and Mitcham and Halifax (Heritage № 437), as a , or , i.e. number 2 or 5, or, 3 or 4. Smith represented New Zealand (RU) in the 16–13 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on Monday 6 August 1934, and scored a try in the 35–3 victory over Newcastle at Newcastle, New South Wales on Wednesday 22 August 1934, but was not selected for the 1935–36 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland", "id": "11805488" }, { "contents": "Jim Rukutai\n\n\nNew Zealand played matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Rukutai coached New Zealand during their 1921 tour of Australia. He remains New Zealand's youngest ever national coach. He also coached New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1937. In 1937 he coached the New Zealand Māori to an upset win over Australia. In 1932 Rukutai served on the Auckland Rugby League board as the Clubs' delegate. He then served as the first chairman of the New Zealand Māori Rugby League Board when it was formed in 1934. Rukutai died at his", "id": "1899959" }, { "contents": "Greg Davis (rugby)\n\n\nand there joined the Drummoyne Rugby Club Davis was immediately selected for both New South Wales and Australia in his first year in Sydney. He debuted in a Sydney Test match against England in June 1963 and the following month was selected in the squad for the 1963 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa. He played in all four Test matches of the tied series and in ten other tour matches. The next year he made the 1964 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand playing in seven of the eight matches including all three Tests", "id": "3641367" }, { "contents": "Bill Kelly (rugby league)\n\n\n, Kelly played first class rugby union for Buller when he was 18 and later represented Wellington. Kelly switched to rugby league with the launch of the Wellington Rugby League competition in 1912 and played for Athletic in their grand final loss to Petone. He became a Wellington representative and toured Australia in 1912 and 1913 with the New Zealand national side. No test matches were played with the Kiwis meeting New South Wales and Queensland and a number of regional sides. He played in Wellingtons 1913 victory over Auckland. He joined the Balmain Tigers", "id": "146975" }, { "contents": "1929 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\nThe 1929 New Zealand rugby league season was the 22nd season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand. New Zealand played in no international matches in 1929. The New South Wales Rugby Football League's South Sydney Rabbitohs toured the country late in the season. They played two matches against Marist, with both sides securing one win. South Sydney also defeated Huntly. Souths were without five Kangaroos who were on a tour of Great Britain. Marist won the first match 10-9 at Carlaw Park while Souths won the", "id": "3198729" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\ndue to a row over the eligibility of three players. They instead joined the Rugby League and the Football Association. Marist spent just seven seasons in the Canterbury Rugby League but won three titles, in 1924, 1925 and 1928. In 1924 they produced six New Zealand internationals; Bill Devine, Charles Fitzgerald, Ted Fitzgerald, Terry Gilroy, Harry Mullins and Lou Petersen. Jim Amos also switched codes with Marist but played in their lower divisions. Greymouth Marist joined the West Coast Rugby League in support of Christchurch Marist. The", "id": "3198709" }, { "contents": "Charles Webb (rugby league)\n\n\nCharles Webb was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand . A halfback from the Ponsonby United club, Webb also represented Auckland. In 1912, Webb toured Australia with New Zealand. The side played in matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Later that same year, New South Wales made a return tour to New Zealand. Webb captained the New Zealand side that played against them, losing 10-18. He also played in two matches for Auckland against the touring Blues side. Webb was selected for the", "id": "14418029" }, { "contents": "David Evans (rugby)\n\n\nDavid \"Dave\" Alexander Evans (4 October 1886 – 12 October 1940) was a New Zealand dual-code international who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Evans began his career playing rugby union and represented Hawke's Bay 19 times from 1906. He made the 1910 New Zealand tour of Australia and played in the 0–11 Test defeat by Australia at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 27 June 1910, becoming the Hawke's Bay's third representative. While in Australia Evans had been impressed by the rugby league", "id": "13088290" }, { "contents": "Bill Cunningham (rugby union)\n\n\nFootball Union. He was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1901, and played against Wellington and the New South Wales team that was touring New Zealand at the time. Both matches were comfortably won, with the tourists defeated 20–3. Cunningham played his first of four matches for Auckland against international opposition, against the same New South Wales side a week later, with his Auckland team winning 24–3. Cunningham moved to Auckland in 1902, and played his club rugby for City, before joining Ponsonby the following season. He", "id": "17185617" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\nWilliam Robert \"Bill\" Hardcastle (30 August 1874 – 11 July 1944) born in Wellington, New Zealand was a pioneer New Zealand and Australian rugby union player and an Australian rugby league footballer. He represented both countries in union and Australia in league. He was one of the first dual-code rugby internationals. Hardcastle commenced his club rugby in New Zealand with Petone and represented for Wellington from 1895 to 1897. He joined the Melrose club in 1897 and was selected in a North Island representative side from where he was", "id": "802015" }, { "contents": "Steve Skinnon\n\n\nSteve Skinnon (born 27 November 1976) is a New Zealand rugby footballer who played rugby union for Wellington and Hawkes Bay in the National Provincial Championship and rugby league for the Sydney Roosters and South Sydney Rabbitohs in the National Rugby League. He represented his country in both codes at a junior level. Skinnon started his career in rugby union and represented the New Zealand under 19 side in 1994 from Wellington College, playing at second five eighth. He switched codes to rugby league in 1995 and was picked to play for the Junior", "id": "2628332" }, { "contents": "Jim Wylie\n\n\nJames Thomas Wylie (26 October 1887 – 19 December 1956) was a New Zealand rugby union player, who represented both the country of his birth and Australia. He went on to coach the Stanford University rugby team for over 30 years from 1917. Born in Galatea in 1887, Wylie was a tall man at , and played as a loose forward. He first represented in 1910, playing six matches, before moving to Sydney for the next two years. There he made four appearances for New South Wales against Queensland,", "id": "12170928" }, { "contents": "Edward Baird (rugby league)\n\n\nNorthern Union\" style of rugby, taking on Albert Baskerville's New Zealand All Golds on their inaugural tour. Baird played as a reserve as the Queenslanders lost the historic match 34–12. He went on to make another appearance against New Zealand and two against New South Wales. When the New Zealand team came back on the return leg of their tour, they played three Test matches against the first Australian representative sides ever selected. The first Test was played in Sydney on 9 May 1908 with the Kiwis prevailing. On 30 May", "id": "17722972" }, { "contents": "Bob Aynsley\n\n\nRobert Aynsley (5 January 1922 – 12 October 2012) was a New Zealand rugby league player. He played five test matches for the New Zealand national rugby league team. Aynsley played for Blackball and represented the West Coast and the South Island before first being selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1946. He played in five test matches, his last in 1949. He played in 15 tour games on the 1947–1948 tour of Great Britain and France. After retirement, Aynsley was a referee from 1953 to 1960", "id": "5310628" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\ninterest in rugby union in Sydney following WWI. In 1920 he appeared three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the All Blacks scoring a try in his representative debut. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches. In 1921 he represented for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks and", "id": "9169856" }, { "contents": "1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand, more commonly known in New Zealand as the 1956 Springboks tour was a series of rugby union matches played by South Africa in Australia and New Zealand. The \"Springboks\" won 21 matches of 29, drew 1, and lost 7. They played 6 Test matches, with two victories over Australia and one over New Zealand. The New Zealand leg of their trip was the primary focus of the tour—23 of their 29 matches were in New Zealand, which included", "id": "12210178" }, { "contents": "Bert Cooke (rugby)\n\n\nspent 1932 with Hawke's Bay, before switching codes. Cooke also represented Wairarapa and Wellington while playing rugby union. He finished his rugby union career with 121 tries in 131 first class matches. Cooke joined the Richmond Rovers club in the Auckland Rugby League competition in 1932 and made an immediate impact, racing away for three tries in the inter-island game only weeks later. He was selected for New Zealand that year against the Great Britain Lions. Cooke also represented Auckland and captained New Zealand in two Test matches against Australia", "id": "12460198" }, { "contents": "Queensland rugby league team\n\n\nZealand rugby league tour of Australia, Queensland lost both its matches against the Kiwis in Brisbane. Again, Queensland played two matches against the Kiwis during the 1913 New Zealand rugby league tour of Australia and again the Maroons lost both. New South Wales had won every match between the two states until 1922, when the Maroons, with Cyril Connell playing at , achieved their maiden victory. This commenced Queensland's only golden period before the introduction of State of Origin. In 1925 Queensland toured New Zealand and played against the full New", "id": "12687033" }, { "contents": "1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia was the sixth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. Four matches were played against regional and district sides along with three Test match against the Australia national side, being the first time both teams played each other. New Zealand won the series with two victories and a tied match. Before the tour matches, New Zealand played a preliminary game v. the Wellington RU team at the Athletic Park, won by the \"All Blacks\" 19–6. Complete list of matches played", "id": "1302262" }, { "contents": "Watty Friend\n\n\nTest matches. In 1921 he figured in three matches for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks. Howell notes that Friends was one of the Waratahs' top players. In 1922 he appeared in all three matches again when the All Blacks visited Sydney, with second and third matches wins resulting in a rare series victory of those days to the Waratahs over the All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Friend was honoured with the captaincy of New South Wales in a three match series in which the Waratahs", "id": "5285969" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nseasons in the Sydney premiership. In 1918 he moved to Brisbane and joined the Carltons club, one of the early incarnations of the Souths Magpies. From there he made state appearances for Queensland against New South Wales over four years and in 1919 was selected in the Australian team as hooker. He played in all four Tests of the 1919 rugby league tour of New Zealand. He is listed as Australia's 97th representative on the Australian Rugby League's Kangaroo register. His international rugby league debut against New Zealand in Wellington on 23", "id": "1170780" }, { "contents": "John Rosewell\n\n\n. Along with Dally Messenger, Denis Lutge, Doug McLean snr and Micky Dore he was one of the inaugural five Australian dual code rugby internationals who having earlier represented at rugby union, debuted in international rugby league in Sydney on 9 May 1908 in the first ever Australian league Test against New Zealand. He is listed on the \"Australian Players Register\" as Kangaroo No.13. He spent three seasons at South Sydney playing 29 matches scoring 4 tries and 6 goals. He was a member of the 1910 Rabbitohs side that drew the", "id": "801844" }, { "contents": "George Aitken (rugby union)\n\n\nGeorge Gothard Aitken (2 July 1898 – 8 July 1952) was a rugby union footballer who represented New Zealand – known as the All Blacks – and then Scotland. He was born in Westport, New Zealand, and was selected to play provincially for Buller at the age of 16. After moving to Wellington, Aitken played for the province from 1917, and from there was selected for the All Blacks side that faced South Africa when they toured New Zealand in 1921. After only two Test matches for the All Blacks,", "id": "5006718" }, { "contents": "Jack Holland (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Holland (1922-1994) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s. An Australian international and New South Wales interstate representative forward, he played his club football in Sydney's NSWRFL Premiership for the St. George club. Holland was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia on 19 August 1922. Holland served in the Army during World War II. Commencing his first-grade NSWRFL Premiership playing career with St. George in 1947, he was selected to represent New South Wales in 1948", "id": "4207831" }, { "contents": "Jack Price (rugby league)\n\n\nagainst Australia (2 matches), and while at Wigan in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches). Jack Price played , in Wigan's 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. Jack Price played in Wigan's victories in the Lancashire County League during the 1922–23 season, 1923–24 season and 1925–26 season. Jack Price played , and scored a try in Wigan's 21-4 victory over", "id": "12779224" }, { "contents": "Edwin Abbott (rugby league)\n\n\nEdwin Frederick Abbott (1909–1976) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 1930 and 1932. Abbott was the nephew of 1905 All Black Harold Abbott and the uncle of Bill Deacon, a Kiwi from 1965 to 1971. From the Ngaruawahia Panthers club, Abbott represented South Auckland and the North Island. In 1930 he was selected for the New Zealand tour of New South Wales, playing in both matches against New South Wales and scoring three tries against Sydney Metropolis. He played for South Auckland against both the", "id": "19358978" }, { "contents": "Jim Davis (rugby league)\n\n\nthe 1911 NSWRFL season with North Sydney before playing three seasons with the Glebe club. His top-grade career finished up back at Souths in 1918-19 before concluding with a country stint at Parkes. Davis made his debut Test appearance in 1908 against New Zealand, appearing in both matches of the first rugby league international series played by an Australian representative side. At the end of that season he was selected in the 35 man squad to make the first ever Kangaroo Tour. Davis played in six tour matches but in none", "id": "11335988" }, { "contents": "Herb Brackenreg\n\n\nEastern Suburbs club. An Eastern Suburbs rugby union player, Brackenreg had been a member of the rebel New South Wales sides that played against the rebel New Zealand 'All Blacks' in the 1907 series that helped to establish rugby league in Australia. He played in 8 NSWRFL Premiership matches for Easts including that club's first match and was a member of the NSWRL's first premiership decider played against local rival, South Sydney. In that first season Brackenreg was selected to represent his state, New South Wales, in 2 matches", "id": "12715024" }, { "contents": "Danny Hurcombe\n\n\nFrom 29 November 1919 Hurcombe played for English rugby league club, Wigan. Hurcombe was selected to go on the 1920 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Wigan in 1920 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand, in 1922 against Australia, and in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches), and he won 6 caps for Wales in 1921–1926 while at Wigan. Hurcombe made his début for Wigan in", "id": "11028974" }, { "contents": "Arthur Hardgrave\n\n\nArthur Hardgrave ( 1908–14) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. A fullback, Hardgrave played for Taranaki against Auckland in 1908 and 1909. He later moved to Auckland and played for Otahuhu at club level and represented Auckland provincially. In 1912, Hardgrave was selected for the New Zealand national side who toured Australia. No test matches were played on the tour but Hardgrave became the 74th player to represent New Zealand. Following the tour, Hardgrave was part of the Auckland side that defeated New South Wales 10–3", "id": "124840" }, { "contents": "Ted Thorn\n\n\n. Ted made his state representative debut in 1922, appearing three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the visiting All Blacks for two victories. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches - including fifteen such appearances made by Ted Thorn. Thorn made the 1923 New South Wales tour", "id": "5576534" }, { "contents": "Jack Fitzgerald (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Fitzgerald was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s, and coached in the 1960s. He played for Western Suburbs as a winger and later coached the club from 1961 to 1964. Fitzgerald began his career with Western Suburbs in 1949. In 1952, Fitzgerald was a member of the Western Suburbs side which claimed their fourth and final premiership defeating South Sydney in the grand final, with Fitzgerald scoring a try. Fitzgerald played for three more seasons before retiring as a player. Fitzgerald began his coaching", "id": "15556425" }, { "contents": "Owen Stephens\n\n\nWales. He won a single cap for New Zealand, playing in the All Blacks' 19–12 victory over France at Eden Park, Auckland on 10 August 1968, and won five caps for Australia, playing against Tonga and Wales in 1973 and New Zealand in 1974. Only three players have played rugby union at test match level for both New Zealand and Australia: namely Des Connor, Ted Jessep and Stephens. He played club level rugby league for St. George Dragons (trial), Parramatta Eels (Heritage № 339) (", "id": "7733372" }, { "contents": "Peter Williams (New Zealand rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Williams (22 April 188430 August 1976) was a rugby union player who represented New Zealand nine times, including a single Test match. He played club rugby for Dunedin side Alhambra, and played provincial rugby for Otago between 1908 and 1914. His sole season of international rugby was 1913, when he played in a home Test against Australia before touring North America with the All Blacksas New Zealand's international team is knownthat same year. He was selected for a tour of Australia the following year, but was unavailable and so", "id": "8410349" }, { "contents": "Frank Smyth\n\n\nBernard Francis \"Frank\" Smyth (11 February 1891 – 15 July 1972) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A hooker, Smyth played a single representative game for Canterbury in 1915, one match for the South Island in 1922 and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, also in 1922. He played three matches for the All Blacks but did not appear in any internationals. His grandson is politician Peter Dunne. Smyth served in the No. 3 Field Company, New Zealand Engineers", "id": "16651150" }, { "contents": "1921 Waratahs tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe Queensland Rugby Union had collapsed in 1919 and would not be reborn until 1929 leaving the New South Wales Rugby Union to administer the game in Australia at the national representative level. In 1923 the New South Wales side toured New Zealand In 1986 the Australian Rugby Union decreed the five full-internationals played on the tour as official Test matches. Previously the All Blacks visited New South Wales in the 1920 tour. This tour happened while the Springboks were completing their tour in New Zealand. Previously in June, South Africa played three", "id": "14085090" }, { "contents": "Robert Graves (rugby)\n\n\n1905 and from there was selected to represent Metropolis (Sydney) in a fixture against Country played over Easter in 1905. He continued in a coaching role for the Grosvenor club even while himself playing rugby for those other sides from 1903 to 1907. Graves was one of the New South Wales rugby union players who matched up against the first professional New Zealand team, Albert Baskiville's 'All Golds' in three matches in Sydney in August 1907. He played in all three matches and along with the other Australian rebel players was", "id": "3902454" }, { "contents": "Jim Sullivan (rugby league)\n\n\n, converting five goals in a 21–0 win against Widnes. He made his first representative appearance in December 1921, playing for Wales in a 16–21 defeat against Australia. Jim Sullivan played , and scored 4-conversions in Wigan's 13-2 victory over Oldham in the Championship Final during the 1921–22 season at The Cliff, Broughton on Saturday 6 May 1922, played , and scored 4-conversions in the 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. played", "id": "338598" }, { "contents": "Simon Poidevin\n\n\nwas then selected to play for New South Wales in a succession of the matches in 1981. The first match against Manawatu was won 58-3, with NSW scoring 10 tries. Victories over Waikato and Counties followed, before New South Wales were defeated by Queensland 26-15 at the Sydney Cricket Ground. New South Wales played Queensland in a return match a week later in Brisbane that was won 7-6. Poidevin played for Sydney against France in the third game France played for their 1981 France rugby union tour of", "id": "16857237" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\ncalled up to the All Blacks and he played in eight games for New Zealand, although he did not appear in any Test matches. In 1924 Marist Old Boys became locked in a dispute with the Canterbury Rugby Union and quit, instead fielding rugby league and soccer teams. Petersen followed the club, taking up rugby league. Petersen made an immediate impact and was one of six Marist Old Boys players who were selected to represent New Zealand that season. In total Petersen played in three Test matches for New Zealand in rugby league", "id": "14015996" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\n, Bert Avery and Maurice Wetherill. Lou Brown made his Auckland debut in the second match. At the end of the tour the NSW members of the 1921-22 Australasian Kangaroos were joined by New Zealand member Bert Laing for a match against the rest of the NSW squad and local Auckland stars. The Kangaroos won 65-27. The New Zealand Māori side played Sydney Metropolis in Sydney. South Auckland held the Northern Union Cup at the end of the season. They defeated Auckland 21-20 in Auckland to win the", "id": "3198700" }, { "contents": "John Solomon (rugby union)\n\n\nmade his state and national representative debuts at age nineteen, first playing for Australia against the at the Sydney Cricket Ground in June 1949. Later that year he toured New Zealand with Trevor Allan's Bledisloe Cup winning Wallabies. Solomon played variously at five-eighth, fullback and centre in seven matches of the tour including the 2nd Test at Eden Park where he scored a try thus helping the side make history as the first Australian team to win the Cup in New Zealand. He played twice for New South Wales in 1950 at", "id": "19470085" }, { "contents": "Darby Loudon\n\n\nDarby Briton Loudon (12 March 1897 – c. 1963) was a New Zealand born rugby union player, a flanker who made sixteen representative appearances for the New South Wales state team in the 1920s. Four of these matches have since been decreed as Test matches by the Australian Rugby Union and Loudon, who led the side in one such match in 1922, was therefore a captain of the Australian national team. Loudon, was born in Leeston, New Zealand and relocated to Sydney during his youth. He attended Sydney Grammar School", "id": "5401488" }, { "contents": "Michael Fitzgerald (rugby union)\n\n\nMichael Fitzgerald (born ) is a New Zealand rugby union player currently playing for Kamaishi Seawaves in Japan. He previously played for Leicester Tigers in England's Premiership Rugby, for the Chiefs in Super Rugby and Manawatu in the ITM Cup. His regular playing position is lock. In 2013, he signed a contract extension with the Chiefs until 2015. On 21 April 2015, it was announced he had signed for English Aviva Premiership side Leicester Tigers. Fitzgerald made his Leicester debut on 18 October 2015 in a 28-16 win", "id": "17447697" }, { "contents": "Peter Johnstone (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Johnstone (9 August 1922 – 18 October 1997) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A backrow forward, Johnstone represented Ashburton County while serving in the army and later at a provincial level. He was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1949 to 1951. He played 26 matches for the All Blacks —10 as captain—including nine internationals, touring South Africa in 1949 and playing all four tests against the touring 1950 British Lions. He was a key member of the", "id": "5603616" }, { "contents": "Brian Reidy\n\n\nBrian Thomas Reidy (27 January 1939 – 2 June 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Reidy played for the Marist club and represented Auckland. He made his debut for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1959, becoming Kiwi #383, but did not make his test match debut until 1961, against Australia at Carlaw Park. Between 1959 and 1966, Reidy played 65 games for New Zealand, including 19 tests, scoring 34 tries in all. He could play anywhere in the", "id": "21473667" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nmatches. In 1911 Mitchell, along with three other players from the Merivale club, moved to Sydney and played for the North Sydney Bears. He was then enticed north by the Queensland Rugby League. At the same time the New Zealand rugby league side was touring Australia and he was invited to join the touring party. Mitchell played in four matches, becoming a dual-code rugby international. Mitchell then returned to Christchurch and represented Canterbury in its first ever match in 1912. Mitchell toured Australia twice more with New Zealand,", "id": "3816467" }, { "contents": "Pat Creedy\n\n\nPatrick Joseph \"Pat\" Creedy (18 November 1927 – 7 April 2011) was a New Zealand rugby football player who represented New Zealand in rugby league. Creedy originally played rugby union and represented both the Southland Rugby Union and the Canterbury Rugby Union. Creedy later switched codes to rugby league and joined the Marist club in the Canterbury Rugby League competition. He represented Canterbury and in 1955 was selected at halfback for the South Island. That year he was first selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team, playing against the", "id": "6530820" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1924 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the 11th tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales selection, and New Zealand won the 3 match series", "id": "14085325" }, { "contents": "Jim Sanders (rugby league)\n\n\nJames Sanders (1900–1981) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Sanders started his career in third grade with Addington in 1915. He spent his entire career with Addington apart from a few games for Hornby when Addington had no senior team. He captained Addington to their first title in 1923. Sanders made his New Zealand debut in 1919 against Australia. In 1921 Sanders toured Australia for New Zealand under coach Jim Rukutai. He played for New Zealand in 1922 against New South Wales and was part of the", "id": "6884071" }, { "contents": "Nolan Tupaea\n\n\na first grade match. In 1979 he moved to Petone, winning premierships in 1980, 1981 and 1982. He was also part of their 1982 victory in the National Club Cup. Tupaea represented Wellington, playing 64 matches between 1971 and 1985. He was selected for the Kiwi Colts in 1973 for a match against Queensland. In 1976 he represented the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. Tupaea played for the Central Districts side in their first five years of the New Zealand Rugby League's district competition. The side", "id": "15687157" }, { "contents": "Peter Ward (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter M. Ward (born 5 November 1876) was a New Zealand-born rugby union player who represented Australia. A fly-half, he was born in Invercargill. Ward was described as \"astute and a skillful inside back\". A member of the Britannia club Ward initially played for the Southland province between 1897 and 1898. He then moved to Sydney, Australia in 1899 and joined the Marrackville club. He was selected for New South Wales to play in their two matches against the touring Great Britain side. After", "id": "2597515" }, { "contents": "Frano Botica\n\n\nFrano Michael Botica (born 3 August 1963) is a New Zealand rugby union and rugby league coach and former player in both codes, who played in the 1980s and 1990s. He is the head coach of the Philippines sevens team. He represented New Zealand at both codes, and later also played for Croatia in two rugby union World Cup qualifying matches. Born in Mangakino, New Zealand, Botica played rugby union for club side North Shore, New Zealand provincial side North Harbour, as well as Llanelli in Wales, and", "id": "3135809" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nWilliam James Mitchell (28 November 1890 – 2 June 1959) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Mitchell was born in Melbourne, Australia before moving to New Zealand where he worked for the New Zealand Railways Department. Mitchell played rugby union for the Merivale club in Christchurch and represented the province nine times in 1909 and 1910. He was selected to be part of the All Blacks tour of Australia in 1910 and played in five matches, including the second and third Test", "id": "3816466" }, { "contents": "1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand was the third tour made by the Springboks rugby team, and their first tour to Australia and New Zealand. South Africa played three Test matches against the All Blacks. The series was drawn 1–all, and the long-running controversy between the countries over the All Blacks' inclusion of Maori players began. The Springboks played five matches in Australia, winning them all. The three most important matches against New South Wales, were retroactively accorded Test status by the Australian", "id": "19644461" }, { "contents": "1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand was a series of rugby union matches played in New Zealand by the South African national rugby union team, from June - August 1994. The team played 14 matches in total; 11 against several provincial rugby teams and 3 against the New Zealand national rugby union team. South Africa won 10 out of the 11 matches against provincial sides, losing one match to Otago. They lost their first two test matches against the New Zealand national side and drew the last test. The", "id": "14043514" }, { "contents": "Ewen McKenzie\n\n\nTri nations, but was reselected in 1997 for the 1997 French tour of Australia. 1997 was the year McKenzie retired from international rugby, making his last appearance on 12 July 1997 after a 25–6 victory over England in Sydney. In his entire career of 51 test matches, he only ever played as a substitute once, during a pool game in the 1995 Rugby World Cup. In 1992, McKenzie toured New Zealand with the World XV to mark the centenary of the New Zealand Rugby Union. New Zealand won the series 2–1", "id": "7179494" }, { "contents": "Sam Gemmell\n\n\nSamuel William Gemmell (28 August 1896 – 28 June 1970) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A loose forward, Gemmell represented Hawke's Bay at a provincial level. He played one match for the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, out of position at hooker against New South Wales at Dunedin. Affiliating to Ngāti Pāhauwera, Gemmell played 57 matches for New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1929, making him the most capped player for that team. He served as a private with the New Zealand (Māori", "id": "16059662" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\nCharles \"Charlie\" Herbert \"Herb\" Smith (13 February 1909 – 10 April 1976) was a New Zealand rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s. He played representative level rugby union (RU) for New Zealand (Heritage № 406) (non-test matches), South Island and Otago (captain), and at club level for Southern RFC , as a centre, i.e. number 12 or 13, switching codes in 1936. He played representative level rugby league (RL", "id": "11805487" }, { "contents": "James Barber (rugby)\n\n\nover to join the squad. He played in the first ever trans-Tasman test which was the debut match of the Australia national rugby league team. Barber would go on to appear in all three test matches against Australia. Barber later captained the New Zealand side in its 1909 tour of Australia. His last game for New Zealand was in 1912. In 1912 he was in Petone's side that won the inaugural Wellington Rugby League competition. Barber captained Wellington between 1911 and 1914, including Wellington's 1913 victory over Auckland.", "id": "7778848" }, { "contents": "Alex Watson (rugby league)\n\n\nAlex Watson (1931–2002) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer of the 1950s. An Australian international and Queensland interstate representative three-quarter back, he played club football in the Brisbane Rugby League premiership for Western Suburbs. Watson first represented Queensland in 1951 in a match against New South Wales. He made his test debut at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 12 June 1954 against Great Britain in the first test of that year's Ashes series. Australia won this test 37-12. In 1953 Watson toured New Zealand with the", "id": "15082194" }, { "contents": "Jack McLeod (rugby league)\n\n\nJack McLeod is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. McLeod played for Taranaki and Auckland. While at the Manukau club, McLeod was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1937, playing against Australia. He toured Australia with New Zealand in 1938 however no test matches were played on the tour. Four days after the 1937 test, McLeod was part of the New Zealand Māori side that defeated Australia 16-5. In 2008 he was named in the Taranaki Rugby League Team of the Century", "id": "19760905" }, { "contents": "Frank Nicholson (rugby union)\n\n\nof these matches played against New South Wales. The Howell reference claims that Nicholson's rugby career was interrupted by enlistment in the Boer War. He claimed two international rugby caps for Australia. He appeared for Queensland against the touring New Zealanders in Brisbane in August 1903 and two weeks later made his international debut against the same tourists in Sydney, on 15 August 1903. In 1904 he captained Queensland in the inter-state series and played alongside his brother Fred who scored a try in that match. Later that season he had", "id": "2954916" }, { "contents": "Frank Brogan (rugby league)\n\n\nFrank Brogan (1903–1961) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s. He played as a halfback with South Sydney during the club's golden era of the 1920s when they won 5 premierships. Brogan made his debut for South Sydney in 1922 against Newtown as an 18 year old. In 1924, Brogan was selected to play for New South Wales and featured in two matches. The following year, Brogan won his first premiership with Souths as they finished first on the table and were not required to play in", "id": "18073767" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\ntest of 1899 against the first British side to tour Australia, at Sydney, on 12 August. He also played for Australia in 1903 in Sydney against New Zealand in the first official rugby union international between the countries. He became an early convert to the fledgling league code and played for the Ipswich club in Queensland. He was selected in the 2nd Test of 1908 against New Zealand. Five former Wallabies had debuted for the Kangaroos in the inaugural Test three weeks earlier, Hardcastle's league Test debut that day with George Watson", "id": "802017" } ]

[ { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nthe 6–8 defeat by New South Wales at Sydney on 7 August 1922, and scored a penalty in the 45–11 victory over Manawatu-Wellington XV at Palmerston North on 16 August 1922 but never played a Test match for New Zealand. In 1923 Fitzgerald moved to Christchurch, joining the Marist Old Boys club. However the club was expelled from the Canterbury Rugby Union in April 1924 and Fitzgerald followed to club to rugby league. Fitzgerald excelled in rugby league and in his debut year he made the national side, playing in two Test", "id": "13539549" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nhe lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Jim O'Brien. Fitzgerald played for the South Island in 1922, scoring a try in the inter-island match. Following this he was selected for New Zealand, playing in five matches on a tour of New Zealand and Australia. Fitzgerald represented New Zealand (RU) in the 12–11 victory over Wairarapa at Carterton on 19 July 1922, the 26–19 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on 29 July 1922, the 24–6 victory over Metropolitan Union at Sydney on 2 August 1922,", "id": "13539548" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nCharles James Fitzgerald (6 June 1899, in Fairhall – 8 May 1961, in Awatere Valley) was a New Zealand dual-code international rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Fitzgerald was a utility back in both codes. Fitzgerald represented Marlborough between 1917 and 1921, appearing for the union in every backline position except fullback. He played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks kicking a penalty goal in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game", "id": "13539547" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nAndrew James \"Jim\" O'Brien (1897–1969) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. O'Brien began his career playing rugby union for Marlborough between 1919 and 1921. He also played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game he lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Charles Fitzgerald. In 1922 he moved north to Auckland, joining the Grafton club. He immediately was selected for the", "id": "13908850" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nNorth Island side and subsequently the All Blacks tour of New Zealand and South Wales. He finished the tour having played in 3 games and scored one try. Returning to Auckland, O’Brien played his first game for the union late in the 1922 season. In 1923 he played five games for Auckland. O'Brien switched to rugby league in 1924, joining Marist in the Auckland Rugby League competition. He played for Auckland and made the New Zealand national rugby league team for three tests against the touring Great Britain Lions side that year.", "id": "13908851" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\nLouis Charles Petersen (19 April 1897 – 25 June 1961) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Petersen served with the New Zealand Expeditionary Force in World War I and it was here that he developed his football skills, playing for the \"Trench team\". Petersen began his career with the Marist Old Boys club in Christchurch and in 1919 was first selected to represent Canterbury. He made the South Island side in 1919, 1920 and 1921. In 1922 Petersen was", "id": "14015995" }, { "contents": "Jim Craig (rugby league)\n\n\nversatility was such that he was selected at hooker for a match on tour of New Zealand in 1919. Graig first represented for New South Wales against a touring English side in 1920. He was selected on the 1921–22 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and made his Test debut in the first Test at Leeds. He appeared in 23 minor tour matches notching a total of 58 points as a try scorer and goal kicker. Following his Kangaroo Tour representative appearances in 1922 he played a season with the University club in Sydney. In 1923", "id": "6542629" }, { "contents": "Albert Johnston (rugby league)\n\n\nclub seasons of 1921 and 1922. In 1912 he was selected in a Sydney Metropolis side. In 1913 he was in a New South Wales touring squad to New Zealand as half-back but was kept out of the major matches by the form of his peer Arthur Halloway. He captained New South Wales in some 1918 games and then made his Australian Test debut in 1919 on Australia's tour of New Zealand. He scored a try on debut assisting Australia to a 44-21 victory. With tour captain Halloway unfit for", "id": "9752107" }, { "contents": "Percy Hickey\n\n\nPercival \"Percy\" Hubert Hickey (28 April 1899 – 21 December 1943) was a New Zealand rugby union player who represented the All Blacks in 1922. His position of choice was wing three-quarter. Hickey was born in Rahotu in 1899. He made the provincial side in 1919. He was selected for the North against South Island match in 1922. He scored a try. He was then selected for the national side on their tour of New South Wales. Hickey played in two of the possible five matches.", "id": "3545214" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1922 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the tenth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales Selection, and NSW won the 3 match series 2–1. In", "id": "13453802" }, { "contents": "Billy Sheehan (rugby union)\n\n\ntop Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of their 1920s fixtures played against full international opposition were decreed in 1986 as official Test matches, including the three of Sheehan's 1921 debut and fifteen other appearances he would make over the next six years. In 1922 he appeared in all three Test in Sydney against the visiting All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Sheehan played all of the three match series in which the Waratahs were undefeated. On the 1923 tour of New Zealand and", "id": "5401479" }, { "contents": "Les Steel\n\n\nLeslie William Steel (1900 – 28 April 1966) was a rugby league footballer in Australia's major competition, the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL). Steel played over 100 matches for his club side, Eastern Suburbs in the years (1922–29). A Winger, Steel was a try scorer in Easts 1923 premiership victory. In 1922 Steel was selected to represent New South Wales. Following his football career, Steel spent many years as an official of the Eastern Suburbs club. He died at Hurstville, New South", "id": "20482633" }, { "contents": "Jim Bacon (rugby)\n\n\nLions tour of Australasia. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Leeds in 1920 against Australia (3 matches), and New Zealand (3 matches), in 1921 against Australia (2 matches), in 1922 against Australia, in 1924 against Australia, and in 1927 against New Zealand. From 1921 until 1927 he also represented Wales, winning six caps, all against England, including 1-victory, and 5-defeats. Bacon played left-, i.e. number 4 and scored 2-tries in Leeds' 11–3 victory over Dewsbury", "id": "5182427" }, { "contents": "Karl Ifwersen\n\n\nrep team, captaining the combined Auckland-North Auckland side against South Africa in his first game back and scoring the only try. Ifwersen played in one test match for the All Blacks during the 1921 South Africa tour of the country. Ifwersen continued to play for Auckland between 1922 and 1938. Ifwersen died in Auckland on 19 May 1967, having suffered considerably from football injuries during his old age. Ifwersen was inducted into the New Zealand Rugby League's Legends of League in 2000. He was the first New Zealander to represent", "id": "14118993" }, { "contents": "New Zealand national rugby union team\n\n\nThomas Ellison captained team won nine of their ten matches. The following year New Zealand played its first home \"international\" game, losing 8–6 to New South Wales. The team's first true test match occurred against Australia on 15 August 1903 at the Sydney Cricket Ground in front of over 30,000 spectators, and resulted in a 22–3 victory. A representative New Zealand team first toured the British Isles in 1905. The side is now known as the \"Originals\", as the \"All Blacks\" name emerged during this tour", "id": "20449805" }, { "contents": "Wilson Hall (rugby league)\n\n\nA. Wilson Hall was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s and 1930s who represented New Zealand and later played at club level in England for Castleford. From the Ngaruawahia club, Wilson Hall represented South Auckland in 1922. He was a half for South Auckland and the North Island in 1925. In 1926 he moved to Christchurch. Wilson Hall then represented the Hornby club, Canterbury and the South Island. He was selected for New Zealand's tour of Great Britain in 1926. He played in two test matches", "id": "20659026" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\nwas selected to tour New Zealand. He played in seven matches on tour including the Waratah's Test victory. He made representative appearances in 1922 against the New Zealand Maori and the All Blacks, played in three Tests against them in 1924 and in five matches against them in 1925. The 3rd test of 1925 played on 23 June at the Sydney Showground was Fox's sole appearance as the national captain. He was solid in further Test appearances against New Zealand in 1926 He was a tremendous lineout forward and one of the senior", "id": "9169857" }, { "contents": "Dai Fitzgerald\n\n\nDavid \"Dai\" Fitzgerald (1872 – 30 November 1951) was a Welsh rugby centre who played club rugby under the union code for Cardiff, and later switched to professional rugby league team Batley (captain). He played international rugby union for Wales winning two caps, and in his first match for Wales scored all the points in a victory over Scotland. Fitzgerald first played rugby in Cardiff for the now defunct club, St. Davids, one of several Welsh teams built around Catholic churches. He switched to first class club", "id": "18632594" }, { "contents": "Bruce Gall\n\n\nBruce Gall is a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Gall played in the Taranaki Rugby League and represented Taranaki. In 1976 Gall played for the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. In 1979 he played for the Central Districts side that won the Inter-Districts competition. He was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team on the 1980 tour of Great Britain and France. Gall did not play in a test match but did play in 8 games for the Kiwis, scoring 3 tries.", "id": "18658371" }, { "contents": "Shaun Foley\n\n\nShaun Foley (born 29 August 1986 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia) is an Australian rugby union player and a former member of the National Rugby League's (NRL) Sydney Roosters squad. Foley played in the Australian Schoolboys Rugby Union team that lost to New Zealand 21-16 in 2004. Foley scored all 16 points for the Australian team. Foley joined NRL side the Sydney Roosters in 2006, playing 7 games and scoring 6 tries. He scored two tries in the Roosters 40-20 victory over the", "id": "3276301" }, { "contents": "Sam Lowrie\n\n\nSamuel Arthur \"Sam\" Lowrie was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. His grandnephew, Jason Lowrie, also represented New Zealand in rugby league. Lowrie played for the Ponsonby club in the Auckland Rugby League competition. In 1919 Lowrie played for Auckland and was first selected to represent New Zealand, playing in three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1922 Lowrie toured Australia, with the New Zealand Māori rugby league team. Lowrie was named Ponsonby's best forward in 1923. He again played for", "id": "21879456" }, { "contents": "Arthur Kay (rugby league)\n\n\nArthur Geig Kay was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Kay represented Auckland and was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1935. He played in all three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1936 he played in two matches against the touring Great Britain team and played in his final test match in New Zealand's 16-15 victory over Australia at Carlaw Park on 14 August 1937. He was selected to tour Great Britain and France in 1939 but the tour was abandoned due to the", "id": "13813701" }, { "contents": "Percy Williams (New Zealand rugby league player)\n\n\nPercy Williams was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Williams originally played rugby union and represented Auckland. Williams played for Wigan for three seasons between 1910/11 to 1912/13. During this time he played in 111 matches for the club in the Lancashire League, including in the 1911 Challenge Cup Final loss. In 1913 he was called into the New Zealand squad, joining them midway through their tour of Australia. Williams was said to be instrumental in New Zealand's 17-11 upset victory over New South Wales.", "id": "14326389" }, { "contents": "Johnnie Wallace\n\n\nthe club's first Wallaby representative. His potential was obvious and in 1921 he was selected in the New South Wales side picked to tour New Zealand. He played in five of the ten tour matches including the September 1921 fixture against a New Zealand XV which is now regarded as a Test match. With no Queensland Rugby Union administration or competition in place from 1919 to 1929, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of the fixtures of 1920s which were played against", "id": "7506396" }, { "contents": "Jack Forrest (rugby league)\n\n\nJohn Alexander \"Jack\" Forrest (24 February 1924 – 26 February 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 12 international matches between 1947 and 1952. His cousin Jonas Masters also played rugby league for New Zealand. Forrest played in the West Coast Rugby League competition for Runanga and represented both the West Coast and the South Island. He played in 42 matches, 12 of which were test matches, for the New Zealand national rugby league team, including matches against the 1951 touring French side and", "id": "18556717" }, { "contents": "Pat Devery\n\n\n, New South Wales on 9 August 1922. A Tumbulgum junior, he played football in the Brisbane Rugby League for Fortitude Valley. Devery was then discovered by coach of Sydney's Balmain club Latchem Robinson while playing football in The Domain, Sydney as a sailor in the Royal Australian Navy during the war. Devery played for Balmain at halfback in the 1944 NSWRFL season's premiership final, scoring a try in his side's victory over Newtown. Devery also represented Sydney on 6 occasions, New South Wales on 2 occasions between 1946–1947", "id": "14526725" }, { "contents": "Charles Kingstone\n\n\nCharles Napoleon \"Nipper\" Kingstone (2 July 1895 – 6 May 1960) was a New Zealand sportsman who played international rugby union for New Zealand. He was also a first-class cricketer. A fullback, Kingstone played all three of his Tests during South Africa's 1921 tour of New Zealand. He was injured in a motor accident in 1922 and didn't play again for New Zealand. Kingstone played just one first-class cricket match. He represented a team called the \"Rest of New Zealand\" in a", "id": "8516640" }, { "contents": "Dougie McGregor\n\n\nAlwin John \"Dougie\" McGregor (1889–1963) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. McGregor played rugby union for the Karangahake club in the Goldfields sub-union competition in 1908. The following year he moved to Auckland, joining the Ponsonby club. McGregor represented Auckland and the North Island that same year. In 1913 McGregor was picked in the New Zealand squad for their North America tour and played in 11 games during the tour, including Test matches against Australia and", "id": "14128313" }, { "contents": "1893 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1893 New Zealand tour rugby to Australia was the second tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. Ten matches were played against regional and district sides, but no Test matches were played. It was first tour arranged by New Zealand Rugby Football Union which was founded the year before. The only previous New Zealand national team was the side that toured New South Wales in 1884. Immediately before departing for Sydney, the tourists played a match against a \"Combined XV\" in Wellington, which New Zealand won", "id": "14310646" }, { "contents": "Australasia rugby league team\n\n\nThe Australasian rugby league team (or the Kangaroos) represented Australia and New Zealand in rugby league sporadically between 1910 and 1922. Administered by the New South Wales Rugby League, appearances for the team were counted towards the Australian team's records and playing register but not the New Zealand team's. The team toured Great Britain twice, participating in two Ashes series, and also played Great Britain twice in Sydney. The Australasian side first played in 1910. After Great Britain had defeated Australia in two Test matches it was decided that", "id": "15931608" }, { "contents": "George Dickinson\n\n\nChurch in Dunedin. While at Otago Boys' High School, Dickinson played as a five-eighth in the school's 1st XV rugby team between 1918 and 1921. He made his debut for the All Blacks in 1922 on their tour of New South Wales, playing five matches and scoring three tries. He went on to play 12 matches for between 1922 and 1924, scoring five tries, 11 conversions and one penalty goal. Dickinson also played for the South Island in 1922. He retired from first-class rugby at", "id": "2808375" }, { "contents": "Alexander Kirkpatrick (rugby union)\n\n\nAlexander Kirkpatrick (4 October 1898 – 25 August 1971) was an All Blacks rugby union player from New Zealand. He was a hooker. He played 12 matches for the All Blacks in1925-26 against Australia (New South Wales), scoring 6 points (2 tries). He was a member of the Hastings club and captained the Hawke’s Bay Region to take the Ranfurly Shield off Wellington in 1922; and appeared in 22 of the 24 successful defences (more than any other player). In 1952-56", "id": "16723938" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nClaud Augustus O'Donnell (30 January 1886 – 4 August 1953) was an Australian rugby union and rugby league player and represented his country at both sports as a dual-code rugby international. O'Donnell played rugby union with the Glebe club in inner city Sydney. He made his representative debut for New South Wales in 1912 and the following year made two Test appearances as hooker for the Wallabies against the All Blacks in the 1913 tour of New Zealand. Switching to rugby league O'Donnell joined the Glebe Dirty Reds in 1915 and had three", "id": "1170779" }, { "contents": "Wally O'Connell\n\n\nand played 80 games. His first representative match was for City New South Wales in 1943. On 18 June 1945 a Sydney rugby league team featuring O'Connell travelled to Newcastle to play against their representative team and were defeated 27-26. He was the Roosters' pivot in their 1945 premiership final victory over Balmain. With senior representative matches canceled during WWII O'Connell didn't make his Test debut until 1948 against New Zealand in Sydney.He was selected for the 1948-49 Kangaroo Tour and played in five Tests and 16 minor", "id": "14384862" }, { "contents": "Mawene Hiroti\n\n\nMawene Hiroti (born 6 March 1999) is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who plays as a or er for the South Sydney Rabbitohs in the NRL. Hiroti was born in Taranaki, New Zealand. He has represented the Australian Schoolboys rugby league team and the New Zealand Under 18s. Forged his career playing for New Plymouth Old Boys under 11s 12s and 13s - winning Taranaki Premiership every year. Mawene scoring 50 percent of all tries. He played for the Rabbitohs in their pre-season 18-8 victory over English", "id": "14480103" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\n) for British Empire XIII, and at club level for Streatham and Mitcham and Halifax (Heritage № 437), as a , or , i.e. number 2 or 5, or, 3 or 4. Smith represented New Zealand (RU) in the 16–13 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on Monday 6 August 1934, and scored a try in the 35–3 victory over Newcastle at Newcastle, New South Wales on Wednesday 22 August 1934, but was not selected for the 1935–36 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland", "id": "11805488" }, { "contents": "Jim Rukutai\n\n\nNew Zealand played matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Rukutai coached New Zealand during their 1921 tour of Australia. He remains New Zealand's youngest ever national coach. He also coached New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1937. In 1937 he coached the New Zealand Māori to an upset win over Australia. In 1932 Rukutai served on the Auckland Rugby League board as the Clubs' delegate. He then served as the first chairman of the New Zealand Māori Rugby League Board when it was formed in 1934. Rukutai died at his", "id": "1899959" }, { "contents": "Greg Davis (rugby)\n\n\nand there joined the Drummoyne Rugby Club Davis was immediately selected for both New South Wales and Australia in his first year in Sydney. He debuted in a Sydney Test match against England in June 1963 and the following month was selected in the squad for the 1963 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa. He played in all four Test matches of the tied series and in ten other tour matches. The next year he made the 1964 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand playing in seven of the eight matches including all three Tests", "id": "3641367" }, { "contents": "Bill Kelly (rugby league)\n\n\n, Kelly played first class rugby union for Buller when he was 18 and later represented Wellington. Kelly switched to rugby league with the launch of the Wellington Rugby League competition in 1912 and played for Athletic in their grand final loss to Petone. He became a Wellington representative and toured Australia in 1912 and 1913 with the New Zealand national side. No test matches were played with the Kiwis meeting New South Wales and Queensland and a number of regional sides. He played in Wellingtons 1913 victory over Auckland. He joined the Balmain Tigers", "id": "146975" }, { "contents": "1929 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\nThe 1929 New Zealand rugby league season was the 22nd season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand. New Zealand played in no international matches in 1929. The New South Wales Rugby Football League's South Sydney Rabbitohs toured the country late in the season. They played two matches against Marist, with both sides securing one win. South Sydney also defeated Huntly. Souths were without five Kangaroos who were on a tour of Great Britain. Marist won the first match 10-9 at Carlaw Park while Souths won the", "id": "3198729" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\ndue to a row over the eligibility of three players. They instead joined the Rugby League and the Football Association. Marist spent just seven seasons in the Canterbury Rugby League but won three titles, in 1924, 1925 and 1928. In 1924 they produced six New Zealand internationals; Bill Devine, Charles Fitzgerald, Ted Fitzgerald, Terry Gilroy, Harry Mullins and Lou Petersen. Jim Amos also switched codes with Marist but played in their lower divisions. Greymouth Marist joined the West Coast Rugby League in support of Christchurch Marist. The", "id": "3198709" }, { "contents": "Charles Webb (rugby league)\n\n\nCharles Webb was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand . A halfback from the Ponsonby United club, Webb also represented Auckland. In 1912, Webb toured Australia with New Zealand. The side played in matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Later that same year, New South Wales made a return tour to New Zealand. Webb captained the New Zealand side that played against them, losing 10-18. He also played in two matches for Auckland against the touring Blues side. Webb was selected for the", "id": "14418029" }, { "contents": "David Evans (rugby)\n\n\nDavid \"Dave\" Alexander Evans (4 October 1886 – 12 October 1940) was a New Zealand dual-code international who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Evans began his career playing rugby union and represented Hawke's Bay 19 times from 1906. He made the 1910 New Zealand tour of Australia and played in the 0–11 Test defeat by Australia at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 27 June 1910, becoming the Hawke's Bay's third representative. While in Australia Evans had been impressed by the rugby league", "id": "13088290" }, { "contents": "Bill Cunningham (rugby union)\n\n\nFootball Union. He was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1901, and played against Wellington and the New South Wales team that was touring New Zealand at the time. Both matches were comfortably won, with the tourists defeated 20–3. Cunningham played his first of four matches for Auckland against international opposition, against the same New South Wales side a week later, with his Auckland team winning 24–3. Cunningham moved to Auckland in 1902, and played his club rugby for City, before joining Ponsonby the following season. He", "id": "17185617" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\nWilliam Robert \"Bill\" Hardcastle (30 August 1874 – 11 July 1944) born in Wellington, New Zealand was a pioneer New Zealand and Australian rugby union player and an Australian rugby league footballer. He represented both countries in union and Australia in league. He was one of the first dual-code rugby internationals. Hardcastle commenced his club rugby in New Zealand with Petone and represented for Wellington from 1895 to 1897. He joined the Melrose club in 1897 and was selected in a North Island representative side from where he was", "id": "802015" }, { "contents": "Steve Skinnon\n\n\nSteve Skinnon (born 27 November 1976) is a New Zealand rugby footballer who played rugby union for Wellington and Hawkes Bay in the National Provincial Championship and rugby league for the Sydney Roosters and South Sydney Rabbitohs in the National Rugby League. He represented his country in both codes at a junior level. Skinnon started his career in rugby union and represented the New Zealand under 19 side in 1994 from Wellington College, playing at second five eighth. He switched codes to rugby league in 1995 and was picked to play for the Junior", "id": "2628332" }, { "contents": "Jim Wylie\n\n\nJames Thomas Wylie (26 October 1887 – 19 December 1956) was a New Zealand rugby union player, who represented both the country of his birth and Australia. He went on to coach the Stanford University rugby team for over 30 years from 1917. Born in Galatea in 1887, Wylie was a tall man at , and played as a loose forward. He first represented in 1910, playing six matches, before moving to Sydney for the next two years. There he made four appearances for New South Wales against Queensland,", "id": "12170928" }, { "contents": "Edward Baird (rugby league)\n\n\nNorthern Union\" style of rugby, taking on Albert Baskerville's New Zealand All Golds on their inaugural tour. Baird played as a reserve as the Queenslanders lost the historic match 34–12. He went on to make another appearance against New Zealand and two against New South Wales. When the New Zealand team came back on the return leg of their tour, they played three Test matches against the first Australian representative sides ever selected. The first Test was played in Sydney on 9 May 1908 with the Kiwis prevailing. On 30 May", "id": "17722972" }, { "contents": "Bob Aynsley\n\n\nRobert Aynsley (5 January 1922 – 12 October 2012) was a New Zealand rugby league player. He played five test matches for the New Zealand national rugby league team. Aynsley played for Blackball and represented the West Coast and the South Island before first being selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1946. He played in five test matches, his last in 1949. He played in 15 tour games on the 1947–1948 tour of Great Britain and France. After retirement, Aynsley was a referee from 1953 to 1960", "id": "5310628" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\ninterest in rugby union in Sydney following WWI. In 1920 he appeared three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the All Blacks scoring a try in his representative debut. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches. In 1921 he represented for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks and", "id": "9169856" }, { "contents": "1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand, more commonly known in New Zealand as the 1956 Springboks tour was a series of rugby union matches played by South Africa in Australia and New Zealand. The \"Springboks\" won 21 matches of 29, drew 1, and lost 7. They played 6 Test matches, with two victories over Australia and one over New Zealand. The New Zealand leg of their trip was the primary focus of the tour—23 of their 29 matches were in New Zealand, which included", "id": "12210178" }, { "contents": "Bert Cooke (rugby)\n\n\nspent 1932 with Hawke's Bay, before switching codes. Cooke also represented Wairarapa and Wellington while playing rugby union. He finished his rugby union career with 121 tries in 131 first class matches. Cooke joined the Richmond Rovers club in the Auckland Rugby League competition in 1932 and made an immediate impact, racing away for three tries in the inter-island game only weeks later. He was selected for New Zealand that year against the Great Britain Lions. Cooke also represented Auckland and captained New Zealand in two Test matches against Australia", "id": "12460198" }, { "contents": "Queensland rugby league team\n\n\nZealand rugby league tour of Australia, Queensland lost both its matches against the Kiwis in Brisbane. Again, Queensland played two matches against the Kiwis during the 1913 New Zealand rugby league tour of Australia and again the Maroons lost both. New South Wales had won every match between the two states until 1922, when the Maroons, with Cyril Connell playing at , achieved their maiden victory. This commenced Queensland's only golden period before the introduction of State of Origin. In 1925 Queensland toured New Zealand and played against the full New", "id": "12687033" }, { "contents": "1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia was the sixth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. Four matches were played against regional and district sides along with three Test match against the Australia national side, being the first time both teams played each other. New Zealand won the series with two victories and a tied match. Before the tour matches, New Zealand played a preliminary game v. the Wellington RU team at the Athletic Park, won by the \"All Blacks\" 19–6. Complete list of matches played", "id": "1302262" }, { "contents": "Watty Friend\n\n\nTest matches. In 1921 he figured in three matches for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks. Howell notes that Friends was one of the Waratahs' top players. In 1922 he appeared in all three matches again when the All Blacks visited Sydney, with second and third matches wins resulting in a rare series victory of those days to the Waratahs over the All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Friend was honoured with the captaincy of New South Wales in a three match series in which the Waratahs", "id": "5285969" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nseasons in the Sydney premiership. In 1918 he moved to Brisbane and joined the Carltons club, one of the early incarnations of the Souths Magpies. From there he made state appearances for Queensland against New South Wales over four years and in 1919 was selected in the Australian team as hooker. He played in all four Tests of the 1919 rugby league tour of New Zealand. He is listed as Australia's 97th representative on the Australian Rugby League's Kangaroo register. His international rugby league debut against New Zealand in Wellington on 23", "id": "1170780" }, { "contents": "John Rosewell\n\n\n. Along with Dally Messenger, Denis Lutge, Doug McLean snr and Micky Dore he was one of the inaugural five Australian dual code rugby internationals who having earlier represented at rugby union, debuted in international rugby league in Sydney on 9 May 1908 in the first ever Australian league Test against New Zealand. He is listed on the \"Australian Players Register\" as Kangaroo No.13. He spent three seasons at South Sydney playing 29 matches scoring 4 tries and 6 goals. He was a member of the 1910 Rabbitohs side that drew the", "id": "801844" }, { "contents": "George Aitken (rugby union)\n\n\nGeorge Gothard Aitken (2 July 1898 – 8 July 1952) was a rugby union footballer who represented New Zealand – known as the All Blacks – and then Scotland. He was born in Westport, New Zealand, and was selected to play provincially for Buller at the age of 16. After moving to Wellington, Aitken played for the province from 1917, and from there was selected for the All Blacks side that faced South Africa when they toured New Zealand in 1921. After only two Test matches for the All Blacks,", "id": "5006718" }, { "contents": "Jack Holland (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Holland (1922-1994) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s. An Australian international and New South Wales interstate representative forward, he played his club football in Sydney's NSWRFL Premiership for the St. George club. Holland was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia on 19 August 1922. Holland served in the Army during World War II. Commencing his first-grade NSWRFL Premiership playing career with St. George in 1947, he was selected to represent New South Wales in 1948", "id": "4207831" }, { "contents": "Jack Price (rugby league)\n\n\nagainst Australia (2 matches), and while at Wigan in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches). Jack Price played , in Wigan's 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. Jack Price played in Wigan's victories in the Lancashire County League during the 1922–23 season, 1923–24 season and 1925–26 season. Jack Price played , and scored a try in Wigan's 21-4 victory over", "id": "12779224" }, { "contents": "Edwin Abbott (rugby league)\n\n\nEdwin Frederick Abbott (1909–1976) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 1930 and 1932. Abbott was the nephew of 1905 All Black Harold Abbott and the uncle of Bill Deacon, a Kiwi from 1965 to 1971. From the Ngaruawahia Panthers club, Abbott represented South Auckland and the North Island. In 1930 he was selected for the New Zealand tour of New South Wales, playing in both matches against New South Wales and scoring three tries against Sydney Metropolis. He played for South Auckland against both the", "id": "19358978" }, { "contents": "Jim Davis (rugby league)\n\n\nthe 1911 NSWRFL season with North Sydney before playing three seasons with the Glebe club. His top-grade career finished up back at Souths in 1918-19 before concluding with a country stint at Parkes. Davis made his debut Test appearance in 1908 against New Zealand, appearing in both matches of the first rugby league international series played by an Australian representative side. At the end of that season he was selected in the 35 man squad to make the first ever Kangaroo Tour. Davis played in six tour matches but in none", "id": "11335988" }, { "contents": "Herb Brackenreg\n\n\nEastern Suburbs club. An Eastern Suburbs rugby union player, Brackenreg had been a member of the rebel New South Wales sides that played against the rebel New Zealand 'All Blacks' in the 1907 series that helped to establish rugby league in Australia. He played in 8 NSWRFL Premiership matches for Easts including that club's first match and was a member of the NSWRL's first premiership decider played against local rival, South Sydney. In that first season Brackenreg was selected to represent his state, New South Wales, in 2 matches", "id": "12715024" }, { "contents": "Danny Hurcombe\n\n\nFrom 29 November 1919 Hurcombe played for English rugby league club, Wigan. Hurcombe was selected to go on the 1920 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Wigan in 1920 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand, in 1922 against Australia, and in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches), and he won 6 caps for Wales in 1921–1926 while at Wigan. Hurcombe made his début for Wigan in", "id": "11028974" }, { "contents": "Arthur Hardgrave\n\n\nArthur Hardgrave ( 1908–14) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. A fullback, Hardgrave played for Taranaki against Auckland in 1908 and 1909. He later moved to Auckland and played for Otahuhu at club level and represented Auckland provincially. In 1912, Hardgrave was selected for the New Zealand national side who toured Australia. No test matches were played on the tour but Hardgrave became the 74th player to represent New Zealand. Following the tour, Hardgrave was part of the Auckland side that defeated New South Wales 10–3", "id": "124840" }, { "contents": "Ted Thorn\n\n\n. Ted made his state representative debut in 1922, appearing three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the visiting All Blacks for two victories. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches - including fifteen such appearances made by Ted Thorn. Thorn made the 1923 New South Wales tour", "id": "5576534" }, { "contents": "Jack Fitzgerald (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Fitzgerald was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s, and coached in the 1960s. He played for Western Suburbs as a winger and later coached the club from 1961 to 1964. Fitzgerald began his career with Western Suburbs in 1949. In 1952, Fitzgerald was a member of the Western Suburbs side which claimed their fourth and final premiership defeating South Sydney in the grand final, with Fitzgerald scoring a try. Fitzgerald played for three more seasons before retiring as a player. Fitzgerald began his coaching", "id": "15556425" }, { "contents": "Owen Stephens\n\n\nWales. He won a single cap for New Zealand, playing in the All Blacks' 19–12 victory over France at Eden Park, Auckland on 10 August 1968, and won five caps for Australia, playing against Tonga and Wales in 1973 and New Zealand in 1974. Only three players have played rugby union at test match level for both New Zealand and Australia: namely Des Connor, Ted Jessep and Stephens. He played club level rugby league for St. George Dragons (trial), Parramatta Eels (Heritage № 339) (", "id": "7733372" }, { "contents": "Peter Williams (New Zealand rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Williams (22 April 188430 August 1976) was a rugby union player who represented New Zealand nine times, including a single Test match. He played club rugby for Dunedin side Alhambra, and played provincial rugby for Otago between 1908 and 1914. His sole season of international rugby was 1913, when he played in a home Test against Australia before touring North America with the All Blacksas New Zealand's international team is knownthat same year. He was selected for a tour of Australia the following year, but was unavailable and so", "id": "8410349" }, { "contents": "Frank Smyth\n\n\nBernard Francis \"Frank\" Smyth (11 February 1891 – 15 July 1972) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A hooker, Smyth played a single representative game for Canterbury in 1915, one match for the South Island in 1922 and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, also in 1922. He played three matches for the All Blacks but did not appear in any internationals. His grandson is politician Peter Dunne. Smyth served in the No. 3 Field Company, New Zealand Engineers", "id": "16651150" }, { "contents": "1921 Waratahs tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe Queensland Rugby Union had collapsed in 1919 and would not be reborn until 1929 leaving the New South Wales Rugby Union to administer the game in Australia at the national representative level. In 1923 the New South Wales side toured New Zealand In 1986 the Australian Rugby Union decreed the five full-internationals played on the tour as official Test matches. Previously the All Blacks visited New South Wales in the 1920 tour. This tour happened while the Springboks were completing their tour in New Zealand. Previously in June, South Africa played three", "id": "14085090" }, { "contents": "Robert Graves (rugby)\n\n\n1905 and from there was selected to represent Metropolis (Sydney) in a fixture against Country played over Easter in 1905. He continued in a coaching role for the Grosvenor club even while himself playing rugby for those other sides from 1903 to 1907. Graves was one of the New South Wales rugby union players who matched up against the first professional New Zealand team, Albert Baskiville's 'All Golds' in three matches in Sydney in August 1907. He played in all three matches and along with the other Australian rebel players was", "id": "3902454" }, { "contents": "Jim Sullivan (rugby league)\n\n\n, converting five goals in a 21–0 win against Widnes. He made his first representative appearance in December 1921, playing for Wales in a 16–21 defeat against Australia. Jim Sullivan played , and scored 4-conversions in Wigan's 13-2 victory over Oldham in the Championship Final during the 1921–22 season at The Cliff, Broughton on Saturday 6 May 1922, played , and scored 4-conversions in the 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. played", "id": "338598" }, { "contents": "Simon Poidevin\n\n\nwas then selected to play for New South Wales in a succession of the matches in 1981. The first match against Manawatu was won 58-3, with NSW scoring 10 tries. Victories over Waikato and Counties followed, before New South Wales were defeated by Queensland 26-15 at the Sydney Cricket Ground. New South Wales played Queensland in a return match a week later in Brisbane that was won 7-6. Poidevin played for Sydney against France in the third game France played for their 1981 France rugby union tour of", "id": "16857237" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\ncalled up to the All Blacks and he played in eight games for New Zealand, although he did not appear in any Test matches. In 1924 Marist Old Boys became locked in a dispute with the Canterbury Rugby Union and quit, instead fielding rugby league and soccer teams. Petersen followed the club, taking up rugby league. Petersen made an immediate impact and was one of six Marist Old Boys players who were selected to represent New Zealand that season. In total Petersen played in three Test matches for New Zealand in rugby league", "id": "14015996" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\n, Bert Avery and Maurice Wetherill. Lou Brown made his Auckland debut in the second match. At the end of the tour the NSW members of the 1921-22 Australasian Kangaroos were joined by New Zealand member Bert Laing for a match against the rest of the NSW squad and local Auckland stars. The Kangaroos won 65-27. The New Zealand Māori side played Sydney Metropolis in Sydney. South Auckland held the Northern Union Cup at the end of the season. They defeated Auckland 21-20 in Auckland to win the", "id": "3198700" }, { "contents": "John Solomon (rugby union)\n\n\nmade his state and national representative debuts at age nineteen, first playing for Australia against the at the Sydney Cricket Ground in June 1949. Later that year he toured New Zealand with Trevor Allan's Bledisloe Cup winning Wallabies. Solomon played variously at five-eighth, fullback and centre in seven matches of the tour including the 2nd Test at Eden Park where he scored a try thus helping the side make history as the first Australian team to win the Cup in New Zealand. He played twice for New South Wales in 1950 at", "id": "19470085" }, { "contents": "Darby Loudon\n\n\nDarby Briton Loudon (12 March 1897 – c. 1963) was a New Zealand born rugby union player, a flanker who made sixteen representative appearances for the New South Wales state team in the 1920s. Four of these matches have since been decreed as Test matches by the Australian Rugby Union and Loudon, who led the side in one such match in 1922, was therefore a captain of the Australian national team. Loudon, was born in Leeston, New Zealand and relocated to Sydney during his youth. He attended Sydney Grammar School", "id": "5401488" }, { "contents": "Michael Fitzgerald (rugby union)\n\n\nMichael Fitzgerald (born ) is a New Zealand rugby union player currently playing for Kamaishi Seawaves in Japan. He previously played for Leicester Tigers in England's Premiership Rugby, for the Chiefs in Super Rugby and Manawatu in the ITM Cup. His regular playing position is lock. In 2013, he signed a contract extension with the Chiefs until 2015. On 21 April 2015, it was announced he had signed for English Aviva Premiership side Leicester Tigers. Fitzgerald made his Leicester debut on 18 October 2015 in a 28-16 win", "id": "17447697" }, { "contents": "Peter Johnstone (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Johnstone (9 August 1922 – 18 October 1997) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A backrow forward, Johnstone represented Ashburton County while serving in the army and later at a provincial level. He was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1949 to 1951. He played 26 matches for the All Blacks —10 as captain—including nine internationals, touring South Africa in 1949 and playing all four tests against the touring 1950 British Lions. He was a key member of the", "id": "5603616" }, { "contents": "Brian Reidy\n\n\nBrian Thomas Reidy (27 January 1939 – 2 June 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Reidy played for the Marist club and represented Auckland. He made his debut for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1959, becoming Kiwi #383, but did not make his test match debut until 1961, against Australia at Carlaw Park. Between 1959 and 1966, Reidy played 65 games for New Zealand, including 19 tests, scoring 34 tries in all. He could play anywhere in the", "id": "21473667" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nmatches. In 1911 Mitchell, along with three other players from the Merivale club, moved to Sydney and played for the North Sydney Bears. He was then enticed north by the Queensland Rugby League. At the same time the New Zealand rugby league side was touring Australia and he was invited to join the touring party. Mitchell played in four matches, becoming a dual-code rugby international. Mitchell then returned to Christchurch and represented Canterbury in its first ever match in 1912. Mitchell toured Australia twice more with New Zealand,", "id": "3816467" }, { "contents": "Pat Creedy\n\n\nPatrick Joseph \"Pat\" Creedy (18 November 1927 – 7 April 2011) was a New Zealand rugby football player who represented New Zealand in rugby league. Creedy originally played rugby union and represented both the Southland Rugby Union and the Canterbury Rugby Union. Creedy later switched codes to rugby league and joined the Marist club in the Canterbury Rugby League competition. He represented Canterbury and in 1955 was selected at halfback for the South Island. That year he was first selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team, playing against the", "id": "6530820" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1924 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the 11th tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales selection, and New Zealand won the 3 match series", "id": "14085325" }, { "contents": "Jim Sanders (rugby league)\n\n\nJames Sanders (1900–1981) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Sanders started his career in third grade with Addington in 1915. He spent his entire career with Addington apart from a few games for Hornby when Addington had no senior team. He captained Addington to their first title in 1923. Sanders made his New Zealand debut in 1919 against Australia. In 1921 Sanders toured Australia for New Zealand under coach Jim Rukutai. He played for New Zealand in 1922 against New South Wales and was part of the", "id": "6884071" }, { "contents": "Nolan Tupaea\n\n\na first grade match. In 1979 he moved to Petone, winning premierships in 1980, 1981 and 1982. He was also part of their 1982 victory in the National Club Cup. Tupaea represented Wellington, playing 64 matches between 1971 and 1985. He was selected for the Kiwi Colts in 1973 for a match against Queensland. In 1976 he represented the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. Tupaea played for the Central Districts side in their first five years of the New Zealand Rugby League's district competition. The side", "id": "15687157" }, { "contents": "Peter Ward (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter M. Ward (born 5 November 1876) was a New Zealand-born rugby union player who represented Australia. A fly-half, he was born in Invercargill. Ward was described as \"astute and a skillful inside back\". A member of the Britannia club Ward initially played for the Southland province between 1897 and 1898. He then moved to Sydney, Australia in 1899 and joined the Marrackville club. He was selected for New South Wales to play in their two matches against the touring Great Britain side. After", "id": "2597515" }, { "contents": "Frano Botica\n\n\nFrano Michael Botica (born 3 August 1963) is a New Zealand rugby union and rugby league coach and former player in both codes, who played in the 1980s and 1990s. He is the head coach of the Philippines sevens team. He represented New Zealand at both codes, and later also played for Croatia in two rugby union World Cup qualifying matches. Born in Mangakino, New Zealand, Botica played rugby union for club side North Shore, New Zealand provincial side North Harbour, as well as Llanelli in Wales, and", "id": "3135809" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nWilliam James Mitchell (28 November 1890 – 2 June 1959) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Mitchell was born in Melbourne, Australia before moving to New Zealand where he worked for the New Zealand Railways Department. Mitchell played rugby union for the Merivale club in Christchurch and represented the province nine times in 1909 and 1910. He was selected to be part of the All Blacks tour of Australia in 1910 and played in five matches, including the second and third Test", "id": "3816466" }, { "contents": "1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand was the third tour made by the Springboks rugby team, and their first tour to Australia and New Zealand. South Africa played three Test matches against the All Blacks. The series was drawn 1–all, and the long-running controversy between the countries over the All Blacks' inclusion of Maori players began. The Springboks played five matches in Australia, winning them all. The three most important matches against New South Wales, were retroactively accorded Test status by the Australian", "id": "19644461" }, { "contents": "1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand was a series of rugby union matches played in New Zealand by the South African national rugby union team, from June - August 1994. The team played 14 matches in total; 11 against several provincial rugby teams and 3 against the New Zealand national rugby union team. South Africa won 10 out of the 11 matches against provincial sides, losing one match to Otago. They lost their first two test matches against the New Zealand national side and drew the last test. The", "id": "14043514" }, { "contents": "Ewen McKenzie\n\n\nTri nations, but was reselected in 1997 for the 1997 French tour of Australia. 1997 was the year McKenzie retired from international rugby, making his last appearance on 12 July 1997 after a 25–6 victory over England in Sydney. In his entire career of 51 test matches, he only ever played as a substitute once, during a pool game in the 1995 Rugby World Cup. In 1992, McKenzie toured New Zealand with the World XV to mark the centenary of the New Zealand Rugby Union. New Zealand won the series 2–1", "id": "7179494" }, { "contents": "Sam Gemmell\n\n\nSamuel William Gemmell (28 August 1896 – 28 June 1970) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A loose forward, Gemmell represented Hawke's Bay at a provincial level. He played one match for the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, out of position at hooker against New South Wales at Dunedin. Affiliating to Ngāti Pāhauwera, Gemmell played 57 matches for New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1929, making him the most capped player for that team. He served as a private with the New Zealand (Māori", "id": "16059662" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\nCharles \"Charlie\" Herbert \"Herb\" Smith (13 February 1909 – 10 April 1976) was a New Zealand rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s. He played representative level rugby union (RU) for New Zealand (Heritage № 406) (non-test matches), South Island and Otago (captain), and at club level for Southern RFC , as a centre, i.e. number 12 or 13, switching codes in 1936. He played representative level rugby league (RL", "id": "11805487" }, { "contents": "James Barber (rugby)\n\n\nover to join the squad. He played in the first ever trans-Tasman test which was the debut match of the Australia national rugby league team. Barber would go on to appear in all three test matches against Australia. Barber later captained the New Zealand side in its 1909 tour of Australia. His last game for New Zealand was in 1912. In 1912 he was in Petone's side that won the inaugural Wellington Rugby League competition. Barber captained Wellington between 1911 and 1914, including Wellington's 1913 victory over Auckland.", "id": "7778848" }, { "contents": "Alex Watson (rugby league)\n\n\nAlex Watson (1931–2002) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer of the 1950s. An Australian international and Queensland interstate representative three-quarter back, he played club football in the Brisbane Rugby League premiership for Western Suburbs. Watson first represented Queensland in 1951 in a match against New South Wales. He made his test debut at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 12 June 1954 against Great Britain in the first test of that year's Ashes series. Australia won this test 37-12. In 1953 Watson toured New Zealand with the", "id": "15082194" }, { "contents": "Jack McLeod (rugby league)\n\n\nJack McLeod is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. McLeod played for Taranaki and Auckland. While at the Manukau club, McLeod was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1937, playing against Australia. He toured Australia with New Zealand in 1938 however no test matches were played on the tour. Four days after the 1937 test, McLeod was part of the New Zealand Māori side that defeated Australia 16-5. In 2008 he was named in the Taranaki Rugby League Team of the Century", "id": "19760905" }, { "contents": "Frank Nicholson (rugby union)\n\n\nof these matches played against New South Wales. The Howell reference claims that Nicholson's rugby career was interrupted by enlistment in the Boer War. He claimed two international rugby caps for Australia. He appeared for Queensland against the touring New Zealanders in Brisbane in August 1903 and two weeks later made his international debut against the same tourists in Sydney, on 15 August 1903. In 1904 he captained Queensland in the inter-state series and played alongside his brother Fred who scored a try in that match. Later that season he had", "id": "2954916" }, { "contents": "Frank Brogan (rugby league)\n\n\nFrank Brogan (1903–1961) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s. He played as a halfback with South Sydney during the club's golden era of the 1920s when they won 5 premierships. Brogan made his debut for South Sydney in 1922 against Newtown as an 18 year old. In 1924, Brogan was selected to play for New South Wales and featured in two matches. The following year, Brogan won his first premiership with Souths as they finished first on the table and were not required to play in", "id": "18073767" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\ntest of 1899 against the first British side to tour Australia, at Sydney, on 12 August. He also played for Australia in 1903 in Sydney against New Zealand in the first official rugby union international between the countries. He became an early convert to the fledgling league code and played for the Ipswich club in Queensland. He was selected in the 2nd Test of 1908 against New Zealand. Five former Wallabies had debuted for the Kangaroos in the inaugural Test three weeks earlier, Hardcastle's league Test debut that day with George Watson", "id": "802017" } ]

[ { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nthe 6–8 defeat by New South Wales at Sydney on 7 August 1922, and scored a penalty in the 45–11 victory over Manawatu-Wellington XV at Palmerston North on 16 August 1922 but never played a Test match for New Zealand. In 1923 Fitzgerald moved to Christchurch, joining the Marist Old Boys club. However the club was expelled from the Canterbury Rugby Union in April 1924 and Fitzgerald followed to club to rugby league. Fitzgerald excelled in rugby league and in his debut year he made the national side, playing in two Test", "id": "13539549" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nhe lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Jim O'Brien. Fitzgerald played for the South Island in 1922, scoring a try in the inter-island match. Following this he was selected for New Zealand, playing in five matches on a tour of New Zealand and Australia. Fitzgerald represented New Zealand (RU) in the 12–11 victory over Wairarapa at Carterton on 19 July 1922, the 26–19 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on 29 July 1922, the 24–6 victory over Metropolitan Union at Sydney on 2 August 1922,", "id": "13539548" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nCharles James Fitzgerald (6 June 1899, in Fairhall – 8 May 1961, in Awatere Valley) was a New Zealand dual-code international rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Fitzgerald was a utility back in both codes. Fitzgerald represented Marlborough between 1917 and 1921, appearing for the union in every backline position except fullback. He played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks kicking a penalty goal in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game", "id": "13539547" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nAndrew James \"Jim\" O'Brien (1897–1969) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. O'Brien began his career playing rugby union for Marlborough between 1919 and 1921. He also played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game he lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Charles Fitzgerald. In 1922 he moved north to Auckland, joining the Grafton club. He immediately was selected for the", "id": "13908850" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nNorth Island side and subsequently the All Blacks tour of New Zealand and South Wales. He finished the tour having played in 3 games and scored one try. Returning to Auckland, O’Brien played his first game for the union late in the 1922 season. In 1923 he played five games for Auckland. O'Brien switched to rugby league in 1924, joining Marist in the Auckland Rugby League competition. He played for Auckland and made the New Zealand national rugby league team for three tests against the touring Great Britain Lions side that year.", "id": "13908851" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\nLouis Charles Petersen (19 April 1897 – 25 June 1961) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Petersen served with the New Zealand Expeditionary Force in World War I and it was here that he developed his football skills, playing for the \"Trench team\". Petersen began his career with the Marist Old Boys club in Christchurch and in 1919 was first selected to represent Canterbury. He made the South Island side in 1919, 1920 and 1921. In 1922 Petersen was", "id": "14015995" }, { "contents": "Jim Craig (rugby league)\n\n\nversatility was such that he was selected at hooker for a match on tour of New Zealand in 1919. Graig first represented for New South Wales against a touring English side in 1920. He was selected on the 1921–22 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and made his Test debut in the first Test at Leeds. He appeared in 23 minor tour matches notching a total of 58 points as a try scorer and goal kicker. Following his Kangaroo Tour representative appearances in 1922 he played a season with the University club in Sydney. In 1923", "id": "6542629" }, { "contents": "Albert Johnston (rugby league)\n\n\nclub seasons of 1921 and 1922. In 1912 he was selected in a Sydney Metropolis side. In 1913 he was in a New South Wales touring squad to New Zealand as half-back but was kept out of the major matches by the form of his peer Arthur Halloway. He captained New South Wales in some 1918 games and then made his Australian Test debut in 1919 on Australia's tour of New Zealand. He scored a try on debut assisting Australia to a 44-21 victory. With tour captain Halloway unfit for", "id": "9752107" }, { "contents": "Percy Hickey\n\n\nPercival \"Percy\" Hubert Hickey (28 April 1899 – 21 December 1943) was a New Zealand rugby union player who represented the All Blacks in 1922. His position of choice was wing three-quarter. Hickey was born in Rahotu in 1899. He made the provincial side in 1919. He was selected for the North against South Island match in 1922. He scored a try. He was then selected for the national side on their tour of New South Wales. Hickey played in two of the possible five matches.", "id": "3545214" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1922 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the tenth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales Selection, and NSW won the 3 match series 2–1. In", "id": "13453802" }, { "contents": "Billy Sheehan (rugby union)\n\n\ntop Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of their 1920s fixtures played against full international opposition were decreed in 1986 as official Test matches, including the three of Sheehan's 1921 debut and fifteen other appearances he would make over the next six years. In 1922 he appeared in all three Test in Sydney against the visiting All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Sheehan played all of the three match series in which the Waratahs were undefeated. On the 1923 tour of New Zealand and", "id": "5401479" }, { "contents": "Les Steel\n\n\nLeslie William Steel (1900 – 28 April 1966) was a rugby league footballer in Australia's major competition, the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL). Steel played over 100 matches for his club side, Eastern Suburbs in the years (1922–29). A Winger, Steel was a try scorer in Easts 1923 premiership victory. In 1922 Steel was selected to represent New South Wales. Following his football career, Steel spent many years as an official of the Eastern Suburbs club. He died at Hurstville, New South", "id": "20482633" }, { "contents": "Jim Bacon (rugby)\n\n\nLions tour of Australasia. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Leeds in 1920 against Australia (3 matches), and New Zealand (3 matches), in 1921 against Australia (2 matches), in 1922 against Australia, in 1924 against Australia, and in 1927 against New Zealand. From 1921 until 1927 he also represented Wales, winning six caps, all against England, including 1-victory, and 5-defeats. Bacon played left-, i.e. number 4 and scored 2-tries in Leeds' 11–3 victory over Dewsbury", "id": "5182427" }, { "contents": "Karl Ifwersen\n\n\nrep team, captaining the combined Auckland-North Auckland side against South Africa in his first game back and scoring the only try. Ifwersen played in one test match for the All Blacks during the 1921 South Africa tour of the country. Ifwersen continued to play for Auckland between 1922 and 1938. Ifwersen died in Auckland on 19 May 1967, having suffered considerably from football injuries during his old age. Ifwersen was inducted into the New Zealand Rugby League's Legends of League in 2000. He was the first New Zealander to represent", "id": "14118993" }, { "contents": "New Zealand national rugby union team\n\n\nThomas Ellison captained team won nine of their ten matches. The following year New Zealand played its first home \"international\" game, losing 8–6 to New South Wales. The team's first true test match occurred against Australia on 15 August 1903 at the Sydney Cricket Ground in front of over 30,000 spectators, and resulted in a 22–3 victory. A representative New Zealand team first toured the British Isles in 1905. The side is now known as the \"Originals\", as the \"All Blacks\" name emerged during this tour", "id": "20449805" }, { "contents": "Wilson Hall (rugby league)\n\n\nA. Wilson Hall was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s and 1930s who represented New Zealand and later played at club level in England for Castleford. From the Ngaruawahia club, Wilson Hall represented South Auckland in 1922. He was a half for South Auckland and the North Island in 1925. In 1926 he moved to Christchurch. Wilson Hall then represented the Hornby club, Canterbury and the South Island. He was selected for New Zealand's tour of Great Britain in 1926. He played in two test matches", "id": "20659026" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\nwas selected to tour New Zealand. He played in seven matches on tour including the Waratah's Test victory. He made representative appearances in 1922 against the New Zealand Maori and the All Blacks, played in three Tests against them in 1924 and in five matches against them in 1925. The 3rd test of 1925 played on 23 June at the Sydney Showground was Fox's sole appearance as the national captain. He was solid in further Test appearances against New Zealand in 1926 He was a tremendous lineout forward and one of the senior", "id": "9169857" }, { "contents": "Dai Fitzgerald\n\n\nDavid \"Dai\" Fitzgerald (1872 – 30 November 1951) was a Welsh rugby centre who played club rugby under the union code for Cardiff, and later switched to professional rugby league team Batley (captain). He played international rugby union for Wales winning two caps, and in his first match for Wales scored all the points in a victory over Scotland. Fitzgerald first played rugby in Cardiff for the now defunct club, St. Davids, one of several Welsh teams built around Catholic churches. He switched to first class club", "id": "18632594" }, { "contents": "Bruce Gall\n\n\nBruce Gall is a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Gall played in the Taranaki Rugby League and represented Taranaki. In 1976 Gall played for the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. In 1979 he played for the Central Districts side that won the Inter-Districts competition. He was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team on the 1980 tour of Great Britain and France. Gall did not play in a test match but did play in 8 games for the Kiwis, scoring 3 tries.", "id": "18658371" }, { "contents": "Shaun Foley\n\n\nShaun Foley (born 29 August 1986 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia) is an Australian rugby union player and a former member of the National Rugby League's (NRL) Sydney Roosters squad. Foley played in the Australian Schoolboys Rugby Union team that lost to New Zealand 21-16 in 2004. Foley scored all 16 points for the Australian team. Foley joined NRL side the Sydney Roosters in 2006, playing 7 games and scoring 6 tries. He scored two tries in the Roosters 40-20 victory over the", "id": "3276301" }, { "contents": "Sam Lowrie\n\n\nSamuel Arthur \"Sam\" Lowrie was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. His grandnephew, Jason Lowrie, also represented New Zealand in rugby league. Lowrie played for the Ponsonby club in the Auckland Rugby League competition. In 1919 Lowrie played for Auckland and was first selected to represent New Zealand, playing in three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1922 Lowrie toured Australia, with the New Zealand Māori rugby league team. Lowrie was named Ponsonby's best forward in 1923. He again played for", "id": "21879456" }, { "contents": "Arthur Kay (rugby league)\n\n\nArthur Geig Kay was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Kay represented Auckland and was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1935. He played in all three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1936 he played in two matches against the touring Great Britain team and played in his final test match in New Zealand's 16-15 victory over Australia at Carlaw Park on 14 August 1937. He was selected to tour Great Britain and France in 1939 but the tour was abandoned due to the", "id": "13813701" }, { "contents": "Percy Williams (New Zealand rugby league player)\n\n\nPercy Williams was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Williams originally played rugby union and represented Auckland. Williams played for Wigan for three seasons between 1910/11 to 1912/13. During this time he played in 111 matches for the club in the Lancashire League, including in the 1911 Challenge Cup Final loss. In 1913 he was called into the New Zealand squad, joining them midway through their tour of Australia. Williams was said to be instrumental in New Zealand's 17-11 upset victory over New South Wales.", "id": "14326389" }, { "contents": "Johnnie Wallace\n\n\nthe club's first Wallaby representative. His potential was obvious and in 1921 he was selected in the New South Wales side picked to tour New Zealand. He played in five of the ten tour matches including the September 1921 fixture against a New Zealand XV which is now regarded as a Test match. With no Queensland Rugby Union administration or competition in place from 1919 to 1929, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of the fixtures of 1920s which were played against", "id": "7506396" }, { "contents": "Jack Forrest (rugby league)\n\n\nJohn Alexander \"Jack\" Forrest (24 February 1924 – 26 February 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 12 international matches between 1947 and 1952. His cousin Jonas Masters also played rugby league for New Zealand. Forrest played in the West Coast Rugby League competition for Runanga and represented both the West Coast and the South Island. He played in 42 matches, 12 of which were test matches, for the New Zealand national rugby league team, including matches against the 1951 touring French side and", "id": "18556717" }, { "contents": "Pat Devery\n\n\n, New South Wales on 9 August 1922. A Tumbulgum junior, he played football in the Brisbane Rugby League for Fortitude Valley. Devery was then discovered by coach of Sydney's Balmain club Latchem Robinson while playing football in The Domain, Sydney as a sailor in the Royal Australian Navy during the war. Devery played for Balmain at halfback in the 1944 NSWRFL season's premiership final, scoring a try in his side's victory over Newtown. Devery also represented Sydney on 6 occasions, New South Wales on 2 occasions between 1946–1947", "id": "14526725" }, { "contents": "Charles Kingstone\n\n\nCharles Napoleon \"Nipper\" Kingstone (2 July 1895 – 6 May 1960) was a New Zealand sportsman who played international rugby union for New Zealand. He was also a first-class cricketer. A fullback, Kingstone played all three of his Tests during South Africa's 1921 tour of New Zealand. He was injured in a motor accident in 1922 and didn't play again for New Zealand. Kingstone played just one first-class cricket match. He represented a team called the \"Rest of New Zealand\" in a", "id": "8516640" }, { "contents": "Dougie McGregor\n\n\nAlwin John \"Dougie\" McGregor (1889–1963) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. McGregor played rugby union for the Karangahake club in the Goldfields sub-union competition in 1908. The following year he moved to Auckland, joining the Ponsonby club. McGregor represented Auckland and the North Island that same year. In 1913 McGregor was picked in the New Zealand squad for their North America tour and played in 11 games during the tour, including Test matches against Australia and", "id": "14128313" }, { "contents": "1893 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1893 New Zealand tour rugby to Australia was the second tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. Ten matches were played against regional and district sides, but no Test matches were played. It was first tour arranged by New Zealand Rugby Football Union which was founded the year before. The only previous New Zealand national team was the side that toured New South Wales in 1884. Immediately before departing for Sydney, the tourists played a match against a \"Combined XV\" in Wellington, which New Zealand won", "id": "14310646" }, { "contents": "Australasia rugby league team\n\n\nThe Australasian rugby league team (or the Kangaroos) represented Australia and New Zealand in rugby league sporadically between 1910 and 1922. Administered by the New South Wales Rugby League, appearances for the team were counted towards the Australian team's records and playing register but not the New Zealand team's. The team toured Great Britain twice, participating in two Ashes series, and also played Great Britain twice in Sydney. The Australasian side first played in 1910. After Great Britain had defeated Australia in two Test matches it was decided that", "id": "15931608" }, { "contents": "George Dickinson\n\n\nChurch in Dunedin. While at Otago Boys' High School, Dickinson played as a five-eighth in the school's 1st XV rugby team between 1918 and 1921. He made his debut for the All Blacks in 1922 on their tour of New South Wales, playing five matches and scoring three tries. He went on to play 12 matches for between 1922 and 1924, scoring five tries, 11 conversions and one penalty goal. Dickinson also played for the South Island in 1922. He retired from first-class rugby at", "id": "2808375" }, { "contents": "Alexander Kirkpatrick (rugby union)\n\n\nAlexander Kirkpatrick (4 October 1898 – 25 August 1971) was an All Blacks rugby union player from New Zealand. He was a hooker. He played 12 matches for the All Blacks in1925-26 against Australia (New South Wales), scoring 6 points (2 tries). He was a member of the Hastings club and captained the Hawke’s Bay Region to take the Ranfurly Shield off Wellington in 1922; and appeared in 22 of the 24 successful defences (more than any other player). In 1952-56", "id": "16723938" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nClaud Augustus O'Donnell (30 January 1886 – 4 August 1953) was an Australian rugby union and rugby league player and represented his country at both sports as a dual-code rugby international. O'Donnell played rugby union with the Glebe club in inner city Sydney. He made his representative debut for New South Wales in 1912 and the following year made two Test appearances as hooker for the Wallabies against the All Blacks in the 1913 tour of New Zealand. Switching to rugby league O'Donnell joined the Glebe Dirty Reds in 1915 and had three", "id": "1170779" }, { "contents": "Wally O'Connell\n\n\nand played 80 games. His first representative match was for City New South Wales in 1943. On 18 June 1945 a Sydney rugby league team featuring O'Connell travelled to Newcastle to play against their representative team and were defeated 27-26. He was the Roosters' pivot in their 1945 premiership final victory over Balmain. With senior representative matches canceled during WWII O'Connell didn't make his Test debut until 1948 against New Zealand in Sydney.He was selected for the 1948-49 Kangaroo Tour and played in five Tests and 16 minor", "id": "14384862" }, { "contents": "Mawene Hiroti\n\n\nMawene Hiroti (born 6 March 1999) is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who plays as a or er for the South Sydney Rabbitohs in the NRL. Hiroti was born in Taranaki, New Zealand. He has represented the Australian Schoolboys rugby league team and the New Zealand Under 18s. Forged his career playing for New Plymouth Old Boys under 11s 12s and 13s - winning Taranaki Premiership every year. Mawene scoring 50 percent of all tries. He played for the Rabbitohs in their pre-season 18-8 victory over English", "id": "14480103" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\n) for British Empire XIII, and at club level for Streatham and Mitcham and Halifax (Heritage № 437), as a , or , i.e. number 2 or 5, or, 3 or 4. Smith represented New Zealand (RU) in the 16–13 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on Monday 6 August 1934, and scored a try in the 35–3 victory over Newcastle at Newcastle, New South Wales on Wednesday 22 August 1934, but was not selected for the 1935–36 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland", "id": "11805488" }, { "contents": "Jim Rukutai\n\n\nNew Zealand played matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Rukutai coached New Zealand during their 1921 tour of Australia. He remains New Zealand's youngest ever national coach. He also coached New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1937. In 1937 he coached the New Zealand Māori to an upset win over Australia. In 1932 Rukutai served on the Auckland Rugby League board as the Clubs' delegate. He then served as the first chairman of the New Zealand Māori Rugby League Board when it was formed in 1934. Rukutai died at his", "id": "1899959" }, { "contents": "Greg Davis (rugby)\n\n\nand there joined the Drummoyne Rugby Club Davis was immediately selected for both New South Wales and Australia in his first year in Sydney. He debuted in a Sydney Test match against England in June 1963 and the following month was selected in the squad for the 1963 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa. He played in all four Test matches of the tied series and in ten other tour matches. The next year he made the 1964 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand playing in seven of the eight matches including all three Tests", "id": "3641367" }, { "contents": "Bill Kelly (rugby league)\n\n\n, Kelly played first class rugby union for Buller when he was 18 and later represented Wellington. Kelly switched to rugby league with the launch of the Wellington Rugby League competition in 1912 and played for Athletic in their grand final loss to Petone. He became a Wellington representative and toured Australia in 1912 and 1913 with the New Zealand national side. No test matches were played with the Kiwis meeting New South Wales and Queensland and a number of regional sides. He played in Wellingtons 1913 victory over Auckland. He joined the Balmain Tigers", "id": "146975" }, { "contents": "1929 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\nThe 1929 New Zealand rugby league season was the 22nd season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand. New Zealand played in no international matches in 1929. The New South Wales Rugby Football League's South Sydney Rabbitohs toured the country late in the season. They played two matches against Marist, with both sides securing one win. South Sydney also defeated Huntly. Souths were without five Kangaroos who were on a tour of Great Britain. Marist won the first match 10-9 at Carlaw Park while Souths won the", "id": "3198729" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\ndue to a row over the eligibility of three players. They instead joined the Rugby League and the Football Association. Marist spent just seven seasons in the Canterbury Rugby League but won three titles, in 1924, 1925 and 1928. In 1924 they produced six New Zealand internationals; Bill Devine, Charles Fitzgerald, Ted Fitzgerald, Terry Gilroy, Harry Mullins and Lou Petersen. Jim Amos also switched codes with Marist but played in their lower divisions. Greymouth Marist joined the West Coast Rugby League in support of Christchurch Marist. The", "id": "3198709" }, { "contents": "Charles Webb (rugby league)\n\n\nCharles Webb was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand . A halfback from the Ponsonby United club, Webb also represented Auckland. In 1912, Webb toured Australia with New Zealand. The side played in matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Later that same year, New South Wales made a return tour to New Zealand. Webb captained the New Zealand side that played against them, losing 10-18. He also played in two matches for Auckland against the touring Blues side. Webb was selected for the", "id": "14418029" }, { "contents": "David Evans (rugby)\n\n\nDavid \"Dave\" Alexander Evans (4 October 1886 – 12 October 1940) was a New Zealand dual-code international who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Evans began his career playing rugby union and represented Hawke's Bay 19 times from 1906. He made the 1910 New Zealand tour of Australia and played in the 0–11 Test defeat by Australia at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 27 June 1910, becoming the Hawke's Bay's third representative. While in Australia Evans had been impressed by the rugby league", "id": "13088290" }, { "contents": "Bill Cunningham (rugby union)\n\n\nFootball Union. He was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1901, and played against Wellington and the New South Wales team that was touring New Zealand at the time. Both matches were comfortably won, with the tourists defeated 20–3. Cunningham played his first of four matches for Auckland against international opposition, against the same New South Wales side a week later, with his Auckland team winning 24–3. Cunningham moved to Auckland in 1902, and played his club rugby for City, before joining Ponsonby the following season. He", "id": "17185617" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\nWilliam Robert \"Bill\" Hardcastle (30 August 1874 – 11 July 1944) born in Wellington, New Zealand was a pioneer New Zealand and Australian rugby union player and an Australian rugby league footballer. He represented both countries in union and Australia in league. He was one of the first dual-code rugby internationals. Hardcastle commenced his club rugby in New Zealand with Petone and represented for Wellington from 1895 to 1897. He joined the Melrose club in 1897 and was selected in a North Island representative side from where he was", "id": "802015" }, { "contents": "Steve Skinnon\n\n\nSteve Skinnon (born 27 November 1976) is a New Zealand rugby footballer who played rugby union for Wellington and Hawkes Bay in the National Provincial Championship and rugby league for the Sydney Roosters and South Sydney Rabbitohs in the National Rugby League. He represented his country in both codes at a junior level. Skinnon started his career in rugby union and represented the New Zealand under 19 side in 1994 from Wellington College, playing at second five eighth. He switched codes to rugby league in 1995 and was picked to play for the Junior", "id": "2628332" }, { "contents": "Jim Wylie\n\n\nJames Thomas Wylie (26 October 1887 – 19 December 1956) was a New Zealand rugby union player, who represented both the country of his birth and Australia. He went on to coach the Stanford University rugby team for over 30 years from 1917. Born in Galatea in 1887, Wylie was a tall man at , and played as a loose forward. He first represented in 1910, playing six matches, before moving to Sydney for the next two years. There he made four appearances for New South Wales against Queensland,", "id": "12170928" }, { "contents": "Edward Baird (rugby league)\n\n\nNorthern Union\" style of rugby, taking on Albert Baskerville's New Zealand All Golds on their inaugural tour. Baird played as a reserve as the Queenslanders lost the historic match 34–12. He went on to make another appearance against New Zealand and two against New South Wales. When the New Zealand team came back on the return leg of their tour, they played three Test matches against the first Australian representative sides ever selected. The first Test was played in Sydney on 9 May 1908 with the Kiwis prevailing. On 30 May", "id": "17722972" }, { "contents": "Bob Aynsley\n\n\nRobert Aynsley (5 January 1922 – 12 October 2012) was a New Zealand rugby league player. He played five test matches for the New Zealand national rugby league team. Aynsley played for Blackball and represented the West Coast and the South Island before first being selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1946. He played in five test matches, his last in 1949. He played in 15 tour games on the 1947–1948 tour of Great Britain and France. After retirement, Aynsley was a referee from 1953 to 1960", "id": "5310628" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\ninterest in rugby union in Sydney following WWI. In 1920 he appeared three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the All Blacks scoring a try in his representative debut. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches. In 1921 he represented for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks and", "id": "9169856" }, { "contents": "1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand, more commonly known in New Zealand as the 1956 Springboks tour was a series of rugby union matches played by South Africa in Australia and New Zealand. The \"Springboks\" won 21 matches of 29, drew 1, and lost 7. They played 6 Test matches, with two victories over Australia and one over New Zealand. The New Zealand leg of their trip was the primary focus of the tour—23 of their 29 matches were in New Zealand, which included", "id": "12210178" }, { "contents": "Bert Cooke (rugby)\n\n\nspent 1932 with Hawke's Bay, before switching codes. Cooke also represented Wairarapa and Wellington while playing rugby union. He finished his rugby union career with 121 tries in 131 first class matches. Cooke joined the Richmond Rovers club in the Auckland Rugby League competition in 1932 and made an immediate impact, racing away for three tries in the inter-island game only weeks later. He was selected for New Zealand that year against the Great Britain Lions. Cooke also represented Auckland and captained New Zealand in two Test matches against Australia", "id": "12460198" }, { "contents": "Queensland rugby league team\n\n\nZealand rugby league tour of Australia, Queensland lost both its matches against the Kiwis in Brisbane. Again, Queensland played two matches against the Kiwis during the 1913 New Zealand rugby league tour of Australia and again the Maroons lost both. New South Wales had won every match between the two states until 1922, when the Maroons, with Cyril Connell playing at , achieved their maiden victory. This commenced Queensland's only golden period before the introduction of State of Origin. In 1925 Queensland toured New Zealand and played against the full New", "id": "12687033" }, { "contents": "1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia was the sixth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. Four matches were played against regional and district sides along with three Test match against the Australia national side, being the first time both teams played each other. New Zealand won the series with two victories and a tied match. Before the tour matches, New Zealand played a preliminary game v. the Wellington RU team at the Athletic Park, won by the \"All Blacks\" 19–6. Complete list of matches played", "id": "1302262" }, { "contents": "Watty Friend\n\n\nTest matches. In 1921 he figured in three matches for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks. Howell notes that Friends was one of the Waratahs' top players. In 1922 he appeared in all three matches again when the All Blacks visited Sydney, with second and third matches wins resulting in a rare series victory of those days to the Waratahs over the All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Friend was honoured with the captaincy of New South Wales in a three match series in which the Waratahs", "id": "5285969" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nseasons in the Sydney premiership. In 1918 he moved to Brisbane and joined the Carltons club, one of the early incarnations of the Souths Magpies. From there he made state appearances for Queensland against New South Wales over four years and in 1919 was selected in the Australian team as hooker. He played in all four Tests of the 1919 rugby league tour of New Zealand. He is listed as Australia's 97th representative on the Australian Rugby League's Kangaroo register. His international rugby league debut against New Zealand in Wellington on 23", "id": "1170780" }, { "contents": "John Rosewell\n\n\n. Along with Dally Messenger, Denis Lutge, Doug McLean snr and Micky Dore he was one of the inaugural five Australian dual code rugby internationals who having earlier represented at rugby union, debuted in international rugby league in Sydney on 9 May 1908 in the first ever Australian league Test against New Zealand. He is listed on the \"Australian Players Register\" as Kangaroo No.13. He spent three seasons at South Sydney playing 29 matches scoring 4 tries and 6 goals. He was a member of the 1910 Rabbitohs side that drew the", "id": "801844" }, { "contents": "George Aitken (rugby union)\n\n\nGeorge Gothard Aitken (2 July 1898 – 8 July 1952) was a rugby union footballer who represented New Zealand – known as the All Blacks – and then Scotland. He was born in Westport, New Zealand, and was selected to play provincially for Buller at the age of 16. After moving to Wellington, Aitken played for the province from 1917, and from there was selected for the All Blacks side that faced South Africa when they toured New Zealand in 1921. After only two Test matches for the All Blacks,", "id": "5006718" }, { "contents": "Jack Holland (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Holland (1922-1994) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s. An Australian international and New South Wales interstate representative forward, he played his club football in Sydney's NSWRFL Premiership for the St. George club. Holland was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia on 19 August 1922. Holland served in the Army during World War II. Commencing his first-grade NSWRFL Premiership playing career with St. George in 1947, he was selected to represent New South Wales in 1948", "id": "4207831" }, { "contents": "Jack Price (rugby league)\n\n\nagainst Australia (2 matches), and while at Wigan in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches). Jack Price played , in Wigan's 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. Jack Price played in Wigan's victories in the Lancashire County League during the 1922–23 season, 1923–24 season and 1925–26 season. Jack Price played , and scored a try in Wigan's 21-4 victory over", "id": "12779224" }, { "contents": "Edwin Abbott (rugby league)\n\n\nEdwin Frederick Abbott (1909–1976) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 1930 and 1932. Abbott was the nephew of 1905 All Black Harold Abbott and the uncle of Bill Deacon, a Kiwi from 1965 to 1971. From the Ngaruawahia Panthers club, Abbott represented South Auckland and the North Island. In 1930 he was selected for the New Zealand tour of New South Wales, playing in both matches against New South Wales and scoring three tries against Sydney Metropolis. He played for South Auckland against both the", "id": "19358978" }, { "contents": "Jim Davis (rugby league)\n\n\nthe 1911 NSWRFL season with North Sydney before playing three seasons with the Glebe club. His top-grade career finished up back at Souths in 1918-19 before concluding with a country stint at Parkes. Davis made his debut Test appearance in 1908 against New Zealand, appearing in both matches of the first rugby league international series played by an Australian representative side. At the end of that season he was selected in the 35 man squad to make the first ever Kangaroo Tour. Davis played in six tour matches but in none", "id": "11335988" }, { "contents": "Herb Brackenreg\n\n\nEastern Suburbs club. An Eastern Suburbs rugby union player, Brackenreg had been a member of the rebel New South Wales sides that played against the rebel New Zealand 'All Blacks' in the 1907 series that helped to establish rugby league in Australia. He played in 8 NSWRFL Premiership matches for Easts including that club's first match and was a member of the NSWRL's first premiership decider played against local rival, South Sydney. In that first season Brackenreg was selected to represent his state, New South Wales, in 2 matches", "id": "12715024" }, { "contents": "Danny Hurcombe\n\n\nFrom 29 November 1919 Hurcombe played for English rugby league club, Wigan. Hurcombe was selected to go on the 1920 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Wigan in 1920 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand, in 1922 against Australia, and in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches), and he won 6 caps for Wales in 1921–1926 while at Wigan. Hurcombe made his début for Wigan in", "id": "11028974" }, { "contents": "Arthur Hardgrave\n\n\nArthur Hardgrave ( 1908–14) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. A fullback, Hardgrave played for Taranaki against Auckland in 1908 and 1909. He later moved to Auckland and played for Otahuhu at club level and represented Auckland provincially. In 1912, Hardgrave was selected for the New Zealand national side who toured Australia. No test matches were played on the tour but Hardgrave became the 74th player to represent New Zealand. Following the tour, Hardgrave was part of the Auckland side that defeated New South Wales 10–3", "id": "124840" }, { "contents": "Ted Thorn\n\n\n. Ted made his state representative debut in 1922, appearing three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the visiting All Blacks for two victories. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches - including fifteen such appearances made by Ted Thorn. Thorn made the 1923 New South Wales tour", "id": "5576534" }, { "contents": "Jack Fitzgerald (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Fitzgerald was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s, and coached in the 1960s. He played for Western Suburbs as a winger and later coached the club from 1961 to 1964. Fitzgerald began his career with Western Suburbs in 1949. In 1952, Fitzgerald was a member of the Western Suburbs side which claimed their fourth and final premiership defeating South Sydney in the grand final, with Fitzgerald scoring a try. Fitzgerald played for three more seasons before retiring as a player. Fitzgerald began his coaching", "id": "15556425" }, { "contents": "Owen Stephens\n\n\nWales. He won a single cap for New Zealand, playing in the All Blacks' 19–12 victory over France at Eden Park, Auckland on 10 August 1968, and won five caps for Australia, playing against Tonga and Wales in 1973 and New Zealand in 1974. Only three players have played rugby union at test match level for both New Zealand and Australia: namely Des Connor, Ted Jessep and Stephens. He played club level rugby league for St. George Dragons (trial), Parramatta Eels (Heritage № 339) (", "id": "7733372" }, { "contents": "Peter Williams (New Zealand rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Williams (22 April 188430 August 1976) was a rugby union player who represented New Zealand nine times, including a single Test match. He played club rugby for Dunedin side Alhambra, and played provincial rugby for Otago between 1908 and 1914. His sole season of international rugby was 1913, when he played in a home Test against Australia before touring North America with the All Blacksas New Zealand's international team is knownthat same year. He was selected for a tour of Australia the following year, but was unavailable and so", "id": "8410349" }, { "contents": "Frank Smyth\n\n\nBernard Francis \"Frank\" Smyth (11 February 1891 – 15 July 1972) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A hooker, Smyth played a single representative game for Canterbury in 1915, one match for the South Island in 1922 and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, also in 1922. He played three matches for the All Blacks but did not appear in any internationals. His grandson is politician Peter Dunne. Smyth served in the No. 3 Field Company, New Zealand Engineers", "id": "16651150" }, { "contents": "1921 Waratahs tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe Queensland Rugby Union had collapsed in 1919 and would not be reborn until 1929 leaving the New South Wales Rugby Union to administer the game in Australia at the national representative level. In 1923 the New South Wales side toured New Zealand In 1986 the Australian Rugby Union decreed the five full-internationals played on the tour as official Test matches. Previously the All Blacks visited New South Wales in the 1920 tour. This tour happened while the Springboks were completing their tour in New Zealand. Previously in June, South Africa played three", "id": "14085090" }, { "contents": "Robert Graves (rugby)\n\n\n1905 and from there was selected to represent Metropolis (Sydney) in a fixture against Country played over Easter in 1905. He continued in a coaching role for the Grosvenor club even while himself playing rugby for those other sides from 1903 to 1907. Graves was one of the New South Wales rugby union players who matched up against the first professional New Zealand team, Albert Baskiville's 'All Golds' in three matches in Sydney in August 1907. He played in all three matches and along with the other Australian rebel players was", "id": "3902454" }, { "contents": "Jim Sullivan (rugby league)\n\n\n, converting five goals in a 21–0 win against Widnes. He made his first representative appearance in December 1921, playing for Wales in a 16–21 defeat against Australia. Jim Sullivan played , and scored 4-conversions in Wigan's 13-2 victory over Oldham in the Championship Final during the 1921–22 season at The Cliff, Broughton on Saturday 6 May 1922, played , and scored 4-conversions in the 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. played", "id": "338598" }, { "contents": "Simon Poidevin\n\n\nwas then selected to play for New South Wales in a succession of the matches in 1981. The first match against Manawatu was won 58-3, with NSW scoring 10 tries. Victories over Waikato and Counties followed, before New South Wales were defeated by Queensland 26-15 at the Sydney Cricket Ground. New South Wales played Queensland in a return match a week later in Brisbane that was won 7-6. Poidevin played for Sydney against France in the third game France played for their 1981 France rugby union tour of", "id": "16857237" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\ncalled up to the All Blacks and he played in eight games for New Zealand, although he did not appear in any Test matches. In 1924 Marist Old Boys became locked in a dispute with the Canterbury Rugby Union and quit, instead fielding rugby league and soccer teams. Petersen followed the club, taking up rugby league. Petersen made an immediate impact and was one of six Marist Old Boys players who were selected to represent New Zealand that season. In total Petersen played in three Test matches for New Zealand in rugby league", "id": "14015996" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\n, Bert Avery and Maurice Wetherill. Lou Brown made his Auckland debut in the second match. At the end of the tour the NSW members of the 1921-22 Australasian Kangaroos were joined by New Zealand member Bert Laing for a match against the rest of the NSW squad and local Auckland stars. The Kangaroos won 65-27. The New Zealand Māori side played Sydney Metropolis in Sydney. South Auckland held the Northern Union Cup at the end of the season. They defeated Auckland 21-20 in Auckland to win the", "id": "3198700" }, { "contents": "John Solomon (rugby union)\n\n\nmade his state and national representative debuts at age nineteen, first playing for Australia against the at the Sydney Cricket Ground in June 1949. Later that year he toured New Zealand with Trevor Allan's Bledisloe Cup winning Wallabies. Solomon played variously at five-eighth, fullback and centre in seven matches of the tour including the 2nd Test at Eden Park where he scored a try thus helping the side make history as the first Australian team to win the Cup in New Zealand. He played twice for New South Wales in 1950 at", "id": "19470085" }, { "contents": "Darby Loudon\n\n\nDarby Briton Loudon (12 March 1897 – c. 1963) was a New Zealand born rugby union player, a flanker who made sixteen representative appearances for the New South Wales state team in the 1920s. Four of these matches have since been decreed as Test matches by the Australian Rugby Union and Loudon, who led the side in one such match in 1922, was therefore a captain of the Australian national team. Loudon, was born in Leeston, New Zealand and relocated to Sydney during his youth. He attended Sydney Grammar School", "id": "5401488" }, { "contents": "Michael Fitzgerald (rugby union)\n\n\nMichael Fitzgerald (born ) is a New Zealand rugby union player currently playing for Kamaishi Seawaves in Japan. He previously played for Leicester Tigers in England's Premiership Rugby, for the Chiefs in Super Rugby and Manawatu in the ITM Cup. His regular playing position is lock. In 2013, he signed a contract extension with the Chiefs until 2015. On 21 April 2015, it was announced he had signed for English Aviva Premiership side Leicester Tigers. Fitzgerald made his Leicester debut on 18 October 2015 in a 28-16 win", "id": "17447697" }, { "contents": "Peter Johnstone (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Johnstone (9 August 1922 – 18 October 1997) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A backrow forward, Johnstone represented Ashburton County while serving in the army and later at a provincial level. He was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1949 to 1951. He played 26 matches for the All Blacks —10 as captain—including nine internationals, touring South Africa in 1949 and playing all four tests against the touring 1950 British Lions. He was a key member of the", "id": "5603616" }, { "contents": "Brian Reidy\n\n\nBrian Thomas Reidy (27 January 1939 – 2 June 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Reidy played for the Marist club and represented Auckland. He made his debut for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1959, becoming Kiwi #383, but did not make his test match debut until 1961, against Australia at Carlaw Park. Between 1959 and 1966, Reidy played 65 games for New Zealand, including 19 tests, scoring 34 tries in all. He could play anywhere in the", "id": "21473667" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nmatches. In 1911 Mitchell, along with three other players from the Merivale club, moved to Sydney and played for the North Sydney Bears. He was then enticed north by the Queensland Rugby League. At the same time the New Zealand rugby league side was touring Australia and he was invited to join the touring party. Mitchell played in four matches, becoming a dual-code rugby international. Mitchell then returned to Christchurch and represented Canterbury in its first ever match in 1912. Mitchell toured Australia twice more with New Zealand,", "id": "3816467" }, { "contents": "Pat Creedy\n\n\nPatrick Joseph \"Pat\" Creedy (18 November 1927 – 7 April 2011) was a New Zealand rugby football player who represented New Zealand in rugby league. Creedy originally played rugby union and represented both the Southland Rugby Union and the Canterbury Rugby Union. Creedy later switched codes to rugby league and joined the Marist club in the Canterbury Rugby League competition. He represented Canterbury and in 1955 was selected at halfback for the South Island. That year he was first selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team, playing against the", "id": "6530820" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1924 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the 11th tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales selection, and New Zealand won the 3 match series", "id": "14085325" }, { "contents": "Jim Sanders (rugby league)\n\n\nJames Sanders (1900–1981) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Sanders started his career in third grade with Addington in 1915. He spent his entire career with Addington apart from a few games for Hornby when Addington had no senior team. He captained Addington to their first title in 1923. Sanders made his New Zealand debut in 1919 against Australia. In 1921 Sanders toured Australia for New Zealand under coach Jim Rukutai. He played for New Zealand in 1922 against New South Wales and was part of the", "id": "6884071" }, { "contents": "Nolan Tupaea\n\n\na first grade match. In 1979 he moved to Petone, winning premierships in 1980, 1981 and 1982. He was also part of their 1982 victory in the National Club Cup. Tupaea represented Wellington, playing 64 matches between 1971 and 1985. He was selected for the Kiwi Colts in 1973 for a match against Queensland. In 1976 he represented the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. Tupaea played for the Central Districts side in their first five years of the New Zealand Rugby League's district competition. The side", "id": "15687157" }, { "contents": "Peter Ward (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter M. Ward (born 5 November 1876) was a New Zealand-born rugby union player who represented Australia. A fly-half, he was born in Invercargill. Ward was described as \"astute and a skillful inside back\". A member of the Britannia club Ward initially played for the Southland province between 1897 and 1898. He then moved to Sydney, Australia in 1899 and joined the Marrackville club. He was selected for New South Wales to play in their two matches against the touring Great Britain side. After", "id": "2597515" }, { "contents": "Frano Botica\n\n\nFrano Michael Botica (born 3 August 1963) is a New Zealand rugby union and rugby league coach and former player in both codes, who played in the 1980s and 1990s. He is the head coach of the Philippines sevens team. He represented New Zealand at both codes, and later also played for Croatia in two rugby union World Cup qualifying matches. Born in Mangakino, New Zealand, Botica played rugby union for club side North Shore, New Zealand provincial side North Harbour, as well as Llanelli in Wales, and", "id": "3135809" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nWilliam James Mitchell (28 November 1890 – 2 June 1959) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Mitchell was born in Melbourne, Australia before moving to New Zealand where he worked for the New Zealand Railways Department. Mitchell played rugby union for the Merivale club in Christchurch and represented the province nine times in 1909 and 1910. He was selected to be part of the All Blacks tour of Australia in 1910 and played in five matches, including the second and third Test", "id": "3816466" }, { "contents": "1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand was the third tour made by the Springboks rugby team, and their first tour to Australia and New Zealand. South Africa played three Test matches against the All Blacks. The series was drawn 1–all, and the long-running controversy between the countries over the All Blacks' inclusion of Maori players began. The Springboks played five matches in Australia, winning them all. The three most important matches against New South Wales, were retroactively accorded Test status by the Australian", "id": "19644461" }, { "contents": "1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand was a series of rugby union matches played in New Zealand by the South African national rugby union team, from June - August 1994. The team played 14 matches in total; 11 against several provincial rugby teams and 3 against the New Zealand national rugby union team. South Africa won 10 out of the 11 matches against provincial sides, losing one match to Otago. They lost their first two test matches against the New Zealand national side and drew the last test. The", "id": "14043514" }, { "contents": "Ewen McKenzie\n\n\nTri nations, but was reselected in 1997 for the 1997 French tour of Australia. 1997 was the year McKenzie retired from international rugby, making his last appearance on 12 July 1997 after a 25–6 victory over England in Sydney. In his entire career of 51 test matches, he only ever played as a substitute once, during a pool game in the 1995 Rugby World Cup. In 1992, McKenzie toured New Zealand with the World XV to mark the centenary of the New Zealand Rugby Union. New Zealand won the series 2–1", "id": "7179494" }, { "contents": "Sam Gemmell\n\n\nSamuel William Gemmell (28 August 1896 – 28 June 1970) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A loose forward, Gemmell represented Hawke's Bay at a provincial level. He played one match for the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, out of position at hooker against New South Wales at Dunedin. Affiliating to Ngāti Pāhauwera, Gemmell played 57 matches for New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1929, making him the most capped player for that team. He served as a private with the New Zealand (Māori", "id": "16059662" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\nCharles \"Charlie\" Herbert \"Herb\" Smith (13 February 1909 – 10 April 1976) was a New Zealand rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s. He played representative level rugby union (RU) for New Zealand (Heritage № 406) (non-test matches), South Island and Otago (captain), and at club level for Southern RFC , as a centre, i.e. number 12 or 13, switching codes in 1936. He played representative level rugby league (RL", "id": "11805487" }, { "contents": "James Barber (rugby)\n\n\nover to join the squad. He played in the first ever trans-Tasman test which was the debut match of the Australia national rugby league team. Barber would go on to appear in all three test matches against Australia. Barber later captained the New Zealand side in its 1909 tour of Australia. His last game for New Zealand was in 1912. In 1912 he was in Petone's side that won the inaugural Wellington Rugby League competition. Barber captained Wellington between 1911 and 1914, including Wellington's 1913 victory over Auckland.", "id": "7778848" }, { "contents": "Alex Watson (rugby league)\n\n\nAlex Watson (1931–2002) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer of the 1950s. An Australian international and Queensland interstate representative three-quarter back, he played club football in the Brisbane Rugby League premiership for Western Suburbs. Watson first represented Queensland in 1951 in a match against New South Wales. He made his test debut at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 12 June 1954 against Great Britain in the first test of that year's Ashes series. Australia won this test 37-12. In 1953 Watson toured New Zealand with the", "id": "15082194" }, { "contents": "Jack McLeod (rugby league)\n\n\nJack McLeod is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. McLeod played for Taranaki and Auckland. While at the Manukau club, McLeod was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1937, playing against Australia. He toured Australia with New Zealand in 1938 however no test matches were played on the tour. Four days after the 1937 test, McLeod was part of the New Zealand Māori side that defeated Australia 16-5. In 2008 he was named in the Taranaki Rugby League Team of the Century", "id": "19760905" }, { "contents": "Frank Nicholson (rugby union)\n\n\nof these matches played against New South Wales. The Howell reference claims that Nicholson's rugby career was interrupted by enlistment in the Boer War. He claimed two international rugby caps for Australia. He appeared for Queensland against the touring New Zealanders in Brisbane in August 1903 and two weeks later made his international debut against the same tourists in Sydney, on 15 August 1903. In 1904 he captained Queensland in the inter-state series and played alongside his brother Fred who scored a try in that match. Later that season he had", "id": "2954916" }, { "contents": "Frank Brogan (rugby league)\n\n\nFrank Brogan (1903–1961) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s. He played as a halfback with South Sydney during the club's golden era of the 1920s when they won 5 premierships. Brogan made his debut for South Sydney in 1922 against Newtown as an 18 year old. In 1924, Brogan was selected to play for New South Wales and featured in two matches. The following year, Brogan won his first premiership with Souths as they finished first on the table and were not required to play in", "id": "18073767" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\ntest of 1899 against the first British side to tour Australia, at Sydney, on 12 August. He also played for Australia in 1903 in Sydney against New Zealand in the first official rugby union international between the countries. He became an early convert to the fledgling league code and played for the Ipswich club in Queensland. He was selected in the 2nd Test of 1908 against New Zealand. Five former Wallabies had debuted for the Kangaroos in the inaugural Test three weeks earlier, Hardcastle's league Test debut that day with George Watson", "id": "802017" } ]

[ { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nthe 6–8 defeat by New South Wales at Sydney on 7 August 1922, and scored a penalty in the 45–11 victory over Manawatu-Wellington XV at Palmerston North on 16 August 1922 but never played a Test match for New Zealand. In 1923 Fitzgerald moved to Christchurch, joining the Marist Old Boys club. However the club was expelled from the Canterbury Rugby Union in April 1924 and Fitzgerald followed to club to rugby league. Fitzgerald excelled in rugby league and in his debut year he made the national side, playing in two Test", "id": "13539549" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nhe lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Jim O'Brien. Fitzgerald played for the South Island in 1922, scoring a try in the inter-island match. Following this he was selected for New Zealand, playing in five matches on a tour of New Zealand and Australia. Fitzgerald represented New Zealand (RU) in the 12–11 victory over Wairarapa at Carterton on 19 July 1922, the 26–19 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on 29 July 1922, the 24–6 victory over Metropolitan Union at Sydney on 2 August 1922,", "id": "13539548" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nCharles James Fitzgerald (6 June 1899, in Fairhall – 8 May 1961, in Awatere Valley) was a New Zealand dual-code international rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Fitzgerald was a utility back in both codes. Fitzgerald represented Marlborough between 1917 and 1921, appearing for the union in every backline position except fullback. He played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks kicking a penalty goal in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game", "id": "13539547" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nAndrew James \"Jim\" O'Brien (1897–1969) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. O'Brien began his career playing rugby union for Marlborough between 1919 and 1921. He also played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game he lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Charles Fitzgerald. In 1922 he moved north to Auckland, joining the Grafton club. He immediately was selected for the", "id": "13908850" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nNorth Island side and subsequently the All Blacks tour of New Zealand and South Wales. He finished the tour having played in 3 games and scored one try. Returning to Auckland, O’Brien played his first game for the union late in the 1922 season. In 1923 he played five games for Auckland. O'Brien switched to rugby league in 1924, joining Marist in the Auckland Rugby League competition. He played for Auckland and made the New Zealand national rugby league team for three tests against the touring Great Britain Lions side that year.", "id": "13908851" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\nLouis Charles Petersen (19 April 1897 – 25 June 1961) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Petersen served with the New Zealand Expeditionary Force in World War I and it was here that he developed his football skills, playing for the \"Trench team\". Petersen began his career with the Marist Old Boys club in Christchurch and in 1919 was first selected to represent Canterbury. He made the South Island side in 1919, 1920 and 1921. In 1922 Petersen was", "id": "14015995" }, { "contents": "Jim Craig (rugby league)\n\n\nversatility was such that he was selected at hooker for a match on tour of New Zealand in 1919. Graig first represented for New South Wales against a touring English side in 1920. He was selected on the 1921–22 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and made his Test debut in the first Test at Leeds. He appeared in 23 minor tour matches notching a total of 58 points as a try scorer and goal kicker. Following his Kangaroo Tour representative appearances in 1922 he played a season with the University club in Sydney. In 1923", "id": "6542629" }, { "contents": "Albert Johnston (rugby league)\n\n\nclub seasons of 1921 and 1922. In 1912 he was selected in a Sydney Metropolis side. In 1913 he was in a New South Wales touring squad to New Zealand as half-back but was kept out of the major matches by the form of his peer Arthur Halloway. He captained New South Wales in some 1918 games and then made his Australian Test debut in 1919 on Australia's tour of New Zealand. He scored a try on debut assisting Australia to a 44-21 victory. With tour captain Halloway unfit for", "id": "9752107" }, { "contents": "Percy Hickey\n\n\nPercival \"Percy\" Hubert Hickey (28 April 1899 – 21 December 1943) was a New Zealand rugby union player who represented the All Blacks in 1922. His position of choice was wing three-quarter. Hickey was born in Rahotu in 1899. He made the provincial side in 1919. He was selected for the North against South Island match in 1922. He scored a try. He was then selected for the national side on their tour of New South Wales. Hickey played in two of the possible five matches.", "id": "3545214" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1922 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the tenth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales Selection, and NSW won the 3 match series 2–1. In", "id": "13453802" }, { "contents": "Billy Sheehan (rugby union)\n\n\ntop Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of their 1920s fixtures played against full international opposition were decreed in 1986 as official Test matches, including the three of Sheehan's 1921 debut and fifteen other appearances he would make over the next six years. In 1922 he appeared in all three Test in Sydney against the visiting All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Sheehan played all of the three match series in which the Waratahs were undefeated. On the 1923 tour of New Zealand and", "id": "5401479" }, { "contents": "Les Steel\n\n\nLeslie William Steel (1900 – 28 April 1966) was a rugby league footballer in Australia's major competition, the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL). Steel played over 100 matches for his club side, Eastern Suburbs in the years (1922–29). A Winger, Steel was a try scorer in Easts 1923 premiership victory. In 1922 Steel was selected to represent New South Wales. Following his football career, Steel spent many years as an official of the Eastern Suburbs club. He died at Hurstville, New South", "id": "20482633" }, { "contents": "Jim Bacon (rugby)\n\n\nLions tour of Australasia. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Leeds in 1920 against Australia (3 matches), and New Zealand (3 matches), in 1921 against Australia (2 matches), in 1922 against Australia, in 1924 against Australia, and in 1927 against New Zealand. From 1921 until 1927 he also represented Wales, winning six caps, all against England, including 1-victory, and 5-defeats. Bacon played left-, i.e. number 4 and scored 2-tries in Leeds' 11–3 victory over Dewsbury", "id": "5182427" }, { "contents": "Karl Ifwersen\n\n\nrep team, captaining the combined Auckland-North Auckland side against South Africa in his first game back and scoring the only try. Ifwersen played in one test match for the All Blacks during the 1921 South Africa tour of the country. Ifwersen continued to play for Auckland between 1922 and 1938. Ifwersen died in Auckland on 19 May 1967, having suffered considerably from football injuries during his old age. Ifwersen was inducted into the New Zealand Rugby League's Legends of League in 2000. He was the first New Zealander to represent", "id": "14118993" }, { "contents": "New Zealand national rugby union team\n\n\nThomas Ellison captained team won nine of their ten matches. The following year New Zealand played its first home \"international\" game, losing 8–6 to New South Wales. The team's first true test match occurred against Australia on 15 August 1903 at the Sydney Cricket Ground in front of over 30,000 spectators, and resulted in a 22–3 victory. A representative New Zealand team first toured the British Isles in 1905. The side is now known as the \"Originals\", as the \"All Blacks\" name emerged during this tour", "id": "20449805" }, { "contents": "Wilson Hall (rugby league)\n\n\nA. Wilson Hall was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s and 1930s who represented New Zealand and later played at club level in England for Castleford. From the Ngaruawahia club, Wilson Hall represented South Auckland in 1922. He was a half for South Auckland and the North Island in 1925. In 1926 he moved to Christchurch. Wilson Hall then represented the Hornby club, Canterbury and the South Island. He was selected for New Zealand's tour of Great Britain in 1926. He played in two test matches", "id": "20659026" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\nwas selected to tour New Zealand. He played in seven matches on tour including the Waratah's Test victory. He made representative appearances in 1922 against the New Zealand Maori and the All Blacks, played in three Tests against them in 1924 and in five matches against them in 1925. The 3rd test of 1925 played on 23 June at the Sydney Showground was Fox's sole appearance as the national captain. He was solid in further Test appearances against New Zealand in 1926 He was a tremendous lineout forward and one of the senior", "id": "9169857" }, { "contents": "Dai Fitzgerald\n\n\nDavid \"Dai\" Fitzgerald (1872 – 30 November 1951) was a Welsh rugby centre who played club rugby under the union code for Cardiff, and later switched to professional rugby league team Batley (captain). He played international rugby union for Wales winning two caps, and in his first match for Wales scored all the points in a victory over Scotland. Fitzgerald first played rugby in Cardiff for the now defunct club, St. Davids, one of several Welsh teams built around Catholic churches. He switched to first class club", "id": "18632594" }, { "contents": "Bruce Gall\n\n\nBruce Gall is a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Gall played in the Taranaki Rugby League and represented Taranaki. In 1976 Gall played for the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. In 1979 he played for the Central Districts side that won the Inter-Districts competition. He was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team on the 1980 tour of Great Britain and France. Gall did not play in a test match but did play in 8 games for the Kiwis, scoring 3 tries.", "id": "18658371" }, { "contents": "Shaun Foley\n\n\nShaun Foley (born 29 August 1986 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia) is an Australian rugby union player and a former member of the National Rugby League's (NRL) Sydney Roosters squad. Foley played in the Australian Schoolboys Rugby Union team that lost to New Zealand 21-16 in 2004. Foley scored all 16 points for the Australian team. Foley joined NRL side the Sydney Roosters in 2006, playing 7 games and scoring 6 tries. He scored two tries in the Roosters 40-20 victory over the", "id": "3276301" }, { "contents": "Sam Lowrie\n\n\nSamuel Arthur \"Sam\" Lowrie was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. His grandnephew, Jason Lowrie, also represented New Zealand in rugby league. Lowrie played for the Ponsonby club in the Auckland Rugby League competition. In 1919 Lowrie played for Auckland and was first selected to represent New Zealand, playing in three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1922 Lowrie toured Australia, with the New Zealand Māori rugby league team. Lowrie was named Ponsonby's best forward in 1923. He again played for", "id": "21879456" }, { "contents": "Arthur Kay (rugby league)\n\n\nArthur Geig Kay was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Kay represented Auckland and was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1935. He played in all three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1936 he played in two matches against the touring Great Britain team and played in his final test match in New Zealand's 16-15 victory over Australia at Carlaw Park on 14 August 1937. He was selected to tour Great Britain and France in 1939 but the tour was abandoned due to the", "id": "13813701" }, { "contents": "Percy Williams (New Zealand rugby league player)\n\n\nPercy Williams was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Williams originally played rugby union and represented Auckland. Williams played for Wigan for three seasons between 1910/11 to 1912/13. During this time he played in 111 matches for the club in the Lancashire League, including in the 1911 Challenge Cup Final loss. In 1913 he was called into the New Zealand squad, joining them midway through their tour of Australia. Williams was said to be instrumental in New Zealand's 17-11 upset victory over New South Wales.", "id": "14326389" }, { "contents": "Johnnie Wallace\n\n\nthe club's first Wallaby representative. His potential was obvious and in 1921 he was selected in the New South Wales side picked to tour New Zealand. He played in five of the ten tour matches including the September 1921 fixture against a New Zealand XV which is now regarded as a Test match. With no Queensland Rugby Union administration or competition in place from 1919 to 1929, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of the fixtures of 1920s which were played against", "id": "7506396" }, { "contents": "Jack Forrest (rugby league)\n\n\nJohn Alexander \"Jack\" Forrest (24 February 1924 – 26 February 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 12 international matches between 1947 and 1952. His cousin Jonas Masters also played rugby league for New Zealand. Forrest played in the West Coast Rugby League competition for Runanga and represented both the West Coast and the South Island. He played in 42 matches, 12 of which were test matches, for the New Zealand national rugby league team, including matches against the 1951 touring French side and", "id": "18556717" }, { "contents": "Pat Devery\n\n\n, New South Wales on 9 August 1922. A Tumbulgum junior, he played football in the Brisbane Rugby League for Fortitude Valley. Devery was then discovered by coach of Sydney's Balmain club Latchem Robinson while playing football in The Domain, Sydney as a sailor in the Royal Australian Navy during the war. Devery played for Balmain at halfback in the 1944 NSWRFL season's premiership final, scoring a try in his side's victory over Newtown. Devery also represented Sydney on 6 occasions, New South Wales on 2 occasions between 1946–1947", "id": "14526725" }, { "contents": "Charles Kingstone\n\n\nCharles Napoleon \"Nipper\" Kingstone (2 July 1895 – 6 May 1960) was a New Zealand sportsman who played international rugby union for New Zealand. He was also a first-class cricketer. A fullback, Kingstone played all three of his Tests during South Africa's 1921 tour of New Zealand. He was injured in a motor accident in 1922 and didn't play again for New Zealand. Kingstone played just one first-class cricket match. He represented a team called the \"Rest of New Zealand\" in a", "id": "8516640" }, { "contents": "Dougie McGregor\n\n\nAlwin John \"Dougie\" McGregor (1889–1963) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. McGregor played rugby union for the Karangahake club in the Goldfields sub-union competition in 1908. The following year he moved to Auckland, joining the Ponsonby club. McGregor represented Auckland and the North Island that same year. In 1913 McGregor was picked in the New Zealand squad for their North America tour and played in 11 games during the tour, including Test matches against Australia and", "id": "14128313" }, { "contents": "1893 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1893 New Zealand tour rugby to Australia was the second tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. Ten matches were played against regional and district sides, but no Test matches were played. It was first tour arranged by New Zealand Rugby Football Union which was founded the year before. The only previous New Zealand national team was the side that toured New South Wales in 1884. Immediately before departing for Sydney, the tourists played a match against a \"Combined XV\" in Wellington, which New Zealand won", "id": "14310646" }, { "contents": "Australasia rugby league team\n\n\nThe Australasian rugby league team (or the Kangaroos) represented Australia and New Zealand in rugby league sporadically between 1910 and 1922. Administered by the New South Wales Rugby League, appearances for the team were counted towards the Australian team's records and playing register but not the New Zealand team's. The team toured Great Britain twice, participating in two Ashes series, and also played Great Britain twice in Sydney. The Australasian side first played in 1910. After Great Britain had defeated Australia in two Test matches it was decided that", "id": "15931608" }, { "contents": "George Dickinson\n\n\nChurch in Dunedin. While at Otago Boys' High School, Dickinson played as a five-eighth in the school's 1st XV rugby team between 1918 and 1921. He made his debut for the All Blacks in 1922 on their tour of New South Wales, playing five matches and scoring three tries. He went on to play 12 matches for between 1922 and 1924, scoring five tries, 11 conversions and one penalty goal. Dickinson also played for the South Island in 1922. He retired from first-class rugby at", "id": "2808375" }, { "contents": "Alexander Kirkpatrick (rugby union)\n\n\nAlexander Kirkpatrick (4 October 1898 – 25 August 1971) was an All Blacks rugby union player from New Zealand. He was a hooker. He played 12 matches for the All Blacks in1925-26 against Australia (New South Wales), scoring 6 points (2 tries). He was a member of the Hastings club and captained the Hawke’s Bay Region to take the Ranfurly Shield off Wellington in 1922; and appeared in 22 of the 24 successful defences (more than any other player). In 1952-56", "id": "16723938" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nClaud Augustus O'Donnell (30 January 1886 – 4 August 1953) was an Australian rugby union and rugby league player and represented his country at both sports as a dual-code rugby international. O'Donnell played rugby union with the Glebe club in inner city Sydney. He made his representative debut for New South Wales in 1912 and the following year made two Test appearances as hooker for the Wallabies against the All Blacks in the 1913 tour of New Zealand. Switching to rugby league O'Donnell joined the Glebe Dirty Reds in 1915 and had three", "id": "1170779" }, { "contents": "Wally O'Connell\n\n\nand played 80 games. His first representative match was for City New South Wales in 1943. On 18 June 1945 a Sydney rugby league team featuring O'Connell travelled to Newcastle to play against their representative team and were defeated 27-26. He was the Roosters' pivot in their 1945 premiership final victory over Balmain. With senior representative matches canceled during WWII O'Connell didn't make his Test debut until 1948 against New Zealand in Sydney.He was selected for the 1948-49 Kangaroo Tour and played in five Tests and 16 minor", "id": "14384862" }, { "contents": "Mawene Hiroti\n\n\nMawene Hiroti (born 6 March 1999) is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who plays as a or er for the South Sydney Rabbitohs in the NRL. Hiroti was born in Taranaki, New Zealand. He has represented the Australian Schoolboys rugby league team and the New Zealand Under 18s. Forged his career playing for New Plymouth Old Boys under 11s 12s and 13s - winning Taranaki Premiership every year. Mawene scoring 50 percent of all tries. He played for the Rabbitohs in their pre-season 18-8 victory over English", "id": "14480103" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\n) for British Empire XIII, and at club level for Streatham and Mitcham and Halifax (Heritage № 437), as a , or , i.e. number 2 or 5, or, 3 or 4. Smith represented New Zealand (RU) in the 16–13 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on Monday 6 August 1934, and scored a try in the 35–3 victory over Newcastle at Newcastle, New South Wales on Wednesday 22 August 1934, but was not selected for the 1935–36 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland", "id": "11805488" }, { "contents": "Jim Rukutai\n\n\nNew Zealand played matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Rukutai coached New Zealand during their 1921 tour of Australia. He remains New Zealand's youngest ever national coach. He also coached New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1937. In 1937 he coached the New Zealand Māori to an upset win over Australia. In 1932 Rukutai served on the Auckland Rugby League board as the Clubs' delegate. He then served as the first chairman of the New Zealand Māori Rugby League Board when it was formed in 1934. Rukutai died at his", "id": "1899959" }, { "contents": "Greg Davis (rugby)\n\n\nand there joined the Drummoyne Rugby Club Davis was immediately selected for both New South Wales and Australia in his first year in Sydney. He debuted in a Sydney Test match against England in June 1963 and the following month was selected in the squad for the 1963 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa. He played in all four Test matches of the tied series and in ten other tour matches. The next year he made the 1964 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand playing in seven of the eight matches including all three Tests", "id": "3641367" }, { "contents": "Bill Kelly (rugby league)\n\n\n, Kelly played first class rugby union for Buller when he was 18 and later represented Wellington. Kelly switched to rugby league with the launch of the Wellington Rugby League competition in 1912 and played for Athletic in their grand final loss to Petone. He became a Wellington representative and toured Australia in 1912 and 1913 with the New Zealand national side. No test matches were played with the Kiwis meeting New South Wales and Queensland and a number of regional sides. He played in Wellingtons 1913 victory over Auckland. He joined the Balmain Tigers", "id": "146975" }, { "contents": "1929 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\nThe 1929 New Zealand rugby league season was the 22nd season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand. New Zealand played in no international matches in 1929. The New South Wales Rugby Football League's South Sydney Rabbitohs toured the country late in the season. They played two matches against Marist, with both sides securing one win. South Sydney also defeated Huntly. Souths were without five Kangaroos who were on a tour of Great Britain. Marist won the first match 10-9 at Carlaw Park while Souths won the", "id": "3198729" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\ndue to a row over the eligibility of three players. They instead joined the Rugby League and the Football Association. Marist spent just seven seasons in the Canterbury Rugby League but won three titles, in 1924, 1925 and 1928. In 1924 they produced six New Zealand internationals; Bill Devine, Charles Fitzgerald, Ted Fitzgerald, Terry Gilroy, Harry Mullins and Lou Petersen. Jim Amos also switched codes with Marist but played in their lower divisions. Greymouth Marist joined the West Coast Rugby League in support of Christchurch Marist. The", "id": "3198709" }, { "contents": "Charles Webb (rugby league)\n\n\nCharles Webb was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand . A halfback from the Ponsonby United club, Webb also represented Auckland. In 1912, Webb toured Australia with New Zealand. The side played in matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Later that same year, New South Wales made a return tour to New Zealand. Webb captained the New Zealand side that played against them, losing 10-18. He also played in two matches for Auckland against the touring Blues side. Webb was selected for the", "id": "14418029" }, { "contents": "David Evans (rugby)\n\n\nDavid \"Dave\" Alexander Evans (4 October 1886 – 12 October 1940) was a New Zealand dual-code international who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Evans began his career playing rugby union and represented Hawke's Bay 19 times from 1906. He made the 1910 New Zealand tour of Australia and played in the 0–11 Test defeat by Australia at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 27 June 1910, becoming the Hawke's Bay's third representative. While in Australia Evans had been impressed by the rugby league", "id": "13088290" }, { "contents": "Bill Cunningham (rugby union)\n\n\nFootball Union. He was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1901, and played against Wellington and the New South Wales team that was touring New Zealand at the time. Both matches were comfortably won, with the tourists defeated 20–3. Cunningham played his first of four matches for Auckland against international opposition, against the same New South Wales side a week later, with his Auckland team winning 24–3. Cunningham moved to Auckland in 1902, and played his club rugby for City, before joining Ponsonby the following season. He", "id": "17185617" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\nWilliam Robert \"Bill\" Hardcastle (30 August 1874 – 11 July 1944) born in Wellington, New Zealand was a pioneer New Zealand and Australian rugby union player and an Australian rugby league footballer. He represented both countries in union and Australia in league. He was one of the first dual-code rugby internationals. Hardcastle commenced his club rugby in New Zealand with Petone and represented for Wellington from 1895 to 1897. He joined the Melrose club in 1897 and was selected in a North Island representative side from where he was", "id": "802015" }, { "contents": "Steve Skinnon\n\n\nSteve Skinnon (born 27 November 1976) is a New Zealand rugby footballer who played rugby union for Wellington and Hawkes Bay in the National Provincial Championship and rugby league for the Sydney Roosters and South Sydney Rabbitohs in the National Rugby League. He represented his country in both codes at a junior level. Skinnon started his career in rugby union and represented the New Zealand under 19 side in 1994 from Wellington College, playing at second five eighth. He switched codes to rugby league in 1995 and was picked to play for the Junior", "id": "2628332" }, { "contents": "Jim Wylie\n\n\nJames Thomas Wylie (26 October 1887 – 19 December 1956) was a New Zealand rugby union player, who represented both the country of his birth and Australia. He went on to coach the Stanford University rugby team for over 30 years from 1917. Born in Galatea in 1887, Wylie was a tall man at , and played as a loose forward. He first represented in 1910, playing six matches, before moving to Sydney for the next two years. There he made four appearances for New South Wales against Queensland,", "id": "12170928" }, { "contents": "Edward Baird (rugby league)\n\n\nNorthern Union\" style of rugby, taking on Albert Baskerville's New Zealand All Golds on their inaugural tour. Baird played as a reserve as the Queenslanders lost the historic match 34–12. He went on to make another appearance against New Zealand and two against New South Wales. When the New Zealand team came back on the return leg of their tour, they played three Test matches against the first Australian representative sides ever selected. The first Test was played in Sydney on 9 May 1908 with the Kiwis prevailing. On 30 May", "id": "17722972" }, { "contents": "Bob Aynsley\n\n\nRobert Aynsley (5 January 1922 – 12 October 2012) was a New Zealand rugby league player. He played five test matches for the New Zealand national rugby league team. Aynsley played for Blackball and represented the West Coast and the South Island before first being selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1946. He played in five test matches, his last in 1949. He played in 15 tour games on the 1947–1948 tour of Great Britain and France. After retirement, Aynsley was a referee from 1953 to 1960", "id": "5310628" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\ninterest in rugby union in Sydney following WWI. In 1920 he appeared three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the All Blacks scoring a try in his representative debut. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches. In 1921 he represented for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks and", "id": "9169856" }, { "contents": "1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand, more commonly known in New Zealand as the 1956 Springboks tour was a series of rugby union matches played by South Africa in Australia and New Zealand. The \"Springboks\" won 21 matches of 29, drew 1, and lost 7. They played 6 Test matches, with two victories over Australia and one over New Zealand. The New Zealand leg of their trip was the primary focus of the tour—23 of their 29 matches were in New Zealand, which included", "id": "12210178" }, { "contents": "Bert Cooke (rugby)\n\n\nspent 1932 with Hawke's Bay, before switching codes. Cooke also represented Wairarapa and Wellington while playing rugby union. He finished his rugby union career with 121 tries in 131 first class matches. Cooke joined the Richmond Rovers club in the Auckland Rugby League competition in 1932 and made an immediate impact, racing away for three tries in the inter-island game only weeks later. He was selected for New Zealand that year against the Great Britain Lions. Cooke also represented Auckland and captained New Zealand in two Test matches against Australia", "id": "12460198" }, { "contents": "Queensland rugby league team\n\n\nZealand rugby league tour of Australia, Queensland lost both its matches against the Kiwis in Brisbane. Again, Queensland played two matches against the Kiwis during the 1913 New Zealand rugby league tour of Australia and again the Maroons lost both. New South Wales had won every match between the two states until 1922, when the Maroons, with Cyril Connell playing at , achieved their maiden victory. This commenced Queensland's only golden period before the introduction of State of Origin. In 1925 Queensland toured New Zealand and played against the full New", "id": "12687033" }, { "contents": "1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia was the sixth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. Four matches were played against regional and district sides along with three Test match against the Australia national side, being the first time both teams played each other. New Zealand won the series with two victories and a tied match. Before the tour matches, New Zealand played a preliminary game v. the Wellington RU team at the Athletic Park, won by the \"All Blacks\" 19–6. Complete list of matches played", "id": "1302262" }, { "contents": "Watty Friend\n\n\nTest matches. In 1921 he figured in three matches for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks. Howell notes that Friends was one of the Waratahs' top players. In 1922 he appeared in all three matches again when the All Blacks visited Sydney, with second and third matches wins resulting in a rare series victory of those days to the Waratahs over the All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Friend was honoured with the captaincy of New South Wales in a three match series in which the Waratahs", "id": "5285969" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nseasons in the Sydney premiership. In 1918 he moved to Brisbane and joined the Carltons club, one of the early incarnations of the Souths Magpies. From there he made state appearances for Queensland against New South Wales over four years and in 1919 was selected in the Australian team as hooker. He played in all four Tests of the 1919 rugby league tour of New Zealand. He is listed as Australia's 97th representative on the Australian Rugby League's Kangaroo register. His international rugby league debut against New Zealand in Wellington on 23", "id": "1170780" }, { "contents": "John Rosewell\n\n\n. Along with Dally Messenger, Denis Lutge, Doug McLean snr and Micky Dore he was one of the inaugural five Australian dual code rugby internationals who having earlier represented at rugby union, debuted in international rugby league in Sydney on 9 May 1908 in the first ever Australian league Test against New Zealand. He is listed on the \"Australian Players Register\" as Kangaroo No.13. He spent three seasons at South Sydney playing 29 matches scoring 4 tries and 6 goals. He was a member of the 1910 Rabbitohs side that drew the", "id": "801844" }, { "contents": "George Aitken (rugby union)\n\n\nGeorge Gothard Aitken (2 July 1898 – 8 July 1952) was a rugby union footballer who represented New Zealand – known as the All Blacks – and then Scotland. He was born in Westport, New Zealand, and was selected to play provincially for Buller at the age of 16. After moving to Wellington, Aitken played for the province from 1917, and from there was selected for the All Blacks side that faced South Africa when they toured New Zealand in 1921. After only two Test matches for the All Blacks,", "id": "5006718" }, { "contents": "Jack Holland (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Holland (1922-1994) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s. An Australian international and New South Wales interstate representative forward, he played his club football in Sydney's NSWRFL Premiership for the St. George club. Holland was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia on 19 August 1922. Holland served in the Army during World War II. Commencing his first-grade NSWRFL Premiership playing career with St. George in 1947, he was selected to represent New South Wales in 1948", "id": "4207831" }, { "contents": "Jack Price (rugby league)\n\n\nagainst Australia (2 matches), and while at Wigan in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches). Jack Price played , in Wigan's 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. Jack Price played in Wigan's victories in the Lancashire County League during the 1922–23 season, 1923–24 season and 1925–26 season. Jack Price played , and scored a try in Wigan's 21-4 victory over", "id": "12779224" }, { "contents": "Edwin Abbott (rugby league)\n\n\nEdwin Frederick Abbott (1909–1976) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 1930 and 1932. Abbott was the nephew of 1905 All Black Harold Abbott and the uncle of Bill Deacon, a Kiwi from 1965 to 1971. From the Ngaruawahia Panthers club, Abbott represented South Auckland and the North Island. In 1930 he was selected for the New Zealand tour of New South Wales, playing in both matches against New South Wales and scoring three tries against Sydney Metropolis. He played for South Auckland against both the", "id": "19358978" }, { "contents": "Jim Davis (rugby league)\n\n\nthe 1911 NSWRFL season with North Sydney before playing three seasons with the Glebe club. His top-grade career finished up back at Souths in 1918-19 before concluding with a country stint at Parkes. Davis made his debut Test appearance in 1908 against New Zealand, appearing in both matches of the first rugby league international series played by an Australian representative side. At the end of that season he was selected in the 35 man squad to make the first ever Kangaroo Tour. Davis played in six tour matches but in none", "id": "11335988" }, { "contents": "Herb Brackenreg\n\n\nEastern Suburbs club. An Eastern Suburbs rugby union player, Brackenreg had been a member of the rebel New South Wales sides that played against the rebel New Zealand 'All Blacks' in the 1907 series that helped to establish rugby league in Australia. He played in 8 NSWRFL Premiership matches for Easts including that club's first match and was a member of the NSWRL's first premiership decider played against local rival, South Sydney. In that first season Brackenreg was selected to represent his state, New South Wales, in 2 matches", "id": "12715024" }, { "contents": "Danny Hurcombe\n\n\nFrom 29 November 1919 Hurcombe played for English rugby league club, Wigan. Hurcombe was selected to go on the 1920 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Wigan in 1920 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand, in 1922 against Australia, and in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches), and he won 6 caps for Wales in 1921–1926 while at Wigan. Hurcombe made his début for Wigan in", "id": "11028974" }, { "contents": "Arthur Hardgrave\n\n\nArthur Hardgrave ( 1908–14) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. A fullback, Hardgrave played for Taranaki against Auckland in 1908 and 1909. He later moved to Auckland and played for Otahuhu at club level and represented Auckland provincially. In 1912, Hardgrave was selected for the New Zealand national side who toured Australia. No test matches were played on the tour but Hardgrave became the 74th player to represent New Zealand. Following the tour, Hardgrave was part of the Auckland side that defeated New South Wales 10–3", "id": "124840" }, { "contents": "Ted Thorn\n\n\n. Ted made his state representative debut in 1922, appearing three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the visiting All Blacks for two victories. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches - including fifteen such appearances made by Ted Thorn. Thorn made the 1923 New South Wales tour", "id": "5576534" }, { "contents": "Jack Fitzgerald (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Fitzgerald was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s, and coached in the 1960s. He played for Western Suburbs as a winger and later coached the club from 1961 to 1964. Fitzgerald began his career with Western Suburbs in 1949. In 1952, Fitzgerald was a member of the Western Suburbs side which claimed their fourth and final premiership defeating South Sydney in the grand final, with Fitzgerald scoring a try. Fitzgerald played for three more seasons before retiring as a player. Fitzgerald began his coaching", "id": "15556425" }, { "contents": "Owen Stephens\n\n\nWales. He won a single cap for New Zealand, playing in the All Blacks' 19–12 victory over France at Eden Park, Auckland on 10 August 1968, and won five caps for Australia, playing against Tonga and Wales in 1973 and New Zealand in 1974. Only three players have played rugby union at test match level for both New Zealand and Australia: namely Des Connor, Ted Jessep and Stephens. He played club level rugby league for St. George Dragons (trial), Parramatta Eels (Heritage № 339) (", "id": "7733372" }, { "contents": "Peter Williams (New Zealand rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Williams (22 April 188430 August 1976) was a rugby union player who represented New Zealand nine times, including a single Test match. He played club rugby for Dunedin side Alhambra, and played provincial rugby for Otago between 1908 and 1914. His sole season of international rugby was 1913, when he played in a home Test against Australia before touring North America with the All Blacksas New Zealand's international team is knownthat same year. He was selected for a tour of Australia the following year, but was unavailable and so", "id": "8410349" }, { "contents": "Frank Smyth\n\n\nBernard Francis \"Frank\" Smyth (11 February 1891 – 15 July 1972) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A hooker, Smyth played a single representative game for Canterbury in 1915, one match for the South Island in 1922 and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, also in 1922. He played three matches for the All Blacks but did not appear in any internationals. His grandson is politician Peter Dunne. Smyth served in the No. 3 Field Company, New Zealand Engineers", "id": "16651150" }, { "contents": "1921 Waratahs tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe Queensland Rugby Union had collapsed in 1919 and would not be reborn until 1929 leaving the New South Wales Rugby Union to administer the game in Australia at the national representative level. In 1923 the New South Wales side toured New Zealand In 1986 the Australian Rugby Union decreed the five full-internationals played on the tour as official Test matches. Previously the All Blacks visited New South Wales in the 1920 tour. This tour happened while the Springboks were completing their tour in New Zealand. Previously in June, South Africa played three", "id": "14085090" }, { "contents": "Robert Graves (rugby)\n\n\n1905 and from there was selected to represent Metropolis (Sydney) in a fixture against Country played over Easter in 1905. He continued in a coaching role for the Grosvenor club even while himself playing rugby for those other sides from 1903 to 1907. Graves was one of the New South Wales rugby union players who matched up against the first professional New Zealand team, Albert Baskiville's 'All Golds' in three matches in Sydney in August 1907. He played in all three matches and along with the other Australian rebel players was", "id": "3902454" }, { "contents": "Jim Sullivan (rugby league)\n\n\n, converting five goals in a 21–0 win against Widnes. He made his first representative appearance in December 1921, playing for Wales in a 16–21 defeat against Australia. Jim Sullivan played , and scored 4-conversions in Wigan's 13-2 victory over Oldham in the Championship Final during the 1921–22 season at The Cliff, Broughton on Saturday 6 May 1922, played , and scored 4-conversions in the 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. played", "id": "338598" }, { "contents": "Simon Poidevin\n\n\nwas then selected to play for New South Wales in a succession of the matches in 1981. The first match against Manawatu was won 58-3, with NSW scoring 10 tries. Victories over Waikato and Counties followed, before New South Wales were defeated by Queensland 26-15 at the Sydney Cricket Ground. New South Wales played Queensland in a return match a week later in Brisbane that was won 7-6. Poidevin played for Sydney against France in the third game France played for their 1981 France rugby union tour of", "id": "16857237" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\ncalled up to the All Blacks and he played in eight games for New Zealand, although he did not appear in any Test matches. In 1924 Marist Old Boys became locked in a dispute with the Canterbury Rugby Union and quit, instead fielding rugby league and soccer teams. Petersen followed the club, taking up rugby league. Petersen made an immediate impact and was one of six Marist Old Boys players who were selected to represent New Zealand that season. In total Petersen played in three Test matches for New Zealand in rugby league", "id": "14015996" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\n, Bert Avery and Maurice Wetherill. Lou Brown made his Auckland debut in the second match. At the end of the tour the NSW members of the 1921-22 Australasian Kangaroos were joined by New Zealand member Bert Laing for a match against the rest of the NSW squad and local Auckland stars. The Kangaroos won 65-27. The New Zealand Māori side played Sydney Metropolis in Sydney. South Auckland held the Northern Union Cup at the end of the season. They defeated Auckland 21-20 in Auckland to win the", "id": "3198700" }, { "contents": "John Solomon (rugby union)\n\n\nmade his state and national representative debuts at age nineteen, first playing for Australia against the at the Sydney Cricket Ground in June 1949. Later that year he toured New Zealand with Trevor Allan's Bledisloe Cup winning Wallabies. Solomon played variously at five-eighth, fullback and centre in seven matches of the tour including the 2nd Test at Eden Park where he scored a try thus helping the side make history as the first Australian team to win the Cup in New Zealand. He played twice for New South Wales in 1950 at", "id": "19470085" }, { "contents": "Darby Loudon\n\n\nDarby Briton Loudon (12 March 1897 – c. 1963) was a New Zealand born rugby union player, a flanker who made sixteen representative appearances for the New South Wales state team in the 1920s. Four of these matches have since been decreed as Test matches by the Australian Rugby Union and Loudon, who led the side in one such match in 1922, was therefore a captain of the Australian national team. Loudon, was born in Leeston, New Zealand and relocated to Sydney during his youth. He attended Sydney Grammar School", "id": "5401488" }, { "contents": "Michael Fitzgerald (rugby union)\n\n\nMichael Fitzgerald (born ) is a New Zealand rugby union player currently playing for Kamaishi Seawaves in Japan. He previously played for Leicester Tigers in England's Premiership Rugby, for the Chiefs in Super Rugby and Manawatu in the ITM Cup. His regular playing position is lock. In 2013, he signed a contract extension with the Chiefs until 2015. On 21 April 2015, it was announced he had signed for English Aviva Premiership side Leicester Tigers. Fitzgerald made his Leicester debut on 18 October 2015 in a 28-16 win", "id": "17447697" }, { "contents": "Peter Johnstone (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Johnstone (9 August 1922 – 18 October 1997) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A backrow forward, Johnstone represented Ashburton County while serving in the army and later at a provincial level. He was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1949 to 1951. He played 26 matches for the All Blacks —10 as captain—including nine internationals, touring South Africa in 1949 and playing all four tests against the touring 1950 British Lions. He was a key member of the", "id": "5603616" }, { "contents": "Brian Reidy\n\n\nBrian Thomas Reidy (27 January 1939 – 2 June 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Reidy played for the Marist club and represented Auckland. He made his debut for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1959, becoming Kiwi #383, but did not make his test match debut until 1961, against Australia at Carlaw Park. Between 1959 and 1966, Reidy played 65 games for New Zealand, including 19 tests, scoring 34 tries in all. He could play anywhere in the", "id": "21473667" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nmatches. In 1911 Mitchell, along with three other players from the Merivale club, moved to Sydney and played for the North Sydney Bears. He was then enticed north by the Queensland Rugby League. At the same time the New Zealand rugby league side was touring Australia and he was invited to join the touring party. Mitchell played in four matches, becoming a dual-code rugby international. Mitchell then returned to Christchurch and represented Canterbury in its first ever match in 1912. Mitchell toured Australia twice more with New Zealand,", "id": "3816467" }, { "contents": "Pat Creedy\n\n\nPatrick Joseph \"Pat\" Creedy (18 November 1927 – 7 April 2011) was a New Zealand rugby football player who represented New Zealand in rugby league. Creedy originally played rugby union and represented both the Southland Rugby Union and the Canterbury Rugby Union. Creedy later switched codes to rugby league and joined the Marist club in the Canterbury Rugby League competition. He represented Canterbury and in 1955 was selected at halfback for the South Island. That year he was first selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team, playing against the", "id": "6530820" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1924 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the 11th tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales selection, and New Zealand won the 3 match series", "id": "14085325" }, { "contents": "Jim Sanders (rugby league)\n\n\nJames Sanders (1900–1981) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Sanders started his career in third grade with Addington in 1915. He spent his entire career with Addington apart from a few games for Hornby when Addington had no senior team. He captained Addington to their first title in 1923. Sanders made his New Zealand debut in 1919 against Australia. In 1921 Sanders toured Australia for New Zealand under coach Jim Rukutai. He played for New Zealand in 1922 against New South Wales and was part of the", "id": "6884071" }, { "contents": "Nolan Tupaea\n\n\na first grade match. In 1979 he moved to Petone, winning premierships in 1980, 1981 and 1982. He was also part of their 1982 victory in the National Club Cup. Tupaea represented Wellington, playing 64 matches between 1971 and 1985. He was selected for the Kiwi Colts in 1973 for a match against Queensland. In 1976 he represented the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. Tupaea played for the Central Districts side in their first five years of the New Zealand Rugby League's district competition. The side", "id": "15687157" }, { "contents": "Peter Ward (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter M. Ward (born 5 November 1876) was a New Zealand-born rugby union player who represented Australia. A fly-half, he was born in Invercargill. Ward was described as \"astute and a skillful inside back\". A member of the Britannia club Ward initially played for the Southland province between 1897 and 1898. He then moved to Sydney, Australia in 1899 and joined the Marrackville club. He was selected for New South Wales to play in their two matches against the touring Great Britain side. After", "id": "2597515" }, { "contents": "Frano Botica\n\n\nFrano Michael Botica (born 3 August 1963) is a New Zealand rugby union and rugby league coach and former player in both codes, who played in the 1980s and 1990s. He is the head coach of the Philippines sevens team. He represented New Zealand at both codes, and later also played for Croatia in two rugby union World Cup qualifying matches. Born in Mangakino, New Zealand, Botica played rugby union for club side North Shore, New Zealand provincial side North Harbour, as well as Llanelli in Wales, and", "id": "3135809" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nWilliam James Mitchell (28 November 1890 – 2 June 1959) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Mitchell was born in Melbourne, Australia before moving to New Zealand where he worked for the New Zealand Railways Department. Mitchell played rugby union for the Merivale club in Christchurch and represented the province nine times in 1909 and 1910. He was selected to be part of the All Blacks tour of Australia in 1910 and played in five matches, including the second and third Test", "id": "3816466" }, { "contents": "1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand was the third tour made by the Springboks rugby team, and their first tour to Australia and New Zealand. South Africa played three Test matches against the All Blacks. The series was drawn 1–all, and the long-running controversy between the countries over the All Blacks' inclusion of Maori players began. The Springboks played five matches in Australia, winning them all. The three most important matches against New South Wales, were retroactively accorded Test status by the Australian", "id": "19644461" }, { "contents": "1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand was a series of rugby union matches played in New Zealand by the South African national rugby union team, from June - August 1994. The team played 14 matches in total; 11 against several provincial rugby teams and 3 against the New Zealand national rugby union team. South Africa won 10 out of the 11 matches against provincial sides, losing one match to Otago. They lost their first two test matches against the New Zealand national side and drew the last test. The", "id": "14043514" }, { "contents": "Ewen McKenzie\n\n\nTri nations, but was reselected in 1997 for the 1997 French tour of Australia. 1997 was the year McKenzie retired from international rugby, making his last appearance on 12 July 1997 after a 25–6 victory over England in Sydney. In his entire career of 51 test matches, he only ever played as a substitute once, during a pool game in the 1995 Rugby World Cup. In 1992, McKenzie toured New Zealand with the World XV to mark the centenary of the New Zealand Rugby Union. New Zealand won the series 2–1", "id": "7179494" }, { "contents": "Sam Gemmell\n\n\nSamuel William Gemmell (28 August 1896 – 28 June 1970) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A loose forward, Gemmell represented Hawke's Bay at a provincial level. He played one match for the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, out of position at hooker against New South Wales at Dunedin. Affiliating to Ngāti Pāhauwera, Gemmell played 57 matches for New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1929, making him the most capped player for that team. He served as a private with the New Zealand (Māori", "id": "16059662" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\nCharles \"Charlie\" Herbert \"Herb\" Smith (13 February 1909 – 10 April 1976) was a New Zealand rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s. He played representative level rugby union (RU) for New Zealand (Heritage № 406) (non-test matches), South Island and Otago (captain), and at club level for Southern RFC , as a centre, i.e. number 12 or 13, switching codes in 1936. He played representative level rugby league (RL", "id": "11805487" }, { "contents": "James Barber (rugby)\n\n\nover to join the squad. He played in the first ever trans-Tasman test which was the debut match of the Australia national rugby league team. Barber would go on to appear in all three test matches against Australia. Barber later captained the New Zealand side in its 1909 tour of Australia. His last game for New Zealand was in 1912. In 1912 he was in Petone's side that won the inaugural Wellington Rugby League competition. Barber captained Wellington between 1911 and 1914, including Wellington's 1913 victory over Auckland.", "id": "7778848" }, { "contents": "Alex Watson (rugby league)\n\n\nAlex Watson (1931–2002) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer of the 1950s. An Australian international and Queensland interstate representative three-quarter back, he played club football in the Brisbane Rugby League premiership for Western Suburbs. Watson first represented Queensland in 1951 in a match against New South Wales. He made his test debut at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 12 June 1954 against Great Britain in the first test of that year's Ashes series. Australia won this test 37-12. In 1953 Watson toured New Zealand with the", "id": "15082194" }, { "contents": "Jack McLeod (rugby league)\n\n\nJack McLeod is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. McLeod played for Taranaki and Auckland. While at the Manukau club, McLeod was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1937, playing against Australia. He toured Australia with New Zealand in 1938 however no test matches were played on the tour. Four days after the 1937 test, McLeod was part of the New Zealand Māori side that defeated Australia 16-5. In 2008 he was named in the Taranaki Rugby League Team of the Century", "id": "19760905" }, { "contents": "Frank Nicholson (rugby union)\n\n\nof these matches played against New South Wales. The Howell reference claims that Nicholson's rugby career was interrupted by enlistment in the Boer War. He claimed two international rugby caps for Australia. He appeared for Queensland against the touring New Zealanders in Brisbane in August 1903 and two weeks later made his international debut against the same tourists in Sydney, on 15 August 1903. In 1904 he captained Queensland in the inter-state series and played alongside his brother Fred who scored a try in that match. Later that season he had", "id": "2954916" }, { "contents": "Frank Brogan (rugby league)\n\n\nFrank Brogan (1903–1961) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s. He played as a halfback with South Sydney during the club's golden era of the 1920s when they won 5 premierships. Brogan made his debut for South Sydney in 1922 against Newtown as an 18 year old. In 1924, Brogan was selected to play for New South Wales and featured in two matches. The following year, Brogan won his first premiership with Souths as they finished first on the table and were not required to play in", "id": "18073767" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\ntest of 1899 against the first British side to tour Australia, at Sydney, on 12 August. He also played for Australia in 1903 in Sydney against New Zealand in the first official rugby union international between the countries. He became an early convert to the fledgling league code and played for the Ipswich club in Queensland. He was selected in the 2nd Test of 1908 against New Zealand. Five former Wallabies had debuted for the Kangaroos in the inaugural Test three weeks earlier, Hardcastle's league Test debut that day with George Watson", "id": "802017" } ]

[ { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nthe 6–8 defeat by New South Wales at Sydney on 7 August 1922, and scored a penalty in the 45–11 victory over Manawatu-Wellington XV at Palmerston North on 16 August 1922 but never played a Test match for New Zealand. In 1923 Fitzgerald moved to Christchurch, joining the Marist Old Boys club. However the club was expelled from the Canterbury Rugby Union in April 1924 and Fitzgerald followed to club to rugby league. Fitzgerald excelled in rugby league and in his debut year he made the national side, playing in two Test", "id": "13539549" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nhe lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Jim O'Brien. Fitzgerald played for the South Island in 1922, scoring a try in the inter-island match. Following this he was selected for New Zealand, playing in five matches on a tour of New Zealand and Australia. Fitzgerald represented New Zealand (RU) in the 12–11 victory over Wairarapa at Carterton on 19 July 1922, the 26–19 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on 29 July 1922, the 24–6 victory over Metropolitan Union at Sydney on 2 August 1922,", "id": "13539548" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nCharles James Fitzgerald (6 June 1899, in Fairhall – 8 May 1961, in Awatere Valley) was a New Zealand dual-code international rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Fitzgerald was a utility back in both codes. Fitzgerald represented Marlborough between 1917 and 1921, appearing for the union in every backline position except fullback. He played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks kicking a penalty goal in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game", "id": "13539547" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nAndrew James \"Jim\" O'Brien (1897–1969) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. O'Brien began his career playing rugby union for Marlborough between 1919 and 1921. He also played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game he lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Charles Fitzgerald. In 1922 he moved north to Auckland, joining the Grafton club. He immediately was selected for the", "id": "13908850" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nNorth Island side and subsequently the All Blacks tour of New Zealand and South Wales. He finished the tour having played in 3 games and scored one try. Returning to Auckland, O’Brien played his first game for the union late in the 1922 season. In 1923 he played five games for Auckland. O'Brien switched to rugby league in 1924, joining Marist in the Auckland Rugby League competition. He played for Auckland and made the New Zealand national rugby league team for three tests against the touring Great Britain Lions side that year.", "id": "13908851" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\nLouis Charles Petersen (19 April 1897 – 25 June 1961) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Petersen served with the New Zealand Expeditionary Force in World War I and it was here that he developed his football skills, playing for the \"Trench team\". Petersen began his career with the Marist Old Boys club in Christchurch and in 1919 was first selected to represent Canterbury. He made the South Island side in 1919, 1920 and 1921. In 1922 Petersen was", "id": "14015995" }, { "contents": "Jim Craig (rugby league)\n\n\nversatility was such that he was selected at hooker for a match on tour of New Zealand in 1919. Graig first represented for New South Wales against a touring English side in 1920. He was selected on the 1921–22 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and made his Test debut in the first Test at Leeds. He appeared in 23 minor tour matches notching a total of 58 points as a try scorer and goal kicker. Following his Kangaroo Tour representative appearances in 1922 he played a season with the University club in Sydney. In 1923", "id": "6542629" }, { "contents": "Albert Johnston (rugby league)\n\n\nclub seasons of 1921 and 1922. In 1912 he was selected in a Sydney Metropolis side. In 1913 he was in a New South Wales touring squad to New Zealand as half-back but was kept out of the major matches by the form of his peer Arthur Halloway. He captained New South Wales in some 1918 games and then made his Australian Test debut in 1919 on Australia's tour of New Zealand. He scored a try on debut assisting Australia to a 44-21 victory. With tour captain Halloway unfit for", "id": "9752107" }, { "contents": "Percy Hickey\n\n\nPercival \"Percy\" Hubert Hickey (28 April 1899 – 21 December 1943) was a New Zealand rugby union player who represented the All Blacks in 1922. His position of choice was wing three-quarter. Hickey was born in Rahotu in 1899. He made the provincial side in 1919. He was selected for the North against South Island match in 1922. He scored a try. He was then selected for the national side on their tour of New South Wales. Hickey played in two of the possible five matches.", "id": "3545214" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1922 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the tenth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales Selection, and NSW won the 3 match series 2–1. In", "id": "13453802" }, { "contents": "Billy Sheehan (rugby union)\n\n\ntop Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of their 1920s fixtures played against full international opposition were decreed in 1986 as official Test matches, including the three of Sheehan's 1921 debut and fifteen other appearances he would make over the next six years. In 1922 he appeared in all three Test in Sydney against the visiting All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Sheehan played all of the three match series in which the Waratahs were undefeated. On the 1923 tour of New Zealand and", "id": "5401479" }, { "contents": "Les Steel\n\n\nLeslie William Steel (1900 – 28 April 1966) was a rugby league footballer in Australia's major competition, the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL). Steel played over 100 matches for his club side, Eastern Suburbs in the years (1922–29). A Winger, Steel was a try scorer in Easts 1923 premiership victory. In 1922 Steel was selected to represent New South Wales. Following his football career, Steel spent many years as an official of the Eastern Suburbs club. He died at Hurstville, New South", "id": "20482633" }, { "contents": "Jim Bacon (rugby)\n\n\nLions tour of Australasia. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Leeds in 1920 against Australia (3 matches), and New Zealand (3 matches), in 1921 against Australia (2 matches), in 1922 against Australia, in 1924 against Australia, and in 1927 against New Zealand. From 1921 until 1927 he also represented Wales, winning six caps, all against England, including 1-victory, and 5-defeats. Bacon played left-, i.e. number 4 and scored 2-tries in Leeds' 11–3 victory over Dewsbury", "id": "5182427" }, { "contents": "Karl Ifwersen\n\n\nrep team, captaining the combined Auckland-North Auckland side against South Africa in his first game back and scoring the only try. Ifwersen played in one test match for the All Blacks during the 1921 South Africa tour of the country. Ifwersen continued to play for Auckland between 1922 and 1938. Ifwersen died in Auckland on 19 May 1967, having suffered considerably from football injuries during his old age. Ifwersen was inducted into the New Zealand Rugby League's Legends of League in 2000. He was the first New Zealander to represent", "id": "14118993" }, { "contents": "New Zealand national rugby union team\n\n\nThomas Ellison captained team won nine of their ten matches. The following year New Zealand played its first home \"international\" game, losing 8–6 to New South Wales. The team's first true test match occurred against Australia on 15 August 1903 at the Sydney Cricket Ground in front of over 30,000 spectators, and resulted in a 22–3 victory. A representative New Zealand team first toured the British Isles in 1905. The side is now known as the \"Originals\", as the \"All Blacks\" name emerged during this tour", "id": "20449805" }, { "contents": "Wilson Hall (rugby league)\n\n\nA. Wilson Hall was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s and 1930s who represented New Zealand and later played at club level in England for Castleford. From the Ngaruawahia club, Wilson Hall represented South Auckland in 1922. He was a half for South Auckland and the North Island in 1925. In 1926 he moved to Christchurch. Wilson Hall then represented the Hornby club, Canterbury and the South Island. He was selected for New Zealand's tour of Great Britain in 1926. He played in two test matches", "id": "20659026" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\nwas selected to tour New Zealand. He played in seven matches on tour including the Waratah's Test victory. He made representative appearances in 1922 against the New Zealand Maori and the All Blacks, played in three Tests against them in 1924 and in five matches against them in 1925. The 3rd test of 1925 played on 23 June at the Sydney Showground was Fox's sole appearance as the national captain. He was solid in further Test appearances against New Zealand in 1926 He was a tremendous lineout forward and one of the senior", "id": "9169857" }, { "contents": "Dai Fitzgerald\n\n\nDavid \"Dai\" Fitzgerald (1872 – 30 November 1951) was a Welsh rugby centre who played club rugby under the union code for Cardiff, and later switched to professional rugby league team Batley (captain). He played international rugby union for Wales winning two caps, and in his first match for Wales scored all the points in a victory over Scotland. Fitzgerald first played rugby in Cardiff for the now defunct club, St. Davids, one of several Welsh teams built around Catholic churches. He switched to first class club", "id": "18632594" }, { "contents": "Bruce Gall\n\n\nBruce Gall is a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Gall played in the Taranaki Rugby League and represented Taranaki. In 1976 Gall played for the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. In 1979 he played for the Central Districts side that won the Inter-Districts competition. He was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team on the 1980 tour of Great Britain and France. Gall did not play in a test match but did play in 8 games for the Kiwis, scoring 3 tries.", "id": "18658371" }, { "contents": "Shaun Foley\n\n\nShaun Foley (born 29 August 1986 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia) is an Australian rugby union player and a former member of the National Rugby League's (NRL) Sydney Roosters squad. Foley played in the Australian Schoolboys Rugby Union team that lost to New Zealand 21-16 in 2004. Foley scored all 16 points for the Australian team. Foley joined NRL side the Sydney Roosters in 2006, playing 7 games and scoring 6 tries. He scored two tries in the Roosters 40-20 victory over the", "id": "3276301" }, { "contents": "Sam Lowrie\n\n\nSamuel Arthur \"Sam\" Lowrie was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. His grandnephew, Jason Lowrie, also represented New Zealand in rugby league. Lowrie played for the Ponsonby club in the Auckland Rugby League competition. In 1919 Lowrie played for Auckland and was first selected to represent New Zealand, playing in three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1922 Lowrie toured Australia, with the New Zealand Māori rugby league team. Lowrie was named Ponsonby's best forward in 1923. He again played for", "id": "21879456" }, { "contents": "Arthur Kay (rugby league)\n\n\nArthur Geig Kay was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Kay represented Auckland and was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1935. He played in all three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1936 he played in two matches against the touring Great Britain team and played in his final test match in New Zealand's 16-15 victory over Australia at Carlaw Park on 14 August 1937. He was selected to tour Great Britain and France in 1939 but the tour was abandoned due to the", "id": "13813701" }, { "contents": "Percy Williams (New Zealand rugby league player)\n\n\nPercy Williams was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Williams originally played rugby union and represented Auckland. Williams played for Wigan for three seasons between 1910/11 to 1912/13. During this time he played in 111 matches for the club in the Lancashire League, including in the 1911 Challenge Cup Final loss. In 1913 he was called into the New Zealand squad, joining them midway through their tour of Australia. Williams was said to be instrumental in New Zealand's 17-11 upset victory over New South Wales.", "id": "14326389" }, { "contents": "Johnnie Wallace\n\n\nthe club's first Wallaby representative. His potential was obvious and in 1921 he was selected in the New South Wales side picked to tour New Zealand. He played in five of the ten tour matches including the September 1921 fixture against a New Zealand XV which is now regarded as a Test match. With no Queensland Rugby Union administration or competition in place from 1919 to 1929, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of the fixtures of 1920s which were played against", "id": "7506396" }, { "contents": "Jack Forrest (rugby league)\n\n\nJohn Alexander \"Jack\" Forrest (24 February 1924 – 26 February 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 12 international matches between 1947 and 1952. His cousin Jonas Masters also played rugby league for New Zealand. Forrest played in the West Coast Rugby League competition for Runanga and represented both the West Coast and the South Island. He played in 42 matches, 12 of which were test matches, for the New Zealand national rugby league team, including matches against the 1951 touring French side and", "id": "18556717" }, { "contents": "Pat Devery\n\n\n, New South Wales on 9 August 1922. A Tumbulgum junior, he played football in the Brisbane Rugby League for Fortitude Valley. Devery was then discovered by coach of Sydney's Balmain club Latchem Robinson while playing football in The Domain, Sydney as a sailor in the Royal Australian Navy during the war. Devery played for Balmain at halfback in the 1944 NSWRFL season's premiership final, scoring a try in his side's victory over Newtown. Devery also represented Sydney on 6 occasions, New South Wales on 2 occasions between 1946–1947", "id": "14526725" }, { "contents": "Charles Kingstone\n\n\nCharles Napoleon \"Nipper\" Kingstone (2 July 1895 – 6 May 1960) was a New Zealand sportsman who played international rugby union for New Zealand. He was also a first-class cricketer. A fullback, Kingstone played all three of his Tests during South Africa's 1921 tour of New Zealand. He was injured in a motor accident in 1922 and didn't play again for New Zealand. Kingstone played just one first-class cricket match. He represented a team called the \"Rest of New Zealand\" in a", "id": "8516640" }, { "contents": "Dougie McGregor\n\n\nAlwin John \"Dougie\" McGregor (1889–1963) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. McGregor played rugby union for the Karangahake club in the Goldfields sub-union competition in 1908. The following year he moved to Auckland, joining the Ponsonby club. McGregor represented Auckland and the North Island that same year. In 1913 McGregor was picked in the New Zealand squad for their North America tour and played in 11 games during the tour, including Test matches against Australia and", "id": "14128313" }, { "contents": "1893 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1893 New Zealand tour rugby to Australia was the second tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. Ten matches were played against regional and district sides, but no Test matches were played. It was first tour arranged by New Zealand Rugby Football Union which was founded the year before. The only previous New Zealand national team was the side that toured New South Wales in 1884. Immediately before departing for Sydney, the tourists played a match against a \"Combined XV\" in Wellington, which New Zealand won", "id": "14310646" }, { "contents": "Australasia rugby league team\n\n\nThe Australasian rugby league team (or the Kangaroos) represented Australia and New Zealand in rugby league sporadically between 1910 and 1922. Administered by the New South Wales Rugby League, appearances for the team were counted towards the Australian team's records and playing register but not the New Zealand team's. The team toured Great Britain twice, participating in two Ashes series, and also played Great Britain twice in Sydney. The Australasian side first played in 1910. After Great Britain had defeated Australia in two Test matches it was decided that", "id": "15931608" }, { "contents": "George Dickinson\n\n\nChurch in Dunedin. While at Otago Boys' High School, Dickinson played as a five-eighth in the school's 1st XV rugby team between 1918 and 1921. He made his debut for the All Blacks in 1922 on their tour of New South Wales, playing five matches and scoring three tries. He went on to play 12 matches for between 1922 and 1924, scoring five tries, 11 conversions and one penalty goal. Dickinson also played for the South Island in 1922. He retired from first-class rugby at", "id": "2808375" }, { "contents": "Alexander Kirkpatrick (rugby union)\n\n\nAlexander Kirkpatrick (4 October 1898 – 25 August 1971) was an All Blacks rugby union player from New Zealand. He was a hooker. He played 12 matches for the All Blacks in1925-26 against Australia (New South Wales), scoring 6 points (2 tries). He was a member of the Hastings club and captained the Hawke’s Bay Region to take the Ranfurly Shield off Wellington in 1922; and appeared in 22 of the 24 successful defences (more than any other player). In 1952-56", "id": "16723938" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nClaud Augustus O'Donnell (30 January 1886 – 4 August 1953) was an Australian rugby union and rugby league player and represented his country at both sports as a dual-code rugby international. O'Donnell played rugby union with the Glebe club in inner city Sydney. He made his representative debut for New South Wales in 1912 and the following year made two Test appearances as hooker for the Wallabies against the All Blacks in the 1913 tour of New Zealand. Switching to rugby league O'Donnell joined the Glebe Dirty Reds in 1915 and had three", "id": "1170779" }, { "contents": "Wally O'Connell\n\n\nand played 80 games. His first representative match was for City New South Wales in 1943. On 18 June 1945 a Sydney rugby league team featuring O'Connell travelled to Newcastle to play against their representative team and were defeated 27-26. He was the Roosters' pivot in their 1945 premiership final victory over Balmain. With senior representative matches canceled during WWII O'Connell didn't make his Test debut until 1948 against New Zealand in Sydney.He was selected for the 1948-49 Kangaroo Tour and played in five Tests and 16 minor", "id": "14384862" }, { "contents": "Mawene Hiroti\n\n\nMawene Hiroti (born 6 March 1999) is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who plays as a or er for the South Sydney Rabbitohs in the NRL. Hiroti was born in Taranaki, New Zealand. He has represented the Australian Schoolboys rugby league team and the New Zealand Under 18s. Forged his career playing for New Plymouth Old Boys under 11s 12s and 13s - winning Taranaki Premiership every year. Mawene scoring 50 percent of all tries. He played for the Rabbitohs in their pre-season 18-8 victory over English", "id": "14480103" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\n) for British Empire XIII, and at club level for Streatham and Mitcham and Halifax (Heritage № 437), as a , or , i.e. number 2 or 5, or, 3 or 4. Smith represented New Zealand (RU) in the 16–13 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on Monday 6 August 1934, and scored a try in the 35–3 victory over Newcastle at Newcastle, New South Wales on Wednesday 22 August 1934, but was not selected for the 1935–36 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland", "id": "11805488" }, { "contents": "Jim Rukutai\n\n\nNew Zealand played matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Rukutai coached New Zealand during their 1921 tour of Australia. He remains New Zealand's youngest ever national coach. He also coached New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1937. In 1937 he coached the New Zealand Māori to an upset win over Australia. In 1932 Rukutai served on the Auckland Rugby League board as the Clubs' delegate. He then served as the first chairman of the New Zealand Māori Rugby League Board when it was formed in 1934. Rukutai died at his", "id": "1899959" }, { "contents": "Greg Davis (rugby)\n\n\nand there joined the Drummoyne Rugby Club Davis was immediately selected for both New South Wales and Australia in his first year in Sydney. He debuted in a Sydney Test match against England in June 1963 and the following month was selected in the squad for the 1963 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa. He played in all four Test matches of the tied series and in ten other tour matches. The next year he made the 1964 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand playing in seven of the eight matches including all three Tests", "id": "3641367" }, { "contents": "Bill Kelly (rugby league)\n\n\n, Kelly played first class rugby union for Buller when he was 18 and later represented Wellington. Kelly switched to rugby league with the launch of the Wellington Rugby League competition in 1912 and played for Athletic in their grand final loss to Petone. He became a Wellington representative and toured Australia in 1912 and 1913 with the New Zealand national side. No test matches were played with the Kiwis meeting New South Wales and Queensland and a number of regional sides. He played in Wellingtons 1913 victory over Auckland. He joined the Balmain Tigers", "id": "146975" }, { "contents": "1929 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\nThe 1929 New Zealand rugby league season was the 22nd season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand. New Zealand played in no international matches in 1929. The New South Wales Rugby Football League's South Sydney Rabbitohs toured the country late in the season. They played two matches against Marist, with both sides securing one win. South Sydney also defeated Huntly. Souths were without five Kangaroos who were on a tour of Great Britain. Marist won the first match 10-9 at Carlaw Park while Souths won the", "id": "3198729" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\ndue to a row over the eligibility of three players. They instead joined the Rugby League and the Football Association. Marist spent just seven seasons in the Canterbury Rugby League but won three titles, in 1924, 1925 and 1928. In 1924 they produced six New Zealand internationals; Bill Devine, Charles Fitzgerald, Ted Fitzgerald, Terry Gilroy, Harry Mullins and Lou Petersen. Jim Amos also switched codes with Marist but played in their lower divisions. Greymouth Marist joined the West Coast Rugby League in support of Christchurch Marist. The", "id": "3198709" }, { "contents": "Charles Webb (rugby league)\n\n\nCharles Webb was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand . A halfback from the Ponsonby United club, Webb also represented Auckland. In 1912, Webb toured Australia with New Zealand. The side played in matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Later that same year, New South Wales made a return tour to New Zealand. Webb captained the New Zealand side that played against them, losing 10-18. He also played in two matches for Auckland against the touring Blues side. Webb was selected for the", "id": "14418029" }, { "contents": "David Evans (rugby)\n\n\nDavid \"Dave\" Alexander Evans (4 October 1886 – 12 October 1940) was a New Zealand dual-code international who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Evans began his career playing rugby union and represented Hawke's Bay 19 times from 1906. He made the 1910 New Zealand tour of Australia and played in the 0–11 Test defeat by Australia at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 27 June 1910, becoming the Hawke's Bay's third representative. While in Australia Evans had been impressed by the rugby league", "id": "13088290" }, { "contents": "Bill Cunningham (rugby union)\n\n\nFootball Union. He was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1901, and played against Wellington and the New South Wales team that was touring New Zealand at the time. Both matches were comfortably won, with the tourists defeated 20–3. Cunningham played his first of four matches for Auckland against international opposition, against the same New South Wales side a week later, with his Auckland team winning 24–3. Cunningham moved to Auckland in 1902, and played his club rugby for City, before joining Ponsonby the following season. He", "id": "17185617" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\nWilliam Robert \"Bill\" Hardcastle (30 August 1874 – 11 July 1944) born in Wellington, New Zealand was a pioneer New Zealand and Australian rugby union player and an Australian rugby league footballer. He represented both countries in union and Australia in league. He was one of the first dual-code rugby internationals. Hardcastle commenced his club rugby in New Zealand with Petone and represented for Wellington from 1895 to 1897. He joined the Melrose club in 1897 and was selected in a North Island representative side from where he was", "id": "802015" }, { "contents": "Steve Skinnon\n\n\nSteve Skinnon (born 27 November 1976) is a New Zealand rugby footballer who played rugby union for Wellington and Hawkes Bay in the National Provincial Championship and rugby league for the Sydney Roosters and South Sydney Rabbitohs in the National Rugby League. He represented his country in both codes at a junior level. Skinnon started his career in rugby union and represented the New Zealand under 19 side in 1994 from Wellington College, playing at second five eighth. He switched codes to rugby league in 1995 and was picked to play for the Junior", "id": "2628332" }, { "contents": "Jim Wylie\n\n\nJames Thomas Wylie (26 October 1887 – 19 December 1956) was a New Zealand rugby union player, who represented both the country of his birth and Australia. He went on to coach the Stanford University rugby team for over 30 years from 1917. Born in Galatea in 1887, Wylie was a tall man at , and played as a loose forward. He first represented in 1910, playing six matches, before moving to Sydney for the next two years. There he made four appearances for New South Wales against Queensland,", "id": "12170928" }, { "contents": "Edward Baird (rugby league)\n\n\nNorthern Union\" style of rugby, taking on Albert Baskerville's New Zealand All Golds on their inaugural tour. Baird played as a reserve as the Queenslanders lost the historic match 34–12. He went on to make another appearance against New Zealand and two against New South Wales. When the New Zealand team came back on the return leg of their tour, they played three Test matches against the first Australian representative sides ever selected. The first Test was played in Sydney on 9 May 1908 with the Kiwis prevailing. On 30 May", "id": "17722972" }, { "contents": "Bob Aynsley\n\n\nRobert Aynsley (5 January 1922 – 12 October 2012) was a New Zealand rugby league player. He played five test matches for the New Zealand national rugby league team. Aynsley played for Blackball and represented the West Coast and the South Island before first being selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1946. He played in five test matches, his last in 1949. He played in 15 tour games on the 1947–1948 tour of Great Britain and France. After retirement, Aynsley was a referee from 1953 to 1960", "id": "5310628" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\ninterest in rugby union in Sydney following WWI. In 1920 he appeared three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the All Blacks scoring a try in his representative debut. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches. In 1921 he represented for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks and", "id": "9169856" }, { "contents": "1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand, more commonly known in New Zealand as the 1956 Springboks tour was a series of rugby union matches played by South Africa in Australia and New Zealand. The \"Springboks\" won 21 matches of 29, drew 1, and lost 7. They played 6 Test matches, with two victories over Australia and one over New Zealand. The New Zealand leg of their trip was the primary focus of the tour—23 of their 29 matches were in New Zealand, which included", "id": "12210178" }, { "contents": "Bert Cooke (rugby)\n\n\nspent 1932 with Hawke's Bay, before switching codes. Cooke also represented Wairarapa and Wellington while playing rugby union. He finished his rugby union career with 121 tries in 131 first class matches. Cooke joined the Richmond Rovers club in the Auckland Rugby League competition in 1932 and made an immediate impact, racing away for three tries in the inter-island game only weeks later. He was selected for New Zealand that year against the Great Britain Lions. Cooke also represented Auckland and captained New Zealand in two Test matches against Australia", "id": "12460198" }, { "contents": "Queensland rugby league team\n\n\nZealand rugby league tour of Australia, Queensland lost both its matches against the Kiwis in Brisbane. Again, Queensland played two matches against the Kiwis during the 1913 New Zealand rugby league tour of Australia and again the Maroons lost both. New South Wales had won every match between the two states until 1922, when the Maroons, with Cyril Connell playing at , achieved their maiden victory. This commenced Queensland's only golden period before the introduction of State of Origin. In 1925 Queensland toured New Zealand and played against the full New", "id": "12687033" }, { "contents": "1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia was the sixth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. Four matches were played against regional and district sides along with three Test match against the Australia national side, being the first time both teams played each other. New Zealand won the series with two victories and a tied match. Before the tour matches, New Zealand played a preliminary game v. the Wellington RU team at the Athletic Park, won by the \"All Blacks\" 19–6. Complete list of matches played", "id": "1302262" }, { "contents": "Watty Friend\n\n\nTest matches. In 1921 he figured in three matches for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks. Howell notes that Friends was one of the Waratahs' top players. In 1922 he appeared in all three matches again when the All Blacks visited Sydney, with second and third matches wins resulting in a rare series victory of those days to the Waratahs over the All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Friend was honoured with the captaincy of New South Wales in a three match series in which the Waratahs", "id": "5285969" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nseasons in the Sydney premiership. In 1918 he moved to Brisbane and joined the Carltons club, one of the early incarnations of the Souths Magpies. From there he made state appearances for Queensland against New South Wales over four years and in 1919 was selected in the Australian team as hooker. He played in all four Tests of the 1919 rugby league tour of New Zealand. He is listed as Australia's 97th representative on the Australian Rugby League's Kangaroo register. His international rugby league debut against New Zealand in Wellington on 23", "id": "1170780" }, { "contents": "John Rosewell\n\n\n. Along with Dally Messenger, Denis Lutge, Doug McLean snr and Micky Dore he was one of the inaugural five Australian dual code rugby internationals who having earlier represented at rugby union, debuted in international rugby league in Sydney on 9 May 1908 in the first ever Australian league Test against New Zealand. He is listed on the \"Australian Players Register\" as Kangaroo No.13. He spent three seasons at South Sydney playing 29 matches scoring 4 tries and 6 goals. He was a member of the 1910 Rabbitohs side that drew the", "id": "801844" }, { "contents": "George Aitken (rugby union)\n\n\nGeorge Gothard Aitken (2 July 1898 – 8 July 1952) was a rugby union footballer who represented New Zealand – known as the All Blacks – and then Scotland. He was born in Westport, New Zealand, and was selected to play provincially for Buller at the age of 16. After moving to Wellington, Aitken played for the province from 1917, and from there was selected for the All Blacks side that faced South Africa when they toured New Zealand in 1921. After only two Test matches for the All Blacks,", "id": "5006718" }, { "contents": "Jack Holland (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Holland (1922-1994) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s. An Australian international and New South Wales interstate representative forward, he played his club football in Sydney's NSWRFL Premiership for the St. George club. Holland was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia on 19 August 1922. Holland served in the Army during World War II. Commencing his first-grade NSWRFL Premiership playing career with St. George in 1947, he was selected to represent New South Wales in 1948", "id": "4207831" }, { "contents": "Jack Price (rugby league)\n\n\nagainst Australia (2 matches), and while at Wigan in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches). Jack Price played , in Wigan's 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. Jack Price played in Wigan's victories in the Lancashire County League during the 1922–23 season, 1923–24 season and 1925–26 season. Jack Price played , and scored a try in Wigan's 21-4 victory over", "id": "12779224" }, { "contents": "Edwin Abbott (rugby league)\n\n\nEdwin Frederick Abbott (1909–1976) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 1930 and 1932. Abbott was the nephew of 1905 All Black Harold Abbott and the uncle of Bill Deacon, a Kiwi from 1965 to 1971. From the Ngaruawahia Panthers club, Abbott represented South Auckland and the North Island. In 1930 he was selected for the New Zealand tour of New South Wales, playing in both matches against New South Wales and scoring three tries against Sydney Metropolis. He played for South Auckland against both the", "id": "19358978" }, { "contents": "Jim Davis (rugby league)\n\n\nthe 1911 NSWRFL season with North Sydney before playing three seasons with the Glebe club. His top-grade career finished up back at Souths in 1918-19 before concluding with a country stint at Parkes. Davis made his debut Test appearance in 1908 against New Zealand, appearing in both matches of the first rugby league international series played by an Australian representative side. At the end of that season he was selected in the 35 man squad to make the first ever Kangaroo Tour. Davis played in six tour matches but in none", "id": "11335988" }, { "contents": "Herb Brackenreg\n\n\nEastern Suburbs club. An Eastern Suburbs rugby union player, Brackenreg had been a member of the rebel New South Wales sides that played against the rebel New Zealand 'All Blacks' in the 1907 series that helped to establish rugby league in Australia. He played in 8 NSWRFL Premiership matches for Easts including that club's first match and was a member of the NSWRL's first premiership decider played against local rival, South Sydney. In that first season Brackenreg was selected to represent his state, New South Wales, in 2 matches", "id": "12715024" }, { "contents": "Danny Hurcombe\n\n\nFrom 29 November 1919 Hurcombe played for English rugby league club, Wigan. Hurcombe was selected to go on the 1920 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Wigan in 1920 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand, in 1922 against Australia, and in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches), and he won 6 caps for Wales in 1921–1926 while at Wigan. Hurcombe made his début for Wigan in", "id": "11028974" }, { "contents": "Arthur Hardgrave\n\n\nArthur Hardgrave ( 1908–14) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. A fullback, Hardgrave played for Taranaki against Auckland in 1908 and 1909. He later moved to Auckland and played for Otahuhu at club level and represented Auckland provincially. In 1912, Hardgrave was selected for the New Zealand national side who toured Australia. No test matches were played on the tour but Hardgrave became the 74th player to represent New Zealand. Following the tour, Hardgrave was part of the Auckland side that defeated New South Wales 10–3", "id": "124840" }, { "contents": "Ted Thorn\n\n\n. Ted made his state representative debut in 1922, appearing three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the visiting All Blacks for two victories. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches - including fifteen such appearances made by Ted Thorn. Thorn made the 1923 New South Wales tour", "id": "5576534" }, { "contents": "Jack Fitzgerald (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Fitzgerald was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s, and coached in the 1960s. He played for Western Suburbs as a winger and later coached the club from 1961 to 1964. Fitzgerald began his career with Western Suburbs in 1949. In 1952, Fitzgerald was a member of the Western Suburbs side which claimed their fourth and final premiership defeating South Sydney in the grand final, with Fitzgerald scoring a try. Fitzgerald played for three more seasons before retiring as a player. Fitzgerald began his coaching", "id": "15556425" }, { "contents": "Owen Stephens\n\n\nWales. He won a single cap for New Zealand, playing in the All Blacks' 19–12 victory over France at Eden Park, Auckland on 10 August 1968, and won five caps for Australia, playing against Tonga and Wales in 1973 and New Zealand in 1974. Only three players have played rugby union at test match level for both New Zealand and Australia: namely Des Connor, Ted Jessep and Stephens. He played club level rugby league for St. George Dragons (trial), Parramatta Eels (Heritage № 339) (", "id": "7733372" }, { "contents": "Peter Williams (New Zealand rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Williams (22 April 188430 August 1976) was a rugby union player who represented New Zealand nine times, including a single Test match. He played club rugby for Dunedin side Alhambra, and played provincial rugby for Otago between 1908 and 1914. His sole season of international rugby was 1913, when he played in a home Test against Australia before touring North America with the All Blacksas New Zealand's international team is knownthat same year. He was selected for a tour of Australia the following year, but was unavailable and so", "id": "8410349" }, { "contents": "Frank Smyth\n\n\nBernard Francis \"Frank\" Smyth (11 February 1891 – 15 July 1972) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A hooker, Smyth played a single representative game for Canterbury in 1915, one match for the South Island in 1922 and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, also in 1922. He played three matches for the All Blacks but did not appear in any internationals. His grandson is politician Peter Dunne. Smyth served in the No. 3 Field Company, New Zealand Engineers", "id": "16651150" }, { "contents": "1921 Waratahs tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe Queensland Rugby Union had collapsed in 1919 and would not be reborn until 1929 leaving the New South Wales Rugby Union to administer the game in Australia at the national representative level. In 1923 the New South Wales side toured New Zealand In 1986 the Australian Rugby Union decreed the five full-internationals played on the tour as official Test matches. Previously the All Blacks visited New South Wales in the 1920 tour. This tour happened while the Springboks were completing their tour in New Zealand. Previously in June, South Africa played three", "id": "14085090" }, { "contents": "Robert Graves (rugby)\n\n\n1905 and from there was selected to represent Metropolis (Sydney) in a fixture against Country played over Easter in 1905. He continued in a coaching role for the Grosvenor club even while himself playing rugby for those other sides from 1903 to 1907. Graves was one of the New South Wales rugby union players who matched up against the first professional New Zealand team, Albert Baskiville's 'All Golds' in three matches in Sydney in August 1907. He played in all three matches and along with the other Australian rebel players was", "id": "3902454" }, { "contents": "Jim Sullivan (rugby league)\n\n\n, converting five goals in a 21–0 win against Widnes. He made his first representative appearance in December 1921, playing for Wales in a 16–21 defeat against Australia. Jim Sullivan played , and scored 4-conversions in Wigan's 13-2 victory over Oldham in the Championship Final during the 1921–22 season at The Cliff, Broughton on Saturday 6 May 1922, played , and scored 4-conversions in the 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. played", "id": "338598" }, { "contents": "Simon Poidevin\n\n\nwas then selected to play for New South Wales in a succession of the matches in 1981. The first match against Manawatu was won 58-3, with NSW scoring 10 tries. Victories over Waikato and Counties followed, before New South Wales were defeated by Queensland 26-15 at the Sydney Cricket Ground. New South Wales played Queensland in a return match a week later in Brisbane that was won 7-6. Poidevin played for Sydney against France in the third game France played for their 1981 France rugby union tour of", "id": "16857237" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\ncalled up to the All Blacks and he played in eight games for New Zealand, although he did not appear in any Test matches. In 1924 Marist Old Boys became locked in a dispute with the Canterbury Rugby Union and quit, instead fielding rugby league and soccer teams. Petersen followed the club, taking up rugby league. Petersen made an immediate impact and was one of six Marist Old Boys players who were selected to represent New Zealand that season. In total Petersen played in three Test matches for New Zealand in rugby league", "id": "14015996" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\n, Bert Avery and Maurice Wetherill. Lou Brown made his Auckland debut in the second match. At the end of the tour the NSW members of the 1921-22 Australasian Kangaroos were joined by New Zealand member Bert Laing for a match against the rest of the NSW squad and local Auckland stars. The Kangaroos won 65-27. The New Zealand Māori side played Sydney Metropolis in Sydney. South Auckland held the Northern Union Cup at the end of the season. They defeated Auckland 21-20 in Auckland to win the", "id": "3198700" }, { "contents": "John Solomon (rugby union)\n\n\nmade his state and national representative debuts at age nineteen, first playing for Australia against the at the Sydney Cricket Ground in June 1949. Later that year he toured New Zealand with Trevor Allan's Bledisloe Cup winning Wallabies. Solomon played variously at five-eighth, fullback and centre in seven matches of the tour including the 2nd Test at Eden Park where he scored a try thus helping the side make history as the first Australian team to win the Cup in New Zealand. He played twice for New South Wales in 1950 at", "id": "19470085" }, { "contents": "Darby Loudon\n\n\nDarby Briton Loudon (12 March 1897 – c. 1963) was a New Zealand born rugby union player, a flanker who made sixteen representative appearances for the New South Wales state team in the 1920s. Four of these matches have since been decreed as Test matches by the Australian Rugby Union and Loudon, who led the side in one such match in 1922, was therefore a captain of the Australian national team. Loudon, was born in Leeston, New Zealand and relocated to Sydney during his youth. He attended Sydney Grammar School", "id": "5401488" }, { "contents": "Michael Fitzgerald (rugby union)\n\n\nMichael Fitzgerald (born ) is a New Zealand rugby union player currently playing for Kamaishi Seawaves in Japan. He previously played for Leicester Tigers in England's Premiership Rugby, for the Chiefs in Super Rugby and Manawatu in the ITM Cup. His regular playing position is lock. In 2013, he signed a contract extension with the Chiefs until 2015. On 21 April 2015, it was announced he had signed for English Aviva Premiership side Leicester Tigers. Fitzgerald made his Leicester debut on 18 October 2015 in a 28-16 win", "id": "17447697" }, { "contents": "Peter Johnstone (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Johnstone (9 August 1922 – 18 October 1997) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A backrow forward, Johnstone represented Ashburton County while serving in the army and later at a provincial level. He was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1949 to 1951. He played 26 matches for the All Blacks —10 as captain—including nine internationals, touring South Africa in 1949 and playing all four tests against the touring 1950 British Lions. He was a key member of the", "id": "5603616" }, { "contents": "Brian Reidy\n\n\nBrian Thomas Reidy (27 January 1939 – 2 June 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Reidy played for the Marist club and represented Auckland. He made his debut for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1959, becoming Kiwi #383, but did not make his test match debut until 1961, against Australia at Carlaw Park. Between 1959 and 1966, Reidy played 65 games for New Zealand, including 19 tests, scoring 34 tries in all. He could play anywhere in the", "id": "21473667" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nmatches. In 1911 Mitchell, along with three other players from the Merivale club, moved to Sydney and played for the North Sydney Bears. He was then enticed north by the Queensland Rugby League. At the same time the New Zealand rugby league side was touring Australia and he was invited to join the touring party. Mitchell played in four matches, becoming a dual-code rugby international. Mitchell then returned to Christchurch and represented Canterbury in its first ever match in 1912. Mitchell toured Australia twice more with New Zealand,", "id": "3816467" }, { "contents": "Pat Creedy\n\n\nPatrick Joseph \"Pat\" Creedy (18 November 1927 – 7 April 2011) was a New Zealand rugby football player who represented New Zealand in rugby league. Creedy originally played rugby union and represented both the Southland Rugby Union and the Canterbury Rugby Union. Creedy later switched codes to rugby league and joined the Marist club in the Canterbury Rugby League competition. He represented Canterbury and in 1955 was selected at halfback for the South Island. That year he was first selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team, playing against the", "id": "6530820" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1924 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the 11th tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales selection, and New Zealand won the 3 match series", "id": "14085325" }, { "contents": "Jim Sanders (rugby league)\n\n\nJames Sanders (1900–1981) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Sanders started his career in third grade with Addington in 1915. He spent his entire career with Addington apart from a few games for Hornby when Addington had no senior team. He captained Addington to their first title in 1923. Sanders made his New Zealand debut in 1919 against Australia. In 1921 Sanders toured Australia for New Zealand under coach Jim Rukutai. He played for New Zealand in 1922 against New South Wales and was part of the", "id": "6884071" }, { "contents": "Nolan Tupaea\n\n\na first grade match. In 1979 he moved to Petone, winning premierships in 1980, 1981 and 1982. He was also part of their 1982 victory in the National Club Cup. Tupaea represented Wellington, playing 64 matches between 1971 and 1985. He was selected for the Kiwi Colts in 1973 for a match against Queensland. In 1976 he represented the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. Tupaea played for the Central Districts side in their first five years of the New Zealand Rugby League's district competition. The side", "id": "15687157" }, { "contents": "Peter Ward (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter M. Ward (born 5 November 1876) was a New Zealand-born rugby union player who represented Australia. A fly-half, he was born in Invercargill. Ward was described as \"astute and a skillful inside back\". A member of the Britannia club Ward initially played for the Southland province between 1897 and 1898. He then moved to Sydney, Australia in 1899 and joined the Marrackville club. He was selected for New South Wales to play in their two matches against the touring Great Britain side. After", "id": "2597515" }, { "contents": "Frano Botica\n\n\nFrano Michael Botica (born 3 August 1963) is a New Zealand rugby union and rugby league coach and former player in both codes, who played in the 1980s and 1990s. He is the head coach of the Philippines sevens team. He represented New Zealand at both codes, and later also played for Croatia in two rugby union World Cup qualifying matches. Born in Mangakino, New Zealand, Botica played rugby union for club side North Shore, New Zealand provincial side North Harbour, as well as Llanelli in Wales, and", "id": "3135809" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nWilliam James Mitchell (28 November 1890 – 2 June 1959) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Mitchell was born in Melbourne, Australia before moving to New Zealand where he worked for the New Zealand Railways Department. Mitchell played rugby union for the Merivale club in Christchurch and represented the province nine times in 1909 and 1910. He was selected to be part of the All Blacks tour of Australia in 1910 and played in five matches, including the second and third Test", "id": "3816466" }, { "contents": "1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand was the third tour made by the Springboks rugby team, and their first tour to Australia and New Zealand. South Africa played three Test matches against the All Blacks. The series was drawn 1–all, and the long-running controversy between the countries over the All Blacks' inclusion of Maori players began. The Springboks played five matches in Australia, winning them all. The three most important matches against New South Wales, were retroactively accorded Test status by the Australian", "id": "19644461" }, { "contents": "1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand was a series of rugby union matches played in New Zealand by the South African national rugby union team, from June - August 1994. The team played 14 matches in total; 11 against several provincial rugby teams and 3 against the New Zealand national rugby union team. South Africa won 10 out of the 11 matches against provincial sides, losing one match to Otago. They lost their first two test matches against the New Zealand national side and drew the last test. The", "id": "14043514" }, { "contents": "Ewen McKenzie\n\n\nTri nations, but was reselected in 1997 for the 1997 French tour of Australia. 1997 was the year McKenzie retired from international rugby, making his last appearance on 12 July 1997 after a 25–6 victory over England in Sydney. In his entire career of 51 test matches, he only ever played as a substitute once, during a pool game in the 1995 Rugby World Cup. In 1992, McKenzie toured New Zealand with the World XV to mark the centenary of the New Zealand Rugby Union. New Zealand won the series 2–1", "id": "7179494" }, { "contents": "Sam Gemmell\n\n\nSamuel William Gemmell (28 August 1896 – 28 June 1970) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A loose forward, Gemmell represented Hawke's Bay at a provincial level. He played one match for the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, out of position at hooker against New South Wales at Dunedin. Affiliating to Ngāti Pāhauwera, Gemmell played 57 matches for New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1929, making him the most capped player for that team. He served as a private with the New Zealand (Māori", "id": "16059662" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\nCharles \"Charlie\" Herbert \"Herb\" Smith (13 February 1909 – 10 April 1976) was a New Zealand rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s. He played representative level rugby union (RU) for New Zealand (Heritage № 406) (non-test matches), South Island and Otago (captain), and at club level for Southern RFC , as a centre, i.e. number 12 or 13, switching codes in 1936. He played representative level rugby league (RL", "id": "11805487" }, { "contents": "James Barber (rugby)\n\n\nover to join the squad. He played in the first ever trans-Tasman test which was the debut match of the Australia national rugby league team. Barber would go on to appear in all three test matches against Australia. Barber later captained the New Zealand side in its 1909 tour of Australia. His last game for New Zealand was in 1912. In 1912 he was in Petone's side that won the inaugural Wellington Rugby League competition. Barber captained Wellington between 1911 and 1914, including Wellington's 1913 victory over Auckland.", "id": "7778848" }, { "contents": "Alex Watson (rugby league)\n\n\nAlex Watson (1931–2002) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer of the 1950s. An Australian international and Queensland interstate representative three-quarter back, he played club football in the Brisbane Rugby League premiership for Western Suburbs. Watson first represented Queensland in 1951 in a match against New South Wales. He made his test debut at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 12 June 1954 against Great Britain in the first test of that year's Ashes series. Australia won this test 37-12. In 1953 Watson toured New Zealand with the", "id": "15082194" }, { "contents": "Jack McLeod (rugby league)\n\n\nJack McLeod is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. McLeod played for Taranaki and Auckland. While at the Manukau club, McLeod was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1937, playing against Australia. He toured Australia with New Zealand in 1938 however no test matches were played on the tour. Four days after the 1937 test, McLeod was part of the New Zealand Māori side that defeated Australia 16-5. In 2008 he was named in the Taranaki Rugby League Team of the Century", "id": "19760905" }, { "contents": "Frank Nicholson (rugby union)\n\n\nof these matches played against New South Wales. The Howell reference claims that Nicholson's rugby career was interrupted by enlistment in the Boer War. He claimed two international rugby caps for Australia. He appeared for Queensland against the touring New Zealanders in Brisbane in August 1903 and two weeks later made his international debut against the same tourists in Sydney, on 15 August 1903. In 1904 he captained Queensland in the inter-state series and played alongside his brother Fred who scored a try in that match. Later that season he had", "id": "2954916" }, { "contents": "Frank Brogan (rugby league)\n\n\nFrank Brogan (1903–1961) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s. He played as a halfback with South Sydney during the club's golden era of the 1920s when they won 5 premierships. Brogan made his debut for South Sydney in 1922 against Newtown as an 18 year old. In 1924, Brogan was selected to play for New South Wales and featured in two matches. The following year, Brogan won his first premiership with Souths as they finished first on the table and were not required to play in", "id": "18073767" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\ntest of 1899 against the first British side to tour Australia, at Sydney, on 12 August. He also played for Australia in 1903 in Sydney against New Zealand in the first official rugby union international between the countries. He became an early convert to the fledgling league code and played for the Ipswich club in Queensland. He was selected in the 2nd Test of 1908 against New Zealand. Five former Wallabies had debuted for the Kangaroos in the inaugural Test three weeks earlier, Hardcastle's league Test debut that day with George Watson", "id": "802017" } ]

[ { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nthe 6–8 defeat by New South Wales at Sydney on 7 August 1922, and scored a penalty in the 45–11 victory over Manawatu-Wellington XV at Palmerston North on 16 August 1922 but never played a Test match for New Zealand. In 1923 Fitzgerald moved to Christchurch, joining the Marist Old Boys club. However the club was expelled from the Canterbury Rugby Union in April 1924 and Fitzgerald followed to club to rugby league. Fitzgerald excelled in rugby league and in his debut year he made the national side, playing in two Test", "id": "13539549" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nhe lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Jim O'Brien. Fitzgerald played for the South Island in 1922, scoring a try in the inter-island match. Following this he was selected for New Zealand, playing in five matches on a tour of New Zealand and Australia. Fitzgerald represented New Zealand (RU) in the 12–11 victory over Wairarapa at Carterton on 19 July 1922, the 26–19 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on 29 July 1922, the 24–6 victory over Metropolitan Union at Sydney on 2 August 1922,", "id": "13539548" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nCharles James Fitzgerald (6 June 1899, in Fairhall – 8 May 1961, in Awatere Valley) was a New Zealand dual-code international rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Fitzgerald was a utility back in both codes. Fitzgerald represented Marlborough between 1917 and 1921, appearing for the union in every backline position except fullback. He played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks kicking a penalty goal in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game", "id": "13539547" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nAndrew James \"Jim\" O'Brien (1897–1969) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. O'Brien began his career playing rugby union for Marlborough between 1919 and 1921. He also played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game he lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Charles Fitzgerald. In 1922 he moved north to Auckland, joining the Grafton club. He immediately was selected for the", "id": "13908850" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nNorth Island side and subsequently the All Blacks tour of New Zealand and South Wales. He finished the tour having played in 3 games and scored one try. Returning to Auckland, O’Brien played his first game for the union late in the 1922 season. In 1923 he played five games for Auckland. O'Brien switched to rugby league in 1924, joining Marist in the Auckland Rugby League competition. He played for Auckland and made the New Zealand national rugby league team for three tests against the touring Great Britain Lions side that year.", "id": "13908851" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\nLouis Charles Petersen (19 April 1897 – 25 June 1961) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Petersen served with the New Zealand Expeditionary Force in World War I and it was here that he developed his football skills, playing for the \"Trench team\". Petersen began his career with the Marist Old Boys club in Christchurch and in 1919 was first selected to represent Canterbury. He made the South Island side in 1919, 1920 and 1921. In 1922 Petersen was", "id": "14015995" }, { "contents": "Jim Craig (rugby league)\n\n\nversatility was such that he was selected at hooker for a match on tour of New Zealand in 1919. Graig first represented for New South Wales against a touring English side in 1920. He was selected on the 1921–22 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and made his Test debut in the first Test at Leeds. He appeared in 23 minor tour matches notching a total of 58 points as a try scorer and goal kicker. Following his Kangaroo Tour representative appearances in 1922 he played a season with the University club in Sydney. In 1923", "id": "6542629" }, { "contents": "Albert Johnston (rugby league)\n\n\nclub seasons of 1921 and 1922. In 1912 he was selected in a Sydney Metropolis side. In 1913 he was in a New South Wales touring squad to New Zealand as half-back but was kept out of the major matches by the form of his peer Arthur Halloway. He captained New South Wales in some 1918 games and then made his Australian Test debut in 1919 on Australia's tour of New Zealand. He scored a try on debut assisting Australia to a 44-21 victory. With tour captain Halloway unfit for", "id": "9752107" }, { "contents": "Percy Hickey\n\n\nPercival \"Percy\" Hubert Hickey (28 April 1899 – 21 December 1943) was a New Zealand rugby union player who represented the All Blacks in 1922. His position of choice was wing three-quarter. Hickey was born in Rahotu in 1899. He made the provincial side in 1919. He was selected for the North against South Island match in 1922. He scored a try. He was then selected for the national side on their tour of New South Wales. Hickey played in two of the possible five matches.", "id": "3545214" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1922 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the tenth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales Selection, and NSW won the 3 match series 2–1. In", "id": "13453802" }, { "contents": "Billy Sheehan (rugby union)\n\n\ntop Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of their 1920s fixtures played against full international opposition were decreed in 1986 as official Test matches, including the three of Sheehan's 1921 debut and fifteen other appearances he would make over the next six years. In 1922 he appeared in all three Test in Sydney against the visiting All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Sheehan played all of the three match series in which the Waratahs were undefeated. On the 1923 tour of New Zealand and", "id": "5401479" }, { "contents": "Les Steel\n\n\nLeslie William Steel (1900 – 28 April 1966) was a rugby league footballer in Australia's major competition, the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL). Steel played over 100 matches for his club side, Eastern Suburbs in the years (1922–29). A Winger, Steel was a try scorer in Easts 1923 premiership victory. In 1922 Steel was selected to represent New South Wales. Following his football career, Steel spent many years as an official of the Eastern Suburbs club. He died at Hurstville, New South", "id": "20482633" }, { "contents": "Jim Bacon (rugby)\n\n\nLions tour of Australasia. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Leeds in 1920 against Australia (3 matches), and New Zealand (3 matches), in 1921 against Australia (2 matches), in 1922 against Australia, in 1924 against Australia, and in 1927 against New Zealand. From 1921 until 1927 he also represented Wales, winning six caps, all against England, including 1-victory, and 5-defeats. Bacon played left-, i.e. number 4 and scored 2-tries in Leeds' 11–3 victory over Dewsbury", "id": "5182427" }, { "contents": "Karl Ifwersen\n\n\nrep team, captaining the combined Auckland-North Auckland side against South Africa in his first game back and scoring the only try. Ifwersen played in one test match for the All Blacks during the 1921 South Africa tour of the country. Ifwersen continued to play for Auckland between 1922 and 1938. Ifwersen died in Auckland on 19 May 1967, having suffered considerably from football injuries during his old age. Ifwersen was inducted into the New Zealand Rugby League's Legends of League in 2000. He was the first New Zealander to represent", "id": "14118993" }, { "contents": "New Zealand national rugby union team\n\n\nThomas Ellison captained team won nine of their ten matches. The following year New Zealand played its first home \"international\" game, losing 8–6 to New South Wales. The team's first true test match occurred against Australia on 15 August 1903 at the Sydney Cricket Ground in front of over 30,000 spectators, and resulted in a 22–3 victory. A representative New Zealand team first toured the British Isles in 1905. The side is now known as the \"Originals\", as the \"All Blacks\" name emerged during this tour", "id": "20449805" }, { "contents": "Wilson Hall (rugby league)\n\n\nA. Wilson Hall was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s and 1930s who represented New Zealand and later played at club level in England for Castleford. From the Ngaruawahia club, Wilson Hall represented South Auckland in 1922. He was a half for South Auckland and the North Island in 1925. In 1926 he moved to Christchurch. Wilson Hall then represented the Hornby club, Canterbury and the South Island. He was selected for New Zealand's tour of Great Britain in 1926. He played in two test matches", "id": "20659026" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\nwas selected to tour New Zealand. He played in seven matches on tour including the Waratah's Test victory. He made representative appearances in 1922 against the New Zealand Maori and the All Blacks, played in three Tests against them in 1924 and in five matches against them in 1925. The 3rd test of 1925 played on 23 June at the Sydney Showground was Fox's sole appearance as the national captain. He was solid in further Test appearances against New Zealand in 1926 He was a tremendous lineout forward and one of the senior", "id": "9169857" }, { "contents": "Dai Fitzgerald\n\n\nDavid \"Dai\" Fitzgerald (1872 – 30 November 1951) was a Welsh rugby centre who played club rugby under the union code for Cardiff, and later switched to professional rugby league team Batley (captain). He played international rugby union for Wales winning two caps, and in his first match for Wales scored all the points in a victory over Scotland. Fitzgerald first played rugby in Cardiff for the now defunct club, St. Davids, one of several Welsh teams built around Catholic churches. He switched to first class club", "id": "18632594" }, { "contents": "Bruce Gall\n\n\nBruce Gall is a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Gall played in the Taranaki Rugby League and represented Taranaki. In 1976 Gall played for the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. In 1979 he played for the Central Districts side that won the Inter-Districts competition. He was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team on the 1980 tour of Great Britain and France. Gall did not play in a test match but did play in 8 games for the Kiwis, scoring 3 tries.", "id": "18658371" }, { "contents": "Shaun Foley\n\n\nShaun Foley (born 29 August 1986 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia) is an Australian rugby union player and a former member of the National Rugby League's (NRL) Sydney Roosters squad. Foley played in the Australian Schoolboys Rugby Union team that lost to New Zealand 21-16 in 2004. Foley scored all 16 points for the Australian team. Foley joined NRL side the Sydney Roosters in 2006, playing 7 games and scoring 6 tries. He scored two tries in the Roosters 40-20 victory over the", "id": "3276301" }, { "contents": "Sam Lowrie\n\n\nSamuel Arthur \"Sam\" Lowrie was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. His grandnephew, Jason Lowrie, also represented New Zealand in rugby league. Lowrie played for the Ponsonby club in the Auckland Rugby League competition. In 1919 Lowrie played for Auckland and was first selected to represent New Zealand, playing in three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1922 Lowrie toured Australia, with the New Zealand Māori rugby league team. Lowrie was named Ponsonby's best forward in 1923. He again played for", "id": "21879456" }, { "contents": "Arthur Kay (rugby league)\n\n\nArthur Geig Kay was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Kay represented Auckland and was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1935. He played in all three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1936 he played in two matches against the touring Great Britain team and played in his final test match in New Zealand's 16-15 victory over Australia at Carlaw Park on 14 August 1937. He was selected to tour Great Britain and France in 1939 but the tour was abandoned due to the", "id": "13813701" }, { "contents": "Percy Williams (New Zealand rugby league player)\n\n\nPercy Williams was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Williams originally played rugby union and represented Auckland. Williams played for Wigan for three seasons between 1910/11 to 1912/13. During this time he played in 111 matches for the club in the Lancashire League, including in the 1911 Challenge Cup Final loss. In 1913 he was called into the New Zealand squad, joining them midway through their tour of Australia. Williams was said to be instrumental in New Zealand's 17-11 upset victory over New South Wales.", "id": "14326389" }, { "contents": "Johnnie Wallace\n\n\nthe club's first Wallaby representative. His potential was obvious and in 1921 he was selected in the New South Wales side picked to tour New Zealand. He played in five of the ten tour matches including the September 1921 fixture against a New Zealand XV which is now regarded as a Test match. With no Queensland Rugby Union administration or competition in place from 1919 to 1929, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of the fixtures of 1920s which were played against", "id": "7506396" }, { "contents": "Jack Forrest (rugby league)\n\n\nJohn Alexander \"Jack\" Forrest (24 February 1924 – 26 February 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 12 international matches between 1947 and 1952. His cousin Jonas Masters also played rugby league for New Zealand. Forrest played in the West Coast Rugby League competition for Runanga and represented both the West Coast and the South Island. He played in 42 matches, 12 of which were test matches, for the New Zealand national rugby league team, including matches against the 1951 touring French side and", "id": "18556717" }, { "contents": "Pat Devery\n\n\n, New South Wales on 9 August 1922. A Tumbulgum junior, he played football in the Brisbane Rugby League for Fortitude Valley. Devery was then discovered by coach of Sydney's Balmain club Latchem Robinson while playing football in The Domain, Sydney as a sailor in the Royal Australian Navy during the war. Devery played for Balmain at halfback in the 1944 NSWRFL season's premiership final, scoring a try in his side's victory over Newtown. Devery also represented Sydney on 6 occasions, New South Wales on 2 occasions between 1946–1947", "id": "14526725" }, { "contents": "Charles Kingstone\n\n\nCharles Napoleon \"Nipper\" Kingstone (2 July 1895 – 6 May 1960) was a New Zealand sportsman who played international rugby union for New Zealand. He was also a first-class cricketer. A fullback, Kingstone played all three of his Tests during South Africa's 1921 tour of New Zealand. He was injured in a motor accident in 1922 and didn't play again for New Zealand. Kingstone played just one first-class cricket match. He represented a team called the \"Rest of New Zealand\" in a", "id": "8516640" }, { "contents": "Dougie McGregor\n\n\nAlwin John \"Dougie\" McGregor (1889–1963) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. McGregor played rugby union for the Karangahake club in the Goldfields sub-union competition in 1908. The following year he moved to Auckland, joining the Ponsonby club. McGregor represented Auckland and the North Island that same year. In 1913 McGregor was picked in the New Zealand squad for their North America tour and played in 11 games during the tour, including Test matches against Australia and", "id": "14128313" }, { "contents": "1893 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1893 New Zealand tour rugby to Australia was the second tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. Ten matches were played against regional and district sides, but no Test matches were played. It was first tour arranged by New Zealand Rugby Football Union which was founded the year before. The only previous New Zealand national team was the side that toured New South Wales in 1884. Immediately before departing for Sydney, the tourists played a match against a \"Combined XV\" in Wellington, which New Zealand won", "id": "14310646" }, { "contents": "Australasia rugby league team\n\n\nThe Australasian rugby league team (or the Kangaroos) represented Australia and New Zealand in rugby league sporadically between 1910 and 1922. Administered by the New South Wales Rugby League, appearances for the team were counted towards the Australian team's records and playing register but not the New Zealand team's. The team toured Great Britain twice, participating in two Ashes series, and also played Great Britain twice in Sydney. The Australasian side first played in 1910. After Great Britain had defeated Australia in two Test matches it was decided that", "id": "15931608" }, { "contents": "George Dickinson\n\n\nChurch in Dunedin. While at Otago Boys' High School, Dickinson played as a five-eighth in the school's 1st XV rugby team between 1918 and 1921. He made his debut for the All Blacks in 1922 on their tour of New South Wales, playing five matches and scoring three tries. He went on to play 12 matches for between 1922 and 1924, scoring five tries, 11 conversions and one penalty goal. Dickinson also played for the South Island in 1922. He retired from first-class rugby at", "id": "2808375" }, { "contents": "Alexander Kirkpatrick (rugby union)\n\n\nAlexander Kirkpatrick (4 October 1898 – 25 August 1971) was an All Blacks rugby union player from New Zealand. He was a hooker. He played 12 matches for the All Blacks in1925-26 against Australia (New South Wales), scoring 6 points (2 tries). He was a member of the Hastings club and captained the Hawke’s Bay Region to take the Ranfurly Shield off Wellington in 1922; and appeared in 22 of the 24 successful defences (more than any other player). In 1952-56", "id": "16723938" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nClaud Augustus O'Donnell (30 January 1886 – 4 August 1953) was an Australian rugby union and rugby league player and represented his country at both sports as a dual-code rugby international. O'Donnell played rugby union with the Glebe club in inner city Sydney. He made his representative debut for New South Wales in 1912 and the following year made two Test appearances as hooker for the Wallabies against the All Blacks in the 1913 tour of New Zealand. Switching to rugby league O'Donnell joined the Glebe Dirty Reds in 1915 and had three", "id": "1170779" }, { "contents": "Wally O'Connell\n\n\nand played 80 games. His first representative match was for City New South Wales in 1943. On 18 June 1945 a Sydney rugby league team featuring O'Connell travelled to Newcastle to play against their representative team and were defeated 27-26. He was the Roosters' pivot in their 1945 premiership final victory over Balmain. With senior representative matches canceled during WWII O'Connell didn't make his Test debut until 1948 against New Zealand in Sydney.He was selected for the 1948-49 Kangaroo Tour and played in five Tests and 16 minor", "id": "14384862" }, { "contents": "Mawene Hiroti\n\n\nMawene Hiroti (born 6 March 1999) is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who plays as a or er for the South Sydney Rabbitohs in the NRL. Hiroti was born in Taranaki, New Zealand. He has represented the Australian Schoolboys rugby league team and the New Zealand Under 18s. Forged his career playing for New Plymouth Old Boys under 11s 12s and 13s - winning Taranaki Premiership every year. Mawene scoring 50 percent of all tries. He played for the Rabbitohs in their pre-season 18-8 victory over English", "id": "14480103" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\n) for British Empire XIII, and at club level for Streatham and Mitcham and Halifax (Heritage № 437), as a , or , i.e. number 2 or 5, or, 3 or 4. Smith represented New Zealand (RU) in the 16–13 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on Monday 6 August 1934, and scored a try in the 35–3 victory over Newcastle at Newcastle, New South Wales on Wednesday 22 August 1934, but was not selected for the 1935–36 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland", "id": "11805488" }, { "contents": "Jim Rukutai\n\n\nNew Zealand played matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Rukutai coached New Zealand during their 1921 tour of Australia. He remains New Zealand's youngest ever national coach. He also coached New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1937. In 1937 he coached the New Zealand Māori to an upset win over Australia. In 1932 Rukutai served on the Auckland Rugby League board as the Clubs' delegate. He then served as the first chairman of the New Zealand Māori Rugby League Board when it was formed in 1934. Rukutai died at his", "id": "1899959" }, { "contents": "Greg Davis (rugby)\n\n\nand there joined the Drummoyne Rugby Club Davis was immediately selected for both New South Wales and Australia in his first year in Sydney. He debuted in a Sydney Test match against England in June 1963 and the following month was selected in the squad for the 1963 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa. He played in all four Test matches of the tied series and in ten other tour matches. The next year he made the 1964 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand playing in seven of the eight matches including all three Tests", "id": "3641367" }, { "contents": "Bill Kelly (rugby league)\n\n\n, Kelly played first class rugby union for Buller when he was 18 and later represented Wellington. Kelly switched to rugby league with the launch of the Wellington Rugby League competition in 1912 and played for Athletic in their grand final loss to Petone. He became a Wellington representative and toured Australia in 1912 and 1913 with the New Zealand national side. No test matches were played with the Kiwis meeting New South Wales and Queensland and a number of regional sides. He played in Wellingtons 1913 victory over Auckland. He joined the Balmain Tigers", "id": "146975" }, { "contents": "1929 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\nThe 1929 New Zealand rugby league season was the 22nd season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand. New Zealand played in no international matches in 1929. The New South Wales Rugby Football League's South Sydney Rabbitohs toured the country late in the season. They played two matches against Marist, with both sides securing one win. South Sydney also defeated Huntly. Souths were without five Kangaroos who were on a tour of Great Britain. Marist won the first match 10-9 at Carlaw Park while Souths won the", "id": "3198729" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\ndue to a row over the eligibility of three players. They instead joined the Rugby League and the Football Association. Marist spent just seven seasons in the Canterbury Rugby League but won three titles, in 1924, 1925 and 1928. In 1924 they produced six New Zealand internationals; Bill Devine, Charles Fitzgerald, Ted Fitzgerald, Terry Gilroy, Harry Mullins and Lou Petersen. Jim Amos also switched codes with Marist but played in their lower divisions. Greymouth Marist joined the West Coast Rugby League in support of Christchurch Marist. The", "id": "3198709" }, { "contents": "Charles Webb (rugby league)\n\n\nCharles Webb was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand . A halfback from the Ponsonby United club, Webb also represented Auckland. In 1912, Webb toured Australia with New Zealand. The side played in matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Later that same year, New South Wales made a return tour to New Zealand. Webb captained the New Zealand side that played against them, losing 10-18. He also played in two matches for Auckland against the touring Blues side. Webb was selected for the", "id": "14418029" }, { "contents": "David Evans (rugby)\n\n\nDavid \"Dave\" Alexander Evans (4 October 1886 – 12 October 1940) was a New Zealand dual-code international who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Evans began his career playing rugby union and represented Hawke's Bay 19 times from 1906. He made the 1910 New Zealand tour of Australia and played in the 0–11 Test defeat by Australia at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 27 June 1910, becoming the Hawke's Bay's third representative. While in Australia Evans had been impressed by the rugby league", "id": "13088290" }, { "contents": "Bill Cunningham (rugby union)\n\n\nFootball Union. He was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1901, and played against Wellington and the New South Wales team that was touring New Zealand at the time. Both matches were comfortably won, with the tourists defeated 20–3. Cunningham played his first of four matches for Auckland against international opposition, against the same New South Wales side a week later, with his Auckland team winning 24–3. Cunningham moved to Auckland in 1902, and played his club rugby for City, before joining Ponsonby the following season. He", "id": "17185617" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\nWilliam Robert \"Bill\" Hardcastle (30 August 1874 – 11 July 1944) born in Wellington, New Zealand was a pioneer New Zealand and Australian rugby union player and an Australian rugby league footballer. He represented both countries in union and Australia in league. He was one of the first dual-code rugby internationals. Hardcastle commenced his club rugby in New Zealand with Petone and represented for Wellington from 1895 to 1897. He joined the Melrose club in 1897 and was selected in a North Island representative side from where he was", "id": "802015" }, { "contents": "Steve Skinnon\n\n\nSteve Skinnon (born 27 November 1976) is a New Zealand rugby footballer who played rugby union for Wellington and Hawkes Bay in the National Provincial Championship and rugby league for the Sydney Roosters and South Sydney Rabbitohs in the National Rugby League. He represented his country in both codes at a junior level. Skinnon started his career in rugby union and represented the New Zealand under 19 side in 1994 from Wellington College, playing at second five eighth. He switched codes to rugby league in 1995 and was picked to play for the Junior", "id": "2628332" }, { "contents": "Jim Wylie\n\n\nJames Thomas Wylie (26 October 1887 – 19 December 1956) was a New Zealand rugby union player, who represented both the country of his birth and Australia. He went on to coach the Stanford University rugby team for over 30 years from 1917. Born in Galatea in 1887, Wylie was a tall man at , and played as a loose forward. He first represented in 1910, playing six matches, before moving to Sydney for the next two years. There he made four appearances for New South Wales against Queensland,", "id": "12170928" }, { "contents": "Edward Baird (rugby league)\n\n\nNorthern Union\" style of rugby, taking on Albert Baskerville's New Zealand All Golds on their inaugural tour. Baird played as a reserve as the Queenslanders lost the historic match 34–12. He went on to make another appearance against New Zealand and two against New South Wales. When the New Zealand team came back on the return leg of their tour, they played three Test matches against the first Australian representative sides ever selected. The first Test was played in Sydney on 9 May 1908 with the Kiwis prevailing. On 30 May", "id": "17722972" }, { "contents": "Bob Aynsley\n\n\nRobert Aynsley (5 January 1922 – 12 October 2012) was a New Zealand rugby league player. He played five test matches for the New Zealand national rugby league team. Aynsley played for Blackball and represented the West Coast and the South Island before first being selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1946. He played in five test matches, his last in 1949. He played in 15 tour games on the 1947–1948 tour of Great Britain and France. After retirement, Aynsley was a referee from 1953 to 1960", "id": "5310628" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\ninterest in rugby union in Sydney following WWI. In 1920 he appeared three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the All Blacks scoring a try in his representative debut. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches. In 1921 he represented for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks and", "id": "9169856" }, { "contents": "1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand, more commonly known in New Zealand as the 1956 Springboks tour was a series of rugby union matches played by South Africa in Australia and New Zealand. The \"Springboks\" won 21 matches of 29, drew 1, and lost 7. They played 6 Test matches, with two victories over Australia and one over New Zealand. The New Zealand leg of their trip was the primary focus of the tour—23 of their 29 matches were in New Zealand, which included", "id": "12210178" }, { "contents": "Bert Cooke (rugby)\n\n\nspent 1932 with Hawke's Bay, before switching codes. Cooke also represented Wairarapa and Wellington while playing rugby union. He finished his rugby union career with 121 tries in 131 first class matches. Cooke joined the Richmond Rovers club in the Auckland Rugby League competition in 1932 and made an immediate impact, racing away for three tries in the inter-island game only weeks later. He was selected for New Zealand that year against the Great Britain Lions. Cooke also represented Auckland and captained New Zealand in two Test matches against Australia", "id": "12460198" }, { "contents": "Queensland rugby league team\n\n\nZealand rugby league tour of Australia, Queensland lost both its matches against the Kiwis in Brisbane. Again, Queensland played two matches against the Kiwis during the 1913 New Zealand rugby league tour of Australia and again the Maroons lost both. New South Wales had won every match between the two states until 1922, when the Maroons, with Cyril Connell playing at , achieved their maiden victory. This commenced Queensland's only golden period before the introduction of State of Origin. In 1925 Queensland toured New Zealand and played against the full New", "id": "12687033" }, { "contents": "1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia was the sixth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. Four matches were played against regional and district sides along with three Test match against the Australia national side, being the first time both teams played each other. New Zealand won the series with two victories and a tied match. Before the tour matches, New Zealand played a preliminary game v. the Wellington RU team at the Athletic Park, won by the \"All Blacks\" 19–6. Complete list of matches played", "id": "1302262" }, { "contents": "Watty Friend\n\n\nTest matches. In 1921 he figured in three matches for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks. Howell notes that Friends was one of the Waratahs' top players. In 1922 he appeared in all three matches again when the All Blacks visited Sydney, with second and third matches wins resulting in a rare series victory of those days to the Waratahs over the All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Friend was honoured with the captaincy of New South Wales in a three match series in which the Waratahs", "id": "5285969" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nseasons in the Sydney premiership. In 1918 he moved to Brisbane and joined the Carltons club, one of the early incarnations of the Souths Magpies. From there he made state appearances for Queensland against New South Wales over four years and in 1919 was selected in the Australian team as hooker. He played in all four Tests of the 1919 rugby league tour of New Zealand. He is listed as Australia's 97th representative on the Australian Rugby League's Kangaroo register. His international rugby league debut against New Zealand in Wellington on 23", "id": "1170780" }, { "contents": "John Rosewell\n\n\n. Along with Dally Messenger, Denis Lutge, Doug McLean snr and Micky Dore he was one of the inaugural five Australian dual code rugby internationals who having earlier represented at rugby union, debuted in international rugby league in Sydney on 9 May 1908 in the first ever Australian league Test against New Zealand. He is listed on the \"Australian Players Register\" as Kangaroo No.13. He spent three seasons at South Sydney playing 29 matches scoring 4 tries and 6 goals. He was a member of the 1910 Rabbitohs side that drew the", "id": "801844" }, { "contents": "George Aitken (rugby union)\n\n\nGeorge Gothard Aitken (2 July 1898 – 8 July 1952) was a rugby union footballer who represented New Zealand – known as the All Blacks – and then Scotland. He was born in Westport, New Zealand, and was selected to play provincially for Buller at the age of 16. After moving to Wellington, Aitken played for the province from 1917, and from there was selected for the All Blacks side that faced South Africa when they toured New Zealand in 1921. After only two Test matches for the All Blacks,", "id": "5006718" }, { "contents": "Jack Holland (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Holland (1922-1994) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s. An Australian international and New South Wales interstate representative forward, he played his club football in Sydney's NSWRFL Premiership for the St. George club. Holland was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia on 19 August 1922. Holland served in the Army during World War II. Commencing his first-grade NSWRFL Premiership playing career with St. George in 1947, he was selected to represent New South Wales in 1948", "id": "4207831" }, { "contents": "Jack Price (rugby league)\n\n\nagainst Australia (2 matches), and while at Wigan in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches). Jack Price played , in Wigan's 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. Jack Price played in Wigan's victories in the Lancashire County League during the 1922–23 season, 1923–24 season and 1925–26 season. Jack Price played , and scored a try in Wigan's 21-4 victory over", "id": "12779224" }, { "contents": "Edwin Abbott (rugby league)\n\n\nEdwin Frederick Abbott (1909–1976) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 1930 and 1932. Abbott was the nephew of 1905 All Black Harold Abbott and the uncle of Bill Deacon, a Kiwi from 1965 to 1971. From the Ngaruawahia Panthers club, Abbott represented South Auckland and the North Island. In 1930 he was selected for the New Zealand tour of New South Wales, playing in both matches against New South Wales and scoring three tries against Sydney Metropolis. He played for South Auckland against both the", "id": "19358978" }, { "contents": "Jim Davis (rugby league)\n\n\nthe 1911 NSWRFL season with North Sydney before playing three seasons with the Glebe club. His top-grade career finished up back at Souths in 1918-19 before concluding with a country stint at Parkes. Davis made his debut Test appearance in 1908 against New Zealand, appearing in both matches of the first rugby league international series played by an Australian representative side. At the end of that season he was selected in the 35 man squad to make the first ever Kangaroo Tour. Davis played in six tour matches but in none", "id": "11335988" }, { "contents": "Herb Brackenreg\n\n\nEastern Suburbs club. An Eastern Suburbs rugby union player, Brackenreg had been a member of the rebel New South Wales sides that played against the rebel New Zealand 'All Blacks' in the 1907 series that helped to establish rugby league in Australia. He played in 8 NSWRFL Premiership matches for Easts including that club's first match and was a member of the NSWRL's first premiership decider played against local rival, South Sydney. In that first season Brackenreg was selected to represent his state, New South Wales, in 2 matches", "id": "12715024" }, { "contents": "Danny Hurcombe\n\n\nFrom 29 November 1919 Hurcombe played for English rugby league club, Wigan. Hurcombe was selected to go on the 1920 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Wigan in 1920 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand, in 1922 against Australia, and in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches), and he won 6 caps for Wales in 1921–1926 while at Wigan. Hurcombe made his début for Wigan in", "id": "11028974" }, { "contents": "Arthur Hardgrave\n\n\nArthur Hardgrave ( 1908–14) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. A fullback, Hardgrave played for Taranaki against Auckland in 1908 and 1909. He later moved to Auckland and played for Otahuhu at club level and represented Auckland provincially. In 1912, Hardgrave was selected for the New Zealand national side who toured Australia. No test matches were played on the tour but Hardgrave became the 74th player to represent New Zealand. Following the tour, Hardgrave was part of the Auckland side that defeated New South Wales 10–3", "id": "124840" }, { "contents": "Ted Thorn\n\n\n. Ted made his state representative debut in 1922, appearing three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the visiting All Blacks for two victories. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches - including fifteen such appearances made by Ted Thorn. Thorn made the 1923 New South Wales tour", "id": "5576534" }, { "contents": "Jack Fitzgerald (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Fitzgerald was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s, and coached in the 1960s. He played for Western Suburbs as a winger and later coached the club from 1961 to 1964. Fitzgerald began his career with Western Suburbs in 1949. In 1952, Fitzgerald was a member of the Western Suburbs side which claimed their fourth and final premiership defeating South Sydney in the grand final, with Fitzgerald scoring a try. Fitzgerald played for three more seasons before retiring as a player. Fitzgerald began his coaching", "id": "15556425" }, { "contents": "Owen Stephens\n\n\nWales. He won a single cap for New Zealand, playing in the All Blacks' 19–12 victory over France at Eden Park, Auckland on 10 August 1968, and won five caps for Australia, playing against Tonga and Wales in 1973 and New Zealand in 1974. Only three players have played rugby union at test match level for both New Zealand and Australia: namely Des Connor, Ted Jessep and Stephens. He played club level rugby league for St. George Dragons (trial), Parramatta Eels (Heritage № 339) (", "id": "7733372" }, { "contents": "Peter Williams (New Zealand rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Williams (22 April 188430 August 1976) was a rugby union player who represented New Zealand nine times, including a single Test match. He played club rugby for Dunedin side Alhambra, and played provincial rugby for Otago between 1908 and 1914. His sole season of international rugby was 1913, when he played in a home Test against Australia before touring North America with the All Blacksas New Zealand's international team is knownthat same year. He was selected for a tour of Australia the following year, but was unavailable and so", "id": "8410349" }, { "contents": "Frank Smyth\n\n\nBernard Francis \"Frank\" Smyth (11 February 1891 – 15 July 1972) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A hooker, Smyth played a single representative game for Canterbury in 1915, one match for the South Island in 1922 and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, also in 1922. He played three matches for the All Blacks but did not appear in any internationals. His grandson is politician Peter Dunne. Smyth served in the No. 3 Field Company, New Zealand Engineers", "id": "16651150" }, { "contents": "1921 Waratahs tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe Queensland Rugby Union had collapsed in 1919 and would not be reborn until 1929 leaving the New South Wales Rugby Union to administer the game in Australia at the national representative level. In 1923 the New South Wales side toured New Zealand In 1986 the Australian Rugby Union decreed the five full-internationals played on the tour as official Test matches. Previously the All Blacks visited New South Wales in the 1920 tour. This tour happened while the Springboks were completing their tour in New Zealand. Previously in June, South Africa played three", "id": "14085090" }, { "contents": "Robert Graves (rugby)\n\n\n1905 and from there was selected to represent Metropolis (Sydney) in a fixture against Country played over Easter in 1905. He continued in a coaching role for the Grosvenor club even while himself playing rugby for those other sides from 1903 to 1907. Graves was one of the New South Wales rugby union players who matched up against the first professional New Zealand team, Albert Baskiville's 'All Golds' in three matches in Sydney in August 1907. He played in all three matches and along with the other Australian rebel players was", "id": "3902454" }, { "contents": "Jim Sullivan (rugby league)\n\n\n, converting five goals in a 21–0 win against Widnes. He made his first representative appearance in December 1921, playing for Wales in a 16–21 defeat against Australia. Jim Sullivan played , and scored 4-conversions in Wigan's 13-2 victory over Oldham in the Championship Final during the 1921–22 season at The Cliff, Broughton on Saturday 6 May 1922, played , and scored 4-conversions in the 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. played", "id": "338598" }, { "contents": "Simon Poidevin\n\n\nwas then selected to play for New South Wales in a succession of the matches in 1981. The first match against Manawatu was won 58-3, with NSW scoring 10 tries. Victories over Waikato and Counties followed, before New South Wales were defeated by Queensland 26-15 at the Sydney Cricket Ground. New South Wales played Queensland in a return match a week later in Brisbane that was won 7-6. Poidevin played for Sydney against France in the third game France played for their 1981 France rugby union tour of", "id": "16857237" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\ncalled up to the All Blacks and he played in eight games for New Zealand, although he did not appear in any Test matches. In 1924 Marist Old Boys became locked in a dispute with the Canterbury Rugby Union and quit, instead fielding rugby league and soccer teams. Petersen followed the club, taking up rugby league. Petersen made an immediate impact and was one of six Marist Old Boys players who were selected to represent New Zealand that season. In total Petersen played in three Test matches for New Zealand in rugby league", "id": "14015996" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\n, Bert Avery and Maurice Wetherill. Lou Brown made his Auckland debut in the second match. At the end of the tour the NSW members of the 1921-22 Australasian Kangaroos were joined by New Zealand member Bert Laing for a match against the rest of the NSW squad and local Auckland stars. The Kangaroos won 65-27. The New Zealand Māori side played Sydney Metropolis in Sydney. South Auckland held the Northern Union Cup at the end of the season. They defeated Auckland 21-20 in Auckland to win the", "id": "3198700" }, { "contents": "John Solomon (rugby union)\n\n\nmade his state and national representative debuts at age nineteen, first playing for Australia against the at the Sydney Cricket Ground in June 1949. Later that year he toured New Zealand with Trevor Allan's Bledisloe Cup winning Wallabies. Solomon played variously at five-eighth, fullback and centre in seven matches of the tour including the 2nd Test at Eden Park where he scored a try thus helping the side make history as the first Australian team to win the Cup in New Zealand. He played twice for New South Wales in 1950 at", "id": "19470085" }, { "contents": "Darby Loudon\n\n\nDarby Briton Loudon (12 March 1897 – c. 1963) was a New Zealand born rugby union player, a flanker who made sixteen representative appearances for the New South Wales state team in the 1920s. Four of these matches have since been decreed as Test matches by the Australian Rugby Union and Loudon, who led the side in one such match in 1922, was therefore a captain of the Australian national team. Loudon, was born in Leeston, New Zealand and relocated to Sydney during his youth. He attended Sydney Grammar School", "id": "5401488" }, { "contents": "Michael Fitzgerald (rugby union)\n\n\nMichael Fitzgerald (born ) is a New Zealand rugby union player currently playing for Kamaishi Seawaves in Japan. He previously played for Leicester Tigers in England's Premiership Rugby, for the Chiefs in Super Rugby and Manawatu in the ITM Cup. His regular playing position is lock. In 2013, he signed a contract extension with the Chiefs until 2015. On 21 April 2015, it was announced he had signed for English Aviva Premiership side Leicester Tigers. Fitzgerald made his Leicester debut on 18 October 2015 in a 28-16 win", "id": "17447697" }, { "contents": "Peter Johnstone (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Johnstone (9 August 1922 – 18 October 1997) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A backrow forward, Johnstone represented Ashburton County while serving in the army and later at a provincial level. He was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1949 to 1951. He played 26 matches for the All Blacks —10 as captain—including nine internationals, touring South Africa in 1949 and playing all four tests against the touring 1950 British Lions. He was a key member of the", "id": "5603616" }, { "contents": "Brian Reidy\n\n\nBrian Thomas Reidy (27 January 1939 – 2 June 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Reidy played for the Marist club and represented Auckland. He made his debut for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1959, becoming Kiwi #383, but did not make his test match debut until 1961, against Australia at Carlaw Park. Between 1959 and 1966, Reidy played 65 games for New Zealand, including 19 tests, scoring 34 tries in all. He could play anywhere in the", "id": "21473667" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nmatches. In 1911 Mitchell, along with three other players from the Merivale club, moved to Sydney and played for the North Sydney Bears. He was then enticed north by the Queensland Rugby League. At the same time the New Zealand rugby league side was touring Australia and he was invited to join the touring party. Mitchell played in four matches, becoming a dual-code rugby international. Mitchell then returned to Christchurch and represented Canterbury in its first ever match in 1912. Mitchell toured Australia twice more with New Zealand,", "id": "3816467" }, { "contents": "Pat Creedy\n\n\nPatrick Joseph \"Pat\" Creedy (18 November 1927 – 7 April 2011) was a New Zealand rugby football player who represented New Zealand in rugby league. Creedy originally played rugby union and represented both the Southland Rugby Union and the Canterbury Rugby Union. Creedy later switched codes to rugby league and joined the Marist club in the Canterbury Rugby League competition. He represented Canterbury and in 1955 was selected at halfback for the South Island. That year he was first selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team, playing against the", "id": "6530820" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1924 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the 11th tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales selection, and New Zealand won the 3 match series", "id": "14085325" }, { "contents": "Jim Sanders (rugby league)\n\n\nJames Sanders (1900–1981) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Sanders started his career in third grade with Addington in 1915. He spent his entire career with Addington apart from a few games for Hornby when Addington had no senior team. He captained Addington to their first title in 1923. Sanders made his New Zealand debut in 1919 against Australia. In 1921 Sanders toured Australia for New Zealand under coach Jim Rukutai. He played for New Zealand in 1922 against New South Wales and was part of the", "id": "6884071" }, { "contents": "Nolan Tupaea\n\n\na first grade match. In 1979 he moved to Petone, winning premierships in 1980, 1981 and 1982. He was also part of their 1982 victory in the National Club Cup. Tupaea represented Wellington, playing 64 matches between 1971 and 1985. He was selected for the Kiwi Colts in 1973 for a match against Queensland. In 1976 he represented the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. Tupaea played for the Central Districts side in their first five years of the New Zealand Rugby League's district competition. The side", "id": "15687157" }, { "contents": "Peter Ward (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter M. Ward (born 5 November 1876) was a New Zealand-born rugby union player who represented Australia. A fly-half, he was born in Invercargill. Ward was described as \"astute and a skillful inside back\". A member of the Britannia club Ward initially played for the Southland province between 1897 and 1898. He then moved to Sydney, Australia in 1899 and joined the Marrackville club. He was selected for New South Wales to play in their two matches against the touring Great Britain side. After", "id": "2597515" }, { "contents": "Frano Botica\n\n\nFrano Michael Botica (born 3 August 1963) is a New Zealand rugby union and rugby league coach and former player in both codes, who played in the 1980s and 1990s. He is the head coach of the Philippines sevens team. He represented New Zealand at both codes, and later also played for Croatia in two rugby union World Cup qualifying matches. Born in Mangakino, New Zealand, Botica played rugby union for club side North Shore, New Zealand provincial side North Harbour, as well as Llanelli in Wales, and", "id": "3135809" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nWilliam James Mitchell (28 November 1890 – 2 June 1959) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Mitchell was born in Melbourne, Australia before moving to New Zealand where he worked for the New Zealand Railways Department. Mitchell played rugby union for the Merivale club in Christchurch and represented the province nine times in 1909 and 1910. He was selected to be part of the All Blacks tour of Australia in 1910 and played in five matches, including the second and third Test", "id": "3816466" }, { "contents": "1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand was the third tour made by the Springboks rugby team, and their first tour to Australia and New Zealand. South Africa played three Test matches against the All Blacks. The series was drawn 1–all, and the long-running controversy between the countries over the All Blacks' inclusion of Maori players began. The Springboks played five matches in Australia, winning them all. The three most important matches against New South Wales, were retroactively accorded Test status by the Australian", "id": "19644461" }, { "contents": "1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand was a series of rugby union matches played in New Zealand by the South African national rugby union team, from June - August 1994. The team played 14 matches in total; 11 against several provincial rugby teams and 3 against the New Zealand national rugby union team. South Africa won 10 out of the 11 matches against provincial sides, losing one match to Otago. They lost their first two test matches against the New Zealand national side and drew the last test. The", "id": "14043514" }, { "contents": "Ewen McKenzie\n\n\nTri nations, but was reselected in 1997 for the 1997 French tour of Australia. 1997 was the year McKenzie retired from international rugby, making his last appearance on 12 July 1997 after a 25–6 victory over England in Sydney. In his entire career of 51 test matches, he only ever played as a substitute once, during a pool game in the 1995 Rugby World Cup. In 1992, McKenzie toured New Zealand with the World XV to mark the centenary of the New Zealand Rugby Union. New Zealand won the series 2–1", "id": "7179494" }, { "contents": "Sam Gemmell\n\n\nSamuel William Gemmell (28 August 1896 – 28 June 1970) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A loose forward, Gemmell represented Hawke's Bay at a provincial level. He played one match for the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, out of position at hooker against New South Wales at Dunedin. Affiliating to Ngāti Pāhauwera, Gemmell played 57 matches for New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1929, making him the most capped player for that team. He served as a private with the New Zealand (Māori", "id": "16059662" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\nCharles \"Charlie\" Herbert \"Herb\" Smith (13 February 1909 – 10 April 1976) was a New Zealand rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s. He played representative level rugby union (RU) for New Zealand (Heritage № 406) (non-test matches), South Island and Otago (captain), and at club level for Southern RFC , as a centre, i.e. number 12 or 13, switching codes in 1936. He played representative level rugby league (RL", "id": "11805487" }, { "contents": "James Barber (rugby)\n\n\nover to join the squad. He played in the first ever trans-Tasman test which was the debut match of the Australia national rugby league team. Barber would go on to appear in all three test matches against Australia. Barber later captained the New Zealand side in its 1909 tour of Australia. His last game for New Zealand was in 1912. In 1912 he was in Petone's side that won the inaugural Wellington Rugby League competition. Barber captained Wellington between 1911 and 1914, including Wellington's 1913 victory over Auckland.", "id": "7778848" }, { "contents": "Alex Watson (rugby league)\n\n\nAlex Watson (1931–2002) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer of the 1950s. An Australian international and Queensland interstate representative three-quarter back, he played club football in the Brisbane Rugby League premiership for Western Suburbs. Watson first represented Queensland in 1951 in a match against New South Wales. He made his test debut at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 12 June 1954 against Great Britain in the first test of that year's Ashes series. Australia won this test 37-12. In 1953 Watson toured New Zealand with the", "id": "15082194" }, { "contents": "Jack McLeod (rugby league)\n\n\nJack McLeod is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. McLeod played for Taranaki and Auckland. While at the Manukau club, McLeod was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1937, playing against Australia. He toured Australia with New Zealand in 1938 however no test matches were played on the tour. Four days after the 1937 test, McLeod was part of the New Zealand Māori side that defeated Australia 16-5. In 2008 he was named in the Taranaki Rugby League Team of the Century", "id": "19760905" }, { "contents": "Frank Nicholson (rugby union)\n\n\nof these matches played against New South Wales. The Howell reference claims that Nicholson's rugby career was interrupted by enlistment in the Boer War. He claimed two international rugby caps for Australia. He appeared for Queensland against the touring New Zealanders in Brisbane in August 1903 and two weeks later made his international debut against the same tourists in Sydney, on 15 August 1903. In 1904 he captained Queensland in the inter-state series and played alongside his brother Fred who scored a try in that match. Later that season he had", "id": "2954916" }, { "contents": "Frank Brogan (rugby league)\n\n\nFrank Brogan (1903–1961) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s. He played as a halfback with South Sydney during the club's golden era of the 1920s when they won 5 premierships. Brogan made his debut for South Sydney in 1922 against Newtown as an 18 year old. In 1924, Brogan was selected to play for New South Wales and featured in two matches. The following year, Brogan won his first premiership with Souths as they finished first on the table and were not required to play in", "id": "18073767" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\ntest of 1899 against the first British side to tour Australia, at Sydney, on 12 August. He also played for Australia in 1903 in Sydney against New Zealand in the first official rugby union international between the countries. He became an early convert to the fledgling league code and played for the Ipswich club in Queensland. He was selected in the 2nd Test of 1908 against New Zealand. Five former Wallabies had debuted for the Kangaroos in the inaugural Test three weeks earlier, Hardcastle's league Test debut that day with George Watson", "id": "802017" } ]

[ { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nthe 6–8 defeat by New South Wales at Sydney on 7 August 1922, and scored a penalty in the 45–11 victory over Manawatu-Wellington XV at Palmerston North on 16 August 1922 but never played a Test match for New Zealand. In 1923 Fitzgerald moved to Christchurch, joining the Marist Old Boys club. However the club was expelled from the Canterbury Rugby Union in April 1924 and Fitzgerald followed to club to rugby league. Fitzgerald excelled in rugby league and in his debut year he made the national side, playing in two Test", "id": "13539549" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nhe lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Jim O'Brien. Fitzgerald played for the South Island in 1922, scoring a try in the inter-island match. Following this he was selected for New Zealand, playing in five matches on a tour of New Zealand and Australia. Fitzgerald represented New Zealand (RU) in the 12–11 victory over Wairarapa at Carterton on 19 July 1922, the 26–19 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on 29 July 1922, the 24–6 victory over Metropolitan Union at Sydney on 2 August 1922,", "id": "13539548" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nCharles James Fitzgerald (6 June 1899, in Fairhall – 8 May 1961, in Awatere Valley) was a New Zealand dual-code international rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Fitzgerald was a utility back in both codes. Fitzgerald represented Marlborough between 1917 and 1921, appearing for the union in every backline position except fullback. He played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks kicking a penalty goal in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game", "id": "13539547" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nAndrew James \"Jim\" O'Brien (1897–1969) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. O'Brien began his career playing rugby union for Marlborough between 1919 and 1921. He also played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game he lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Charles Fitzgerald. In 1922 he moved north to Auckland, joining the Grafton club. He immediately was selected for the", "id": "13908850" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nNorth Island side and subsequently the All Blacks tour of New Zealand and South Wales. He finished the tour having played in 3 games and scored one try. Returning to Auckland, O’Brien played his first game for the union late in the 1922 season. In 1923 he played five games for Auckland. O'Brien switched to rugby league in 1924, joining Marist in the Auckland Rugby League competition. He played for Auckland and made the New Zealand national rugby league team for three tests against the touring Great Britain Lions side that year.", "id": "13908851" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\nLouis Charles Petersen (19 April 1897 – 25 June 1961) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Petersen served with the New Zealand Expeditionary Force in World War I and it was here that he developed his football skills, playing for the \"Trench team\". Petersen began his career with the Marist Old Boys club in Christchurch and in 1919 was first selected to represent Canterbury. He made the South Island side in 1919, 1920 and 1921. In 1922 Petersen was", "id": "14015995" }, { "contents": "Jim Craig (rugby league)\n\n\nversatility was such that he was selected at hooker for a match on tour of New Zealand in 1919. Graig first represented for New South Wales against a touring English side in 1920. He was selected on the 1921–22 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and made his Test debut in the first Test at Leeds. He appeared in 23 minor tour matches notching a total of 58 points as a try scorer and goal kicker. Following his Kangaroo Tour representative appearances in 1922 he played a season with the University club in Sydney. In 1923", "id": "6542629" }, { "contents": "Albert Johnston (rugby league)\n\n\nclub seasons of 1921 and 1922. In 1912 he was selected in a Sydney Metropolis side. In 1913 he was in a New South Wales touring squad to New Zealand as half-back but was kept out of the major matches by the form of his peer Arthur Halloway. He captained New South Wales in some 1918 games and then made his Australian Test debut in 1919 on Australia's tour of New Zealand. He scored a try on debut assisting Australia to a 44-21 victory. With tour captain Halloway unfit for", "id": "9752107" }, { "contents": "Percy Hickey\n\n\nPercival \"Percy\" Hubert Hickey (28 April 1899 – 21 December 1943) was a New Zealand rugby union player who represented the All Blacks in 1922. His position of choice was wing three-quarter. Hickey was born in Rahotu in 1899. He made the provincial side in 1919. He was selected for the North against South Island match in 1922. He scored a try. He was then selected for the national side on their tour of New South Wales. Hickey played in two of the possible five matches.", "id": "3545214" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1922 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the tenth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales Selection, and NSW won the 3 match series 2–1. In", "id": "13453802" }, { "contents": "Billy Sheehan (rugby union)\n\n\ntop Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of their 1920s fixtures played against full international opposition were decreed in 1986 as official Test matches, including the three of Sheehan's 1921 debut and fifteen other appearances he would make over the next six years. In 1922 he appeared in all three Test in Sydney against the visiting All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Sheehan played all of the three match series in which the Waratahs were undefeated. On the 1923 tour of New Zealand and", "id": "5401479" }, { "contents": "Les Steel\n\n\nLeslie William Steel (1900 – 28 April 1966) was a rugby league footballer in Australia's major competition, the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL). Steel played over 100 matches for his club side, Eastern Suburbs in the years (1922–29). A Winger, Steel was a try scorer in Easts 1923 premiership victory. In 1922 Steel was selected to represent New South Wales. Following his football career, Steel spent many years as an official of the Eastern Suburbs club. He died at Hurstville, New South", "id": "20482633" }, { "contents": "Jim Bacon (rugby)\n\n\nLions tour of Australasia. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Leeds in 1920 against Australia (3 matches), and New Zealand (3 matches), in 1921 against Australia (2 matches), in 1922 against Australia, in 1924 against Australia, and in 1927 against New Zealand. From 1921 until 1927 he also represented Wales, winning six caps, all against England, including 1-victory, and 5-defeats. Bacon played left-, i.e. number 4 and scored 2-tries in Leeds' 11–3 victory over Dewsbury", "id": "5182427" }, { "contents": "Karl Ifwersen\n\n\nrep team, captaining the combined Auckland-North Auckland side against South Africa in his first game back and scoring the only try. Ifwersen played in one test match for the All Blacks during the 1921 South Africa tour of the country. Ifwersen continued to play for Auckland between 1922 and 1938. Ifwersen died in Auckland on 19 May 1967, having suffered considerably from football injuries during his old age. Ifwersen was inducted into the New Zealand Rugby League's Legends of League in 2000. He was the first New Zealander to represent", "id": "14118993" }, { "contents": "New Zealand national rugby union team\n\n\nThomas Ellison captained team won nine of their ten matches. The following year New Zealand played its first home \"international\" game, losing 8–6 to New South Wales. The team's first true test match occurred against Australia on 15 August 1903 at the Sydney Cricket Ground in front of over 30,000 spectators, and resulted in a 22–3 victory. A representative New Zealand team first toured the British Isles in 1905. The side is now known as the \"Originals\", as the \"All Blacks\" name emerged during this tour", "id": "20449805" }, { "contents": "Wilson Hall (rugby league)\n\n\nA. Wilson Hall was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s and 1930s who represented New Zealand and later played at club level in England for Castleford. From the Ngaruawahia club, Wilson Hall represented South Auckland in 1922. He was a half for South Auckland and the North Island in 1925. In 1926 he moved to Christchurch. Wilson Hall then represented the Hornby club, Canterbury and the South Island. He was selected for New Zealand's tour of Great Britain in 1926. He played in two test matches", "id": "20659026" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\nwas selected to tour New Zealand. He played in seven matches on tour including the Waratah's Test victory. He made representative appearances in 1922 against the New Zealand Maori and the All Blacks, played in three Tests against them in 1924 and in five matches against them in 1925. The 3rd test of 1925 played on 23 June at the Sydney Showground was Fox's sole appearance as the national captain. He was solid in further Test appearances against New Zealand in 1926 He was a tremendous lineout forward and one of the senior", "id": "9169857" }, { "contents": "Dai Fitzgerald\n\n\nDavid \"Dai\" Fitzgerald (1872 – 30 November 1951) was a Welsh rugby centre who played club rugby under the union code for Cardiff, and later switched to professional rugby league team Batley (captain). He played international rugby union for Wales winning two caps, and in his first match for Wales scored all the points in a victory over Scotland. Fitzgerald first played rugby in Cardiff for the now defunct club, St. Davids, one of several Welsh teams built around Catholic churches. He switched to first class club", "id": "18632594" }, { "contents": "Bruce Gall\n\n\nBruce Gall is a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Gall played in the Taranaki Rugby League and represented Taranaki. In 1976 Gall played for the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. In 1979 he played for the Central Districts side that won the Inter-Districts competition. He was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team on the 1980 tour of Great Britain and France. Gall did not play in a test match but did play in 8 games for the Kiwis, scoring 3 tries.", "id": "18658371" }, { "contents": "Shaun Foley\n\n\nShaun Foley (born 29 August 1986 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia) is an Australian rugby union player and a former member of the National Rugby League's (NRL) Sydney Roosters squad. Foley played in the Australian Schoolboys Rugby Union team that lost to New Zealand 21-16 in 2004. Foley scored all 16 points for the Australian team. Foley joined NRL side the Sydney Roosters in 2006, playing 7 games and scoring 6 tries. He scored two tries in the Roosters 40-20 victory over the", "id": "3276301" }, { "contents": "Sam Lowrie\n\n\nSamuel Arthur \"Sam\" Lowrie was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. His grandnephew, Jason Lowrie, also represented New Zealand in rugby league. Lowrie played for the Ponsonby club in the Auckland Rugby League competition. In 1919 Lowrie played for Auckland and was first selected to represent New Zealand, playing in three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1922 Lowrie toured Australia, with the New Zealand Māori rugby league team. Lowrie was named Ponsonby's best forward in 1923. He again played for", "id": "21879456" }, { "contents": "Arthur Kay (rugby league)\n\n\nArthur Geig Kay was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Kay represented Auckland and was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1935. He played in all three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1936 he played in two matches against the touring Great Britain team and played in his final test match in New Zealand's 16-15 victory over Australia at Carlaw Park on 14 August 1937. He was selected to tour Great Britain and France in 1939 but the tour was abandoned due to the", "id": "13813701" }, { "contents": "Percy Williams (New Zealand rugby league player)\n\n\nPercy Williams was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Williams originally played rugby union and represented Auckland. Williams played for Wigan for three seasons between 1910/11 to 1912/13. During this time he played in 111 matches for the club in the Lancashire League, including in the 1911 Challenge Cup Final loss. In 1913 he was called into the New Zealand squad, joining them midway through their tour of Australia. Williams was said to be instrumental in New Zealand's 17-11 upset victory over New South Wales.", "id": "14326389" }, { "contents": "Johnnie Wallace\n\n\nthe club's first Wallaby representative. His potential was obvious and in 1921 he was selected in the New South Wales side picked to tour New Zealand. He played in five of the ten tour matches including the September 1921 fixture against a New Zealand XV which is now regarded as a Test match. With no Queensland Rugby Union administration or competition in place from 1919 to 1929, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of the fixtures of 1920s which were played against", "id": "7506396" }, { "contents": "Jack Forrest (rugby league)\n\n\nJohn Alexander \"Jack\" Forrest (24 February 1924 – 26 February 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 12 international matches between 1947 and 1952. His cousin Jonas Masters also played rugby league for New Zealand. Forrest played in the West Coast Rugby League competition for Runanga and represented both the West Coast and the South Island. He played in 42 matches, 12 of which were test matches, for the New Zealand national rugby league team, including matches against the 1951 touring French side and", "id": "18556717" }, { "contents": "Pat Devery\n\n\n, New South Wales on 9 August 1922. A Tumbulgum junior, he played football in the Brisbane Rugby League for Fortitude Valley. Devery was then discovered by coach of Sydney's Balmain club Latchem Robinson while playing football in The Domain, Sydney as a sailor in the Royal Australian Navy during the war. Devery played for Balmain at halfback in the 1944 NSWRFL season's premiership final, scoring a try in his side's victory over Newtown. Devery also represented Sydney on 6 occasions, New South Wales on 2 occasions between 1946–1947", "id": "14526725" }, { "contents": "Charles Kingstone\n\n\nCharles Napoleon \"Nipper\" Kingstone (2 July 1895 – 6 May 1960) was a New Zealand sportsman who played international rugby union for New Zealand. He was also a first-class cricketer. A fullback, Kingstone played all three of his Tests during South Africa's 1921 tour of New Zealand. He was injured in a motor accident in 1922 and didn't play again for New Zealand. Kingstone played just one first-class cricket match. He represented a team called the \"Rest of New Zealand\" in a", "id": "8516640" }, { "contents": "Dougie McGregor\n\n\nAlwin John \"Dougie\" McGregor (1889–1963) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. McGregor played rugby union for the Karangahake club in the Goldfields sub-union competition in 1908. The following year he moved to Auckland, joining the Ponsonby club. McGregor represented Auckland and the North Island that same year. In 1913 McGregor was picked in the New Zealand squad for their North America tour and played in 11 games during the tour, including Test matches against Australia and", "id": "14128313" }, { "contents": "1893 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1893 New Zealand tour rugby to Australia was the second tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. Ten matches were played against regional and district sides, but no Test matches were played. It was first tour arranged by New Zealand Rugby Football Union which was founded the year before. The only previous New Zealand national team was the side that toured New South Wales in 1884. Immediately before departing for Sydney, the tourists played a match against a \"Combined XV\" in Wellington, which New Zealand won", "id": "14310646" }, { "contents": "Australasia rugby league team\n\n\nThe Australasian rugby league team (or the Kangaroos) represented Australia and New Zealand in rugby league sporadically between 1910 and 1922. Administered by the New South Wales Rugby League, appearances for the team were counted towards the Australian team's records and playing register but not the New Zealand team's. The team toured Great Britain twice, participating in two Ashes series, and also played Great Britain twice in Sydney. The Australasian side first played in 1910. After Great Britain had defeated Australia in two Test matches it was decided that", "id": "15931608" }, { "contents": "George Dickinson\n\n\nChurch in Dunedin. While at Otago Boys' High School, Dickinson played as a five-eighth in the school's 1st XV rugby team between 1918 and 1921. He made his debut for the All Blacks in 1922 on their tour of New South Wales, playing five matches and scoring three tries. He went on to play 12 matches for between 1922 and 1924, scoring five tries, 11 conversions and one penalty goal. Dickinson also played for the South Island in 1922. He retired from first-class rugby at", "id": "2808375" }, { "contents": "Alexander Kirkpatrick (rugby union)\n\n\nAlexander Kirkpatrick (4 October 1898 – 25 August 1971) was an All Blacks rugby union player from New Zealand. He was a hooker. He played 12 matches for the All Blacks in1925-26 against Australia (New South Wales), scoring 6 points (2 tries). He was a member of the Hastings club and captained the Hawke’s Bay Region to take the Ranfurly Shield off Wellington in 1922; and appeared in 22 of the 24 successful defences (more than any other player). In 1952-56", "id": "16723938" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nClaud Augustus O'Donnell (30 January 1886 – 4 August 1953) was an Australian rugby union and rugby league player and represented his country at both sports as a dual-code rugby international. O'Donnell played rugby union with the Glebe club in inner city Sydney. He made his representative debut for New South Wales in 1912 and the following year made two Test appearances as hooker for the Wallabies against the All Blacks in the 1913 tour of New Zealand. Switching to rugby league O'Donnell joined the Glebe Dirty Reds in 1915 and had three", "id": "1170779" }, { "contents": "Wally O'Connell\n\n\nand played 80 games. His first representative match was for City New South Wales in 1943. On 18 June 1945 a Sydney rugby league team featuring O'Connell travelled to Newcastle to play against their representative team and were defeated 27-26. He was the Roosters' pivot in their 1945 premiership final victory over Balmain. With senior representative matches canceled during WWII O'Connell didn't make his Test debut until 1948 against New Zealand in Sydney.He was selected for the 1948-49 Kangaroo Tour and played in five Tests and 16 minor", "id": "14384862" }, { "contents": "Mawene Hiroti\n\n\nMawene Hiroti (born 6 March 1999) is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who plays as a or er for the South Sydney Rabbitohs in the NRL. Hiroti was born in Taranaki, New Zealand. He has represented the Australian Schoolboys rugby league team and the New Zealand Under 18s. Forged his career playing for New Plymouth Old Boys under 11s 12s and 13s - winning Taranaki Premiership every year. Mawene scoring 50 percent of all tries. He played for the Rabbitohs in their pre-season 18-8 victory over English", "id": "14480103" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\n) for British Empire XIII, and at club level for Streatham and Mitcham and Halifax (Heritage № 437), as a , or , i.e. number 2 or 5, or, 3 or 4. Smith represented New Zealand (RU) in the 16–13 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on Monday 6 August 1934, and scored a try in the 35–3 victory over Newcastle at Newcastle, New South Wales on Wednesday 22 August 1934, but was not selected for the 1935–36 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland", "id": "11805488" }, { "contents": "Jim Rukutai\n\n\nNew Zealand played matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Rukutai coached New Zealand during their 1921 tour of Australia. He remains New Zealand's youngest ever national coach. He also coached New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1937. In 1937 he coached the New Zealand Māori to an upset win over Australia. In 1932 Rukutai served on the Auckland Rugby League board as the Clubs' delegate. He then served as the first chairman of the New Zealand Māori Rugby League Board when it was formed in 1934. Rukutai died at his", "id": "1899959" }, { "contents": "Greg Davis (rugby)\n\n\nand there joined the Drummoyne Rugby Club Davis was immediately selected for both New South Wales and Australia in his first year in Sydney. He debuted in a Sydney Test match against England in June 1963 and the following month was selected in the squad for the 1963 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa. He played in all four Test matches of the tied series and in ten other tour matches. The next year he made the 1964 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand playing in seven of the eight matches including all three Tests", "id": "3641367" }, { "contents": "Bill Kelly (rugby league)\n\n\n, Kelly played first class rugby union for Buller when he was 18 and later represented Wellington. Kelly switched to rugby league with the launch of the Wellington Rugby League competition in 1912 and played for Athletic in their grand final loss to Petone. He became a Wellington representative and toured Australia in 1912 and 1913 with the New Zealand national side. No test matches were played with the Kiwis meeting New South Wales and Queensland and a number of regional sides. He played in Wellingtons 1913 victory over Auckland. He joined the Balmain Tigers", "id": "146975" }, { "contents": "1929 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\nThe 1929 New Zealand rugby league season was the 22nd season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand. New Zealand played in no international matches in 1929. The New South Wales Rugby Football League's South Sydney Rabbitohs toured the country late in the season. They played two matches against Marist, with both sides securing one win. South Sydney also defeated Huntly. Souths were without five Kangaroos who were on a tour of Great Britain. Marist won the first match 10-9 at Carlaw Park while Souths won the", "id": "3198729" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\ndue to a row over the eligibility of three players. They instead joined the Rugby League and the Football Association. Marist spent just seven seasons in the Canterbury Rugby League but won three titles, in 1924, 1925 and 1928. In 1924 they produced six New Zealand internationals; Bill Devine, Charles Fitzgerald, Ted Fitzgerald, Terry Gilroy, Harry Mullins and Lou Petersen. Jim Amos also switched codes with Marist but played in their lower divisions. Greymouth Marist joined the West Coast Rugby League in support of Christchurch Marist. The", "id": "3198709" }, { "contents": "Charles Webb (rugby league)\n\n\nCharles Webb was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand . A halfback from the Ponsonby United club, Webb also represented Auckland. In 1912, Webb toured Australia with New Zealand. The side played in matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Later that same year, New South Wales made a return tour to New Zealand. Webb captained the New Zealand side that played against them, losing 10-18. He also played in two matches for Auckland against the touring Blues side. Webb was selected for the", "id": "14418029" }, { "contents": "David Evans (rugby)\n\n\nDavid \"Dave\" Alexander Evans (4 October 1886 – 12 October 1940) was a New Zealand dual-code international who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Evans began his career playing rugby union and represented Hawke's Bay 19 times from 1906. He made the 1910 New Zealand tour of Australia and played in the 0–11 Test defeat by Australia at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 27 June 1910, becoming the Hawke's Bay's third representative. While in Australia Evans had been impressed by the rugby league", "id": "13088290" }, { "contents": "Bill Cunningham (rugby union)\n\n\nFootball Union. He was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1901, and played against Wellington and the New South Wales team that was touring New Zealand at the time. Both matches were comfortably won, with the tourists defeated 20–3. Cunningham played his first of four matches for Auckland against international opposition, against the same New South Wales side a week later, with his Auckland team winning 24–3. Cunningham moved to Auckland in 1902, and played his club rugby for City, before joining Ponsonby the following season. He", "id": "17185617" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\nWilliam Robert \"Bill\" Hardcastle (30 August 1874 – 11 July 1944) born in Wellington, New Zealand was a pioneer New Zealand and Australian rugby union player and an Australian rugby league footballer. He represented both countries in union and Australia in league. He was one of the first dual-code rugby internationals. Hardcastle commenced his club rugby in New Zealand with Petone and represented for Wellington from 1895 to 1897. He joined the Melrose club in 1897 and was selected in a North Island representative side from where he was", "id": "802015" }, { "contents": "Steve Skinnon\n\n\nSteve Skinnon (born 27 November 1976) is a New Zealand rugby footballer who played rugby union for Wellington and Hawkes Bay in the National Provincial Championship and rugby league for the Sydney Roosters and South Sydney Rabbitohs in the National Rugby League. He represented his country in both codes at a junior level. Skinnon started his career in rugby union and represented the New Zealand under 19 side in 1994 from Wellington College, playing at second five eighth. He switched codes to rugby league in 1995 and was picked to play for the Junior", "id": "2628332" }, { "contents": "Jim Wylie\n\n\nJames Thomas Wylie (26 October 1887 – 19 December 1956) was a New Zealand rugby union player, who represented both the country of his birth and Australia. He went on to coach the Stanford University rugby team for over 30 years from 1917. Born in Galatea in 1887, Wylie was a tall man at , and played as a loose forward. He first represented in 1910, playing six matches, before moving to Sydney for the next two years. There he made four appearances for New South Wales against Queensland,", "id": "12170928" }, { "contents": "Edward Baird (rugby league)\n\n\nNorthern Union\" style of rugby, taking on Albert Baskerville's New Zealand All Golds on their inaugural tour. Baird played as a reserve as the Queenslanders lost the historic match 34–12. He went on to make another appearance against New Zealand and two against New South Wales. When the New Zealand team came back on the return leg of their tour, they played three Test matches against the first Australian representative sides ever selected. The first Test was played in Sydney on 9 May 1908 with the Kiwis prevailing. On 30 May", "id": "17722972" }, { "contents": "Bob Aynsley\n\n\nRobert Aynsley (5 January 1922 – 12 October 2012) was a New Zealand rugby league player. He played five test matches for the New Zealand national rugby league team. Aynsley played for Blackball and represented the West Coast and the South Island before first being selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1946. He played in five test matches, his last in 1949. He played in 15 tour games on the 1947–1948 tour of Great Britain and France. After retirement, Aynsley was a referee from 1953 to 1960", "id": "5310628" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\ninterest in rugby union in Sydney following WWI. In 1920 he appeared three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the All Blacks scoring a try in his representative debut. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches. In 1921 he represented for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks and", "id": "9169856" }, { "contents": "1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand, more commonly known in New Zealand as the 1956 Springboks tour was a series of rugby union matches played by South Africa in Australia and New Zealand. The \"Springboks\" won 21 matches of 29, drew 1, and lost 7. They played 6 Test matches, with two victories over Australia and one over New Zealand. The New Zealand leg of their trip was the primary focus of the tour—23 of their 29 matches were in New Zealand, which included", "id": "12210178" }, { "contents": "Bert Cooke (rugby)\n\n\nspent 1932 with Hawke's Bay, before switching codes. Cooke also represented Wairarapa and Wellington while playing rugby union. He finished his rugby union career with 121 tries in 131 first class matches. Cooke joined the Richmond Rovers club in the Auckland Rugby League competition in 1932 and made an immediate impact, racing away for three tries in the inter-island game only weeks later. He was selected for New Zealand that year against the Great Britain Lions. Cooke also represented Auckland and captained New Zealand in two Test matches against Australia", "id": "12460198" }, { "contents": "Queensland rugby league team\n\n\nZealand rugby league tour of Australia, Queensland lost both its matches against the Kiwis in Brisbane. Again, Queensland played two matches against the Kiwis during the 1913 New Zealand rugby league tour of Australia and again the Maroons lost both. New South Wales had won every match between the two states until 1922, when the Maroons, with Cyril Connell playing at , achieved their maiden victory. This commenced Queensland's only golden period before the introduction of State of Origin. In 1925 Queensland toured New Zealand and played against the full New", "id": "12687033" }, { "contents": "1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia was the sixth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. Four matches were played against regional and district sides along with three Test match against the Australia national side, being the first time both teams played each other. New Zealand won the series with two victories and a tied match. Before the tour matches, New Zealand played a preliminary game v. the Wellington RU team at the Athletic Park, won by the \"All Blacks\" 19–6. Complete list of matches played", "id": "1302262" }, { "contents": "Watty Friend\n\n\nTest matches. In 1921 he figured in three matches for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks. Howell notes that Friends was one of the Waratahs' top players. In 1922 he appeared in all three matches again when the All Blacks visited Sydney, with second and third matches wins resulting in a rare series victory of those days to the Waratahs over the All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Friend was honoured with the captaincy of New South Wales in a three match series in which the Waratahs", "id": "5285969" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nseasons in the Sydney premiership. In 1918 he moved to Brisbane and joined the Carltons club, one of the early incarnations of the Souths Magpies. From there he made state appearances for Queensland against New South Wales over four years and in 1919 was selected in the Australian team as hooker. He played in all four Tests of the 1919 rugby league tour of New Zealand. He is listed as Australia's 97th representative on the Australian Rugby League's Kangaroo register. His international rugby league debut against New Zealand in Wellington on 23", "id": "1170780" }, { "contents": "John Rosewell\n\n\n. Along with Dally Messenger, Denis Lutge, Doug McLean snr and Micky Dore he was one of the inaugural five Australian dual code rugby internationals who having earlier represented at rugby union, debuted in international rugby league in Sydney on 9 May 1908 in the first ever Australian league Test against New Zealand. He is listed on the \"Australian Players Register\" as Kangaroo No.13. He spent three seasons at South Sydney playing 29 matches scoring 4 tries and 6 goals. He was a member of the 1910 Rabbitohs side that drew the", "id": "801844" }, { "contents": "George Aitken (rugby union)\n\n\nGeorge Gothard Aitken (2 July 1898 – 8 July 1952) was a rugby union footballer who represented New Zealand – known as the All Blacks – and then Scotland. He was born in Westport, New Zealand, and was selected to play provincially for Buller at the age of 16. After moving to Wellington, Aitken played for the province from 1917, and from there was selected for the All Blacks side that faced South Africa when they toured New Zealand in 1921. After only two Test matches for the All Blacks,", "id": "5006718" }, { "contents": "Jack Holland (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Holland (1922-1994) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s. An Australian international and New South Wales interstate representative forward, he played his club football in Sydney's NSWRFL Premiership for the St. George club. Holland was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia on 19 August 1922. Holland served in the Army during World War II. Commencing his first-grade NSWRFL Premiership playing career with St. George in 1947, he was selected to represent New South Wales in 1948", "id": "4207831" }, { "contents": "Jack Price (rugby league)\n\n\nagainst Australia (2 matches), and while at Wigan in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches). Jack Price played , in Wigan's 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. Jack Price played in Wigan's victories in the Lancashire County League during the 1922–23 season, 1923–24 season and 1925–26 season. Jack Price played , and scored a try in Wigan's 21-4 victory over", "id": "12779224" }, { "contents": "Edwin Abbott (rugby league)\n\n\nEdwin Frederick Abbott (1909–1976) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 1930 and 1932. Abbott was the nephew of 1905 All Black Harold Abbott and the uncle of Bill Deacon, a Kiwi from 1965 to 1971. From the Ngaruawahia Panthers club, Abbott represented South Auckland and the North Island. In 1930 he was selected for the New Zealand tour of New South Wales, playing in both matches against New South Wales and scoring three tries against Sydney Metropolis. He played for South Auckland against both the", "id": "19358978" }, { "contents": "Jim Davis (rugby league)\n\n\nthe 1911 NSWRFL season with North Sydney before playing three seasons with the Glebe club. His top-grade career finished up back at Souths in 1918-19 before concluding with a country stint at Parkes. Davis made his debut Test appearance in 1908 against New Zealand, appearing in both matches of the first rugby league international series played by an Australian representative side. At the end of that season he was selected in the 35 man squad to make the first ever Kangaroo Tour. Davis played in six tour matches but in none", "id": "11335988" }, { "contents": "Herb Brackenreg\n\n\nEastern Suburbs club. An Eastern Suburbs rugby union player, Brackenreg had been a member of the rebel New South Wales sides that played against the rebel New Zealand 'All Blacks' in the 1907 series that helped to establish rugby league in Australia. He played in 8 NSWRFL Premiership matches for Easts including that club's first match and was a member of the NSWRL's first premiership decider played against local rival, South Sydney. In that first season Brackenreg was selected to represent his state, New South Wales, in 2 matches", "id": "12715024" }, { "contents": "Danny Hurcombe\n\n\nFrom 29 November 1919 Hurcombe played for English rugby league club, Wigan. Hurcombe was selected to go on the 1920 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Wigan in 1920 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand, in 1922 against Australia, and in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches), and he won 6 caps for Wales in 1921–1926 while at Wigan. Hurcombe made his début for Wigan in", "id": "11028974" }, { "contents": "Arthur Hardgrave\n\n\nArthur Hardgrave ( 1908–14) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. A fullback, Hardgrave played for Taranaki against Auckland in 1908 and 1909. He later moved to Auckland and played for Otahuhu at club level and represented Auckland provincially. In 1912, Hardgrave was selected for the New Zealand national side who toured Australia. No test matches were played on the tour but Hardgrave became the 74th player to represent New Zealand. Following the tour, Hardgrave was part of the Auckland side that defeated New South Wales 10–3", "id": "124840" }, { "contents": "Ted Thorn\n\n\n. Ted made his state representative debut in 1922, appearing three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the visiting All Blacks for two victories. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches - including fifteen such appearances made by Ted Thorn. Thorn made the 1923 New South Wales tour", "id": "5576534" }, { "contents": "Jack Fitzgerald (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Fitzgerald was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s, and coached in the 1960s. He played for Western Suburbs as a winger and later coached the club from 1961 to 1964. Fitzgerald began his career with Western Suburbs in 1949. In 1952, Fitzgerald was a member of the Western Suburbs side which claimed their fourth and final premiership defeating South Sydney in the grand final, with Fitzgerald scoring a try. Fitzgerald played for three more seasons before retiring as a player. Fitzgerald began his coaching", "id": "15556425" }, { "contents": "Owen Stephens\n\n\nWales. He won a single cap for New Zealand, playing in the All Blacks' 19–12 victory over France at Eden Park, Auckland on 10 August 1968, and won five caps for Australia, playing against Tonga and Wales in 1973 and New Zealand in 1974. Only three players have played rugby union at test match level for both New Zealand and Australia: namely Des Connor, Ted Jessep and Stephens. He played club level rugby league for St. George Dragons (trial), Parramatta Eels (Heritage № 339) (", "id": "7733372" }, { "contents": "Peter Williams (New Zealand rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Williams (22 April 188430 August 1976) was a rugby union player who represented New Zealand nine times, including a single Test match. He played club rugby for Dunedin side Alhambra, and played provincial rugby for Otago between 1908 and 1914. His sole season of international rugby was 1913, when he played in a home Test against Australia before touring North America with the All Blacksas New Zealand's international team is knownthat same year. He was selected for a tour of Australia the following year, but was unavailable and so", "id": "8410349" }, { "contents": "Frank Smyth\n\n\nBernard Francis \"Frank\" Smyth (11 February 1891 – 15 July 1972) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A hooker, Smyth played a single representative game for Canterbury in 1915, one match for the South Island in 1922 and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, also in 1922. He played three matches for the All Blacks but did not appear in any internationals. His grandson is politician Peter Dunne. Smyth served in the No. 3 Field Company, New Zealand Engineers", "id": "16651150" }, { "contents": "1921 Waratahs tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe Queensland Rugby Union had collapsed in 1919 and would not be reborn until 1929 leaving the New South Wales Rugby Union to administer the game in Australia at the national representative level. In 1923 the New South Wales side toured New Zealand In 1986 the Australian Rugby Union decreed the five full-internationals played on the tour as official Test matches. Previously the All Blacks visited New South Wales in the 1920 tour. This tour happened while the Springboks were completing their tour in New Zealand. Previously in June, South Africa played three", "id": "14085090" }, { "contents": "Robert Graves (rugby)\n\n\n1905 and from there was selected to represent Metropolis (Sydney) in a fixture against Country played over Easter in 1905. He continued in a coaching role for the Grosvenor club even while himself playing rugby for those other sides from 1903 to 1907. Graves was one of the New South Wales rugby union players who matched up against the first professional New Zealand team, Albert Baskiville's 'All Golds' in three matches in Sydney in August 1907. He played in all three matches and along with the other Australian rebel players was", "id": "3902454" }, { "contents": "Jim Sullivan (rugby league)\n\n\n, converting five goals in a 21–0 win against Widnes. He made his first representative appearance in December 1921, playing for Wales in a 16–21 defeat against Australia. Jim Sullivan played , and scored 4-conversions in Wigan's 13-2 victory over Oldham in the Championship Final during the 1921–22 season at The Cliff, Broughton on Saturday 6 May 1922, played , and scored 4-conversions in the 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. played", "id": "338598" }, { "contents": "Simon Poidevin\n\n\nwas then selected to play for New South Wales in a succession of the matches in 1981. The first match against Manawatu was won 58-3, with NSW scoring 10 tries. Victories over Waikato and Counties followed, before New South Wales were defeated by Queensland 26-15 at the Sydney Cricket Ground. New South Wales played Queensland in a return match a week later in Brisbane that was won 7-6. Poidevin played for Sydney against France in the third game France played for their 1981 France rugby union tour of", "id": "16857237" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\ncalled up to the All Blacks and he played in eight games for New Zealand, although he did not appear in any Test matches. In 1924 Marist Old Boys became locked in a dispute with the Canterbury Rugby Union and quit, instead fielding rugby league and soccer teams. Petersen followed the club, taking up rugby league. Petersen made an immediate impact and was one of six Marist Old Boys players who were selected to represent New Zealand that season. In total Petersen played in three Test matches for New Zealand in rugby league", "id": "14015996" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\n, Bert Avery and Maurice Wetherill. Lou Brown made his Auckland debut in the second match. At the end of the tour the NSW members of the 1921-22 Australasian Kangaroos were joined by New Zealand member Bert Laing for a match against the rest of the NSW squad and local Auckland stars. The Kangaroos won 65-27. The New Zealand Māori side played Sydney Metropolis in Sydney. South Auckland held the Northern Union Cup at the end of the season. They defeated Auckland 21-20 in Auckland to win the", "id": "3198700" }, { "contents": "John Solomon (rugby union)\n\n\nmade his state and national representative debuts at age nineteen, first playing for Australia against the at the Sydney Cricket Ground in June 1949. Later that year he toured New Zealand with Trevor Allan's Bledisloe Cup winning Wallabies. Solomon played variously at five-eighth, fullback and centre in seven matches of the tour including the 2nd Test at Eden Park where he scored a try thus helping the side make history as the first Australian team to win the Cup in New Zealand. He played twice for New South Wales in 1950 at", "id": "19470085" }, { "contents": "Darby Loudon\n\n\nDarby Briton Loudon (12 March 1897 – c. 1963) was a New Zealand born rugby union player, a flanker who made sixteen representative appearances for the New South Wales state team in the 1920s. Four of these matches have since been decreed as Test matches by the Australian Rugby Union and Loudon, who led the side in one such match in 1922, was therefore a captain of the Australian national team. Loudon, was born in Leeston, New Zealand and relocated to Sydney during his youth. He attended Sydney Grammar School", "id": "5401488" }, { "contents": "Michael Fitzgerald (rugby union)\n\n\nMichael Fitzgerald (born ) is a New Zealand rugby union player currently playing for Kamaishi Seawaves in Japan. He previously played for Leicester Tigers in England's Premiership Rugby, for the Chiefs in Super Rugby and Manawatu in the ITM Cup. His regular playing position is lock. In 2013, he signed a contract extension with the Chiefs until 2015. On 21 April 2015, it was announced he had signed for English Aviva Premiership side Leicester Tigers. Fitzgerald made his Leicester debut on 18 October 2015 in a 28-16 win", "id": "17447697" }, { "contents": "Peter Johnstone (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Johnstone (9 August 1922 – 18 October 1997) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A backrow forward, Johnstone represented Ashburton County while serving in the army and later at a provincial level. He was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1949 to 1951. He played 26 matches for the All Blacks —10 as captain—including nine internationals, touring South Africa in 1949 and playing all four tests against the touring 1950 British Lions. He was a key member of the", "id": "5603616" }, { "contents": "Brian Reidy\n\n\nBrian Thomas Reidy (27 January 1939 – 2 June 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Reidy played for the Marist club and represented Auckland. He made his debut for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1959, becoming Kiwi #383, but did not make his test match debut until 1961, against Australia at Carlaw Park. Between 1959 and 1966, Reidy played 65 games for New Zealand, including 19 tests, scoring 34 tries in all. He could play anywhere in the", "id": "21473667" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nmatches. In 1911 Mitchell, along with three other players from the Merivale club, moved to Sydney and played for the North Sydney Bears. He was then enticed north by the Queensland Rugby League. At the same time the New Zealand rugby league side was touring Australia and he was invited to join the touring party. Mitchell played in four matches, becoming a dual-code rugby international. Mitchell then returned to Christchurch and represented Canterbury in its first ever match in 1912. Mitchell toured Australia twice more with New Zealand,", "id": "3816467" }, { "contents": "Pat Creedy\n\n\nPatrick Joseph \"Pat\" Creedy (18 November 1927 – 7 April 2011) was a New Zealand rugby football player who represented New Zealand in rugby league. Creedy originally played rugby union and represented both the Southland Rugby Union and the Canterbury Rugby Union. Creedy later switched codes to rugby league and joined the Marist club in the Canterbury Rugby League competition. He represented Canterbury and in 1955 was selected at halfback for the South Island. That year he was first selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team, playing against the", "id": "6530820" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1924 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the 11th tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales selection, and New Zealand won the 3 match series", "id": "14085325" }, { "contents": "Jim Sanders (rugby league)\n\n\nJames Sanders (1900–1981) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Sanders started his career in third grade with Addington in 1915. He spent his entire career with Addington apart from a few games for Hornby when Addington had no senior team. He captained Addington to their first title in 1923. Sanders made his New Zealand debut in 1919 against Australia. In 1921 Sanders toured Australia for New Zealand under coach Jim Rukutai. He played for New Zealand in 1922 against New South Wales and was part of the", "id": "6884071" }, { "contents": "Nolan Tupaea\n\n\na first grade match. In 1979 he moved to Petone, winning premierships in 1980, 1981 and 1982. He was also part of their 1982 victory in the National Club Cup. Tupaea represented Wellington, playing 64 matches between 1971 and 1985. He was selected for the Kiwi Colts in 1973 for a match against Queensland. In 1976 he represented the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. Tupaea played for the Central Districts side in their first five years of the New Zealand Rugby League's district competition. The side", "id": "15687157" }, { "contents": "Peter Ward (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter M. Ward (born 5 November 1876) was a New Zealand-born rugby union player who represented Australia. A fly-half, he was born in Invercargill. Ward was described as \"astute and a skillful inside back\". A member of the Britannia club Ward initially played for the Southland province between 1897 and 1898. He then moved to Sydney, Australia in 1899 and joined the Marrackville club. He was selected for New South Wales to play in their two matches against the touring Great Britain side. After", "id": "2597515" }, { "contents": "Frano Botica\n\n\nFrano Michael Botica (born 3 August 1963) is a New Zealand rugby union and rugby league coach and former player in both codes, who played in the 1980s and 1990s. He is the head coach of the Philippines sevens team. He represented New Zealand at both codes, and later also played for Croatia in two rugby union World Cup qualifying matches. Born in Mangakino, New Zealand, Botica played rugby union for club side North Shore, New Zealand provincial side North Harbour, as well as Llanelli in Wales, and", "id": "3135809" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nWilliam James Mitchell (28 November 1890 – 2 June 1959) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Mitchell was born in Melbourne, Australia before moving to New Zealand where he worked for the New Zealand Railways Department. Mitchell played rugby union for the Merivale club in Christchurch and represented the province nine times in 1909 and 1910. He was selected to be part of the All Blacks tour of Australia in 1910 and played in five matches, including the second and third Test", "id": "3816466" }, { "contents": "1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand was the third tour made by the Springboks rugby team, and their first tour to Australia and New Zealand. South Africa played three Test matches against the All Blacks. The series was drawn 1–all, and the long-running controversy between the countries over the All Blacks' inclusion of Maori players began. The Springboks played five matches in Australia, winning them all. The three most important matches against New South Wales, were retroactively accorded Test status by the Australian", "id": "19644461" }, { "contents": "1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand was a series of rugby union matches played in New Zealand by the South African national rugby union team, from June - August 1994. The team played 14 matches in total; 11 against several provincial rugby teams and 3 against the New Zealand national rugby union team. South Africa won 10 out of the 11 matches against provincial sides, losing one match to Otago. They lost their first two test matches against the New Zealand national side and drew the last test. The", "id": "14043514" }, { "contents": "Ewen McKenzie\n\n\nTri nations, but was reselected in 1997 for the 1997 French tour of Australia. 1997 was the year McKenzie retired from international rugby, making his last appearance on 12 July 1997 after a 25–6 victory over England in Sydney. In his entire career of 51 test matches, he only ever played as a substitute once, during a pool game in the 1995 Rugby World Cup. In 1992, McKenzie toured New Zealand with the World XV to mark the centenary of the New Zealand Rugby Union. New Zealand won the series 2–1", "id": "7179494" }, { "contents": "Sam Gemmell\n\n\nSamuel William Gemmell (28 August 1896 – 28 June 1970) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A loose forward, Gemmell represented Hawke's Bay at a provincial level. He played one match for the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, out of position at hooker against New South Wales at Dunedin. Affiliating to Ngāti Pāhauwera, Gemmell played 57 matches for New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1929, making him the most capped player for that team. He served as a private with the New Zealand (Māori", "id": "16059662" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\nCharles \"Charlie\" Herbert \"Herb\" Smith (13 February 1909 – 10 April 1976) was a New Zealand rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s. He played representative level rugby union (RU) for New Zealand (Heritage № 406) (non-test matches), South Island and Otago (captain), and at club level for Southern RFC , as a centre, i.e. number 12 or 13, switching codes in 1936. He played representative level rugby league (RL", "id": "11805487" }, { "contents": "James Barber (rugby)\n\n\nover to join the squad. He played in the first ever trans-Tasman test which was the debut match of the Australia national rugby league team. Barber would go on to appear in all three test matches against Australia. Barber later captained the New Zealand side in its 1909 tour of Australia. His last game for New Zealand was in 1912. In 1912 he was in Petone's side that won the inaugural Wellington Rugby League competition. Barber captained Wellington between 1911 and 1914, including Wellington's 1913 victory over Auckland.", "id": "7778848" }, { "contents": "Alex Watson (rugby league)\n\n\nAlex Watson (1931–2002) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer of the 1950s. An Australian international and Queensland interstate representative three-quarter back, he played club football in the Brisbane Rugby League premiership for Western Suburbs. Watson first represented Queensland in 1951 in a match against New South Wales. He made his test debut at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 12 June 1954 against Great Britain in the first test of that year's Ashes series. Australia won this test 37-12. In 1953 Watson toured New Zealand with the", "id": "15082194" }, { "contents": "Jack McLeod (rugby league)\n\n\nJack McLeod is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. McLeod played for Taranaki and Auckland. While at the Manukau club, McLeod was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1937, playing against Australia. He toured Australia with New Zealand in 1938 however no test matches were played on the tour. Four days after the 1937 test, McLeod was part of the New Zealand Māori side that defeated Australia 16-5. In 2008 he was named in the Taranaki Rugby League Team of the Century", "id": "19760905" }, { "contents": "Frank Nicholson (rugby union)\n\n\nof these matches played against New South Wales. The Howell reference claims that Nicholson's rugby career was interrupted by enlistment in the Boer War. He claimed two international rugby caps for Australia. He appeared for Queensland against the touring New Zealanders in Brisbane in August 1903 and two weeks later made his international debut against the same tourists in Sydney, on 15 August 1903. In 1904 he captained Queensland in the inter-state series and played alongside his brother Fred who scored a try in that match. Later that season he had", "id": "2954916" }, { "contents": "Frank Brogan (rugby league)\n\n\nFrank Brogan (1903–1961) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s. He played as a halfback with South Sydney during the club's golden era of the 1920s when they won 5 premierships. Brogan made his debut for South Sydney in 1922 against Newtown as an 18 year old. In 1924, Brogan was selected to play for New South Wales and featured in two matches. The following year, Brogan won his first premiership with Souths as they finished first on the table and were not required to play in", "id": "18073767" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\ntest of 1899 against the first British side to tour Australia, at Sydney, on 12 August. He also played for Australia in 1903 in Sydney against New Zealand in the first official rugby union international between the countries. He became an early convert to the fledgling league code and played for the Ipswich club in Queensland. He was selected in the 2nd Test of 1908 against New Zealand. Five former Wallabies had debuted for the Kangaroos in the inaugural Test three weeks earlier, Hardcastle's league Test debut that day with George Watson", "id": "802017" } ]

[ { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nthe 6–8 defeat by New South Wales at Sydney on 7 August 1922, and scored a penalty in the 45–11 victory over Manawatu-Wellington XV at Palmerston North on 16 August 1922 but never played a Test match for New Zealand. In 1923 Fitzgerald moved to Christchurch, joining the Marist Old Boys club. However the club was expelled from the Canterbury Rugby Union in April 1924 and Fitzgerald followed to club to rugby league. Fitzgerald excelled in rugby league and in his debut year he made the national side, playing in two Test", "id": "13539549" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nhe lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Jim O'Brien. Fitzgerald played for the South Island in 1922, scoring a try in the inter-island match. Following this he was selected for New Zealand, playing in five matches on a tour of New Zealand and Australia. Fitzgerald represented New Zealand (RU) in the 12–11 victory over Wairarapa at Carterton on 19 July 1922, the 26–19 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on 29 July 1922, the 24–6 victory over Metropolitan Union at Sydney on 2 August 1922,", "id": "13539548" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nCharles James Fitzgerald (6 June 1899, in Fairhall – 8 May 1961, in Awatere Valley) was a New Zealand dual-code international rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Fitzgerald was a utility back in both codes. Fitzgerald represented Marlborough between 1917 and 1921, appearing for the union in every backline position except fullback. He played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks kicking a penalty goal in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game", "id": "13539547" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nAndrew James \"Jim\" O'Brien (1897–1969) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. O'Brien began his career playing rugby union for Marlborough between 1919 and 1921. He also played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game he lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Charles Fitzgerald. In 1922 he moved north to Auckland, joining the Grafton club. He immediately was selected for the", "id": "13908850" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nNorth Island side and subsequently the All Blacks tour of New Zealand and South Wales. He finished the tour having played in 3 games and scored one try. Returning to Auckland, O’Brien played his first game for the union late in the 1922 season. In 1923 he played five games for Auckland. O'Brien switched to rugby league in 1924, joining Marist in the Auckland Rugby League competition. He played for Auckland and made the New Zealand national rugby league team for three tests against the touring Great Britain Lions side that year.", "id": "13908851" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\nLouis Charles Petersen (19 April 1897 – 25 June 1961) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Petersen served with the New Zealand Expeditionary Force in World War I and it was here that he developed his football skills, playing for the \"Trench team\". Petersen began his career with the Marist Old Boys club in Christchurch and in 1919 was first selected to represent Canterbury. He made the South Island side in 1919, 1920 and 1921. In 1922 Petersen was", "id": "14015995" }, { "contents": "Jim Craig (rugby league)\n\n\nversatility was such that he was selected at hooker for a match on tour of New Zealand in 1919. Graig first represented for New South Wales against a touring English side in 1920. He was selected on the 1921–22 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and made his Test debut in the first Test at Leeds. He appeared in 23 minor tour matches notching a total of 58 points as a try scorer and goal kicker. Following his Kangaroo Tour representative appearances in 1922 he played a season with the University club in Sydney. In 1923", "id": "6542629" }, { "contents": "Albert Johnston (rugby league)\n\n\nclub seasons of 1921 and 1922. In 1912 he was selected in a Sydney Metropolis side. In 1913 he was in a New South Wales touring squad to New Zealand as half-back but was kept out of the major matches by the form of his peer Arthur Halloway. He captained New South Wales in some 1918 games and then made his Australian Test debut in 1919 on Australia's tour of New Zealand. He scored a try on debut assisting Australia to a 44-21 victory. With tour captain Halloway unfit for", "id": "9752107" }, { "contents": "Percy Hickey\n\n\nPercival \"Percy\" Hubert Hickey (28 April 1899 – 21 December 1943) was a New Zealand rugby union player who represented the All Blacks in 1922. His position of choice was wing three-quarter. Hickey was born in Rahotu in 1899. He made the provincial side in 1919. He was selected for the North against South Island match in 1922. He scored a try. He was then selected for the national side on their tour of New South Wales. Hickey played in two of the possible five matches.", "id": "3545214" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1922 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the tenth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales Selection, and NSW won the 3 match series 2–1. In", "id": "13453802" }, { "contents": "Billy Sheehan (rugby union)\n\n\ntop Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of their 1920s fixtures played against full international opposition were decreed in 1986 as official Test matches, including the three of Sheehan's 1921 debut and fifteen other appearances he would make over the next six years. In 1922 he appeared in all three Test in Sydney against the visiting All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Sheehan played all of the three match series in which the Waratahs were undefeated. On the 1923 tour of New Zealand and", "id": "5401479" }, { "contents": "Les Steel\n\n\nLeslie William Steel (1900 – 28 April 1966) was a rugby league footballer in Australia's major competition, the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL). Steel played over 100 matches for his club side, Eastern Suburbs in the years (1922–29). A Winger, Steel was a try scorer in Easts 1923 premiership victory. In 1922 Steel was selected to represent New South Wales. Following his football career, Steel spent many years as an official of the Eastern Suburbs club. He died at Hurstville, New South", "id": "20482633" }, { "contents": "Jim Bacon (rugby)\n\n\nLions tour of Australasia. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Leeds in 1920 against Australia (3 matches), and New Zealand (3 matches), in 1921 against Australia (2 matches), in 1922 against Australia, in 1924 against Australia, and in 1927 against New Zealand. From 1921 until 1927 he also represented Wales, winning six caps, all against England, including 1-victory, and 5-defeats. Bacon played left-, i.e. number 4 and scored 2-tries in Leeds' 11–3 victory over Dewsbury", "id": "5182427" }, { "contents": "Karl Ifwersen\n\n\nrep team, captaining the combined Auckland-North Auckland side against South Africa in his first game back and scoring the only try. Ifwersen played in one test match for the All Blacks during the 1921 South Africa tour of the country. Ifwersen continued to play for Auckland between 1922 and 1938. Ifwersen died in Auckland on 19 May 1967, having suffered considerably from football injuries during his old age. Ifwersen was inducted into the New Zealand Rugby League's Legends of League in 2000. He was the first New Zealander to represent", "id": "14118993" }, { "contents": "New Zealand national rugby union team\n\n\nThomas Ellison captained team won nine of their ten matches. The following year New Zealand played its first home \"international\" game, losing 8–6 to New South Wales. The team's first true test match occurred against Australia on 15 August 1903 at the Sydney Cricket Ground in front of over 30,000 spectators, and resulted in a 22–3 victory. A representative New Zealand team first toured the British Isles in 1905. The side is now known as the \"Originals\", as the \"All Blacks\" name emerged during this tour", "id": "20449805" }, { "contents": "Wilson Hall (rugby league)\n\n\nA. Wilson Hall was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s and 1930s who represented New Zealand and later played at club level in England for Castleford. From the Ngaruawahia club, Wilson Hall represented South Auckland in 1922. He was a half for South Auckland and the North Island in 1925. In 1926 he moved to Christchurch. Wilson Hall then represented the Hornby club, Canterbury and the South Island. He was selected for New Zealand's tour of Great Britain in 1926. He played in two test matches", "id": "20659026" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\nwas selected to tour New Zealand. He played in seven matches on tour including the Waratah's Test victory. He made representative appearances in 1922 against the New Zealand Maori and the All Blacks, played in three Tests against them in 1924 and in five matches against them in 1925. The 3rd test of 1925 played on 23 June at the Sydney Showground was Fox's sole appearance as the national captain. He was solid in further Test appearances against New Zealand in 1926 He was a tremendous lineout forward and one of the senior", "id": "9169857" }, { "contents": "Dai Fitzgerald\n\n\nDavid \"Dai\" Fitzgerald (1872 – 30 November 1951) was a Welsh rugby centre who played club rugby under the union code for Cardiff, and later switched to professional rugby league team Batley (captain). He played international rugby union for Wales winning two caps, and in his first match for Wales scored all the points in a victory over Scotland. Fitzgerald first played rugby in Cardiff for the now defunct club, St. Davids, one of several Welsh teams built around Catholic churches. He switched to first class club", "id": "18632594" }, { "contents": "Bruce Gall\n\n\nBruce Gall is a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Gall played in the Taranaki Rugby League and represented Taranaki. In 1976 Gall played for the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. In 1979 he played for the Central Districts side that won the Inter-Districts competition. He was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team on the 1980 tour of Great Britain and France. Gall did not play in a test match but did play in 8 games for the Kiwis, scoring 3 tries.", "id": "18658371" }, { "contents": "Shaun Foley\n\n\nShaun Foley (born 29 August 1986 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia) is an Australian rugby union player and a former member of the National Rugby League's (NRL) Sydney Roosters squad. Foley played in the Australian Schoolboys Rugby Union team that lost to New Zealand 21-16 in 2004. Foley scored all 16 points for the Australian team. Foley joined NRL side the Sydney Roosters in 2006, playing 7 games and scoring 6 tries. He scored two tries in the Roosters 40-20 victory over the", "id": "3276301" }, { "contents": "Sam Lowrie\n\n\nSamuel Arthur \"Sam\" Lowrie was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. His grandnephew, Jason Lowrie, also represented New Zealand in rugby league. Lowrie played for the Ponsonby club in the Auckland Rugby League competition. In 1919 Lowrie played for Auckland and was first selected to represent New Zealand, playing in three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1922 Lowrie toured Australia, with the New Zealand Māori rugby league team. Lowrie was named Ponsonby's best forward in 1923. He again played for", "id": "21879456" }, { "contents": "Arthur Kay (rugby league)\n\n\nArthur Geig Kay was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Kay represented Auckland and was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1935. He played in all three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1936 he played in two matches against the touring Great Britain team and played in his final test match in New Zealand's 16-15 victory over Australia at Carlaw Park on 14 August 1937. He was selected to tour Great Britain and France in 1939 but the tour was abandoned due to the", "id": "13813701" }, { "contents": "Percy Williams (New Zealand rugby league player)\n\n\nPercy Williams was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Williams originally played rugby union and represented Auckland. Williams played for Wigan for three seasons between 1910/11 to 1912/13. During this time he played in 111 matches for the club in the Lancashire League, including in the 1911 Challenge Cup Final loss. In 1913 he was called into the New Zealand squad, joining them midway through their tour of Australia. Williams was said to be instrumental in New Zealand's 17-11 upset victory over New South Wales.", "id": "14326389" }, { "contents": "Johnnie Wallace\n\n\nthe club's first Wallaby representative. His potential was obvious and in 1921 he was selected in the New South Wales side picked to tour New Zealand. He played in five of the ten tour matches including the September 1921 fixture against a New Zealand XV which is now regarded as a Test match. With no Queensland Rugby Union administration or competition in place from 1919 to 1929, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of the fixtures of 1920s which were played against", "id": "7506396" }, { "contents": "Jack Forrest (rugby league)\n\n\nJohn Alexander \"Jack\" Forrest (24 February 1924 – 26 February 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 12 international matches between 1947 and 1952. His cousin Jonas Masters also played rugby league for New Zealand. Forrest played in the West Coast Rugby League competition for Runanga and represented both the West Coast and the South Island. He played in 42 matches, 12 of which were test matches, for the New Zealand national rugby league team, including matches against the 1951 touring French side and", "id": "18556717" }, { "contents": "Pat Devery\n\n\n, New South Wales on 9 August 1922. A Tumbulgum junior, he played football in the Brisbane Rugby League for Fortitude Valley. Devery was then discovered by coach of Sydney's Balmain club Latchem Robinson while playing football in The Domain, Sydney as a sailor in the Royal Australian Navy during the war. Devery played for Balmain at halfback in the 1944 NSWRFL season's premiership final, scoring a try in his side's victory over Newtown. Devery also represented Sydney on 6 occasions, New South Wales on 2 occasions between 1946–1947", "id": "14526725" }, { "contents": "Charles Kingstone\n\n\nCharles Napoleon \"Nipper\" Kingstone (2 July 1895 – 6 May 1960) was a New Zealand sportsman who played international rugby union for New Zealand. He was also a first-class cricketer. A fullback, Kingstone played all three of his Tests during South Africa's 1921 tour of New Zealand. He was injured in a motor accident in 1922 and didn't play again for New Zealand. Kingstone played just one first-class cricket match. He represented a team called the \"Rest of New Zealand\" in a", "id": "8516640" }, { "contents": "Dougie McGregor\n\n\nAlwin John \"Dougie\" McGregor (1889–1963) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. McGregor played rugby union for the Karangahake club in the Goldfields sub-union competition in 1908. The following year he moved to Auckland, joining the Ponsonby club. McGregor represented Auckland and the North Island that same year. In 1913 McGregor was picked in the New Zealand squad for their North America tour and played in 11 games during the tour, including Test matches against Australia and", "id": "14128313" }, { "contents": "1893 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1893 New Zealand tour rugby to Australia was the second tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. Ten matches were played against regional and district sides, but no Test matches were played. It was first tour arranged by New Zealand Rugby Football Union which was founded the year before. The only previous New Zealand national team was the side that toured New South Wales in 1884. Immediately before departing for Sydney, the tourists played a match against a \"Combined XV\" in Wellington, which New Zealand won", "id": "14310646" }, { "contents": "Australasia rugby league team\n\n\nThe Australasian rugby league team (or the Kangaroos) represented Australia and New Zealand in rugby league sporadically between 1910 and 1922. Administered by the New South Wales Rugby League, appearances for the team were counted towards the Australian team's records and playing register but not the New Zealand team's. The team toured Great Britain twice, participating in two Ashes series, and also played Great Britain twice in Sydney. The Australasian side first played in 1910. After Great Britain had defeated Australia in two Test matches it was decided that", "id": "15931608" }, { "contents": "George Dickinson\n\n\nChurch in Dunedin. While at Otago Boys' High School, Dickinson played as a five-eighth in the school's 1st XV rugby team between 1918 and 1921. He made his debut for the All Blacks in 1922 on their tour of New South Wales, playing five matches and scoring three tries. He went on to play 12 matches for between 1922 and 1924, scoring five tries, 11 conversions and one penalty goal. Dickinson also played for the South Island in 1922. He retired from first-class rugby at", "id": "2808375" }, { "contents": "Alexander Kirkpatrick (rugby union)\n\n\nAlexander Kirkpatrick (4 October 1898 – 25 August 1971) was an All Blacks rugby union player from New Zealand. He was a hooker. He played 12 matches for the All Blacks in1925-26 against Australia (New South Wales), scoring 6 points (2 tries). He was a member of the Hastings club and captained the Hawke’s Bay Region to take the Ranfurly Shield off Wellington in 1922; and appeared in 22 of the 24 successful defences (more than any other player). In 1952-56", "id": "16723938" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nClaud Augustus O'Donnell (30 January 1886 – 4 August 1953) was an Australian rugby union and rugby league player and represented his country at both sports as a dual-code rugby international. O'Donnell played rugby union with the Glebe club in inner city Sydney. He made his representative debut for New South Wales in 1912 and the following year made two Test appearances as hooker for the Wallabies against the All Blacks in the 1913 tour of New Zealand. Switching to rugby league O'Donnell joined the Glebe Dirty Reds in 1915 and had three", "id": "1170779" }, { "contents": "Wally O'Connell\n\n\nand played 80 games. His first representative match was for City New South Wales in 1943. On 18 June 1945 a Sydney rugby league team featuring O'Connell travelled to Newcastle to play against their representative team and were defeated 27-26. He was the Roosters' pivot in their 1945 premiership final victory over Balmain. With senior representative matches canceled during WWII O'Connell didn't make his Test debut until 1948 against New Zealand in Sydney.He was selected for the 1948-49 Kangaroo Tour and played in five Tests and 16 minor", "id": "14384862" }, { "contents": "Mawene Hiroti\n\n\nMawene Hiroti (born 6 March 1999) is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who plays as a or er for the South Sydney Rabbitohs in the NRL. Hiroti was born in Taranaki, New Zealand. He has represented the Australian Schoolboys rugby league team and the New Zealand Under 18s. Forged his career playing for New Plymouth Old Boys under 11s 12s and 13s - winning Taranaki Premiership every year. Mawene scoring 50 percent of all tries. He played for the Rabbitohs in their pre-season 18-8 victory over English", "id": "14480103" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\n) for British Empire XIII, and at club level for Streatham and Mitcham and Halifax (Heritage № 437), as a , or , i.e. number 2 or 5, or, 3 or 4. Smith represented New Zealand (RU) in the 16–13 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on Monday 6 August 1934, and scored a try in the 35–3 victory over Newcastle at Newcastle, New South Wales on Wednesday 22 August 1934, but was not selected for the 1935–36 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland", "id": "11805488" }, { "contents": "Jim Rukutai\n\n\nNew Zealand played matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Rukutai coached New Zealand during their 1921 tour of Australia. He remains New Zealand's youngest ever national coach. He also coached New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1937. In 1937 he coached the New Zealand Māori to an upset win over Australia. In 1932 Rukutai served on the Auckland Rugby League board as the Clubs' delegate. He then served as the first chairman of the New Zealand Māori Rugby League Board when it was formed in 1934. Rukutai died at his", "id": "1899959" }, { "contents": "Greg Davis (rugby)\n\n\nand there joined the Drummoyne Rugby Club Davis was immediately selected for both New South Wales and Australia in his first year in Sydney. He debuted in a Sydney Test match against England in June 1963 and the following month was selected in the squad for the 1963 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa. He played in all four Test matches of the tied series and in ten other tour matches. The next year he made the 1964 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand playing in seven of the eight matches including all three Tests", "id": "3641367" }, { "contents": "Bill Kelly (rugby league)\n\n\n, Kelly played first class rugby union for Buller when he was 18 and later represented Wellington. Kelly switched to rugby league with the launch of the Wellington Rugby League competition in 1912 and played for Athletic in their grand final loss to Petone. He became a Wellington representative and toured Australia in 1912 and 1913 with the New Zealand national side. No test matches were played with the Kiwis meeting New South Wales and Queensland and a number of regional sides. He played in Wellingtons 1913 victory over Auckland. He joined the Balmain Tigers", "id": "146975" }, { "contents": "1929 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\nThe 1929 New Zealand rugby league season was the 22nd season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand. New Zealand played in no international matches in 1929. The New South Wales Rugby Football League's South Sydney Rabbitohs toured the country late in the season. They played two matches against Marist, with both sides securing one win. South Sydney also defeated Huntly. Souths were without five Kangaroos who were on a tour of Great Britain. Marist won the first match 10-9 at Carlaw Park while Souths won the", "id": "3198729" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\ndue to a row over the eligibility of three players. They instead joined the Rugby League and the Football Association. Marist spent just seven seasons in the Canterbury Rugby League but won three titles, in 1924, 1925 and 1928. In 1924 they produced six New Zealand internationals; Bill Devine, Charles Fitzgerald, Ted Fitzgerald, Terry Gilroy, Harry Mullins and Lou Petersen. Jim Amos also switched codes with Marist but played in their lower divisions. Greymouth Marist joined the West Coast Rugby League in support of Christchurch Marist. The", "id": "3198709" }, { "contents": "Charles Webb (rugby league)\n\n\nCharles Webb was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand . A halfback from the Ponsonby United club, Webb also represented Auckland. In 1912, Webb toured Australia with New Zealand. The side played in matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Later that same year, New South Wales made a return tour to New Zealand. Webb captained the New Zealand side that played against them, losing 10-18. He also played in two matches for Auckland against the touring Blues side. Webb was selected for the", "id": "14418029" }, { "contents": "David Evans (rugby)\n\n\nDavid \"Dave\" Alexander Evans (4 October 1886 – 12 October 1940) was a New Zealand dual-code international who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Evans began his career playing rugby union and represented Hawke's Bay 19 times from 1906. He made the 1910 New Zealand tour of Australia and played in the 0–11 Test defeat by Australia at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 27 June 1910, becoming the Hawke's Bay's third representative. While in Australia Evans had been impressed by the rugby league", "id": "13088290" }, { "contents": "Bill Cunningham (rugby union)\n\n\nFootball Union. He was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1901, and played against Wellington and the New South Wales team that was touring New Zealand at the time. Both matches were comfortably won, with the tourists defeated 20–3. Cunningham played his first of four matches for Auckland against international opposition, against the same New South Wales side a week later, with his Auckland team winning 24–3. Cunningham moved to Auckland in 1902, and played his club rugby for City, before joining Ponsonby the following season. He", "id": "17185617" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\nWilliam Robert \"Bill\" Hardcastle (30 August 1874 – 11 July 1944) born in Wellington, New Zealand was a pioneer New Zealand and Australian rugby union player and an Australian rugby league footballer. He represented both countries in union and Australia in league. He was one of the first dual-code rugby internationals. Hardcastle commenced his club rugby in New Zealand with Petone and represented for Wellington from 1895 to 1897. He joined the Melrose club in 1897 and was selected in a North Island representative side from where he was", "id": "802015" }, { "contents": "Steve Skinnon\n\n\nSteve Skinnon (born 27 November 1976) is a New Zealand rugby footballer who played rugby union for Wellington and Hawkes Bay in the National Provincial Championship and rugby league for the Sydney Roosters and South Sydney Rabbitohs in the National Rugby League. He represented his country in both codes at a junior level. Skinnon started his career in rugby union and represented the New Zealand under 19 side in 1994 from Wellington College, playing at second five eighth. He switched codes to rugby league in 1995 and was picked to play for the Junior", "id": "2628332" }, { "contents": "Jim Wylie\n\n\nJames Thomas Wylie (26 October 1887 – 19 December 1956) was a New Zealand rugby union player, who represented both the country of his birth and Australia. He went on to coach the Stanford University rugby team for over 30 years from 1917. Born in Galatea in 1887, Wylie was a tall man at , and played as a loose forward. He first represented in 1910, playing six matches, before moving to Sydney for the next two years. There he made four appearances for New South Wales against Queensland,", "id": "12170928" }, { "contents": "Edward Baird (rugby league)\n\n\nNorthern Union\" style of rugby, taking on Albert Baskerville's New Zealand All Golds on their inaugural tour. Baird played as a reserve as the Queenslanders lost the historic match 34–12. He went on to make another appearance against New Zealand and two against New South Wales. When the New Zealand team came back on the return leg of their tour, they played three Test matches against the first Australian representative sides ever selected. The first Test was played in Sydney on 9 May 1908 with the Kiwis prevailing. On 30 May", "id": "17722972" }, { "contents": "Bob Aynsley\n\n\nRobert Aynsley (5 January 1922 – 12 October 2012) was a New Zealand rugby league player. He played five test matches for the New Zealand national rugby league team. Aynsley played for Blackball and represented the West Coast and the South Island before first being selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1946. He played in five test matches, his last in 1949. He played in 15 tour games on the 1947–1948 tour of Great Britain and France. After retirement, Aynsley was a referee from 1953 to 1960", "id": "5310628" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\ninterest in rugby union in Sydney following WWI. In 1920 he appeared three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the All Blacks scoring a try in his representative debut. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches. In 1921 he represented for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks and", "id": "9169856" }, { "contents": "1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand, more commonly known in New Zealand as the 1956 Springboks tour was a series of rugby union matches played by South Africa in Australia and New Zealand. The \"Springboks\" won 21 matches of 29, drew 1, and lost 7. They played 6 Test matches, with two victories over Australia and one over New Zealand. The New Zealand leg of their trip was the primary focus of the tour—23 of their 29 matches were in New Zealand, which included", "id": "12210178" }, { "contents": "Bert Cooke (rugby)\n\n\nspent 1932 with Hawke's Bay, before switching codes. Cooke also represented Wairarapa and Wellington while playing rugby union. He finished his rugby union career with 121 tries in 131 first class matches. Cooke joined the Richmond Rovers club in the Auckland Rugby League competition in 1932 and made an immediate impact, racing away for three tries in the inter-island game only weeks later. He was selected for New Zealand that year against the Great Britain Lions. Cooke also represented Auckland and captained New Zealand in two Test matches against Australia", "id": "12460198" }, { "contents": "Queensland rugby league team\n\n\nZealand rugby league tour of Australia, Queensland lost both its matches against the Kiwis in Brisbane. Again, Queensland played two matches against the Kiwis during the 1913 New Zealand rugby league tour of Australia and again the Maroons lost both. New South Wales had won every match between the two states until 1922, when the Maroons, with Cyril Connell playing at , achieved their maiden victory. This commenced Queensland's only golden period before the introduction of State of Origin. In 1925 Queensland toured New Zealand and played against the full New", "id": "12687033" }, { "contents": "1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia was the sixth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. Four matches were played against regional and district sides along with three Test match against the Australia national side, being the first time both teams played each other. New Zealand won the series with two victories and a tied match. Before the tour matches, New Zealand played a preliminary game v. the Wellington RU team at the Athletic Park, won by the \"All Blacks\" 19–6. Complete list of matches played", "id": "1302262" }, { "contents": "Watty Friend\n\n\nTest matches. In 1921 he figured in three matches for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks. Howell notes that Friends was one of the Waratahs' top players. In 1922 he appeared in all three matches again when the All Blacks visited Sydney, with second and third matches wins resulting in a rare series victory of those days to the Waratahs over the All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Friend was honoured with the captaincy of New South Wales in a three match series in which the Waratahs", "id": "5285969" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nseasons in the Sydney premiership. In 1918 he moved to Brisbane and joined the Carltons club, one of the early incarnations of the Souths Magpies. From there he made state appearances for Queensland against New South Wales over four years and in 1919 was selected in the Australian team as hooker. He played in all four Tests of the 1919 rugby league tour of New Zealand. He is listed as Australia's 97th representative on the Australian Rugby League's Kangaroo register. His international rugby league debut against New Zealand in Wellington on 23", "id": "1170780" }, { "contents": "John Rosewell\n\n\n. Along with Dally Messenger, Denis Lutge, Doug McLean snr and Micky Dore he was one of the inaugural five Australian dual code rugby internationals who having earlier represented at rugby union, debuted in international rugby league in Sydney on 9 May 1908 in the first ever Australian league Test against New Zealand. He is listed on the \"Australian Players Register\" as Kangaroo No.13. He spent three seasons at South Sydney playing 29 matches scoring 4 tries and 6 goals. He was a member of the 1910 Rabbitohs side that drew the", "id": "801844" }, { "contents": "George Aitken (rugby union)\n\n\nGeorge Gothard Aitken (2 July 1898 – 8 July 1952) was a rugby union footballer who represented New Zealand – known as the All Blacks – and then Scotland. He was born in Westport, New Zealand, and was selected to play provincially for Buller at the age of 16. After moving to Wellington, Aitken played for the province from 1917, and from there was selected for the All Blacks side that faced South Africa when they toured New Zealand in 1921. After only two Test matches for the All Blacks,", "id": "5006718" }, { "contents": "Jack Holland (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Holland (1922-1994) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s. An Australian international and New South Wales interstate representative forward, he played his club football in Sydney's NSWRFL Premiership for the St. George club. Holland was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia on 19 August 1922. Holland served in the Army during World War II. Commencing his first-grade NSWRFL Premiership playing career with St. George in 1947, he was selected to represent New South Wales in 1948", "id": "4207831" }, { "contents": "Jack Price (rugby league)\n\n\nagainst Australia (2 matches), and while at Wigan in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches). Jack Price played , in Wigan's 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. Jack Price played in Wigan's victories in the Lancashire County League during the 1922–23 season, 1923–24 season and 1925–26 season. Jack Price played , and scored a try in Wigan's 21-4 victory over", "id": "12779224" }, { "contents": "Edwin Abbott (rugby league)\n\n\nEdwin Frederick Abbott (1909–1976) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 1930 and 1932. Abbott was the nephew of 1905 All Black Harold Abbott and the uncle of Bill Deacon, a Kiwi from 1965 to 1971. From the Ngaruawahia Panthers club, Abbott represented South Auckland and the North Island. In 1930 he was selected for the New Zealand tour of New South Wales, playing in both matches against New South Wales and scoring three tries against Sydney Metropolis. He played for South Auckland against both the", "id": "19358978" }, { "contents": "Jim Davis (rugby league)\n\n\nthe 1911 NSWRFL season with North Sydney before playing three seasons with the Glebe club. His top-grade career finished up back at Souths in 1918-19 before concluding with a country stint at Parkes. Davis made his debut Test appearance in 1908 against New Zealand, appearing in both matches of the first rugby league international series played by an Australian representative side. At the end of that season he was selected in the 35 man squad to make the first ever Kangaroo Tour. Davis played in six tour matches but in none", "id": "11335988" }, { "contents": "Herb Brackenreg\n\n\nEastern Suburbs club. An Eastern Suburbs rugby union player, Brackenreg had been a member of the rebel New South Wales sides that played against the rebel New Zealand 'All Blacks' in the 1907 series that helped to establish rugby league in Australia. He played in 8 NSWRFL Premiership matches for Easts including that club's first match and was a member of the NSWRL's first premiership decider played against local rival, South Sydney. In that first season Brackenreg was selected to represent his state, New South Wales, in 2 matches", "id": "12715024" }, { "contents": "Danny Hurcombe\n\n\nFrom 29 November 1919 Hurcombe played for English rugby league club, Wigan. Hurcombe was selected to go on the 1920 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Wigan in 1920 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand, in 1922 against Australia, and in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches), and he won 6 caps for Wales in 1921–1926 while at Wigan. Hurcombe made his début for Wigan in", "id": "11028974" }, { "contents": "Arthur Hardgrave\n\n\nArthur Hardgrave ( 1908–14) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. A fullback, Hardgrave played for Taranaki against Auckland in 1908 and 1909. He later moved to Auckland and played for Otahuhu at club level and represented Auckland provincially. In 1912, Hardgrave was selected for the New Zealand national side who toured Australia. No test matches were played on the tour but Hardgrave became the 74th player to represent New Zealand. Following the tour, Hardgrave was part of the Auckland side that defeated New South Wales 10–3", "id": "124840" }, { "contents": "Ted Thorn\n\n\n. Ted made his state representative debut in 1922, appearing three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the visiting All Blacks for two victories. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches - including fifteen such appearances made by Ted Thorn. Thorn made the 1923 New South Wales tour", "id": "5576534" }, { "contents": "Jack Fitzgerald (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Fitzgerald was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s, and coached in the 1960s. He played for Western Suburbs as a winger and later coached the club from 1961 to 1964. Fitzgerald began his career with Western Suburbs in 1949. In 1952, Fitzgerald was a member of the Western Suburbs side which claimed their fourth and final premiership defeating South Sydney in the grand final, with Fitzgerald scoring a try. Fitzgerald played for three more seasons before retiring as a player. Fitzgerald began his coaching", "id": "15556425" }, { "contents": "Owen Stephens\n\n\nWales. He won a single cap for New Zealand, playing in the All Blacks' 19–12 victory over France at Eden Park, Auckland on 10 August 1968, and won five caps for Australia, playing against Tonga and Wales in 1973 and New Zealand in 1974. Only three players have played rugby union at test match level for both New Zealand and Australia: namely Des Connor, Ted Jessep and Stephens. He played club level rugby league for St. George Dragons (trial), Parramatta Eels (Heritage № 339) (", "id": "7733372" }, { "contents": "Peter Williams (New Zealand rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Williams (22 April 188430 August 1976) was a rugby union player who represented New Zealand nine times, including a single Test match. He played club rugby for Dunedin side Alhambra, and played provincial rugby for Otago between 1908 and 1914. His sole season of international rugby was 1913, when he played in a home Test against Australia before touring North America with the All Blacksas New Zealand's international team is knownthat same year. He was selected for a tour of Australia the following year, but was unavailable and so", "id": "8410349" }, { "contents": "Frank Smyth\n\n\nBernard Francis \"Frank\" Smyth (11 February 1891 – 15 July 1972) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A hooker, Smyth played a single representative game for Canterbury in 1915, one match for the South Island in 1922 and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, also in 1922. He played three matches for the All Blacks but did not appear in any internationals. His grandson is politician Peter Dunne. Smyth served in the No. 3 Field Company, New Zealand Engineers", "id": "16651150" }, { "contents": "1921 Waratahs tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe Queensland Rugby Union had collapsed in 1919 and would not be reborn until 1929 leaving the New South Wales Rugby Union to administer the game in Australia at the national representative level. In 1923 the New South Wales side toured New Zealand In 1986 the Australian Rugby Union decreed the five full-internationals played on the tour as official Test matches. Previously the All Blacks visited New South Wales in the 1920 tour. This tour happened while the Springboks were completing their tour in New Zealand. Previously in June, South Africa played three", "id": "14085090" }, { "contents": "Robert Graves (rugby)\n\n\n1905 and from there was selected to represent Metropolis (Sydney) in a fixture against Country played over Easter in 1905. He continued in a coaching role for the Grosvenor club even while himself playing rugby for those other sides from 1903 to 1907. Graves was one of the New South Wales rugby union players who matched up against the first professional New Zealand team, Albert Baskiville's 'All Golds' in three matches in Sydney in August 1907. He played in all three matches and along with the other Australian rebel players was", "id": "3902454" }, { "contents": "Jim Sullivan (rugby league)\n\n\n, converting five goals in a 21–0 win against Widnes. He made his first representative appearance in December 1921, playing for Wales in a 16–21 defeat against Australia. Jim Sullivan played , and scored 4-conversions in Wigan's 13-2 victory over Oldham in the Championship Final during the 1921–22 season at The Cliff, Broughton on Saturday 6 May 1922, played , and scored 4-conversions in the 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. played", "id": "338598" }, { "contents": "Simon Poidevin\n\n\nwas then selected to play for New South Wales in a succession of the matches in 1981. The first match against Manawatu was won 58-3, with NSW scoring 10 tries. Victories over Waikato and Counties followed, before New South Wales were defeated by Queensland 26-15 at the Sydney Cricket Ground. New South Wales played Queensland in a return match a week later in Brisbane that was won 7-6. Poidevin played for Sydney against France in the third game France played for their 1981 France rugby union tour of", "id": "16857237" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\ncalled up to the All Blacks and he played in eight games for New Zealand, although he did not appear in any Test matches. In 1924 Marist Old Boys became locked in a dispute with the Canterbury Rugby Union and quit, instead fielding rugby league and soccer teams. Petersen followed the club, taking up rugby league. Petersen made an immediate impact and was one of six Marist Old Boys players who were selected to represent New Zealand that season. In total Petersen played in three Test matches for New Zealand in rugby league", "id": "14015996" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\n, Bert Avery and Maurice Wetherill. Lou Brown made his Auckland debut in the second match. At the end of the tour the NSW members of the 1921-22 Australasian Kangaroos were joined by New Zealand member Bert Laing for a match against the rest of the NSW squad and local Auckland stars. The Kangaroos won 65-27. The New Zealand Māori side played Sydney Metropolis in Sydney. South Auckland held the Northern Union Cup at the end of the season. They defeated Auckland 21-20 in Auckland to win the", "id": "3198700" }, { "contents": "John Solomon (rugby union)\n\n\nmade his state and national representative debuts at age nineteen, first playing for Australia against the at the Sydney Cricket Ground in June 1949. Later that year he toured New Zealand with Trevor Allan's Bledisloe Cup winning Wallabies. Solomon played variously at five-eighth, fullback and centre in seven matches of the tour including the 2nd Test at Eden Park where he scored a try thus helping the side make history as the first Australian team to win the Cup in New Zealand. He played twice for New South Wales in 1950 at", "id": "19470085" }, { "contents": "Darby Loudon\n\n\nDarby Briton Loudon (12 March 1897 – c. 1963) was a New Zealand born rugby union player, a flanker who made sixteen representative appearances for the New South Wales state team in the 1920s. Four of these matches have since been decreed as Test matches by the Australian Rugby Union and Loudon, who led the side in one such match in 1922, was therefore a captain of the Australian national team. Loudon, was born in Leeston, New Zealand and relocated to Sydney during his youth. He attended Sydney Grammar School", "id": "5401488" }, { "contents": "Michael Fitzgerald (rugby union)\n\n\nMichael Fitzgerald (born ) is a New Zealand rugby union player currently playing for Kamaishi Seawaves in Japan. He previously played for Leicester Tigers in England's Premiership Rugby, for the Chiefs in Super Rugby and Manawatu in the ITM Cup. His regular playing position is lock. In 2013, he signed a contract extension with the Chiefs until 2015. On 21 April 2015, it was announced he had signed for English Aviva Premiership side Leicester Tigers. Fitzgerald made his Leicester debut on 18 October 2015 in a 28-16 win", "id": "17447697" }, { "contents": "Peter Johnstone (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Johnstone (9 August 1922 – 18 October 1997) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A backrow forward, Johnstone represented Ashburton County while serving in the army and later at a provincial level. He was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1949 to 1951. He played 26 matches for the All Blacks —10 as captain—including nine internationals, touring South Africa in 1949 and playing all four tests against the touring 1950 British Lions. He was a key member of the", "id": "5603616" }, { "contents": "Brian Reidy\n\n\nBrian Thomas Reidy (27 January 1939 – 2 June 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Reidy played for the Marist club and represented Auckland. He made his debut for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1959, becoming Kiwi #383, but did not make his test match debut until 1961, against Australia at Carlaw Park. Between 1959 and 1966, Reidy played 65 games for New Zealand, including 19 tests, scoring 34 tries in all. He could play anywhere in the", "id": "21473667" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nmatches. In 1911 Mitchell, along with three other players from the Merivale club, moved to Sydney and played for the North Sydney Bears. He was then enticed north by the Queensland Rugby League. At the same time the New Zealand rugby league side was touring Australia and he was invited to join the touring party. Mitchell played in four matches, becoming a dual-code rugby international. Mitchell then returned to Christchurch and represented Canterbury in its first ever match in 1912. Mitchell toured Australia twice more with New Zealand,", "id": "3816467" }, { "contents": "Pat Creedy\n\n\nPatrick Joseph \"Pat\" Creedy (18 November 1927 – 7 April 2011) was a New Zealand rugby football player who represented New Zealand in rugby league. Creedy originally played rugby union and represented both the Southland Rugby Union and the Canterbury Rugby Union. Creedy later switched codes to rugby league and joined the Marist club in the Canterbury Rugby League competition. He represented Canterbury and in 1955 was selected at halfback for the South Island. That year he was first selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team, playing against the", "id": "6530820" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1924 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the 11th tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales selection, and New Zealand won the 3 match series", "id": "14085325" }, { "contents": "Jim Sanders (rugby league)\n\n\nJames Sanders (1900–1981) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Sanders started his career in third grade with Addington in 1915. He spent his entire career with Addington apart from a few games for Hornby when Addington had no senior team. He captained Addington to their first title in 1923. Sanders made his New Zealand debut in 1919 against Australia. In 1921 Sanders toured Australia for New Zealand under coach Jim Rukutai. He played for New Zealand in 1922 against New South Wales and was part of the", "id": "6884071" }, { "contents": "Nolan Tupaea\n\n\na first grade match. In 1979 he moved to Petone, winning premierships in 1980, 1981 and 1982. He was also part of their 1982 victory in the National Club Cup. Tupaea represented Wellington, playing 64 matches between 1971 and 1985. He was selected for the Kiwi Colts in 1973 for a match against Queensland. In 1976 he represented the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. Tupaea played for the Central Districts side in their first five years of the New Zealand Rugby League's district competition. The side", "id": "15687157" }, { "contents": "Peter Ward (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter M. Ward (born 5 November 1876) was a New Zealand-born rugby union player who represented Australia. A fly-half, he was born in Invercargill. Ward was described as \"astute and a skillful inside back\". A member of the Britannia club Ward initially played for the Southland province between 1897 and 1898. He then moved to Sydney, Australia in 1899 and joined the Marrackville club. He was selected for New South Wales to play in their two matches against the touring Great Britain side. After", "id": "2597515" }, { "contents": "Frano Botica\n\n\nFrano Michael Botica (born 3 August 1963) is a New Zealand rugby union and rugby league coach and former player in both codes, who played in the 1980s and 1990s. He is the head coach of the Philippines sevens team. He represented New Zealand at both codes, and later also played for Croatia in two rugby union World Cup qualifying matches. Born in Mangakino, New Zealand, Botica played rugby union for club side North Shore, New Zealand provincial side North Harbour, as well as Llanelli in Wales, and", "id": "3135809" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nWilliam James Mitchell (28 November 1890 – 2 June 1959) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Mitchell was born in Melbourne, Australia before moving to New Zealand where he worked for the New Zealand Railways Department. Mitchell played rugby union for the Merivale club in Christchurch and represented the province nine times in 1909 and 1910. He was selected to be part of the All Blacks tour of Australia in 1910 and played in five matches, including the second and third Test", "id": "3816466" }, { "contents": "1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand was the third tour made by the Springboks rugby team, and their first tour to Australia and New Zealand. South Africa played three Test matches against the All Blacks. The series was drawn 1–all, and the long-running controversy between the countries over the All Blacks' inclusion of Maori players began. The Springboks played five matches in Australia, winning them all. The three most important matches against New South Wales, were retroactively accorded Test status by the Australian", "id": "19644461" }, { "contents": "1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand was a series of rugby union matches played in New Zealand by the South African national rugby union team, from June - August 1994. The team played 14 matches in total; 11 against several provincial rugby teams and 3 against the New Zealand national rugby union team. South Africa won 10 out of the 11 matches against provincial sides, losing one match to Otago. They lost their first two test matches against the New Zealand national side and drew the last test. The", "id": "14043514" }, { "contents": "Ewen McKenzie\n\n\nTri nations, but was reselected in 1997 for the 1997 French tour of Australia. 1997 was the year McKenzie retired from international rugby, making his last appearance on 12 July 1997 after a 25–6 victory over England in Sydney. In his entire career of 51 test matches, he only ever played as a substitute once, during a pool game in the 1995 Rugby World Cup. In 1992, McKenzie toured New Zealand with the World XV to mark the centenary of the New Zealand Rugby Union. New Zealand won the series 2–1", "id": "7179494" }, { "contents": "Sam Gemmell\n\n\nSamuel William Gemmell (28 August 1896 – 28 June 1970) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A loose forward, Gemmell represented Hawke's Bay at a provincial level. He played one match for the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, out of position at hooker against New South Wales at Dunedin. Affiliating to Ngāti Pāhauwera, Gemmell played 57 matches for New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1929, making him the most capped player for that team. He served as a private with the New Zealand (Māori", "id": "16059662" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\nCharles \"Charlie\" Herbert \"Herb\" Smith (13 February 1909 – 10 April 1976) was a New Zealand rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s. He played representative level rugby union (RU) for New Zealand (Heritage № 406) (non-test matches), South Island and Otago (captain), and at club level for Southern RFC , as a centre, i.e. number 12 or 13, switching codes in 1936. He played representative level rugby league (RL", "id": "11805487" }, { "contents": "James Barber (rugby)\n\n\nover to join the squad. He played in the first ever trans-Tasman test which was the debut match of the Australia national rugby league team. Barber would go on to appear in all three test matches against Australia. Barber later captained the New Zealand side in its 1909 tour of Australia. His last game for New Zealand was in 1912. In 1912 he was in Petone's side that won the inaugural Wellington Rugby League competition. Barber captained Wellington between 1911 and 1914, including Wellington's 1913 victory over Auckland.", "id": "7778848" }, { "contents": "Alex Watson (rugby league)\n\n\nAlex Watson (1931–2002) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer of the 1950s. An Australian international and Queensland interstate representative three-quarter back, he played club football in the Brisbane Rugby League premiership for Western Suburbs. Watson first represented Queensland in 1951 in a match against New South Wales. He made his test debut at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 12 June 1954 against Great Britain in the first test of that year's Ashes series. Australia won this test 37-12. In 1953 Watson toured New Zealand with the", "id": "15082194" }, { "contents": "Jack McLeod (rugby league)\n\n\nJack McLeod is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. McLeod played for Taranaki and Auckland. While at the Manukau club, McLeod was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1937, playing against Australia. He toured Australia with New Zealand in 1938 however no test matches were played on the tour. Four days after the 1937 test, McLeod was part of the New Zealand Māori side that defeated Australia 16-5. In 2008 he was named in the Taranaki Rugby League Team of the Century", "id": "19760905" }, { "contents": "Frank Nicholson (rugby union)\n\n\nof these matches played against New South Wales. The Howell reference claims that Nicholson's rugby career was interrupted by enlistment in the Boer War. He claimed two international rugby caps for Australia. He appeared for Queensland against the touring New Zealanders in Brisbane in August 1903 and two weeks later made his international debut against the same tourists in Sydney, on 15 August 1903. In 1904 he captained Queensland in the inter-state series and played alongside his brother Fred who scored a try in that match. Later that season he had", "id": "2954916" }, { "contents": "Frank Brogan (rugby league)\n\n\nFrank Brogan (1903–1961) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s. He played as a halfback with South Sydney during the club's golden era of the 1920s when they won 5 premierships. Brogan made his debut for South Sydney in 1922 against Newtown as an 18 year old. In 1924, Brogan was selected to play for New South Wales and featured in two matches. The following year, Brogan won his first premiership with Souths as they finished first on the table and were not required to play in", "id": "18073767" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\ntest of 1899 against the first British side to tour Australia, at Sydney, on 12 August. He also played for Australia in 1903 in Sydney against New Zealand in the first official rugby union international between the countries. He became an early convert to the fledgling league code and played for the Ipswich club in Queensland. He was selected in the 2nd Test of 1908 against New Zealand. Five former Wallabies had debuted for the Kangaroos in the inaugural Test three weeks earlier, Hardcastle's league Test debut that day with George Watson", "id": "802017" } ]

[ { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nthe 6–8 defeat by New South Wales at Sydney on 7 August 1922, and scored a penalty in the 45–11 victory over Manawatu-Wellington XV at Palmerston North on 16 August 1922 but never played a Test match for New Zealand. In 1923 Fitzgerald moved to Christchurch, joining the Marist Old Boys club. However the club was expelled from the Canterbury Rugby Union in April 1924 and Fitzgerald followed to club to rugby league. Fitzgerald excelled in rugby league and in his debut year he made the national side, playing in two Test", "id": "13539549" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nhe lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Jim O'Brien. Fitzgerald played for the South Island in 1922, scoring a try in the inter-island match. Following this he was selected for New Zealand, playing in five matches on a tour of New Zealand and Australia. Fitzgerald represented New Zealand (RU) in the 12–11 victory over Wairarapa at Carterton on 19 July 1922, the 26–19 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on 29 July 1922, the 24–6 victory over Metropolitan Union at Sydney on 2 August 1922,", "id": "13539548" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nCharles James Fitzgerald (6 June 1899, in Fairhall – 8 May 1961, in Awatere Valley) was a New Zealand dual-code international rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Fitzgerald was a utility back in both codes. Fitzgerald represented Marlborough between 1917 and 1921, appearing for the union in every backline position except fullback. He played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks kicking a penalty goal in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game", "id": "13539547" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nAndrew James \"Jim\" O'Brien (1897–1969) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. O'Brien began his career playing rugby union for Marlborough between 1919 and 1921. He also played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game he lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Charles Fitzgerald. In 1922 he moved north to Auckland, joining the Grafton club. He immediately was selected for the", "id": "13908850" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nNorth Island side and subsequently the All Blacks tour of New Zealand and South Wales. He finished the tour having played in 3 games and scored one try. Returning to Auckland, O’Brien played his first game for the union late in the 1922 season. In 1923 he played five games for Auckland. O'Brien switched to rugby league in 1924, joining Marist in the Auckland Rugby League competition. He played for Auckland and made the New Zealand national rugby league team for three tests against the touring Great Britain Lions side that year.", "id": "13908851" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\nLouis Charles Petersen (19 April 1897 – 25 June 1961) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Petersen served with the New Zealand Expeditionary Force in World War I and it was here that he developed his football skills, playing for the \"Trench team\". Petersen began his career with the Marist Old Boys club in Christchurch and in 1919 was first selected to represent Canterbury. He made the South Island side in 1919, 1920 and 1921. In 1922 Petersen was", "id": "14015995" }, { "contents": "Jim Craig (rugby league)\n\n\nversatility was such that he was selected at hooker for a match on tour of New Zealand in 1919. Graig first represented for New South Wales against a touring English side in 1920. He was selected on the 1921–22 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and made his Test debut in the first Test at Leeds. He appeared in 23 minor tour matches notching a total of 58 points as a try scorer and goal kicker. Following his Kangaroo Tour representative appearances in 1922 he played a season with the University club in Sydney. In 1923", "id": "6542629" }, { "contents": "Albert Johnston (rugby league)\n\n\nclub seasons of 1921 and 1922. In 1912 he was selected in a Sydney Metropolis side. In 1913 he was in a New South Wales touring squad to New Zealand as half-back but was kept out of the major matches by the form of his peer Arthur Halloway. He captained New South Wales in some 1918 games and then made his Australian Test debut in 1919 on Australia's tour of New Zealand. He scored a try on debut assisting Australia to a 44-21 victory. With tour captain Halloway unfit for", "id": "9752107" }, { "contents": "Percy Hickey\n\n\nPercival \"Percy\" Hubert Hickey (28 April 1899 – 21 December 1943) was a New Zealand rugby union player who represented the All Blacks in 1922. His position of choice was wing three-quarter. Hickey was born in Rahotu in 1899. He made the provincial side in 1919. He was selected for the North against South Island match in 1922. He scored a try. He was then selected for the national side on their tour of New South Wales. Hickey played in two of the possible five matches.", "id": "3545214" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1922 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the tenth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales Selection, and NSW won the 3 match series 2–1. In", "id": "13453802" }, { "contents": "Billy Sheehan (rugby union)\n\n\ntop Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of their 1920s fixtures played against full international opposition were decreed in 1986 as official Test matches, including the three of Sheehan's 1921 debut and fifteen other appearances he would make over the next six years. In 1922 he appeared in all three Test in Sydney against the visiting All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Sheehan played all of the three match series in which the Waratahs were undefeated. On the 1923 tour of New Zealand and", "id": "5401479" }, { "contents": "Les Steel\n\n\nLeslie William Steel (1900 – 28 April 1966) was a rugby league footballer in Australia's major competition, the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL). Steel played over 100 matches for his club side, Eastern Suburbs in the years (1922–29). A Winger, Steel was a try scorer in Easts 1923 premiership victory. In 1922 Steel was selected to represent New South Wales. Following his football career, Steel spent many years as an official of the Eastern Suburbs club. He died at Hurstville, New South", "id": "20482633" }, { "contents": "Jim Bacon (rugby)\n\n\nLions tour of Australasia. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Leeds in 1920 against Australia (3 matches), and New Zealand (3 matches), in 1921 against Australia (2 matches), in 1922 against Australia, in 1924 against Australia, and in 1927 against New Zealand. From 1921 until 1927 he also represented Wales, winning six caps, all against England, including 1-victory, and 5-defeats. Bacon played left-, i.e. number 4 and scored 2-tries in Leeds' 11–3 victory over Dewsbury", "id": "5182427" }, { "contents": "Karl Ifwersen\n\n\nrep team, captaining the combined Auckland-North Auckland side against South Africa in his first game back and scoring the only try. Ifwersen played in one test match for the All Blacks during the 1921 South Africa tour of the country. Ifwersen continued to play for Auckland between 1922 and 1938. Ifwersen died in Auckland on 19 May 1967, having suffered considerably from football injuries during his old age. Ifwersen was inducted into the New Zealand Rugby League's Legends of League in 2000. He was the first New Zealander to represent", "id": "14118993" }, { "contents": "New Zealand national rugby union team\n\n\nThomas Ellison captained team won nine of their ten matches. The following year New Zealand played its first home \"international\" game, losing 8–6 to New South Wales. The team's first true test match occurred against Australia on 15 August 1903 at the Sydney Cricket Ground in front of over 30,000 spectators, and resulted in a 22–3 victory. A representative New Zealand team first toured the British Isles in 1905. The side is now known as the \"Originals\", as the \"All Blacks\" name emerged during this tour", "id": "20449805" }, { "contents": "Wilson Hall (rugby league)\n\n\nA. Wilson Hall was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s and 1930s who represented New Zealand and later played at club level in England for Castleford. From the Ngaruawahia club, Wilson Hall represented South Auckland in 1922. He was a half for South Auckland and the North Island in 1925. In 1926 he moved to Christchurch. Wilson Hall then represented the Hornby club, Canterbury and the South Island. He was selected for New Zealand's tour of Great Britain in 1926. He played in two test matches", "id": "20659026" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\nwas selected to tour New Zealand. He played in seven matches on tour including the Waratah's Test victory. He made representative appearances in 1922 against the New Zealand Maori and the All Blacks, played in three Tests against them in 1924 and in five matches against them in 1925. The 3rd test of 1925 played on 23 June at the Sydney Showground was Fox's sole appearance as the national captain. He was solid in further Test appearances against New Zealand in 1926 He was a tremendous lineout forward and one of the senior", "id": "9169857" }, { "contents": "Dai Fitzgerald\n\n\nDavid \"Dai\" Fitzgerald (1872 – 30 November 1951) was a Welsh rugby centre who played club rugby under the union code for Cardiff, and later switched to professional rugby league team Batley (captain). He played international rugby union for Wales winning two caps, and in his first match for Wales scored all the points in a victory over Scotland. Fitzgerald first played rugby in Cardiff for the now defunct club, St. Davids, one of several Welsh teams built around Catholic churches. He switched to first class club", "id": "18632594" }, { "contents": "Bruce Gall\n\n\nBruce Gall is a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Gall played in the Taranaki Rugby League and represented Taranaki. In 1976 Gall played for the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. In 1979 he played for the Central Districts side that won the Inter-Districts competition. He was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team on the 1980 tour of Great Britain and France. Gall did not play in a test match but did play in 8 games for the Kiwis, scoring 3 tries.", "id": "18658371" }, { "contents": "Shaun Foley\n\n\nShaun Foley (born 29 August 1986 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia) is an Australian rugby union player and a former member of the National Rugby League's (NRL) Sydney Roosters squad. Foley played in the Australian Schoolboys Rugby Union team that lost to New Zealand 21-16 in 2004. Foley scored all 16 points for the Australian team. Foley joined NRL side the Sydney Roosters in 2006, playing 7 games and scoring 6 tries. He scored two tries in the Roosters 40-20 victory over the", "id": "3276301" }, { "contents": "Sam Lowrie\n\n\nSamuel Arthur \"Sam\" Lowrie was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. His grandnephew, Jason Lowrie, also represented New Zealand in rugby league. Lowrie played for the Ponsonby club in the Auckland Rugby League competition. In 1919 Lowrie played for Auckland and was first selected to represent New Zealand, playing in three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1922 Lowrie toured Australia, with the New Zealand Māori rugby league team. Lowrie was named Ponsonby's best forward in 1923. He again played for", "id": "21879456" }, { "contents": "Arthur Kay (rugby league)\n\n\nArthur Geig Kay was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Kay represented Auckland and was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1935. He played in all three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1936 he played in two matches against the touring Great Britain team and played in his final test match in New Zealand's 16-15 victory over Australia at Carlaw Park on 14 August 1937. He was selected to tour Great Britain and France in 1939 but the tour was abandoned due to the", "id": "13813701" }, { "contents": "Percy Williams (New Zealand rugby league player)\n\n\nPercy Williams was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Williams originally played rugby union and represented Auckland. Williams played for Wigan for three seasons between 1910/11 to 1912/13. During this time he played in 111 matches for the club in the Lancashire League, including in the 1911 Challenge Cup Final loss. In 1913 he was called into the New Zealand squad, joining them midway through their tour of Australia. Williams was said to be instrumental in New Zealand's 17-11 upset victory over New South Wales.", "id": "14326389" }, { "contents": "Johnnie Wallace\n\n\nthe club's first Wallaby representative. His potential was obvious and in 1921 he was selected in the New South Wales side picked to tour New Zealand. He played in five of the ten tour matches including the September 1921 fixture against a New Zealand XV which is now regarded as a Test match. With no Queensland Rugby Union administration or competition in place from 1919 to 1929, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of the fixtures of 1920s which were played against", "id": "7506396" }, { "contents": "Jack Forrest (rugby league)\n\n\nJohn Alexander \"Jack\" Forrest (24 February 1924 – 26 February 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 12 international matches between 1947 and 1952. His cousin Jonas Masters also played rugby league for New Zealand. Forrest played in the West Coast Rugby League competition for Runanga and represented both the West Coast and the South Island. He played in 42 matches, 12 of which were test matches, for the New Zealand national rugby league team, including matches against the 1951 touring French side and", "id": "18556717" }, { "contents": "Pat Devery\n\n\n, New South Wales on 9 August 1922. A Tumbulgum junior, he played football in the Brisbane Rugby League for Fortitude Valley. Devery was then discovered by coach of Sydney's Balmain club Latchem Robinson while playing football in The Domain, Sydney as a sailor in the Royal Australian Navy during the war. Devery played for Balmain at halfback in the 1944 NSWRFL season's premiership final, scoring a try in his side's victory over Newtown. Devery also represented Sydney on 6 occasions, New South Wales on 2 occasions between 1946–1947", "id": "14526725" }, { "contents": "Charles Kingstone\n\n\nCharles Napoleon \"Nipper\" Kingstone (2 July 1895 – 6 May 1960) was a New Zealand sportsman who played international rugby union for New Zealand. He was also a first-class cricketer. A fullback, Kingstone played all three of his Tests during South Africa's 1921 tour of New Zealand. He was injured in a motor accident in 1922 and didn't play again for New Zealand. Kingstone played just one first-class cricket match. He represented a team called the \"Rest of New Zealand\" in a", "id": "8516640" }, { "contents": "Dougie McGregor\n\n\nAlwin John \"Dougie\" McGregor (1889–1963) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. McGregor played rugby union for the Karangahake club in the Goldfields sub-union competition in 1908. The following year he moved to Auckland, joining the Ponsonby club. McGregor represented Auckland and the North Island that same year. In 1913 McGregor was picked in the New Zealand squad for their North America tour and played in 11 games during the tour, including Test matches against Australia and", "id": "14128313" }, { "contents": "1893 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1893 New Zealand tour rugby to Australia was the second tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. Ten matches were played against regional and district sides, but no Test matches were played. It was first tour arranged by New Zealand Rugby Football Union which was founded the year before. The only previous New Zealand national team was the side that toured New South Wales in 1884. Immediately before departing for Sydney, the tourists played a match against a \"Combined XV\" in Wellington, which New Zealand won", "id": "14310646" }, { "contents": "Australasia rugby league team\n\n\nThe Australasian rugby league team (or the Kangaroos) represented Australia and New Zealand in rugby league sporadically between 1910 and 1922. Administered by the New South Wales Rugby League, appearances for the team were counted towards the Australian team's records and playing register but not the New Zealand team's. The team toured Great Britain twice, participating in two Ashes series, and also played Great Britain twice in Sydney. The Australasian side first played in 1910. After Great Britain had defeated Australia in two Test matches it was decided that", "id": "15931608" }, { "contents": "George Dickinson\n\n\nChurch in Dunedin. While at Otago Boys' High School, Dickinson played as a five-eighth in the school's 1st XV rugby team between 1918 and 1921. He made his debut for the All Blacks in 1922 on their tour of New South Wales, playing five matches and scoring three tries. He went on to play 12 matches for between 1922 and 1924, scoring five tries, 11 conversions and one penalty goal. Dickinson also played for the South Island in 1922. He retired from first-class rugby at", "id": "2808375" }, { "contents": "Alexander Kirkpatrick (rugby union)\n\n\nAlexander Kirkpatrick (4 October 1898 – 25 August 1971) was an All Blacks rugby union player from New Zealand. He was a hooker. He played 12 matches for the All Blacks in1925-26 against Australia (New South Wales), scoring 6 points (2 tries). He was a member of the Hastings club and captained the Hawke’s Bay Region to take the Ranfurly Shield off Wellington in 1922; and appeared in 22 of the 24 successful defences (more than any other player). In 1952-56", "id": "16723938" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nClaud Augustus O'Donnell (30 January 1886 – 4 August 1953) was an Australian rugby union and rugby league player and represented his country at both sports as a dual-code rugby international. O'Donnell played rugby union with the Glebe club in inner city Sydney. He made his representative debut for New South Wales in 1912 and the following year made two Test appearances as hooker for the Wallabies against the All Blacks in the 1913 tour of New Zealand. Switching to rugby league O'Donnell joined the Glebe Dirty Reds in 1915 and had three", "id": "1170779" }, { "contents": "Wally O'Connell\n\n\nand played 80 games. His first representative match was for City New South Wales in 1943. On 18 June 1945 a Sydney rugby league team featuring O'Connell travelled to Newcastle to play against their representative team and were defeated 27-26. He was the Roosters' pivot in their 1945 premiership final victory over Balmain. With senior representative matches canceled during WWII O'Connell didn't make his Test debut until 1948 against New Zealand in Sydney.He was selected for the 1948-49 Kangaroo Tour and played in five Tests and 16 minor", "id": "14384862" }, { "contents": "Mawene Hiroti\n\n\nMawene Hiroti (born 6 March 1999) is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who plays as a or er for the South Sydney Rabbitohs in the NRL. Hiroti was born in Taranaki, New Zealand. He has represented the Australian Schoolboys rugby league team and the New Zealand Under 18s. Forged his career playing for New Plymouth Old Boys under 11s 12s and 13s - winning Taranaki Premiership every year. Mawene scoring 50 percent of all tries. He played for the Rabbitohs in their pre-season 18-8 victory over English", "id": "14480103" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\n) for British Empire XIII, and at club level for Streatham and Mitcham and Halifax (Heritage № 437), as a , or , i.e. number 2 or 5, or, 3 or 4. Smith represented New Zealand (RU) in the 16–13 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on Monday 6 August 1934, and scored a try in the 35–3 victory over Newcastle at Newcastle, New South Wales on Wednesday 22 August 1934, but was not selected for the 1935–36 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland", "id": "11805488" }, { "contents": "Jim Rukutai\n\n\nNew Zealand played matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Rukutai coached New Zealand during their 1921 tour of Australia. He remains New Zealand's youngest ever national coach. He also coached New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1937. In 1937 he coached the New Zealand Māori to an upset win over Australia. In 1932 Rukutai served on the Auckland Rugby League board as the Clubs' delegate. He then served as the first chairman of the New Zealand Māori Rugby League Board when it was formed in 1934. Rukutai died at his", "id": "1899959" }, { "contents": "Greg Davis (rugby)\n\n\nand there joined the Drummoyne Rugby Club Davis was immediately selected for both New South Wales and Australia in his first year in Sydney. He debuted in a Sydney Test match against England in June 1963 and the following month was selected in the squad for the 1963 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa. He played in all four Test matches of the tied series and in ten other tour matches. The next year he made the 1964 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand playing in seven of the eight matches including all three Tests", "id": "3641367" }, { "contents": "Bill Kelly (rugby league)\n\n\n, Kelly played first class rugby union for Buller when he was 18 and later represented Wellington. Kelly switched to rugby league with the launch of the Wellington Rugby League competition in 1912 and played for Athletic in their grand final loss to Petone. He became a Wellington representative and toured Australia in 1912 and 1913 with the New Zealand national side. No test matches were played with the Kiwis meeting New South Wales and Queensland and a number of regional sides. He played in Wellingtons 1913 victory over Auckland. He joined the Balmain Tigers", "id": "146975" }, { "contents": "1929 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\nThe 1929 New Zealand rugby league season was the 22nd season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand. New Zealand played in no international matches in 1929. The New South Wales Rugby Football League's South Sydney Rabbitohs toured the country late in the season. They played two matches against Marist, with both sides securing one win. South Sydney also defeated Huntly. Souths were without five Kangaroos who were on a tour of Great Britain. Marist won the first match 10-9 at Carlaw Park while Souths won the", "id": "3198729" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\ndue to a row over the eligibility of three players. They instead joined the Rugby League and the Football Association. Marist spent just seven seasons in the Canterbury Rugby League but won three titles, in 1924, 1925 and 1928. In 1924 they produced six New Zealand internationals; Bill Devine, Charles Fitzgerald, Ted Fitzgerald, Terry Gilroy, Harry Mullins and Lou Petersen. Jim Amos also switched codes with Marist but played in their lower divisions. Greymouth Marist joined the West Coast Rugby League in support of Christchurch Marist. The", "id": "3198709" }, { "contents": "Charles Webb (rugby league)\n\n\nCharles Webb was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand . A halfback from the Ponsonby United club, Webb also represented Auckland. In 1912, Webb toured Australia with New Zealand. The side played in matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Later that same year, New South Wales made a return tour to New Zealand. Webb captained the New Zealand side that played against them, losing 10-18. He also played in two matches for Auckland against the touring Blues side. Webb was selected for the", "id": "14418029" }, { "contents": "David Evans (rugby)\n\n\nDavid \"Dave\" Alexander Evans (4 October 1886 – 12 October 1940) was a New Zealand dual-code international who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Evans began his career playing rugby union and represented Hawke's Bay 19 times from 1906. He made the 1910 New Zealand tour of Australia and played in the 0–11 Test defeat by Australia at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 27 June 1910, becoming the Hawke's Bay's third representative. While in Australia Evans had been impressed by the rugby league", "id": "13088290" }, { "contents": "Bill Cunningham (rugby union)\n\n\nFootball Union. He was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1901, and played against Wellington and the New South Wales team that was touring New Zealand at the time. Both matches were comfortably won, with the tourists defeated 20–3. Cunningham played his first of four matches for Auckland against international opposition, against the same New South Wales side a week later, with his Auckland team winning 24–3. Cunningham moved to Auckland in 1902, and played his club rugby for City, before joining Ponsonby the following season. He", "id": "17185617" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\nWilliam Robert \"Bill\" Hardcastle (30 August 1874 – 11 July 1944) born in Wellington, New Zealand was a pioneer New Zealand and Australian rugby union player and an Australian rugby league footballer. He represented both countries in union and Australia in league. He was one of the first dual-code rugby internationals. Hardcastle commenced his club rugby in New Zealand with Petone and represented for Wellington from 1895 to 1897. He joined the Melrose club in 1897 and was selected in a North Island representative side from where he was", "id": "802015" }, { "contents": "Steve Skinnon\n\n\nSteve Skinnon (born 27 November 1976) is a New Zealand rugby footballer who played rugby union for Wellington and Hawkes Bay in the National Provincial Championship and rugby league for the Sydney Roosters and South Sydney Rabbitohs in the National Rugby League. He represented his country in both codes at a junior level. Skinnon started his career in rugby union and represented the New Zealand under 19 side in 1994 from Wellington College, playing at second five eighth. He switched codes to rugby league in 1995 and was picked to play for the Junior", "id": "2628332" }, { "contents": "Jim Wylie\n\n\nJames Thomas Wylie (26 October 1887 – 19 December 1956) was a New Zealand rugby union player, who represented both the country of his birth and Australia. He went on to coach the Stanford University rugby team for over 30 years from 1917. Born in Galatea in 1887, Wylie was a tall man at , and played as a loose forward. He first represented in 1910, playing six matches, before moving to Sydney for the next two years. There he made four appearances for New South Wales against Queensland,", "id": "12170928" }, { "contents": "Edward Baird (rugby league)\n\n\nNorthern Union\" style of rugby, taking on Albert Baskerville's New Zealand All Golds on their inaugural tour. Baird played as a reserve as the Queenslanders lost the historic match 34–12. He went on to make another appearance against New Zealand and two against New South Wales. When the New Zealand team came back on the return leg of their tour, they played three Test matches against the first Australian representative sides ever selected. The first Test was played in Sydney on 9 May 1908 with the Kiwis prevailing. On 30 May", "id": "17722972" }, { "contents": "Bob Aynsley\n\n\nRobert Aynsley (5 January 1922 – 12 October 2012) was a New Zealand rugby league player. He played five test matches for the New Zealand national rugby league team. Aynsley played for Blackball and represented the West Coast and the South Island before first being selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1946. He played in five test matches, his last in 1949. He played in 15 tour games on the 1947–1948 tour of Great Britain and France. After retirement, Aynsley was a referee from 1953 to 1960", "id": "5310628" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\ninterest in rugby union in Sydney following WWI. In 1920 he appeared three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the All Blacks scoring a try in his representative debut. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches. In 1921 he represented for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks and", "id": "9169856" }, { "contents": "1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand, more commonly known in New Zealand as the 1956 Springboks tour was a series of rugby union matches played by South Africa in Australia and New Zealand. The \"Springboks\" won 21 matches of 29, drew 1, and lost 7. They played 6 Test matches, with two victories over Australia and one over New Zealand. The New Zealand leg of their trip was the primary focus of the tour—23 of their 29 matches were in New Zealand, which included", "id": "12210178" }, { "contents": "Bert Cooke (rugby)\n\n\nspent 1932 with Hawke's Bay, before switching codes. Cooke also represented Wairarapa and Wellington while playing rugby union. He finished his rugby union career with 121 tries in 131 first class matches. Cooke joined the Richmond Rovers club in the Auckland Rugby League competition in 1932 and made an immediate impact, racing away for three tries in the inter-island game only weeks later. He was selected for New Zealand that year against the Great Britain Lions. Cooke also represented Auckland and captained New Zealand in two Test matches against Australia", "id": "12460198" }, { "contents": "Queensland rugby league team\n\n\nZealand rugby league tour of Australia, Queensland lost both its matches against the Kiwis in Brisbane. Again, Queensland played two matches against the Kiwis during the 1913 New Zealand rugby league tour of Australia and again the Maroons lost both. New South Wales had won every match between the two states until 1922, when the Maroons, with Cyril Connell playing at , achieved their maiden victory. This commenced Queensland's only golden period before the introduction of State of Origin. In 1925 Queensland toured New Zealand and played against the full New", "id": "12687033" }, { "contents": "1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia was the sixth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. Four matches were played against regional and district sides along with three Test match against the Australia national side, being the first time both teams played each other. New Zealand won the series with two victories and a tied match. Before the tour matches, New Zealand played a preliminary game v. the Wellington RU team at the Athletic Park, won by the \"All Blacks\" 19–6. Complete list of matches played", "id": "1302262" }, { "contents": "Watty Friend\n\n\nTest matches. In 1921 he figured in three matches for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks. Howell notes that Friends was one of the Waratahs' top players. In 1922 he appeared in all three matches again when the All Blacks visited Sydney, with second and third matches wins resulting in a rare series victory of those days to the Waratahs over the All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Friend was honoured with the captaincy of New South Wales in a three match series in which the Waratahs", "id": "5285969" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nseasons in the Sydney premiership. In 1918 he moved to Brisbane and joined the Carltons club, one of the early incarnations of the Souths Magpies. From there he made state appearances for Queensland against New South Wales over four years and in 1919 was selected in the Australian team as hooker. He played in all four Tests of the 1919 rugby league tour of New Zealand. He is listed as Australia's 97th representative on the Australian Rugby League's Kangaroo register. His international rugby league debut against New Zealand in Wellington on 23", "id": "1170780" }, { "contents": "John Rosewell\n\n\n. Along with Dally Messenger, Denis Lutge, Doug McLean snr and Micky Dore he was one of the inaugural five Australian dual code rugby internationals who having earlier represented at rugby union, debuted in international rugby league in Sydney on 9 May 1908 in the first ever Australian league Test against New Zealand. He is listed on the \"Australian Players Register\" as Kangaroo No.13. He spent three seasons at South Sydney playing 29 matches scoring 4 tries and 6 goals. He was a member of the 1910 Rabbitohs side that drew the", "id": "801844" }, { "contents": "George Aitken (rugby union)\n\n\nGeorge Gothard Aitken (2 July 1898 – 8 July 1952) was a rugby union footballer who represented New Zealand – known as the All Blacks – and then Scotland. He was born in Westport, New Zealand, and was selected to play provincially for Buller at the age of 16. After moving to Wellington, Aitken played for the province from 1917, and from there was selected for the All Blacks side that faced South Africa when they toured New Zealand in 1921. After only two Test matches for the All Blacks,", "id": "5006718" }, { "contents": "Jack Holland (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Holland (1922-1994) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s. An Australian international and New South Wales interstate representative forward, he played his club football in Sydney's NSWRFL Premiership for the St. George club. Holland was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia on 19 August 1922. Holland served in the Army during World War II. Commencing his first-grade NSWRFL Premiership playing career with St. George in 1947, he was selected to represent New South Wales in 1948", "id": "4207831" }, { "contents": "Jack Price (rugby league)\n\n\nagainst Australia (2 matches), and while at Wigan in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches). Jack Price played , in Wigan's 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. Jack Price played in Wigan's victories in the Lancashire County League during the 1922–23 season, 1923–24 season and 1925–26 season. Jack Price played , and scored a try in Wigan's 21-4 victory over", "id": "12779224" }, { "contents": "Edwin Abbott (rugby league)\n\n\nEdwin Frederick Abbott (1909–1976) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 1930 and 1932. Abbott was the nephew of 1905 All Black Harold Abbott and the uncle of Bill Deacon, a Kiwi from 1965 to 1971. From the Ngaruawahia Panthers club, Abbott represented South Auckland and the North Island. In 1930 he was selected for the New Zealand tour of New South Wales, playing in both matches against New South Wales and scoring three tries against Sydney Metropolis. He played for South Auckland against both the", "id": "19358978" }, { "contents": "Jim Davis (rugby league)\n\n\nthe 1911 NSWRFL season with North Sydney before playing three seasons with the Glebe club. His top-grade career finished up back at Souths in 1918-19 before concluding with a country stint at Parkes. Davis made his debut Test appearance in 1908 against New Zealand, appearing in both matches of the first rugby league international series played by an Australian representative side. At the end of that season he was selected in the 35 man squad to make the first ever Kangaroo Tour. Davis played in six tour matches but in none", "id": "11335988" }, { "contents": "Herb Brackenreg\n\n\nEastern Suburbs club. An Eastern Suburbs rugby union player, Brackenreg had been a member of the rebel New South Wales sides that played against the rebel New Zealand 'All Blacks' in the 1907 series that helped to establish rugby league in Australia. He played in 8 NSWRFL Premiership matches for Easts including that club's first match and was a member of the NSWRL's first premiership decider played against local rival, South Sydney. In that first season Brackenreg was selected to represent his state, New South Wales, in 2 matches", "id": "12715024" }, { "contents": "Danny Hurcombe\n\n\nFrom 29 November 1919 Hurcombe played for English rugby league club, Wigan. Hurcombe was selected to go on the 1920 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Wigan in 1920 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand, in 1922 against Australia, and in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches), and he won 6 caps for Wales in 1921–1926 while at Wigan. Hurcombe made his début for Wigan in", "id": "11028974" }, { "contents": "Arthur Hardgrave\n\n\nArthur Hardgrave ( 1908–14) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. A fullback, Hardgrave played for Taranaki against Auckland in 1908 and 1909. He later moved to Auckland and played for Otahuhu at club level and represented Auckland provincially. In 1912, Hardgrave was selected for the New Zealand national side who toured Australia. No test matches were played on the tour but Hardgrave became the 74th player to represent New Zealand. Following the tour, Hardgrave was part of the Auckland side that defeated New South Wales 10–3", "id": "124840" }, { "contents": "Ted Thorn\n\n\n. Ted made his state representative debut in 1922, appearing three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the visiting All Blacks for two victories. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches - including fifteen such appearances made by Ted Thorn. Thorn made the 1923 New South Wales tour", "id": "5576534" }, { "contents": "Jack Fitzgerald (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Fitzgerald was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s, and coached in the 1960s. He played for Western Suburbs as a winger and later coached the club from 1961 to 1964. Fitzgerald began his career with Western Suburbs in 1949. In 1952, Fitzgerald was a member of the Western Suburbs side which claimed their fourth and final premiership defeating South Sydney in the grand final, with Fitzgerald scoring a try. Fitzgerald played for three more seasons before retiring as a player. Fitzgerald began his coaching", "id": "15556425" }, { "contents": "Owen Stephens\n\n\nWales. He won a single cap for New Zealand, playing in the All Blacks' 19–12 victory over France at Eden Park, Auckland on 10 August 1968, and won five caps for Australia, playing against Tonga and Wales in 1973 and New Zealand in 1974. Only three players have played rugby union at test match level for both New Zealand and Australia: namely Des Connor, Ted Jessep and Stephens. He played club level rugby league for St. George Dragons (trial), Parramatta Eels (Heritage № 339) (", "id": "7733372" }, { "contents": "Peter Williams (New Zealand rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Williams (22 April 188430 August 1976) was a rugby union player who represented New Zealand nine times, including a single Test match. He played club rugby for Dunedin side Alhambra, and played provincial rugby for Otago between 1908 and 1914. His sole season of international rugby was 1913, when he played in a home Test against Australia before touring North America with the All Blacksas New Zealand's international team is knownthat same year. He was selected for a tour of Australia the following year, but was unavailable and so", "id": "8410349" }, { "contents": "Frank Smyth\n\n\nBernard Francis \"Frank\" Smyth (11 February 1891 – 15 July 1972) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A hooker, Smyth played a single representative game for Canterbury in 1915, one match for the South Island in 1922 and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, also in 1922. He played three matches for the All Blacks but did not appear in any internationals. His grandson is politician Peter Dunne. Smyth served in the No. 3 Field Company, New Zealand Engineers", "id": "16651150" }, { "contents": "1921 Waratahs tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe Queensland Rugby Union had collapsed in 1919 and would not be reborn until 1929 leaving the New South Wales Rugby Union to administer the game in Australia at the national representative level. In 1923 the New South Wales side toured New Zealand In 1986 the Australian Rugby Union decreed the five full-internationals played on the tour as official Test matches. Previously the All Blacks visited New South Wales in the 1920 tour. This tour happened while the Springboks were completing their tour in New Zealand. Previously in June, South Africa played three", "id": "14085090" }, { "contents": "Robert Graves (rugby)\n\n\n1905 and from there was selected to represent Metropolis (Sydney) in a fixture against Country played over Easter in 1905. He continued in a coaching role for the Grosvenor club even while himself playing rugby for those other sides from 1903 to 1907. Graves was one of the New South Wales rugby union players who matched up against the first professional New Zealand team, Albert Baskiville's 'All Golds' in three matches in Sydney in August 1907. He played in all three matches and along with the other Australian rebel players was", "id": "3902454" }, { "contents": "Jim Sullivan (rugby league)\n\n\n, converting five goals in a 21–0 win against Widnes. He made his first representative appearance in December 1921, playing for Wales in a 16–21 defeat against Australia. Jim Sullivan played , and scored 4-conversions in Wigan's 13-2 victory over Oldham in the Championship Final during the 1921–22 season at The Cliff, Broughton on Saturday 6 May 1922, played , and scored 4-conversions in the 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. played", "id": "338598" }, { "contents": "Simon Poidevin\n\n\nwas then selected to play for New South Wales in a succession of the matches in 1981. The first match against Manawatu was won 58-3, with NSW scoring 10 tries. Victories over Waikato and Counties followed, before New South Wales were defeated by Queensland 26-15 at the Sydney Cricket Ground. New South Wales played Queensland in a return match a week later in Brisbane that was won 7-6. Poidevin played for Sydney against France in the third game France played for their 1981 France rugby union tour of", "id": "16857237" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\ncalled up to the All Blacks and he played in eight games for New Zealand, although he did not appear in any Test matches. In 1924 Marist Old Boys became locked in a dispute with the Canterbury Rugby Union and quit, instead fielding rugby league and soccer teams. Petersen followed the club, taking up rugby league. Petersen made an immediate impact and was one of six Marist Old Boys players who were selected to represent New Zealand that season. In total Petersen played in three Test matches for New Zealand in rugby league", "id": "14015996" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\n, Bert Avery and Maurice Wetherill. Lou Brown made his Auckland debut in the second match. At the end of the tour the NSW members of the 1921-22 Australasian Kangaroos were joined by New Zealand member Bert Laing for a match against the rest of the NSW squad and local Auckland stars. The Kangaroos won 65-27. The New Zealand Māori side played Sydney Metropolis in Sydney. South Auckland held the Northern Union Cup at the end of the season. They defeated Auckland 21-20 in Auckland to win the", "id": "3198700" }, { "contents": "John Solomon (rugby union)\n\n\nmade his state and national representative debuts at age nineteen, first playing for Australia against the at the Sydney Cricket Ground in June 1949. Later that year he toured New Zealand with Trevor Allan's Bledisloe Cup winning Wallabies. Solomon played variously at five-eighth, fullback and centre in seven matches of the tour including the 2nd Test at Eden Park where he scored a try thus helping the side make history as the first Australian team to win the Cup in New Zealand. He played twice for New South Wales in 1950 at", "id": "19470085" }, { "contents": "Darby Loudon\n\n\nDarby Briton Loudon (12 March 1897 – c. 1963) was a New Zealand born rugby union player, a flanker who made sixteen representative appearances for the New South Wales state team in the 1920s. Four of these matches have since been decreed as Test matches by the Australian Rugby Union and Loudon, who led the side in one such match in 1922, was therefore a captain of the Australian national team. Loudon, was born in Leeston, New Zealand and relocated to Sydney during his youth. He attended Sydney Grammar School", "id": "5401488" }, { "contents": "Michael Fitzgerald (rugby union)\n\n\nMichael Fitzgerald (born ) is a New Zealand rugby union player currently playing for Kamaishi Seawaves in Japan. He previously played for Leicester Tigers in England's Premiership Rugby, for the Chiefs in Super Rugby and Manawatu in the ITM Cup. His regular playing position is lock. In 2013, he signed a contract extension with the Chiefs until 2015. On 21 April 2015, it was announced he had signed for English Aviva Premiership side Leicester Tigers. Fitzgerald made his Leicester debut on 18 October 2015 in a 28-16 win", "id": "17447697" }, { "contents": "Peter Johnstone (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Johnstone (9 August 1922 – 18 October 1997) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A backrow forward, Johnstone represented Ashburton County while serving in the army and later at a provincial level. He was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1949 to 1951. He played 26 matches for the All Blacks —10 as captain—including nine internationals, touring South Africa in 1949 and playing all four tests against the touring 1950 British Lions. He was a key member of the", "id": "5603616" }, { "contents": "Brian Reidy\n\n\nBrian Thomas Reidy (27 January 1939 – 2 June 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Reidy played for the Marist club and represented Auckland. He made his debut for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1959, becoming Kiwi #383, but did not make his test match debut until 1961, against Australia at Carlaw Park. Between 1959 and 1966, Reidy played 65 games for New Zealand, including 19 tests, scoring 34 tries in all. He could play anywhere in the", "id": "21473667" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nmatches. In 1911 Mitchell, along with three other players from the Merivale club, moved to Sydney and played for the North Sydney Bears. He was then enticed north by the Queensland Rugby League. At the same time the New Zealand rugby league side was touring Australia and he was invited to join the touring party. Mitchell played in four matches, becoming a dual-code rugby international. Mitchell then returned to Christchurch and represented Canterbury in its first ever match in 1912. Mitchell toured Australia twice more with New Zealand,", "id": "3816467" }, { "contents": "Pat Creedy\n\n\nPatrick Joseph \"Pat\" Creedy (18 November 1927 – 7 April 2011) was a New Zealand rugby football player who represented New Zealand in rugby league. Creedy originally played rugby union and represented both the Southland Rugby Union and the Canterbury Rugby Union. Creedy later switched codes to rugby league and joined the Marist club in the Canterbury Rugby League competition. He represented Canterbury and in 1955 was selected at halfback for the South Island. That year he was first selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team, playing against the", "id": "6530820" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1924 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the 11th tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales selection, and New Zealand won the 3 match series", "id": "14085325" }, { "contents": "Jim Sanders (rugby league)\n\n\nJames Sanders (1900–1981) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Sanders started his career in third grade with Addington in 1915. He spent his entire career with Addington apart from a few games for Hornby when Addington had no senior team. He captained Addington to their first title in 1923. Sanders made his New Zealand debut in 1919 against Australia. In 1921 Sanders toured Australia for New Zealand under coach Jim Rukutai. He played for New Zealand in 1922 against New South Wales and was part of the", "id": "6884071" }, { "contents": "Nolan Tupaea\n\n\na first grade match. In 1979 he moved to Petone, winning premierships in 1980, 1981 and 1982. He was also part of their 1982 victory in the National Club Cup. Tupaea represented Wellington, playing 64 matches between 1971 and 1985. He was selected for the Kiwi Colts in 1973 for a match against Queensland. In 1976 he represented the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. Tupaea played for the Central Districts side in their first five years of the New Zealand Rugby League's district competition. The side", "id": "15687157" }, { "contents": "Peter Ward (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter M. Ward (born 5 November 1876) was a New Zealand-born rugby union player who represented Australia. A fly-half, he was born in Invercargill. Ward was described as \"astute and a skillful inside back\". A member of the Britannia club Ward initially played for the Southland province between 1897 and 1898. He then moved to Sydney, Australia in 1899 and joined the Marrackville club. He was selected for New South Wales to play in their two matches against the touring Great Britain side. After", "id": "2597515" }, { "contents": "Frano Botica\n\n\nFrano Michael Botica (born 3 August 1963) is a New Zealand rugby union and rugby league coach and former player in both codes, who played in the 1980s and 1990s. He is the head coach of the Philippines sevens team. He represented New Zealand at both codes, and later also played for Croatia in two rugby union World Cup qualifying matches. Born in Mangakino, New Zealand, Botica played rugby union for club side North Shore, New Zealand provincial side North Harbour, as well as Llanelli in Wales, and", "id": "3135809" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nWilliam James Mitchell (28 November 1890 – 2 June 1959) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Mitchell was born in Melbourne, Australia before moving to New Zealand where he worked for the New Zealand Railways Department. Mitchell played rugby union for the Merivale club in Christchurch and represented the province nine times in 1909 and 1910. He was selected to be part of the All Blacks tour of Australia in 1910 and played in five matches, including the second and third Test", "id": "3816466" }, { "contents": "1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand was the third tour made by the Springboks rugby team, and their first tour to Australia and New Zealand. South Africa played three Test matches against the All Blacks. The series was drawn 1–all, and the long-running controversy between the countries over the All Blacks' inclusion of Maori players began. The Springboks played five matches in Australia, winning them all. The three most important matches against New South Wales, were retroactively accorded Test status by the Australian", "id": "19644461" }, { "contents": "1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand was a series of rugby union matches played in New Zealand by the South African national rugby union team, from June - August 1994. The team played 14 matches in total; 11 against several provincial rugby teams and 3 against the New Zealand national rugby union team. South Africa won 10 out of the 11 matches against provincial sides, losing one match to Otago. They lost their first two test matches against the New Zealand national side and drew the last test. The", "id": "14043514" }, { "contents": "Ewen McKenzie\n\n\nTri nations, but was reselected in 1997 for the 1997 French tour of Australia. 1997 was the year McKenzie retired from international rugby, making his last appearance on 12 July 1997 after a 25–6 victory over England in Sydney. In his entire career of 51 test matches, he only ever played as a substitute once, during a pool game in the 1995 Rugby World Cup. In 1992, McKenzie toured New Zealand with the World XV to mark the centenary of the New Zealand Rugby Union. New Zealand won the series 2–1", "id": "7179494" }, { "contents": "Sam Gemmell\n\n\nSamuel William Gemmell (28 August 1896 – 28 June 1970) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A loose forward, Gemmell represented Hawke's Bay at a provincial level. He played one match for the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, out of position at hooker against New South Wales at Dunedin. Affiliating to Ngāti Pāhauwera, Gemmell played 57 matches for New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1929, making him the most capped player for that team. He served as a private with the New Zealand (Māori", "id": "16059662" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\nCharles \"Charlie\" Herbert \"Herb\" Smith (13 February 1909 – 10 April 1976) was a New Zealand rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s. He played representative level rugby union (RU) for New Zealand (Heritage № 406) (non-test matches), South Island and Otago (captain), and at club level for Southern RFC , as a centre, i.e. number 12 or 13, switching codes in 1936. He played representative level rugby league (RL", "id": "11805487" }, { "contents": "James Barber (rugby)\n\n\nover to join the squad. He played in the first ever trans-Tasman test which was the debut match of the Australia national rugby league team. Barber would go on to appear in all three test matches against Australia. Barber later captained the New Zealand side in its 1909 tour of Australia. His last game for New Zealand was in 1912. In 1912 he was in Petone's side that won the inaugural Wellington Rugby League competition. Barber captained Wellington between 1911 and 1914, including Wellington's 1913 victory over Auckland.", "id": "7778848" }, { "contents": "Alex Watson (rugby league)\n\n\nAlex Watson (1931–2002) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer of the 1950s. An Australian international and Queensland interstate representative three-quarter back, he played club football in the Brisbane Rugby League premiership for Western Suburbs. Watson first represented Queensland in 1951 in a match against New South Wales. He made his test debut at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 12 June 1954 against Great Britain in the first test of that year's Ashes series. Australia won this test 37-12. In 1953 Watson toured New Zealand with the", "id": "15082194" }, { "contents": "Jack McLeod (rugby league)\n\n\nJack McLeod is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. McLeod played for Taranaki and Auckland. While at the Manukau club, McLeod was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1937, playing against Australia. He toured Australia with New Zealand in 1938 however no test matches were played on the tour. Four days after the 1937 test, McLeod was part of the New Zealand Māori side that defeated Australia 16-5. In 2008 he was named in the Taranaki Rugby League Team of the Century", "id": "19760905" }, { "contents": "Frank Nicholson (rugby union)\n\n\nof these matches played against New South Wales. The Howell reference claims that Nicholson's rugby career was interrupted by enlistment in the Boer War. He claimed two international rugby caps for Australia. He appeared for Queensland against the touring New Zealanders in Brisbane in August 1903 and two weeks later made his international debut against the same tourists in Sydney, on 15 August 1903. In 1904 he captained Queensland in the inter-state series and played alongside his brother Fred who scored a try in that match. Later that season he had", "id": "2954916" }, { "contents": "Frank Brogan (rugby league)\n\n\nFrank Brogan (1903–1961) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s. He played as a halfback with South Sydney during the club's golden era of the 1920s when they won 5 premierships. Brogan made his debut for South Sydney in 1922 against Newtown as an 18 year old. In 1924, Brogan was selected to play for New South Wales and featured in two matches. The following year, Brogan won his first premiership with Souths as they finished first on the table and were not required to play in", "id": "18073767" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\ntest of 1899 against the first British side to tour Australia, at Sydney, on 12 August. He also played for Australia in 1903 in Sydney against New Zealand in the first official rugby union international between the countries. He became an early convert to the fledgling league code and played for the Ipswich club in Queensland. He was selected in the 2nd Test of 1908 against New Zealand. Five former Wallabies had debuted for the Kangaroos in the inaugural Test three weeks earlier, Hardcastle's league Test debut that day with George Watson", "id": "802017" } ]

[ { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nthe 6–8 defeat by New South Wales at Sydney on 7 August 1922, and scored a penalty in the 45–11 victory over Manawatu-Wellington XV at Palmerston North on 16 August 1922 but never played a Test match for New Zealand. In 1923 Fitzgerald moved to Christchurch, joining the Marist Old Boys club. However the club was expelled from the Canterbury Rugby Union in April 1924 and Fitzgerald followed to club to rugby league. Fitzgerald excelled in rugby league and in his debut year he made the national side, playing in two Test", "id": "13539549" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nhe lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Jim O'Brien. Fitzgerald played for the South Island in 1922, scoring a try in the inter-island match. Following this he was selected for New Zealand, playing in five matches on a tour of New Zealand and Australia. Fitzgerald represented New Zealand (RU) in the 12–11 victory over Wairarapa at Carterton on 19 July 1922, the 26–19 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on 29 July 1922, the 24–6 victory over Metropolitan Union at Sydney on 2 August 1922,", "id": "13539548" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nCharles James Fitzgerald (6 June 1899, in Fairhall – 8 May 1961, in Awatere Valley) was a New Zealand dual-code international rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Fitzgerald was a utility back in both codes. Fitzgerald represented Marlborough between 1917 and 1921, appearing for the union in every backline position except fullback. He played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks kicking a penalty goal in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game", "id": "13539547" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nAndrew James \"Jim\" O'Brien (1897–1969) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. O'Brien began his career playing rugby union for Marlborough between 1919 and 1921. He also played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game he lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Charles Fitzgerald. In 1922 he moved north to Auckland, joining the Grafton club. He immediately was selected for the", "id": "13908850" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nNorth Island side and subsequently the All Blacks tour of New Zealand and South Wales. He finished the tour having played in 3 games and scored one try. Returning to Auckland, O’Brien played his first game for the union late in the 1922 season. In 1923 he played five games for Auckland. O'Brien switched to rugby league in 1924, joining Marist in the Auckland Rugby League competition. He played for Auckland and made the New Zealand national rugby league team for three tests against the touring Great Britain Lions side that year.", "id": "13908851" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\nLouis Charles Petersen (19 April 1897 – 25 June 1961) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Petersen served with the New Zealand Expeditionary Force in World War I and it was here that he developed his football skills, playing for the \"Trench team\". Petersen began his career with the Marist Old Boys club in Christchurch and in 1919 was first selected to represent Canterbury. He made the South Island side in 1919, 1920 and 1921. In 1922 Petersen was", "id": "14015995" }, { "contents": "Jim Craig (rugby league)\n\n\nversatility was such that he was selected at hooker for a match on tour of New Zealand in 1919. Graig first represented for New South Wales against a touring English side in 1920. He was selected on the 1921–22 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and made his Test debut in the first Test at Leeds. He appeared in 23 minor tour matches notching a total of 58 points as a try scorer and goal kicker. Following his Kangaroo Tour representative appearances in 1922 he played a season with the University club in Sydney. In 1923", "id": "6542629" }, { "contents": "Albert Johnston (rugby league)\n\n\nclub seasons of 1921 and 1922. In 1912 he was selected in a Sydney Metropolis side. In 1913 he was in a New South Wales touring squad to New Zealand as half-back but was kept out of the major matches by the form of his peer Arthur Halloway. He captained New South Wales in some 1918 games and then made his Australian Test debut in 1919 on Australia's tour of New Zealand. He scored a try on debut assisting Australia to a 44-21 victory. With tour captain Halloway unfit for", "id": "9752107" }, { "contents": "Percy Hickey\n\n\nPercival \"Percy\" Hubert Hickey (28 April 1899 – 21 December 1943) was a New Zealand rugby union player who represented the All Blacks in 1922. His position of choice was wing three-quarter. Hickey was born in Rahotu in 1899. He made the provincial side in 1919. He was selected for the North against South Island match in 1922. He scored a try. He was then selected for the national side on their tour of New South Wales. Hickey played in two of the possible five matches.", "id": "3545214" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1922 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the tenth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales Selection, and NSW won the 3 match series 2–1. In", "id": "13453802" }, { "contents": "Billy Sheehan (rugby union)\n\n\ntop Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of their 1920s fixtures played against full international opposition were decreed in 1986 as official Test matches, including the three of Sheehan's 1921 debut and fifteen other appearances he would make over the next six years. In 1922 he appeared in all three Test in Sydney against the visiting All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Sheehan played all of the three match series in which the Waratahs were undefeated. On the 1923 tour of New Zealand and", "id": "5401479" }, { "contents": "Les Steel\n\n\nLeslie William Steel (1900 – 28 April 1966) was a rugby league footballer in Australia's major competition, the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL). Steel played over 100 matches for his club side, Eastern Suburbs in the years (1922–29). A Winger, Steel was a try scorer in Easts 1923 premiership victory. In 1922 Steel was selected to represent New South Wales. Following his football career, Steel spent many years as an official of the Eastern Suburbs club. He died at Hurstville, New South", "id": "20482633" }, { "contents": "Jim Bacon (rugby)\n\n\nLions tour of Australasia. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Leeds in 1920 against Australia (3 matches), and New Zealand (3 matches), in 1921 against Australia (2 matches), in 1922 against Australia, in 1924 against Australia, and in 1927 against New Zealand. From 1921 until 1927 he also represented Wales, winning six caps, all against England, including 1-victory, and 5-defeats. Bacon played left-, i.e. number 4 and scored 2-tries in Leeds' 11–3 victory over Dewsbury", "id": "5182427" }, { "contents": "Karl Ifwersen\n\n\nrep team, captaining the combined Auckland-North Auckland side against South Africa in his first game back and scoring the only try. Ifwersen played in one test match for the All Blacks during the 1921 South Africa tour of the country. Ifwersen continued to play for Auckland between 1922 and 1938. Ifwersen died in Auckland on 19 May 1967, having suffered considerably from football injuries during his old age. Ifwersen was inducted into the New Zealand Rugby League's Legends of League in 2000. He was the first New Zealander to represent", "id": "14118993" }, { "contents": "New Zealand national rugby union team\n\n\nThomas Ellison captained team won nine of their ten matches. The following year New Zealand played its first home \"international\" game, losing 8–6 to New South Wales. The team's first true test match occurred against Australia on 15 August 1903 at the Sydney Cricket Ground in front of over 30,000 spectators, and resulted in a 22–3 victory. A representative New Zealand team first toured the British Isles in 1905. The side is now known as the \"Originals\", as the \"All Blacks\" name emerged during this tour", "id": "20449805" }, { "contents": "Wilson Hall (rugby league)\n\n\nA. Wilson Hall was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s and 1930s who represented New Zealand and later played at club level in England for Castleford. From the Ngaruawahia club, Wilson Hall represented South Auckland in 1922. He was a half for South Auckland and the North Island in 1925. In 1926 he moved to Christchurch. Wilson Hall then represented the Hornby club, Canterbury and the South Island. He was selected for New Zealand's tour of Great Britain in 1926. He played in two test matches", "id": "20659026" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\nwas selected to tour New Zealand. He played in seven matches on tour including the Waratah's Test victory. He made representative appearances in 1922 against the New Zealand Maori and the All Blacks, played in three Tests against them in 1924 and in five matches against them in 1925. The 3rd test of 1925 played on 23 June at the Sydney Showground was Fox's sole appearance as the national captain. He was solid in further Test appearances against New Zealand in 1926 He was a tremendous lineout forward and one of the senior", "id": "9169857" }, { "contents": "Dai Fitzgerald\n\n\nDavid \"Dai\" Fitzgerald (1872 – 30 November 1951) was a Welsh rugby centre who played club rugby under the union code for Cardiff, and later switched to professional rugby league team Batley (captain). He played international rugby union for Wales winning two caps, and in his first match for Wales scored all the points in a victory over Scotland. Fitzgerald first played rugby in Cardiff for the now defunct club, St. Davids, one of several Welsh teams built around Catholic churches. He switched to first class club", "id": "18632594" }, { "contents": "Bruce Gall\n\n\nBruce Gall is a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Gall played in the Taranaki Rugby League and represented Taranaki. In 1976 Gall played for the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. In 1979 he played for the Central Districts side that won the Inter-Districts competition. He was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team on the 1980 tour of Great Britain and France. Gall did not play in a test match but did play in 8 games for the Kiwis, scoring 3 tries.", "id": "18658371" }, { "contents": "Shaun Foley\n\n\nShaun Foley (born 29 August 1986 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia) is an Australian rugby union player and a former member of the National Rugby League's (NRL) Sydney Roosters squad. Foley played in the Australian Schoolboys Rugby Union team that lost to New Zealand 21-16 in 2004. Foley scored all 16 points for the Australian team. Foley joined NRL side the Sydney Roosters in 2006, playing 7 games and scoring 6 tries. He scored two tries in the Roosters 40-20 victory over the", "id": "3276301" }, { "contents": "Sam Lowrie\n\n\nSamuel Arthur \"Sam\" Lowrie was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. His grandnephew, Jason Lowrie, also represented New Zealand in rugby league. Lowrie played for the Ponsonby club in the Auckland Rugby League competition. In 1919 Lowrie played for Auckland and was first selected to represent New Zealand, playing in three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1922 Lowrie toured Australia, with the New Zealand Māori rugby league team. Lowrie was named Ponsonby's best forward in 1923. He again played for", "id": "21879456" }, { "contents": "Arthur Kay (rugby league)\n\n\nArthur Geig Kay was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Kay represented Auckland and was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1935. He played in all three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1936 he played in two matches against the touring Great Britain team and played in his final test match in New Zealand's 16-15 victory over Australia at Carlaw Park on 14 August 1937. He was selected to tour Great Britain and France in 1939 but the tour was abandoned due to the", "id": "13813701" }, { "contents": "Percy Williams (New Zealand rugby league player)\n\n\nPercy Williams was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Williams originally played rugby union and represented Auckland. Williams played for Wigan for three seasons between 1910/11 to 1912/13. During this time he played in 111 matches for the club in the Lancashire League, including in the 1911 Challenge Cup Final loss. In 1913 he was called into the New Zealand squad, joining them midway through their tour of Australia. Williams was said to be instrumental in New Zealand's 17-11 upset victory over New South Wales.", "id": "14326389" }, { "contents": "Johnnie Wallace\n\n\nthe club's first Wallaby representative. His potential was obvious and in 1921 he was selected in the New South Wales side picked to tour New Zealand. He played in five of the ten tour matches including the September 1921 fixture against a New Zealand XV which is now regarded as a Test match. With no Queensland Rugby Union administration or competition in place from 1919 to 1929, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of the fixtures of 1920s which were played against", "id": "7506396" }, { "contents": "Jack Forrest (rugby league)\n\n\nJohn Alexander \"Jack\" Forrest (24 February 1924 – 26 February 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 12 international matches between 1947 and 1952. His cousin Jonas Masters also played rugby league for New Zealand. Forrest played in the West Coast Rugby League competition for Runanga and represented both the West Coast and the South Island. He played in 42 matches, 12 of which were test matches, for the New Zealand national rugby league team, including matches against the 1951 touring French side and", "id": "18556717" }, { "contents": "Pat Devery\n\n\n, New South Wales on 9 August 1922. A Tumbulgum junior, he played football in the Brisbane Rugby League for Fortitude Valley. Devery was then discovered by coach of Sydney's Balmain club Latchem Robinson while playing football in The Domain, Sydney as a sailor in the Royal Australian Navy during the war. Devery played for Balmain at halfback in the 1944 NSWRFL season's premiership final, scoring a try in his side's victory over Newtown. Devery also represented Sydney on 6 occasions, New South Wales on 2 occasions between 1946–1947", "id": "14526725" }, { "contents": "Charles Kingstone\n\n\nCharles Napoleon \"Nipper\" Kingstone (2 July 1895 – 6 May 1960) was a New Zealand sportsman who played international rugby union for New Zealand. He was also a first-class cricketer. A fullback, Kingstone played all three of his Tests during South Africa's 1921 tour of New Zealand. He was injured in a motor accident in 1922 and didn't play again for New Zealand. Kingstone played just one first-class cricket match. He represented a team called the \"Rest of New Zealand\" in a", "id": "8516640" }, { "contents": "Dougie McGregor\n\n\nAlwin John \"Dougie\" McGregor (1889–1963) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. McGregor played rugby union for the Karangahake club in the Goldfields sub-union competition in 1908. The following year he moved to Auckland, joining the Ponsonby club. McGregor represented Auckland and the North Island that same year. In 1913 McGregor was picked in the New Zealand squad for their North America tour and played in 11 games during the tour, including Test matches against Australia and", "id": "14128313" }, { "contents": "1893 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1893 New Zealand tour rugby to Australia was the second tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. Ten matches were played against regional and district sides, but no Test matches were played. It was first tour arranged by New Zealand Rugby Football Union which was founded the year before. The only previous New Zealand national team was the side that toured New South Wales in 1884. Immediately before departing for Sydney, the tourists played a match against a \"Combined XV\" in Wellington, which New Zealand won", "id": "14310646" }, { "contents": "Australasia rugby league team\n\n\nThe Australasian rugby league team (or the Kangaroos) represented Australia and New Zealand in rugby league sporadically between 1910 and 1922. Administered by the New South Wales Rugby League, appearances for the team were counted towards the Australian team's records and playing register but not the New Zealand team's. The team toured Great Britain twice, participating in two Ashes series, and also played Great Britain twice in Sydney. The Australasian side first played in 1910. After Great Britain had defeated Australia in two Test matches it was decided that", "id": "15931608" }, { "contents": "George Dickinson\n\n\nChurch in Dunedin. While at Otago Boys' High School, Dickinson played as a five-eighth in the school's 1st XV rugby team between 1918 and 1921. He made his debut for the All Blacks in 1922 on their tour of New South Wales, playing five matches and scoring three tries. He went on to play 12 matches for between 1922 and 1924, scoring five tries, 11 conversions and one penalty goal. Dickinson also played for the South Island in 1922. He retired from first-class rugby at", "id": "2808375" }, { "contents": "Alexander Kirkpatrick (rugby union)\n\n\nAlexander Kirkpatrick (4 October 1898 – 25 August 1971) was an All Blacks rugby union player from New Zealand. He was a hooker. He played 12 matches for the All Blacks in1925-26 against Australia (New South Wales), scoring 6 points (2 tries). He was a member of the Hastings club and captained the Hawke’s Bay Region to take the Ranfurly Shield off Wellington in 1922; and appeared in 22 of the 24 successful defences (more than any other player). In 1952-56", "id": "16723938" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nClaud Augustus O'Donnell (30 January 1886 – 4 August 1953) was an Australian rugby union and rugby league player and represented his country at both sports as a dual-code rugby international. O'Donnell played rugby union with the Glebe club in inner city Sydney. He made his representative debut for New South Wales in 1912 and the following year made two Test appearances as hooker for the Wallabies against the All Blacks in the 1913 tour of New Zealand. Switching to rugby league O'Donnell joined the Glebe Dirty Reds in 1915 and had three", "id": "1170779" }, { "contents": "Wally O'Connell\n\n\nand played 80 games. His first representative match was for City New South Wales in 1943. On 18 June 1945 a Sydney rugby league team featuring O'Connell travelled to Newcastle to play against their representative team and were defeated 27-26. He was the Roosters' pivot in their 1945 premiership final victory over Balmain. With senior representative matches canceled during WWII O'Connell didn't make his Test debut until 1948 against New Zealand in Sydney.He was selected for the 1948-49 Kangaroo Tour and played in five Tests and 16 minor", "id": "14384862" }, { "contents": "Mawene Hiroti\n\n\nMawene Hiroti (born 6 March 1999) is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who plays as a or er for the South Sydney Rabbitohs in the NRL. Hiroti was born in Taranaki, New Zealand. He has represented the Australian Schoolboys rugby league team and the New Zealand Under 18s. Forged his career playing for New Plymouth Old Boys under 11s 12s and 13s - winning Taranaki Premiership every year. Mawene scoring 50 percent of all tries. He played for the Rabbitohs in their pre-season 18-8 victory over English", "id": "14480103" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\n) for British Empire XIII, and at club level for Streatham and Mitcham and Halifax (Heritage № 437), as a , or , i.e. number 2 or 5, or, 3 or 4. Smith represented New Zealand (RU) in the 16–13 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on Monday 6 August 1934, and scored a try in the 35–3 victory over Newcastle at Newcastle, New South Wales on Wednesday 22 August 1934, but was not selected for the 1935–36 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland", "id": "11805488" }, { "contents": "Jim Rukutai\n\n\nNew Zealand played matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Rukutai coached New Zealand during their 1921 tour of Australia. He remains New Zealand's youngest ever national coach. He also coached New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1937. In 1937 he coached the New Zealand Māori to an upset win over Australia. In 1932 Rukutai served on the Auckland Rugby League board as the Clubs' delegate. He then served as the first chairman of the New Zealand Māori Rugby League Board when it was formed in 1934. Rukutai died at his", "id": "1899959" }, { "contents": "Greg Davis (rugby)\n\n\nand there joined the Drummoyne Rugby Club Davis was immediately selected for both New South Wales and Australia in his first year in Sydney. He debuted in a Sydney Test match against England in June 1963 and the following month was selected in the squad for the 1963 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa. He played in all four Test matches of the tied series and in ten other tour matches. The next year he made the 1964 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand playing in seven of the eight matches including all three Tests", "id": "3641367" }, { "contents": "Bill Kelly (rugby league)\n\n\n, Kelly played first class rugby union for Buller when he was 18 and later represented Wellington. Kelly switched to rugby league with the launch of the Wellington Rugby League competition in 1912 and played for Athletic in their grand final loss to Petone. He became a Wellington representative and toured Australia in 1912 and 1913 with the New Zealand national side. No test matches were played with the Kiwis meeting New South Wales and Queensland and a number of regional sides. He played in Wellingtons 1913 victory over Auckland. He joined the Balmain Tigers", "id": "146975" }, { "contents": "1929 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\nThe 1929 New Zealand rugby league season was the 22nd season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand. New Zealand played in no international matches in 1929. The New South Wales Rugby Football League's South Sydney Rabbitohs toured the country late in the season. They played two matches against Marist, with both sides securing one win. South Sydney also defeated Huntly. Souths were without five Kangaroos who were on a tour of Great Britain. Marist won the first match 10-9 at Carlaw Park while Souths won the", "id": "3198729" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\ndue to a row over the eligibility of three players. They instead joined the Rugby League and the Football Association. Marist spent just seven seasons in the Canterbury Rugby League but won three titles, in 1924, 1925 and 1928. In 1924 they produced six New Zealand internationals; Bill Devine, Charles Fitzgerald, Ted Fitzgerald, Terry Gilroy, Harry Mullins and Lou Petersen. Jim Amos also switched codes with Marist but played in their lower divisions. Greymouth Marist joined the West Coast Rugby League in support of Christchurch Marist. The", "id": "3198709" }, { "contents": "Charles Webb (rugby league)\n\n\nCharles Webb was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand . A halfback from the Ponsonby United club, Webb also represented Auckland. In 1912, Webb toured Australia with New Zealand. The side played in matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Later that same year, New South Wales made a return tour to New Zealand. Webb captained the New Zealand side that played against them, losing 10-18. He also played in two matches for Auckland against the touring Blues side. Webb was selected for the", "id": "14418029" }, { "contents": "David Evans (rugby)\n\n\nDavid \"Dave\" Alexander Evans (4 October 1886 – 12 October 1940) was a New Zealand dual-code international who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Evans began his career playing rugby union and represented Hawke's Bay 19 times from 1906. He made the 1910 New Zealand tour of Australia and played in the 0–11 Test defeat by Australia at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 27 June 1910, becoming the Hawke's Bay's third representative. While in Australia Evans had been impressed by the rugby league", "id": "13088290" }, { "contents": "Bill Cunningham (rugby union)\n\n\nFootball Union. He was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1901, and played against Wellington and the New South Wales team that was touring New Zealand at the time. Both matches were comfortably won, with the tourists defeated 20–3. Cunningham played his first of four matches for Auckland against international opposition, against the same New South Wales side a week later, with his Auckland team winning 24–3. Cunningham moved to Auckland in 1902, and played his club rugby for City, before joining Ponsonby the following season. He", "id": "17185617" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\nWilliam Robert \"Bill\" Hardcastle (30 August 1874 – 11 July 1944) born in Wellington, New Zealand was a pioneer New Zealand and Australian rugby union player and an Australian rugby league footballer. He represented both countries in union and Australia in league. He was one of the first dual-code rugby internationals. Hardcastle commenced his club rugby in New Zealand with Petone and represented for Wellington from 1895 to 1897. He joined the Melrose club in 1897 and was selected in a North Island representative side from where he was", "id": "802015" }, { "contents": "Steve Skinnon\n\n\nSteve Skinnon (born 27 November 1976) is a New Zealand rugby footballer who played rugby union for Wellington and Hawkes Bay in the National Provincial Championship and rugby league for the Sydney Roosters and South Sydney Rabbitohs in the National Rugby League. He represented his country in both codes at a junior level. Skinnon started his career in rugby union and represented the New Zealand under 19 side in 1994 from Wellington College, playing at second five eighth. He switched codes to rugby league in 1995 and was picked to play for the Junior", "id": "2628332" }, { "contents": "Jim Wylie\n\n\nJames Thomas Wylie (26 October 1887 – 19 December 1956) was a New Zealand rugby union player, who represented both the country of his birth and Australia. He went on to coach the Stanford University rugby team for over 30 years from 1917. Born in Galatea in 1887, Wylie was a tall man at , and played as a loose forward. He first represented in 1910, playing six matches, before moving to Sydney for the next two years. There he made four appearances for New South Wales against Queensland,", "id": "12170928" }, { "contents": "Edward Baird (rugby league)\n\n\nNorthern Union\" style of rugby, taking on Albert Baskerville's New Zealand All Golds on their inaugural tour. Baird played as a reserve as the Queenslanders lost the historic match 34–12. He went on to make another appearance against New Zealand and two against New South Wales. When the New Zealand team came back on the return leg of their tour, they played three Test matches against the first Australian representative sides ever selected. The first Test was played in Sydney on 9 May 1908 with the Kiwis prevailing. On 30 May", "id": "17722972" }, { "contents": "Bob Aynsley\n\n\nRobert Aynsley (5 January 1922 – 12 October 2012) was a New Zealand rugby league player. He played five test matches for the New Zealand national rugby league team. Aynsley played for Blackball and represented the West Coast and the South Island before first being selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1946. He played in five test matches, his last in 1949. He played in 15 tour games on the 1947–1948 tour of Great Britain and France. After retirement, Aynsley was a referee from 1953 to 1960", "id": "5310628" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\ninterest in rugby union in Sydney following WWI. In 1920 he appeared three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the All Blacks scoring a try in his representative debut. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches. In 1921 he represented for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks and", "id": "9169856" }, { "contents": "1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand, more commonly known in New Zealand as the 1956 Springboks tour was a series of rugby union matches played by South Africa in Australia and New Zealand. The \"Springboks\" won 21 matches of 29, drew 1, and lost 7. They played 6 Test matches, with two victories over Australia and one over New Zealand. The New Zealand leg of their trip was the primary focus of the tour—23 of their 29 matches were in New Zealand, which included", "id": "12210178" }, { "contents": "Bert Cooke (rugby)\n\n\nspent 1932 with Hawke's Bay, before switching codes. Cooke also represented Wairarapa and Wellington while playing rugby union. He finished his rugby union career with 121 tries in 131 first class matches. Cooke joined the Richmond Rovers club in the Auckland Rugby League competition in 1932 and made an immediate impact, racing away for three tries in the inter-island game only weeks later. He was selected for New Zealand that year against the Great Britain Lions. Cooke also represented Auckland and captained New Zealand in two Test matches against Australia", "id": "12460198" }, { "contents": "Queensland rugby league team\n\n\nZealand rugby league tour of Australia, Queensland lost both its matches against the Kiwis in Brisbane. Again, Queensland played two matches against the Kiwis during the 1913 New Zealand rugby league tour of Australia and again the Maroons lost both. New South Wales had won every match between the two states until 1922, when the Maroons, with Cyril Connell playing at , achieved their maiden victory. This commenced Queensland's only golden period before the introduction of State of Origin. In 1925 Queensland toured New Zealand and played against the full New", "id": "12687033" }, { "contents": "1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia was the sixth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. Four matches were played against regional and district sides along with three Test match against the Australia national side, being the first time both teams played each other. New Zealand won the series with two victories and a tied match. Before the tour matches, New Zealand played a preliminary game v. the Wellington RU team at the Athletic Park, won by the \"All Blacks\" 19–6. Complete list of matches played", "id": "1302262" }, { "contents": "Watty Friend\n\n\nTest matches. In 1921 he figured in three matches for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks. Howell notes that Friends was one of the Waratahs' top players. In 1922 he appeared in all three matches again when the All Blacks visited Sydney, with second and third matches wins resulting in a rare series victory of those days to the Waratahs over the All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Friend was honoured with the captaincy of New South Wales in a three match series in which the Waratahs", "id": "5285969" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nseasons in the Sydney premiership. In 1918 he moved to Brisbane and joined the Carltons club, one of the early incarnations of the Souths Magpies. From there he made state appearances for Queensland against New South Wales over four years and in 1919 was selected in the Australian team as hooker. He played in all four Tests of the 1919 rugby league tour of New Zealand. He is listed as Australia's 97th representative on the Australian Rugby League's Kangaroo register. His international rugby league debut against New Zealand in Wellington on 23", "id": "1170780" }, { "contents": "John Rosewell\n\n\n. Along with Dally Messenger, Denis Lutge, Doug McLean snr and Micky Dore he was one of the inaugural five Australian dual code rugby internationals who having earlier represented at rugby union, debuted in international rugby league in Sydney on 9 May 1908 in the first ever Australian league Test against New Zealand. He is listed on the \"Australian Players Register\" as Kangaroo No.13. He spent three seasons at South Sydney playing 29 matches scoring 4 tries and 6 goals. He was a member of the 1910 Rabbitohs side that drew the", "id": "801844" }, { "contents": "George Aitken (rugby union)\n\n\nGeorge Gothard Aitken (2 July 1898 – 8 July 1952) was a rugby union footballer who represented New Zealand – known as the All Blacks – and then Scotland. He was born in Westport, New Zealand, and was selected to play provincially for Buller at the age of 16. After moving to Wellington, Aitken played for the province from 1917, and from there was selected for the All Blacks side that faced South Africa when they toured New Zealand in 1921. After only two Test matches for the All Blacks,", "id": "5006718" }, { "contents": "Jack Holland (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Holland (1922-1994) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s. An Australian international and New South Wales interstate representative forward, he played his club football in Sydney's NSWRFL Premiership for the St. George club. Holland was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia on 19 August 1922. Holland served in the Army during World War II. Commencing his first-grade NSWRFL Premiership playing career with St. George in 1947, he was selected to represent New South Wales in 1948", "id": "4207831" }, { "contents": "Jack Price (rugby league)\n\n\nagainst Australia (2 matches), and while at Wigan in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches). Jack Price played , in Wigan's 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. Jack Price played in Wigan's victories in the Lancashire County League during the 1922–23 season, 1923–24 season and 1925–26 season. Jack Price played , and scored a try in Wigan's 21-4 victory over", "id": "12779224" }, { "contents": "Edwin Abbott (rugby league)\n\n\nEdwin Frederick Abbott (1909–1976) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 1930 and 1932. Abbott was the nephew of 1905 All Black Harold Abbott and the uncle of Bill Deacon, a Kiwi from 1965 to 1971. From the Ngaruawahia Panthers club, Abbott represented South Auckland and the North Island. In 1930 he was selected for the New Zealand tour of New South Wales, playing in both matches against New South Wales and scoring three tries against Sydney Metropolis. He played for South Auckland against both the", "id": "19358978" }, { "contents": "Jim Davis (rugby league)\n\n\nthe 1911 NSWRFL season with North Sydney before playing three seasons with the Glebe club. His top-grade career finished up back at Souths in 1918-19 before concluding with a country stint at Parkes. Davis made his debut Test appearance in 1908 against New Zealand, appearing in both matches of the first rugby league international series played by an Australian representative side. At the end of that season he was selected in the 35 man squad to make the first ever Kangaroo Tour. Davis played in six tour matches but in none", "id": "11335988" }, { "contents": "Herb Brackenreg\n\n\nEastern Suburbs club. An Eastern Suburbs rugby union player, Brackenreg had been a member of the rebel New South Wales sides that played against the rebel New Zealand 'All Blacks' in the 1907 series that helped to establish rugby league in Australia. He played in 8 NSWRFL Premiership matches for Easts including that club's first match and was a member of the NSWRL's first premiership decider played against local rival, South Sydney. In that first season Brackenreg was selected to represent his state, New South Wales, in 2 matches", "id": "12715024" }, { "contents": "Danny Hurcombe\n\n\nFrom 29 November 1919 Hurcombe played for English rugby league club, Wigan. Hurcombe was selected to go on the 1920 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Wigan in 1920 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand, in 1922 against Australia, and in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches), and he won 6 caps for Wales in 1921–1926 while at Wigan. Hurcombe made his début for Wigan in", "id": "11028974" }, { "contents": "Arthur Hardgrave\n\n\nArthur Hardgrave ( 1908–14) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. A fullback, Hardgrave played for Taranaki against Auckland in 1908 and 1909. He later moved to Auckland and played for Otahuhu at club level and represented Auckland provincially. In 1912, Hardgrave was selected for the New Zealand national side who toured Australia. No test matches were played on the tour but Hardgrave became the 74th player to represent New Zealand. Following the tour, Hardgrave was part of the Auckland side that defeated New South Wales 10–3", "id": "124840" }, { "contents": "Ted Thorn\n\n\n. Ted made his state representative debut in 1922, appearing three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the visiting All Blacks for two victories. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches - including fifteen such appearances made by Ted Thorn. Thorn made the 1923 New South Wales tour", "id": "5576534" }, { "contents": "Jack Fitzgerald (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Fitzgerald was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s, and coached in the 1960s. He played for Western Suburbs as a winger and later coached the club from 1961 to 1964. Fitzgerald began his career with Western Suburbs in 1949. In 1952, Fitzgerald was a member of the Western Suburbs side which claimed their fourth and final premiership defeating South Sydney in the grand final, with Fitzgerald scoring a try. Fitzgerald played for three more seasons before retiring as a player. Fitzgerald began his coaching", "id": "15556425" }, { "contents": "Owen Stephens\n\n\nWales. He won a single cap for New Zealand, playing in the All Blacks' 19–12 victory over France at Eden Park, Auckland on 10 August 1968, and won five caps for Australia, playing against Tonga and Wales in 1973 and New Zealand in 1974. Only three players have played rugby union at test match level for both New Zealand and Australia: namely Des Connor, Ted Jessep and Stephens. He played club level rugby league for St. George Dragons (trial), Parramatta Eels (Heritage № 339) (", "id": "7733372" }, { "contents": "Peter Williams (New Zealand rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Williams (22 April 188430 August 1976) was a rugby union player who represented New Zealand nine times, including a single Test match. He played club rugby for Dunedin side Alhambra, and played provincial rugby for Otago between 1908 and 1914. His sole season of international rugby was 1913, when he played in a home Test against Australia before touring North America with the All Blacksas New Zealand's international team is knownthat same year. He was selected for a tour of Australia the following year, but was unavailable and so", "id": "8410349" }, { "contents": "Frank Smyth\n\n\nBernard Francis \"Frank\" Smyth (11 February 1891 – 15 July 1972) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A hooker, Smyth played a single representative game for Canterbury in 1915, one match for the South Island in 1922 and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, also in 1922. He played three matches for the All Blacks but did not appear in any internationals. His grandson is politician Peter Dunne. Smyth served in the No. 3 Field Company, New Zealand Engineers", "id": "16651150" }, { "contents": "1921 Waratahs tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe Queensland Rugby Union had collapsed in 1919 and would not be reborn until 1929 leaving the New South Wales Rugby Union to administer the game in Australia at the national representative level. In 1923 the New South Wales side toured New Zealand In 1986 the Australian Rugby Union decreed the five full-internationals played on the tour as official Test matches. Previously the All Blacks visited New South Wales in the 1920 tour. This tour happened while the Springboks were completing their tour in New Zealand. Previously in June, South Africa played three", "id": "14085090" }, { "contents": "Robert Graves (rugby)\n\n\n1905 and from there was selected to represent Metropolis (Sydney) in a fixture against Country played over Easter in 1905. He continued in a coaching role for the Grosvenor club even while himself playing rugby for those other sides from 1903 to 1907. Graves was one of the New South Wales rugby union players who matched up against the first professional New Zealand team, Albert Baskiville's 'All Golds' in three matches in Sydney in August 1907. He played in all three matches and along with the other Australian rebel players was", "id": "3902454" }, { "contents": "Jim Sullivan (rugby league)\n\n\n, converting five goals in a 21–0 win against Widnes. He made his first representative appearance in December 1921, playing for Wales in a 16–21 defeat against Australia. Jim Sullivan played , and scored 4-conversions in Wigan's 13-2 victory over Oldham in the Championship Final during the 1921–22 season at The Cliff, Broughton on Saturday 6 May 1922, played , and scored 4-conversions in the 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. played", "id": "338598" }, { "contents": "Simon Poidevin\n\n\nwas then selected to play for New South Wales in a succession of the matches in 1981. The first match against Manawatu was won 58-3, with NSW scoring 10 tries. Victories over Waikato and Counties followed, before New South Wales were defeated by Queensland 26-15 at the Sydney Cricket Ground. New South Wales played Queensland in a return match a week later in Brisbane that was won 7-6. Poidevin played for Sydney against France in the third game France played for their 1981 France rugby union tour of", "id": "16857237" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\ncalled up to the All Blacks and he played in eight games for New Zealand, although he did not appear in any Test matches. In 1924 Marist Old Boys became locked in a dispute with the Canterbury Rugby Union and quit, instead fielding rugby league and soccer teams. Petersen followed the club, taking up rugby league. Petersen made an immediate impact and was one of six Marist Old Boys players who were selected to represent New Zealand that season. In total Petersen played in three Test matches for New Zealand in rugby league", "id": "14015996" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\n, Bert Avery and Maurice Wetherill. Lou Brown made his Auckland debut in the second match. At the end of the tour the NSW members of the 1921-22 Australasian Kangaroos were joined by New Zealand member Bert Laing for a match against the rest of the NSW squad and local Auckland stars. The Kangaroos won 65-27. The New Zealand Māori side played Sydney Metropolis in Sydney. South Auckland held the Northern Union Cup at the end of the season. They defeated Auckland 21-20 in Auckland to win the", "id": "3198700" }, { "contents": "John Solomon (rugby union)\n\n\nmade his state and national representative debuts at age nineteen, first playing for Australia against the at the Sydney Cricket Ground in June 1949. Later that year he toured New Zealand with Trevor Allan's Bledisloe Cup winning Wallabies. Solomon played variously at five-eighth, fullback and centre in seven matches of the tour including the 2nd Test at Eden Park where he scored a try thus helping the side make history as the first Australian team to win the Cup in New Zealand. He played twice for New South Wales in 1950 at", "id": "19470085" }, { "contents": "Darby Loudon\n\n\nDarby Briton Loudon (12 March 1897 – c. 1963) was a New Zealand born rugby union player, a flanker who made sixteen representative appearances for the New South Wales state team in the 1920s. Four of these matches have since been decreed as Test matches by the Australian Rugby Union and Loudon, who led the side in one such match in 1922, was therefore a captain of the Australian national team. Loudon, was born in Leeston, New Zealand and relocated to Sydney during his youth. He attended Sydney Grammar School", "id": "5401488" }, { "contents": "Michael Fitzgerald (rugby union)\n\n\nMichael Fitzgerald (born ) is a New Zealand rugby union player currently playing for Kamaishi Seawaves in Japan. He previously played for Leicester Tigers in England's Premiership Rugby, for the Chiefs in Super Rugby and Manawatu in the ITM Cup. His regular playing position is lock. In 2013, he signed a contract extension with the Chiefs until 2015. On 21 April 2015, it was announced he had signed for English Aviva Premiership side Leicester Tigers. Fitzgerald made his Leicester debut on 18 October 2015 in a 28-16 win", "id": "17447697" }, { "contents": "Peter Johnstone (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Johnstone (9 August 1922 – 18 October 1997) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A backrow forward, Johnstone represented Ashburton County while serving in the army and later at a provincial level. He was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1949 to 1951. He played 26 matches for the All Blacks —10 as captain—including nine internationals, touring South Africa in 1949 and playing all four tests against the touring 1950 British Lions. He was a key member of the", "id": "5603616" }, { "contents": "Brian Reidy\n\n\nBrian Thomas Reidy (27 January 1939 – 2 June 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Reidy played for the Marist club and represented Auckland. He made his debut for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1959, becoming Kiwi #383, but did not make his test match debut until 1961, against Australia at Carlaw Park. Between 1959 and 1966, Reidy played 65 games for New Zealand, including 19 tests, scoring 34 tries in all. He could play anywhere in the", "id": "21473667" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nmatches. In 1911 Mitchell, along with three other players from the Merivale club, moved to Sydney and played for the North Sydney Bears. He was then enticed north by the Queensland Rugby League. At the same time the New Zealand rugby league side was touring Australia and he was invited to join the touring party. Mitchell played in four matches, becoming a dual-code rugby international. Mitchell then returned to Christchurch and represented Canterbury in its first ever match in 1912. Mitchell toured Australia twice more with New Zealand,", "id": "3816467" }, { "contents": "Pat Creedy\n\n\nPatrick Joseph \"Pat\" Creedy (18 November 1927 – 7 April 2011) was a New Zealand rugby football player who represented New Zealand in rugby league. Creedy originally played rugby union and represented both the Southland Rugby Union and the Canterbury Rugby Union. Creedy later switched codes to rugby league and joined the Marist club in the Canterbury Rugby League competition. He represented Canterbury and in 1955 was selected at halfback for the South Island. That year he was first selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team, playing against the", "id": "6530820" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1924 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the 11th tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales selection, and New Zealand won the 3 match series", "id": "14085325" }, { "contents": "Jim Sanders (rugby league)\n\n\nJames Sanders (1900–1981) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Sanders started his career in third grade with Addington in 1915. He spent his entire career with Addington apart from a few games for Hornby when Addington had no senior team. He captained Addington to their first title in 1923. Sanders made his New Zealand debut in 1919 against Australia. In 1921 Sanders toured Australia for New Zealand under coach Jim Rukutai. He played for New Zealand in 1922 against New South Wales and was part of the", "id": "6884071" }, { "contents": "Nolan Tupaea\n\n\na first grade match. In 1979 he moved to Petone, winning premierships in 1980, 1981 and 1982. He was also part of their 1982 victory in the National Club Cup. Tupaea represented Wellington, playing 64 matches between 1971 and 1985. He was selected for the Kiwi Colts in 1973 for a match against Queensland. In 1976 he represented the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. Tupaea played for the Central Districts side in their first five years of the New Zealand Rugby League's district competition. The side", "id": "15687157" }, { "contents": "Peter Ward (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter M. Ward (born 5 November 1876) was a New Zealand-born rugby union player who represented Australia. A fly-half, he was born in Invercargill. Ward was described as \"astute and a skillful inside back\". A member of the Britannia club Ward initially played for the Southland province between 1897 and 1898. He then moved to Sydney, Australia in 1899 and joined the Marrackville club. He was selected for New South Wales to play in their two matches against the touring Great Britain side. After", "id": "2597515" }, { "contents": "Frano Botica\n\n\nFrano Michael Botica (born 3 August 1963) is a New Zealand rugby union and rugby league coach and former player in both codes, who played in the 1980s and 1990s. He is the head coach of the Philippines sevens team. He represented New Zealand at both codes, and later also played for Croatia in two rugby union World Cup qualifying matches. Born in Mangakino, New Zealand, Botica played rugby union for club side North Shore, New Zealand provincial side North Harbour, as well as Llanelli in Wales, and", "id": "3135809" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nWilliam James Mitchell (28 November 1890 – 2 June 1959) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Mitchell was born in Melbourne, Australia before moving to New Zealand where he worked for the New Zealand Railways Department. Mitchell played rugby union for the Merivale club in Christchurch and represented the province nine times in 1909 and 1910. He was selected to be part of the All Blacks tour of Australia in 1910 and played in five matches, including the second and third Test", "id": "3816466" }, { "contents": "1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand was the third tour made by the Springboks rugby team, and their first tour to Australia and New Zealand. South Africa played three Test matches against the All Blacks. The series was drawn 1–all, and the long-running controversy between the countries over the All Blacks' inclusion of Maori players began. The Springboks played five matches in Australia, winning them all. The three most important matches against New South Wales, were retroactively accorded Test status by the Australian", "id": "19644461" }, { "contents": "1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand was a series of rugby union matches played in New Zealand by the South African national rugby union team, from June - August 1994. The team played 14 matches in total; 11 against several provincial rugby teams and 3 against the New Zealand national rugby union team. South Africa won 10 out of the 11 matches against provincial sides, losing one match to Otago. They lost their first two test matches against the New Zealand national side and drew the last test. The", "id": "14043514" }, { "contents": "Ewen McKenzie\n\n\nTri nations, but was reselected in 1997 for the 1997 French tour of Australia. 1997 was the year McKenzie retired from international rugby, making his last appearance on 12 July 1997 after a 25–6 victory over England in Sydney. In his entire career of 51 test matches, he only ever played as a substitute once, during a pool game in the 1995 Rugby World Cup. In 1992, McKenzie toured New Zealand with the World XV to mark the centenary of the New Zealand Rugby Union. New Zealand won the series 2–1", "id": "7179494" }, { "contents": "Sam Gemmell\n\n\nSamuel William Gemmell (28 August 1896 – 28 June 1970) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A loose forward, Gemmell represented Hawke's Bay at a provincial level. He played one match for the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, out of position at hooker against New South Wales at Dunedin. Affiliating to Ngāti Pāhauwera, Gemmell played 57 matches for New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1929, making him the most capped player for that team. He served as a private with the New Zealand (Māori", "id": "16059662" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\nCharles \"Charlie\" Herbert \"Herb\" Smith (13 February 1909 – 10 April 1976) was a New Zealand rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s. He played representative level rugby union (RU) for New Zealand (Heritage № 406) (non-test matches), South Island and Otago (captain), and at club level for Southern RFC , as a centre, i.e. number 12 or 13, switching codes in 1936. He played representative level rugby league (RL", "id": "11805487" }, { "contents": "James Barber (rugby)\n\n\nover to join the squad. He played in the first ever trans-Tasman test which was the debut match of the Australia national rugby league team. Barber would go on to appear in all three test matches against Australia. Barber later captained the New Zealand side in its 1909 tour of Australia. His last game for New Zealand was in 1912. In 1912 he was in Petone's side that won the inaugural Wellington Rugby League competition. Barber captained Wellington between 1911 and 1914, including Wellington's 1913 victory over Auckland.", "id": "7778848" }, { "contents": "Alex Watson (rugby league)\n\n\nAlex Watson (1931–2002) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer of the 1950s. An Australian international and Queensland interstate representative three-quarter back, he played club football in the Brisbane Rugby League premiership for Western Suburbs. Watson first represented Queensland in 1951 in a match against New South Wales. He made his test debut at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 12 June 1954 against Great Britain in the first test of that year's Ashes series. Australia won this test 37-12. In 1953 Watson toured New Zealand with the", "id": "15082194" }, { "contents": "Jack McLeod (rugby league)\n\n\nJack McLeod is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. McLeod played for Taranaki and Auckland. While at the Manukau club, McLeod was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1937, playing against Australia. He toured Australia with New Zealand in 1938 however no test matches were played on the tour. Four days after the 1937 test, McLeod was part of the New Zealand Māori side that defeated Australia 16-5. In 2008 he was named in the Taranaki Rugby League Team of the Century", "id": "19760905" }, { "contents": "Frank Nicholson (rugby union)\n\n\nof these matches played against New South Wales. The Howell reference claims that Nicholson's rugby career was interrupted by enlistment in the Boer War. He claimed two international rugby caps for Australia. He appeared for Queensland against the touring New Zealanders in Brisbane in August 1903 and two weeks later made his international debut against the same tourists in Sydney, on 15 August 1903. In 1904 he captained Queensland in the inter-state series and played alongside his brother Fred who scored a try in that match. Later that season he had", "id": "2954916" }, { "contents": "Frank Brogan (rugby league)\n\n\nFrank Brogan (1903–1961) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s. He played as a halfback with South Sydney during the club's golden era of the 1920s when they won 5 premierships. Brogan made his debut for South Sydney in 1922 against Newtown as an 18 year old. In 1924, Brogan was selected to play for New South Wales and featured in two matches. The following year, Brogan won his first premiership with Souths as they finished first on the table and were not required to play in", "id": "18073767" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\ntest of 1899 against the first British side to tour Australia, at Sydney, on 12 August. He also played for Australia in 1903 in Sydney against New Zealand in the first official rugby union international between the countries. He became an early convert to the fledgling league code and played for the Ipswich club in Queensland. He was selected in the 2nd Test of 1908 against New Zealand. Five former Wallabies had debuted for the Kangaroos in the inaugural Test three weeks earlier, Hardcastle's league Test debut that day with George Watson", "id": "802017" } ]

[ { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nthe 6–8 defeat by New South Wales at Sydney on 7 August 1922, and scored a penalty in the 45–11 victory over Manawatu-Wellington XV at Palmerston North on 16 August 1922 but never played a Test match for New Zealand. In 1923 Fitzgerald moved to Christchurch, joining the Marist Old Boys club. However the club was expelled from the Canterbury Rugby Union in April 1924 and Fitzgerald followed to club to rugby league. Fitzgerald excelled in rugby league and in his debut year he made the national side, playing in two Test", "id": "13539549" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nhe lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Jim O'Brien. Fitzgerald played for the South Island in 1922, scoring a try in the inter-island match. Following this he was selected for New Zealand, playing in five matches on a tour of New Zealand and Australia. Fitzgerald represented New Zealand (RU) in the 12–11 victory over Wairarapa at Carterton on 19 July 1922, the 26–19 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on 29 July 1922, the 24–6 victory over Metropolitan Union at Sydney on 2 August 1922,", "id": "13539548" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nCharles James Fitzgerald (6 June 1899, in Fairhall – 8 May 1961, in Awatere Valley) was a New Zealand dual-code international rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Fitzgerald was a utility back in both codes. Fitzgerald represented Marlborough between 1917 and 1921, appearing for the union in every backline position except fullback. He played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks kicking a penalty goal in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game", "id": "13539547" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nAndrew James \"Jim\" O'Brien (1897–1969) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. O'Brien began his career playing rugby union for Marlborough between 1919 and 1921. He also played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game he lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Charles Fitzgerald. In 1922 he moved north to Auckland, joining the Grafton club. He immediately was selected for the", "id": "13908850" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nNorth Island side and subsequently the All Blacks tour of New Zealand and South Wales. He finished the tour having played in 3 games and scored one try. Returning to Auckland, O’Brien played his first game for the union late in the 1922 season. In 1923 he played five games for Auckland. O'Brien switched to rugby league in 1924, joining Marist in the Auckland Rugby League competition. He played for Auckland and made the New Zealand national rugby league team for three tests against the touring Great Britain Lions side that year.", "id": "13908851" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\nLouis Charles Petersen (19 April 1897 – 25 June 1961) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Petersen served with the New Zealand Expeditionary Force in World War I and it was here that he developed his football skills, playing for the \"Trench team\". Petersen began his career with the Marist Old Boys club in Christchurch and in 1919 was first selected to represent Canterbury. He made the South Island side in 1919, 1920 and 1921. In 1922 Petersen was", "id": "14015995" }, { "contents": "Jim Craig (rugby league)\n\n\nversatility was such that he was selected at hooker for a match on tour of New Zealand in 1919. Graig first represented for New South Wales against a touring English side in 1920. He was selected on the 1921–22 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and made his Test debut in the first Test at Leeds. He appeared in 23 minor tour matches notching a total of 58 points as a try scorer and goal kicker. Following his Kangaroo Tour representative appearances in 1922 he played a season with the University club in Sydney. In 1923", "id": "6542629" }, { "contents": "Albert Johnston (rugby league)\n\n\nclub seasons of 1921 and 1922. In 1912 he was selected in a Sydney Metropolis side. In 1913 he was in a New South Wales touring squad to New Zealand as half-back but was kept out of the major matches by the form of his peer Arthur Halloway. He captained New South Wales in some 1918 games and then made his Australian Test debut in 1919 on Australia's tour of New Zealand. He scored a try on debut assisting Australia to a 44-21 victory. With tour captain Halloway unfit for", "id": "9752107" }, { "contents": "Percy Hickey\n\n\nPercival \"Percy\" Hubert Hickey (28 April 1899 – 21 December 1943) was a New Zealand rugby union player who represented the All Blacks in 1922. His position of choice was wing three-quarter. Hickey was born in Rahotu in 1899. He made the provincial side in 1919. He was selected for the North against South Island match in 1922. He scored a try. He was then selected for the national side on their tour of New South Wales. Hickey played in two of the possible five matches.", "id": "3545214" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1922 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the tenth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales Selection, and NSW won the 3 match series 2–1. In", "id": "13453802" }, { "contents": "Billy Sheehan (rugby union)\n\n\ntop Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of their 1920s fixtures played against full international opposition were decreed in 1986 as official Test matches, including the three of Sheehan's 1921 debut and fifteen other appearances he would make over the next six years. In 1922 he appeared in all three Test in Sydney against the visiting All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Sheehan played all of the three match series in which the Waratahs were undefeated. On the 1923 tour of New Zealand and", "id": "5401479" }, { "contents": "Les Steel\n\n\nLeslie William Steel (1900 – 28 April 1966) was a rugby league footballer in Australia's major competition, the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL). Steel played over 100 matches for his club side, Eastern Suburbs in the years (1922–29). A Winger, Steel was a try scorer in Easts 1923 premiership victory. In 1922 Steel was selected to represent New South Wales. Following his football career, Steel spent many years as an official of the Eastern Suburbs club. He died at Hurstville, New South", "id": "20482633" }, { "contents": "Jim Bacon (rugby)\n\n\nLions tour of Australasia. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Leeds in 1920 against Australia (3 matches), and New Zealand (3 matches), in 1921 against Australia (2 matches), in 1922 against Australia, in 1924 against Australia, and in 1927 against New Zealand. From 1921 until 1927 he also represented Wales, winning six caps, all against England, including 1-victory, and 5-defeats. Bacon played left-, i.e. number 4 and scored 2-tries in Leeds' 11–3 victory over Dewsbury", "id": "5182427" }, { "contents": "Karl Ifwersen\n\n\nrep team, captaining the combined Auckland-North Auckland side against South Africa in his first game back and scoring the only try. Ifwersen played in one test match for the All Blacks during the 1921 South Africa tour of the country. Ifwersen continued to play for Auckland between 1922 and 1938. Ifwersen died in Auckland on 19 May 1967, having suffered considerably from football injuries during his old age. Ifwersen was inducted into the New Zealand Rugby League's Legends of League in 2000. He was the first New Zealander to represent", "id": "14118993" }, { "contents": "New Zealand national rugby union team\n\n\nThomas Ellison captained team won nine of their ten matches. The following year New Zealand played its first home \"international\" game, losing 8–6 to New South Wales. The team's first true test match occurred against Australia on 15 August 1903 at the Sydney Cricket Ground in front of over 30,000 spectators, and resulted in a 22–3 victory. A representative New Zealand team first toured the British Isles in 1905. The side is now known as the \"Originals\", as the \"All Blacks\" name emerged during this tour", "id": "20449805" }, { "contents": "Wilson Hall (rugby league)\n\n\nA. Wilson Hall was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s and 1930s who represented New Zealand and later played at club level in England for Castleford. From the Ngaruawahia club, Wilson Hall represented South Auckland in 1922. He was a half for South Auckland and the North Island in 1925. In 1926 he moved to Christchurch. Wilson Hall then represented the Hornby club, Canterbury and the South Island. He was selected for New Zealand's tour of Great Britain in 1926. He played in two test matches", "id": "20659026" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\nwas selected to tour New Zealand. He played in seven matches on tour including the Waratah's Test victory. He made representative appearances in 1922 against the New Zealand Maori and the All Blacks, played in three Tests against them in 1924 and in five matches against them in 1925. The 3rd test of 1925 played on 23 June at the Sydney Showground was Fox's sole appearance as the national captain. He was solid in further Test appearances against New Zealand in 1926 He was a tremendous lineout forward and one of the senior", "id": "9169857" }, { "contents": "Dai Fitzgerald\n\n\nDavid \"Dai\" Fitzgerald (1872 – 30 November 1951) was a Welsh rugby centre who played club rugby under the union code for Cardiff, and later switched to professional rugby league team Batley (captain). He played international rugby union for Wales winning two caps, and in his first match for Wales scored all the points in a victory over Scotland. Fitzgerald first played rugby in Cardiff for the now defunct club, St. Davids, one of several Welsh teams built around Catholic churches. He switched to first class club", "id": "18632594" }, { "contents": "Bruce Gall\n\n\nBruce Gall is a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Gall played in the Taranaki Rugby League and represented Taranaki. In 1976 Gall played for the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. In 1979 he played for the Central Districts side that won the Inter-Districts competition. He was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team on the 1980 tour of Great Britain and France. Gall did not play in a test match but did play in 8 games for the Kiwis, scoring 3 tries.", "id": "18658371" }, { "contents": "Shaun Foley\n\n\nShaun Foley (born 29 August 1986 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia) is an Australian rugby union player and a former member of the National Rugby League's (NRL) Sydney Roosters squad. Foley played in the Australian Schoolboys Rugby Union team that lost to New Zealand 21-16 in 2004. Foley scored all 16 points for the Australian team. Foley joined NRL side the Sydney Roosters in 2006, playing 7 games and scoring 6 tries. He scored two tries in the Roosters 40-20 victory over the", "id": "3276301" }, { "contents": "Sam Lowrie\n\n\nSamuel Arthur \"Sam\" Lowrie was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. His grandnephew, Jason Lowrie, also represented New Zealand in rugby league. Lowrie played for the Ponsonby club in the Auckland Rugby League competition. In 1919 Lowrie played for Auckland and was first selected to represent New Zealand, playing in three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1922 Lowrie toured Australia, with the New Zealand Māori rugby league team. Lowrie was named Ponsonby's best forward in 1923. He again played for", "id": "21879456" }, { "contents": "Arthur Kay (rugby league)\n\n\nArthur Geig Kay was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Kay represented Auckland and was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1935. He played in all three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1936 he played in two matches against the touring Great Britain team and played in his final test match in New Zealand's 16-15 victory over Australia at Carlaw Park on 14 August 1937. He was selected to tour Great Britain and France in 1939 but the tour was abandoned due to the", "id": "13813701" }, { "contents": "Percy Williams (New Zealand rugby league player)\n\n\nPercy Williams was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Williams originally played rugby union and represented Auckland. Williams played for Wigan for three seasons between 1910/11 to 1912/13. During this time he played in 111 matches for the club in the Lancashire League, including in the 1911 Challenge Cup Final loss. In 1913 he was called into the New Zealand squad, joining them midway through their tour of Australia. Williams was said to be instrumental in New Zealand's 17-11 upset victory over New South Wales.", "id": "14326389" }, { "contents": "Johnnie Wallace\n\n\nthe club's first Wallaby representative. His potential was obvious and in 1921 he was selected in the New South Wales side picked to tour New Zealand. He played in five of the ten tour matches including the September 1921 fixture against a New Zealand XV which is now regarded as a Test match. With no Queensland Rugby Union administration or competition in place from 1919 to 1929, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of the fixtures of 1920s which were played against", "id": "7506396" }, { "contents": "Jack Forrest (rugby league)\n\n\nJohn Alexander \"Jack\" Forrest (24 February 1924 – 26 February 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 12 international matches between 1947 and 1952. His cousin Jonas Masters also played rugby league for New Zealand. Forrest played in the West Coast Rugby League competition for Runanga and represented both the West Coast and the South Island. He played in 42 matches, 12 of which were test matches, for the New Zealand national rugby league team, including matches against the 1951 touring French side and", "id": "18556717" }, { "contents": "Pat Devery\n\n\n, New South Wales on 9 August 1922. A Tumbulgum junior, he played football in the Brisbane Rugby League for Fortitude Valley. Devery was then discovered by coach of Sydney's Balmain club Latchem Robinson while playing football in The Domain, Sydney as a sailor in the Royal Australian Navy during the war. Devery played for Balmain at halfback in the 1944 NSWRFL season's premiership final, scoring a try in his side's victory over Newtown. Devery also represented Sydney on 6 occasions, New South Wales on 2 occasions between 1946–1947", "id": "14526725" }, { "contents": "Charles Kingstone\n\n\nCharles Napoleon \"Nipper\" Kingstone (2 July 1895 – 6 May 1960) was a New Zealand sportsman who played international rugby union for New Zealand. He was also a first-class cricketer. A fullback, Kingstone played all three of his Tests during South Africa's 1921 tour of New Zealand. He was injured in a motor accident in 1922 and didn't play again for New Zealand. Kingstone played just one first-class cricket match. He represented a team called the \"Rest of New Zealand\" in a", "id": "8516640" }, { "contents": "Dougie McGregor\n\n\nAlwin John \"Dougie\" McGregor (1889–1963) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. McGregor played rugby union for the Karangahake club in the Goldfields sub-union competition in 1908. The following year he moved to Auckland, joining the Ponsonby club. McGregor represented Auckland and the North Island that same year. In 1913 McGregor was picked in the New Zealand squad for their North America tour and played in 11 games during the tour, including Test matches against Australia and", "id": "14128313" }, { "contents": "1893 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1893 New Zealand tour rugby to Australia was the second tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. Ten matches were played against regional and district sides, but no Test matches were played. It was first tour arranged by New Zealand Rugby Football Union which was founded the year before. The only previous New Zealand national team was the side that toured New South Wales in 1884. Immediately before departing for Sydney, the tourists played a match against a \"Combined XV\" in Wellington, which New Zealand won", "id": "14310646" }, { "contents": "Australasia rugby league team\n\n\nThe Australasian rugby league team (or the Kangaroos) represented Australia and New Zealand in rugby league sporadically between 1910 and 1922. Administered by the New South Wales Rugby League, appearances for the team were counted towards the Australian team's records and playing register but not the New Zealand team's. The team toured Great Britain twice, participating in two Ashes series, and also played Great Britain twice in Sydney. The Australasian side first played in 1910. After Great Britain had defeated Australia in two Test matches it was decided that", "id": "15931608" }, { "contents": "George Dickinson\n\n\nChurch in Dunedin. While at Otago Boys' High School, Dickinson played as a five-eighth in the school's 1st XV rugby team between 1918 and 1921. He made his debut for the All Blacks in 1922 on their tour of New South Wales, playing five matches and scoring three tries. He went on to play 12 matches for between 1922 and 1924, scoring five tries, 11 conversions and one penalty goal. Dickinson also played for the South Island in 1922. He retired from first-class rugby at", "id": "2808375" }, { "contents": "Alexander Kirkpatrick (rugby union)\n\n\nAlexander Kirkpatrick (4 October 1898 – 25 August 1971) was an All Blacks rugby union player from New Zealand. He was a hooker. He played 12 matches for the All Blacks in1925-26 against Australia (New South Wales), scoring 6 points (2 tries). He was a member of the Hastings club and captained the Hawke’s Bay Region to take the Ranfurly Shield off Wellington in 1922; and appeared in 22 of the 24 successful defences (more than any other player). In 1952-56", "id": "16723938" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nClaud Augustus O'Donnell (30 January 1886 – 4 August 1953) was an Australian rugby union and rugby league player and represented his country at both sports as a dual-code rugby international. O'Donnell played rugby union with the Glebe club in inner city Sydney. He made his representative debut for New South Wales in 1912 and the following year made two Test appearances as hooker for the Wallabies against the All Blacks in the 1913 tour of New Zealand. Switching to rugby league O'Donnell joined the Glebe Dirty Reds in 1915 and had three", "id": "1170779" }, { "contents": "Wally O'Connell\n\n\nand played 80 games. His first representative match was for City New South Wales in 1943. On 18 June 1945 a Sydney rugby league team featuring O'Connell travelled to Newcastle to play against their representative team and were defeated 27-26. He was the Roosters' pivot in their 1945 premiership final victory over Balmain. With senior representative matches canceled during WWII O'Connell didn't make his Test debut until 1948 against New Zealand in Sydney.He was selected for the 1948-49 Kangaroo Tour and played in five Tests and 16 minor", "id": "14384862" }, { "contents": "Mawene Hiroti\n\n\nMawene Hiroti (born 6 March 1999) is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who plays as a or er for the South Sydney Rabbitohs in the NRL. Hiroti was born in Taranaki, New Zealand. He has represented the Australian Schoolboys rugby league team and the New Zealand Under 18s. Forged his career playing for New Plymouth Old Boys under 11s 12s and 13s - winning Taranaki Premiership every year. Mawene scoring 50 percent of all tries. He played for the Rabbitohs in their pre-season 18-8 victory over English", "id": "14480103" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\n) for British Empire XIII, and at club level for Streatham and Mitcham and Halifax (Heritage № 437), as a , or , i.e. number 2 or 5, or, 3 or 4. Smith represented New Zealand (RU) in the 16–13 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on Monday 6 August 1934, and scored a try in the 35–3 victory over Newcastle at Newcastle, New South Wales on Wednesday 22 August 1934, but was not selected for the 1935–36 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland", "id": "11805488" }, { "contents": "Jim Rukutai\n\n\nNew Zealand played matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Rukutai coached New Zealand during their 1921 tour of Australia. He remains New Zealand's youngest ever national coach. He also coached New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1937. In 1937 he coached the New Zealand Māori to an upset win over Australia. In 1932 Rukutai served on the Auckland Rugby League board as the Clubs' delegate. He then served as the first chairman of the New Zealand Māori Rugby League Board when it was formed in 1934. Rukutai died at his", "id": "1899959" }, { "contents": "Greg Davis (rugby)\n\n\nand there joined the Drummoyne Rugby Club Davis was immediately selected for both New South Wales and Australia in his first year in Sydney. He debuted in a Sydney Test match against England in June 1963 and the following month was selected in the squad for the 1963 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa. He played in all four Test matches of the tied series and in ten other tour matches. The next year he made the 1964 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand playing in seven of the eight matches including all three Tests", "id": "3641367" }, { "contents": "Bill Kelly (rugby league)\n\n\n, Kelly played first class rugby union for Buller when he was 18 and later represented Wellington. Kelly switched to rugby league with the launch of the Wellington Rugby League competition in 1912 and played for Athletic in their grand final loss to Petone. He became a Wellington representative and toured Australia in 1912 and 1913 with the New Zealand national side. No test matches were played with the Kiwis meeting New South Wales and Queensland and a number of regional sides. He played in Wellingtons 1913 victory over Auckland. He joined the Balmain Tigers", "id": "146975" }, { "contents": "1929 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\nThe 1929 New Zealand rugby league season was the 22nd season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand. New Zealand played in no international matches in 1929. The New South Wales Rugby Football League's South Sydney Rabbitohs toured the country late in the season. They played two matches against Marist, with both sides securing one win. South Sydney also defeated Huntly. Souths were without five Kangaroos who were on a tour of Great Britain. Marist won the first match 10-9 at Carlaw Park while Souths won the", "id": "3198729" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\ndue to a row over the eligibility of three players. They instead joined the Rugby League and the Football Association. Marist spent just seven seasons in the Canterbury Rugby League but won three titles, in 1924, 1925 and 1928. In 1924 they produced six New Zealand internationals; Bill Devine, Charles Fitzgerald, Ted Fitzgerald, Terry Gilroy, Harry Mullins and Lou Petersen. Jim Amos also switched codes with Marist but played in their lower divisions. Greymouth Marist joined the West Coast Rugby League in support of Christchurch Marist. The", "id": "3198709" }, { "contents": "Charles Webb (rugby league)\n\n\nCharles Webb was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand . A halfback from the Ponsonby United club, Webb also represented Auckland. In 1912, Webb toured Australia with New Zealand. The side played in matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Later that same year, New South Wales made a return tour to New Zealand. Webb captained the New Zealand side that played against them, losing 10-18. He also played in two matches for Auckland against the touring Blues side. Webb was selected for the", "id": "14418029" }, { "contents": "David Evans (rugby)\n\n\nDavid \"Dave\" Alexander Evans (4 October 1886 – 12 October 1940) was a New Zealand dual-code international who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Evans began his career playing rugby union and represented Hawke's Bay 19 times from 1906. He made the 1910 New Zealand tour of Australia and played in the 0–11 Test defeat by Australia at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 27 June 1910, becoming the Hawke's Bay's third representative. While in Australia Evans had been impressed by the rugby league", "id": "13088290" }, { "contents": "Bill Cunningham (rugby union)\n\n\nFootball Union. He was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1901, and played against Wellington and the New South Wales team that was touring New Zealand at the time. Both matches were comfortably won, with the tourists defeated 20–3. Cunningham played his first of four matches for Auckland against international opposition, against the same New South Wales side a week later, with his Auckland team winning 24–3. Cunningham moved to Auckland in 1902, and played his club rugby for City, before joining Ponsonby the following season. He", "id": "17185617" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\nWilliam Robert \"Bill\" Hardcastle (30 August 1874 – 11 July 1944) born in Wellington, New Zealand was a pioneer New Zealand and Australian rugby union player and an Australian rugby league footballer. He represented both countries in union and Australia in league. He was one of the first dual-code rugby internationals. Hardcastle commenced his club rugby in New Zealand with Petone and represented for Wellington from 1895 to 1897. He joined the Melrose club in 1897 and was selected in a North Island representative side from where he was", "id": "802015" }, { "contents": "Steve Skinnon\n\n\nSteve Skinnon (born 27 November 1976) is a New Zealand rugby footballer who played rugby union for Wellington and Hawkes Bay in the National Provincial Championship and rugby league for the Sydney Roosters and South Sydney Rabbitohs in the National Rugby League. He represented his country in both codes at a junior level. Skinnon started his career in rugby union and represented the New Zealand under 19 side in 1994 from Wellington College, playing at second five eighth. He switched codes to rugby league in 1995 and was picked to play for the Junior", "id": "2628332" }, { "contents": "Jim Wylie\n\n\nJames Thomas Wylie (26 October 1887 – 19 December 1956) was a New Zealand rugby union player, who represented both the country of his birth and Australia. He went on to coach the Stanford University rugby team for over 30 years from 1917. Born in Galatea in 1887, Wylie was a tall man at , and played as a loose forward. He first represented in 1910, playing six matches, before moving to Sydney for the next two years. There he made four appearances for New South Wales against Queensland,", "id": "12170928" }, { "contents": "Edward Baird (rugby league)\n\n\nNorthern Union\" style of rugby, taking on Albert Baskerville's New Zealand All Golds on their inaugural tour. Baird played as a reserve as the Queenslanders lost the historic match 34–12. He went on to make another appearance against New Zealand and two against New South Wales. When the New Zealand team came back on the return leg of their tour, they played three Test matches against the first Australian representative sides ever selected. The first Test was played in Sydney on 9 May 1908 with the Kiwis prevailing. On 30 May", "id": "17722972" }, { "contents": "Bob Aynsley\n\n\nRobert Aynsley (5 January 1922 – 12 October 2012) was a New Zealand rugby league player. He played five test matches for the New Zealand national rugby league team. Aynsley played for Blackball and represented the West Coast and the South Island before first being selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1946. He played in five test matches, his last in 1949. He played in 15 tour games on the 1947–1948 tour of Great Britain and France. After retirement, Aynsley was a referee from 1953 to 1960", "id": "5310628" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\ninterest in rugby union in Sydney following WWI. In 1920 he appeared three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the All Blacks scoring a try in his representative debut. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches. In 1921 he represented for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks and", "id": "9169856" }, { "contents": "1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand, more commonly known in New Zealand as the 1956 Springboks tour was a series of rugby union matches played by South Africa in Australia and New Zealand. The \"Springboks\" won 21 matches of 29, drew 1, and lost 7. They played 6 Test matches, with two victories over Australia and one over New Zealand. The New Zealand leg of their trip was the primary focus of the tour—23 of their 29 matches were in New Zealand, which included", "id": "12210178" }, { "contents": "Bert Cooke (rugby)\n\n\nspent 1932 with Hawke's Bay, before switching codes. Cooke also represented Wairarapa and Wellington while playing rugby union. He finished his rugby union career with 121 tries in 131 first class matches. Cooke joined the Richmond Rovers club in the Auckland Rugby League competition in 1932 and made an immediate impact, racing away for three tries in the inter-island game only weeks later. He was selected for New Zealand that year against the Great Britain Lions. Cooke also represented Auckland and captained New Zealand in two Test matches against Australia", "id": "12460198" }, { "contents": "Queensland rugby league team\n\n\nZealand rugby league tour of Australia, Queensland lost both its matches against the Kiwis in Brisbane. Again, Queensland played two matches against the Kiwis during the 1913 New Zealand rugby league tour of Australia and again the Maroons lost both. New South Wales had won every match between the two states until 1922, when the Maroons, with Cyril Connell playing at , achieved their maiden victory. This commenced Queensland's only golden period before the introduction of State of Origin. In 1925 Queensland toured New Zealand and played against the full New", "id": "12687033" }, { "contents": "1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia was the sixth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. Four matches were played against regional and district sides along with three Test match against the Australia national side, being the first time both teams played each other. New Zealand won the series with two victories and a tied match. Before the tour matches, New Zealand played a preliminary game v. the Wellington RU team at the Athletic Park, won by the \"All Blacks\" 19–6. Complete list of matches played", "id": "1302262" }, { "contents": "Watty Friend\n\n\nTest matches. In 1921 he figured in three matches for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks. Howell notes that Friends was one of the Waratahs' top players. In 1922 he appeared in all three matches again when the All Blacks visited Sydney, with second and third matches wins resulting in a rare series victory of those days to the Waratahs over the All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Friend was honoured with the captaincy of New South Wales in a three match series in which the Waratahs", "id": "5285969" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nseasons in the Sydney premiership. In 1918 he moved to Brisbane and joined the Carltons club, one of the early incarnations of the Souths Magpies. From there he made state appearances for Queensland against New South Wales over four years and in 1919 was selected in the Australian team as hooker. He played in all four Tests of the 1919 rugby league tour of New Zealand. He is listed as Australia's 97th representative on the Australian Rugby League's Kangaroo register. His international rugby league debut against New Zealand in Wellington on 23", "id": "1170780" }, { "contents": "John Rosewell\n\n\n. Along with Dally Messenger, Denis Lutge, Doug McLean snr and Micky Dore he was one of the inaugural five Australian dual code rugby internationals who having earlier represented at rugby union, debuted in international rugby league in Sydney on 9 May 1908 in the first ever Australian league Test against New Zealand. He is listed on the \"Australian Players Register\" as Kangaroo No.13. He spent three seasons at South Sydney playing 29 matches scoring 4 tries and 6 goals. He was a member of the 1910 Rabbitohs side that drew the", "id": "801844" }, { "contents": "George Aitken (rugby union)\n\n\nGeorge Gothard Aitken (2 July 1898 – 8 July 1952) was a rugby union footballer who represented New Zealand – known as the All Blacks – and then Scotland. He was born in Westport, New Zealand, and was selected to play provincially for Buller at the age of 16. After moving to Wellington, Aitken played for the province from 1917, and from there was selected for the All Blacks side that faced South Africa when they toured New Zealand in 1921. After only two Test matches for the All Blacks,", "id": "5006718" }, { "contents": "Jack Holland (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Holland (1922-1994) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s. An Australian international and New South Wales interstate representative forward, he played his club football in Sydney's NSWRFL Premiership for the St. George club. Holland was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia on 19 August 1922. Holland served in the Army during World War II. Commencing his first-grade NSWRFL Premiership playing career with St. George in 1947, he was selected to represent New South Wales in 1948", "id": "4207831" }, { "contents": "Jack Price (rugby league)\n\n\nagainst Australia (2 matches), and while at Wigan in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches). Jack Price played , in Wigan's 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. Jack Price played in Wigan's victories in the Lancashire County League during the 1922–23 season, 1923–24 season and 1925–26 season. Jack Price played , and scored a try in Wigan's 21-4 victory over", "id": "12779224" }, { "contents": "Edwin Abbott (rugby league)\n\n\nEdwin Frederick Abbott (1909–1976) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 1930 and 1932. Abbott was the nephew of 1905 All Black Harold Abbott and the uncle of Bill Deacon, a Kiwi from 1965 to 1971. From the Ngaruawahia Panthers club, Abbott represented South Auckland and the North Island. In 1930 he was selected for the New Zealand tour of New South Wales, playing in both matches against New South Wales and scoring three tries against Sydney Metropolis. He played for South Auckland against both the", "id": "19358978" }, { "contents": "Jim Davis (rugby league)\n\n\nthe 1911 NSWRFL season with North Sydney before playing three seasons with the Glebe club. His top-grade career finished up back at Souths in 1918-19 before concluding with a country stint at Parkes. Davis made his debut Test appearance in 1908 against New Zealand, appearing in both matches of the first rugby league international series played by an Australian representative side. At the end of that season he was selected in the 35 man squad to make the first ever Kangaroo Tour. Davis played in six tour matches but in none", "id": "11335988" }, { "contents": "Herb Brackenreg\n\n\nEastern Suburbs club. An Eastern Suburbs rugby union player, Brackenreg had been a member of the rebel New South Wales sides that played against the rebel New Zealand 'All Blacks' in the 1907 series that helped to establish rugby league in Australia. He played in 8 NSWRFL Premiership matches for Easts including that club's first match and was a member of the NSWRL's first premiership decider played against local rival, South Sydney. In that first season Brackenreg was selected to represent his state, New South Wales, in 2 matches", "id": "12715024" }, { "contents": "Danny Hurcombe\n\n\nFrom 29 November 1919 Hurcombe played for English rugby league club, Wigan. Hurcombe was selected to go on the 1920 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Wigan in 1920 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand, in 1922 against Australia, and in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches), and he won 6 caps for Wales in 1921–1926 while at Wigan. Hurcombe made his début for Wigan in", "id": "11028974" }, { "contents": "Arthur Hardgrave\n\n\nArthur Hardgrave ( 1908–14) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. A fullback, Hardgrave played for Taranaki against Auckland in 1908 and 1909. He later moved to Auckland and played for Otahuhu at club level and represented Auckland provincially. In 1912, Hardgrave was selected for the New Zealand national side who toured Australia. No test matches were played on the tour but Hardgrave became the 74th player to represent New Zealand. Following the tour, Hardgrave was part of the Auckland side that defeated New South Wales 10–3", "id": "124840" }, { "contents": "Ted Thorn\n\n\n. Ted made his state representative debut in 1922, appearing three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the visiting All Blacks for two victories. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches - including fifteen such appearances made by Ted Thorn. Thorn made the 1923 New South Wales tour", "id": "5576534" }, { "contents": "Jack Fitzgerald (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Fitzgerald was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s, and coached in the 1960s. He played for Western Suburbs as a winger and later coached the club from 1961 to 1964. Fitzgerald began his career with Western Suburbs in 1949. In 1952, Fitzgerald was a member of the Western Suburbs side which claimed their fourth and final premiership defeating South Sydney in the grand final, with Fitzgerald scoring a try. Fitzgerald played for three more seasons before retiring as a player. Fitzgerald began his coaching", "id": "15556425" }, { "contents": "Owen Stephens\n\n\nWales. He won a single cap for New Zealand, playing in the All Blacks' 19–12 victory over France at Eden Park, Auckland on 10 August 1968, and won five caps for Australia, playing against Tonga and Wales in 1973 and New Zealand in 1974. Only three players have played rugby union at test match level for both New Zealand and Australia: namely Des Connor, Ted Jessep and Stephens. He played club level rugby league for St. George Dragons (trial), Parramatta Eels (Heritage № 339) (", "id": "7733372" }, { "contents": "Peter Williams (New Zealand rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Williams (22 April 188430 August 1976) was a rugby union player who represented New Zealand nine times, including a single Test match. He played club rugby for Dunedin side Alhambra, and played provincial rugby for Otago between 1908 and 1914. His sole season of international rugby was 1913, when he played in a home Test against Australia before touring North America with the All Blacksas New Zealand's international team is knownthat same year. He was selected for a tour of Australia the following year, but was unavailable and so", "id": "8410349" }, { "contents": "Frank Smyth\n\n\nBernard Francis \"Frank\" Smyth (11 February 1891 – 15 July 1972) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A hooker, Smyth played a single representative game for Canterbury in 1915, one match for the South Island in 1922 and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, also in 1922. He played three matches for the All Blacks but did not appear in any internationals. His grandson is politician Peter Dunne. Smyth served in the No. 3 Field Company, New Zealand Engineers", "id": "16651150" }, { "contents": "1921 Waratahs tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe Queensland Rugby Union had collapsed in 1919 and would not be reborn until 1929 leaving the New South Wales Rugby Union to administer the game in Australia at the national representative level. In 1923 the New South Wales side toured New Zealand In 1986 the Australian Rugby Union decreed the five full-internationals played on the tour as official Test matches. Previously the All Blacks visited New South Wales in the 1920 tour. This tour happened while the Springboks were completing their tour in New Zealand. Previously in June, South Africa played three", "id": "14085090" }, { "contents": "Robert Graves (rugby)\n\n\n1905 and from there was selected to represent Metropolis (Sydney) in a fixture against Country played over Easter in 1905. He continued in a coaching role for the Grosvenor club even while himself playing rugby for those other sides from 1903 to 1907. Graves was one of the New South Wales rugby union players who matched up against the first professional New Zealand team, Albert Baskiville's 'All Golds' in three matches in Sydney in August 1907. He played in all three matches and along with the other Australian rebel players was", "id": "3902454" }, { "contents": "Jim Sullivan (rugby league)\n\n\n, converting five goals in a 21–0 win against Widnes. He made his first representative appearance in December 1921, playing for Wales in a 16–21 defeat against Australia. Jim Sullivan played , and scored 4-conversions in Wigan's 13-2 victory over Oldham in the Championship Final during the 1921–22 season at The Cliff, Broughton on Saturday 6 May 1922, played , and scored 4-conversions in the 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. played", "id": "338598" }, { "contents": "Simon Poidevin\n\n\nwas then selected to play for New South Wales in a succession of the matches in 1981. The first match against Manawatu was won 58-3, with NSW scoring 10 tries. Victories over Waikato and Counties followed, before New South Wales were defeated by Queensland 26-15 at the Sydney Cricket Ground. New South Wales played Queensland in a return match a week later in Brisbane that was won 7-6. Poidevin played for Sydney against France in the third game France played for their 1981 France rugby union tour of", "id": "16857237" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\ncalled up to the All Blacks and he played in eight games for New Zealand, although he did not appear in any Test matches. In 1924 Marist Old Boys became locked in a dispute with the Canterbury Rugby Union and quit, instead fielding rugby league and soccer teams. Petersen followed the club, taking up rugby league. Petersen made an immediate impact and was one of six Marist Old Boys players who were selected to represent New Zealand that season. In total Petersen played in three Test matches for New Zealand in rugby league", "id": "14015996" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\n, Bert Avery and Maurice Wetherill. Lou Brown made his Auckland debut in the second match. At the end of the tour the NSW members of the 1921-22 Australasian Kangaroos were joined by New Zealand member Bert Laing for a match against the rest of the NSW squad and local Auckland stars. The Kangaroos won 65-27. The New Zealand Māori side played Sydney Metropolis in Sydney. South Auckland held the Northern Union Cup at the end of the season. They defeated Auckland 21-20 in Auckland to win the", "id": "3198700" }, { "contents": "John Solomon (rugby union)\n\n\nmade his state and national representative debuts at age nineteen, first playing for Australia against the at the Sydney Cricket Ground in June 1949. Later that year he toured New Zealand with Trevor Allan's Bledisloe Cup winning Wallabies. Solomon played variously at five-eighth, fullback and centre in seven matches of the tour including the 2nd Test at Eden Park where he scored a try thus helping the side make history as the first Australian team to win the Cup in New Zealand. He played twice for New South Wales in 1950 at", "id": "19470085" }, { "contents": "Darby Loudon\n\n\nDarby Briton Loudon (12 March 1897 – c. 1963) was a New Zealand born rugby union player, a flanker who made sixteen representative appearances for the New South Wales state team in the 1920s. Four of these matches have since been decreed as Test matches by the Australian Rugby Union and Loudon, who led the side in one such match in 1922, was therefore a captain of the Australian national team. Loudon, was born in Leeston, New Zealand and relocated to Sydney during his youth. He attended Sydney Grammar School", "id": "5401488" }, { "contents": "Michael Fitzgerald (rugby union)\n\n\nMichael Fitzgerald (born ) is a New Zealand rugby union player currently playing for Kamaishi Seawaves in Japan. He previously played for Leicester Tigers in England's Premiership Rugby, for the Chiefs in Super Rugby and Manawatu in the ITM Cup. His regular playing position is lock. In 2013, he signed a contract extension with the Chiefs until 2015. On 21 April 2015, it was announced he had signed for English Aviva Premiership side Leicester Tigers. Fitzgerald made his Leicester debut on 18 October 2015 in a 28-16 win", "id": "17447697" }, { "contents": "Peter Johnstone (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Johnstone (9 August 1922 – 18 October 1997) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A backrow forward, Johnstone represented Ashburton County while serving in the army and later at a provincial level. He was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1949 to 1951. He played 26 matches for the All Blacks —10 as captain—including nine internationals, touring South Africa in 1949 and playing all four tests against the touring 1950 British Lions. He was a key member of the", "id": "5603616" }, { "contents": "Brian Reidy\n\n\nBrian Thomas Reidy (27 January 1939 – 2 June 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Reidy played for the Marist club and represented Auckland. He made his debut for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1959, becoming Kiwi #383, but did not make his test match debut until 1961, against Australia at Carlaw Park. Between 1959 and 1966, Reidy played 65 games for New Zealand, including 19 tests, scoring 34 tries in all. He could play anywhere in the", "id": "21473667" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nmatches. In 1911 Mitchell, along with three other players from the Merivale club, moved to Sydney and played for the North Sydney Bears. He was then enticed north by the Queensland Rugby League. At the same time the New Zealand rugby league side was touring Australia and he was invited to join the touring party. Mitchell played in four matches, becoming a dual-code rugby international. Mitchell then returned to Christchurch and represented Canterbury in its first ever match in 1912. Mitchell toured Australia twice more with New Zealand,", "id": "3816467" }, { "contents": "Pat Creedy\n\n\nPatrick Joseph \"Pat\" Creedy (18 November 1927 – 7 April 2011) was a New Zealand rugby football player who represented New Zealand in rugby league. Creedy originally played rugby union and represented both the Southland Rugby Union and the Canterbury Rugby Union. Creedy later switched codes to rugby league and joined the Marist club in the Canterbury Rugby League competition. He represented Canterbury and in 1955 was selected at halfback for the South Island. That year he was first selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team, playing against the", "id": "6530820" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1924 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the 11th tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales selection, and New Zealand won the 3 match series", "id": "14085325" }, { "contents": "Jim Sanders (rugby league)\n\n\nJames Sanders (1900–1981) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Sanders started his career in third grade with Addington in 1915. He spent his entire career with Addington apart from a few games for Hornby when Addington had no senior team. He captained Addington to their first title in 1923. Sanders made his New Zealand debut in 1919 against Australia. In 1921 Sanders toured Australia for New Zealand under coach Jim Rukutai. He played for New Zealand in 1922 against New South Wales and was part of the", "id": "6884071" }, { "contents": "Nolan Tupaea\n\n\na first grade match. In 1979 he moved to Petone, winning premierships in 1980, 1981 and 1982. He was also part of their 1982 victory in the National Club Cup. Tupaea represented Wellington, playing 64 matches between 1971 and 1985. He was selected for the Kiwi Colts in 1973 for a match against Queensland. In 1976 he represented the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. Tupaea played for the Central Districts side in their first five years of the New Zealand Rugby League's district competition. The side", "id": "15687157" }, { "contents": "Peter Ward (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter M. Ward (born 5 November 1876) was a New Zealand-born rugby union player who represented Australia. A fly-half, he was born in Invercargill. Ward was described as \"astute and a skillful inside back\". A member of the Britannia club Ward initially played for the Southland province between 1897 and 1898. He then moved to Sydney, Australia in 1899 and joined the Marrackville club. He was selected for New South Wales to play in their two matches against the touring Great Britain side. After", "id": "2597515" }, { "contents": "Frano Botica\n\n\nFrano Michael Botica (born 3 August 1963) is a New Zealand rugby union and rugby league coach and former player in both codes, who played in the 1980s and 1990s. He is the head coach of the Philippines sevens team. He represented New Zealand at both codes, and later also played for Croatia in two rugby union World Cup qualifying matches. Born in Mangakino, New Zealand, Botica played rugby union for club side North Shore, New Zealand provincial side North Harbour, as well as Llanelli in Wales, and", "id": "3135809" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nWilliam James Mitchell (28 November 1890 – 2 June 1959) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Mitchell was born in Melbourne, Australia before moving to New Zealand where he worked for the New Zealand Railways Department. Mitchell played rugby union for the Merivale club in Christchurch and represented the province nine times in 1909 and 1910. He was selected to be part of the All Blacks tour of Australia in 1910 and played in five matches, including the second and third Test", "id": "3816466" }, { "contents": "1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand was the third tour made by the Springboks rugby team, and their first tour to Australia and New Zealand. South Africa played three Test matches against the All Blacks. The series was drawn 1–all, and the long-running controversy between the countries over the All Blacks' inclusion of Maori players began. The Springboks played five matches in Australia, winning them all. The three most important matches against New South Wales, were retroactively accorded Test status by the Australian", "id": "19644461" }, { "contents": "1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand was a series of rugby union matches played in New Zealand by the South African national rugby union team, from June - August 1994. The team played 14 matches in total; 11 against several provincial rugby teams and 3 against the New Zealand national rugby union team. South Africa won 10 out of the 11 matches against provincial sides, losing one match to Otago. They lost their first two test matches against the New Zealand national side and drew the last test. The", "id": "14043514" }, { "contents": "Ewen McKenzie\n\n\nTri nations, but was reselected in 1997 for the 1997 French tour of Australia. 1997 was the year McKenzie retired from international rugby, making his last appearance on 12 July 1997 after a 25–6 victory over England in Sydney. In his entire career of 51 test matches, he only ever played as a substitute once, during a pool game in the 1995 Rugby World Cup. In 1992, McKenzie toured New Zealand with the World XV to mark the centenary of the New Zealand Rugby Union. New Zealand won the series 2–1", "id": "7179494" }, { "contents": "Sam Gemmell\n\n\nSamuel William Gemmell (28 August 1896 – 28 June 1970) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A loose forward, Gemmell represented Hawke's Bay at a provincial level. He played one match for the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, out of position at hooker against New South Wales at Dunedin. Affiliating to Ngāti Pāhauwera, Gemmell played 57 matches for New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1929, making him the most capped player for that team. He served as a private with the New Zealand (Māori", "id": "16059662" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\nCharles \"Charlie\" Herbert \"Herb\" Smith (13 February 1909 – 10 April 1976) was a New Zealand rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s. He played representative level rugby union (RU) for New Zealand (Heritage № 406) (non-test matches), South Island and Otago (captain), and at club level for Southern RFC , as a centre, i.e. number 12 or 13, switching codes in 1936. He played representative level rugby league (RL", "id": "11805487" }, { "contents": "James Barber (rugby)\n\n\nover to join the squad. He played in the first ever trans-Tasman test which was the debut match of the Australia national rugby league team. Barber would go on to appear in all three test matches against Australia. Barber later captained the New Zealand side in its 1909 tour of Australia. His last game for New Zealand was in 1912. In 1912 he was in Petone's side that won the inaugural Wellington Rugby League competition. Barber captained Wellington between 1911 and 1914, including Wellington's 1913 victory over Auckland.", "id": "7778848" }, { "contents": "Alex Watson (rugby league)\n\n\nAlex Watson (1931–2002) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer of the 1950s. An Australian international and Queensland interstate representative three-quarter back, he played club football in the Brisbane Rugby League premiership for Western Suburbs. Watson first represented Queensland in 1951 in a match against New South Wales. He made his test debut at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 12 June 1954 against Great Britain in the first test of that year's Ashes series. Australia won this test 37-12. In 1953 Watson toured New Zealand with the", "id": "15082194" }, { "contents": "Jack McLeod (rugby league)\n\n\nJack McLeod is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. McLeod played for Taranaki and Auckland. While at the Manukau club, McLeod was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1937, playing against Australia. He toured Australia with New Zealand in 1938 however no test matches were played on the tour. Four days after the 1937 test, McLeod was part of the New Zealand Māori side that defeated Australia 16-5. In 2008 he was named in the Taranaki Rugby League Team of the Century", "id": "19760905" }, { "contents": "Frank Nicholson (rugby union)\n\n\nof these matches played against New South Wales. The Howell reference claims that Nicholson's rugby career was interrupted by enlistment in the Boer War. He claimed two international rugby caps for Australia. He appeared for Queensland against the touring New Zealanders in Brisbane in August 1903 and two weeks later made his international debut against the same tourists in Sydney, on 15 August 1903. In 1904 he captained Queensland in the inter-state series and played alongside his brother Fred who scored a try in that match. Later that season he had", "id": "2954916" }, { "contents": "Frank Brogan (rugby league)\n\n\nFrank Brogan (1903–1961) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s. He played as a halfback with South Sydney during the club's golden era of the 1920s when they won 5 premierships. Brogan made his debut for South Sydney in 1922 against Newtown as an 18 year old. In 1924, Brogan was selected to play for New South Wales and featured in two matches. The following year, Brogan won his first premiership with Souths as they finished first on the table and were not required to play in", "id": "18073767" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\ntest of 1899 against the first British side to tour Australia, at Sydney, on 12 August. He also played for Australia in 1903 in Sydney against New Zealand in the first official rugby union international between the countries. He became an early convert to the fledgling league code and played for the Ipswich club in Queensland. He was selected in the 2nd Test of 1908 against New Zealand. Five former Wallabies had debuted for the Kangaroos in the inaugural Test three weeks earlier, Hardcastle's league Test debut that day with George Watson", "id": "802017" } ]

[ { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nthe 6–8 defeat by New South Wales at Sydney on 7 August 1922, and scored a penalty in the 45–11 victory over Manawatu-Wellington XV at Palmerston North on 16 August 1922 but never played a Test match for New Zealand. In 1923 Fitzgerald moved to Christchurch, joining the Marist Old Boys club. However the club was expelled from the Canterbury Rugby Union in April 1924 and Fitzgerald followed to club to rugby league. Fitzgerald excelled in rugby league and in his debut year he made the national side, playing in two Test", "id": "13539549" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nhe lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Jim O'Brien. Fitzgerald played for the South Island in 1922, scoring a try in the inter-island match. Following this he was selected for New Zealand, playing in five matches on a tour of New Zealand and Australia. Fitzgerald represented New Zealand (RU) in the 12–11 victory over Wairarapa at Carterton on 19 July 1922, the 26–19 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on 29 July 1922, the 24–6 victory over Metropolitan Union at Sydney on 2 August 1922,", "id": "13539548" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nCharles James Fitzgerald (6 June 1899, in Fairhall – 8 May 1961, in Awatere Valley) was a New Zealand dual-code international rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Fitzgerald was a utility back in both codes. Fitzgerald represented Marlborough between 1917 and 1921, appearing for the union in every backline position except fullback. He played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks kicking a penalty goal in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game", "id": "13539547" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nAndrew James \"Jim\" O'Brien (1897–1969) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. O'Brien began his career playing rugby union for Marlborough between 1919 and 1921. He also played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game he lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Charles Fitzgerald. In 1922 he moved north to Auckland, joining the Grafton club. He immediately was selected for the", "id": "13908850" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nNorth Island side and subsequently the All Blacks tour of New Zealand and South Wales. He finished the tour having played in 3 games and scored one try. Returning to Auckland, O’Brien played his first game for the union late in the 1922 season. In 1923 he played five games for Auckland. O'Brien switched to rugby league in 1924, joining Marist in the Auckland Rugby League competition. He played for Auckland and made the New Zealand national rugby league team for three tests against the touring Great Britain Lions side that year.", "id": "13908851" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\nLouis Charles Petersen (19 April 1897 – 25 June 1961) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Petersen served with the New Zealand Expeditionary Force in World War I and it was here that he developed his football skills, playing for the \"Trench team\". Petersen began his career with the Marist Old Boys club in Christchurch and in 1919 was first selected to represent Canterbury. He made the South Island side in 1919, 1920 and 1921. In 1922 Petersen was", "id": "14015995" }, { "contents": "Jim Craig (rugby league)\n\n\nversatility was such that he was selected at hooker for a match on tour of New Zealand in 1919. Graig first represented for New South Wales against a touring English side in 1920. He was selected on the 1921–22 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and made his Test debut in the first Test at Leeds. He appeared in 23 minor tour matches notching a total of 58 points as a try scorer and goal kicker. Following his Kangaroo Tour representative appearances in 1922 he played a season with the University club in Sydney. In 1923", "id": "6542629" }, { "contents": "Albert Johnston (rugby league)\n\n\nclub seasons of 1921 and 1922. In 1912 he was selected in a Sydney Metropolis side. In 1913 he was in a New South Wales touring squad to New Zealand as half-back but was kept out of the major matches by the form of his peer Arthur Halloway. He captained New South Wales in some 1918 games and then made his Australian Test debut in 1919 on Australia's tour of New Zealand. He scored a try on debut assisting Australia to a 44-21 victory. With tour captain Halloway unfit for", "id": "9752107" }, { "contents": "Percy Hickey\n\n\nPercival \"Percy\" Hubert Hickey (28 April 1899 – 21 December 1943) was a New Zealand rugby union player who represented the All Blacks in 1922. His position of choice was wing three-quarter. Hickey was born in Rahotu in 1899. He made the provincial side in 1919. He was selected for the North against South Island match in 1922. He scored a try. He was then selected for the national side on their tour of New South Wales. Hickey played in two of the possible five matches.", "id": "3545214" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1922 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the tenth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales Selection, and NSW won the 3 match series 2–1. In", "id": "13453802" }, { "contents": "Billy Sheehan (rugby union)\n\n\ntop Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of their 1920s fixtures played against full international opposition were decreed in 1986 as official Test matches, including the three of Sheehan's 1921 debut and fifteen other appearances he would make over the next six years. In 1922 he appeared in all three Test in Sydney against the visiting All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Sheehan played all of the three match series in which the Waratahs were undefeated. On the 1923 tour of New Zealand and", "id": "5401479" }, { "contents": "Les Steel\n\n\nLeslie William Steel (1900 – 28 April 1966) was a rugby league footballer in Australia's major competition, the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL). Steel played over 100 matches for his club side, Eastern Suburbs in the years (1922–29). A Winger, Steel was a try scorer in Easts 1923 premiership victory. In 1922 Steel was selected to represent New South Wales. Following his football career, Steel spent many years as an official of the Eastern Suburbs club. He died at Hurstville, New South", "id": "20482633" }, { "contents": "Jim Bacon (rugby)\n\n\nLions tour of Australasia. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Leeds in 1920 against Australia (3 matches), and New Zealand (3 matches), in 1921 against Australia (2 matches), in 1922 against Australia, in 1924 against Australia, and in 1927 against New Zealand. From 1921 until 1927 he also represented Wales, winning six caps, all against England, including 1-victory, and 5-defeats. Bacon played left-, i.e. number 4 and scored 2-tries in Leeds' 11–3 victory over Dewsbury", "id": "5182427" }, { "contents": "Karl Ifwersen\n\n\nrep team, captaining the combined Auckland-North Auckland side against South Africa in his first game back and scoring the only try. Ifwersen played in one test match for the All Blacks during the 1921 South Africa tour of the country. Ifwersen continued to play for Auckland between 1922 and 1938. Ifwersen died in Auckland on 19 May 1967, having suffered considerably from football injuries during his old age. Ifwersen was inducted into the New Zealand Rugby League's Legends of League in 2000. He was the first New Zealander to represent", "id": "14118993" }, { "contents": "New Zealand national rugby union team\n\n\nThomas Ellison captained team won nine of their ten matches. The following year New Zealand played its first home \"international\" game, losing 8–6 to New South Wales. The team's first true test match occurred against Australia on 15 August 1903 at the Sydney Cricket Ground in front of over 30,000 spectators, and resulted in a 22–3 victory. A representative New Zealand team first toured the British Isles in 1905. The side is now known as the \"Originals\", as the \"All Blacks\" name emerged during this tour", "id": "20449805" }, { "contents": "Wilson Hall (rugby league)\n\n\nA. Wilson Hall was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s and 1930s who represented New Zealand and later played at club level in England for Castleford. From the Ngaruawahia club, Wilson Hall represented South Auckland in 1922. He was a half for South Auckland and the North Island in 1925. In 1926 he moved to Christchurch. Wilson Hall then represented the Hornby club, Canterbury and the South Island. He was selected for New Zealand's tour of Great Britain in 1926. He played in two test matches", "id": "20659026" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\nwas selected to tour New Zealand. He played in seven matches on tour including the Waratah's Test victory. He made representative appearances in 1922 against the New Zealand Maori and the All Blacks, played in three Tests against them in 1924 and in five matches against them in 1925. The 3rd test of 1925 played on 23 June at the Sydney Showground was Fox's sole appearance as the national captain. He was solid in further Test appearances against New Zealand in 1926 He was a tremendous lineout forward and one of the senior", "id": "9169857" }, { "contents": "Dai Fitzgerald\n\n\nDavid \"Dai\" Fitzgerald (1872 – 30 November 1951) was a Welsh rugby centre who played club rugby under the union code for Cardiff, and later switched to professional rugby league team Batley (captain). He played international rugby union for Wales winning two caps, and in his first match for Wales scored all the points in a victory over Scotland. Fitzgerald first played rugby in Cardiff for the now defunct club, St. Davids, one of several Welsh teams built around Catholic churches. He switched to first class club", "id": "18632594" }, { "contents": "Bruce Gall\n\n\nBruce Gall is a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Gall played in the Taranaki Rugby League and represented Taranaki. In 1976 Gall played for the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. In 1979 he played for the Central Districts side that won the Inter-Districts competition. He was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team on the 1980 tour of Great Britain and France. Gall did not play in a test match but did play in 8 games for the Kiwis, scoring 3 tries.", "id": "18658371" }, { "contents": "Shaun Foley\n\n\nShaun Foley (born 29 August 1986 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia) is an Australian rugby union player and a former member of the National Rugby League's (NRL) Sydney Roosters squad. Foley played in the Australian Schoolboys Rugby Union team that lost to New Zealand 21-16 in 2004. Foley scored all 16 points for the Australian team. Foley joined NRL side the Sydney Roosters in 2006, playing 7 games and scoring 6 tries. He scored two tries in the Roosters 40-20 victory over the", "id": "3276301" }, { "contents": "Sam Lowrie\n\n\nSamuel Arthur \"Sam\" Lowrie was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. His grandnephew, Jason Lowrie, also represented New Zealand in rugby league. Lowrie played for the Ponsonby club in the Auckland Rugby League competition. In 1919 Lowrie played for Auckland and was first selected to represent New Zealand, playing in three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1922 Lowrie toured Australia, with the New Zealand Māori rugby league team. Lowrie was named Ponsonby's best forward in 1923. He again played for", "id": "21879456" }, { "contents": "Arthur Kay (rugby league)\n\n\nArthur Geig Kay was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Kay represented Auckland and was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1935. He played in all three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1936 he played in two matches against the touring Great Britain team and played in his final test match in New Zealand's 16-15 victory over Australia at Carlaw Park on 14 August 1937. He was selected to tour Great Britain and France in 1939 but the tour was abandoned due to the", "id": "13813701" }, { "contents": "Percy Williams (New Zealand rugby league player)\n\n\nPercy Williams was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Williams originally played rugby union and represented Auckland. Williams played for Wigan for three seasons between 1910/11 to 1912/13. During this time he played in 111 matches for the club in the Lancashire League, including in the 1911 Challenge Cup Final loss. In 1913 he was called into the New Zealand squad, joining them midway through their tour of Australia. Williams was said to be instrumental in New Zealand's 17-11 upset victory over New South Wales.", "id": "14326389" }, { "contents": "Johnnie Wallace\n\n\nthe club's first Wallaby representative. His potential was obvious and in 1921 he was selected in the New South Wales side picked to tour New Zealand. He played in five of the ten tour matches including the September 1921 fixture against a New Zealand XV which is now regarded as a Test match. With no Queensland Rugby Union administration or competition in place from 1919 to 1929, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of the fixtures of 1920s which were played against", "id": "7506396" }, { "contents": "Jack Forrest (rugby league)\n\n\nJohn Alexander \"Jack\" Forrest (24 February 1924 – 26 February 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 12 international matches between 1947 and 1952. His cousin Jonas Masters also played rugby league for New Zealand. Forrest played in the West Coast Rugby League competition for Runanga and represented both the West Coast and the South Island. He played in 42 matches, 12 of which were test matches, for the New Zealand national rugby league team, including matches against the 1951 touring French side and", "id": "18556717" }, { "contents": "Pat Devery\n\n\n, New South Wales on 9 August 1922. A Tumbulgum junior, he played football in the Brisbane Rugby League for Fortitude Valley. Devery was then discovered by coach of Sydney's Balmain club Latchem Robinson while playing football in The Domain, Sydney as a sailor in the Royal Australian Navy during the war. Devery played for Balmain at halfback in the 1944 NSWRFL season's premiership final, scoring a try in his side's victory over Newtown. Devery also represented Sydney on 6 occasions, New South Wales on 2 occasions between 1946–1947", "id": "14526725" }, { "contents": "Charles Kingstone\n\n\nCharles Napoleon \"Nipper\" Kingstone (2 July 1895 – 6 May 1960) was a New Zealand sportsman who played international rugby union for New Zealand. He was also a first-class cricketer. A fullback, Kingstone played all three of his Tests during South Africa's 1921 tour of New Zealand. He was injured in a motor accident in 1922 and didn't play again for New Zealand. Kingstone played just one first-class cricket match. He represented a team called the \"Rest of New Zealand\" in a", "id": "8516640" }, { "contents": "Dougie McGregor\n\n\nAlwin John \"Dougie\" McGregor (1889–1963) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. McGregor played rugby union for the Karangahake club in the Goldfields sub-union competition in 1908. The following year he moved to Auckland, joining the Ponsonby club. McGregor represented Auckland and the North Island that same year. In 1913 McGregor was picked in the New Zealand squad for their North America tour and played in 11 games during the tour, including Test matches against Australia and", "id": "14128313" }, { "contents": "1893 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1893 New Zealand tour rugby to Australia was the second tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. Ten matches were played against regional and district sides, but no Test matches were played. It was first tour arranged by New Zealand Rugby Football Union which was founded the year before. The only previous New Zealand national team was the side that toured New South Wales in 1884. Immediately before departing for Sydney, the tourists played a match against a \"Combined XV\" in Wellington, which New Zealand won", "id": "14310646" }, { "contents": "Australasia rugby league team\n\n\nThe Australasian rugby league team (or the Kangaroos) represented Australia and New Zealand in rugby league sporadically between 1910 and 1922. Administered by the New South Wales Rugby League, appearances for the team were counted towards the Australian team's records and playing register but not the New Zealand team's. The team toured Great Britain twice, participating in two Ashes series, and also played Great Britain twice in Sydney. The Australasian side first played in 1910. After Great Britain had defeated Australia in two Test matches it was decided that", "id": "15931608" }, { "contents": "George Dickinson\n\n\nChurch in Dunedin. While at Otago Boys' High School, Dickinson played as a five-eighth in the school's 1st XV rugby team between 1918 and 1921. He made his debut for the All Blacks in 1922 on their tour of New South Wales, playing five matches and scoring three tries. He went on to play 12 matches for between 1922 and 1924, scoring five tries, 11 conversions and one penalty goal. Dickinson also played for the South Island in 1922. He retired from first-class rugby at", "id": "2808375" }, { "contents": "Alexander Kirkpatrick (rugby union)\n\n\nAlexander Kirkpatrick (4 October 1898 – 25 August 1971) was an All Blacks rugby union player from New Zealand. He was a hooker. He played 12 matches for the All Blacks in1925-26 against Australia (New South Wales), scoring 6 points (2 tries). He was a member of the Hastings club and captained the Hawke’s Bay Region to take the Ranfurly Shield off Wellington in 1922; and appeared in 22 of the 24 successful defences (more than any other player). In 1952-56", "id": "16723938" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nClaud Augustus O'Donnell (30 January 1886 – 4 August 1953) was an Australian rugby union and rugby league player and represented his country at both sports as a dual-code rugby international. O'Donnell played rugby union with the Glebe club in inner city Sydney. He made his representative debut for New South Wales in 1912 and the following year made two Test appearances as hooker for the Wallabies against the All Blacks in the 1913 tour of New Zealand. Switching to rugby league O'Donnell joined the Glebe Dirty Reds in 1915 and had three", "id": "1170779" }, { "contents": "Wally O'Connell\n\n\nand played 80 games. His first representative match was for City New South Wales in 1943. On 18 June 1945 a Sydney rugby league team featuring O'Connell travelled to Newcastle to play against their representative team and were defeated 27-26. He was the Roosters' pivot in their 1945 premiership final victory over Balmain. With senior representative matches canceled during WWII O'Connell didn't make his Test debut until 1948 against New Zealand in Sydney.He was selected for the 1948-49 Kangaroo Tour and played in five Tests and 16 minor", "id": "14384862" }, { "contents": "Mawene Hiroti\n\n\nMawene Hiroti (born 6 March 1999) is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who plays as a or er for the South Sydney Rabbitohs in the NRL. Hiroti was born in Taranaki, New Zealand. He has represented the Australian Schoolboys rugby league team and the New Zealand Under 18s. Forged his career playing for New Plymouth Old Boys under 11s 12s and 13s - winning Taranaki Premiership every year. Mawene scoring 50 percent of all tries. He played for the Rabbitohs in their pre-season 18-8 victory over English", "id": "14480103" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\n) for British Empire XIII, and at club level for Streatham and Mitcham and Halifax (Heritage № 437), as a , or , i.e. number 2 or 5, or, 3 or 4. Smith represented New Zealand (RU) in the 16–13 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on Monday 6 August 1934, and scored a try in the 35–3 victory over Newcastle at Newcastle, New South Wales on Wednesday 22 August 1934, but was not selected for the 1935–36 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland", "id": "11805488" }, { "contents": "Jim Rukutai\n\n\nNew Zealand played matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Rukutai coached New Zealand during their 1921 tour of Australia. He remains New Zealand's youngest ever national coach. He also coached New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1937. In 1937 he coached the New Zealand Māori to an upset win over Australia. In 1932 Rukutai served on the Auckland Rugby League board as the Clubs' delegate. He then served as the first chairman of the New Zealand Māori Rugby League Board when it was formed in 1934. Rukutai died at his", "id": "1899959" }, { "contents": "Greg Davis (rugby)\n\n\nand there joined the Drummoyne Rugby Club Davis was immediately selected for both New South Wales and Australia in his first year in Sydney. He debuted in a Sydney Test match against England in June 1963 and the following month was selected in the squad for the 1963 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa. He played in all four Test matches of the tied series and in ten other tour matches. The next year he made the 1964 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand playing in seven of the eight matches including all three Tests", "id": "3641367" }, { "contents": "Bill Kelly (rugby league)\n\n\n, Kelly played first class rugby union for Buller when he was 18 and later represented Wellington. Kelly switched to rugby league with the launch of the Wellington Rugby League competition in 1912 and played for Athletic in their grand final loss to Petone. He became a Wellington representative and toured Australia in 1912 and 1913 with the New Zealand national side. No test matches were played with the Kiwis meeting New South Wales and Queensland and a number of regional sides. He played in Wellingtons 1913 victory over Auckland. He joined the Balmain Tigers", "id": "146975" }, { "contents": "1929 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\nThe 1929 New Zealand rugby league season was the 22nd season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand. New Zealand played in no international matches in 1929. The New South Wales Rugby Football League's South Sydney Rabbitohs toured the country late in the season. They played two matches against Marist, with both sides securing one win. South Sydney also defeated Huntly. Souths were without five Kangaroos who were on a tour of Great Britain. Marist won the first match 10-9 at Carlaw Park while Souths won the", "id": "3198729" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\ndue to a row over the eligibility of three players. They instead joined the Rugby League and the Football Association. Marist spent just seven seasons in the Canterbury Rugby League but won three titles, in 1924, 1925 and 1928. In 1924 they produced six New Zealand internationals; Bill Devine, Charles Fitzgerald, Ted Fitzgerald, Terry Gilroy, Harry Mullins and Lou Petersen. Jim Amos also switched codes with Marist but played in their lower divisions. Greymouth Marist joined the West Coast Rugby League in support of Christchurch Marist. The", "id": "3198709" }, { "contents": "Charles Webb (rugby league)\n\n\nCharles Webb was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand . A halfback from the Ponsonby United club, Webb also represented Auckland. In 1912, Webb toured Australia with New Zealand. The side played in matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Later that same year, New South Wales made a return tour to New Zealand. Webb captained the New Zealand side that played against them, losing 10-18. He also played in two matches for Auckland against the touring Blues side. Webb was selected for the", "id": "14418029" }, { "contents": "David Evans (rugby)\n\n\nDavid \"Dave\" Alexander Evans (4 October 1886 – 12 October 1940) was a New Zealand dual-code international who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Evans began his career playing rugby union and represented Hawke's Bay 19 times from 1906. He made the 1910 New Zealand tour of Australia and played in the 0–11 Test defeat by Australia at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 27 June 1910, becoming the Hawke's Bay's third representative. While in Australia Evans had been impressed by the rugby league", "id": "13088290" }, { "contents": "Bill Cunningham (rugby union)\n\n\nFootball Union. He was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1901, and played against Wellington and the New South Wales team that was touring New Zealand at the time. Both matches were comfortably won, with the tourists defeated 20–3. Cunningham played his first of four matches for Auckland against international opposition, against the same New South Wales side a week later, with his Auckland team winning 24–3. Cunningham moved to Auckland in 1902, and played his club rugby for City, before joining Ponsonby the following season. He", "id": "17185617" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\nWilliam Robert \"Bill\" Hardcastle (30 August 1874 – 11 July 1944) born in Wellington, New Zealand was a pioneer New Zealand and Australian rugby union player and an Australian rugby league footballer. He represented both countries in union and Australia in league. He was one of the first dual-code rugby internationals. Hardcastle commenced his club rugby in New Zealand with Petone and represented for Wellington from 1895 to 1897. He joined the Melrose club in 1897 and was selected in a North Island representative side from where he was", "id": "802015" }, { "contents": "Steve Skinnon\n\n\nSteve Skinnon (born 27 November 1976) is a New Zealand rugby footballer who played rugby union for Wellington and Hawkes Bay in the National Provincial Championship and rugby league for the Sydney Roosters and South Sydney Rabbitohs in the National Rugby League. He represented his country in both codes at a junior level. Skinnon started his career in rugby union and represented the New Zealand under 19 side in 1994 from Wellington College, playing at second five eighth. He switched codes to rugby league in 1995 and was picked to play for the Junior", "id": "2628332" }, { "contents": "Jim Wylie\n\n\nJames Thomas Wylie (26 October 1887 – 19 December 1956) was a New Zealand rugby union player, who represented both the country of his birth and Australia. He went on to coach the Stanford University rugby team for over 30 years from 1917. Born in Galatea in 1887, Wylie was a tall man at , and played as a loose forward. He first represented in 1910, playing six matches, before moving to Sydney for the next two years. There he made four appearances for New South Wales against Queensland,", "id": "12170928" }, { "contents": "Edward Baird (rugby league)\n\n\nNorthern Union\" style of rugby, taking on Albert Baskerville's New Zealand All Golds on their inaugural tour. Baird played as a reserve as the Queenslanders lost the historic match 34–12. He went on to make another appearance against New Zealand and two against New South Wales. When the New Zealand team came back on the return leg of their tour, they played three Test matches against the first Australian representative sides ever selected. The first Test was played in Sydney on 9 May 1908 with the Kiwis prevailing. On 30 May", "id": "17722972" }, { "contents": "Bob Aynsley\n\n\nRobert Aynsley (5 January 1922 – 12 October 2012) was a New Zealand rugby league player. He played five test matches for the New Zealand national rugby league team. Aynsley played for Blackball and represented the West Coast and the South Island before first being selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1946. He played in five test matches, his last in 1949. He played in 15 tour games on the 1947–1948 tour of Great Britain and France. After retirement, Aynsley was a referee from 1953 to 1960", "id": "5310628" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\ninterest in rugby union in Sydney following WWI. In 1920 he appeared three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the All Blacks scoring a try in his representative debut. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches. In 1921 he represented for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks and", "id": "9169856" }, { "contents": "1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand, more commonly known in New Zealand as the 1956 Springboks tour was a series of rugby union matches played by South Africa in Australia and New Zealand. The \"Springboks\" won 21 matches of 29, drew 1, and lost 7. They played 6 Test matches, with two victories over Australia and one over New Zealand. The New Zealand leg of their trip was the primary focus of the tour—23 of their 29 matches were in New Zealand, which included", "id": "12210178" }, { "contents": "Bert Cooke (rugby)\n\n\nspent 1932 with Hawke's Bay, before switching codes. Cooke also represented Wairarapa and Wellington while playing rugby union. He finished his rugby union career with 121 tries in 131 first class matches. Cooke joined the Richmond Rovers club in the Auckland Rugby League competition in 1932 and made an immediate impact, racing away for three tries in the inter-island game only weeks later. He was selected for New Zealand that year against the Great Britain Lions. Cooke also represented Auckland and captained New Zealand in two Test matches against Australia", "id": "12460198" }, { "contents": "Queensland rugby league team\n\n\nZealand rugby league tour of Australia, Queensland lost both its matches against the Kiwis in Brisbane. Again, Queensland played two matches against the Kiwis during the 1913 New Zealand rugby league tour of Australia and again the Maroons lost both. New South Wales had won every match between the two states until 1922, when the Maroons, with Cyril Connell playing at , achieved their maiden victory. This commenced Queensland's only golden period before the introduction of State of Origin. In 1925 Queensland toured New Zealand and played against the full New", "id": "12687033" }, { "contents": "1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia was the sixth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. Four matches were played against regional and district sides along with three Test match against the Australia national side, being the first time both teams played each other. New Zealand won the series with two victories and a tied match. Before the tour matches, New Zealand played a preliminary game v. the Wellington RU team at the Athletic Park, won by the \"All Blacks\" 19–6. Complete list of matches played", "id": "1302262" }, { "contents": "Watty Friend\n\n\nTest matches. In 1921 he figured in three matches for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks. Howell notes that Friends was one of the Waratahs' top players. In 1922 he appeared in all three matches again when the All Blacks visited Sydney, with second and third matches wins resulting in a rare series victory of those days to the Waratahs over the All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Friend was honoured with the captaincy of New South Wales in a three match series in which the Waratahs", "id": "5285969" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nseasons in the Sydney premiership. In 1918 he moved to Brisbane and joined the Carltons club, one of the early incarnations of the Souths Magpies. From there he made state appearances for Queensland against New South Wales over four years and in 1919 was selected in the Australian team as hooker. He played in all four Tests of the 1919 rugby league tour of New Zealand. He is listed as Australia's 97th representative on the Australian Rugby League's Kangaroo register. His international rugby league debut against New Zealand in Wellington on 23", "id": "1170780" }, { "contents": "John Rosewell\n\n\n. Along with Dally Messenger, Denis Lutge, Doug McLean snr and Micky Dore he was one of the inaugural five Australian dual code rugby internationals who having earlier represented at rugby union, debuted in international rugby league in Sydney on 9 May 1908 in the first ever Australian league Test against New Zealand. He is listed on the \"Australian Players Register\" as Kangaroo No.13. He spent three seasons at South Sydney playing 29 matches scoring 4 tries and 6 goals. He was a member of the 1910 Rabbitohs side that drew the", "id": "801844" }, { "contents": "George Aitken (rugby union)\n\n\nGeorge Gothard Aitken (2 July 1898 – 8 July 1952) was a rugby union footballer who represented New Zealand – known as the All Blacks – and then Scotland. He was born in Westport, New Zealand, and was selected to play provincially for Buller at the age of 16. After moving to Wellington, Aitken played for the province from 1917, and from there was selected for the All Blacks side that faced South Africa when they toured New Zealand in 1921. After only two Test matches for the All Blacks,", "id": "5006718" }, { "contents": "Jack Holland (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Holland (1922-1994) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s. An Australian international and New South Wales interstate representative forward, he played his club football in Sydney's NSWRFL Premiership for the St. George club. Holland was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia on 19 August 1922. Holland served in the Army during World War II. Commencing his first-grade NSWRFL Premiership playing career with St. George in 1947, he was selected to represent New South Wales in 1948", "id": "4207831" }, { "contents": "Jack Price (rugby league)\n\n\nagainst Australia (2 matches), and while at Wigan in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches). Jack Price played , in Wigan's 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. Jack Price played in Wigan's victories in the Lancashire County League during the 1922–23 season, 1923–24 season and 1925–26 season. Jack Price played , and scored a try in Wigan's 21-4 victory over", "id": "12779224" }, { "contents": "Edwin Abbott (rugby league)\n\n\nEdwin Frederick Abbott (1909–1976) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 1930 and 1932. Abbott was the nephew of 1905 All Black Harold Abbott and the uncle of Bill Deacon, a Kiwi from 1965 to 1971. From the Ngaruawahia Panthers club, Abbott represented South Auckland and the North Island. In 1930 he was selected for the New Zealand tour of New South Wales, playing in both matches against New South Wales and scoring three tries against Sydney Metropolis. He played for South Auckland against both the", "id": "19358978" }, { "contents": "Jim Davis (rugby league)\n\n\nthe 1911 NSWRFL season with North Sydney before playing three seasons with the Glebe club. His top-grade career finished up back at Souths in 1918-19 before concluding with a country stint at Parkes. Davis made his debut Test appearance in 1908 against New Zealand, appearing in both matches of the first rugby league international series played by an Australian representative side. At the end of that season he was selected in the 35 man squad to make the first ever Kangaroo Tour. Davis played in six tour matches but in none", "id": "11335988" }, { "contents": "Herb Brackenreg\n\n\nEastern Suburbs club. An Eastern Suburbs rugby union player, Brackenreg had been a member of the rebel New South Wales sides that played against the rebel New Zealand 'All Blacks' in the 1907 series that helped to establish rugby league in Australia. He played in 8 NSWRFL Premiership matches for Easts including that club's first match and was a member of the NSWRL's first premiership decider played against local rival, South Sydney. In that first season Brackenreg was selected to represent his state, New South Wales, in 2 matches", "id": "12715024" }, { "contents": "Danny Hurcombe\n\n\nFrom 29 November 1919 Hurcombe played for English rugby league club, Wigan. Hurcombe was selected to go on the 1920 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Wigan in 1920 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand, in 1922 against Australia, and in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches), and he won 6 caps for Wales in 1921–1926 while at Wigan. Hurcombe made his début for Wigan in", "id": "11028974" }, { "contents": "Arthur Hardgrave\n\n\nArthur Hardgrave ( 1908–14) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. A fullback, Hardgrave played for Taranaki against Auckland in 1908 and 1909. He later moved to Auckland and played for Otahuhu at club level and represented Auckland provincially. In 1912, Hardgrave was selected for the New Zealand national side who toured Australia. No test matches were played on the tour but Hardgrave became the 74th player to represent New Zealand. Following the tour, Hardgrave was part of the Auckland side that defeated New South Wales 10–3", "id": "124840" }, { "contents": "Ted Thorn\n\n\n. Ted made his state representative debut in 1922, appearing three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the visiting All Blacks for two victories. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches - including fifteen such appearances made by Ted Thorn. Thorn made the 1923 New South Wales tour", "id": "5576534" }, { "contents": "Jack Fitzgerald (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Fitzgerald was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s, and coached in the 1960s. He played for Western Suburbs as a winger and later coached the club from 1961 to 1964. Fitzgerald began his career with Western Suburbs in 1949. In 1952, Fitzgerald was a member of the Western Suburbs side which claimed their fourth and final premiership defeating South Sydney in the grand final, with Fitzgerald scoring a try. Fitzgerald played for three more seasons before retiring as a player. Fitzgerald began his coaching", "id": "15556425" }, { "contents": "Owen Stephens\n\n\nWales. He won a single cap for New Zealand, playing in the All Blacks' 19–12 victory over France at Eden Park, Auckland on 10 August 1968, and won five caps for Australia, playing against Tonga and Wales in 1973 and New Zealand in 1974. Only three players have played rugby union at test match level for both New Zealand and Australia: namely Des Connor, Ted Jessep and Stephens. He played club level rugby league for St. George Dragons (trial), Parramatta Eels (Heritage № 339) (", "id": "7733372" }, { "contents": "Peter Williams (New Zealand rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Williams (22 April 188430 August 1976) was a rugby union player who represented New Zealand nine times, including a single Test match. He played club rugby for Dunedin side Alhambra, and played provincial rugby for Otago between 1908 and 1914. His sole season of international rugby was 1913, when he played in a home Test against Australia before touring North America with the All Blacksas New Zealand's international team is knownthat same year. He was selected for a tour of Australia the following year, but was unavailable and so", "id": "8410349" }, { "contents": "Frank Smyth\n\n\nBernard Francis \"Frank\" Smyth (11 February 1891 – 15 July 1972) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A hooker, Smyth played a single representative game for Canterbury in 1915, one match for the South Island in 1922 and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, also in 1922. He played three matches for the All Blacks but did not appear in any internationals. His grandson is politician Peter Dunne. Smyth served in the No. 3 Field Company, New Zealand Engineers", "id": "16651150" }, { "contents": "1921 Waratahs tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe Queensland Rugby Union had collapsed in 1919 and would not be reborn until 1929 leaving the New South Wales Rugby Union to administer the game in Australia at the national representative level. In 1923 the New South Wales side toured New Zealand In 1986 the Australian Rugby Union decreed the five full-internationals played on the tour as official Test matches. Previously the All Blacks visited New South Wales in the 1920 tour. This tour happened while the Springboks were completing their tour in New Zealand. Previously in June, South Africa played three", "id": "14085090" }, { "contents": "Robert Graves (rugby)\n\n\n1905 and from there was selected to represent Metropolis (Sydney) in a fixture against Country played over Easter in 1905. He continued in a coaching role for the Grosvenor club even while himself playing rugby for those other sides from 1903 to 1907. Graves was one of the New South Wales rugby union players who matched up against the first professional New Zealand team, Albert Baskiville's 'All Golds' in three matches in Sydney in August 1907. He played in all three matches and along with the other Australian rebel players was", "id": "3902454" }, { "contents": "Jim Sullivan (rugby league)\n\n\n, converting five goals in a 21–0 win against Widnes. He made his first representative appearance in December 1921, playing for Wales in a 16–21 defeat against Australia. Jim Sullivan played , and scored 4-conversions in Wigan's 13-2 victory over Oldham in the Championship Final during the 1921–22 season at The Cliff, Broughton on Saturday 6 May 1922, played , and scored 4-conversions in the 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. played", "id": "338598" }, { "contents": "Simon Poidevin\n\n\nwas then selected to play for New South Wales in a succession of the matches in 1981. The first match against Manawatu was won 58-3, with NSW scoring 10 tries. Victories over Waikato and Counties followed, before New South Wales were defeated by Queensland 26-15 at the Sydney Cricket Ground. New South Wales played Queensland in a return match a week later in Brisbane that was won 7-6. Poidevin played for Sydney against France in the third game France played for their 1981 France rugby union tour of", "id": "16857237" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\ncalled up to the All Blacks and he played in eight games for New Zealand, although he did not appear in any Test matches. In 1924 Marist Old Boys became locked in a dispute with the Canterbury Rugby Union and quit, instead fielding rugby league and soccer teams. Petersen followed the club, taking up rugby league. Petersen made an immediate impact and was one of six Marist Old Boys players who were selected to represent New Zealand that season. In total Petersen played in three Test matches for New Zealand in rugby league", "id": "14015996" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\n, Bert Avery and Maurice Wetherill. Lou Brown made his Auckland debut in the second match. At the end of the tour the NSW members of the 1921-22 Australasian Kangaroos were joined by New Zealand member Bert Laing for a match against the rest of the NSW squad and local Auckland stars. The Kangaroos won 65-27. The New Zealand Māori side played Sydney Metropolis in Sydney. South Auckland held the Northern Union Cup at the end of the season. They defeated Auckland 21-20 in Auckland to win the", "id": "3198700" }, { "contents": "John Solomon (rugby union)\n\n\nmade his state and national representative debuts at age nineteen, first playing for Australia against the at the Sydney Cricket Ground in June 1949. Later that year he toured New Zealand with Trevor Allan's Bledisloe Cup winning Wallabies. Solomon played variously at five-eighth, fullback and centre in seven matches of the tour including the 2nd Test at Eden Park where he scored a try thus helping the side make history as the first Australian team to win the Cup in New Zealand. He played twice for New South Wales in 1950 at", "id": "19470085" }, { "contents": "Darby Loudon\n\n\nDarby Briton Loudon (12 March 1897 – c. 1963) was a New Zealand born rugby union player, a flanker who made sixteen representative appearances for the New South Wales state team in the 1920s. Four of these matches have since been decreed as Test matches by the Australian Rugby Union and Loudon, who led the side in one such match in 1922, was therefore a captain of the Australian national team. Loudon, was born in Leeston, New Zealand and relocated to Sydney during his youth. He attended Sydney Grammar School", "id": "5401488" }, { "contents": "Michael Fitzgerald (rugby union)\n\n\nMichael Fitzgerald (born ) is a New Zealand rugby union player currently playing for Kamaishi Seawaves in Japan. He previously played for Leicester Tigers in England's Premiership Rugby, for the Chiefs in Super Rugby and Manawatu in the ITM Cup. His regular playing position is lock. In 2013, he signed a contract extension with the Chiefs until 2015. On 21 April 2015, it was announced he had signed for English Aviva Premiership side Leicester Tigers. Fitzgerald made his Leicester debut on 18 October 2015 in a 28-16 win", "id": "17447697" }, { "contents": "Peter Johnstone (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Johnstone (9 August 1922 – 18 October 1997) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A backrow forward, Johnstone represented Ashburton County while serving in the army and later at a provincial level. He was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1949 to 1951. He played 26 matches for the All Blacks —10 as captain—including nine internationals, touring South Africa in 1949 and playing all four tests against the touring 1950 British Lions. He was a key member of the", "id": "5603616" }, { "contents": "Brian Reidy\n\n\nBrian Thomas Reidy (27 January 1939 – 2 June 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Reidy played for the Marist club and represented Auckland. He made his debut for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1959, becoming Kiwi #383, but did not make his test match debut until 1961, against Australia at Carlaw Park. Between 1959 and 1966, Reidy played 65 games for New Zealand, including 19 tests, scoring 34 tries in all. He could play anywhere in the", "id": "21473667" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nmatches. In 1911 Mitchell, along with three other players from the Merivale club, moved to Sydney and played for the North Sydney Bears. He was then enticed north by the Queensland Rugby League. At the same time the New Zealand rugby league side was touring Australia and he was invited to join the touring party. Mitchell played in four matches, becoming a dual-code rugby international. Mitchell then returned to Christchurch and represented Canterbury in its first ever match in 1912. Mitchell toured Australia twice more with New Zealand,", "id": "3816467" }, { "contents": "Pat Creedy\n\n\nPatrick Joseph \"Pat\" Creedy (18 November 1927 – 7 April 2011) was a New Zealand rugby football player who represented New Zealand in rugby league. Creedy originally played rugby union and represented both the Southland Rugby Union and the Canterbury Rugby Union. Creedy later switched codes to rugby league and joined the Marist club in the Canterbury Rugby League competition. He represented Canterbury and in 1955 was selected at halfback for the South Island. That year he was first selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team, playing against the", "id": "6530820" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1924 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the 11th tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales selection, and New Zealand won the 3 match series", "id": "14085325" }, { "contents": "Jim Sanders (rugby league)\n\n\nJames Sanders (1900–1981) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Sanders started his career in third grade with Addington in 1915. He spent his entire career with Addington apart from a few games for Hornby when Addington had no senior team. He captained Addington to their first title in 1923. Sanders made his New Zealand debut in 1919 against Australia. In 1921 Sanders toured Australia for New Zealand under coach Jim Rukutai. He played for New Zealand in 1922 against New South Wales and was part of the", "id": "6884071" }, { "contents": "Nolan Tupaea\n\n\na first grade match. In 1979 he moved to Petone, winning premierships in 1980, 1981 and 1982. He was also part of their 1982 victory in the National Club Cup. Tupaea represented Wellington, playing 64 matches between 1971 and 1985. He was selected for the Kiwi Colts in 1973 for a match against Queensland. In 1976 he represented the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. Tupaea played for the Central Districts side in their first five years of the New Zealand Rugby League's district competition. The side", "id": "15687157" }, { "contents": "Peter Ward (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter M. Ward (born 5 November 1876) was a New Zealand-born rugby union player who represented Australia. A fly-half, he was born in Invercargill. Ward was described as \"astute and a skillful inside back\". A member of the Britannia club Ward initially played for the Southland province between 1897 and 1898. He then moved to Sydney, Australia in 1899 and joined the Marrackville club. He was selected for New South Wales to play in their two matches against the touring Great Britain side. After", "id": "2597515" }, { "contents": "Frano Botica\n\n\nFrano Michael Botica (born 3 August 1963) is a New Zealand rugby union and rugby league coach and former player in both codes, who played in the 1980s and 1990s. He is the head coach of the Philippines sevens team. He represented New Zealand at both codes, and later also played for Croatia in two rugby union World Cup qualifying matches. Born in Mangakino, New Zealand, Botica played rugby union for club side North Shore, New Zealand provincial side North Harbour, as well as Llanelli in Wales, and", "id": "3135809" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nWilliam James Mitchell (28 November 1890 – 2 June 1959) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Mitchell was born in Melbourne, Australia before moving to New Zealand where he worked for the New Zealand Railways Department. Mitchell played rugby union for the Merivale club in Christchurch and represented the province nine times in 1909 and 1910. He was selected to be part of the All Blacks tour of Australia in 1910 and played in five matches, including the second and third Test", "id": "3816466" }, { "contents": "1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand was the third tour made by the Springboks rugby team, and their first tour to Australia and New Zealand. South Africa played three Test matches against the All Blacks. The series was drawn 1–all, and the long-running controversy between the countries over the All Blacks' inclusion of Maori players began. The Springboks played five matches in Australia, winning them all. The three most important matches against New South Wales, were retroactively accorded Test status by the Australian", "id": "19644461" }, { "contents": "1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand was a series of rugby union matches played in New Zealand by the South African national rugby union team, from June - August 1994. The team played 14 matches in total; 11 against several provincial rugby teams and 3 against the New Zealand national rugby union team. South Africa won 10 out of the 11 matches against provincial sides, losing one match to Otago. They lost their first two test matches against the New Zealand national side and drew the last test. The", "id": "14043514" }, { "contents": "Ewen McKenzie\n\n\nTri nations, but was reselected in 1997 for the 1997 French tour of Australia. 1997 was the year McKenzie retired from international rugby, making his last appearance on 12 July 1997 after a 25–6 victory over England in Sydney. In his entire career of 51 test matches, he only ever played as a substitute once, during a pool game in the 1995 Rugby World Cup. In 1992, McKenzie toured New Zealand with the World XV to mark the centenary of the New Zealand Rugby Union. New Zealand won the series 2–1", "id": "7179494" }, { "contents": "Sam Gemmell\n\n\nSamuel William Gemmell (28 August 1896 – 28 June 1970) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A loose forward, Gemmell represented Hawke's Bay at a provincial level. He played one match for the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, out of position at hooker against New South Wales at Dunedin. Affiliating to Ngāti Pāhauwera, Gemmell played 57 matches for New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1929, making him the most capped player for that team. He served as a private with the New Zealand (Māori", "id": "16059662" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\nCharles \"Charlie\" Herbert \"Herb\" Smith (13 February 1909 – 10 April 1976) was a New Zealand rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s. He played representative level rugby union (RU) for New Zealand (Heritage № 406) (non-test matches), South Island and Otago (captain), and at club level for Southern RFC , as a centre, i.e. number 12 or 13, switching codes in 1936. He played representative level rugby league (RL", "id": "11805487" }, { "contents": "James Barber (rugby)\n\n\nover to join the squad. He played in the first ever trans-Tasman test which was the debut match of the Australia national rugby league team. Barber would go on to appear in all three test matches against Australia. Barber later captained the New Zealand side in its 1909 tour of Australia. His last game for New Zealand was in 1912. In 1912 he was in Petone's side that won the inaugural Wellington Rugby League competition. Barber captained Wellington between 1911 and 1914, including Wellington's 1913 victory over Auckland.", "id": "7778848" }, { "contents": "Alex Watson (rugby league)\n\n\nAlex Watson (1931–2002) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer of the 1950s. An Australian international and Queensland interstate representative three-quarter back, he played club football in the Brisbane Rugby League premiership for Western Suburbs. Watson first represented Queensland in 1951 in a match against New South Wales. He made his test debut at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 12 June 1954 against Great Britain in the first test of that year's Ashes series. Australia won this test 37-12. In 1953 Watson toured New Zealand with the", "id": "15082194" }, { "contents": "Jack McLeod (rugby league)\n\n\nJack McLeod is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. McLeod played for Taranaki and Auckland. While at the Manukau club, McLeod was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1937, playing against Australia. He toured Australia with New Zealand in 1938 however no test matches were played on the tour. Four days after the 1937 test, McLeod was part of the New Zealand Māori side that defeated Australia 16-5. In 2008 he was named in the Taranaki Rugby League Team of the Century", "id": "19760905" }, { "contents": "Frank Nicholson (rugby union)\n\n\nof these matches played against New South Wales. The Howell reference claims that Nicholson's rugby career was interrupted by enlistment in the Boer War. He claimed two international rugby caps for Australia. He appeared for Queensland against the touring New Zealanders in Brisbane in August 1903 and two weeks later made his international debut against the same tourists in Sydney, on 15 August 1903. In 1904 he captained Queensland in the inter-state series and played alongside his brother Fred who scored a try in that match. Later that season he had", "id": "2954916" }, { "contents": "Frank Brogan (rugby league)\n\n\nFrank Brogan (1903–1961) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s. He played as a halfback with South Sydney during the club's golden era of the 1920s when they won 5 premierships. Brogan made his debut for South Sydney in 1922 against Newtown as an 18 year old. In 1924, Brogan was selected to play for New South Wales and featured in two matches. The following year, Brogan won his first premiership with Souths as they finished first on the table and were not required to play in", "id": "18073767" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\ntest of 1899 against the first British side to tour Australia, at Sydney, on 12 August. He also played for Australia in 1903 in Sydney against New Zealand in the first official rugby union international between the countries. He became an early convert to the fledgling league code and played for the Ipswich club in Queensland. He was selected in the 2nd Test of 1908 against New Zealand. Five former Wallabies had debuted for the Kangaroos in the inaugural Test three weeks earlier, Hardcastle's league Test debut that day with George Watson", "id": "802017" } ]

[ { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nthe 6–8 defeat by New South Wales at Sydney on 7 August 1922, and scored a penalty in the 45–11 victory over Manawatu-Wellington XV at Palmerston North on 16 August 1922 but never played a Test match for New Zealand. In 1923 Fitzgerald moved to Christchurch, joining the Marist Old Boys club. However the club was expelled from the Canterbury Rugby Union in April 1924 and Fitzgerald followed to club to rugby league. Fitzgerald excelled in rugby league and in his debut year he made the national side, playing in two Test", "id": "13539549" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nhe lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Jim O'Brien. Fitzgerald played for the South Island in 1922, scoring a try in the inter-island match. Following this he was selected for New Zealand, playing in five matches on a tour of New Zealand and Australia. Fitzgerald represented New Zealand (RU) in the 12–11 victory over Wairarapa at Carterton on 19 July 1922, the 26–19 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on 29 July 1922, the 24–6 victory over Metropolitan Union at Sydney on 2 August 1922,", "id": "13539548" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nCharles James Fitzgerald (6 June 1899, in Fairhall – 8 May 1961, in Awatere Valley) was a New Zealand dual-code international rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Fitzgerald was a utility back in both codes. Fitzgerald represented Marlborough between 1917 and 1921, appearing for the union in every backline position except fullback. He played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks kicking a penalty goal in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game", "id": "13539547" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nAndrew James \"Jim\" O'Brien (1897–1969) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. O'Brien began his career playing rugby union for Marlborough between 1919 and 1921. He also played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game he lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Charles Fitzgerald. In 1922 he moved north to Auckland, joining the Grafton club. He immediately was selected for the", "id": "13908850" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nNorth Island side and subsequently the All Blacks tour of New Zealand and South Wales. He finished the tour having played in 3 games and scored one try. Returning to Auckland, O’Brien played his first game for the union late in the 1922 season. In 1923 he played five games for Auckland. O'Brien switched to rugby league in 1924, joining Marist in the Auckland Rugby League competition. He played for Auckland and made the New Zealand national rugby league team for three tests against the touring Great Britain Lions side that year.", "id": "13908851" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\nLouis Charles Petersen (19 April 1897 – 25 June 1961) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Petersen served with the New Zealand Expeditionary Force in World War I and it was here that he developed his football skills, playing for the \"Trench team\". Petersen began his career with the Marist Old Boys club in Christchurch and in 1919 was first selected to represent Canterbury. He made the South Island side in 1919, 1920 and 1921. In 1922 Petersen was", "id": "14015995" }, { "contents": "Jim Craig (rugby league)\n\n\nversatility was such that he was selected at hooker for a match on tour of New Zealand in 1919. Graig first represented for New South Wales against a touring English side in 1920. He was selected on the 1921–22 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and made his Test debut in the first Test at Leeds. He appeared in 23 minor tour matches notching a total of 58 points as a try scorer and goal kicker. Following his Kangaroo Tour representative appearances in 1922 he played a season with the University club in Sydney. In 1923", "id": "6542629" }, { "contents": "Albert Johnston (rugby league)\n\n\nclub seasons of 1921 and 1922. In 1912 he was selected in a Sydney Metropolis side. In 1913 he was in a New South Wales touring squad to New Zealand as half-back but was kept out of the major matches by the form of his peer Arthur Halloway. He captained New South Wales in some 1918 games and then made his Australian Test debut in 1919 on Australia's tour of New Zealand. He scored a try on debut assisting Australia to a 44-21 victory. With tour captain Halloway unfit for", "id": "9752107" }, { "contents": "Percy Hickey\n\n\nPercival \"Percy\" Hubert Hickey (28 April 1899 – 21 December 1943) was a New Zealand rugby union player who represented the All Blacks in 1922. His position of choice was wing three-quarter. Hickey was born in Rahotu in 1899. He made the provincial side in 1919. He was selected for the North against South Island match in 1922. He scored a try. He was then selected for the national side on their tour of New South Wales. Hickey played in two of the possible five matches.", "id": "3545214" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1922 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the tenth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales Selection, and NSW won the 3 match series 2–1. In", "id": "13453802" }, { "contents": "Billy Sheehan (rugby union)\n\n\ntop Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of their 1920s fixtures played against full international opposition were decreed in 1986 as official Test matches, including the three of Sheehan's 1921 debut and fifteen other appearances he would make over the next six years. In 1922 he appeared in all three Test in Sydney against the visiting All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Sheehan played all of the three match series in which the Waratahs were undefeated. On the 1923 tour of New Zealand and", "id": "5401479" }, { "contents": "Les Steel\n\n\nLeslie William Steel (1900 – 28 April 1966) was a rugby league footballer in Australia's major competition, the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL). Steel played over 100 matches for his club side, Eastern Suburbs in the years (1922–29). A Winger, Steel was a try scorer in Easts 1923 premiership victory. In 1922 Steel was selected to represent New South Wales. Following his football career, Steel spent many years as an official of the Eastern Suburbs club. He died at Hurstville, New South", "id": "20482633" }, { "contents": "Jim Bacon (rugby)\n\n\nLions tour of Australasia. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Leeds in 1920 against Australia (3 matches), and New Zealand (3 matches), in 1921 against Australia (2 matches), in 1922 against Australia, in 1924 against Australia, and in 1927 against New Zealand. From 1921 until 1927 he also represented Wales, winning six caps, all against England, including 1-victory, and 5-defeats. Bacon played left-, i.e. number 4 and scored 2-tries in Leeds' 11–3 victory over Dewsbury", "id": "5182427" }, { "contents": "Karl Ifwersen\n\n\nrep team, captaining the combined Auckland-North Auckland side against South Africa in his first game back and scoring the only try. Ifwersen played in one test match for the All Blacks during the 1921 South Africa tour of the country. Ifwersen continued to play for Auckland between 1922 and 1938. Ifwersen died in Auckland on 19 May 1967, having suffered considerably from football injuries during his old age. Ifwersen was inducted into the New Zealand Rugby League's Legends of League in 2000. He was the first New Zealander to represent", "id": "14118993" }, { "contents": "New Zealand national rugby union team\n\n\nThomas Ellison captained team won nine of their ten matches. The following year New Zealand played its first home \"international\" game, losing 8–6 to New South Wales. The team's first true test match occurred against Australia on 15 August 1903 at the Sydney Cricket Ground in front of over 30,000 spectators, and resulted in a 22–3 victory. A representative New Zealand team first toured the British Isles in 1905. The side is now known as the \"Originals\", as the \"All Blacks\" name emerged during this tour", "id": "20449805" }, { "contents": "Wilson Hall (rugby league)\n\n\nA. Wilson Hall was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s and 1930s who represented New Zealand and later played at club level in England for Castleford. From the Ngaruawahia club, Wilson Hall represented South Auckland in 1922. He was a half for South Auckland and the North Island in 1925. In 1926 he moved to Christchurch. Wilson Hall then represented the Hornby club, Canterbury and the South Island. He was selected for New Zealand's tour of Great Britain in 1926. He played in two test matches", "id": "20659026" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\nwas selected to tour New Zealand. He played in seven matches on tour including the Waratah's Test victory. He made representative appearances in 1922 against the New Zealand Maori and the All Blacks, played in three Tests against them in 1924 and in five matches against them in 1925. The 3rd test of 1925 played on 23 June at the Sydney Showground was Fox's sole appearance as the national captain. He was solid in further Test appearances against New Zealand in 1926 He was a tremendous lineout forward and one of the senior", "id": "9169857" }, { "contents": "Dai Fitzgerald\n\n\nDavid \"Dai\" Fitzgerald (1872 – 30 November 1951) was a Welsh rugby centre who played club rugby under the union code for Cardiff, and later switched to professional rugby league team Batley (captain). He played international rugby union for Wales winning two caps, and in his first match for Wales scored all the points in a victory over Scotland. Fitzgerald first played rugby in Cardiff for the now defunct club, St. Davids, one of several Welsh teams built around Catholic churches. He switched to first class club", "id": "18632594" }, { "contents": "Bruce Gall\n\n\nBruce Gall is a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Gall played in the Taranaki Rugby League and represented Taranaki. In 1976 Gall played for the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. In 1979 he played for the Central Districts side that won the Inter-Districts competition. He was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team on the 1980 tour of Great Britain and France. Gall did not play in a test match but did play in 8 games for the Kiwis, scoring 3 tries.", "id": "18658371" }, { "contents": "Shaun Foley\n\n\nShaun Foley (born 29 August 1986 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia) is an Australian rugby union player and a former member of the National Rugby League's (NRL) Sydney Roosters squad. Foley played in the Australian Schoolboys Rugby Union team that lost to New Zealand 21-16 in 2004. Foley scored all 16 points for the Australian team. Foley joined NRL side the Sydney Roosters in 2006, playing 7 games and scoring 6 tries. He scored two tries in the Roosters 40-20 victory over the", "id": "3276301" }, { "contents": "Sam Lowrie\n\n\nSamuel Arthur \"Sam\" Lowrie was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. His grandnephew, Jason Lowrie, also represented New Zealand in rugby league. Lowrie played for the Ponsonby club in the Auckland Rugby League competition. In 1919 Lowrie played for Auckland and was first selected to represent New Zealand, playing in three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1922 Lowrie toured Australia, with the New Zealand Māori rugby league team. Lowrie was named Ponsonby's best forward in 1923. He again played for", "id": "21879456" }, { "contents": "Arthur Kay (rugby league)\n\n\nArthur Geig Kay was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Kay represented Auckland and was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1935. He played in all three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1936 he played in two matches against the touring Great Britain team and played in his final test match in New Zealand's 16-15 victory over Australia at Carlaw Park on 14 August 1937. He was selected to tour Great Britain and France in 1939 but the tour was abandoned due to the", "id": "13813701" }, { "contents": "Percy Williams (New Zealand rugby league player)\n\n\nPercy Williams was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Williams originally played rugby union and represented Auckland. Williams played for Wigan for three seasons between 1910/11 to 1912/13. During this time he played in 111 matches for the club in the Lancashire League, including in the 1911 Challenge Cup Final loss. In 1913 he was called into the New Zealand squad, joining them midway through their tour of Australia. Williams was said to be instrumental in New Zealand's 17-11 upset victory over New South Wales.", "id": "14326389" }, { "contents": "Johnnie Wallace\n\n\nthe club's first Wallaby representative. His potential was obvious and in 1921 he was selected in the New South Wales side picked to tour New Zealand. He played in five of the ten tour matches including the September 1921 fixture against a New Zealand XV which is now regarded as a Test match. With no Queensland Rugby Union administration or competition in place from 1919 to 1929, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of the fixtures of 1920s which were played against", "id": "7506396" }, { "contents": "Jack Forrest (rugby league)\n\n\nJohn Alexander \"Jack\" Forrest (24 February 1924 – 26 February 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 12 international matches between 1947 and 1952. His cousin Jonas Masters also played rugby league for New Zealand. Forrest played in the West Coast Rugby League competition for Runanga and represented both the West Coast and the South Island. He played in 42 matches, 12 of which were test matches, for the New Zealand national rugby league team, including matches against the 1951 touring French side and", "id": "18556717" }, { "contents": "Pat Devery\n\n\n, New South Wales on 9 August 1922. A Tumbulgum junior, he played football in the Brisbane Rugby League for Fortitude Valley. Devery was then discovered by coach of Sydney's Balmain club Latchem Robinson while playing football in The Domain, Sydney as a sailor in the Royal Australian Navy during the war. Devery played for Balmain at halfback in the 1944 NSWRFL season's premiership final, scoring a try in his side's victory over Newtown. Devery also represented Sydney on 6 occasions, New South Wales on 2 occasions between 1946–1947", "id": "14526725" }, { "contents": "Charles Kingstone\n\n\nCharles Napoleon \"Nipper\" Kingstone (2 July 1895 – 6 May 1960) was a New Zealand sportsman who played international rugby union for New Zealand. He was also a first-class cricketer. A fullback, Kingstone played all three of his Tests during South Africa's 1921 tour of New Zealand. He was injured in a motor accident in 1922 and didn't play again for New Zealand. Kingstone played just one first-class cricket match. He represented a team called the \"Rest of New Zealand\" in a", "id": "8516640" }, { "contents": "Dougie McGregor\n\n\nAlwin John \"Dougie\" McGregor (1889–1963) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. McGregor played rugby union for the Karangahake club in the Goldfields sub-union competition in 1908. The following year he moved to Auckland, joining the Ponsonby club. McGregor represented Auckland and the North Island that same year. In 1913 McGregor was picked in the New Zealand squad for their North America tour and played in 11 games during the tour, including Test matches against Australia and", "id": "14128313" }, { "contents": "1893 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1893 New Zealand tour rugby to Australia was the second tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. Ten matches were played against regional and district sides, but no Test matches were played. It was first tour arranged by New Zealand Rugby Football Union which was founded the year before. The only previous New Zealand national team was the side that toured New South Wales in 1884. Immediately before departing for Sydney, the tourists played a match against a \"Combined XV\" in Wellington, which New Zealand won", "id": "14310646" }, { "contents": "Australasia rugby league team\n\n\nThe Australasian rugby league team (or the Kangaroos) represented Australia and New Zealand in rugby league sporadically between 1910 and 1922. Administered by the New South Wales Rugby League, appearances for the team were counted towards the Australian team's records and playing register but not the New Zealand team's. The team toured Great Britain twice, participating in two Ashes series, and also played Great Britain twice in Sydney. The Australasian side first played in 1910. After Great Britain had defeated Australia in two Test matches it was decided that", "id": "15931608" }, { "contents": "George Dickinson\n\n\nChurch in Dunedin. While at Otago Boys' High School, Dickinson played as a five-eighth in the school's 1st XV rugby team between 1918 and 1921. He made his debut for the All Blacks in 1922 on their tour of New South Wales, playing five matches and scoring three tries. He went on to play 12 matches for between 1922 and 1924, scoring five tries, 11 conversions and one penalty goal. Dickinson also played for the South Island in 1922. He retired from first-class rugby at", "id": "2808375" }, { "contents": "Alexander Kirkpatrick (rugby union)\n\n\nAlexander Kirkpatrick (4 October 1898 – 25 August 1971) was an All Blacks rugby union player from New Zealand. He was a hooker. He played 12 matches for the All Blacks in1925-26 against Australia (New South Wales), scoring 6 points (2 tries). He was a member of the Hastings club and captained the Hawke’s Bay Region to take the Ranfurly Shield off Wellington in 1922; and appeared in 22 of the 24 successful defences (more than any other player). In 1952-56", "id": "16723938" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nClaud Augustus O'Donnell (30 January 1886 – 4 August 1953) was an Australian rugby union and rugby league player and represented his country at both sports as a dual-code rugby international. O'Donnell played rugby union with the Glebe club in inner city Sydney. He made his representative debut for New South Wales in 1912 and the following year made two Test appearances as hooker for the Wallabies against the All Blacks in the 1913 tour of New Zealand. Switching to rugby league O'Donnell joined the Glebe Dirty Reds in 1915 and had three", "id": "1170779" }, { "contents": "Wally O'Connell\n\n\nand played 80 games. His first representative match was for City New South Wales in 1943. On 18 June 1945 a Sydney rugby league team featuring O'Connell travelled to Newcastle to play against their representative team and were defeated 27-26. He was the Roosters' pivot in their 1945 premiership final victory over Balmain. With senior representative matches canceled during WWII O'Connell didn't make his Test debut until 1948 against New Zealand in Sydney.He was selected for the 1948-49 Kangaroo Tour and played in five Tests and 16 minor", "id": "14384862" }, { "contents": "Mawene Hiroti\n\n\nMawene Hiroti (born 6 March 1999) is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who plays as a or er for the South Sydney Rabbitohs in the NRL. Hiroti was born in Taranaki, New Zealand. He has represented the Australian Schoolboys rugby league team and the New Zealand Under 18s. Forged his career playing for New Plymouth Old Boys under 11s 12s and 13s - winning Taranaki Premiership every year. Mawene scoring 50 percent of all tries. He played for the Rabbitohs in their pre-season 18-8 victory over English", "id": "14480103" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\n) for British Empire XIII, and at club level for Streatham and Mitcham and Halifax (Heritage № 437), as a , or , i.e. number 2 or 5, or, 3 or 4. Smith represented New Zealand (RU) in the 16–13 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on Monday 6 August 1934, and scored a try in the 35–3 victory over Newcastle at Newcastle, New South Wales on Wednesday 22 August 1934, but was not selected for the 1935–36 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland", "id": "11805488" }, { "contents": "Jim Rukutai\n\n\nNew Zealand played matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Rukutai coached New Zealand during their 1921 tour of Australia. He remains New Zealand's youngest ever national coach. He also coached New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1937. In 1937 he coached the New Zealand Māori to an upset win over Australia. In 1932 Rukutai served on the Auckland Rugby League board as the Clubs' delegate. He then served as the first chairman of the New Zealand Māori Rugby League Board when it was formed in 1934. Rukutai died at his", "id": "1899959" }, { "contents": "Greg Davis (rugby)\n\n\nand there joined the Drummoyne Rugby Club Davis was immediately selected for both New South Wales and Australia in his first year in Sydney. He debuted in a Sydney Test match against England in June 1963 and the following month was selected in the squad for the 1963 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa. He played in all four Test matches of the tied series and in ten other tour matches. The next year he made the 1964 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand playing in seven of the eight matches including all three Tests", "id": "3641367" }, { "contents": "Bill Kelly (rugby league)\n\n\n, Kelly played first class rugby union for Buller when he was 18 and later represented Wellington. Kelly switched to rugby league with the launch of the Wellington Rugby League competition in 1912 and played for Athletic in their grand final loss to Petone. He became a Wellington representative and toured Australia in 1912 and 1913 with the New Zealand national side. No test matches were played with the Kiwis meeting New South Wales and Queensland and a number of regional sides. He played in Wellingtons 1913 victory over Auckland. He joined the Balmain Tigers", "id": "146975" }, { "contents": "1929 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\nThe 1929 New Zealand rugby league season was the 22nd season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand. New Zealand played in no international matches in 1929. The New South Wales Rugby Football League's South Sydney Rabbitohs toured the country late in the season. They played two matches against Marist, with both sides securing one win. South Sydney also defeated Huntly. Souths were without five Kangaroos who were on a tour of Great Britain. Marist won the first match 10-9 at Carlaw Park while Souths won the", "id": "3198729" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\ndue to a row over the eligibility of three players. They instead joined the Rugby League and the Football Association. Marist spent just seven seasons in the Canterbury Rugby League but won three titles, in 1924, 1925 and 1928. In 1924 they produced six New Zealand internationals; Bill Devine, Charles Fitzgerald, Ted Fitzgerald, Terry Gilroy, Harry Mullins and Lou Petersen. Jim Amos also switched codes with Marist but played in their lower divisions. Greymouth Marist joined the West Coast Rugby League in support of Christchurch Marist. The", "id": "3198709" }, { "contents": "Charles Webb (rugby league)\n\n\nCharles Webb was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand . A halfback from the Ponsonby United club, Webb also represented Auckland. In 1912, Webb toured Australia with New Zealand. The side played in matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Later that same year, New South Wales made a return tour to New Zealand. Webb captained the New Zealand side that played against them, losing 10-18. He also played in two matches for Auckland against the touring Blues side. Webb was selected for the", "id": "14418029" }, { "contents": "David Evans (rugby)\n\n\nDavid \"Dave\" Alexander Evans (4 October 1886 – 12 October 1940) was a New Zealand dual-code international who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Evans began his career playing rugby union and represented Hawke's Bay 19 times from 1906. He made the 1910 New Zealand tour of Australia and played in the 0–11 Test defeat by Australia at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 27 June 1910, becoming the Hawke's Bay's third representative. While in Australia Evans had been impressed by the rugby league", "id": "13088290" }, { "contents": "Bill Cunningham (rugby union)\n\n\nFootball Union. He was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1901, and played against Wellington and the New South Wales team that was touring New Zealand at the time. Both matches were comfortably won, with the tourists defeated 20–3. Cunningham played his first of four matches for Auckland against international opposition, against the same New South Wales side a week later, with his Auckland team winning 24–3. Cunningham moved to Auckland in 1902, and played his club rugby for City, before joining Ponsonby the following season. He", "id": "17185617" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\nWilliam Robert \"Bill\" Hardcastle (30 August 1874 – 11 July 1944) born in Wellington, New Zealand was a pioneer New Zealand and Australian rugby union player and an Australian rugby league footballer. He represented both countries in union and Australia in league. He was one of the first dual-code rugby internationals. Hardcastle commenced his club rugby in New Zealand with Petone and represented for Wellington from 1895 to 1897. He joined the Melrose club in 1897 and was selected in a North Island representative side from where he was", "id": "802015" }, { "contents": "Steve Skinnon\n\n\nSteve Skinnon (born 27 November 1976) is a New Zealand rugby footballer who played rugby union for Wellington and Hawkes Bay in the National Provincial Championship and rugby league for the Sydney Roosters and South Sydney Rabbitohs in the National Rugby League. He represented his country in both codes at a junior level. Skinnon started his career in rugby union and represented the New Zealand under 19 side in 1994 from Wellington College, playing at second five eighth. He switched codes to rugby league in 1995 and was picked to play for the Junior", "id": "2628332" }, { "contents": "Jim Wylie\n\n\nJames Thomas Wylie (26 October 1887 – 19 December 1956) was a New Zealand rugby union player, who represented both the country of his birth and Australia. He went on to coach the Stanford University rugby team for over 30 years from 1917. Born in Galatea in 1887, Wylie was a tall man at , and played as a loose forward. He first represented in 1910, playing six matches, before moving to Sydney for the next two years. There he made four appearances for New South Wales against Queensland,", "id": "12170928" }, { "contents": "Edward Baird (rugby league)\n\n\nNorthern Union\" style of rugby, taking on Albert Baskerville's New Zealand All Golds on their inaugural tour. Baird played as a reserve as the Queenslanders lost the historic match 34–12. He went on to make another appearance against New Zealand and two against New South Wales. When the New Zealand team came back on the return leg of their tour, they played three Test matches against the first Australian representative sides ever selected. The first Test was played in Sydney on 9 May 1908 with the Kiwis prevailing. On 30 May", "id": "17722972" }, { "contents": "Bob Aynsley\n\n\nRobert Aynsley (5 January 1922 – 12 October 2012) was a New Zealand rugby league player. He played five test matches for the New Zealand national rugby league team. Aynsley played for Blackball and represented the West Coast and the South Island before first being selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1946. He played in five test matches, his last in 1949. He played in 15 tour games on the 1947–1948 tour of Great Britain and France. After retirement, Aynsley was a referee from 1953 to 1960", "id": "5310628" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\ninterest in rugby union in Sydney following WWI. In 1920 he appeared three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the All Blacks scoring a try in his representative debut. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches. In 1921 he represented for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks and", "id": "9169856" }, { "contents": "1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand, more commonly known in New Zealand as the 1956 Springboks tour was a series of rugby union matches played by South Africa in Australia and New Zealand. The \"Springboks\" won 21 matches of 29, drew 1, and lost 7. They played 6 Test matches, with two victories over Australia and one over New Zealand. The New Zealand leg of their trip was the primary focus of the tour—23 of their 29 matches were in New Zealand, which included", "id": "12210178" }, { "contents": "Bert Cooke (rugby)\n\n\nspent 1932 with Hawke's Bay, before switching codes. Cooke also represented Wairarapa and Wellington while playing rugby union. He finished his rugby union career with 121 tries in 131 first class matches. Cooke joined the Richmond Rovers club in the Auckland Rugby League competition in 1932 and made an immediate impact, racing away for three tries in the inter-island game only weeks later. He was selected for New Zealand that year against the Great Britain Lions. Cooke also represented Auckland and captained New Zealand in two Test matches against Australia", "id": "12460198" }, { "contents": "Queensland rugby league team\n\n\nZealand rugby league tour of Australia, Queensland lost both its matches against the Kiwis in Brisbane. Again, Queensland played two matches against the Kiwis during the 1913 New Zealand rugby league tour of Australia and again the Maroons lost both. New South Wales had won every match between the two states until 1922, when the Maroons, with Cyril Connell playing at , achieved their maiden victory. This commenced Queensland's only golden period before the introduction of State of Origin. In 1925 Queensland toured New Zealand and played against the full New", "id": "12687033" }, { "contents": "1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia was the sixth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. Four matches were played against regional and district sides along with three Test match against the Australia national side, being the first time both teams played each other. New Zealand won the series with two victories and a tied match. Before the tour matches, New Zealand played a preliminary game v. the Wellington RU team at the Athletic Park, won by the \"All Blacks\" 19–6. Complete list of matches played", "id": "1302262" }, { "contents": "Watty Friend\n\n\nTest matches. In 1921 he figured in three matches for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks. Howell notes that Friends was one of the Waratahs' top players. In 1922 he appeared in all three matches again when the All Blacks visited Sydney, with second and third matches wins resulting in a rare series victory of those days to the Waratahs over the All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Friend was honoured with the captaincy of New South Wales in a three match series in which the Waratahs", "id": "5285969" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nseasons in the Sydney premiership. In 1918 he moved to Brisbane and joined the Carltons club, one of the early incarnations of the Souths Magpies. From there he made state appearances for Queensland against New South Wales over four years and in 1919 was selected in the Australian team as hooker. He played in all four Tests of the 1919 rugby league tour of New Zealand. He is listed as Australia's 97th representative on the Australian Rugby League's Kangaroo register. His international rugby league debut against New Zealand in Wellington on 23", "id": "1170780" }, { "contents": "John Rosewell\n\n\n. Along with Dally Messenger, Denis Lutge, Doug McLean snr and Micky Dore he was one of the inaugural five Australian dual code rugby internationals who having earlier represented at rugby union, debuted in international rugby league in Sydney on 9 May 1908 in the first ever Australian league Test against New Zealand. He is listed on the \"Australian Players Register\" as Kangaroo No.13. He spent three seasons at South Sydney playing 29 matches scoring 4 tries and 6 goals. He was a member of the 1910 Rabbitohs side that drew the", "id": "801844" }, { "contents": "George Aitken (rugby union)\n\n\nGeorge Gothard Aitken (2 July 1898 – 8 July 1952) was a rugby union footballer who represented New Zealand – known as the All Blacks – and then Scotland. He was born in Westport, New Zealand, and was selected to play provincially for Buller at the age of 16. After moving to Wellington, Aitken played for the province from 1917, and from there was selected for the All Blacks side that faced South Africa when they toured New Zealand in 1921. After only two Test matches for the All Blacks,", "id": "5006718" }, { "contents": "Jack Holland (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Holland (1922-1994) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s. An Australian international and New South Wales interstate representative forward, he played his club football in Sydney's NSWRFL Premiership for the St. George club. Holland was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia on 19 August 1922. Holland served in the Army during World War II. Commencing his first-grade NSWRFL Premiership playing career with St. George in 1947, he was selected to represent New South Wales in 1948", "id": "4207831" }, { "contents": "Jack Price (rugby league)\n\n\nagainst Australia (2 matches), and while at Wigan in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches). Jack Price played , in Wigan's 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. Jack Price played in Wigan's victories in the Lancashire County League during the 1922–23 season, 1923–24 season and 1925–26 season. Jack Price played , and scored a try in Wigan's 21-4 victory over", "id": "12779224" }, { "contents": "Edwin Abbott (rugby league)\n\n\nEdwin Frederick Abbott (1909–1976) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 1930 and 1932. Abbott was the nephew of 1905 All Black Harold Abbott and the uncle of Bill Deacon, a Kiwi from 1965 to 1971. From the Ngaruawahia Panthers club, Abbott represented South Auckland and the North Island. In 1930 he was selected for the New Zealand tour of New South Wales, playing in both matches against New South Wales and scoring three tries against Sydney Metropolis. He played for South Auckland against both the", "id": "19358978" }, { "contents": "Jim Davis (rugby league)\n\n\nthe 1911 NSWRFL season with North Sydney before playing three seasons with the Glebe club. His top-grade career finished up back at Souths in 1918-19 before concluding with a country stint at Parkes. Davis made his debut Test appearance in 1908 against New Zealand, appearing in both matches of the first rugby league international series played by an Australian representative side. At the end of that season he was selected in the 35 man squad to make the first ever Kangaroo Tour. Davis played in six tour matches but in none", "id": "11335988" }, { "contents": "Herb Brackenreg\n\n\nEastern Suburbs club. An Eastern Suburbs rugby union player, Brackenreg had been a member of the rebel New South Wales sides that played against the rebel New Zealand 'All Blacks' in the 1907 series that helped to establish rugby league in Australia. He played in 8 NSWRFL Premiership matches for Easts including that club's first match and was a member of the NSWRL's first premiership decider played against local rival, South Sydney. In that first season Brackenreg was selected to represent his state, New South Wales, in 2 matches", "id": "12715024" }, { "contents": "Danny Hurcombe\n\n\nFrom 29 November 1919 Hurcombe played for English rugby league club, Wigan. Hurcombe was selected to go on the 1920 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Wigan in 1920 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand, in 1922 against Australia, and in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches), and he won 6 caps for Wales in 1921–1926 while at Wigan. Hurcombe made his début for Wigan in", "id": "11028974" }, { "contents": "Arthur Hardgrave\n\n\nArthur Hardgrave ( 1908–14) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. A fullback, Hardgrave played for Taranaki against Auckland in 1908 and 1909. He later moved to Auckland and played for Otahuhu at club level and represented Auckland provincially. In 1912, Hardgrave was selected for the New Zealand national side who toured Australia. No test matches were played on the tour but Hardgrave became the 74th player to represent New Zealand. Following the tour, Hardgrave was part of the Auckland side that defeated New South Wales 10–3", "id": "124840" }, { "contents": "Ted Thorn\n\n\n. Ted made his state representative debut in 1922, appearing three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the visiting All Blacks for two victories. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches - including fifteen such appearances made by Ted Thorn. Thorn made the 1923 New South Wales tour", "id": "5576534" }, { "contents": "Jack Fitzgerald (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Fitzgerald was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s, and coached in the 1960s. He played for Western Suburbs as a winger and later coached the club from 1961 to 1964. Fitzgerald began his career with Western Suburbs in 1949. In 1952, Fitzgerald was a member of the Western Suburbs side which claimed their fourth and final premiership defeating South Sydney in the grand final, with Fitzgerald scoring a try. Fitzgerald played for three more seasons before retiring as a player. Fitzgerald began his coaching", "id": "15556425" }, { "contents": "Owen Stephens\n\n\nWales. He won a single cap for New Zealand, playing in the All Blacks' 19–12 victory over France at Eden Park, Auckland on 10 August 1968, and won five caps for Australia, playing against Tonga and Wales in 1973 and New Zealand in 1974. Only three players have played rugby union at test match level for both New Zealand and Australia: namely Des Connor, Ted Jessep and Stephens. He played club level rugby league for St. George Dragons (trial), Parramatta Eels (Heritage № 339) (", "id": "7733372" }, { "contents": "Peter Williams (New Zealand rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Williams (22 April 188430 August 1976) was a rugby union player who represented New Zealand nine times, including a single Test match. He played club rugby for Dunedin side Alhambra, and played provincial rugby for Otago between 1908 and 1914. His sole season of international rugby was 1913, when he played in a home Test against Australia before touring North America with the All Blacksas New Zealand's international team is knownthat same year. He was selected for a tour of Australia the following year, but was unavailable and so", "id": "8410349" }, { "contents": "Frank Smyth\n\n\nBernard Francis \"Frank\" Smyth (11 February 1891 – 15 July 1972) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A hooker, Smyth played a single representative game for Canterbury in 1915, one match for the South Island in 1922 and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, also in 1922. He played three matches for the All Blacks but did not appear in any internationals. His grandson is politician Peter Dunne. Smyth served in the No. 3 Field Company, New Zealand Engineers", "id": "16651150" }, { "contents": "1921 Waratahs tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe Queensland Rugby Union had collapsed in 1919 and would not be reborn until 1929 leaving the New South Wales Rugby Union to administer the game in Australia at the national representative level. In 1923 the New South Wales side toured New Zealand In 1986 the Australian Rugby Union decreed the five full-internationals played on the tour as official Test matches. Previously the All Blacks visited New South Wales in the 1920 tour. This tour happened while the Springboks were completing their tour in New Zealand. Previously in June, South Africa played three", "id": "14085090" }, { "contents": "Robert Graves (rugby)\n\n\n1905 and from there was selected to represent Metropolis (Sydney) in a fixture against Country played over Easter in 1905. He continued in a coaching role for the Grosvenor club even while himself playing rugby for those other sides from 1903 to 1907. Graves was one of the New South Wales rugby union players who matched up against the first professional New Zealand team, Albert Baskiville's 'All Golds' in three matches in Sydney in August 1907. He played in all three matches and along with the other Australian rebel players was", "id": "3902454" }, { "contents": "Jim Sullivan (rugby league)\n\n\n, converting five goals in a 21–0 win against Widnes. He made his first representative appearance in December 1921, playing for Wales in a 16–21 defeat against Australia. Jim Sullivan played , and scored 4-conversions in Wigan's 13-2 victory over Oldham in the Championship Final during the 1921–22 season at The Cliff, Broughton on Saturday 6 May 1922, played , and scored 4-conversions in the 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. played", "id": "338598" }, { "contents": "Simon Poidevin\n\n\nwas then selected to play for New South Wales in a succession of the matches in 1981. The first match against Manawatu was won 58-3, with NSW scoring 10 tries. Victories over Waikato and Counties followed, before New South Wales were defeated by Queensland 26-15 at the Sydney Cricket Ground. New South Wales played Queensland in a return match a week later in Brisbane that was won 7-6. Poidevin played for Sydney against France in the third game France played for their 1981 France rugby union tour of", "id": "16857237" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\ncalled up to the All Blacks and he played in eight games for New Zealand, although he did not appear in any Test matches. In 1924 Marist Old Boys became locked in a dispute with the Canterbury Rugby Union and quit, instead fielding rugby league and soccer teams. Petersen followed the club, taking up rugby league. Petersen made an immediate impact and was one of six Marist Old Boys players who were selected to represent New Zealand that season. In total Petersen played in three Test matches for New Zealand in rugby league", "id": "14015996" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\n, Bert Avery and Maurice Wetherill. Lou Brown made his Auckland debut in the second match. At the end of the tour the NSW members of the 1921-22 Australasian Kangaroos were joined by New Zealand member Bert Laing for a match against the rest of the NSW squad and local Auckland stars. The Kangaroos won 65-27. The New Zealand Māori side played Sydney Metropolis in Sydney. South Auckland held the Northern Union Cup at the end of the season. They defeated Auckland 21-20 in Auckland to win the", "id": "3198700" }, { "contents": "John Solomon (rugby union)\n\n\nmade his state and national representative debuts at age nineteen, first playing for Australia against the at the Sydney Cricket Ground in June 1949. Later that year he toured New Zealand with Trevor Allan's Bledisloe Cup winning Wallabies. Solomon played variously at five-eighth, fullback and centre in seven matches of the tour including the 2nd Test at Eden Park where he scored a try thus helping the side make history as the first Australian team to win the Cup in New Zealand. He played twice for New South Wales in 1950 at", "id": "19470085" }, { "contents": "Darby Loudon\n\n\nDarby Briton Loudon (12 March 1897 – c. 1963) was a New Zealand born rugby union player, a flanker who made sixteen representative appearances for the New South Wales state team in the 1920s. Four of these matches have since been decreed as Test matches by the Australian Rugby Union and Loudon, who led the side in one such match in 1922, was therefore a captain of the Australian national team. Loudon, was born in Leeston, New Zealand and relocated to Sydney during his youth. He attended Sydney Grammar School", "id": "5401488" }, { "contents": "Michael Fitzgerald (rugby union)\n\n\nMichael Fitzgerald (born ) is a New Zealand rugby union player currently playing for Kamaishi Seawaves in Japan. He previously played for Leicester Tigers in England's Premiership Rugby, for the Chiefs in Super Rugby and Manawatu in the ITM Cup. His regular playing position is lock. In 2013, he signed a contract extension with the Chiefs until 2015. On 21 April 2015, it was announced he had signed for English Aviva Premiership side Leicester Tigers. Fitzgerald made his Leicester debut on 18 October 2015 in a 28-16 win", "id": "17447697" }, { "contents": "Peter Johnstone (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Johnstone (9 August 1922 – 18 October 1997) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A backrow forward, Johnstone represented Ashburton County while serving in the army and later at a provincial level. He was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1949 to 1951. He played 26 matches for the All Blacks —10 as captain—including nine internationals, touring South Africa in 1949 and playing all four tests against the touring 1950 British Lions. He was a key member of the", "id": "5603616" }, { "contents": "Brian Reidy\n\n\nBrian Thomas Reidy (27 January 1939 – 2 June 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Reidy played for the Marist club and represented Auckland. He made his debut for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1959, becoming Kiwi #383, but did not make his test match debut until 1961, against Australia at Carlaw Park. Between 1959 and 1966, Reidy played 65 games for New Zealand, including 19 tests, scoring 34 tries in all. He could play anywhere in the", "id": "21473667" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nmatches. In 1911 Mitchell, along with three other players from the Merivale club, moved to Sydney and played for the North Sydney Bears. He was then enticed north by the Queensland Rugby League. At the same time the New Zealand rugby league side was touring Australia and he was invited to join the touring party. Mitchell played in four matches, becoming a dual-code rugby international. Mitchell then returned to Christchurch and represented Canterbury in its first ever match in 1912. Mitchell toured Australia twice more with New Zealand,", "id": "3816467" }, { "contents": "Pat Creedy\n\n\nPatrick Joseph \"Pat\" Creedy (18 November 1927 – 7 April 2011) was a New Zealand rugby football player who represented New Zealand in rugby league. Creedy originally played rugby union and represented both the Southland Rugby Union and the Canterbury Rugby Union. Creedy later switched codes to rugby league and joined the Marist club in the Canterbury Rugby League competition. He represented Canterbury and in 1955 was selected at halfback for the South Island. That year he was first selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team, playing against the", "id": "6530820" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1924 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the 11th tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales selection, and New Zealand won the 3 match series", "id": "14085325" }, { "contents": "Jim Sanders (rugby league)\n\n\nJames Sanders (1900–1981) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Sanders started his career in third grade with Addington in 1915. He spent his entire career with Addington apart from a few games for Hornby when Addington had no senior team. He captained Addington to their first title in 1923. Sanders made his New Zealand debut in 1919 against Australia. In 1921 Sanders toured Australia for New Zealand under coach Jim Rukutai. He played for New Zealand in 1922 against New South Wales and was part of the", "id": "6884071" }, { "contents": "Nolan Tupaea\n\n\na first grade match. In 1979 he moved to Petone, winning premierships in 1980, 1981 and 1982. He was also part of their 1982 victory in the National Club Cup. Tupaea represented Wellington, playing 64 matches between 1971 and 1985. He was selected for the Kiwi Colts in 1973 for a match against Queensland. In 1976 he represented the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. Tupaea played for the Central Districts side in their first five years of the New Zealand Rugby League's district competition. The side", "id": "15687157" }, { "contents": "Peter Ward (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter M. Ward (born 5 November 1876) was a New Zealand-born rugby union player who represented Australia. A fly-half, he was born in Invercargill. Ward was described as \"astute and a skillful inside back\". A member of the Britannia club Ward initially played for the Southland province between 1897 and 1898. He then moved to Sydney, Australia in 1899 and joined the Marrackville club. He was selected for New South Wales to play in their two matches against the touring Great Britain side. After", "id": "2597515" }, { "contents": "Frano Botica\n\n\nFrano Michael Botica (born 3 August 1963) is a New Zealand rugby union and rugby league coach and former player in both codes, who played in the 1980s and 1990s. He is the head coach of the Philippines sevens team. He represented New Zealand at both codes, and later also played for Croatia in two rugby union World Cup qualifying matches. Born in Mangakino, New Zealand, Botica played rugby union for club side North Shore, New Zealand provincial side North Harbour, as well as Llanelli in Wales, and", "id": "3135809" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nWilliam James Mitchell (28 November 1890 – 2 June 1959) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Mitchell was born in Melbourne, Australia before moving to New Zealand where he worked for the New Zealand Railways Department. Mitchell played rugby union for the Merivale club in Christchurch and represented the province nine times in 1909 and 1910. He was selected to be part of the All Blacks tour of Australia in 1910 and played in five matches, including the second and third Test", "id": "3816466" }, { "contents": "1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand was the third tour made by the Springboks rugby team, and their first tour to Australia and New Zealand. South Africa played three Test matches against the All Blacks. The series was drawn 1–all, and the long-running controversy between the countries over the All Blacks' inclusion of Maori players began. The Springboks played five matches in Australia, winning them all. The three most important matches against New South Wales, were retroactively accorded Test status by the Australian", "id": "19644461" }, { "contents": "1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand was a series of rugby union matches played in New Zealand by the South African national rugby union team, from June - August 1994. The team played 14 matches in total; 11 against several provincial rugby teams and 3 against the New Zealand national rugby union team. South Africa won 10 out of the 11 matches against provincial sides, losing one match to Otago. They lost their first two test matches against the New Zealand national side and drew the last test. The", "id": "14043514" }, { "contents": "Ewen McKenzie\n\n\nTri nations, but was reselected in 1997 for the 1997 French tour of Australia. 1997 was the year McKenzie retired from international rugby, making his last appearance on 12 July 1997 after a 25–6 victory over England in Sydney. In his entire career of 51 test matches, he only ever played as a substitute once, during a pool game in the 1995 Rugby World Cup. In 1992, McKenzie toured New Zealand with the World XV to mark the centenary of the New Zealand Rugby Union. New Zealand won the series 2–1", "id": "7179494" }, { "contents": "Sam Gemmell\n\n\nSamuel William Gemmell (28 August 1896 – 28 June 1970) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A loose forward, Gemmell represented Hawke's Bay at a provincial level. He played one match for the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, out of position at hooker against New South Wales at Dunedin. Affiliating to Ngāti Pāhauwera, Gemmell played 57 matches for New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1929, making him the most capped player for that team. He served as a private with the New Zealand (Māori", "id": "16059662" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\nCharles \"Charlie\" Herbert \"Herb\" Smith (13 February 1909 – 10 April 1976) was a New Zealand rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s. He played representative level rugby union (RU) for New Zealand (Heritage № 406) (non-test matches), South Island and Otago (captain), and at club level for Southern RFC , as a centre, i.e. number 12 or 13, switching codes in 1936. He played representative level rugby league (RL", "id": "11805487" }, { "contents": "James Barber (rugby)\n\n\nover to join the squad. He played in the first ever trans-Tasman test which was the debut match of the Australia national rugby league team. Barber would go on to appear in all three test matches against Australia. Barber later captained the New Zealand side in its 1909 tour of Australia. His last game for New Zealand was in 1912. In 1912 he was in Petone's side that won the inaugural Wellington Rugby League competition. Barber captained Wellington between 1911 and 1914, including Wellington's 1913 victory over Auckland.", "id": "7778848" }, { "contents": "Alex Watson (rugby league)\n\n\nAlex Watson (1931–2002) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer of the 1950s. An Australian international and Queensland interstate representative three-quarter back, he played club football in the Brisbane Rugby League premiership for Western Suburbs. Watson first represented Queensland in 1951 in a match against New South Wales. He made his test debut at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 12 June 1954 against Great Britain in the first test of that year's Ashes series. Australia won this test 37-12. In 1953 Watson toured New Zealand with the", "id": "15082194" }, { "contents": "Jack McLeod (rugby league)\n\n\nJack McLeod is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. McLeod played for Taranaki and Auckland. While at the Manukau club, McLeod was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1937, playing against Australia. He toured Australia with New Zealand in 1938 however no test matches were played on the tour. Four days after the 1937 test, McLeod was part of the New Zealand Māori side that defeated Australia 16-5. In 2008 he was named in the Taranaki Rugby League Team of the Century", "id": "19760905" }, { "contents": "Frank Nicholson (rugby union)\n\n\nof these matches played against New South Wales. The Howell reference claims that Nicholson's rugby career was interrupted by enlistment in the Boer War. He claimed two international rugby caps for Australia. He appeared for Queensland against the touring New Zealanders in Brisbane in August 1903 and two weeks later made his international debut against the same tourists in Sydney, on 15 August 1903. In 1904 he captained Queensland in the inter-state series and played alongside his brother Fred who scored a try in that match. Later that season he had", "id": "2954916" }, { "contents": "Frank Brogan (rugby league)\n\n\nFrank Brogan (1903–1961) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s. He played as a halfback with South Sydney during the club's golden era of the 1920s when they won 5 premierships. Brogan made his debut for South Sydney in 1922 against Newtown as an 18 year old. In 1924, Brogan was selected to play for New South Wales and featured in two matches. The following year, Brogan won his first premiership with Souths as they finished first on the table and were not required to play in", "id": "18073767" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\ntest of 1899 against the first British side to tour Australia, at Sydney, on 12 August. He also played for Australia in 1903 in Sydney against New Zealand in the first official rugby union international between the countries. He became an early convert to the fledgling league code and played for the Ipswich club in Queensland. He was selected in the 2nd Test of 1908 against New Zealand. Five former Wallabies had debuted for the Kangaroos in the inaugural Test three weeks earlier, Hardcastle's league Test debut that day with George Watson", "id": "802017" } ]

[ { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nthe 6–8 defeat by New South Wales at Sydney on 7 August 1922, and scored a penalty in the 45–11 victory over Manawatu-Wellington XV at Palmerston North on 16 August 1922 but never played a Test match for New Zealand. In 1923 Fitzgerald moved to Christchurch, joining the Marist Old Boys club. However the club was expelled from the Canterbury Rugby Union in April 1924 and Fitzgerald followed to club to rugby league. Fitzgerald excelled in rugby league and in his debut year he made the national side, playing in two Test", "id": "13539549" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nhe lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Jim O'Brien. Fitzgerald played for the South Island in 1922, scoring a try in the inter-island match. Following this he was selected for New Zealand, playing in five matches on a tour of New Zealand and Australia. Fitzgerald represented New Zealand (RU) in the 12–11 victory over Wairarapa at Carterton on 19 July 1922, the 26–19 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on 29 July 1922, the 24–6 victory over Metropolitan Union at Sydney on 2 August 1922,", "id": "13539548" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nCharles James Fitzgerald (6 June 1899, in Fairhall – 8 May 1961, in Awatere Valley) was a New Zealand dual-code international rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Fitzgerald was a utility back in both codes. Fitzgerald represented Marlborough between 1917 and 1921, appearing for the union in every backline position except fullback. He played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks kicking a penalty goal in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game", "id": "13539547" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nAndrew James \"Jim\" O'Brien (1897–1969) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. O'Brien began his career playing rugby union for Marlborough between 1919 and 1921. He also played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game he lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Charles Fitzgerald. In 1922 he moved north to Auckland, joining the Grafton club. He immediately was selected for the", "id": "13908850" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nNorth Island side and subsequently the All Blacks tour of New Zealand and South Wales. He finished the tour having played in 3 games and scored one try. Returning to Auckland, O’Brien played his first game for the union late in the 1922 season. In 1923 he played five games for Auckland. O'Brien switched to rugby league in 1924, joining Marist in the Auckland Rugby League competition. He played for Auckland and made the New Zealand national rugby league team for three tests against the touring Great Britain Lions side that year.", "id": "13908851" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\nLouis Charles Petersen (19 April 1897 – 25 June 1961) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Petersen served with the New Zealand Expeditionary Force in World War I and it was here that he developed his football skills, playing for the \"Trench team\". Petersen began his career with the Marist Old Boys club in Christchurch and in 1919 was first selected to represent Canterbury. He made the South Island side in 1919, 1920 and 1921. In 1922 Petersen was", "id": "14015995" }, { "contents": "Jim Craig (rugby league)\n\n\nversatility was such that he was selected at hooker for a match on tour of New Zealand in 1919. Graig first represented for New South Wales against a touring English side in 1920. He was selected on the 1921–22 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and made his Test debut in the first Test at Leeds. He appeared in 23 minor tour matches notching a total of 58 points as a try scorer and goal kicker. Following his Kangaroo Tour representative appearances in 1922 he played a season with the University club in Sydney. In 1923", "id": "6542629" }, { "contents": "Albert Johnston (rugby league)\n\n\nclub seasons of 1921 and 1922. In 1912 he was selected in a Sydney Metropolis side. In 1913 he was in a New South Wales touring squad to New Zealand as half-back but was kept out of the major matches by the form of his peer Arthur Halloway. He captained New South Wales in some 1918 games and then made his Australian Test debut in 1919 on Australia's tour of New Zealand. He scored a try on debut assisting Australia to a 44-21 victory. With tour captain Halloway unfit for", "id": "9752107" }, { "contents": "Percy Hickey\n\n\nPercival \"Percy\" Hubert Hickey (28 April 1899 – 21 December 1943) was a New Zealand rugby union player who represented the All Blacks in 1922. His position of choice was wing three-quarter. Hickey was born in Rahotu in 1899. He made the provincial side in 1919. He was selected for the North against South Island match in 1922. He scored a try. He was then selected for the national side on their tour of New South Wales. Hickey played in two of the possible five matches.", "id": "3545214" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1922 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the tenth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales Selection, and NSW won the 3 match series 2–1. In", "id": "13453802" }, { "contents": "Billy Sheehan (rugby union)\n\n\ntop Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of their 1920s fixtures played against full international opposition were decreed in 1986 as official Test matches, including the three of Sheehan's 1921 debut and fifteen other appearances he would make over the next six years. In 1922 he appeared in all three Test in Sydney against the visiting All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Sheehan played all of the three match series in which the Waratahs were undefeated. On the 1923 tour of New Zealand and", "id": "5401479" }, { "contents": "Les Steel\n\n\nLeslie William Steel (1900 – 28 April 1966) was a rugby league footballer in Australia's major competition, the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL). Steel played over 100 matches for his club side, Eastern Suburbs in the years (1922–29). A Winger, Steel was a try scorer in Easts 1923 premiership victory. In 1922 Steel was selected to represent New South Wales. Following his football career, Steel spent many years as an official of the Eastern Suburbs club. He died at Hurstville, New South", "id": "20482633" }, { "contents": "Jim Bacon (rugby)\n\n\nLions tour of Australasia. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Leeds in 1920 against Australia (3 matches), and New Zealand (3 matches), in 1921 against Australia (2 matches), in 1922 against Australia, in 1924 against Australia, and in 1927 against New Zealand. From 1921 until 1927 he also represented Wales, winning six caps, all against England, including 1-victory, and 5-defeats. Bacon played left-, i.e. number 4 and scored 2-tries in Leeds' 11–3 victory over Dewsbury", "id": "5182427" }, { "contents": "Karl Ifwersen\n\n\nrep team, captaining the combined Auckland-North Auckland side against South Africa in his first game back and scoring the only try. Ifwersen played in one test match for the All Blacks during the 1921 South Africa tour of the country. Ifwersen continued to play for Auckland between 1922 and 1938. Ifwersen died in Auckland on 19 May 1967, having suffered considerably from football injuries during his old age. Ifwersen was inducted into the New Zealand Rugby League's Legends of League in 2000. He was the first New Zealander to represent", "id": "14118993" }, { "contents": "New Zealand national rugby union team\n\n\nThomas Ellison captained team won nine of their ten matches. The following year New Zealand played its first home \"international\" game, losing 8–6 to New South Wales. The team's first true test match occurred against Australia on 15 August 1903 at the Sydney Cricket Ground in front of over 30,000 spectators, and resulted in a 22–3 victory. A representative New Zealand team first toured the British Isles in 1905. The side is now known as the \"Originals\", as the \"All Blacks\" name emerged during this tour", "id": "20449805" }, { "contents": "Wilson Hall (rugby league)\n\n\nA. Wilson Hall was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s and 1930s who represented New Zealand and later played at club level in England for Castleford. From the Ngaruawahia club, Wilson Hall represented South Auckland in 1922. He was a half for South Auckland and the North Island in 1925. In 1926 he moved to Christchurch. Wilson Hall then represented the Hornby club, Canterbury and the South Island. He was selected for New Zealand's tour of Great Britain in 1926. He played in two test matches", "id": "20659026" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\nwas selected to tour New Zealand. He played in seven matches on tour including the Waratah's Test victory. He made representative appearances in 1922 against the New Zealand Maori and the All Blacks, played in three Tests against them in 1924 and in five matches against them in 1925. The 3rd test of 1925 played on 23 June at the Sydney Showground was Fox's sole appearance as the national captain. He was solid in further Test appearances against New Zealand in 1926 He was a tremendous lineout forward and one of the senior", "id": "9169857" }, { "contents": "Dai Fitzgerald\n\n\nDavid \"Dai\" Fitzgerald (1872 – 30 November 1951) was a Welsh rugby centre who played club rugby under the union code for Cardiff, and later switched to professional rugby league team Batley (captain). He played international rugby union for Wales winning two caps, and in his first match for Wales scored all the points in a victory over Scotland. Fitzgerald first played rugby in Cardiff for the now defunct club, St. Davids, one of several Welsh teams built around Catholic churches. He switched to first class club", "id": "18632594" }, { "contents": "Bruce Gall\n\n\nBruce Gall is a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Gall played in the Taranaki Rugby League and represented Taranaki. In 1976 Gall played for the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. In 1979 he played for the Central Districts side that won the Inter-Districts competition. He was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team on the 1980 tour of Great Britain and France. Gall did not play in a test match but did play in 8 games for the Kiwis, scoring 3 tries.", "id": "18658371" }, { "contents": "Shaun Foley\n\n\nShaun Foley (born 29 August 1986 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia) is an Australian rugby union player and a former member of the National Rugby League's (NRL) Sydney Roosters squad. Foley played in the Australian Schoolboys Rugby Union team that lost to New Zealand 21-16 in 2004. Foley scored all 16 points for the Australian team. Foley joined NRL side the Sydney Roosters in 2006, playing 7 games and scoring 6 tries. He scored two tries in the Roosters 40-20 victory over the", "id": "3276301" }, { "contents": "Sam Lowrie\n\n\nSamuel Arthur \"Sam\" Lowrie was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. His grandnephew, Jason Lowrie, also represented New Zealand in rugby league. Lowrie played for the Ponsonby club in the Auckland Rugby League competition. In 1919 Lowrie played for Auckland and was first selected to represent New Zealand, playing in three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1922 Lowrie toured Australia, with the New Zealand Māori rugby league team. Lowrie was named Ponsonby's best forward in 1923. He again played for", "id": "21879456" }, { "contents": "Arthur Kay (rugby league)\n\n\nArthur Geig Kay was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Kay represented Auckland and was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1935. He played in all three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1936 he played in two matches against the touring Great Britain team and played in his final test match in New Zealand's 16-15 victory over Australia at Carlaw Park on 14 August 1937. He was selected to tour Great Britain and France in 1939 but the tour was abandoned due to the", "id": "13813701" }, { "contents": "Percy Williams (New Zealand rugby league player)\n\n\nPercy Williams was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Williams originally played rugby union and represented Auckland. Williams played for Wigan for three seasons between 1910/11 to 1912/13. During this time he played in 111 matches for the club in the Lancashire League, including in the 1911 Challenge Cup Final loss. In 1913 he was called into the New Zealand squad, joining them midway through their tour of Australia. Williams was said to be instrumental in New Zealand's 17-11 upset victory over New South Wales.", "id": "14326389" }, { "contents": "Johnnie Wallace\n\n\nthe club's first Wallaby representative. His potential was obvious and in 1921 he was selected in the New South Wales side picked to tour New Zealand. He played in five of the ten tour matches including the September 1921 fixture against a New Zealand XV which is now regarded as a Test match. With no Queensland Rugby Union administration or competition in place from 1919 to 1929, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of the fixtures of 1920s which were played against", "id": "7506396" }, { "contents": "Jack Forrest (rugby league)\n\n\nJohn Alexander \"Jack\" Forrest (24 February 1924 – 26 February 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 12 international matches between 1947 and 1952. His cousin Jonas Masters also played rugby league for New Zealand. Forrest played in the West Coast Rugby League competition for Runanga and represented both the West Coast and the South Island. He played in 42 matches, 12 of which were test matches, for the New Zealand national rugby league team, including matches against the 1951 touring French side and", "id": "18556717" }, { "contents": "Pat Devery\n\n\n, New South Wales on 9 August 1922. A Tumbulgum junior, he played football in the Brisbane Rugby League for Fortitude Valley. Devery was then discovered by coach of Sydney's Balmain club Latchem Robinson while playing football in The Domain, Sydney as a sailor in the Royal Australian Navy during the war. Devery played for Balmain at halfback in the 1944 NSWRFL season's premiership final, scoring a try in his side's victory over Newtown. Devery also represented Sydney on 6 occasions, New South Wales on 2 occasions between 1946–1947", "id": "14526725" }, { "contents": "Charles Kingstone\n\n\nCharles Napoleon \"Nipper\" Kingstone (2 July 1895 – 6 May 1960) was a New Zealand sportsman who played international rugby union for New Zealand. He was also a first-class cricketer. A fullback, Kingstone played all three of his Tests during South Africa's 1921 tour of New Zealand. He was injured in a motor accident in 1922 and didn't play again for New Zealand. Kingstone played just one first-class cricket match. He represented a team called the \"Rest of New Zealand\" in a", "id": "8516640" }, { "contents": "Dougie McGregor\n\n\nAlwin John \"Dougie\" McGregor (1889–1963) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. McGregor played rugby union for the Karangahake club in the Goldfields sub-union competition in 1908. The following year he moved to Auckland, joining the Ponsonby club. McGregor represented Auckland and the North Island that same year. In 1913 McGregor was picked in the New Zealand squad for their North America tour and played in 11 games during the tour, including Test matches against Australia and", "id": "14128313" }, { "contents": "1893 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1893 New Zealand tour rugby to Australia was the second tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. Ten matches were played against regional and district sides, but no Test matches were played. It was first tour arranged by New Zealand Rugby Football Union which was founded the year before. The only previous New Zealand national team was the side that toured New South Wales in 1884. Immediately before departing for Sydney, the tourists played a match against a \"Combined XV\" in Wellington, which New Zealand won", "id": "14310646" }, { "contents": "Australasia rugby league team\n\n\nThe Australasian rugby league team (or the Kangaroos) represented Australia and New Zealand in rugby league sporadically between 1910 and 1922. Administered by the New South Wales Rugby League, appearances for the team were counted towards the Australian team's records and playing register but not the New Zealand team's. The team toured Great Britain twice, participating in two Ashes series, and also played Great Britain twice in Sydney. The Australasian side first played in 1910. After Great Britain had defeated Australia in two Test matches it was decided that", "id": "15931608" }, { "contents": "George Dickinson\n\n\nChurch in Dunedin. While at Otago Boys' High School, Dickinson played as a five-eighth in the school's 1st XV rugby team between 1918 and 1921. He made his debut for the All Blacks in 1922 on their tour of New South Wales, playing five matches and scoring three tries. He went on to play 12 matches for between 1922 and 1924, scoring five tries, 11 conversions and one penalty goal. Dickinson also played for the South Island in 1922. He retired from first-class rugby at", "id": "2808375" }, { "contents": "Alexander Kirkpatrick (rugby union)\n\n\nAlexander Kirkpatrick (4 October 1898 – 25 August 1971) was an All Blacks rugby union player from New Zealand. He was a hooker. He played 12 matches for the All Blacks in1925-26 against Australia (New South Wales), scoring 6 points (2 tries). He was a member of the Hastings club and captained the Hawke’s Bay Region to take the Ranfurly Shield off Wellington in 1922; and appeared in 22 of the 24 successful defences (more than any other player). In 1952-56", "id": "16723938" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nClaud Augustus O'Donnell (30 January 1886 – 4 August 1953) was an Australian rugby union and rugby league player and represented his country at both sports as a dual-code rugby international. O'Donnell played rugby union with the Glebe club in inner city Sydney. He made his representative debut for New South Wales in 1912 and the following year made two Test appearances as hooker for the Wallabies against the All Blacks in the 1913 tour of New Zealand. Switching to rugby league O'Donnell joined the Glebe Dirty Reds in 1915 and had three", "id": "1170779" }, { "contents": "Wally O'Connell\n\n\nand played 80 games. His first representative match was for City New South Wales in 1943. On 18 June 1945 a Sydney rugby league team featuring O'Connell travelled to Newcastle to play against their representative team and were defeated 27-26. He was the Roosters' pivot in their 1945 premiership final victory over Balmain. With senior representative matches canceled during WWII O'Connell didn't make his Test debut until 1948 against New Zealand in Sydney.He was selected for the 1948-49 Kangaroo Tour and played in five Tests and 16 minor", "id": "14384862" }, { "contents": "Mawene Hiroti\n\n\nMawene Hiroti (born 6 March 1999) is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who plays as a or er for the South Sydney Rabbitohs in the NRL. Hiroti was born in Taranaki, New Zealand. He has represented the Australian Schoolboys rugby league team and the New Zealand Under 18s. Forged his career playing for New Plymouth Old Boys under 11s 12s and 13s - winning Taranaki Premiership every year. Mawene scoring 50 percent of all tries. He played for the Rabbitohs in their pre-season 18-8 victory over English", "id": "14480103" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\n) for British Empire XIII, and at club level for Streatham and Mitcham and Halifax (Heritage № 437), as a , or , i.e. number 2 or 5, or, 3 or 4. Smith represented New Zealand (RU) in the 16–13 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on Monday 6 August 1934, and scored a try in the 35–3 victory over Newcastle at Newcastle, New South Wales on Wednesday 22 August 1934, but was not selected for the 1935–36 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland", "id": "11805488" }, { "contents": "Jim Rukutai\n\n\nNew Zealand played matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Rukutai coached New Zealand during their 1921 tour of Australia. He remains New Zealand's youngest ever national coach. He also coached New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1937. In 1937 he coached the New Zealand Māori to an upset win over Australia. In 1932 Rukutai served on the Auckland Rugby League board as the Clubs' delegate. He then served as the first chairman of the New Zealand Māori Rugby League Board when it was formed in 1934. Rukutai died at his", "id": "1899959" }, { "contents": "Greg Davis (rugby)\n\n\nand there joined the Drummoyne Rugby Club Davis was immediately selected for both New South Wales and Australia in his first year in Sydney. He debuted in a Sydney Test match against England in June 1963 and the following month was selected in the squad for the 1963 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa. He played in all four Test matches of the tied series and in ten other tour matches. The next year he made the 1964 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand playing in seven of the eight matches including all three Tests", "id": "3641367" }, { "contents": "Bill Kelly (rugby league)\n\n\n, Kelly played first class rugby union for Buller when he was 18 and later represented Wellington. Kelly switched to rugby league with the launch of the Wellington Rugby League competition in 1912 and played for Athletic in their grand final loss to Petone. He became a Wellington representative and toured Australia in 1912 and 1913 with the New Zealand national side. No test matches were played with the Kiwis meeting New South Wales and Queensland and a number of regional sides. He played in Wellingtons 1913 victory over Auckland. He joined the Balmain Tigers", "id": "146975" }, { "contents": "1929 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\nThe 1929 New Zealand rugby league season was the 22nd season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand. New Zealand played in no international matches in 1929. The New South Wales Rugby Football League's South Sydney Rabbitohs toured the country late in the season. They played two matches against Marist, with both sides securing one win. South Sydney also defeated Huntly. Souths were without five Kangaroos who were on a tour of Great Britain. Marist won the first match 10-9 at Carlaw Park while Souths won the", "id": "3198729" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\ndue to a row over the eligibility of three players. They instead joined the Rugby League and the Football Association. Marist spent just seven seasons in the Canterbury Rugby League but won three titles, in 1924, 1925 and 1928. In 1924 they produced six New Zealand internationals; Bill Devine, Charles Fitzgerald, Ted Fitzgerald, Terry Gilroy, Harry Mullins and Lou Petersen. Jim Amos also switched codes with Marist but played in their lower divisions. Greymouth Marist joined the West Coast Rugby League in support of Christchurch Marist. The", "id": "3198709" }, { "contents": "Charles Webb (rugby league)\n\n\nCharles Webb was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand . A halfback from the Ponsonby United club, Webb also represented Auckland. In 1912, Webb toured Australia with New Zealand. The side played in matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Later that same year, New South Wales made a return tour to New Zealand. Webb captained the New Zealand side that played against them, losing 10-18. He also played in two matches for Auckland against the touring Blues side. Webb was selected for the", "id": "14418029" }, { "contents": "David Evans (rugby)\n\n\nDavid \"Dave\" Alexander Evans (4 October 1886 – 12 October 1940) was a New Zealand dual-code international who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Evans began his career playing rugby union and represented Hawke's Bay 19 times from 1906. He made the 1910 New Zealand tour of Australia and played in the 0–11 Test defeat by Australia at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 27 June 1910, becoming the Hawke's Bay's third representative. While in Australia Evans had been impressed by the rugby league", "id": "13088290" }, { "contents": "Bill Cunningham (rugby union)\n\n\nFootball Union. He was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1901, and played against Wellington and the New South Wales team that was touring New Zealand at the time. Both matches were comfortably won, with the tourists defeated 20–3. Cunningham played his first of four matches for Auckland against international opposition, against the same New South Wales side a week later, with his Auckland team winning 24–3. Cunningham moved to Auckland in 1902, and played his club rugby for City, before joining Ponsonby the following season. He", "id": "17185617" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\nWilliam Robert \"Bill\" Hardcastle (30 August 1874 – 11 July 1944) born in Wellington, New Zealand was a pioneer New Zealand and Australian rugby union player and an Australian rugby league footballer. He represented both countries in union and Australia in league. He was one of the first dual-code rugby internationals. Hardcastle commenced his club rugby in New Zealand with Petone and represented for Wellington from 1895 to 1897. He joined the Melrose club in 1897 and was selected in a North Island representative side from where he was", "id": "802015" }, { "contents": "Steve Skinnon\n\n\nSteve Skinnon (born 27 November 1976) is a New Zealand rugby footballer who played rugby union for Wellington and Hawkes Bay in the National Provincial Championship and rugby league for the Sydney Roosters and South Sydney Rabbitohs in the National Rugby League. He represented his country in both codes at a junior level. Skinnon started his career in rugby union and represented the New Zealand under 19 side in 1994 from Wellington College, playing at second five eighth. He switched codes to rugby league in 1995 and was picked to play for the Junior", "id": "2628332" }, { "contents": "Jim Wylie\n\n\nJames Thomas Wylie (26 October 1887 – 19 December 1956) was a New Zealand rugby union player, who represented both the country of his birth and Australia. He went on to coach the Stanford University rugby team for over 30 years from 1917. Born in Galatea in 1887, Wylie was a tall man at , and played as a loose forward. He first represented in 1910, playing six matches, before moving to Sydney for the next two years. There he made four appearances for New South Wales against Queensland,", "id": "12170928" }, { "contents": "Edward Baird (rugby league)\n\n\nNorthern Union\" style of rugby, taking on Albert Baskerville's New Zealand All Golds on their inaugural tour. Baird played as a reserve as the Queenslanders lost the historic match 34–12. He went on to make another appearance against New Zealand and two against New South Wales. When the New Zealand team came back on the return leg of their tour, they played three Test matches against the first Australian representative sides ever selected. The first Test was played in Sydney on 9 May 1908 with the Kiwis prevailing. On 30 May", "id": "17722972" }, { "contents": "Bob Aynsley\n\n\nRobert Aynsley (5 January 1922 – 12 October 2012) was a New Zealand rugby league player. He played five test matches for the New Zealand national rugby league team. Aynsley played for Blackball and represented the West Coast and the South Island before first being selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1946. He played in five test matches, his last in 1949. He played in 15 tour games on the 1947–1948 tour of Great Britain and France. After retirement, Aynsley was a referee from 1953 to 1960", "id": "5310628" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\ninterest in rugby union in Sydney following WWI. In 1920 he appeared three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the All Blacks scoring a try in his representative debut. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches. In 1921 he represented for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks and", "id": "9169856" }, { "contents": "1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand, more commonly known in New Zealand as the 1956 Springboks tour was a series of rugby union matches played by South Africa in Australia and New Zealand. The \"Springboks\" won 21 matches of 29, drew 1, and lost 7. They played 6 Test matches, with two victories over Australia and one over New Zealand. The New Zealand leg of their trip was the primary focus of the tour—23 of their 29 matches were in New Zealand, which included", "id": "12210178" }, { "contents": "Bert Cooke (rugby)\n\n\nspent 1932 with Hawke's Bay, before switching codes. Cooke also represented Wairarapa and Wellington while playing rugby union. He finished his rugby union career with 121 tries in 131 first class matches. Cooke joined the Richmond Rovers club in the Auckland Rugby League competition in 1932 and made an immediate impact, racing away for three tries in the inter-island game only weeks later. He was selected for New Zealand that year against the Great Britain Lions. Cooke also represented Auckland and captained New Zealand in two Test matches against Australia", "id": "12460198" }, { "contents": "Queensland rugby league team\n\n\nZealand rugby league tour of Australia, Queensland lost both its matches against the Kiwis in Brisbane. Again, Queensland played two matches against the Kiwis during the 1913 New Zealand rugby league tour of Australia and again the Maroons lost both. New South Wales had won every match between the two states until 1922, when the Maroons, with Cyril Connell playing at , achieved their maiden victory. This commenced Queensland's only golden period before the introduction of State of Origin. In 1925 Queensland toured New Zealand and played against the full New", "id": "12687033" }, { "contents": "1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia was the sixth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. Four matches were played against regional and district sides along with three Test match against the Australia national side, being the first time both teams played each other. New Zealand won the series with two victories and a tied match. Before the tour matches, New Zealand played a preliminary game v. the Wellington RU team at the Athletic Park, won by the \"All Blacks\" 19–6. Complete list of matches played", "id": "1302262" }, { "contents": "Watty Friend\n\n\nTest matches. In 1921 he figured in three matches for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks. Howell notes that Friends was one of the Waratahs' top players. In 1922 he appeared in all three matches again when the All Blacks visited Sydney, with second and third matches wins resulting in a rare series victory of those days to the Waratahs over the All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Friend was honoured with the captaincy of New South Wales in a three match series in which the Waratahs", "id": "5285969" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nseasons in the Sydney premiership. In 1918 he moved to Brisbane and joined the Carltons club, one of the early incarnations of the Souths Magpies. From there he made state appearances for Queensland against New South Wales over four years and in 1919 was selected in the Australian team as hooker. He played in all four Tests of the 1919 rugby league tour of New Zealand. He is listed as Australia's 97th representative on the Australian Rugby League's Kangaroo register. His international rugby league debut against New Zealand in Wellington on 23", "id": "1170780" }, { "contents": "John Rosewell\n\n\n. Along with Dally Messenger, Denis Lutge, Doug McLean snr and Micky Dore he was one of the inaugural five Australian dual code rugby internationals who having earlier represented at rugby union, debuted in international rugby league in Sydney on 9 May 1908 in the first ever Australian league Test against New Zealand. He is listed on the \"Australian Players Register\" as Kangaroo No.13. He spent three seasons at South Sydney playing 29 matches scoring 4 tries and 6 goals. He was a member of the 1910 Rabbitohs side that drew the", "id": "801844" }, { "contents": "George Aitken (rugby union)\n\n\nGeorge Gothard Aitken (2 July 1898 – 8 July 1952) was a rugby union footballer who represented New Zealand – known as the All Blacks – and then Scotland. He was born in Westport, New Zealand, and was selected to play provincially for Buller at the age of 16. After moving to Wellington, Aitken played for the province from 1917, and from there was selected for the All Blacks side that faced South Africa when they toured New Zealand in 1921. After only two Test matches for the All Blacks,", "id": "5006718" }, { "contents": "Jack Holland (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Holland (1922-1994) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s. An Australian international and New South Wales interstate representative forward, he played his club football in Sydney's NSWRFL Premiership for the St. George club. Holland was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia on 19 August 1922. Holland served in the Army during World War II. Commencing his first-grade NSWRFL Premiership playing career with St. George in 1947, he was selected to represent New South Wales in 1948", "id": "4207831" }, { "contents": "Jack Price (rugby league)\n\n\nagainst Australia (2 matches), and while at Wigan in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches). Jack Price played , in Wigan's 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. Jack Price played in Wigan's victories in the Lancashire County League during the 1922–23 season, 1923–24 season and 1925–26 season. Jack Price played , and scored a try in Wigan's 21-4 victory over", "id": "12779224" }, { "contents": "Edwin Abbott (rugby league)\n\n\nEdwin Frederick Abbott (1909–1976) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 1930 and 1932. Abbott was the nephew of 1905 All Black Harold Abbott and the uncle of Bill Deacon, a Kiwi from 1965 to 1971. From the Ngaruawahia Panthers club, Abbott represented South Auckland and the North Island. In 1930 he was selected for the New Zealand tour of New South Wales, playing in both matches against New South Wales and scoring three tries against Sydney Metropolis. He played for South Auckland against both the", "id": "19358978" }, { "contents": "Jim Davis (rugby league)\n\n\nthe 1911 NSWRFL season with North Sydney before playing three seasons with the Glebe club. His top-grade career finished up back at Souths in 1918-19 before concluding with a country stint at Parkes. Davis made his debut Test appearance in 1908 against New Zealand, appearing in both matches of the first rugby league international series played by an Australian representative side. At the end of that season he was selected in the 35 man squad to make the first ever Kangaroo Tour. Davis played in six tour matches but in none", "id": "11335988" }, { "contents": "Herb Brackenreg\n\n\nEastern Suburbs club. An Eastern Suburbs rugby union player, Brackenreg had been a member of the rebel New South Wales sides that played against the rebel New Zealand 'All Blacks' in the 1907 series that helped to establish rugby league in Australia. He played in 8 NSWRFL Premiership matches for Easts including that club's first match and was a member of the NSWRL's first premiership decider played against local rival, South Sydney. In that first season Brackenreg was selected to represent his state, New South Wales, in 2 matches", "id": "12715024" }, { "contents": "Danny Hurcombe\n\n\nFrom 29 November 1919 Hurcombe played for English rugby league club, Wigan. Hurcombe was selected to go on the 1920 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Wigan in 1920 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand, in 1922 against Australia, and in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches), and he won 6 caps for Wales in 1921–1926 while at Wigan. Hurcombe made his début for Wigan in", "id": "11028974" }, { "contents": "Arthur Hardgrave\n\n\nArthur Hardgrave ( 1908–14) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. A fullback, Hardgrave played for Taranaki against Auckland in 1908 and 1909. He later moved to Auckland and played for Otahuhu at club level and represented Auckland provincially. In 1912, Hardgrave was selected for the New Zealand national side who toured Australia. No test matches were played on the tour but Hardgrave became the 74th player to represent New Zealand. Following the tour, Hardgrave was part of the Auckland side that defeated New South Wales 10–3", "id": "124840" }, { "contents": "Ted Thorn\n\n\n. Ted made his state representative debut in 1922, appearing three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the visiting All Blacks for two victories. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches - including fifteen such appearances made by Ted Thorn. Thorn made the 1923 New South Wales tour", "id": "5576534" }, { "contents": "Jack Fitzgerald (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Fitzgerald was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s, and coached in the 1960s. He played for Western Suburbs as a winger and later coached the club from 1961 to 1964. Fitzgerald began his career with Western Suburbs in 1949. In 1952, Fitzgerald was a member of the Western Suburbs side which claimed their fourth and final premiership defeating South Sydney in the grand final, with Fitzgerald scoring a try. Fitzgerald played for three more seasons before retiring as a player. Fitzgerald began his coaching", "id": "15556425" }, { "contents": "Owen Stephens\n\n\nWales. He won a single cap for New Zealand, playing in the All Blacks' 19–12 victory over France at Eden Park, Auckland on 10 August 1968, and won five caps for Australia, playing against Tonga and Wales in 1973 and New Zealand in 1974. Only three players have played rugby union at test match level for both New Zealand and Australia: namely Des Connor, Ted Jessep and Stephens. He played club level rugby league for St. George Dragons (trial), Parramatta Eels (Heritage № 339) (", "id": "7733372" }, { "contents": "Peter Williams (New Zealand rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Williams (22 April 188430 August 1976) was a rugby union player who represented New Zealand nine times, including a single Test match. He played club rugby for Dunedin side Alhambra, and played provincial rugby for Otago between 1908 and 1914. His sole season of international rugby was 1913, when he played in a home Test against Australia before touring North America with the All Blacksas New Zealand's international team is knownthat same year. He was selected for a tour of Australia the following year, but was unavailable and so", "id": "8410349" }, { "contents": "Frank Smyth\n\n\nBernard Francis \"Frank\" Smyth (11 February 1891 – 15 July 1972) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A hooker, Smyth played a single representative game for Canterbury in 1915, one match for the South Island in 1922 and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, also in 1922. He played three matches for the All Blacks but did not appear in any internationals. His grandson is politician Peter Dunne. Smyth served in the No. 3 Field Company, New Zealand Engineers", "id": "16651150" }, { "contents": "1921 Waratahs tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe Queensland Rugby Union had collapsed in 1919 and would not be reborn until 1929 leaving the New South Wales Rugby Union to administer the game in Australia at the national representative level. In 1923 the New South Wales side toured New Zealand In 1986 the Australian Rugby Union decreed the five full-internationals played on the tour as official Test matches. Previously the All Blacks visited New South Wales in the 1920 tour. This tour happened while the Springboks were completing their tour in New Zealand. Previously in June, South Africa played three", "id": "14085090" }, { "contents": "Robert Graves (rugby)\n\n\n1905 and from there was selected to represent Metropolis (Sydney) in a fixture against Country played over Easter in 1905. He continued in a coaching role for the Grosvenor club even while himself playing rugby for those other sides from 1903 to 1907. Graves was one of the New South Wales rugby union players who matched up against the first professional New Zealand team, Albert Baskiville's 'All Golds' in three matches in Sydney in August 1907. He played in all three matches and along with the other Australian rebel players was", "id": "3902454" }, { "contents": "Jim Sullivan (rugby league)\n\n\n, converting five goals in a 21–0 win against Widnes. He made his first representative appearance in December 1921, playing for Wales in a 16–21 defeat against Australia. Jim Sullivan played , and scored 4-conversions in Wigan's 13-2 victory over Oldham in the Championship Final during the 1921–22 season at The Cliff, Broughton on Saturday 6 May 1922, played , and scored 4-conversions in the 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. played", "id": "338598" }, { "contents": "Simon Poidevin\n\n\nwas then selected to play for New South Wales in a succession of the matches in 1981. The first match against Manawatu was won 58-3, with NSW scoring 10 tries. Victories over Waikato and Counties followed, before New South Wales were defeated by Queensland 26-15 at the Sydney Cricket Ground. New South Wales played Queensland in a return match a week later in Brisbane that was won 7-6. Poidevin played for Sydney against France in the third game France played for their 1981 France rugby union tour of", "id": "16857237" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\ncalled up to the All Blacks and he played in eight games for New Zealand, although he did not appear in any Test matches. In 1924 Marist Old Boys became locked in a dispute with the Canterbury Rugby Union and quit, instead fielding rugby league and soccer teams. Petersen followed the club, taking up rugby league. Petersen made an immediate impact and was one of six Marist Old Boys players who were selected to represent New Zealand that season. In total Petersen played in three Test matches for New Zealand in rugby league", "id": "14015996" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\n, Bert Avery and Maurice Wetherill. Lou Brown made his Auckland debut in the second match. At the end of the tour the NSW members of the 1921-22 Australasian Kangaroos were joined by New Zealand member Bert Laing for a match against the rest of the NSW squad and local Auckland stars. The Kangaroos won 65-27. The New Zealand Māori side played Sydney Metropolis in Sydney. South Auckland held the Northern Union Cup at the end of the season. They defeated Auckland 21-20 in Auckland to win the", "id": "3198700" }, { "contents": "John Solomon (rugby union)\n\n\nmade his state and national representative debuts at age nineteen, first playing for Australia against the at the Sydney Cricket Ground in June 1949. Later that year he toured New Zealand with Trevor Allan's Bledisloe Cup winning Wallabies. Solomon played variously at five-eighth, fullback and centre in seven matches of the tour including the 2nd Test at Eden Park where he scored a try thus helping the side make history as the first Australian team to win the Cup in New Zealand. He played twice for New South Wales in 1950 at", "id": "19470085" }, { "contents": "Darby Loudon\n\n\nDarby Briton Loudon (12 March 1897 – c. 1963) was a New Zealand born rugby union player, a flanker who made sixteen representative appearances for the New South Wales state team in the 1920s. Four of these matches have since been decreed as Test matches by the Australian Rugby Union and Loudon, who led the side in one such match in 1922, was therefore a captain of the Australian national team. Loudon, was born in Leeston, New Zealand and relocated to Sydney during his youth. He attended Sydney Grammar School", "id": "5401488" }, { "contents": "Michael Fitzgerald (rugby union)\n\n\nMichael Fitzgerald (born ) is a New Zealand rugby union player currently playing for Kamaishi Seawaves in Japan. He previously played for Leicester Tigers in England's Premiership Rugby, for the Chiefs in Super Rugby and Manawatu in the ITM Cup. His regular playing position is lock. In 2013, he signed a contract extension with the Chiefs until 2015. On 21 April 2015, it was announced he had signed for English Aviva Premiership side Leicester Tigers. Fitzgerald made his Leicester debut on 18 October 2015 in a 28-16 win", "id": "17447697" }, { "contents": "Peter Johnstone (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Johnstone (9 August 1922 – 18 October 1997) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A backrow forward, Johnstone represented Ashburton County while serving in the army and later at a provincial level. He was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1949 to 1951. He played 26 matches for the All Blacks —10 as captain—including nine internationals, touring South Africa in 1949 and playing all four tests against the touring 1950 British Lions. He was a key member of the", "id": "5603616" }, { "contents": "Brian Reidy\n\n\nBrian Thomas Reidy (27 January 1939 – 2 June 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Reidy played for the Marist club and represented Auckland. He made his debut for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1959, becoming Kiwi #383, but did not make his test match debut until 1961, against Australia at Carlaw Park. Between 1959 and 1966, Reidy played 65 games for New Zealand, including 19 tests, scoring 34 tries in all. He could play anywhere in the", "id": "21473667" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nmatches. In 1911 Mitchell, along with three other players from the Merivale club, moved to Sydney and played for the North Sydney Bears. He was then enticed north by the Queensland Rugby League. At the same time the New Zealand rugby league side was touring Australia and he was invited to join the touring party. Mitchell played in four matches, becoming a dual-code rugby international. Mitchell then returned to Christchurch and represented Canterbury in its first ever match in 1912. Mitchell toured Australia twice more with New Zealand,", "id": "3816467" }, { "contents": "Pat Creedy\n\n\nPatrick Joseph \"Pat\" Creedy (18 November 1927 – 7 April 2011) was a New Zealand rugby football player who represented New Zealand in rugby league. Creedy originally played rugby union and represented both the Southland Rugby Union and the Canterbury Rugby Union. Creedy later switched codes to rugby league and joined the Marist club in the Canterbury Rugby League competition. He represented Canterbury and in 1955 was selected at halfback for the South Island. That year he was first selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team, playing against the", "id": "6530820" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1924 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the 11th tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales selection, and New Zealand won the 3 match series", "id": "14085325" }, { "contents": "Jim Sanders (rugby league)\n\n\nJames Sanders (1900–1981) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Sanders started his career in third grade with Addington in 1915. He spent his entire career with Addington apart from a few games for Hornby when Addington had no senior team. He captained Addington to their first title in 1923. Sanders made his New Zealand debut in 1919 against Australia. In 1921 Sanders toured Australia for New Zealand under coach Jim Rukutai. He played for New Zealand in 1922 against New South Wales and was part of the", "id": "6884071" }, { "contents": "Nolan Tupaea\n\n\na first grade match. In 1979 he moved to Petone, winning premierships in 1980, 1981 and 1982. He was also part of their 1982 victory in the National Club Cup. Tupaea represented Wellington, playing 64 matches between 1971 and 1985. He was selected for the Kiwi Colts in 1973 for a match against Queensland. In 1976 he represented the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. Tupaea played for the Central Districts side in their first five years of the New Zealand Rugby League's district competition. The side", "id": "15687157" }, { "contents": "Peter Ward (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter M. Ward (born 5 November 1876) was a New Zealand-born rugby union player who represented Australia. A fly-half, he was born in Invercargill. Ward was described as \"astute and a skillful inside back\". A member of the Britannia club Ward initially played for the Southland province between 1897 and 1898. He then moved to Sydney, Australia in 1899 and joined the Marrackville club. He was selected for New South Wales to play in their two matches against the touring Great Britain side. After", "id": "2597515" }, { "contents": "Frano Botica\n\n\nFrano Michael Botica (born 3 August 1963) is a New Zealand rugby union and rugby league coach and former player in both codes, who played in the 1980s and 1990s. He is the head coach of the Philippines sevens team. He represented New Zealand at both codes, and later also played for Croatia in two rugby union World Cup qualifying matches. Born in Mangakino, New Zealand, Botica played rugby union for club side North Shore, New Zealand provincial side North Harbour, as well as Llanelli in Wales, and", "id": "3135809" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nWilliam James Mitchell (28 November 1890 – 2 June 1959) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Mitchell was born in Melbourne, Australia before moving to New Zealand where he worked for the New Zealand Railways Department. Mitchell played rugby union for the Merivale club in Christchurch and represented the province nine times in 1909 and 1910. He was selected to be part of the All Blacks tour of Australia in 1910 and played in five matches, including the second and third Test", "id": "3816466" }, { "contents": "1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand was the third tour made by the Springboks rugby team, and their first tour to Australia and New Zealand. South Africa played three Test matches against the All Blacks. The series was drawn 1–all, and the long-running controversy between the countries over the All Blacks' inclusion of Maori players began. The Springboks played five matches in Australia, winning them all. The three most important matches against New South Wales, were retroactively accorded Test status by the Australian", "id": "19644461" }, { "contents": "1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand was a series of rugby union matches played in New Zealand by the South African national rugby union team, from June - August 1994. The team played 14 matches in total; 11 against several provincial rugby teams and 3 against the New Zealand national rugby union team. South Africa won 10 out of the 11 matches against provincial sides, losing one match to Otago. They lost their first two test matches against the New Zealand national side and drew the last test. The", "id": "14043514" }, { "contents": "Ewen McKenzie\n\n\nTri nations, but was reselected in 1997 for the 1997 French tour of Australia. 1997 was the year McKenzie retired from international rugby, making his last appearance on 12 July 1997 after a 25–6 victory over England in Sydney. In his entire career of 51 test matches, he only ever played as a substitute once, during a pool game in the 1995 Rugby World Cup. In 1992, McKenzie toured New Zealand with the World XV to mark the centenary of the New Zealand Rugby Union. New Zealand won the series 2–1", "id": "7179494" }, { "contents": "Sam Gemmell\n\n\nSamuel William Gemmell (28 August 1896 – 28 June 1970) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A loose forward, Gemmell represented Hawke's Bay at a provincial level. He played one match for the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, out of position at hooker against New South Wales at Dunedin. Affiliating to Ngāti Pāhauwera, Gemmell played 57 matches for New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1929, making him the most capped player for that team. He served as a private with the New Zealand (Māori", "id": "16059662" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\nCharles \"Charlie\" Herbert \"Herb\" Smith (13 February 1909 – 10 April 1976) was a New Zealand rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s. He played representative level rugby union (RU) for New Zealand (Heritage № 406) (non-test matches), South Island and Otago (captain), and at club level for Southern RFC , as a centre, i.e. number 12 or 13, switching codes in 1936. He played representative level rugby league (RL", "id": "11805487" }, { "contents": "James Barber (rugby)\n\n\nover to join the squad. He played in the first ever trans-Tasman test which was the debut match of the Australia national rugby league team. Barber would go on to appear in all three test matches against Australia. Barber later captained the New Zealand side in its 1909 tour of Australia. His last game for New Zealand was in 1912. In 1912 he was in Petone's side that won the inaugural Wellington Rugby League competition. Barber captained Wellington between 1911 and 1914, including Wellington's 1913 victory over Auckland.", "id": "7778848" }, { "contents": "Alex Watson (rugby league)\n\n\nAlex Watson (1931–2002) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer of the 1950s. An Australian international and Queensland interstate representative three-quarter back, he played club football in the Brisbane Rugby League premiership for Western Suburbs. Watson first represented Queensland in 1951 in a match against New South Wales. He made his test debut at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 12 June 1954 against Great Britain in the first test of that year's Ashes series. Australia won this test 37-12. In 1953 Watson toured New Zealand with the", "id": "15082194" }, { "contents": "Jack McLeod (rugby league)\n\n\nJack McLeod is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. McLeod played for Taranaki and Auckland. While at the Manukau club, McLeod was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1937, playing against Australia. He toured Australia with New Zealand in 1938 however no test matches were played on the tour. Four days after the 1937 test, McLeod was part of the New Zealand Māori side that defeated Australia 16-5. In 2008 he was named in the Taranaki Rugby League Team of the Century", "id": "19760905" }, { "contents": "Frank Nicholson (rugby union)\n\n\nof these matches played against New South Wales. The Howell reference claims that Nicholson's rugby career was interrupted by enlistment in the Boer War. He claimed two international rugby caps for Australia. He appeared for Queensland against the touring New Zealanders in Brisbane in August 1903 and two weeks later made his international debut against the same tourists in Sydney, on 15 August 1903. In 1904 he captained Queensland in the inter-state series and played alongside his brother Fred who scored a try in that match. Later that season he had", "id": "2954916" }, { "contents": "Frank Brogan (rugby league)\n\n\nFrank Brogan (1903–1961) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s. He played as a halfback with South Sydney during the club's golden era of the 1920s when they won 5 premierships. Brogan made his debut for South Sydney in 1922 against Newtown as an 18 year old. In 1924, Brogan was selected to play for New South Wales and featured in two matches. The following year, Brogan won his first premiership with Souths as they finished first on the table and were not required to play in", "id": "18073767" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\ntest of 1899 against the first British side to tour Australia, at Sydney, on 12 August. He also played for Australia in 1903 in Sydney against New Zealand in the first official rugby union international between the countries. He became an early convert to the fledgling league code and played for the Ipswich club in Queensland. He was selected in the 2nd Test of 1908 against New Zealand. Five former Wallabies had debuted for the Kangaroos in the inaugural Test three weeks earlier, Hardcastle's league Test debut that day with George Watson", "id": "802017" } ]

[ { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nthe 6–8 defeat by New South Wales at Sydney on 7 August 1922, and scored a penalty in the 45–11 victory over Manawatu-Wellington XV at Palmerston North on 16 August 1922 but never played a Test match for New Zealand. In 1923 Fitzgerald moved to Christchurch, joining the Marist Old Boys club. However the club was expelled from the Canterbury Rugby Union in April 1924 and Fitzgerald followed to club to rugby league. Fitzgerald excelled in rugby league and in his debut year he made the national side, playing in two Test", "id": "13539549" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nhe lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Jim O'Brien. Fitzgerald played for the South Island in 1922, scoring a try in the inter-island match. Following this he was selected for New Zealand, playing in five matches on a tour of New Zealand and Australia. Fitzgerald represented New Zealand (RU) in the 12–11 victory over Wairarapa at Carterton on 19 July 1922, the 26–19 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on 29 July 1922, the 24–6 victory over Metropolitan Union at Sydney on 2 August 1922,", "id": "13539548" }, { "contents": "Charles Fitzgerald (rugby)\n\n\nCharles James Fitzgerald (6 June 1899, in Fairhall – 8 May 1961, in Awatere Valley) was a New Zealand dual-code international rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Fitzgerald was a utility back in both codes. Fitzgerald represented Marlborough between 1917 and 1921, appearing for the union in every backline position except fullback. He played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks kicking a penalty goal in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game", "id": "13539547" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nAndrew James \"Jim\" O'Brien (1897–1969) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. O'Brien began his career playing rugby union for Marlborough between 1919 and 1921. He also played for a combined Nelson-Marlborough-Golden Bay-Motueka side against the 1921 Springboks in the side's 26–3 defeat. In that game he lined up alongside fellow future dual-international Charles Fitzgerald. In 1922 he moved north to Auckland, joining the Grafton club. He immediately was selected for the", "id": "13908850" }, { "contents": "Andrew O'Brien (rugby)\n\n\nNorth Island side and subsequently the All Blacks tour of New Zealand and South Wales. He finished the tour having played in 3 games and scored one try. Returning to Auckland, O’Brien played his first game for the union late in the 1922 season. In 1923 he played five games for Auckland. O'Brien switched to rugby league in 1924, joining Marist in the Auckland Rugby League competition. He played for Auckland and made the New Zealand national rugby league team for three tests against the touring Great Britain Lions side that year.", "id": "13908851" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\nLouis Charles Petersen (19 April 1897 – 25 June 1961) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in rugby union and rugby league. Petersen served with the New Zealand Expeditionary Force in World War I and it was here that he developed his football skills, playing for the \"Trench team\". Petersen began his career with the Marist Old Boys club in Christchurch and in 1919 was first selected to represent Canterbury. He made the South Island side in 1919, 1920 and 1921. In 1922 Petersen was", "id": "14015995" }, { "contents": "Jim Craig (rugby league)\n\n\nversatility was such that he was selected at hooker for a match on tour of New Zealand in 1919. Graig first represented for New South Wales against a touring English side in 1920. He was selected on the 1921–22 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and made his Test debut in the first Test at Leeds. He appeared in 23 minor tour matches notching a total of 58 points as a try scorer and goal kicker. Following his Kangaroo Tour representative appearances in 1922 he played a season with the University club in Sydney. In 1923", "id": "6542629" }, { "contents": "Albert Johnston (rugby league)\n\n\nclub seasons of 1921 and 1922. In 1912 he was selected in a Sydney Metropolis side. In 1913 he was in a New South Wales touring squad to New Zealand as half-back but was kept out of the major matches by the form of his peer Arthur Halloway. He captained New South Wales in some 1918 games and then made his Australian Test debut in 1919 on Australia's tour of New Zealand. He scored a try on debut assisting Australia to a 44-21 victory. With tour captain Halloway unfit for", "id": "9752107" }, { "contents": "Percy Hickey\n\n\nPercival \"Percy\" Hubert Hickey (28 April 1899 – 21 December 1943) was a New Zealand rugby union player who represented the All Blacks in 1922. His position of choice was wing three-quarter. Hickey was born in Rahotu in 1899. He made the provincial side in 1919. He was selected for the North against South Island match in 1922. He scored a try. He was then selected for the national side on their tour of New South Wales. Hickey played in two of the possible five matches.", "id": "3545214" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1922 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the tenth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales Selection, and NSW won the 3 match series 2–1. In", "id": "13453802" }, { "contents": "Billy Sheehan (rugby union)\n\n\ntop Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of their 1920s fixtures played against full international opposition were decreed in 1986 as official Test matches, including the three of Sheehan's 1921 debut and fifteen other appearances he would make over the next six years. In 1922 he appeared in all three Test in Sydney against the visiting All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Sheehan played all of the three match series in which the Waratahs were undefeated. On the 1923 tour of New Zealand and", "id": "5401479" }, { "contents": "Les Steel\n\n\nLeslie William Steel (1900 – 28 April 1966) was a rugby league footballer in Australia's major competition, the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL). Steel played over 100 matches for his club side, Eastern Suburbs in the years (1922–29). A Winger, Steel was a try scorer in Easts 1923 premiership victory. In 1922 Steel was selected to represent New South Wales. Following his football career, Steel spent many years as an official of the Eastern Suburbs club. He died at Hurstville, New South", "id": "20482633" }, { "contents": "Jim Bacon (rugby)\n\n\nLions tour of Australasia. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Leeds in 1920 against Australia (3 matches), and New Zealand (3 matches), in 1921 against Australia (2 matches), in 1922 against Australia, in 1924 against Australia, and in 1927 against New Zealand. From 1921 until 1927 he also represented Wales, winning six caps, all against England, including 1-victory, and 5-defeats. Bacon played left-, i.e. number 4 and scored 2-tries in Leeds' 11–3 victory over Dewsbury", "id": "5182427" }, { "contents": "Karl Ifwersen\n\n\nrep team, captaining the combined Auckland-North Auckland side against South Africa in his first game back and scoring the only try. Ifwersen played in one test match for the All Blacks during the 1921 South Africa tour of the country. Ifwersen continued to play for Auckland between 1922 and 1938. Ifwersen died in Auckland on 19 May 1967, having suffered considerably from football injuries during his old age. Ifwersen was inducted into the New Zealand Rugby League's Legends of League in 2000. He was the first New Zealander to represent", "id": "14118993" }, { "contents": "New Zealand national rugby union team\n\n\nThomas Ellison captained team won nine of their ten matches. The following year New Zealand played its first home \"international\" game, losing 8–6 to New South Wales. The team's first true test match occurred against Australia on 15 August 1903 at the Sydney Cricket Ground in front of over 30,000 spectators, and resulted in a 22–3 victory. A representative New Zealand team first toured the British Isles in 1905. The side is now known as the \"Originals\", as the \"All Blacks\" name emerged during this tour", "id": "20449805" }, { "contents": "Wilson Hall (rugby league)\n\n\nA. Wilson Hall was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s and 1930s who represented New Zealand and later played at club level in England for Castleford. From the Ngaruawahia club, Wilson Hall represented South Auckland in 1922. He was a half for South Auckland and the North Island in 1925. In 1926 he moved to Christchurch. Wilson Hall then represented the Hornby club, Canterbury and the South Island. He was selected for New Zealand's tour of Great Britain in 1926. He played in two test matches", "id": "20659026" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\nwas selected to tour New Zealand. He played in seven matches on tour including the Waratah's Test victory. He made representative appearances in 1922 against the New Zealand Maori and the All Blacks, played in three Tests against them in 1924 and in five matches against them in 1925. The 3rd test of 1925 played on 23 June at the Sydney Showground was Fox's sole appearance as the national captain. He was solid in further Test appearances against New Zealand in 1926 He was a tremendous lineout forward and one of the senior", "id": "9169857" }, { "contents": "Dai Fitzgerald\n\n\nDavid \"Dai\" Fitzgerald (1872 – 30 November 1951) was a Welsh rugby centre who played club rugby under the union code for Cardiff, and later switched to professional rugby league team Batley (captain). He played international rugby union for Wales winning two caps, and in his first match for Wales scored all the points in a victory over Scotland. Fitzgerald first played rugby in Cardiff for the now defunct club, St. Davids, one of several Welsh teams built around Catholic churches. He switched to first class club", "id": "18632594" }, { "contents": "Bruce Gall\n\n\nBruce Gall is a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Gall played in the Taranaki Rugby League and represented Taranaki. In 1976 Gall played for the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. In 1979 he played for the Central Districts side that won the Inter-Districts competition. He was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team on the 1980 tour of Great Britain and France. Gall did not play in a test match but did play in 8 games for the Kiwis, scoring 3 tries.", "id": "18658371" }, { "contents": "Shaun Foley\n\n\nShaun Foley (born 29 August 1986 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia) is an Australian rugby union player and a former member of the National Rugby League's (NRL) Sydney Roosters squad. Foley played in the Australian Schoolboys Rugby Union team that lost to New Zealand 21-16 in 2004. Foley scored all 16 points for the Australian team. Foley joined NRL side the Sydney Roosters in 2006, playing 7 games and scoring 6 tries. He scored two tries in the Roosters 40-20 victory over the", "id": "3276301" }, { "contents": "Sam Lowrie\n\n\nSamuel Arthur \"Sam\" Lowrie was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. His grandnephew, Jason Lowrie, also represented New Zealand in rugby league. Lowrie played for the Ponsonby club in the Auckland Rugby League competition. In 1919 Lowrie played for Auckland and was first selected to represent New Zealand, playing in three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1922 Lowrie toured Australia, with the New Zealand Māori rugby league team. Lowrie was named Ponsonby's best forward in 1923. He again played for", "id": "21879456" }, { "contents": "Arthur Kay (rugby league)\n\n\nArthur Geig Kay was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Kay represented Auckland and was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1935. He played in all three test matches against the touring Australian side. In 1936 he played in two matches against the touring Great Britain team and played in his final test match in New Zealand's 16-15 victory over Australia at Carlaw Park on 14 August 1937. He was selected to tour Great Britain and France in 1939 but the tour was abandoned due to the", "id": "13813701" }, { "contents": "Percy Williams (New Zealand rugby league player)\n\n\nPercy Williams was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. Williams originally played rugby union and represented Auckland. Williams played for Wigan for three seasons between 1910/11 to 1912/13. During this time he played in 111 matches for the club in the Lancashire League, including in the 1911 Challenge Cup Final loss. In 1913 he was called into the New Zealand squad, joining them midway through their tour of Australia. Williams was said to be instrumental in New Zealand's 17-11 upset victory over New South Wales.", "id": "14326389" }, { "contents": "Johnnie Wallace\n\n\nthe club's first Wallaby representative. His potential was obvious and in 1921 he was selected in the New South Wales side picked to tour New Zealand. He played in five of the ten tour matches including the September 1921 fixture against a New Zealand XV which is now regarded as a Test match. With no Queensland Rugby Union administration or competition in place from 1919 to 1929, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of the fixtures of 1920s which were played against", "id": "7506396" }, { "contents": "Jack Forrest (rugby league)\n\n\nJohn Alexander \"Jack\" Forrest (24 February 1924 – 26 February 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 12 international matches between 1947 and 1952. His cousin Jonas Masters also played rugby league for New Zealand. Forrest played in the West Coast Rugby League competition for Runanga and represented both the West Coast and the South Island. He played in 42 matches, 12 of which were test matches, for the New Zealand national rugby league team, including matches against the 1951 touring French side and", "id": "18556717" }, { "contents": "Pat Devery\n\n\n, New South Wales on 9 August 1922. A Tumbulgum junior, he played football in the Brisbane Rugby League for Fortitude Valley. Devery was then discovered by coach of Sydney's Balmain club Latchem Robinson while playing football in The Domain, Sydney as a sailor in the Royal Australian Navy during the war. Devery played for Balmain at halfback in the 1944 NSWRFL season's premiership final, scoring a try in his side's victory over Newtown. Devery also represented Sydney on 6 occasions, New South Wales on 2 occasions between 1946–1947", "id": "14526725" }, { "contents": "Charles Kingstone\n\n\nCharles Napoleon \"Nipper\" Kingstone (2 July 1895 – 6 May 1960) was a New Zealand sportsman who played international rugby union for New Zealand. He was also a first-class cricketer. A fullback, Kingstone played all three of his Tests during South Africa's 1921 tour of New Zealand. He was injured in a motor accident in 1922 and didn't play again for New Zealand. Kingstone played just one first-class cricket match. He represented a team called the \"Rest of New Zealand\" in a", "id": "8516640" }, { "contents": "Dougie McGregor\n\n\nAlwin John \"Dougie\" McGregor (1889–1963) was a dual-code rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. McGregor played rugby union for the Karangahake club in the Goldfields sub-union competition in 1908. The following year he moved to Auckland, joining the Ponsonby club. McGregor represented Auckland and the North Island that same year. In 1913 McGregor was picked in the New Zealand squad for their North America tour and played in 11 games during the tour, including Test matches against Australia and", "id": "14128313" }, { "contents": "1893 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1893 New Zealand tour rugby to Australia was the second tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. Ten matches were played against regional and district sides, but no Test matches were played. It was first tour arranged by New Zealand Rugby Football Union which was founded the year before. The only previous New Zealand national team was the side that toured New South Wales in 1884. Immediately before departing for Sydney, the tourists played a match against a \"Combined XV\" in Wellington, which New Zealand won", "id": "14310646" }, { "contents": "Australasia rugby league team\n\n\nThe Australasian rugby league team (or the Kangaroos) represented Australia and New Zealand in rugby league sporadically between 1910 and 1922. Administered by the New South Wales Rugby League, appearances for the team were counted towards the Australian team's records and playing register but not the New Zealand team's. The team toured Great Britain twice, participating in two Ashes series, and also played Great Britain twice in Sydney. The Australasian side first played in 1910. After Great Britain had defeated Australia in two Test matches it was decided that", "id": "15931608" }, { "contents": "George Dickinson\n\n\nChurch in Dunedin. While at Otago Boys' High School, Dickinson played as a five-eighth in the school's 1st XV rugby team between 1918 and 1921. He made his debut for the All Blacks in 1922 on their tour of New South Wales, playing five matches and scoring three tries. He went on to play 12 matches for between 1922 and 1924, scoring five tries, 11 conversions and one penalty goal. Dickinson also played for the South Island in 1922. He retired from first-class rugby at", "id": "2808375" }, { "contents": "Alexander Kirkpatrick (rugby union)\n\n\nAlexander Kirkpatrick (4 October 1898 – 25 August 1971) was an All Blacks rugby union player from New Zealand. He was a hooker. He played 12 matches for the All Blacks in1925-26 against Australia (New South Wales), scoring 6 points (2 tries). He was a member of the Hastings club and captained the Hawke’s Bay Region to take the Ranfurly Shield off Wellington in 1922; and appeared in 22 of the 24 successful defences (more than any other player). In 1952-56", "id": "16723938" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nClaud Augustus O'Donnell (30 January 1886 – 4 August 1953) was an Australian rugby union and rugby league player and represented his country at both sports as a dual-code rugby international. O'Donnell played rugby union with the Glebe club in inner city Sydney. He made his representative debut for New South Wales in 1912 and the following year made two Test appearances as hooker for the Wallabies against the All Blacks in the 1913 tour of New Zealand. Switching to rugby league O'Donnell joined the Glebe Dirty Reds in 1915 and had three", "id": "1170779" }, { "contents": "Wally O'Connell\n\n\nand played 80 games. His first representative match was for City New South Wales in 1943. On 18 June 1945 a Sydney rugby league team featuring O'Connell travelled to Newcastle to play against their representative team and were defeated 27-26. He was the Roosters' pivot in their 1945 premiership final victory over Balmain. With senior representative matches canceled during WWII O'Connell didn't make his Test debut until 1948 against New Zealand in Sydney.He was selected for the 1948-49 Kangaroo Tour and played in five Tests and 16 minor", "id": "14384862" }, { "contents": "Mawene Hiroti\n\n\nMawene Hiroti (born 6 March 1999) is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who plays as a or er for the South Sydney Rabbitohs in the NRL. Hiroti was born in Taranaki, New Zealand. He has represented the Australian Schoolboys rugby league team and the New Zealand Under 18s. Forged his career playing for New Plymouth Old Boys under 11s 12s and 13s - winning Taranaki Premiership every year. Mawene scoring 50 percent of all tries. He played for the Rabbitohs in their pre-season 18-8 victory over English", "id": "14480103" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\n) for British Empire XIII, and at club level for Streatham and Mitcham and Halifax (Heritage № 437), as a , or , i.e. number 2 or 5, or, 3 or 4. Smith represented New Zealand (RU) in the 16–13 victory over New South Wales at Sydney on Monday 6 August 1934, and scored a try in the 35–3 victory over Newcastle at Newcastle, New South Wales on Wednesday 22 August 1934, but was not selected for the 1935–36 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland", "id": "11805488" }, { "contents": "Jim Rukutai\n\n\nNew Zealand played matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Rukutai coached New Zealand during their 1921 tour of Australia. He remains New Zealand's youngest ever national coach. He also coached New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1937. In 1937 he coached the New Zealand Māori to an upset win over Australia. In 1932 Rukutai served on the Auckland Rugby League board as the Clubs' delegate. He then served as the first chairman of the New Zealand Māori Rugby League Board when it was formed in 1934. Rukutai died at his", "id": "1899959" }, { "contents": "Greg Davis (rugby)\n\n\nand there joined the Drummoyne Rugby Club Davis was immediately selected for both New South Wales and Australia in his first year in Sydney. He debuted in a Sydney Test match against England in June 1963 and the following month was selected in the squad for the 1963 Australia rugby union tour of South Africa. He played in all four Test matches of the tied series and in ten other tour matches. The next year he made the 1964 Australia rugby union tour of New Zealand playing in seven of the eight matches including all three Tests", "id": "3641367" }, { "contents": "Bill Kelly (rugby league)\n\n\n, Kelly played first class rugby union for Buller when he was 18 and later represented Wellington. Kelly switched to rugby league with the launch of the Wellington Rugby League competition in 1912 and played for Athletic in their grand final loss to Petone. He became a Wellington representative and toured Australia in 1912 and 1913 with the New Zealand national side. No test matches were played with the Kiwis meeting New South Wales and Queensland and a number of regional sides. He played in Wellingtons 1913 victory over Auckland. He joined the Balmain Tigers", "id": "146975" }, { "contents": "1929 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\nThe 1929 New Zealand rugby league season was the 22nd season of rugby league that had been played in New Zealand. New Zealand played in no international matches in 1929. The New South Wales Rugby Football League's South Sydney Rabbitohs toured the country late in the season. They played two matches against Marist, with both sides securing one win. South Sydney also defeated Huntly. Souths were without five Kangaroos who were on a tour of Great Britain. Marist won the first match 10-9 at Carlaw Park while Souths won the", "id": "3198729" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\ndue to a row over the eligibility of three players. They instead joined the Rugby League and the Football Association. Marist spent just seven seasons in the Canterbury Rugby League but won three titles, in 1924, 1925 and 1928. In 1924 they produced six New Zealand internationals; Bill Devine, Charles Fitzgerald, Ted Fitzgerald, Terry Gilroy, Harry Mullins and Lou Petersen. Jim Amos also switched codes with Marist but played in their lower divisions. Greymouth Marist joined the West Coast Rugby League in support of Christchurch Marist. The", "id": "3198709" }, { "contents": "Charles Webb (rugby league)\n\n\nCharles Webb was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand . A halfback from the Ponsonby United club, Webb also represented Auckland. In 1912, Webb toured Australia with New Zealand. The side played in matches against New South Wales and Queensland. Later that same year, New South Wales made a return tour to New Zealand. Webb captained the New Zealand side that played against them, losing 10-18. He also played in two matches for Auckland against the touring Blues side. Webb was selected for the", "id": "14418029" }, { "contents": "David Evans (rugby)\n\n\nDavid \"Dave\" Alexander Evans (4 October 1886 – 12 October 1940) was a New Zealand dual-code international who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Evans began his career playing rugby union and represented Hawke's Bay 19 times from 1906. He made the 1910 New Zealand tour of Australia and played in the 0–11 Test defeat by Australia at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 27 June 1910, becoming the Hawke's Bay's third representative. While in Australia Evans had been impressed by the rugby league", "id": "13088290" }, { "contents": "Bill Cunningham (rugby union)\n\n\nFootball Union. He was first selected to play for New Zealand in 1901, and played against Wellington and the New South Wales team that was touring New Zealand at the time. Both matches were comfortably won, with the tourists defeated 20–3. Cunningham played his first of four matches for Auckland against international opposition, against the same New South Wales side a week later, with his Auckland team winning 24–3. Cunningham moved to Auckland in 1902, and played his club rugby for City, before joining Ponsonby the following season. He", "id": "17185617" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\nWilliam Robert \"Bill\" Hardcastle (30 August 1874 – 11 July 1944) born in Wellington, New Zealand was a pioneer New Zealand and Australian rugby union player and an Australian rugby league footballer. He represented both countries in union and Australia in league. He was one of the first dual-code rugby internationals. Hardcastle commenced his club rugby in New Zealand with Petone and represented for Wellington from 1895 to 1897. He joined the Melrose club in 1897 and was selected in a North Island representative side from where he was", "id": "802015" }, { "contents": "Steve Skinnon\n\n\nSteve Skinnon (born 27 November 1976) is a New Zealand rugby footballer who played rugby union for Wellington and Hawkes Bay in the National Provincial Championship and rugby league for the Sydney Roosters and South Sydney Rabbitohs in the National Rugby League. He represented his country in both codes at a junior level. Skinnon started his career in rugby union and represented the New Zealand under 19 side in 1994 from Wellington College, playing at second five eighth. He switched codes to rugby league in 1995 and was picked to play for the Junior", "id": "2628332" }, { "contents": "Jim Wylie\n\n\nJames Thomas Wylie (26 October 1887 – 19 December 1956) was a New Zealand rugby union player, who represented both the country of his birth and Australia. He went on to coach the Stanford University rugby team for over 30 years from 1917. Born in Galatea in 1887, Wylie was a tall man at , and played as a loose forward. He first represented in 1910, playing six matches, before moving to Sydney for the next two years. There he made four appearances for New South Wales against Queensland,", "id": "12170928" }, { "contents": "Edward Baird (rugby league)\n\n\nNorthern Union\" style of rugby, taking on Albert Baskerville's New Zealand All Golds on their inaugural tour. Baird played as a reserve as the Queenslanders lost the historic match 34–12. He went on to make another appearance against New Zealand and two against New South Wales. When the New Zealand team came back on the return leg of their tour, they played three Test matches against the first Australian representative sides ever selected. The first Test was played in Sydney on 9 May 1908 with the Kiwis prevailing. On 30 May", "id": "17722972" }, { "contents": "Bob Aynsley\n\n\nRobert Aynsley (5 January 1922 – 12 October 2012) was a New Zealand rugby league player. He played five test matches for the New Zealand national rugby league team. Aynsley played for Blackball and represented the West Coast and the South Island before first being selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1946. He played in five test matches, his last in 1949. He played in 15 tour games on the 1947–1948 tour of Great Britain and France. After retirement, Aynsley was a referee from 1953 to 1960", "id": "5310628" }, { "contents": "Charlie Fox (rugby union)\n\n\ninterest in rugby union in Sydney following WWI. In 1920 he appeared three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the All Blacks scoring a try in his representative debut. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches. In 1921 he represented for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks and", "id": "9169856" }, { "contents": "1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1956 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand, more commonly known in New Zealand as the 1956 Springboks tour was a series of rugby union matches played by South Africa in Australia and New Zealand. The \"Springboks\" won 21 matches of 29, drew 1, and lost 7. They played 6 Test matches, with two victories over Australia and one over New Zealand. The New Zealand leg of their trip was the primary focus of the tour—23 of their 29 matches were in New Zealand, which included", "id": "12210178" }, { "contents": "Bert Cooke (rugby)\n\n\nspent 1932 with Hawke's Bay, before switching codes. Cooke also represented Wairarapa and Wellington while playing rugby union. He finished his rugby union career with 121 tries in 131 first class matches. Cooke joined the Richmond Rovers club in the Auckland Rugby League competition in 1932 and made an immediate impact, racing away for three tries in the inter-island game only weeks later. He was selected for New Zealand that year against the Great Britain Lions. Cooke also represented Auckland and captained New Zealand in two Test matches against Australia", "id": "12460198" }, { "contents": "Queensland rugby league team\n\n\nZealand rugby league tour of Australia, Queensland lost both its matches against the Kiwis in Brisbane. Again, Queensland played two matches against the Kiwis during the 1913 New Zealand rugby league tour of Australia and again the Maroons lost both. New South Wales had won every match between the two states until 1922, when the Maroons, with Cyril Connell playing at , achieved their maiden victory. This commenced Queensland's only golden period before the introduction of State of Origin. In 1925 Queensland toured New Zealand and played against the full New", "id": "12687033" }, { "contents": "1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia\n\n\nThe 1907 New Zealand rugby union tour of Australia was the sixth tour by the New Zealand national team to Australia. Four matches were played against regional and district sides along with three Test match against the Australia national side, being the first time both teams played each other. New Zealand won the series with two victories and a tied match. Before the tour matches, New Zealand played a preliminary game v. the Wellington RU team at the Athletic Park, won by the \"All Blacks\" 19–6. Complete list of matches played", "id": "1302262" }, { "contents": "Watty Friend\n\n\nTest matches. In 1921 he figured in three matches for New South Wales against the visiting Springboks. Howell notes that Friends was one of the Waratahs' top players. In 1922 he appeared in all three matches again when the All Blacks visited Sydney, with second and third matches wins resulting in a rare series victory of those days to the Waratahs over the All Blacks. In 1923 New Zealand Māori rugby union team visited and Friend was honoured with the captaincy of New South Wales in a three match series in which the Waratahs", "id": "5285969" }, { "contents": "Claud O'Donnell\n\n\nseasons in the Sydney premiership. In 1918 he moved to Brisbane and joined the Carltons club, one of the early incarnations of the Souths Magpies. From there he made state appearances for Queensland against New South Wales over four years and in 1919 was selected in the Australian team as hooker. He played in all four Tests of the 1919 rugby league tour of New Zealand. He is listed as Australia's 97th representative on the Australian Rugby League's Kangaroo register. His international rugby league debut against New Zealand in Wellington on 23", "id": "1170780" }, { "contents": "John Rosewell\n\n\n. Along with Dally Messenger, Denis Lutge, Doug McLean snr and Micky Dore he was one of the inaugural five Australian dual code rugby internationals who having earlier represented at rugby union, debuted in international rugby league in Sydney on 9 May 1908 in the first ever Australian league Test against New Zealand. He is listed on the \"Australian Players Register\" as Kangaroo No.13. He spent three seasons at South Sydney playing 29 matches scoring 4 tries and 6 goals. He was a member of the 1910 Rabbitohs side that drew the", "id": "801844" }, { "contents": "George Aitken (rugby union)\n\n\nGeorge Gothard Aitken (2 July 1898 – 8 July 1952) was a rugby union footballer who represented New Zealand – known as the All Blacks – and then Scotland. He was born in Westport, New Zealand, and was selected to play provincially for Buller at the age of 16. After moving to Wellington, Aitken played for the province from 1917, and from there was selected for the All Blacks side that faced South Africa when they toured New Zealand in 1921. After only two Test matches for the All Blacks,", "id": "5006718" }, { "contents": "Jack Holland (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Holland (1922-1994) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s. An Australian international and New South Wales interstate representative forward, he played his club football in Sydney's NSWRFL Premiership for the St. George club. Holland was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia on 19 August 1922. Holland served in the Army during World War II. Commencing his first-grade NSWRFL Premiership playing career with St. George in 1947, he was selected to represent New South Wales in 1948", "id": "4207831" }, { "contents": "Jack Price (rugby league)\n\n\nagainst Australia (2 matches), and while at Wigan in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches). Jack Price played , in Wigan's 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. Jack Price played in Wigan's victories in the Lancashire County League during the 1922–23 season, 1923–24 season and 1925–26 season. Jack Price played , and scored a try in Wigan's 21-4 victory over", "id": "12779224" }, { "contents": "Edwin Abbott (rugby league)\n\n\nEdwin Frederick Abbott (1909–1976) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand in 1930 and 1932. Abbott was the nephew of 1905 All Black Harold Abbott and the uncle of Bill Deacon, a Kiwi from 1965 to 1971. From the Ngaruawahia Panthers club, Abbott represented South Auckland and the North Island. In 1930 he was selected for the New Zealand tour of New South Wales, playing in both matches against New South Wales and scoring three tries against Sydney Metropolis. He played for South Auckland against both the", "id": "19358978" }, { "contents": "Jim Davis (rugby league)\n\n\nthe 1911 NSWRFL season with North Sydney before playing three seasons with the Glebe club. His top-grade career finished up back at Souths in 1918-19 before concluding with a country stint at Parkes. Davis made his debut Test appearance in 1908 against New Zealand, appearing in both matches of the first rugby league international series played by an Australian representative side. At the end of that season he was selected in the 35 man squad to make the first ever Kangaroo Tour. Davis played in six tour matches but in none", "id": "11335988" }, { "contents": "Herb Brackenreg\n\n\nEastern Suburbs club. An Eastern Suburbs rugby union player, Brackenreg had been a member of the rebel New South Wales sides that played against the rebel New Zealand 'All Blacks' in the 1907 series that helped to establish rugby league in Australia. He played in 8 NSWRFL Premiership matches for Easts including that club's first match and was a member of the NSWRL's first premiership decider played against local rival, South Sydney. In that first season Brackenreg was selected to represent his state, New South Wales, in 2 matches", "id": "12715024" }, { "contents": "Danny Hurcombe\n\n\nFrom 29 November 1919 Hurcombe played for English rugby league club, Wigan. Hurcombe was selected to go on the 1920 Great Britain Lions tour of Australia and New Zealand. He won caps for Great Britain (RL) while at Wigan in 1920 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand, in 1922 against Australia, and in 1924 against Australia (2 matches), and New Zealand (2 matches), and he won 6 caps for Wales in 1921–1926 while at Wigan. Hurcombe made his début for Wigan in", "id": "11028974" }, { "contents": "Arthur Hardgrave\n\n\nArthur Hardgrave ( 1908–14) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. A fullback, Hardgrave played for Taranaki against Auckland in 1908 and 1909. He later moved to Auckland and played for Otahuhu at club level and represented Auckland provincially. In 1912, Hardgrave was selected for the New Zealand national side who toured Australia. No test matches were played on the tour but Hardgrave became the 74th player to represent New Zealand. Following the tour, Hardgrave was part of the Auckland side that defeated New South Wales 10–3", "id": "124840" }, { "contents": "Ted Thorn\n\n\n. Ted made his state representative debut in 1922, appearing three times for the New South Wales Waratahs against the visiting All Blacks for two victories. With no Queensland Rugby Union competition in place at that time, the New South Wales Waratahs were the top Australian representative rugby union side of the period and a number of Waratah matches of the 1920s played against full international opponents were in 1986 decreed by the Australian Rugby Union as Test matches - including fifteen such appearances made by Ted Thorn. Thorn made the 1923 New South Wales tour", "id": "5576534" }, { "contents": "Jack Fitzgerald (rugby league)\n\n\nJack Fitzgerald was an Australian professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s and 1950s, and coached in the 1960s. He played for Western Suburbs as a winger and later coached the club from 1961 to 1964. Fitzgerald began his career with Western Suburbs in 1949. In 1952, Fitzgerald was a member of the Western Suburbs side which claimed their fourth and final premiership defeating South Sydney in the grand final, with Fitzgerald scoring a try. Fitzgerald played for three more seasons before retiring as a player. Fitzgerald began his coaching", "id": "15556425" }, { "contents": "Owen Stephens\n\n\nWales. He won a single cap for New Zealand, playing in the All Blacks' 19–12 victory over France at Eden Park, Auckland on 10 August 1968, and won five caps for Australia, playing against Tonga and Wales in 1973 and New Zealand in 1974. Only three players have played rugby union at test match level for both New Zealand and Australia: namely Des Connor, Ted Jessep and Stephens. He played club level rugby league for St. George Dragons (trial), Parramatta Eels (Heritage № 339) (", "id": "7733372" }, { "contents": "Peter Williams (New Zealand rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Williams (22 April 188430 August 1976) was a rugby union player who represented New Zealand nine times, including a single Test match. He played club rugby for Dunedin side Alhambra, and played provincial rugby for Otago between 1908 and 1914. His sole season of international rugby was 1913, when he played in a home Test against Australia before touring North America with the All Blacksas New Zealand's international team is knownthat same year. He was selected for a tour of Australia the following year, but was unavailable and so", "id": "8410349" }, { "contents": "Frank Smyth\n\n\nBernard Francis \"Frank\" Smyth (11 February 1891 – 15 July 1972) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A hooker, Smyth played a single representative game for Canterbury in 1915, one match for the South Island in 1922 and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, also in 1922. He played three matches for the All Blacks but did not appear in any internationals. His grandson is politician Peter Dunne. Smyth served in the No. 3 Field Company, New Zealand Engineers", "id": "16651150" }, { "contents": "1921 Waratahs tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe Queensland Rugby Union had collapsed in 1919 and would not be reborn until 1929 leaving the New South Wales Rugby Union to administer the game in Australia at the national representative level. In 1923 the New South Wales side toured New Zealand In 1986 the Australian Rugby Union decreed the five full-internationals played on the tour as official Test matches. Previously the All Blacks visited New South Wales in the 1920 tour. This tour happened while the Springboks were completing their tour in New Zealand. Previously in June, South Africa played three", "id": "14085090" }, { "contents": "Robert Graves (rugby)\n\n\n1905 and from there was selected to represent Metropolis (Sydney) in a fixture against Country played over Easter in 1905. He continued in a coaching role for the Grosvenor club even while himself playing rugby for those other sides from 1903 to 1907. Graves was one of the New South Wales rugby union players who matched up against the first professional New Zealand team, Albert Baskiville's 'All Golds' in three matches in Sydney in August 1907. He played in all three matches and along with the other Australian rebel players was", "id": "3902454" }, { "contents": "Jim Sullivan (rugby league)\n\n\n, converting five goals in a 21–0 win against Widnes. He made his first representative appearance in December 1921, playing for Wales in a 16–21 defeat against Australia. Jim Sullivan played , and scored 4-conversions in Wigan's 13-2 victory over Oldham in the Championship Final during the 1921–22 season at The Cliff, Broughton on Saturday 6 May 1922, played , and scored 4-conversions in the 22-10 victory over Warrington in the Championship Final during the 1925–26 season at Knowsley Road, St. Helens on Saturday 8 May 1926. played", "id": "338598" }, { "contents": "Simon Poidevin\n\n\nwas then selected to play for New South Wales in a succession of the matches in 1981. The first match against Manawatu was won 58-3, with NSW scoring 10 tries. Victories over Waikato and Counties followed, before New South Wales were defeated by Queensland 26-15 at the Sydney Cricket Ground. New South Wales played Queensland in a return match a week later in Brisbane that was won 7-6. Poidevin played for Sydney against France in the third game France played for their 1981 France rugby union tour of", "id": "16857237" }, { "contents": "Lou Petersen\n\n\ncalled up to the All Blacks and he played in eight games for New Zealand, although he did not appear in any Test matches. In 1924 Marist Old Boys became locked in a dispute with the Canterbury Rugby Union and quit, instead fielding rugby league and soccer teams. Petersen followed the club, taking up rugby league. Petersen made an immediate impact and was one of six Marist Old Boys players who were selected to represent New Zealand that season. In total Petersen played in three Test matches for New Zealand in rugby league", "id": "14015996" }, { "contents": "1922 New Zealand rugby league season\n\n\n, Bert Avery and Maurice Wetherill. Lou Brown made his Auckland debut in the second match. At the end of the tour the NSW members of the 1921-22 Australasian Kangaroos were joined by New Zealand member Bert Laing for a match against the rest of the NSW squad and local Auckland stars. The Kangaroos won 65-27. The New Zealand Māori side played Sydney Metropolis in Sydney. South Auckland held the Northern Union Cup at the end of the season. They defeated Auckland 21-20 in Auckland to win the", "id": "3198700" }, { "contents": "John Solomon (rugby union)\n\n\nmade his state and national representative debuts at age nineteen, first playing for Australia against the at the Sydney Cricket Ground in June 1949. Later that year he toured New Zealand with Trevor Allan's Bledisloe Cup winning Wallabies. Solomon played variously at five-eighth, fullback and centre in seven matches of the tour including the 2nd Test at Eden Park where he scored a try thus helping the side make history as the first Australian team to win the Cup in New Zealand. He played twice for New South Wales in 1950 at", "id": "19470085" }, { "contents": "Darby Loudon\n\n\nDarby Briton Loudon (12 March 1897 – c. 1963) was a New Zealand born rugby union player, a flanker who made sixteen representative appearances for the New South Wales state team in the 1920s. Four of these matches have since been decreed as Test matches by the Australian Rugby Union and Loudon, who led the side in one such match in 1922, was therefore a captain of the Australian national team. Loudon, was born in Leeston, New Zealand and relocated to Sydney during his youth. He attended Sydney Grammar School", "id": "5401488" }, { "contents": "Michael Fitzgerald (rugby union)\n\n\nMichael Fitzgerald (born ) is a New Zealand rugby union player currently playing for Kamaishi Seawaves in Japan. He previously played for Leicester Tigers in England's Premiership Rugby, for the Chiefs in Super Rugby and Manawatu in the ITM Cup. His regular playing position is lock. In 2013, he signed a contract extension with the Chiefs until 2015. On 21 April 2015, it was announced he had signed for English Aviva Premiership side Leicester Tigers. Fitzgerald made his Leicester debut on 18 October 2015 in a 28-16 win", "id": "17447697" }, { "contents": "Peter Johnstone (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter Johnstone (9 August 1922 – 18 October 1997) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A backrow forward, Johnstone represented Ashburton County while serving in the army and later at a provincial level. He was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1949 to 1951. He played 26 matches for the All Blacks —10 as captain—including nine internationals, touring South Africa in 1949 and playing all four tests against the touring 1950 British Lions. He was a key member of the", "id": "5603616" }, { "contents": "Brian Reidy\n\n\nBrian Thomas Reidy (27 January 1939 – 2 June 2016) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Reidy played for the Marist club and represented Auckland. He made his debut for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1959, becoming Kiwi #383, but did not make his test match debut until 1961, against Australia at Carlaw Park. Between 1959 and 1966, Reidy played 65 games for New Zealand, including 19 tests, scoring 34 tries in all. He could play anywhere in the", "id": "21473667" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nmatches. In 1911 Mitchell, along with three other players from the Merivale club, moved to Sydney and played for the North Sydney Bears. He was then enticed north by the Queensland Rugby League. At the same time the New Zealand rugby league side was touring Australia and he was invited to join the touring party. Mitchell played in four matches, becoming a dual-code rugby international. Mitchell then returned to Christchurch and represented Canterbury in its first ever match in 1912. Mitchell toured Australia twice more with New Zealand,", "id": "3816467" }, { "contents": "Pat Creedy\n\n\nPatrick Joseph \"Pat\" Creedy (18 November 1927 – 7 April 2011) was a New Zealand rugby football player who represented New Zealand in rugby league. Creedy originally played rugby union and represented both the Southland Rugby Union and the Canterbury Rugby Union. Creedy later switched codes to rugby league and joined the Marist club in the Canterbury Rugby League competition. He represented Canterbury and in 1955 was selected at halfback for the South Island. That year he was first selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team, playing against the", "id": "6530820" }, { "contents": "1924 New Zealand rugby union tour of New South Wales\n\n\nThe 1924 New Zealand tour rugby to New South Wales was the 11th tour by the New Zealand national rugby union team to Australia. During the First World War the activity of Rugby Union was suspended. In Australia, the sport was initially reprised only in New South Wales (many players switched to Rugby league especially in Queensland), so official test matches between the two national sides were not resumed until 1929. The three most important matches were played against the New South Wales selection, and New Zealand won the 3 match series", "id": "14085325" }, { "contents": "Jim Sanders (rugby league)\n\n\nJames Sanders (1900–1981) was a New Zealand rugby league player who represented New Zealand. Sanders started his career in third grade with Addington in 1915. He spent his entire career with Addington apart from a few games for Hornby when Addington had no senior team. He captained Addington to their first title in 1923. Sanders made his New Zealand debut in 1919 against Australia. In 1921 Sanders toured Australia for New Zealand under coach Jim Rukutai. He played for New Zealand in 1922 against New South Wales and was part of the", "id": "6884071" }, { "contents": "Nolan Tupaea\n\n\na first grade match. In 1979 he moved to Petone, winning premierships in 1980, 1981 and 1982. He was also part of their 1982 victory in the National Club Cup. Tupaea represented Wellington, playing 64 matches between 1971 and 1985. He was selected for the Kiwi Colts in 1973 for a match against Queensland. In 1976 he represented the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side. Tupaea played for the Central Districts side in their first five years of the New Zealand Rugby League's district competition. The side", "id": "15687157" }, { "contents": "Peter Ward (rugby union)\n\n\nPeter M. Ward (born 5 November 1876) was a New Zealand-born rugby union player who represented Australia. A fly-half, he was born in Invercargill. Ward was described as \"astute and a skillful inside back\". A member of the Britannia club Ward initially played for the Southland province between 1897 and 1898. He then moved to Sydney, Australia in 1899 and joined the Marrackville club. He was selected for New South Wales to play in their two matches against the touring Great Britain side. After", "id": "2597515" }, { "contents": "Frano Botica\n\n\nFrano Michael Botica (born 3 August 1963) is a New Zealand rugby union and rugby league coach and former player in both codes, who played in the 1980s and 1990s. He is the head coach of the Philippines sevens team. He represented New Zealand at both codes, and later also played for Croatia in two rugby union World Cup qualifying matches. Born in Mangakino, New Zealand, Botica played rugby union for club side North Shore, New Zealand provincial side North Harbour, as well as Llanelli in Wales, and", "id": "3135809" }, { "contents": "Billy Mitchell (rugby)\n\n\nWilliam James Mitchell (28 November 1890 – 2 June 1959) was a New Zealand rugby footballer who represented New Zealand in both rugby union and rugby league. Mitchell was born in Melbourne, Australia before moving to New Zealand where he worked for the New Zealand Railways Department. Mitchell played rugby union for the Merivale club in Christchurch and represented the province nine times in 1909 and 1910. He was selected to be part of the All Blacks tour of Australia in 1910 and played in five matches, including the second and third Test", "id": "3816466" }, { "contents": "1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1921 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia and New Zealand was the third tour made by the Springboks rugby team, and their first tour to Australia and New Zealand. South Africa played three Test matches against the All Blacks. The series was drawn 1–all, and the long-running controversy between the countries over the All Blacks' inclusion of Maori players began. The Springboks played five matches in Australia, winning them all. The three most important matches against New South Wales, were retroactively accorded Test status by the Australian", "id": "19644461" }, { "contents": "1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand\n\n\nThe 1994 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand was a series of rugby union matches played in New Zealand by the South African national rugby union team, from June - August 1994. The team played 14 matches in total; 11 against several provincial rugby teams and 3 against the New Zealand national rugby union team. South Africa won 10 out of the 11 matches against provincial sides, losing one match to Otago. They lost their first two test matches against the New Zealand national side and drew the last test. The", "id": "14043514" }, { "contents": "Ewen McKenzie\n\n\nTri nations, but was reselected in 1997 for the 1997 French tour of Australia. 1997 was the year McKenzie retired from international rugby, making his last appearance on 12 July 1997 after a 25–6 victory over England in Sydney. In his entire career of 51 test matches, he only ever played as a substitute once, during a pool game in the 1995 Rugby World Cup. In 1992, McKenzie toured New Zealand with the World XV to mark the centenary of the New Zealand Rugby Union. New Zealand won the series 2–1", "id": "7179494" }, { "contents": "Sam Gemmell\n\n\nSamuel William Gemmell (28 August 1896 – 28 June 1970) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A loose forward, Gemmell represented Hawke's Bay at a provincial level. He played one match for the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, out of position at hooker against New South Wales at Dunedin. Affiliating to Ngāti Pāhauwera, Gemmell played 57 matches for New Zealand Māori between 1922 and 1929, making him the most capped player for that team. He served as a private with the New Zealand (Māori", "id": "16059662" }, { "contents": "Charles Smith (rugby)\n\n\nCharles \"Charlie\" Herbert \"Herb\" Smith (13 February 1909 – 10 April 1976) was a New Zealand rugby union and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s. He played representative level rugby union (RU) for New Zealand (Heritage № 406) (non-test matches), South Island and Otago (captain), and at club level for Southern RFC , as a centre, i.e. number 12 or 13, switching codes in 1936. He played representative level rugby league (RL", "id": "11805487" }, { "contents": "James Barber (rugby)\n\n\nover to join the squad. He played in the first ever trans-Tasman test which was the debut match of the Australia national rugby league team. Barber would go on to appear in all three test matches against Australia. Barber later captained the New Zealand side in its 1909 tour of Australia. His last game for New Zealand was in 1912. In 1912 he was in Petone's side that won the inaugural Wellington Rugby League competition. Barber captained Wellington between 1911 and 1914, including Wellington's 1913 victory over Auckland.", "id": "7778848" }, { "contents": "Alex Watson (rugby league)\n\n\nAlex Watson (1931–2002) was an Australian professional rugby league footballer of the 1950s. An Australian international and Queensland interstate representative three-quarter back, he played club football in the Brisbane Rugby League premiership for Western Suburbs. Watson first represented Queensland in 1951 in a match against New South Wales. He made his test debut at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 12 June 1954 against Great Britain in the first test of that year's Ashes series. Australia won this test 37-12. In 1953 Watson toured New Zealand with the", "id": "15082194" }, { "contents": "Jack McLeod (rugby league)\n\n\nJack McLeod is a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand. McLeod played for Taranaki and Auckland. While at the Manukau club, McLeod was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1937, playing against Australia. He toured Australia with New Zealand in 1938 however no test matches were played on the tour. Four days after the 1937 test, McLeod was part of the New Zealand Māori side that defeated Australia 16-5. In 2008 he was named in the Taranaki Rugby League Team of the Century", "id": "19760905" }, { "contents": "Frank Nicholson (rugby union)\n\n\nof these matches played against New South Wales. The Howell reference claims that Nicholson's rugby career was interrupted by enlistment in the Boer War. He claimed two international rugby caps for Australia. He appeared for Queensland against the touring New Zealanders in Brisbane in August 1903 and two weeks later made his international debut against the same tourists in Sydney, on 15 August 1903. In 1904 he captained Queensland in the inter-state series and played alongside his brother Fred who scored a try in that match. Later that season he had", "id": "2954916" }, { "contents": "Frank Brogan (rugby league)\n\n\nFrank Brogan (1903–1961) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1920s. He played as a halfback with South Sydney during the club's golden era of the 1920s when they won 5 premierships. Brogan made his debut for South Sydney in 1922 against Newtown as an 18 year old. In 1924, Brogan was selected to play for New South Wales and featured in two matches. The following year, Brogan won his first premiership with Souths as they finished first on the table and were not required to play in", "id": "18073767" }, { "contents": "Bill Hardcastle\n\n\ntest of 1899 against the first British side to tour Australia, at Sydney, on 12 August. He also played for Australia in 1903 in Sydney against New Zealand in the first official rugby union international between the countries. He became an early convert to the fledgling league code and played for the Ipswich club in Queensland. He was selected in the 2nd Test of 1908 against New Zealand. Five former Wallabies had debuted for the Kangaroos in the inaugural Test three weeks earlier, Hardcastle's league Test debut that day with George Watson", "id": "802017" } ]

[ { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nby Ahmed Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi. On 9 April 2012, it merged into the Republican Party. The Progressive Democratic Party had a newspaper, \"Al-Mawqif\". In its beginnings, the Progressive Socialist Rally (now PDP) gathered a broad range of currents from Marxists and pro-democracy activists to progressive Muslims. During the Ben Ali rule, Najib Chebbi and the PDP were harassed by the police for years, and verbally attacked by state-run media. After unsuccessfully participating in elections from 1989 to 1999", "id": "16419721" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\n, the party decided to boycott the elections of 2004 and 2009. Therefore, it was unrepresented in the Tunisian parliament. After the Ben Ali administration announced to force the party to move their headquarters from Tunis, its leaders Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi engaged in a 20-days hunger strike, which earned the party attention and prompted the administration to revoke their decision. Following the 2010–2011 Tunisian protests, shootings outside PDP's headquarters were reported on 16 January 2011. The next day, on 17 January, party leader Najib Chebbi, was", "id": "16419722" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nnamed Regional Development Minister in the interim government. Ahead of the Constituent Assembly election, the PDP evolved into a main exponent of the centre-left secular camp and rival of the Islamist Ennahda Movement. In the run-up to the elections, the Progressive Democrats have received quite an amount of financial support which enabled the party for a lavish campaign. Critics claim that an important part of the funding came from businesspeople close to the old Ben Ali power elite. In the election for a constituent assembly, the PDP won 3.9", "id": "16419723" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\n) was founded under the name of \"Progressive Socialist Rally\", and gained legal recognition on 12 September 1988. It was secular and liberal party. The party was renamed as Progressive Democratic Party in 2001. Under the rule of Ben Ali it was a legal opposition party, but subjected to political repression. After the Tunisian revolution it was one of the major left-leaning secular political forces. It was led by Ahmed Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi. On 9 April 2012, it merged into the Republican Party. Maya", "id": "5642552" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\n% of the popular vote and 16 of 217 seats in the National Constituent Assembly, putting it at the fifth place. As the party had categorically ruled out any collaboration with the victorious Islamist Ennahda Movement, the Progressive Democrats went into opposition and belong to the outspoken critics of the governing coalition of the Islamists with the secular CPR and Ettakatol parties. After the electoral defeat, the PDP launched talks with other secularist and liberal parties to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was realised on the PDP's", "id": "16419724" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (, \"; ), also referred to by its acronym PDP, was a secular liberal political party in Tunisia. The Progressive Democratic Party was founded under the name of \"Progressive Socialist Rally\" in 1983, gained legal recognition on 12 September 1988 and was renamed Progressive Democratic Party in 2001. Under the rule of Ben Ali it was a legal opposition party, but subjected to political repression. After the Tunisian revolution it was one of the major left-leaning secular political forces. It was led", "id": "16419720" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nSecretary-General of the PDP. She has been the first woman to lead a political party in Tunisia. From 1 to 20 October 2007, Jribi, along with Najib Chebbi, engaged in a hunger strike to protest against the forced move of the party's headquarters from Tunis, which caused serious health implications for her. Jribi headed the PDP’s electoral list in Ben Arous for the Constituent Assembly Elections in October 2011. The PDP list received one seat in Ben Arous according to preliminary election results. On 9 April 2012", "id": "632088" }, { "contents": "Republican Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nThe Republican Party ( \"\", ) is a centrist liberal party in Tunisia. It was formed on 9 April 2012 as a merger of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Afek Tounes and the Tunisian Republican Party, several minor parties and independents. The party is led by Maya Jribi who was previously the secretary-general of the PDP. The party held 11 out of 217 seats and was the largest oppositional party in the National Constituent Assembly of Tunisia. The party withdrew from the Union for Tunisia coalition, though", "id": "15161288" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nDuring that period, she became involved and an active member of the student union, known as UGET, and the Tunisian League of Human Rights. She wrote for the independent weekly Erraï and later for the PDP-newspaper Al Mawkif. Together with Ahmed Najib Chebbi, Maya Jribi co-founded the \"Progressive Socialist Rally\", established in 1983, which was later renamed into Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). Since 1986 she has been a member of the party's executive. On 25 December 2006, Jribi was appointed", "id": "632087" }, { "contents": "Ahmed Najib Chebbi\n\n\nAhmed Najib Chebbi (, ) or simply Najib Chebbi (born 30 July 1944) is a Tunisian attorney and politician. Chebbi is a prominent figure of the Tunisian opposition movement; in 1983, he founded the Democratic Progressive Party, which gained legal recognition in 1988. He is currently the leader of the Democratic Progressive Party. In 2006, Maya Jribi became the party's secretary-general, the first woman to hold such office in Tunisia. In 2009 Chebbi attempted to run as a candidate for President of Tunisia but was", "id": "1109530" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nof investigative journalism, unconditional and free access to information, open government, anti-censorship of all kinds, among others. On 9 April 2012, the Republican Party was formed as a merger of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Afek Tounes and the Tunisian Republican Party, several minor parties and independents. The party is centrist and liberal, it's led by Maya Jribi who was previously the secretary-general of the PDP. The party held 11 out of 217 seats and was the largest oppositional party in the", "id": "5642564" }, { "contents": "Tunisian Revolution\n\n\nand Ahmed Najib Chebbi of the PDP), three representatives from the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT), and representatives of civil society (including prominent blogger Slim Amamou). Three notable movements not included in the national unity government were the banned Ennahda Movement, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the secular reformist Congress for the Republic. The following day, the three members of the UGTT and Ben Jafaar resigned, saying that they had \"no confidence\" in a government featuring members of the RCD. There were daily", "id": "18746070" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nparty in Tunisia. Its program is liberal, focusing on secularism and civil liberties. The party mainly appealed to intellectuals and the upper class. After underperforming in the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, Afek Tounes joined talks with other secularist and liberal parties, especially the Progressive Democratic Party to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was completed on 9 April 2012. The new party is called the Republican Party. In August 2013, Yassine Brahim, current leader of the party, and other former party members left", "id": "5642562" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nMaya Jribi (January 29, 1960 – May 19, 2018) was a Tunisian politician. From 2006 to 2012, she was the leader of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). From PDP's merger into the Republican Party in April 2012, until her resignation in 2017, she was the Secretary-General of the centrist party. Her father is from Tatouine, while her mother is from Algeria. She followed her studies in Radès Tunisia, before studying biology at the University of Sfax, from 1979 to 1983.", "id": "632086" }, { "contents": "Secularism in Tunisia\n\n\nTunisian Constitution of 2014 following a considerable debate between Islamic and secular political groups and movements. On 1 March 2011, after the secularist dictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collapsed in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian revolution, Tunisia's interim government granted the \"Ennahda\", a moderate Islamist movement in Tunisia, permission to form a political party. Since then, the Ennahda Islamic Party has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election", "id": "19596325" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nNational Constituent Assembly of Tunisia. The party withdrew from the Union for Tunisia coalition, though it is still part of the National Salvation Front. After the founding congress, nine assemblymen elected for the PDP contested the leadership vote and temporarily suspended their party membership. Those 9 members became part of the Democratic Alliance Party. After being founded in 2012, Nidaa Tounes (Call of Tunisia) won a plurality of seats in the October 2014 parliamentary election. It's a big tent secularist political party in Tunisia. The party's founding", "id": "5642565" }, { "contents": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Burkina Faso)\n\n\nThe Party for Democracy and Progress () was a political party in Burkina Faso (former Upper Volta. It was founded in April 1994 after a split in the National Convention of Progressive Patriots–Social Democratic Party in May 1993. It merged in February 1996 with the Union of the Democratic Left and the Party of Social Progress. After merger with the Burkinabè Socialist Party the PDP became the Party for Democracy and Progress / Socialist Party. At the legislative elections in 1997 the party won 10.1% of the popular vote and 6", "id": "19404846" }, { "contents": "Popular Front (Tunisia)\n\n\nof the Iraqi branch of Ba'ath Party, and other progressive parties. The number of parties involved in the coalition has since decreased to nine. Approximately 15,000 people attended the coalition's first meeting in Tunis. The Tunisian Revolution in 2011 saw the departure of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the dissolution of his party, the Democratic Constitutional Rally, and the holding of fresh elections for the creation of a new constitution. This saw the Tunisian political scene dominated by the Islamist Ennahda Movement, and its allies the Democratic Forum for", "id": "8081870" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Gibraltar)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was a liberal conservative political party from Gibraltar. The party was the third political party and the only party to sit on the centre-right in Gibraltar. Despite poor election results, it garnered growing support from the public and was seen as the 'alternative opposition'. The PDP was the only party campaigning for \"a Gibraltar freely associated to the United Kingdom\" and envisaged \"a journey through the recognition of our right to independence\". The party was also the only political party", "id": "16416540" }, { "contents": "Democratic Party of Progress\n\n\nThe Democratic Party of Progress (, PDP) is a political party in Guinea-Bissau. The PDP was established on 10 February 1992 by Amin Michel Saad. It joined the Union for Change (UM) alliance prior to the 1994 general elections, and Saad became the UM's leader. The UM won six seats in the National People's Assembly, of which the PDP (though Saad) took one. The UM was reduced to three seats in the 1999–2000 general elections, and lost them all in the 2004 parliamentary", "id": "17399816" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nHe was the Ettajdid Movement's candidate for President of Tunisia in the 2009 presidential election. Brahim was in favor of the emergence of a \"democratic modern and \"secular\" [laicist] state\" not connected with Islamists. According to Brahim, this would require \"radical\" reform of the electoral system, which would improve the political climate in guaranteeing freedom of assembly and a large scale independent press, as well as repealing a law that regulated public discourse of electoral candidates. In 1983, the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP", "id": "5642551" }, { "contents": "Sarawak State Legislative Assembly\n\n\ngovernment with a majority of 72 seats out of 82. There were several candidates from breakaway parties such as TERAS and UPP that had their members contest seats under the Barisan banner as direct election candidates under a deal by Adenan Satem after their parties were prevented from joining Barisan after opposition from parties such as PDP and SUPP. On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties including Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party", "id": "17954676" }, { "contents": "2015 Nigerian general election\n\n\nPeople's Democratic Party (PDP) primaries on 10 December 2014, receiving the nomination of the party. However, this was against an unwritten rule that the PDP's presidential candidacy should alternate between Muslim northerners and Christian southerners, and opposition to Jonathan's candidacy had led to the defection of dozens of PDP MPs in the House of Representatives. Prior to the elections, the All Progressives Congress was formed as an alliance of four opposition parties, the Action Congress of Nigeria, the Congress for Progressive Change, the All Nigeria Peoples", "id": "18172183" }, { "contents": "Civic Democratic Party (Hungary)\n\n\nThe Civic Democratic Party (, PDP) was a liberal political party in Hungary in the period following World War II The party was established towards the end of 1944 as a successor to the Civic Freedom Party. Part of a group of members who had belonged to now-defunct conservative parties before the war, Géza Teleki was elected as the party's first leader. The PDP won 21 seats in the National Interim Assembly elections in November 1944. However, Communist opposition to Teleki led to him losing his place in the Cabinet", "id": "16990101" }, { "contents": "Afek Tounes\n\n\nAfek Tounes won 4 seats for the constitutive assembly. The party was rattled on 3 November 2011 though by the resignation of several key founding members such as its spokesperson Emna Mnif, its general secretary Mustapha Mezghani, Sami Zaoui, Hela Hababou and another 13 members. After underperforming in the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, Afek Tounes joined talks with other secularist and liberal parties, especially the Progressive Democratic Party to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was completed on 9 April 2012. The new party is called", "id": "1405509" }, { "contents": "Ali Lankoandé\n\n\nAli Lankoandé (10 November 1930 – 28 May 2014) is a Burkinabé politician from Burkina Faso. He was President of the Party for Democracy and Progress/Socialist Party (PDP/PS) from 2005 to 2008. Lankoandé headed the National Social Security Fund and served as a deputy in the National Assembly of Burkina Faso, as well as Minister of National Education, during the 1970s. Lankoandé was elected to succeed Joseph Ki-Zerbo as President of the PDP/PS on 5 February 2005. Running as the PDP/", "id": "21268271" }, { "contents": "Ennahda Movement\n\n\ncollapse of the government of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the Ennahdha Movement Party was formed, and in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, (the first free election in the country's history), won a plurality of 37% of the popular vote and formed a government. Uproar in the traditionally secular country over \"Islamization\" and assassinations of two secular politicians however, led to the 2013–14 Tunisian political crisis, and the party stepped down following the implementation of a new constitution in January 2014. The party came in", "id": "10814394" }, { "contents": "1991 Sint Maarten general election\n\n\nGeneral elections were held in Sint Maarten on 12 April 1991 to elect the 9 members of the Island Council. The Sint Maarten Patriotic Alliance (SPA) led by Vance James Jr. emerged as the largest party, winning 4 of the 9 seats. The SPA and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) agreed to form a coalition government. On 28 August 1991 the SPA/PDP government collapsed. PDP political leader Millicent Acuna-Lopez-de Weever said that \"fundamental philosophical differences\" with the SPA caused the coalition \"to", "id": "12703859" }, { "contents": "Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party\n\n\nin the Rajya Sabha. It was a member of the ruling United Progressive Alliance until the 2009 general election. Sayeed headed the PDP-Indian National Congress Coalition Government between October 2002 and November 2005, and he was the party's Patron until his death on 7 January 2016. The PDP is now headed by Mehbooba Mufti, Sayeed's daughter. The PDP operates on the ideology of self-rule, as distinctly different from the issues of autonomy. It believes that self-rule as a political philosophy, as opposed to", "id": "248417" }, { "contents": "Ettajdid Movement\n\n\nThe Ettajdid Movement (\"Movement for Renewal\" ; , ' ; ), also referred to simply as Ettajdid, was a centre-left secularist political party in Tunisia, active from 1993 to 2012. Ettajdid evolved out of the old Tunisian Communist Party when it abandoned its former ideology in 1993. During the Ben Ali rule it was one of the legal, although oppressed opposition parties. After the Tunisian revolution of 2011, it became part of the Democratic Modernist Pole alliance and in 2012 it merged into the Social Democratic Path", "id": "16419620" }, { "contents": "Elections in Montserrat\n\n\n(when the Council was expanded to seven seats) and 1966. The 1970 elections saw the new Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) win all seven seats. The PDP also won the 1973 elections, but was defeated in 1978 when the People's Liberation Movement (PLM) won all seven seats. The PLM went on to win the 1983 and 1987 elections. The 1991 elections were won by the National Progressive Party, which won four of the seven seats. The 1996 elections resulted in a hung parliament, with the People", "id": "4125813" }, { "contents": "2013–14 Tunisian political crisis\n\n\nafter the elections Ben Ali jailed nearly 25,000 of its activists with Ennahda militants responding by attacking the ruling party's headquarters killing one person and splashing acid on others. Following the revolution, it described itself to be a \"moderate Islamist\" party by advocating democracy and recognizing political pluralism and dialogue with the West. Its supporters back then regarded the party as an example of how a balance can be struck between modernity and Islamism while its critics viewed it as a threat to secularism in Tunisia, which was often regarded as the most", "id": "7679782" }, { "contents": "List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2013–18)\n\n\nof 72 seats out of 82. There were several candidates from breakaway parties such as TERAS and UPP that had their members contest seats under the Barisan banner as direct election candidates under a deal by Adenan Satem after their parties were prevented from joining Barisan after opposition from parties such as PDP and SUPP. On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties including Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP) officially", "id": "21866476" }, { "contents": "Mike Onoja\n\n\nParty at the 2015 general election by the All Progressives Congress, he and other politicians of the People's Democratic Party defected to the All Progressives Congress in 2016. He returned to the People's Democratic Party in the run-up to the 2019 Benue south Senatorial election. After the PDP's Senatorial Primary election in 2018, Mike Onoja again defected from the party to the Social Democratic Party after expressing his dissatisfaction with the PDP's conduct of the primary election. Mike Onoja is the Chairman/CEO of Moonsons Resources Investment International", "id": "10879880" }, { "contents": "History of modern Tunisia\n\n\n, several Islamist activists were released from prison. He also forged a national pact with the Tunisian party Harakat al-Ittijah al-Islami (Islamic Tendency Movement), which had been founded in 1981; later it changed its name to Ennahda (the Renaissance Party). He also changed the ruling party's name to the Democratic Constitutional Rally. However, Ben Ali's innovative tack did not work out well. Subsequently, An-Nahda claimed to have run strongly in the 1989 elections, giving it the appearance of being", "id": "17057122" }, { "contents": "Yassine Brahim\n\n\nof the new company, which he led into the following acquisition by U.S. based SunGard. In 2010 he turned back to Tunisia, just before the Tunisian Revolution would lead to his appointment as Minister of Transport and Equipment in the short-lived second Ghannouchi cabinet and the subsequent Essebsi cabinet. He resigned on 17 June 2011 to become general secretary of the newly founded Afek Tounes party which he led into a merger with Ahmed Najib Chebbi's Progressive Democratic Party, the Republican Party \"Al Joumhouri\". On 28 August 2013,", "id": "2666991" }, { "contents": "Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties\n\n\nup his position in the transitional government. In the Constituent Assembly election on 23 October 2011, Ettakatol won 20 of the 217 seats making it the fourth force in the Assembly. Subsequently, the FDTL came to an agreement with the two major parties, the Islamist Ennahda Movement and the secular Congress for the Republic (CPR), to share the three highest positions in state. Accordingly, Ben Jafar was voted Speaker of the Assembly on 22 November. In exchange, the Forum supported the election of CPR-leader Moncef Marzouki", "id": "2468766" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Tonga)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (PDP) is a political party in Tonga. It was formed after a split in the Human Rights and Democracy Movement. The party was founded on 8 April 2005 in 'Atenisi. Teisina Fuko was the first person elected to the party presidency at a meeting on 15 April 2005. The PDP was legally registered on July 1, 2005, being the first Tongan party to do so. The party has not won any seats to the Tonga Parliament. It is currently inactive without any candidates or", "id": "19615344" }, { "contents": "2013 Gibraltar by-election\n\n\nSocial Democrats as Opposition had initially decided not to contest the by-election considering instead a \"gentleman's agreement\" as the seat had been one of the GSLP which had become vacant under tragic circumstances. The Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) which was not represented in Parliament immediately decided it would contest the by-election seeing it as an opportunity to be represented despite its poor performance at the previous two general elections. On 30 May 2013 the PDP announced its candidature of party leader Nick Cruz. At this point the GSD", "id": "8509410" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (PDP) is a major contemporary political party in Nigeria. Its policies generally lie towards the centre-right of the political spectrum. It won every Presidential election between 1999 and 2011, and was until the 2015 elections, the governing party in the Fourth Republic although in some cases, amid a few controversial electoral circumstances. Currently, PDP controls 14 states out of 36 states in Nigeria. In 1998 the PDP in its first presidential primary election held in Jos, Plateau State, North Central Nigeria", "id": "1890377" }, { "contents": "Social Democratic Union of Macedonia\n\n\nThe Social Democratic Union of Macedonia (–СДСМ, \"Socijaldemokratski Sojuz na Makedonija\"–SDSM) is a social-democratic political party, the main centre-left political party in North Macedonia. The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia was founded on 20 April 1991 at the 11th Congress of SKM-PDP (UCM – Party for Democratic Changes). Branko Crvenkovski was elected as the party's first president. Its current leader is Zoran Zaev. The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia is a member of the Progressive Alliance and an associate affiliate of", "id": "1084636" }, { "contents": "Peoples Democratic Party (Kenya)\n\n\nThe Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) is a political party in Kenya. The PDP was established in 1992. It won a single seat in the 2007 general elections, Richard Momoima Onyonka in Kitutu Chache Constituency. In 2010 Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) MP James Omingo Magara defected to the party after the ODM did not nominate him as its candidate in the South Mugirango by-election, which was held after Magara's victory in the 2007 elections was annulled due to irregularities. However, Magara was defeated in the by-", "id": "19016018" }, { "contents": "Dickson Tarkighir\n\n\nat the polls in the 2015 general elections and won the seat to represent the people of Makurdi/Guma Federal Constituency in the House of Representatives, Abuja. On Tuesday, 24 July 2018, Tarkighir was among 37 members of the House of Representatives who defected from the ruling All Progressives Congress (APC) to other political parties. He defected to the People's Democratic Party (PDP), a party he had previously defected from. However, On Tuesday, 22 January 2019, Tarkighir announced his return to the All Progressives", "id": "8861699" }, { "contents": "Guillermo Irizarry\n\n\ngovernor abandoned the party that elected him, the Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico (PDP), and joined a newly founded party, the People's Party, which nominated him for an unsuccessful reelection bid. In November of that year, the PDP suffered its first defeat with the election of the New Progressive Party's Luis A. Ferré. As a result, Secretary Irizarry presided over the first transition between elected governors of different parties. From 1973 to 1977, during the administration of Governor Rafael Hernández Colón, Irizarry served again", "id": "1916365" }, { "contents": "1931 Argentine general election\n\n\nJulio Roca as his running mate; Roca, the son of the late PAN leader, Julio A. Roca, had led the Democratic Party of Córdoba. The Democratic Progressive Party (PDP), known for its anti-corruption platform, nominated Senator Lisandro de la Torre, who also earned the endorsement of the Socialist Party of Argentina, a party in search of leadership following the passing of Juan B. Justo, in 1928. The alliance alienated conservatives in the PDP, however, who instead endorsed the aging Francisco A. Barroetaveña,", "id": "14281535" }, { "contents": "Jebali Cabinet\n\n\nThe first cabinet of Tunisian Head of Government Hamadi Jebali was presented on 20 December 2011. Jebali has been appointed by interim President Moncef Marzouki, who had been elected by the National Constituent Assembly, a body constituted to draft a new constitution after the Tunisian Revolution and the fall of former President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in Spring 2011. It took office on 24 December 2011. The three parties in the \"Troika\" coalition are the Islamist Ennahda Movement, the centre-left secularist Congress for the Republic (CPR),", "id": "5725136" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Montserrat)\n\n\nwere the first occasion on which the MLP had faced serious opposition, and saw the PDP win all seven seats, leaving the MLP without parliamentary representation. Percival Austin Bramble became Chief Minister. The PDP subsequently won five of the seven seats in the 1973 elections, but were defeated in the 1978 elections, when the People's Liberation Movement formed by former PDP minister John Osborne won all seven seats. The PDP contested the 1983 elections, winning two seats in the Legislative Council. It was reduced to one seat in the 1987", "id": "6998615" }, { "contents": "1987 European Parliament election in Spain\n\n\na European-wide election was due in 1989, elected MEPs only served for the remainder of the European Parliament term. The ruling Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) designated former Foreign Affairs Minister Fernando Morán to lead their campaign. The main opposition People's Alliance party (AP), running on its own after the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and Liberal Party (PL) broke away from the People's Coalition, chose Manuel Fraga—who had resigned as party leader in December 1986—to lead the party list", "id": "7968065" }, { "contents": "2011 Gibraltar general election\n\n\ngave the GSLP an advantage of up to 9% over the governing party, the GSD, while one (that of the Spanish newspaper \"Area\", which published no details and was widely thought to be politically motivated) predicted a GSD win. Two parties, the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD) and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), and an alliance (Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)/Liberals) have presented a full slate of 10 candidates each, making a total of 30 candidates for 17 seats in the Gibraltar", "id": "19578144" }, { "contents": "Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance\n\n\nThe Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance (\"Partido Democrático para o Progresso – Aliança Nacional Angolana\") is a political party in Angola. The party was founded in Luanda, March 17, 1991. It was led by Mfulumpinga Landu Victor, a former National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) cadre and Member of Parliament for the PDP-ANA, until he was shot dead outside the party office in 2004. It is now led by Francisco Lele. In the 2008 legislative elections, it gained 0.51%", "id": "17803317" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Montserrat)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was a political party in Montserrat. The party was established in 1970 by Percival Austin Bramble, son of Chief Minister and leader of the Montserrat Labour Party (MLP) William Henry Bramble. Percival had previously been a member of the MLP and was elected to the Legislative Council as an MLP candidate in the 1966 elections. However, he subsequently broke away to form the PDP as a result of controversy over the number of holiday and retirement homes being built on the island. The 1970 elections", "id": "6998614" }, { "contents": "Party of Democratic Progress\n\n\nThe Party of Democratic Progress () is a Serbian political party in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the third-largest party in Republika Srpska. PDP was established in Banja Luka on 26 September 1999. During the founding assembly, Mladen Ivanić was elected as the president of the party, while Branko Dokić and Zoran Đerić were elected as vice presidents. The party is an observer member of the European People's Party (EPP) and International Democrat Union (IDU). In terms of bilateral cooperation with other European parties,", "id": "19626107" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (, O'zXDP or PDP) is a centre-left political party in Uzbekistan founded in 1991. The PDP was founded in October 1991 after the Communist Party of Uzbekistan voted to cut its ties with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and change its name to PDP. The party was led by President Islam Karimov since its foundation until 1996, at which point Karimov stepped down and resigned his membership. Karimov created the Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party in 2003. This is supported by the fact", "id": "19132598" }, { "contents": "Ademola Rasaq Seriki\n\n\nwas appointed a National Fund Raising Committee member in the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) for the 1999 National elections. The PDP also appointed him as a member of the Candidate and Party Relations Committee for Obasanjo/Atiku Presidential Election. From 2000 to 2002 Demola Seriki emerged as the PDP Party Chairman of Lagos Island Local Government Area in Lagos State and later in 2003 as the party's flag bearer to the House of Assembly representing Lagos Island Federal Constituency. In 2005 he cut his political tooth further by serving as Secretary of the", "id": "5752584" }, { "contents": "Omuma\n\n\nin the council premises and he won the House of Assembly election in 2011. He was re-elected in 2015 election to represent Omuma for the second time in Rivers State House of Assembly under the PDP. Several other political parties have sprung up within this period as alphabetically arranged below and Omuma has been actively involved in them: • Advanced Congress of Democrats (ACD) • Alliance for Democracy (AD) • Action Democratic Party (ADP) • All Democratic Peoples Movement (ADPM) • All Progressives Congress (APC)", "id": "2613408" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Spain)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (, PDP), renamed as Christian Democracy (, DC) from March 1988 until it merged into the People's Party in June 1989, was a Christian-democratic political party in Spain. In August 1982, 13 deputies under the leadership of Óscar Alzaga split from the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) and founded the PDP, entering into alliance with the People's Alliance (AP), which received the second largest number of votes in the 1982 and 1986 general elections. The", "id": "19996228" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Malaysia)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (Malay: Parti Demokratik Progresif, Abbreviation: PDP), formerly known as Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party (SPDP) is a Sarawak based political party in Malaysia founded in 2002. The party was founded in the wake of the de-registration of the Sarawak National Party (SNAP) in November 2002 by a faction aligned to the Chief Minister of Sarawak, Abdul Taib Mahmud, led by William Mawan Ikom. The party has rebrand that using a new name - Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and a", "id": "13136566" }, { "contents": "Tunisia\n\n\n, including several that existed under the former regime. During the rule of Ben Ali, only three functioned as independent opposition parties: the PDP, FDTL, and Tajdid. While some older parties are well-established and can draw on previous party structures, many of the 100-plus parties extant as of February 2012 are small. Rare for the Arab world, women held more than 20% of seats in the country's pre-revolution bicameral parliament. In the 2011 constituent assembly, women held between 24% and 31%", "id": "11279313" }, { "contents": "Liberal Party (Spain, 1976)\n\n\nThe Liberal Party (, PL) was a liberal political party in Spain. It was part of the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) until 1983, when it aligned itself with the People's Alliance (AP), the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL). On 22 December 1984 the latter merged into the Liberal Party. These three parties formed the People's Coalition for the 1986 election. In 1989 the party, along with AP and PDP, merged to form the", "id": "19996525" }, { "contents": "New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)\n\n\nto boycott that plebiscite. Main party founder, president, and former statehood Republican Party standard-bearer Luis A. Ferré categorized the New Progressive Party as one which would not be aligned to any of the two major U.S. national parties. Co-founders of the NPP alongside Luis A. Ferre were Manuel F. Alsina Capo, attorney Nelson Escalona, and Benny Frankie Cerezo. Under Luis A. Ferré, the NPP came to power in January 1969, after defeating Luis Negrón López, the gubernatorial candidate from the Popular Democratic Party (PDP)", "id": "21721596" }, { "contents": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Mali)\n\n\nThe Party for Democracy and Progress (, PDP) is a political party in Mali led by Mady Konaté. The party was established in 1991, and officially registered on 25 April that year. It party received 5.1% of the vote in the February 1992 parliamentary elections, winning two seats. In the April 1992 presidential elections it nominated Idrissa Traoré as its candidate. Traoré finished fifth out of nine candidates with 7.1%^ of the vote. The local elections in the same year saw the party win 40 of the 751 seats across", "id": "19282171" }, { "contents": "Samaila Suleiman\n\n\n-2008, Energy Commission of Nigeria in 2009-2010 and later resigned to join politics. Suleiman was first elected into the public office as a local government chairman from Kaduna North in Kaduna State under the defunct Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) in 2008. He was the only politician to have won local government election under the CPC having shared the same constituency with the then vice president of Nigeria from the then ruling party People's Democratic Party (PDP). In 2015, Suleiman was first elected into the Lower Chamber", "id": "6113494" }, { "contents": "Party for Democratic Prosperity\n\n\nFor example, the party leadership criticized the 1991 Census for allegedly underreporting the percentage of the population that was Albanian from 40% to only 21%. Also, the PDP deputies voted against adopting the constitution due to its lack of protection for minorities. From the 1998 elections onwards PDP is in opposition and since then the support for the PDP has eroded considerably. At the 2002 legislative elections, the party won 2.3% of the popular vote and 2 out of 120 seats. At the 2011 legislative elections, the party won", "id": "5710802" }, { "contents": "2008 Angolan legislative election\n\n\nDemocratic Party (PLD), Party of the Alliance of Youth, Workers and Farmers of Angola (PAJOCA), Party for Democratic Support and Progress of Angola (PADEPA), the Democratic Party for Progress - Angolan National Alliance (PDP-ANA), the Front for Democracy (FpD) and four coalitions: the Democratic Angola – Coalition (AD), New Democracy Electoral Union (ND), the Electoral Political Platform (PPE) and the Angolan Fraternal Forum Coalition (FOFAC). The Angolan Democratic Party (PDA", "id": "533048" }, { "contents": "Party for Democratic Prosperity\n\n\nThe Party for Democratic Prosperity or PDP () is an ethnic Albanian political party in North Macedonia. The party was formed in April 1990 and is currently led by Abdyladi Vejseli. From 1992 to 1998 the PDP was part of the coalition governments led by the SDSM. After the split of the radical wing from the party in February 1994, PDP was generally considered to be moderate party that could cooperate with Macedonian parties, although sometimes frictions between the PDP and the other government parties arose as a consequence of the ethnic questions.", "id": "5710801" }, { "contents": "Politics of Gibraltar\n\n\n. A new party, New Gibraltar Democracy, announced it would contest the next election. NGD claimed that the two main parties were \"Out of touch with people's expectations and make up for their lack of ideas through Orwellian style propaganda.\" At the 2007 election one candidate, Charles Gomez, stood for election for the party. It achieved under 1% of the vote and has subsequently ceased any activity. In June 2006 the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was formed and announced it would be presenting a full slate", "id": "11739411" }, { "contents": "Tunisian people\n\n\nto an end 23 years latter on January 14, 2011, in the events of the Tunisian Revolution, following nationwide demonstrations precipitated by high unemployment, food inflation, corruption, a lack of political freedoms like freedom of speech and poor living conditions. Following the overthrow of Ben Ali, Tunisians elected a Constituent Assembly to draft a new constitution, and an interim government known as the Troika because it was a coalition of three parties; the Islamist Ennahda Movement in the lead, with the centre-left Congress for the Republic and", "id": "21785336" }, { "contents": "Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle\n\n\nIn the aftermath of \"Mt. Healthy\",\" wrote Sandra Lynch for the First Circuit in 2004, \"confusion still sometimes arises about the issue of causation.\" She was writing in one of several cases it heard in the mid-2000s arising from alleged political retaliation in Puerto Rico, where members of the New Progressive Party (NPP) brought suit claiming that members of the rival Popular Democratic Party (PDP) had improperly forced them out of government jobs after the PDP defeated the incumbent NPP in the commonwealth's 2000 elections.", "id": "17963178" }, { "contents": "Great Ogboru\n\n\n2003. In the 2007 election, Great Ogboru contested for governorship under the flag of the Democracy People Party (DPP) against Emmanuel Uduaghan of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) and lost to Emmanuel Uduagha again in 2011 election though he contested under the umbrella of Labour Party In the 2015 Delta State governorship election, Great Ogboru contested for governorship under the umbrella of All Progressive Congress (APC). He was defeated by Ifeanyi Okowa of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) . In the 2019 governorship election of Delta State,", "id": "278732" }, { "contents": "1983 Murcian regional election\n\n\nelectoral alliance led by the right-wing People's Alliance (AP), which included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), became the second political force and the main opposition party, whereas the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) also entered the Assembly, obtaining 1 seat. As a result of the election, Socialist Andrés Hernández Ros, who since 1979 had been the President of the Regional Council of Murcia (the pre-autonomic regional government), became the first democratically", "id": "19967050" }, { "contents": "Emmanuel Nnamdi Uba\n\n\nEmmanuel Nnamdi Uba, or Andy Uba (born 14 December 1958), is a Nigerian politician who was elected Senator for the Anambra South constituency of Anambra State, Nigeria, in April 2011. He ran on the People's Democratic Party (PDP) platform. He defected to the ruling All Progressives Congress in February 2017; the leadership crises engulfing the former ruling party PDP may have motivated his decision. Uba was born on 14 December 1958 in Enugu, and attended the Boys High School in Awkunanaw. His parents originated from", "id": "17515892" }, { "contents": "Islam and secularism\n\n\ndictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collapsed in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian revolution, Tunisia's interim government granted the group permission to form a political party. Since then it has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, 2011, the first honest election in the country's history with a turn out of 51.1% of all eligible voters, the party won 37.04% of the popular vote and 89 (41%)", "id": "18330475" }, { "contents": "United Progressive Alliance\n\n\nthe Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party announced the withdrawal of the PDP from the UPA given that the Congress had decided to support the Omar Abdullah-led National Conference Government in Jammu & Kashmir after the 2008 state elections. On 26 March 2009, PMK declared that it would join the AIADMK led front and withdrew from the UPA and the party president declared that two union ministers of his party will resign shortly. On 12 November 2012, Barrister Asaduddin Owaisi, leader of the AIMIM announced the decision of the party's executive and", "id": "8764699" }, { "contents": "Umaru Tanko Al-Makura\n\n\nfounding member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) in Nasarawa State in 1998. Al-Makura defected from the PDP after losing the primary elections for the Nasarawa Governor competition. Al-Makura was elected Governor of Nasarawa State, Nigeria on 26 April 2011, running on the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) ticket. He defeated the incumbent governor, Aliyu Akwe-Doma of the PDP. On 14 July 2014 the Speaker of the Nasarawa State House of Assembly gave a notice of impeachment to the Clerk of the", "id": "7102114" }, { "contents": "2013 Gibraltar by-election\n\n\nThe Gibraltar by-election, 2013 was a parliamentary by-election held on 4 July 2013 for the Gibraltar Parliament. The by-election was to contest the seat left vacant by the death of Government of Gibraltar Housing Minister Charles Bruzon in April 2013. The Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP), Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and an independent contested the by-election. The Liberal Party of Gibraltar who is in alliance and in Government with the GSLP backed the GSLP's candidate", "id": "8509407" }, { "contents": "Politics of Tajikistan\n\n\nThree major opposition parties—the Democratic Party, the Islamic Renaissance Party, and the Social Democratic Party—boycotted the election. In the early 2000s, independent political parties continued to exist, but their operations were circumscribed and their influence marginal. The governing People’s Democratic Party (PDP) gained strength as some opposition party leaders joined the government and others were disqualified from participation in elections. The Communist Party of Tajikistan, a nominal opposition party that has supported President Rahmon on most issues, has lost support since 2000. The", "id": "11083170" }, { "contents": "Dapo Abiodun\n\n\nis also reportedly the founder of First Power Limited. Dapo Abiodun is a founding member of Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) in Ogun State, although he is currently a member of the All Progressive Congress (APC) defecting after the 2015 general elections. He contested the Ogun East senatorial seat on the platform of the All Progressive Congress(APC) in the 2015 Nigerian general elections which he lost to the Peoples Democratic Party(PDP) candidate . He was elected a senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria on the platform of the defunct United Nigeria", "id": "1139922" }, { "contents": "1983 Riojan regional election\n\n\n. The People's Coalition, an electoral alliance led by the People's Alliance (AP), which also included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), emerged as the second largest grouping in the General Deputation, while the newly created regionalist Progressive Riojan Party (PRP) came third. Neither the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) or the Democratic and Social Centre (CDS), the only other parties standing in the election, were able to meet the electoral threshold and failed", "id": "18176961" }, { "contents": "Trinity—Spadina\n\n\nwas expected to be a very competitive election. Additionally, Conservative David Watters, Green Anna Costa, Progressive Canadian Party Asif Hossain, Canadian Action Party Tristan Downe-Dewdney and Daniel Knezetic for the Popular Democratic Party contested the election. The Popular Democratic Party was a social democratic and populist political party formed in 2003. It did not register as a political party with Elections Canada, and closed down after the 2004 election. The PDP proposed decentralization and community involvement in the political process through the creation of community councils to which any", "id": "8027884" }, { "contents": "Galician Coalition\n\n\nin the Congreso de los Diputados since the Second Republic. In January 1987 the most nationalist and progressive sectors of CG, led by Pablo González Mariñas and Xosé Henrique Rodríguez Peña, left the party and formed the Galician Nationalist Party (which would eventually join the Galician Nationalist Bloc). To attend the 1987 municipal elections CG formed the Galician Progressive Coalition, with the Democratic Popular Party (PDP) and the Liberal Party, gaining the 11.07% of the vote and 607 councilors. Following the departure of Xosé Luís Barreiro of the", "id": "602391" }, { "contents": "2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election\n\n\nthe delay, all major parties approved of it, even the Ennahda Movement; other parties approving the new election date included the Progressive Democratic Party, Ettajdid Movement, Al Majd, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the Social Liberal Party. In September, the government of Canada declared that it would not allow Tunisia to open polling stations in its territory because it refused to be included in another country's electoral constituency. Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird called the issue \"a matter of Canadian sovereignty\". In response to Canada", "id": "14450727" }, { "contents": "Democratic Modernist Pole\n\n\nin all the 33 constituencies at home and abroad. Sixteen women and 17 men will be chief candidates. Riadh Ben Fadl and Mustapha Ben Ahmed, are the founders of the group. Ahmed Ibrahim is a leader in the bloc. The bloc won 5 of the 217 seats and 4.91% of the vote in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election. Three of the parties in the coalition: the Republican Party, the Socialist Left Party and the Social Democratic Path) became part of another coalition called the Union for Tunisia in 2013", "id": "19583402" }, { "contents": "Abdulmumin Jibrin\n\n\nof Commerce (NBCC) between 2010 – 2011. Jibrin was first elected into the Nigerian National Assembly's House of Representatives representing Kiru/Bebeji Federal constituency of Kano State under the Peoples Democratic Party - PDP in 2011 before decamping to the newly formed political party in Nigeria, the All Progressives Congress (APC) in 2014 and was later re-elected into House of Representatives in 2015. Jibrin was the Chairman House of Representatives Committee on Finance in the 7th Assembly with oversight on the Federal Ministry of Finance and its Parastatals,", "id": "18363893" }, { "contents": "Rashidi Adewolu Ladoja\n\n\n2009, a former aide testified on the way on which the share money had been divided between Ladoja's family, bodyguard, senior politicians and lawyers. Ladoja was the governorship candidate for Accord party in Oyo State during the April 2011 and 2015 elections, he lost to Senator Abiola Ajimobi. He later merged his Accord Party into PDP in 2017. Dispute in PDP made him and other allies (from Labour Party, All Progressives Congress APC etc.) to move over African Democratic Congress (ADC) in 2018. After a", "id": "21855065" }, { "contents": "Mohammed Badaru Abubakar\n\n\nAll Progressives Congress in 2015 along with PDP contender Mal. Aminu Ibrahim Ringim. The Independent National Electoral Commission on 13 April 2015 declared him the winner of that election. On 9 March 2019 Jigawa state gubernatorial election, Badaru was re-elected has governor having polled a total of 810,933 votes, the candidate of the Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, Aminu Ibrahim Ringim scored 288,356 while the candidate of the Social Democratic Party, SDP, Bashir Adamu Jumbo scored 32,894 votes, thereby making him the winner of the election. In recognition", "id": "20149723" }, { "contents": "Popular Democratic Party (France)\n\n\nthe PDP prior to the 1924 legislative election. Established by Congress on 15 and 16 November 1924, under the chairmanship of George Thibout and involving 200 delegates, the PDP supported the desire to achieve \"a task in bringing reconciliation around the idea of Republicanism\" by the definition of \"new Republican faith\" The Popular Democrats advocated that religion was not and should not be a line between right and left. However, the PDP oriented itself to the centre-right in direct competition to the Republican Federation, the party from which", "id": "22044943" }, { "contents": "Socialism in Tunisia\n\n\nthe Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties (Ettakatol or FDTL) was founded and officially recognized on 25 October 2002. Is a social democratic and secularist political party in Tunisia. Its founder and Secretary-General is the radiologist Mustapha Ben Jafar. Active from 1993 to 2012, the Ettajdid Movement (\"Movement for Renewal\") was a centre-left secularist, democratic socialist and social liberal political party in Tunisia. It was led by Ahmed Ibrahim. For the Constituent assembly election, Ettajdid formed a strongly secularist alliance called Democratic", "id": "5642583" }, { "contents": "Wafa Movement\n\n\nThe Wafa Movement (), sometimes referred to as the Independent Democratic Congress, is a political party in Tunisia. The party was founded in 2012 by a number of constituents who broke away from the Congress for the Republic (CPR). Led by the short-time CPR secretary-general Abderraouf Ayadi, the party however remained loosely allied with the governing Troika coalition of Ennahda, CPR and Ettakatol. Generally seen as a secular, left-leaning party, the Wafa Movement reached out to Islamists on the grounds of seeking", "id": "13260598" }, { "contents": "Abdulkareem Adisa\n\n\nPeople's Democratic Party (PDP) in Kwara State. One PDP group suspended the Minister of State for Women Affairs, Miss Funke Adedoyin, but another group of PDP elders, led by Adisa, voided Adedoyin’s suspension. Adisa also became vice-chairman of the Kwara Progressive Movement (KPM). Abdulkareem Adisa was leader of a movement to elect General Ibrahim Babangida as president in 2007. He published an attack on the National Democratic Coalition (NADECO) in \"The Guardian\" of 28 April 2004, warning the group", "id": "1146576" }, { "contents": "Nidaa Tounes\n\n\n\"founder\" Habib Bourguiba). In addition, the party has the support of many members of the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT) and the national employers' union, UTICA. They believe that Tunisia's secular forces have to unite to counter the dominance of the Islamist Ennahda Movement. From its foundation until July 2013, 11 members of the Constituent Assembly joined the party by defecting from various other parties. On 11 February 2013, the Republican Party joined Nidaa Tounes and four other parties in a political alliance called Union", "id": "4542216" }, { "contents": "Gibraltar\n\n\nrepresented by the Governor of Gibraltar. The governor enacts day-to-day matters on the advice of the Gibraltar Parliament, but is responsible to the British government in respect of defence, foreign policy, internal security and general good governance. Judicial and other appointments are made on behalf of the monarch in consultation with the head of the elected government. The 2011 election was contested by the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)-Gibraltar Liberal Party (GLP) Alliance and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP", "id": "7263743" }, { "contents": "Adamu Sidi Ali\n\n\nballots had not been included in the count.In turn, the PDP appealed the decision to nullify the election of their candidate, who had died two months after the election, saying the election should be a re-run due to his death. Their appeal was rejected. Later, Sidi Ali changed allegiance to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). During a PDP campaign flag-off meeting before the April 2007 elections, he advised political opponents not to use thugs to destabilize the elections. Sidi Ali became senator for", "id": "13302889" }, { "contents": "Ahmed Tijani Ahmed\n\n\nAhmed Tijani Ahmed (December 17, 1941 – June 10, 2006) was a Nigerian politician who was Senator for the Kogi Central constituency in Kogi State from 1999 to 2003 as a member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP). When Kogi State was created in 1991, Ahmed Tijani Ahmed joined a group of liberal progressive politicians in the Social Democratic Party (SDP) that created an agreement on power sharing among the different peoples of the state. However, they lost the December 1991 governorship election to the National Republican", "id": "14754363" }, { "contents": "Abdulmumin Jibrin\n\n\nthe members of the House of Representatives that led the first set of 37 Legislators that decamped from the ruling People's Democratic Party (PDP) to the main opposition party, All Progressive Party (APC). In March 2015, Abdulmumin contested and got re-elected to the House of Representatives by the people of his constituency Kiru/Bebeji Kano state, Nigeria. As Chairman Appropriation, Jibrin has oversight function over the Budget office and national budget, the appropriation of funds for execution of government programmes and projects. He also", "id": "18363903" }, { "contents": "Godswill Akpabio\n\n\nSenatorial District to represent the district in the Senate of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Running under the platform of the People’s Democratic Party (PDP), he polled 422,009 of the 439,449 to defeat Chief Inibehe Okorie of the All Progressive Congress (APC) who recorded 15, 152 votes to be declared elected by the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). Akpabio was nominated for the position of the Senate Minority Leader by the South-South caucus of the People's Democratic Party (PDP), ratified by the caucus", "id": "19678208" }, { "contents": "1970 Montserratian general election\n\n\nGeneral elections were held in Montserrat on 15 December 1970. The result was a victory for the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), which won all seven seats in the Legislative Council, whilst the Montserrat Labour Party (MLP), which had won every election since the introduction of universal suffrage in 1951, lost all four of its seats. PDP leader Percival Austin Bramble became Chief Minister, replacing his father and MLP leader, William Henry Bramble. Universal suffrage was introduced in Montserrat in 1951, and the first elections under it", "id": "6935944" }, { "contents": "Atiku Abubakar\n\n\nProgressives Congress (APC), a party he helped to form. On 3 December 2017, via a Facebook Live broadcast, Abubakar announced his return to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). The announcement followed consultations the former Vice President had with party leaders and stakeholders from across the country. He said he decided to 'return home' to the PDP now that the issues which made him leave the party had been resolved. Abubakar declared his candidacy for the presidential nomination of the PDP mid 2018 and won the nomination at", "id": "10683389" }, { "contents": "Luis A. Ferré\n\n\nProgressive Party (a.k.a., PNP). In the following general election in 1968, Ferré ran for Governor and defeated Luis Negrón López, the candidate of the Popular Democratic Party (PPD) by a slight margin. The ruling party had split with the creation of the People's Party, which ran incumbent PDP-elected Governor Roberto Sánchez Vilella as its gubernatorial candidate, ending Luis Muñoz Marín's PPD's hold on the governor's seat, which had lasted 20 years. During Ferré's administration, Puerto Rico was in", "id": "11079059" }, { "contents": "1994–1995 Uzbek parliamentary election\n\n\nParliamentary elections were held in Uzbekistan on 25 December 1994, with a second round held in 39 constituencies on 8 January 1995 and seven constituencies on 22 January. The election was contested by 634 candidates, 250 nominated by local councils, 243 members of the People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan, and 141 Progress Party of the Fatherland members. The majority of seats were won by local council nominees (around 120 of which were PDP members), whilst the People's Democratic Party emerged as the largest party. Voter turnout was 93.6", "id": "15227647" }, { "contents": "1983 Madrilenian regional election\n\n\nthe PSOE won 51 seats. The People's Coalition, an electoral alliance led by the People's Alliance (AP), which also included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), emerged as the second largest grouping in the Assembly. The Communist Party of Spain was the only other party to win seats in the Assembly. In 1986, the party joined with other left-wing movements to form the current United Left. The Assembly of Madrid was the devolved, unicameral legislature of", "id": "3098844" } ]

[ { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nby Ahmed Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi. On 9 April 2012, it merged into the Republican Party. The Progressive Democratic Party had a newspaper, \"Al-Mawqif\". In its beginnings, the Progressive Socialist Rally (now PDP) gathered a broad range of currents from Marxists and pro-democracy activists to progressive Muslims. During the Ben Ali rule, Najib Chebbi and the PDP were harassed by the police for years, and verbally attacked by state-run media. After unsuccessfully participating in elections from 1989 to 1999", "id": "16419721" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\n, the party decided to boycott the elections of 2004 and 2009. Therefore, it was unrepresented in the Tunisian parliament. After the Ben Ali administration announced to force the party to move their headquarters from Tunis, its leaders Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi engaged in a 20-days hunger strike, which earned the party attention and prompted the administration to revoke their decision. Following the 2010–2011 Tunisian protests, shootings outside PDP's headquarters were reported on 16 January 2011. The next day, on 17 January, party leader Najib Chebbi, was", "id": "16419722" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nnamed Regional Development Minister in the interim government. Ahead of the Constituent Assembly election, the PDP evolved into a main exponent of the centre-left secular camp and rival of the Islamist Ennahda Movement. In the run-up to the elections, the Progressive Democrats have received quite an amount of financial support which enabled the party for a lavish campaign. Critics claim that an important part of the funding came from businesspeople close to the old Ben Ali power elite. In the election for a constituent assembly, the PDP won 3.9", "id": "16419723" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\n) was founded under the name of \"Progressive Socialist Rally\", and gained legal recognition on 12 September 1988. It was secular and liberal party. The party was renamed as Progressive Democratic Party in 2001. Under the rule of Ben Ali it was a legal opposition party, but subjected to political repression. After the Tunisian revolution it was one of the major left-leaning secular political forces. It was led by Ahmed Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi. On 9 April 2012, it merged into the Republican Party. Maya", "id": "5642552" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\n% of the popular vote and 16 of 217 seats in the National Constituent Assembly, putting it at the fifth place. As the party had categorically ruled out any collaboration with the victorious Islamist Ennahda Movement, the Progressive Democrats went into opposition and belong to the outspoken critics of the governing coalition of the Islamists with the secular CPR and Ettakatol parties. After the electoral defeat, the PDP launched talks with other secularist and liberal parties to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was realised on the PDP's", "id": "16419724" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (, \"; ), also referred to by its acronym PDP, was a secular liberal political party in Tunisia. The Progressive Democratic Party was founded under the name of \"Progressive Socialist Rally\" in 1983, gained legal recognition on 12 September 1988 and was renamed Progressive Democratic Party in 2001. Under the rule of Ben Ali it was a legal opposition party, but subjected to political repression. After the Tunisian revolution it was one of the major left-leaning secular political forces. It was led", "id": "16419720" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nSecretary-General of the PDP. She has been the first woman to lead a political party in Tunisia. From 1 to 20 October 2007, Jribi, along with Najib Chebbi, engaged in a hunger strike to protest against the forced move of the party's headquarters from Tunis, which caused serious health implications for her. Jribi headed the PDP’s electoral list in Ben Arous for the Constituent Assembly Elections in October 2011. The PDP list received one seat in Ben Arous according to preliminary election results. On 9 April 2012", "id": "632088" }, { "contents": "Republican Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nThe Republican Party ( \"\", ) is a centrist liberal party in Tunisia. It was formed on 9 April 2012 as a merger of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Afek Tounes and the Tunisian Republican Party, several minor parties and independents. The party is led by Maya Jribi who was previously the secretary-general of the PDP. The party held 11 out of 217 seats and was the largest oppositional party in the National Constituent Assembly of Tunisia. The party withdrew from the Union for Tunisia coalition, though", "id": "15161288" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nDuring that period, she became involved and an active member of the student union, known as UGET, and the Tunisian League of Human Rights. She wrote for the independent weekly Erraï and later for the PDP-newspaper Al Mawkif. Together with Ahmed Najib Chebbi, Maya Jribi co-founded the \"Progressive Socialist Rally\", established in 1983, which was later renamed into Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). Since 1986 she has been a member of the party's executive. On 25 December 2006, Jribi was appointed", "id": "632087" }, { "contents": "Ahmed Najib Chebbi\n\n\nAhmed Najib Chebbi (, ) or simply Najib Chebbi (born 30 July 1944) is a Tunisian attorney and politician. Chebbi is a prominent figure of the Tunisian opposition movement; in 1983, he founded the Democratic Progressive Party, which gained legal recognition in 1988. He is currently the leader of the Democratic Progressive Party. In 2006, Maya Jribi became the party's secretary-general, the first woman to hold such office in Tunisia. In 2009 Chebbi attempted to run as a candidate for President of Tunisia but was", "id": "1109530" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nof investigative journalism, unconditional and free access to information, open government, anti-censorship of all kinds, among others. On 9 April 2012, the Republican Party was formed as a merger of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Afek Tounes and the Tunisian Republican Party, several minor parties and independents. The party is centrist and liberal, it's led by Maya Jribi who was previously the secretary-general of the PDP. The party held 11 out of 217 seats and was the largest oppositional party in the", "id": "5642564" }, { "contents": "Tunisian Revolution\n\n\nand Ahmed Najib Chebbi of the PDP), three representatives from the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT), and representatives of civil society (including prominent blogger Slim Amamou). Three notable movements not included in the national unity government were the banned Ennahda Movement, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the secular reformist Congress for the Republic. The following day, the three members of the UGTT and Ben Jafaar resigned, saying that they had \"no confidence\" in a government featuring members of the RCD. There were daily", "id": "18746070" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nparty in Tunisia. Its program is liberal, focusing on secularism and civil liberties. The party mainly appealed to intellectuals and the upper class. After underperforming in the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, Afek Tounes joined talks with other secularist and liberal parties, especially the Progressive Democratic Party to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was completed on 9 April 2012. The new party is called the Republican Party. In August 2013, Yassine Brahim, current leader of the party, and other former party members left", "id": "5642562" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nMaya Jribi (January 29, 1960 – May 19, 2018) was a Tunisian politician. From 2006 to 2012, she was the leader of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). From PDP's merger into the Republican Party in April 2012, until her resignation in 2017, she was the Secretary-General of the centrist party. Her father is from Tatouine, while her mother is from Algeria. She followed her studies in Radès Tunisia, before studying biology at the University of Sfax, from 1979 to 1983.", "id": "632086" }, { "contents": "Secularism in Tunisia\n\n\nTunisian Constitution of 2014 following a considerable debate between Islamic and secular political groups and movements. On 1 March 2011, after the secularist dictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collapsed in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian revolution, Tunisia's interim government granted the \"Ennahda\", a moderate Islamist movement in Tunisia, permission to form a political party. Since then, the Ennahda Islamic Party has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election", "id": "19596325" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nNational Constituent Assembly of Tunisia. The party withdrew from the Union for Tunisia coalition, though it is still part of the National Salvation Front. After the founding congress, nine assemblymen elected for the PDP contested the leadership vote and temporarily suspended their party membership. Those 9 members became part of the Democratic Alliance Party. After being founded in 2012, Nidaa Tounes (Call of Tunisia) won a plurality of seats in the October 2014 parliamentary election. It's a big tent secularist political party in Tunisia. The party's founding", "id": "5642565" }, { "contents": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Burkina Faso)\n\n\nThe Party for Democracy and Progress () was a political party in Burkina Faso (former Upper Volta. It was founded in April 1994 after a split in the National Convention of Progressive Patriots–Social Democratic Party in May 1993. It merged in February 1996 with the Union of the Democratic Left and the Party of Social Progress. After merger with the Burkinabè Socialist Party the PDP became the Party for Democracy and Progress / Socialist Party. At the legislative elections in 1997 the party won 10.1% of the popular vote and 6", "id": "19404846" }, { "contents": "Popular Front (Tunisia)\n\n\nof the Iraqi branch of Ba'ath Party, and other progressive parties. The number of parties involved in the coalition has since decreased to nine. Approximately 15,000 people attended the coalition's first meeting in Tunis. The Tunisian Revolution in 2011 saw the departure of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the dissolution of his party, the Democratic Constitutional Rally, and the holding of fresh elections for the creation of a new constitution. This saw the Tunisian political scene dominated by the Islamist Ennahda Movement, and its allies the Democratic Forum for", "id": "8081870" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Gibraltar)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was a liberal conservative political party from Gibraltar. The party was the third political party and the only party to sit on the centre-right in Gibraltar. Despite poor election results, it garnered growing support from the public and was seen as the 'alternative opposition'. The PDP was the only party campaigning for \"a Gibraltar freely associated to the United Kingdom\" and envisaged \"a journey through the recognition of our right to independence\". The party was also the only political party", "id": "16416540" }, { "contents": "Democratic Party of Progress\n\n\nThe Democratic Party of Progress (, PDP) is a political party in Guinea-Bissau. The PDP was established on 10 February 1992 by Amin Michel Saad. It joined the Union for Change (UM) alliance prior to the 1994 general elections, and Saad became the UM's leader. The UM won six seats in the National People's Assembly, of which the PDP (though Saad) took one. The UM was reduced to three seats in the 1999–2000 general elections, and lost them all in the 2004 parliamentary", "id": "17399816" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nHe was the Ettajdid Movement's candidate for President of Tunisia in the 2009 presidential election. Brahim was in favor of the emergence of a \"democratic modern and \"secular\" [laicist] state\" not connected with Islamists. According to Brahim, this would require \"radical\" reform of the electoral system, which would improve the political climate in guaranteeing freedom of assembly and a large scale independent press, as well as repealing a law that regulated public discourse of electoral candidates. In 1983, the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP", "id": "5642551" }, { "contents": "Sarawak State Legislative Assembly\n\n\ngovernment with a majority of 72 seats out of 82. There were several candidates from breakaway parties such as TERAS and UPP that had their members contest seats under the Barisan banner as direct election candidates under a deal by Adenan Satem after their parties were prevented from joining Barisan after opposition from parties such as PDP and SUPP. On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties including Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party", "id": "17954676" }, { "contents": "2015 Nigerian general election\n\n\nPeople's Democratic Party (PDP) primaries on 10 December 2014, receiving the nomination of the party. However, this was against an unwritten rule that the PDP's presidential candidacy should alternate between Muslim northerners and Christian southerners, and opposition to Jonathan's candidacy had led to the defection of dozens of PDP MPs in the House of Representatives. Prior to the elections, the All Progressives Congress was formed as an alliance of four opposition parties, the Action Congress of Nigeria, the Congress for Progressive Change, the All Nigeria Peoples", "id": "18172183" }, { "contents": "Civic Democratic Party (Hungary)\n\n\nThe Civic Democratic Party (, PDP) was a liberal political party in Hungary in the period following World War II The party was established towards the end of 1944 as a successor to the Civic Freedom Party. Part of a group of members who had belonged to now-defunct conservative parties before the war, Géza Teleki was elected as the party's first leader. The PDP won 21 seats in the National Interim Assembly elections in November 1944. However, Communist opposition to Teleki led to him losing his place in the Cabinet", "id": "16990101" }, { "contents": "Afek Tounes\n\n\nAfek Tounes won 4 seats for the constitutive assembly. The party was rattled on 3 November 2011 though by the resignation of several key founding members such as its spokesperson Emna Mnif, its general secretary Mustapha Mezghani, Sami Zaoui, Hela Hababou and another 13 members. After underperforming in the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, Afek Tounes joined talks with other secularist and liberal parties, especially the Progressive Democratic Party to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was completed on 9 April 2012. The new party is called", "id": "1405509" }, { "contents": "Ali Lankoandé\n\n\nAli Lankoandé (10 November 1930 – 28 May 2014) is a Burkinabé politician from Burkina Faso. He was President of the Party for Democracy and Progress/Socialist Party (PDP/PS) from 2005 to 2008. Lankoandé headed the National Social Security Fund and served as a deputy in the National Assembly of Burkina Faso, as well as Minister of National Education, during the 1970s. Lankoandé was elected to succeed Joseph Ki-Zerbo as President of the PDP/PS on 5 February 2005. Running as the PDP/", "id": "21268271" }, { "contents": "Ennahda Movement\n\n\ncollapse of the government of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the Ennahdha Movement Party was formed, and in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, (the first free election in the country's history), won a plurality of 37% of the popular vote and formed a government. Uproar in the traditionally secular country over \"Islamization\" and assassinations of two secular politicians however, led to the 2013–14 Tunisian political crisis, and the party stepped down following the implementation of a new constitution in January 2014. The party came in", "id": "10814394" }, { "contents": "1991 Sint Maarten general election\n\n\nGeneral elections were held in Sint Maarten on 12 April 1991 to elect the 9 members of the Island Council. The Sint Maarten Patriotic Alliance (SPA) led by Vance James Jr. emerged as the largest party, winning 4 of the 9 seats. The SPA and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) agreed to form a coalition government. On 28 August 1991 the SPA/PDP government collapsed. PDP political leader Millicent Acuna-Lopez-de Weever said that \"fundamental philosophical differences\" with the SPA caused the coalition \"to", "id": "12703859" }, { "contents": "Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party\n\n\nin the Rajya Sabha. It was a member of the ruling United Progressive Alliance until the 2009 general election. Sayeed headed the PDP-Indian National Congress Coalition Government between October 2002 and November 2005, and he was the party's Patron until his death on 7 January 2016. The PDP is now headed by Mehbooba Mufti, Sayeed's daughter. The PDP operates on the ideology of self-rule, as distinctly different from the issues of autonomy. It believes that self-rule as a political philosophy, as opposed to", "id": "248417" }, { "contents": "Ettajdid Movement\n\n\nThe Ettajdid Movement (\"Movement for Renewal\" ; , ' ; ), also referred to simply as Ettajdid, was a centre-left secularist political party in Tunisia, active from 1993 to 2012. Ettajdid evolved out of the old Tunisian Communist Party when it abandoned its former ideology in 1993. During the Ben Ali rule it was one of the legal, although oppressed opposition parties. After the Tunisian revolution of 2011, it became part of the Democratic Modernist Pole alliance and in 2012 it merged into the Social Democratic Path", "id": "16419620" }, { "contents": "Elections in Montserrat\n\n\n(when the Council was expanded to seven seats) and 1966. The 1970 elections saw the new Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) win all seven seats. The PDP also won the 1973 elections, but was defeated in 1978 when the People's Liberation Movement (PLM) won all seven seats. The PLM went on to win the 1983 and 1987 elections. The 1991 elections were won by the National Progressive Party, which won four of the seven seats. The 1996 elections resulted in a hung parliament, with the People", "id": "4125813" }, { "contents": "2013–14 Tunisian political crisis\n\n\nafter the elections Ben Ali jailed nearly 25,000 of its activists with Ennahda militants responding by attacking the ruling party's headquarters killing one person and splashing acid on others. Following the revolution, it described itself to be a \"moderate Islamist\" party by advocating democracy and recognizing political pluralism and dialogue with the West. Its supporters back then regarded the party as an example of how a balance can be struck between modernity and Islamism while its critics viewed it as a threat to secularism in Tunisia, which was often regarded as the most", "id": "7679782" }, { "contents": "List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2013–18)\n\n\nof 72 seats out of 82. There were several candidates from breakaway parties such as TERAS and UPP that had their members contest seats under the Barisan banner as direct election candidates under a deal by Adenan Satem after their parties were prevented from joining Barisan after opposition from parties such as PDP and SUPP. On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties including Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP) officially", "id": "21866476" }, { "contents": "Mike Onoja\n\n\nParty at the 2015 general election by the All Progressives Congress, he and other politicians of the People's Democratic Party defected to the All Progressives Congress in 2016. He returned to the People's Democratic Party in the run-up to the 2019 Benue south Senatorial election. After the PDP's Senatorial Primary election in 2018, Mike Onoja again defected from the party to the Social Democratic Party after expressing his dissatisfaction with the PDP's conduct of the primary election. Mike Onoja is the Chairman/CEO of Moonsons Resources Investment International", "id": "10879880" }, { "contents": "History of modern Tunisia\n\n\n, several Islamist activists were released from prison. He also forged a national pact with the Tunisian party Harakat al-Ittijah al-Islami (Islamic Tendency Movement), which had been founded in 1981; later it changed its name to Ennahda (the Renaissance Party). He also changed the ruling party's name to the Democratic Constitutional Rally. However, Ben Ali's innovative tack did not work out well. Subsequently, An-Nahda claimed to have run strongly in the 1989 elections, giving it the appearance of being", "id": "17057122" }, { "contents": "Yassine Brahim\n\n\nof the new company, which he led into the following acquisition by U.S. based SunGard. In 2010 he turned back to Tunisia, just before the Tunisian Revolution would lead to his appointment as Minister of Transport and Equipment in the short-lived second Ghannouchi cabinet and the subsequent Essebsi cabinet. He resigned on 17 June 2011 to become general secretary of the newly founded Afek Tounes party which he led into a merger with Ahmed Najib Chebbi's Progressive Democratic Party, the Republican Party \"Al Joumhouri\". On 28 August 2013,", "id": "2666991" }, { "contents": "Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties\n\n\nup his position in the transitional government. In the Constituent Assembly election on 23 October 2011, Ettakatol won 20 of the 217 seats making it the fourth force in the Assembly. Subsequently, the FDTL came to an agreement with the two major parties, the Islamist Ennahda Movement and the secular Congress for the Republic (CPR), to share the three highest positions in state. Accordingly, Ben Jafar was voted Speaker of the Assembly on 22 November. In exchange, the Forum supported the election of CPR-leader Moncef Marzouki", "id": "2468766" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Tonga)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (PDP) is a political party in Tonga. It was formed after a split in the Human Rights and Democracy Movement. The party was founded on 8 April 2005 in 'Atenisi. Teisina Fuko was the first person elected to the party presidency at a meeting on 15 April 2005. The PDP was legally registered on July 1, 2005, being the first Tongan party to do so. The party has not won any seats to the Tonga Parliament. It is currently inactive without any candidates or", "id": "19615344" }, { "contents": "2013 Gibraltar by-election\n\n\nSocial Democrats as Opposition had initially decided not to contest the by-election considering instead a \"gentleman's agreement\" as the seat had been one of the GSLP which had become vacant under tragic circumstances. The Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) which was not represented in Parliament immediately decided it would contest the by-election seeing it as an opportunity to be represented despite its poor performance at the previous two general elections. On 30 May 2013 the PDP announced its candidature of party leader Nick Cruz. At this point the GSD", "id": "8509410" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (PDP) is a major contemporary political party in Nigeria. Its policies generally lie towards the centre-right of the political spectrum. It won every Presidential election between 1999 and 2011, and was until the 2015 elections, the governing party in the Fourth Republic although in some cases, amid a few controversial electoral circumstances. Currently, PDP controls 14 states out of 36 states in Nigeria. In 1998 the PDP in its first presidential primary election held in Jos, Plateau State, North Central Nigeria", "id": "1890377" }, { "contents": "Social Democratic Union of Macedonia\n\n\nThe Social Democratic Union of Macedonia (–СДСМ, \"Socijaldemokratski Sojuz na Makedonija\"–SDSM) is a social-democratic political party, the main centre-left political party in North Macedonia. The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia was founded on 20 April 1991 at the 11th Congress of SKM-PDP (UCM – Party for Democratic Changes). Branko Crvenkovski was elected as the party's first president. Its current leader is Zoran Zaev. The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia is a member of the Progressive Alliance and an associate affiliate of", "id": "1084636" }, { "contents": "Peoples Democratic Party (Kenya)\n\n\nThe Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) is a political party in Kenya. The PDP was established in 1992. It won a single seat in the 2007 general elections, Richard Momoima Onyonka in Kitutu Chache Constituency. In 2010 Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) MP James Omingo Magara defected to the party after the ODM did not nominate him as its candidate in the South Mugirango by-election, which was held after Magara's victory in the 2007 elections was annulled due to irregularities. However, Magara was defeated in the by-", "id": "19016018" }, { "contents": "Dickson Tarkighir\n\n\nat the polls in the 2015 general elections and won the seat to represent the people of Makurdi/Guma Federal Constituency in the House of Representatives, Abuja. On Tuesday, 24 July 2018, Tarkighir was among 37 members of the House of Representatives who defected from the ruling All Progressives Congress (APC) to other political parties. He defected to the People's Democratic Party (PDP), a party he had previously defected from. However, On Tuesday, 22 January 2019, Tarkighir announced his return to the All Progressives", "id": "8861699" }, { "contents": "Guillermo Irizarry\n\n\ngovernor abandoned the party that elected him, the Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico (PDP), and joined a newly founded party, the People's Party, which nominated him for an unsuccessful reelection bid. In November of that year, the PDP suffered its first defeat with the election of the New Progressive Party's Luis A. Ferré. As a result, Secretary Irizarry presided over the first transition between elected governors of different parties. From 1973 to 1977, during the administration of Governor Rafael Hernández Colón, Irizarry served again", "id": "1916365" }, { "contents": "1931 Argentine general election\n\n\nJulio Roca as his running mate; Roca, the son of the late PAN leader, Julio A. Roca, had led the Democratic Party of Córdoba. The Democratic Progressive Party (PDP), known for its anti-corruption platform, nominated Senator Lisandro de la Torre, who also earned the endorsement of the Socialist Party of Argentina, a party in search of leadership following the passing of Juan B. Justo, in 1928. The alliance alienated conservatives in the PDP, however, who instead endorsed the aging Francisco A. Barroetaveña,", "id": "14281535" }, { "contents": "Jebali Cabinet\n\n\nThe first cabinet of Tunisian Head of Government Hamadi Jebali was presented on 20 December 2011. Jebali has been appointed by interim President Moncef Marzouki, who had been elected by the National Constituent Assembly, a body constituted to draft a new constitution after the Tunisian Revolution and the fall of former President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in Spring 2011. It took office on 24 December 2011. The three parties in the \"Troika\" coalition are the Islamist Ennahda Movement, the centre-left secularist Congress for the Republic (CPR),", "id": "5725136" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Montserrat)\n\n\nwere the first occasion on which the MLP had faced serious opposition, and saw the PDP win all seven seats, leaving the MLP without parliamentary representation. Percival Austin Bramble became Chief Minister. The PDP subsequently won five of the seven seats in the 1973 elections, but were defeated in the 1978 elections, when the People's Liberation Movement formed by former PDP minister John Osborne won all seven seats. The PDP contested the 1983 elections, winning two seats in the Legislative Council. It was reduced to one seat in the 1987", "id": "6998615" }, { "contents": "1987 European Parliament election in Spain\n\n\na European-wide election was due in 1989, elected MEPs only served for the remainder of the European Parliament term. The ruling Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) designated former Foreign Affairs Minister Fernando Morán to lead their campaign. The main opposition People's Alliance party (AP), running on its own after the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and Liberal Party (PL) broke away from the People's Coalition, chose Manuel Fraga—who had resigned as party leader in December 1986—to lead the party list", "id": "7968065" }, { "contents": "2011 Gibraltar general election\n\n\ngave the GSLP an advantage of up to 9% over the governing party, the GSD, while one (that of the Spanish newspaper \"Area\", which published no details and was widely thought to be politically motivated) predicted a GSD win. Two parties, the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD) and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), and an alliance (Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)/Liberals) have presented a full slate of 10 candidates each, making a total of 30 candidates for 17 seats in the Gibraltar", "id": "19578144" }, { "contents": "Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance\n\n\nThe Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance (\"Partido Democrático para o Progresso – Aliança Nacional Angolana\") is a political party in Angola. The party was founded in Luanda, March 17, 1991. It was led by Mfulumpinga Landu Victor, a former National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) cadre and Member of Parliament for the PDP-ANA, until he was shot dead outside the party office in 2004. It is now led by Francisco Lele. In the 2008 legislative elections, it gained 0.51%", "id": "17803317" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Montserrat)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was a political party in Montserrat. The party was established in 1970 by Percival Austin Bramble, son of Chief Minister and leader of the Montserrat Labour Party (MLP) William Henry Bramble. Percival had previously been a member of the MLP and was elected to the Legislative Council as an MLP candidate in the 1966 elections. However, he subsequently broke away to form the PDP as a result of controversy over the number of holiday and retirement homes being built on the island. The 1970 elections", "id": "6998614" }, { "contents": "Party of Democratic Progress\n\n\nThe Party of Democratic Progress () is a Serbian political party in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the third-largest party in Republika Srpska. PDP was established in Banja Luka on 26 September 1999. During the founding assembly, Mladen Ivanić was elected as the president of the party, while Branko Dokić and Zoran Đerić were elected as vice presidents. The party is an observer member of the European People's Party (EPP) and International Democrat Union (IDU). In terms of bilateral cooperation with other European parties,", "id": "19626107" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (, O'zXDP or PDP) is a centre-left political party in Uzbekistan founded in 1991. The PDP was founded in October 1991 after the Communist Party of Uzbekistan voted to cut its ties with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and change its name to PDP. The party was led by President Islam Karimov since its foundation until 1996, at which point Karimov stepped down and resigned his membership. Karimov created the Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party in 2003. This is supported by the fact", "id": "19132598" }, { "contents": "Ademola Rasaq Seriki\n\n\nwas appointed a National Fund Raising Committee member in the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) for the 1999 National elections. The PDP also appointed him as a member of the Candidate and Party Relations Committee for Obasanjo/Atiku Presidential Election. From 2000 to 2002 Demola Seriki emerged as the PDP Party Chairman of Lagos Island Local Government Area in Lagos State and later in 2003 as the party's flag bearer to the House of Assembly representing Lagos Island Federal Constituency. In 2005 he cut his political tooth further by serving as Secretary of the", "id": "5752584" }, { "contents": "Omuma\n\n\nin the council premises and he won the House of Assembly election in 2011. He was re-elected in 2015 election to represent Omuma for the second time in Rivers State House of Assembly under the PDP. Several other political parties have sprung up within this period as alphabetically arranged below and Omuma has been actively involved in them: • Advanced Congress of Democrats (ACD) • Alliance for Democracy (AD) • Action Democratic Party (ADP) • All Democratic Peoples Movement (ADPM) • All Progressives Congress (APC)", "id": "2613408" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Spain)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (, PDP), renamed as Christian Democracy (, DC) from March 1988 until it merged into the People's Party in June 1989, was a Christian-democratic political party in Spain. In August 1982, 13 deputies under the leadership of Óscar Alzaga split from the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) and founded the PDP, entering into alliance with the People's Alliance (AP), which received the second largest number of votes in the 1982 and 1986 general elections. The", "id": "19996228" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Malaysia)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (Malay: Parti Demokratik Progresif, Abbreviation: PDP), formerly known as Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party (SPDP) is a Sarawak based political party in Malaysia founded in 2002. The party was founded in the wake of the de-registration of the Sarawak National Party (SNAP) in November 2002 by a faction aligned to the Chief Minister of Sarawak, Abdul Taib Mahmud, led by William Mawan Ikom. The party has rebrand that using a new name - Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and a", "id": "13136566" }, { "contents": "Tunisia\n\n\n, including several that existed under the former regime. During the rule of Ben Ali, only three functioned as independent opposition parties: the PDP, FDTL, and Tajdid. While some older parties are well-established and can draw on previous party structures, many of the 100-plus parties extant as of February 2012 are small. Rare for the Arab world, women held more than 20% of seats in the country's pre-revolution bicameral parliament. In the 2011 constituent assembly, women held between 24% and 31%", "id": "11279313" }, { "contents": "Liberal Party (Spain, 1976)\n\n\nThe Liberal Party (, PL) was a liberal political party in Spain. It was part of the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) until 1983, when it aligned itself with the People's Alliance (AP), the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL). On 22 December 1984 the latter merged into the Liberal Party. These three parties formed the People's Coalition for the 1986 election. In 1989 the party, along with AP and PDP, merged to form the", "id": "19996525" }, { "contents": "New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)\n\n\nto boycott that plebiscite. Main party founder, president, and former statehood Republican Party standard-bearer Luis A. Ferré categorized the New Progressive Party as one which would not be aligned to any of the two major U.S. national parties. Co-founders of the NPP alongside Luis A. Ferre were Manuel F. Alsina Capo, attorney Nelson Escalona, and Benny Frankie Cerezo. Under Luis A. Ferré, the NPP came to power in January 1969, after defeating Luis Negrón López, the gubernatorial candidate from the Popular Democratic Party (PDP)", "id": "21721596" }, { "contents": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Mali)\n\n\nThe Party for Democracy and Progress (, PDP) is a political party in Mali led by Mady Konaté. The party was established in 1991, and officially registered on 25 April that year. It party received 5.1% of the vote in the February 1992 parliamentary elections, winning two seats. In the April 1992 presidential elections it nominated Idrissa Traoré as its candidate. Traoré finished fifth out of nine candidates with 7.1%^ of the vote. The local elections in the same year saw the party win 40 of the 751 seats across", "id": "19282171" }, { "contents": "Samaila Suleiman\n\n\n-2008, Energy Commission of Nigeria in 2009-2010 and later resigned to join politics. Suleiman was first elected into the public office as a local government chairman from Kaduna North in Kaduna State under the defunct Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) in 2008. He was the only politician to have won local government election under the CPC having shared the same constituency with the then vice president of Nigeria from the then ruling party People's Democratic Party (PDP). In 2015, Suleiman was first elected into the Lower Chamber", "id": "6113494" }, { "contents": "Party for Democratic Prosperity\n\n\nFor example, the party leadership criticized the 1991 Census for allegedly underreporting the percentage of the population that was Albanian from 40% to only 21%. Also, the PDP deputies voted against adopting the constitution due to its lack of protection for minorities. From the 1998 elections onwards PDP is in opposition and since then the support for the PDP has eroded considerably. At the 2002 legislative elections, the party won 2.3% of the popular vote and 2 out of 120 seats. At the 2011 legislative elections, the party won", "id": "5710802" }, { "contents": "2008 Angolan legislative election\n\n\nDemocratic Party (PLD), Party of the Alliance of Youth, Workers and Farmers of Angola (PAJOCA), Party for Democratic Support and Progress of Angola (PADEPA), the Democratic Party for Progress - Angolan National Alliance (PDP-ANA), the Front for Democracy (FpD) and four coalitions: the Democratic Angola – Coalition (AD), New Democracy Electoral Union (ND), the Electoral Political Platform (PPE) and the Angolan Fraternal Forum Coalition (FOFAC). The Angolan Democratic Party (PDA", "id": "533048" }, { "contents": "Party for Democratic Prosperity\n\n\nThe Party for Democratic Prosperity or PDP () is an ethnic Albanian political party in North Macedonia. The party was formed in April 1990 and is currently led by Abdyladi Vejseli. From 1992 to 1998 the PDP was part of the coalition governments led by the SDSM. After the split of the radical wing from the party in February 1994, PDP was generally considered to be moderate party that could cooperate with Macedonian parties, although sometimes frictions between the PDP and the other government parties arose as a consequence of the ethnic questions.", "id": "5710801" }, { "contents": "Politics of Gibraltar\n\n\n. A new party, New Gibraltar Democracy, announced it would contest the next election. NGD claimed that the two main parties were \"Out of touch with people's expectations and make up for their lack of ideas through Orwellian style propaganda.\" At the 2007 election one candidate, Charles Gomez, stood for election for the party. It achieved under 1% of the vote and has subsequently ceased any activity. In June 2006 the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was formed and announced it would be presenting a full slate", "id": "11739411" }, { "contents": "Tunisian people\n\n\nto an end 23 years latter on January 14, 2011, in the events of the Tunisian Revolution, following nationwide demonstrations precipitated by high unemployment, food inflation, corruption, a lack of political freedoms like freedom of speech and poor living conditions. Following the overthrow of Ben Ali, Tunisians elected a Constituent Assembly to draft a new constitution, and an interim government known as the Troika because it was a coalition of three parties; the Islamist Ennahda Movement in the lead, with the centre-left Congress for the Republic and", "id": "21785336" }, { "contents": "Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle\n\n\nIn the aftermath of \"Mt. Healthy\",\" wrote Sandra Lynch for the First Circuit in 2004, \"confusion still sometimes arises about the issue of causation.\" She was writing in one of several cases it heard in the mid-2000s arising from alleged political retaliation in Puerto Rico, where members of the New Progressive Party (NPP) brought suit claiming that members of the rival Popular Democratic Party (PDP) had improperly forced them out of government jobs after the PDP defeated the incumbent NPP in the commonwealth's 2000 elections.", "id": "17963178" }, { "contents": "Great Ogboru\n\n\n2003. In the 2007 election, Great Ogboru contested for governorship under the flag of the Democracy People Party (DPP) against Emmanuel Uduaghan of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) and lost to Emmanuel Uduagha again in 2011 election though he contested under the umbrella of Labour Party In the 2015 Delta State governorship election, Great Ogboru contested for governorship under the umbrella of All Progressive Congress (APC). He was defeated by Ifeanyi Okowa of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) . In the 2019 governorship election of Delta State,", "id": "278732" }, { "contents": "1983 Murcian regional election\n\n\nelectoral alliance led by the right-wing People's Alliance (AP), which included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), became the second political force and the main opposition party, whereas the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) also entered the Assembly, obtaining 1 seat. As a result of the election, Socialist Andrés Hernández Ros, who since 1979 had been the President of the Regional Council of Murcia (the pre-autonomic regional government), became the first democratically", "id": "19967050" }, { "contents": "Emmanuel Nnamdi Uba\n\n\nEmmanuel Nnamdi Uba, or Andy Uba (born 14 December 1958), is a Nigerian politician who was elected Senator for the Anambra South constituency of Anambra State, Nigeria, in April 2011. He ran on the People's Democratic Party (PDP) platform. He defected to the ruling All Progressives Congress in February 2017; the leadership crises engulfing the former ruling party PDP may have motivated his decision. Uba was born on 14 December 1958 in Enugu, and attended the Boys High School in Awkunanaw. His parents originated from", "id": "17515892" }, { "contents": "Islam and secularism\n\n\ndictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collapsed in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian revolution, Tunisia's interim government granted the group permission to form a political party. Since then it has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, 2011, the first honest election in the country's history with a turn out of 51.1% of all eligible voters, the party won 37.04% of the popular vote and 89 (41%)", "id": "18330475" }, { "contents": "United Progressive Alliance\n\n\nthe Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party announced the withdrawal of the PDP from the UPA given that the Congress had decided to support the Omar Abdullah-led National Conference Government in Jammu & Kashmir after the 2008 state elections. On 26 March 2009, PMK declared that it would join the AIADMK led front and withdrew from the UPA and the party president declared that two union ministers of his party will resign shortly. On 12 November 2012, Barrister Asaduddin Owaisi, leader of the AIMIM announced the decision of the party's executive and", "id": "8764699" }, { "contents": "Umaru Tanko Al-Makura\n\n\nfounding member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) in Nasarawa State in 1998. Al-Makura defected from the PDP after losing the primary elections for the Nasarawa Governor competition. Al-Makura was elected Governor of Nasarawa State, Nigeria on 26 April 2011, running on the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) ticket. He defeated the incumbent governor, Aliyu Akwe-Doma of the PDP. On 14 July 2014 the Speaker of the Nasarawa State House of Assembly gave a notice of impeachment to the Clerk of the", "id": "7102114" }, { "contents": "2013 Gibraltar by-election\n\n\nThe Gibraltar by-election, 2013 was a parliamentary by-election held on 4 July 2013 for the Gibraltar Parliament. The by-election was to contest the seat left vacant by the death of Government of Gibraltar Housing Minister Charles Bruzon in April 2013. The Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP), Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and an independent contested the by-election. The Liberal Party of Gibraltar who is in alliance and in Government with the GSLP backed the GSLP's candidate", "id": "8509407" }, { "contents": "Politics of Tajikistan\n\n\nThree major opposition parties—the Democratic Party, the Islamic Renaissance Party, and the Social Democratic Party—boycotted the election. In the early 2000s, independent political parties continued to exist, but their operations were circumscribed and their influence marginal. The governing People’s Democratic Party (PDP) gained strength as some opposition party leaders joined the government and others were disqualified from participation in elections. The Communist Party of Tajikistan, a nominal opposition party that has supported President Rahmon on most issues, has lost support since 2000. The", "id": "11083170" }, { "contents": "Dapo Abiodun\n\n\nis also reportedly the founder of First Power Limited. Dapo Abiodun is a founding member of Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) in Ogun State, although he is currently a member of the All Progressive Congress (APC) defecting after the 2015 general elections. He contested the Ogun East senatorial seat on the platform of the All Progressive Congress(APC) in the 2015 Nigerian general elections which he lost to the Peoples Democratic Party(PDP) candidate . He was elected a senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria on the platform of the defunct United Nigeria", "id": "1139922" }, { "contents": "1983 Riojan regional election\n\n\n. The People's Coalition, an electoral alliance led by the People's Alliance (AP), which also included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), emerged as the second largest grouping in the General Deputation, while the newly created regionalist Progressive Riojan Party (PRP) came third. Neither the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) or the Democratic and Social Centre (CDS), the only other parties standing in the election, were able to meet the electoral threshold and failed", "id": "18176961" }, { "contents": "Trinity—Spadina\n\n\nwas expected to be a very competitive election. Additionally, Conservative David Watters, Green Anna Costa, Progressive Canadian Party Asif Hossain, Canadian Action Party Tristan Downe-Dewdney and Daniel Knezetic for the Popular Democratic Party contested the election. The Popular Democratic Party was a social democratic and populist political party formed in 2003. It did not register as a political party with Elections Canada, and closed down after the 2004 election. The PDP proposed decentralization and community involvement in the political process through the creation of community councils to which any", "id": "8027884" }, { "contents": "Galician Coalition\n\n\nin the Congreso de los Diputados since the Second Republic. In January 1987 the most nationalist and progressive sectors of CG, led by Pablo González Mariñas and Xosé Henrique Rodríguez Peña, left the party and formed the Galician Nationalist Party (which would eventually join the Galician Nationalist Bloc). To attend the 1987 municipal elections CG formed the Galician Progressive Coalition, with the Democratic Popular Party (PDP) and the Liberal Party, gaining the 11.07% of the vote and 607 councilors. Following the departure of Xosé Luís Barreiro of the", "id": "602391" }, { "contents": "2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election\n\n\nthe delay, all major parties approved of it, even the Ennahda Movement; other parties approving the new election date included the Progressive Democratic Party, Ettajdid Movement, Al Majd, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the Social Liberal Party. In September, the government of Canada declared that it would not allow Tunisia to open polling stations in its territory because it refused to be included in another country's electoral constituency. Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird called the issue \"a matter of Canadian sovereignty\". In response to Canada", "id": "14450727" }, { "contents": "Democratic Modernist Pole\n\n\nin all the 33 constituencies at home and abroad. Sixteen women and 17 men will be chief candidates. Riadh Ben Fadl and Mustapha Ben Ahmed, are the founders of the group. Ahmed Ibrahim is a leader in the bloc. The bloc won 5 of the 217 seats and 4.91% of the vote in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election. Three of the parties in the coalition: the Republican Party, the Socialist Left Party and the Social Democratic Path) became part of another coalition called the Union for Tunisia in 2013", "id": "19583402" }, { "contents": "Abdulmumin Jibrin\n\n\nof Commerce (NBCC) between 2010 – 2011. Jibrin was first elected into the Nigerian National Assembly's House of Representatives representing Kiru/Bebeji Federal constituency of Kano State under the Peoples Democratic Party - PDP in 2011 before decamping to the newly formed political party in Nigeria, the All Progressives Congress (APC) in 2014 and was later re-elected into House of Representatives in 2015. Jibrin was the Chairman House of Representatives Committee on Finance in the 7th Assembly with oversight on the Federal Ministry of Finance and its Parastatals,", "id": "18363893" }, { "contents": "Rashidi Adewolu Ladoja\n\n\n2009, a former aide testified on the way on which the share money had been divided between Ladoja's family, bodyguard, senior politicians and lawyers. Ladoja was the governorship candidate for Accord party in Oyo State during the April 2011 and 2015 elections, he lost to Senator Abiola Ajimobi. He later merged his Accord Party into PDP in 2017. Dispute in PDP made him and other allies (from Labour Party, All Progressives Congress APC etc.) to move over African Democratic Congress (ADC) in 2018. After a", "id": "21855065" }, { "contents": "Mohammed Badaru Abubakar\n\n\nAll Progressives Congress in 2015 along with PDP contender Mal. Aminu Ibrahim Ringim. The Independent National Electoral Commission on 13 April 2015 declared him the winner of that election. On 9 March 2019 Jigawa state gubernatorial election, Badaru was re-elected has governor having polled a total of 810,933 votes, the candidate of the Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, Aminu Ibrahim Ringim scored 288,356 while the candidate of the Social Democratic Party, SDP, Bashir Adamu Jumbo scored 32,894 votes, thereby making him the winner of the election. In recognition", "id": "20149723" }, { "contents": "Popular Democratic Party (France)\n\n\nthe PDP prior to the 1924 legislative election. Established by Congress on 15 and 16 November 1924, under the chairmanship of George Thibout and involving 200 delegates, the PDP supported the desire to achieve \"a task in bringing reconciliation around the idea of Republicanism\" by the definition of \"new Republican faith\" The Popular Democrats advocated that religion was not and should not be a line between right and left. However, the PDP oriented itself to the centre-right in direct competition to the Republican Federation, the party from which", "id": "22044943" }, { "contents": "Socialism in Tunisia\n\n\nthe Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties (Ettakatol or FDTL) was founded and officially recognized on 25 October 2002. Is a social democratic and secularist political party in Tunisia. Its founder and Secretary-General is the radiologist Mustapha Ben Jafar. Active from 1993 to 2012, the Ettajdid Movement (\"Movement for Renewal\") was a centre-left secularist, democratic socialist and social liberal political party in Tunisia. It was led by Ahmed Ibrahim. For the Constituent assembly election, Ettajdid formed a strongly secularist alliance called Democratic", "id": "5642583" }, { "contents": "Wafa Movement\n\n\nThe Wafa Movement (), sometimes referred to as the Independent Democratic Congress, is a political party in Tunisia. The party was founded in 2012 by a number of constituents who broke away from the Congress for the Republic (CPR). Led by the short-time CPR secretary-general Abderraouf Ayadi, the party however remained loosely allied with the governing Troika coalition of Ennahda, CPR and Ettakatol. Generally seen as a secular, left-leaning party, the Wafa Movement reached out to Islamists on the grounds of seeking", "id": "13260598" }, { "contents": "Abdulkareem Adisa\n\n\nPeople's Democratic Party (PDP) in Kwara State. One PDP group suspended the Minister of State for Women Affairs, Miss Funke Adedoyin, but another group of PDP elders, led by Adisa, voided Adedoyin’s suspension. Adisa also became vice-chairman of the Kwara Progressive Movement (KPM). Abdulkareem Adisa was leader of a movement to elect General Ibrahim Babangida as president in 2007. He published an attack on the National Democratic Coalition (NADECO) in \"The Guardian\" of 28 April 2004, warning the group", "id": "1146576" }, { "contents": "Nidaa Tounes\n\n\n\"founder\" Habib Bourguiba). In addition, the party has the support of many members of the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT) and the national employers' union, UTICA. They believe that Tunisia's secular forces have to unite to counter the dominance of the Islamist Ennahda Movement. From its foundation until July 2013, 11 members of the Constituent Assembly joined the party by defecting from various other parties. On 11 February 2013, the Republican Party joined Nidaa Tounes and four other parties in a political alliance called Union", "id": "4542216" }, { "contents": "Gibraltar\n\n\nrepresented by the Governor of Gibraltar. The governor enacts day-to-day matters on the advice of the Gibraltar Parliament, but is responsible to the British government in respect of defence, foreign policy, internal security and general good governance. Judicial and other appointments are made on behalf of the monarch in consultation with the head of the elected government. The 2011 election was contested by the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)-Gibraltar Liberal Party (GLP) Alliance and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP", "id": "7263743" }, { "contents": "Adamu Sidi Ali\n\n\nballots had not been included in the count.In turn, the PDP appealed the decision to nullify the election of their candidate, who had died two months after the election, saying the election should be a re-run due to his death. Their appeal was rejected. Later, Sidi Ali changed allegiance to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). During a PDP campaign flag-off meeting before the April 2007 elections, he advised political opponents not to use thugs to destabilize the elections. Sidi Ali became senator for", "id": "13302889" }, { "contents": "Ahmed Tijani Ahmed\n\n\nAhmed Tijani Ahmed (December 17, 1941 – June 10, 2006) was a Nigerian politician who was Senator for the Kogi Central constituency in Kogi State from 1999 to 2003 as a member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP). When Kogi State was created in 1991, Ahmed Tijani Ahmed joined a group of liberal progressive politicians in the Social Democratic Party (SDP) that created an agreement on power sharing among the different peoples of the state. However, they lost the December 1991 governorship election to the National Republican", "id": "14754363" }, { "contents": "Abdulmumin Jibrin\n\n\nthe members of the House of Representatives that led the first set of 37 Legislators that decamped from the ruling People's Democratic Party (PDP) to the main opposition party, All Progressive Party (APC). In March 2015, Abdulmumin contested and got re-elected to the House of Representatives by the people of his constituency Kiru/Bebeji Kano state, Nigeria. As Chairman Appropriation, Jibrin has oversight function over the Budget office and national budget, the appropriation of funds for execution of government programmes and projects. He also", "id": "18363903" }, { "contents": "Godswill Akpabio\n\n\nSenatorial District to represent the district in the Senate of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Running under the platform of the People’s Democratic Party (PDP), he polled 422,009 of the 439,449 to defeat Chief Inibehe Okorie of the All Progressive Congress (APC) who recorded 15, 152 votes to be declared elected by the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). Akpabio was nominated for the position of the Senate Minority Leader by the South-South caucus of the People's Democratic Party (PDP), ratified by the caucus", "id": "19678208" }, { "contents": "1970 Montserratian general election\n\n\nGeneral elections were held in Montserrat on 15 December 1970. The result was a victory for the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), which won all seven seats in the Legislative Council, whilst the Montserrat Labour Party (MLP), which had won every election since the introduction of universal suffrage in 1951, lost all four of its seats. PDP leader Percival Austin Bramble became Chief Minister, replacing his father and MLP leader, William Henry Bramble. Universal suffrage was introduced in Montserrat in 1951, and the first elections under it", "id": "6935944" }, { "contents": "Atiku Abubakar\n\n\nProgressives Congress (APC), a party he helped to form. On 3 December 2017, via a Facebook Live broadcast, Abubakar announced his return to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). The announcement followed consultations the former Vice President had with party leaders and stakeholders from across the country. He said he decided to 'return home' to the PDP now that the issues which made him leave the party had been resolved. Abubakar declared his candidacy for the presidential nomination of the PDP mid 2018 and won the nomination at", "id": "10683389" }, { "contents": "Luis A. Ferré\n\n\nProgressive Party (a.k.a., PNP). In the following general election in 1968, Ferré ran for Governor and defeated Luis Negrón López, the candidate of the Popular Democratic Party (PPD) by a slight margin. The ruling party had split with the creation of the People's Party, which ran incumbent PDP-elected Governor Roberto Sánchez Vilella as its gubernatorial candidate, ending Luis Muñoz Marín's PPD's hold on the governor's seat, which had lasted 20 years. During Ferré's administration, Puerto Rico was in", "id": "11079059" }, { "contents": "1994–1995 Uzbek parliamentary election\n\n\nParliamentary elections were held in Uzbekistan on 25 December 1994, with a second round held in 39 constituencies on 8 January 1995 and seven constituencies on 22 January. The election was contested by 634 candidates, 250 nominated by local councils, 243 members of the People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan, and 141 Progress Party of the Fatherland members. The majority of seats were won by local council nominees (around 120 of which were PDP members), whilst the People's Democratic Party emerged as the largest party. Voter turnout was 93.6", "id": "15227647" }, { "contents": "1983 Madrilenian regional election\n\n\nthe PSOE won 51 seats. The People's Coalition, an electoral alliance led by the People's Alliance (AP), which also included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), emerged as the second largest grouping in the Assembly. The Communist Party of Spain was the only other party to win seats in the Assembly. In 1986, the party joined with other left-wing movements to form the current United Left. The Assembly of Madrid was the devolved, unicameral legislature of", "id": "3098844" } ]

[ { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nby Ahmed Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi. On 9 April 2012, it merged into the Republican Party. The Progressive Democratic Party had a newspaper, \"Al-Mawqif\". In its beginnings, the Progressive Socialist Rally (now PDP) gathered a broad range of currents from Marxists and pro-democracy activists to progressive Muslims. During the Ben Ali rule, Najib Chebbi and the PDP were harassed by the police for years, and verbally attacked by state-run media. After unsuccessfully participating in elections from 1989 to 1999", "id": "16419721" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\n, the party decided to boycott the elections of 2004 and 2009. Therefore, it was unrepresented in the Tunisian parliament. After the Ben Ali administration announced to force the party to move their headquarters from Tunis, its leaders Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi engaged in a 20-days hunger strike, which earned the party attention and prompted the administration to revoke their decision. Following the 2010–2011 Tunisian protests, shootings outside PDP's headquarters were reported on 16 January 2011. The next day, on 17 January, party leader Najib Chebbi, was", "id": "16419722" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nnamed Regional Development Minister in the interim government. Ahead of the Constituent Assembly election, the PDP evolved into a main exponent of the centre-left secular camp and rival of the Islamist Ennahda Movement. In the run-up to the elections, the Progressive Democrats have received quite an amount of financial support which enabled the party for a lavish campaign. Critics claim that an important part of the funding came from businesspeople close to the old Ben Ali power elite. In the election for a constituent assembly, the PDP won 3.9", "id": "16419723" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\n) was founded under the name of \"Progressive Socialist Rally\", and gained legal recognition on 12 September 1988. It was secular and liberal party. The party was renamed as Progressive Democratic Party in 2001. Under the rule of Ben Ali it was a legal opposition party, but subjected to political repression. After the Tunisian revolution it was one of the major left-leaning secular political forces. It was led by Ahmed Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi. On 9 April 2012, it merged into the Republican Party. Maya", "id": "5642552" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\n% of the popular vote and 16 of 217 seats in the National Constituent Assembly, putting it at the fifth place. As the party had categorically ruled out any collaboration with the victorious Islamist Ennahda Movement, the Progressive Democrats went into opposition and belong to the outspoken critics of the governing coalition of the Islamists with the secular CPR and Ettakatol parties. After the electoral defeat, the PDP launched talks with other secularist and liberal parties to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was realised on the PDP's", "id": "16419724" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (, \"; ), also referred to by its acronym PDP, was a secular liberal political party in Tunisia. The Progressive Democratic Party was founded under the name of \"Progressive Socialist Rally\" in 1983, gained legal recognition on 12 September 1988 and was renamed Progressive Democratic Party in 2001. Under the rule of Ben Ali it was a legal opposition party, but subjected to political repression. After the Tunisian revolution it was one of the major left-leaning secular political forces. It was led", "id": "16419720" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nSecretary-General of the PDP. She has been the first woman to lead a political party in Tunisia. From 1 to 20 October 2007, Jribi, along with Najib Chebbi, engaged in a hunger strike to protest against the forced move of the party's headquarters from Tunis, which caused serious health implications for her. Jribi headed the PDP’s electoral list in Ben Arous for the Constituent Assembly Elections in October 2011. The PDP list received one seat in Ben Arous according to preliminary election results. On 9 April 2012", "id": "632088" }, { "contents": "Republican Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nThe Republican Party ( \"\", ) is a centrist liberal party in Tunisia. It was formed on 9 April 2012 as a merger of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Afek Tounes and the Tunisian Republican Party, several minor parties and independents. The party is led by Maya Jribi who was previously the secretary-general of the PDP. The party held 11 out of 217 seats and was the largest oppositional party in the National Constituent Assembly of Tunisia. The party withdrew from the Union for Tunisia coalition, though", "id": "15161288" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nDuring that period, she became involved and an active member of the student union, known as UGET, and the Tunisian League of Human Rights. She wrote for the independent weekly Erraï and later for the PDP-newspaper Al Mawkif. Together with Ahmed Najib Chebbi, Maya Jribi co-founded the \"Progressive Socialist Rally\", established in 1983, which was later renamed into Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). Since 1986 she has been a member of the party's executive. On 25 December 2006, Jribi was appointed", "id": "632087" }, { "contents": "Ahmed Najib Chebbi\n\n\nAhmed Najib Chebbi (, ) or simply Najib Chebbi (born 30 July 1944) is a Tunisian attorney and politician. Chebbi is a prominent figure of the Tunisian opposition movement; in 1983, he founded the Democratic Progressive Party, which gained legal recognition in 1988. He is currently the leader of the Democratic Progressive Party. In 2006, Maya Jribi became the party's secretary-general, the first woman to hold such office in Tunisia. In 2009 Chebbi attempted to run as a candidate for President of Tunisia but was", "id": "1109530" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nof investigative journalism, unconditional and free access to information, open government, anti-censorship of all kinds, among others. On 9 April 2012, the Republican Party was formed as a merger of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Afek Tounes and the Tunisian Republican Party, several minor parties and independents. The party is centrist and liberal, it's led by Maya Jribi who was previously the secretary-general of the PDP. The party held 11 out of 217 seats and was the largest oppositional party in the", "id": "5642564" }, { "contents": "Tunisian Revolution\n\n\nand Ahmed Najib Chebbi of the PDP), three representatives from the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT), and representatives of civil society (including prominent blogger Slim Amamou). Three notable movements not included in the national unity government were the banned Ennahda Movement, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the secular reformist Congress for the Republic. The following day, the three members of the UGTT and Ben Jafaar resigned, saying that they had \"no confidence\" in a government featuring members of the RCD. There were daily", "id": "18746070" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nparty in Tunisia. Its program is liberal, focusing on secularism and civil liberties. The party mainly appealed to intellectuals and the upper class. After underperforming in the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, Afek Tounes joined talks with other secularist and liberal parties, especially the Progressive Democratic Party to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was completed on 9 April 2012. The new party is called the Republican Party. In August 2013, Yassine Brahim, current leader of the party, and other former party members left", "id": "5642562" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nMaya Jribi (January 29, 1960 – May 19, 2018) was a Tunisian politician. From 2006 to 2012, she was the leader of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). From PDP's merger into the Republican Party in April 2012, until her resignation in 2017, she was the Secretary-General of the centrist party. Her father is from Tatouine, while her mother is from Algeria. She followed her studies in Radès Tunisia, before studying biology at the University of Sfax, from 1979 to 1983.", "id": "632086" }, { "contents": "Secularism in Tunisia\n\n\nTunisian Constitution of 2014 following a considerable debate between Islamic and secular political groups and movements. On 1 March 2011, after the secularist dictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collapsed in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian revolution, Tunisia's interim government granted the \"Ennahda\", a moderate Islamist movement in Tunisia, permission to form a political party. Since then, the Ennahda Islamic Party has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election", "id": "19596325" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nNational Constituent Assembly of Tunisia. The party withdrew from the Union for Tunisia coalition, though it is still part of the National Salvation Front. After the founding congress, nine assemblymen elected for the PDP contested the leadership vote and temporarily suspended their party membership. Those 9 members became part of the Democratic Alliance Party. After being founded in 2012, Nidaa Tounes (Call of Tunisia) won a plurality of seats in the October 2014 parliamentary election. It's a big tent secularist political party in Tunisia. The party's founding", "id": "5642565" }, { "contents": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Burkina Faso)\n\n\nThe Party for Democracy and Progress () was a political party in Burkina Faso (former Upper Volta. It was founded in April 1994 after a split in the National Convention of Progressive Patriots–Social Democratic Party in May 1993. It merged in February 1996 with the Union of the Democratic Left and the Party of Social Progress. After merger with the Burkinabè Socialist Party the PDP became the Party for Democracy and Progress / Socialist Party. At the legislative elections in 1997 the party won 10.1% of the popular vote and 6", "id": "19404846" }, { "contents": "Popular Front (Tunisia)\n\n\nof the Iraqi branch of Ba'ath Party, and other progressive parties. The number of parties involved in the coalition has since decreased to nine. Approximately 15,000 people attended the coalition's first meeting in Tunis. The Tunisian Revolution in 2011 saw the departure of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the dissolution of his party, the Democratic Constitutional Rally, and the holding of fresh elections for the creation of a new constitution. This saw the Tunisian political scene dominated by the Islamist Ennahda Movement, and its allies the Democratic Forum for", "id": "8081870" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Gibraltar)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was a liberal conservative political party from Gibraltar. The party was the third political party and the only party to sit on the centre-right in Gibraltar. Despite poor election results, it garnered growing support from the public and was seen as the 'alternative opposition'. The PDP was the only party campaigning for \"a Gibraltar freely associated to the United Kingdom\" and envisaged \"a journey through the recognition of our right to independence\". The party was also the only political party", "id": "16416540" }, { "contents": "Democratic Party of Progress\n\n\nThe Democratic Party of Progress (, PDP) is a political party in Guinea-Bissau. The PDP was established on 10 February 1992 by Amin Michel Saad. It joined the Union for Change (UM) alliance prior to the 1994 general elections, and Saad became the UM's leader. The UM won six seats in the National People's Assembly, of which the PDP (though Saad) took one. The UM was reduced to three seats in the 1999–2000 general elections, and lost them all in the 2004 parliamentary", "id": "17399816" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nHe was the Ettajdid Movement's candidate for President of Tunisia in the 2009 presidential election. Brahim was in favor of the emergence of a \"democratic modern and \"secular\" [laicist] state\" not connected with Islamists. According to Brahim, this would require \"radical\" reform of the electoral system, which would improve the political climate in guaranteeing freedom of assembly and a large scale independent press, as well as repealing a law that regulated public discourse of electoral candidates. In 1983, the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP", "id": "5642551" }, { "contents": "Sarawak State Legislative Assembly\n\n\ngovernment with a majority of 72 seats out of 82. There were several candidates from breakaway parties such as TERAS and UPP that had their members contest seats under the Barisan banner as direct election candidates under a deal by Adenan Satem after their parties were prevented from joining Barisan after opposition from parties such as PDP and SUPP. On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties including Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party", "id": "17954676" }, { "contents": "2015 Nigerian general election\n\n\nPeople's Democratic Party (PDP) primaries on 10 December 2014, receiving the nomination of the party. However, this was against an unwritten rule that the PDP's presidential candidacy should alternate between Muslim northerners and Christian southerners, and opposition to Jonathan's candidacy had led to the defection of dozens of PDP MPs in the House of Representatives. Prior to the elections, the All Progressives Congress was formed as an alliance of four opposition parties, the Action Congress of Nigeria, the Congress for Progressive Change, the All Nigeria Peoples", "id": "18172183" }, { "contents": "Civic Democratic Party (Hungary)\n\n\nThe Civic Democratic Party (, PDP) was a liberal political party in Hungary in the period following World War II The party was established towards the end of 1944 as a successor to the Civic Freedom Party. Part of a group of members who had belonged to now-defunct conservative parties before the war, Géza Teleki was elected as the party's first leader. The PDP won 21 seats in the National Interim Assembly elections in November 1944. However, Communist opposition to Teleki led to him losing his place in the Cabinet", "id": "16990101" }, { "contents": "Afek Tounes\n\n\nAfek Tounes won 4 seats for the constitutive assembly. The party was rattled on 3 November 2011 though by the resignation of several key founding members such as its spokesperson Emna Mnif, its general secretary Mustapha Mezghani, Sami Zaoui, Hela Hababou and another 13 members. After underperforming in the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, Afek Tounes joined talks with other secularist and liberal parties, especially the Progressive Democratic Party to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was completed on 9 April 2012. The new party is called", "id": "1405509" }, { "contents": "Ali Lankoandé\n\n\nAli Lankoandé (10 November 1930 – 28 May 2014) is a Burkinabé politician from Burkina Faso. He was President of the Party for Democracy and Progress/Socialist Party (PDP/PS) from 2005 to 2008. Lankoandé headed the National Social Security Fund and served as a deputy in the National Assembly of Burkina Faso, as well as Minister of National Education, during the 1970s. Lankoandé was elected to succeed Joseph Ki-Zerbo as President of the PDP/PS on 5 February 2005. Running as the PDP/", "id": "21268271" }, { "contents": "Ennahda Movement\n\n\ncollapse of the government of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the Ennahdha Movement Party was formed, and in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, (the first free election in the country's history), won a plurality of 37% of the popular vote and formed a government. Uproar in the traditionally secular country over \"Islamization\" and assassinations of two secular politicians however, led to the 2013–14 Tunisian political crisis, and the party stepped down following the implementation of a new constitution in January 2014. The party came in", "id": "10814394" }, { "contents": "1991 Sint Maarten general election\n\n\nGeneral elections were held in Sint Maarten on 12 April 1991 to elect the 9 members of the Island Council. The Sint Maarten Patriotic Alliance (SPA) led by Vance James Jr. emerged as the largest party, winning 4 of the 9 seats. The SPA and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) agreed to form a coalition government. On 28 August 1991 the SPA/PDP government collapsed. PDP political leader Millicent Acuna-Lopez-de Weever said that \"fundamental philosophical differences\" with the SPA caused the coalition \"to", "id": "12703859" }, { "contents": "Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party\n\n\nin the Rajya Sabha. It was a member of the ruling United Progressive Alliance until the 2009 general election. Sayeed headed the PDP-Indian National Congress Coalition Government between October 2002 and November 2005, and he was the party's Patron until his death on 7 January 2016. The PDP is now headed by Mehbooba Mufti, Sayeed's daughter. The PDP operates on the ideology of self-rule, as distinctly different from the issues of autonomy. It believes that self-rule as a political philosophy, as opposed to", "id": "248417" }, { "contents": "Ettajdid Movement\n\n\nThe Ettajdid Movement (\"Movement for Renewal\" ; , ' ; ), also referred to simply as Ettajdid, was a centre-left secularist political party in Tunisia, active from 1993 to 2012. Ettajdid evolved out of the old Tunisian Communist Party when it abandoned its former ideology in 1993. During the Ben Ali rule it was one of the legal, although oppressed opposition parties. After the Tunisian revolution of 2011, it became part of the Democratic Modernist Pole alliance and in 2012 it merged into the Social Democratic Path", "id": "16419620" }, { "contents": "Elections in Montserrat\n\n\n(when the Council was expanded to seven seats) and 1966. The 1970 elections saw the new Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) win all seven seats. The PDP also won the 1973 elections, but was defeated in 1978 when the People's Liberation Movement (PLM) won all seven seats. The PLM went on to win the 1983 and 1987 elections. The 1991 elections were won by the National Progressive Party, which won four of the seven seats. The 1996 elections resulted in a hung parliament, with the People", "id": "4125813" }, { "contents": "2013–14 Tunisian political crisis\n\n\nafter the elections Ben Ali jailed nearly 25,000 of its activists with Ennahda militants responding by attacking the ruling party's headquarters killing one person and splashing acid on others. Following the revolution, it described itself to be a \"moderate Islamist\" party by advocating democracy and recognizing political pluralism and dialogue with the West. Its supporters back then regarded the party as an example of how a balance can be struck between modernity and Islamism while its critics viewed it as a threat to secularism in Tunisia, which was often regarded as the most", "id": "7679782" }, { "contents": "List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2013–18)\n\n\nof 72 seats out of 82. There were several candidates from breakaway parties such as TERAS and UPP that had their members contest seats under the Barisan banner as direct election candidates under a deal by Adenan Satem after their parties were prevented from joining Barisan after opposition from parties such as PDP and SUPP. On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties including Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP) officially", "id": "21866476" }, { "contents": "Mike Onoja\n\n\nParty at the 2015 general election by the All Progressives Congress, he and other politicians of the People's Democratic Party defected to the All Progressives Congress in 2016. He returned to the People's Democratic Party in the run-up to the 2019 Benue south Senatorial election. After the PDP's Senatorial Primary election in 2018, Mike Onoja again defected from the party to the Social Democratic Party after expressing his dissatisfaction with the PDP's conduct of the primary election. Mike Onoja is the Chairman/CEO of Moonsons Resources Investment International", "id": "10879880" }, { "contents": "History of modern Tunisia\n\n\n, several Islamist activists were released from prison. He also forged a national pact with the Tunisian party Harakat al-Ittijah al-Islami (Islamic Tendency Movement), which had been founded in 1981; later it changed its name to Ennahda (the Renaissance Party). He also changed the ruling party's name to the Democratic Constitutional Rally. However, Ben Ali's innovative tack did not work out well. Subsequently, An-Nahda claimed to have run strongly in the 1989 elections, giving it the appearance of being", "id": "17057122" }, { "contents": "Yassine Brahim\n\n\nof the new company, which he led into the following acquisition by U.S. based SunGard. In 2010 he turned back to Tunisia, just before the Tunisian Revolution would lead to his appointment as Minister of Transport and Equipment in the short-lived second Ghannouchi cabinet and the subsequent Essebsi cabinet. He resigned on 17 June 2011 to become general secretary of the newly founded Afek Tounes party which he led into a merger with Ahmed Najib Chebbi's Progressive Democratic Party, the Republican Party \"Al Joumhouri\". On 28 August 2013,", "id": "2666991" }, { "contents": "Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties\n\n\nup his position in the transitional government. In the Constituent Assembly election on 23 October 2011, Ettakatol won 20 of the 217 seats making it the fourth force in the Assembly. Subsequently, the FDTL came to an agreement with the two major parties, the Islamist Ennahda Movement and the secular Congress for the Republic (CPR), to share the three highest positions in state. Accordingly, Ben Jafar was voted Speaker of the Assembly on 22 November. In exchange, the Forum supported the election of CPR-leader Moncef Marzouki", "id": "2468766" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Tonga)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (PDP) is a political party in Tonga. It was formed after a split in the Human Rights and Democracy Movement. The party was founded on 8 April 2005 in 'Atenisi. Teisina Fuko was the first person elected to the party presidency at a meeting on 15 April 2005. The PDP was legally registered on July 1, 2005, being the first Tongan party to do so. The party has not won any seats to the Tonga Parliament. It is currently inactive without any candidates or", "id": "19615344" }, { "contents": "2013 Gibraltar by-election\n\n\nSocial Democrats as Opposition had initially decided not to contest the by-election considering instead a \"gentleman's agreement\" as the seat had been one of the GSLP which had become vacant under tragic circumstances. The Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) which was not represented in Parliament immediately decided it would contest the by-election seeing it as an opportunity to be represented despite its poor performance at the previous two general elections. On 30 May 2013 the PDP announced its candidature of party leader Nick Cruz. At this point the GSD", "id": "8509410" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (PDP) is a major contemporary political party in Nigeria. Its policies generally lie towards the centre-right of the political spectrum. It won every Presidential election between 1999 and 2011, and was until the 2015 elections, the governing party in the Fourth Republic although in some cases, amid a few controversial electoral circumstances. Currently, PDP controls 14 states out of 36 states in Nigeria. In 1998 the PDP in its first presidential primary election held in Jos, Plateau State, North Central Nigeria", "id": "1890377" }, { "contents": "Social Democratic Union of Macedonia\n\n\nThe Social Democratic Union of Macedonia (–СДСМ, \"Socijaldemokratski Sojuz na Makedonija\"–SDSM) is a social-democratic political party, the main centre-left political party in North Macedonia. The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia was founded on 20 April 1991 at the 11th Congress of SKM-PDP (UCM – Party for Democratic Changes). Branko Crvenkovski was elected as the party's first president. Its current leader is Zoran Zaev. The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia is a member of the Progressive Alliance and an associate affiliate of", "id": "1084636" }, { "contents": "Peoples Democratic Party (Kenya)\n\n\nThe Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) is a political party in Kenya. The PDP was established in 1992. It won a single seat in the 2007 general elections, Richard Momoima Onyonka in Kitutu Chache Constituency. In 2010 Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) MP James Omingo Magara defected to the party after the ODM did not nominate him as its candidate in the South Mugirango by-election, which was held after Magara's victory in the 2007 elections was annulled due to irregularities. However, Magara was defeated in the by-", "id": "19016018" }, { "contents": "Dickson Tarkighir\n\n\nat the polls in the 2015 general elections and won the seat to represent the people of Makurdi/Guma Federal Constituency in the House of Representatives, Abuja. On Tuesday, 24 July 2018, Tarkighir was among 37 members of the House of Representatives who defected from the ruling All Progressives Congress (APC) to other political parties. He defected to the People's Democratic Party (PDP), a party he had previously defected from. However, On Tuesday, 22 January 2019, Tarkighir announced his return to the All Progressives", "id": "8861699" }, { "contents": "Guillermo Irizarry\n\n\ngovernor abandoned the party that elected him, the Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico (PDP), and joined a newly founded party, the People's Party, which nominated him for an unsuccessful reelection bid. In November of that year, the PDP suffered its first defeat with the election of the New Progressive Party's Luis A. Ferré. As a result, Secretary Irizarry presided over the first transition between elected governors of different parties. From 1973 to 1977, during the administration of Governor Rafael Hernández Colón, Irizarry served again", "id": "1916365" }, { "contents": "1931 Argentine general election\n\n\nJulio Roca as his running mate; Roca, the son of the late PAN leader, Julio A. Roca, had led the Democratic Party of Córdoba. The Democratic Progressive Party (PDP), known for its anti-corruption platform, nominated Senator Lisandro de la Torre, who also earned the endorsement of the Socialist Party of Argentina, a party in search of leadership following the passing of Juan B. Justo, in 1928. The alliance alienated conservatives in the PDP, however, who instead endorsed the aging Francisco A. Barroetaveña,", "id": "14281535" }, { "contents": "Jebali Cabinet\n\n\nThe first cabinet of Tunisian Head of Government Hamadi Jebali was presented on 20 December 2011. Jebali has been appointed by interim President Moncef Marzouki, who had been elected by the National Constituent Assembly, a body constituted to draft a new constitution after the Tunisian Revolution and the fall of former President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in Spring 2011. It took office on 24 December 2011. The three parties in the \"Troika\" coalition are the Islamist Ennahda Movement, the centre-left secularist Congress for the Republic (CPR),", "id": "5725136" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Montserrat)\n\n\nwere the first occasion on which the MLP had faced serious opposition, and saw the PDP win all seven seats, leaving the MLP without parliamentary representation. Percival Austin Bramble became Chief Minister. The PDP subsequently won five of the seven seats in the 1973 elections, but were defeated in the 1978 elections, when the People's Liberation Movement formed by former PDP minister John Osborne won all seven seats. The PDP contested the 1983 elections, winning two seats in the Legislative Council. It was reduced to one seat in the 1987", "id": "6998615" }, { "contents": "1987 European Parliament election in Spain\n\n\na European-wide election was due in 1989, elected MEPs only served for the remainder of the European Parliament term. The ruling Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) designated former Foreign Affairs Minister Fernando Morán to lead their campaign. The main opposition People's Alliance party (AP), running on its own after the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and Liberal Party (PL) broke away from the People's Coalition, chose Manuel Fraga—who had resigned as party leader in December 1986—to lead the party list", "id": "7968065" }, { "contents": "2011 Gibraltar general election\n\n\ngave the GSLP an advantage of up to 9% over the governing party, the GSD, while one (that of the Spanish newspaper \"Area\", which published no details and was widely thought to be politically motivated) predicted a GSD win. Two parties, the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD) and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), and an alliance (Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)/Liberals) have presented a full slate of 10 candidates each, making a total of 30 candidates for 17 seats in the Gibraltar", "id": "19578144" }, { "contents": "Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance\n\n\nThe Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance (\"Partido Democrático para o Progresso – Aliança Nacional Angolana\") is a political party in Angola. The party was founded in Luanda, March 17, 1991. It was led by Mfulumpinga Landu Victor, a former National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) cadre and Member of Parliament for the PDP-ANA, until he was shot dead outside the party office in 2004. It is now led by Francisco Lele. In the 2008 legislative elections, it gained 0.51%", "id": "17803317" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Montserrat)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was a political party in Montserrat. The party was established in 1970 by Percival Austin Bramble, son of Chief Minister and leader of the Montserrat Labour Party (MLP) William Henry Bramble. Percival had previously been a member of the MLP and was elected to the Legislative Council as an MLP candidate in the 1966 elections. However, he subsequently broke away to form the PDP as a result of controversy over the number of holiday and retirement homes being built on the island. The 1970 elections", "id": "6998614" }, { "contents": "Party of Democratic Progress\n\n\nThe Party of Democratic Progress () is a Serbian political party in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the third-largest party in Republika Srpska. PDP was established in Banja Luka on 26 September 1999. During the founding assembly, Mladen Ivanić was elected as the president of the party, while Branko Dokić and Zoran Đerić were elected as vice presidents. The party is an observer member of the European People's Party (EPP) and International Democrat Union (IDU). In terms of bilateral cooperation with other European parties,", "id": "19626107" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (, O'zXDP or PDP) is a centre-left political party in Uzbekistan founded in 1991. The PDP was founded in October 1991 after the Communist Party of Uzbekistan voted to cut its ties with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and change its name to PDP. The party was led by President Islam Karimov since its foundation until 1996, at which point Karimov stepped down and resigned his membership. Karimov created the Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party in 2003. This is supported by the fact", "id": "19132598" }, { "contents": "Ademola Rasaq Seriki\n\n\nwas appointed a National Fund Raising Committee member in the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) for the 1999 National elections. The PDP also appointed him as a member of the Candidate and Party Relations Committee for Obasanjo/Atiku Presidential Election. From 2000 to 2002 Demola Seriki emerged as the PDP Party Chairman of Lagos Island Local Government Area in Lagos State and later in 2003 as the party's flag bearer to the House of Assembly representing Lagos Island Federal Constituency. In 2005 he cut his political tooth further by serving as Secretary of the", "id": "5752584" }, { "contents": "Omuma\n\n\nin the council premises and he won the House of Assembly election in 2011. He was re-elected in 2015 election to represent Omuma for the second time in Rivers State House of Assembly under the PDP. Several other political parties have sprung up within this period as alphabetically arranged below and Omuma has been actively involved in them: • Advanced Congress of Democrats (ACD) • Alliance for Democracy (AD) • Action Democratic Party (ADP) • All Democratic Peoples Movement (ADPM) • All Progressives Congress (APC)", "id": "2613408" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Spain)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (, PDP), renamed as Christian Democracy (, DC) from March 1988 until it merged into the People's Party in June 1989, was a Christian-democratic political party in Spain. In August 1982, 13 deputies under the leadership of Óscar Alzaga split from the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) and founded the PDP, entering into alliance with the People's Alliance (AP), which received the second largest number of votes in the 1982 and 1986 general elections. The", "id": "19996228" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Malaysia)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (Malay: Parti Demokratik Progresif, Abbreviation: PDP), formerly known as Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party (SPDP) is a Sarawak based political party in Malaysia founded in 2002. The party was founded in the wake of the de-registration of the Sarawak National Party (SNAP) in November 2002 by a faction aligned to the Chief Minister of Sarawak, Abdul Taib Mahmud, led by William Mawan Ikom. The party has rebrand that using a new name - Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and a", "id": "13136566" }, { "contents": "Tunisia\n\n\n, including several that existed under the former regime. During the rule of Ben Ali, only three functioned as independent opposition parties: the PDP, FDTL, and Tajdid. While some older parties are well-established and can draw on previous party structures, many of the 100-plus parties extant as of February 2012 are small. Rare for the Arab world, women held more than 20% of seats in the country's pre-revolution bicameral parliament. In the 2011 constituent assembly, women held between 24% and 31%", "id": "11279313" }, { "contents": "Liberal Party (Spain, 1976)\n\n\nThe Liberal Party (, PL) was a liberal political party in Spain. It was part of the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) until 1983, when it aligned itself with the People's Alliance (AP), the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL). On 22 December 1984 the latter merged into the Liberal Party. These three parties formed the People's Coalition for the 1986 election. In 1989 the party, along with AP and PDP, merged to form the", "id": "19996525" }, { "contents": "New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)\n\n\nto boycott that plebiscite. Main party founder, president, and former statehood Republican Party standard-bearer Luis A. Ferré categorized the New Progressive Party as one which would not be aligned to any of the two major U.S. national parties. Co-founders of the NPP alongside Luis A. Ferre were Manuel F. Alsina Capo, attorney Nelson Escalona, and Benny Frankie Cerezo. Under Luis A. Ferré, the NPP came to power in January 1969, after defeating Luis Negrón López, the gubernatorial candidate from the Popular Democratic Party (PDP)", "id": "21721596" }, { "contents": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Mali)\n\n\nThe Party for Democracy and Progress (, PDP) is a political party in Mali led by Mady Konaté. The party was established in 1991, and officially registered on 25 April that year. It party received 5.1% of the vote in the February 1992 parliamentary elections, winning two seats. In the April 1992 presidential elections it nominated Idrissa Traoré as its candidate. Traoré finished fifth out of nine candidates with 7.1%^ of the vote. The local elections in the same year saw the party win 40 of the 751 seats across", "id": "19282171" }, { "contents": "Samaila Suleiman\n\n\n-2008, Energy Commission of Nigeria in 2009-2010 and later resigned to join politics. Suleiman was first elected into the public office as a local government chairman from Kaduna North in Kaduna State under the defunct Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) in 2008. He was the only politician to have won local government election under the CPC having shared the same constituency with the then vice president of Nigeria from the then ruling party People's Democratic Party (PDP). In 2015, Suleiman was first elected into the Lower Chamber", "id": "6113494" }, { "contents": "Party for Democratic Prosperity\n\n\nFor example, the party leadership criticized the 1991 Census for allegedly underreporting the percentage of the population that was Albanian from 40% to only 21%. Also, the PDP deputies voted against adopting the constitution due to its lack of protection for minorities. From the 1998 elections onwards PDP is in opposition and since then the support for the PDP has eroded considerably. At the 2002 legislative elections, the party won 2.3% of the popular vote and 2 out of 120 seats. At the 2011 legislative elections, the party won", "id": "5710802" }, { "contents": "2008 Angolan legislative election\n\n\nDemocratic Party (PLD), Party of the Alliance of Youth, Workers and Farmers of Angola (PAJOCA), Party for Democratic Support and Progress of Angola (PADEPA), the Democratic Party for Progress - Angolan National Alliance (PDP-ANA), the Front for Democracy (FpD) and four coalitions: the Democratic Angola – Coalition (AD), New Democracy Electoral Union (ND), the Electoral Political Platform (PPE) and the Angolan Fraternal Forum Coalition (FOFAC). The Angolan Democratic Party (PDA", "id": "533048" }, { "contents": "Party for Democratic Prosperity\n\n\nThe Party for Democratic Prosperity or PDP () is an ethnic Albanian political party in North Macedonia. The party was formed in April 1990 and is currently led by Abdyladi Vejseli. From 1992 to 1998 the PDP was part of the coalition governments led by the SDSM. After the split of the radical wing from the party in February 1994, PDP was generally considered to be moderate party that could cooperate with Macedonian parties, although sometimes frictions between the PDP and the other government parties arose as a consequence of the ethnic questions.", "id": "5710801" }, { "contents": "Politics of Gibraltar\n\n\n. A new party, New Gibraltar Democracy, announced it would contest the next election. NGD claimed that the two main parties were \"Out of touch with people's expectations and make up for their lack of ideas through Orwellian style propaganda.\" At the 2007 election one candidate, Charles Gomez, stood for election for the party. It achieved under 1% of the vote and has subsequently ceased any activity. In June 2006 the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was formed and announced it would be presenting a full slate", "id": "11739411" }, { "contents": "Tunisian people\n\n\nto an end 23 years latter on January 14, 2011, in the events of the Tunisian Revolution, following nationwide demonstrations precipitated by high unemployment, food inflation, corruption, a lack of political freedoms like freedom of speech and poor living conditions. Following the overthrow of Ben Ali, Tunisians elected a Constituent Assembly to draft a new constitution, and an interim government known as the Troika because it was a coalition of three parties; the Islamist Ennahda Movement in the lead, with the centre-left Congress for the Republic and", "id": "21785336" }, { "contents": "Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle\n\n\nIn the aftermath of \"Mt. Healthy\",\" wrote Sandra Lynch for the First Circuit in 2004, \"confusion still sometimes arises about the issue of causation.\" She was writing in one of several cases it heard in the mid-2000s arising from alleged political retaliation in Puerto Rico, where members of the New Progressive Party (NPP) brought suit claiming that members of the rival Popular Democratic Party (PDP) had improperly forced them out of government jobs after the PDP defeated the incumbent NPP in the commonwealth's 2000 elections.", "id": "17963178" }, { "contents": "Great Ogboru\n\n\n2003. In the 2007 election, Great Ogboru contested for governorship under the flag of the Democracy People Party (DPP) against Emmanuel Uduaghan of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) and lost to Emmanuel Uduagha again in 2011 election though he contested under the umbrella of Labour Party In the 2015 Delta State governorship election, Great Ogboru contested for governorship under the umbrella of All Progressive Congress (APC). He was defeated by Ifeanyi Okowa of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) . In the 2019 governorship election of Delta State,", "id": "278732" }, { "contents": "1983 Murcian regional election\n\n\nelectoral alliance led by the right-wing People's Alliance (AP), which included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), became the second political force and the main opposition party, whereas the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) also entered the Assembly, obtaining 1 seat. As a result of the election, Socialist Andrés Hernández Ros, who since 1979 had been the President of the Regional Council of Murcia (the pre-autonomic regional government), became the first democratically", "id": "19967050" }, { "contents": "Emmanuel Nnamdi Uba\n\n\nEmmanuel Nnamdi Uba, or Andy Uba (born 14 December 1958), is a Nigerian politician who was elected Senator for the Anambra South constituency of Anambra State, Nigeria, in April 2011. He ran on the People's Democratic Party (PDP) platform. He defected to the ruling All Progressives Congress in February 2017; the leadership crises engulfing the former ruling party PDP may have motivated his decision. Uba was born on 14 December 1958 in Enugu, and attended the Boys High School in Awkunanaw. His parents originated from", "id": "17515892" }, { "contents": "Islam and secularism\n\n\ndictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collapsed in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian revolution, Tunisia's interim government granted the group permission to form a political party. Since then it has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, 2011, the first honest election in the country's history with a turn out of 51.1% of all eligible voters, the party won 37.04% of the popular vote and 89 (41%)", "id": "18330475" }, { "contents": "United Progressive Alliance\n\n\nthe Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party announced the withdrawal of the PDP from the UPA given that the Congress had decided to support the Omar Abdullah-led National Conference Government in Jammu & Kashmir after the 2008 state elections. On 26 March 2009, PMK declared that it would join the AIADMK led front and withdrew from the UPA and the party president declared that two union ministers of his party will resign shortly. On 12 November 2012, Barrister Asaduddin Owaisi, leader of the AIMIM announced the decision of the party's executive and", "id": "8764699" }, { "contents": "Umaru Tanko Al-Makura\n\n\nfounding member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) in Nasarawa State in 1998. Al-Makura defected from the PDP after losing the primary elections for the Nasarawa Governor competition. Al-Makura was elected Governor of Nasarawa State, Nigeria on 26 April 2011, running on the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) ticket. He defeated the incumbent governor, Aliyu Akwe-Doma of the PDP. On 14 July 2014 the Speaker of the Nasarawa State House of Assembly gave a notice of impeachment to the Clerk of the", "id": "7102114" }, { "contents": "2013 Gibraltar by-election\n\n\nThe Gibraltar by-election, 2013 was a parliamentary by-election held on 4 July 2013 for the Gibraltar Parliament. The by-election was to contest the seat left vacant by the death of Government of Gibraltar Housing Minister Charles Bruzon in April 2013. The Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP), Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and an independent contested the by-election. The Liberal Party of Gibraltar who is in alliance and in Government with the GSLP backed the GSLP's candidate", "id": "8509407" }, { "contents": "Politics of Tajikistan\n\n\nThree major opposition parties—the Democratic Party, the Islamic Renaissance Party, and the Social Democratic Party—boycotted the election. In the early 2000s, independent political parties continued to exist, but their operations were circumscribed and their influence marginal. The governing People’s Democratic Party (PDP) gained strength as some opposition party leaders joined the government and others were disqualified from participation in elections. The Communist Party of Tajikistan, a nominal opposition party that has supported President Rahmon on most issues, has lost support since 2000. The", "id": "11083170" }, { "contents": "Dapo Abiodun\n\n\nis also reportedly the founder of First Power Limited. Dapo Abiodun is a founding member of Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) in Ogun State, although he is currently a member of the All Progressive Congress (APC) defecting after the 2015 general elections. He contested the Ogun East senatorial seat on the platform of the All Progressive Congress(APC) in the 2015 Nigerian general elections which he lost to the Peoples Democratic Party(PDP) candidate . He was elected a senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria on the platform of the defunct United Nigeria", "id": "1139922" }, { "contents": "1983 Riojan regional election\n\n\n. The People's Coalition, an electoral alliance led by the People's Alliance (AP), which also included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), emerged as the second largest grouping in the General Deputation, while the newly created regionalist Progressive Riojan Party (PRP) came third. Neither the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) or the Democratic and Social Centre (CDS), the only other parties standing in the election, were able to meet the electoral threshold and failed", "id": "18176961" }, { "contents": "Trinity—Spadina\n\n\nwas expected to be a very competitive election. Additionally, Conservative David Watters, Green Anna Costa, Progressive Canadian Party Asif Hossain, Canadian Action Party Tristan Downe-Dewdney and Daniel Knezetic for the Popular Democratic Party contested the election. The Popular Democratic Party was a social democratic and populist political party formed in 2003. It did not register as a political party with Elections Canada, and closed down after the 2004 election. The PDP proposed decentralization and community involvement in the political process through the creation of community councils to which any", "id": "8027884" }, { "contents": "Galician Coalition\n\n\nin the Congreso de los Diputados since the Second Republic. In January 1987 the most nationalist and progressive sectors of CG, led by Pablo González Mariñas and Xosé Henrique Rodríguez Peña, left the party and formed the Galician Nationalist Party (which would eventually join the Galician Nationalist Bloc). To attend the 1987 municipal elections CG formed the Galician Progressive Coalition, with the Democratic Popular Party (PDP) and the Liberal Party, gaining the 11.07% of the vote and 607 councilors. Following the departure of Xosé Luís Barreiro of the", "id": "602391" }, { "contents": "2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election\n\n\nthe delay, all major parties approved of it, even the Ennahda Movement; other parties approving the new election date included the Progressive Democratic Party, Ettajdid Movement, Al Majd, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the Social Liberal Party. In September, the government of Canada declared that it would not allow Tunisia to open polling stations in its territory because it refused to be included in another country's electoral constituency. Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird called the issue \"a matter of Canadian sovereignty\". In response to Canada", "id": "14450727" }, { "contents": "Democratic Modernist Pole\n\n\nin all the 33 constituencies at home and abroad. Sixteen women and 17 men will be chief candidates. Riadh Ben Fadl and Mustapha Ben Ahmed, are the founders of the group. Ahmed Ibrahim is a leader in the bloc. The bloc won 5 of the 217 seats and 4.91% of the vote in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election. Three of the parties in the coalition: the Republican Party, the Socialist Left Party and the Social Democratic Path) became part of another coalition called the Union for Tunisia in 2013", "id": "19583402" }, { "contents": "Abdulmumin Jibrin\n\n\nof Commerce (NBCC) between 2010 – 2011. Jibrin was first elected into the Nigerian National Assembly's House of Representatives representing Kiru/Bebeji Federal constituency of Kano State under the Peoples Democratic Party - PDP in 2011 before decamping to the newly formed political party in Nigeria, the All Progressives Congress (APC) in 2014 and was later re-elected into House of Representatives in 2015. Jibrin was the Chairman House of Representatives Committee on Finance in the 7th Assembly with oversight on the Federal Ministry of Finance and its Parastatals,", "id": "18363893" }, { "contents": "Rashidi Adewolu Ladoja\n\n\n2009, a former aide testified on the way on which the share money had been divided between Ladoja's family, bodyguard, senior politicians and lawyers. Ladoja was the governorship candidate for Accord party in Oyo State during the April 2011 and 2015 elections, he lost to Senator Abiola Ajimobi. He later merged his Accord Party into PDP in 2017. Dispute in PDP made him and other allies (from Labour Party, All Progressives Congress APC etc.) to move over African Democratic Congress (ADC) in 2018. After a", "id": "21855065" }, { "contents": "Mohammed Badaru Abubakar\n\n\nAll Progressives Congress in 2015 along with PDP contender Mal. Aminu Ibrahim Ringim. The Independent National Electoral Commission on 13 April 2015 declared him the winner of that election. On 9 March 2019 Jigawa state gubernatorial election, Badaru was re-elected has governor having polled a total of 810,933 votes, the candidate of the Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, Aminu Ibrahim Ringim scored 288,356 while the candidate of the Social Democratic Party, SDP, Bashir Adamu Jumbo scored 32,894 votes, thereby making him the winner of the election. In recognition", "id": "20149723" }, { "contents": "Popular Democratic Party (France)\n\n\nthe PDP prior to the 1924 legislative election. Established by Congress on 15 and 16 November 1924, under the chairmanship of George Thibout and involving 200 delegates, the PDP supported the desire to achieve \"a task in bringing reconciliation around the idea of Republicanism\" by the definition of \"new Republican faith\" The Popular Democrats advocated that religion was not and should not be a line between right and left. However, the PDP oriented itself to the centre-right in direct competition to the Republican Federation, the party from which", "id": "22044943" }, { "contents": "Socialism in Tunisia\n\n\nthe Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties (Ettakatol or FDTL) was founded and officially recognized on 25 October 2002. Is a social democratic and secularist political party in Tunisia. Its founder and Secretary-General is the radiologist Mustapha Ben Jafar. Active from 1993 to 2012, the Ettajdid Movement (\"Movement for Renewal\") was a centre-left secularist, democratic socialist and social liberal political party in Tunisia. It was led by Ahmed Ibrahim. For the Constituent assembly election, Ettajdid formed a strongly secularist alliance called Democratic", "id": "5642583" }, { "contents": "Wafa Movement\n\n\nThe Wafa Movement (), sometimes referred to as the Independent Democratic Congress, is a political party in Tunisia. The party was founded in 2012 by a number of constituents who broke away from the Congress for the Republic (CPR). Led by the short-time CPR secretary-general Abderraouf Ayadi, the party however remained loosely allied with the governing Troika coalition of Ennahda, CPR and Ettakatol. Generally seen as a secular, left-leaning party, the Wafa Movement reached out to Islamists on the grounds of seeking", "id": "13260598" }, { "contents": "Abdulkareem Adisa\n\n\nPeople's Democratic Party (PDP) in Kwara State. One PDP group suspended the Minister of State for Women Affairs, Miss Funke Adedoyin, but another group of PDP elders, led by Adisa, voided Adedoyin’s suspension. Adisa also became vice-chairman of the Kwara Progressive Movement (KPM). Abdulkareem Adisa was leader of a movement to elect General Ibrahim Babangida as president in 2007. He published an attack on the National Democratic Coalition (NADECO) in \"The Guardian\" of 28 April 2004, warning the group", "id": "1146576" }, { "contents": "Nidaa Tounes\n\n\n\"founder\" Habib Bourguiba). In addition, the party has the support of many members of the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT) and the national employers' union, UTICA. They believe that Tunisia's secular forces have to unite to counter the dominance of the Islamist Ennahda Movement. From its foundation until July 2013, 11 members of the Constituent Assembly joined the party by defecting from various other parties. On 11 February 2013, the Republican Party joined Nidaa Tounes and four other parties in a political alliance called Union", "id": "4542216" }, { "contents": "Gibraltar\n\n\nrepresented by the Governor of Gibraltar. The governor enacts day-to-day matters on the advice of the Gibraltar Parliament, but is responsible to the British government in respect of defence, foreign policy, internal security and general good governance. Judicial and other appointments are made on behalf of the monarch in consultation with the head of the elected government. The 2011 election was contested by the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)-Gibraltar Liberal Party (GLP) Alliance and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP", "id": "7263743" }, { "contents": "Adamu Sidi Ali\n\n\nballots had not been included in the count.In turn, the PDP appealed the decision to nullify the election of their candidate, who had died two months after the election, saying the election should be a re-run due to his death. Their appeal was rejected. Later, Sidi Ali changed allegiance to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). During a PDP campaign flag-off meeting before the April 2007 elections, he advised political opponents not to use thugs to destabilize the elections. Sidi Ali became senator for", "id": "13302889" }, { "contents": "Ahmed Tijani Ahmed\n\n\nAhmed Tijani Ahmed (December 17, 1941 – June 10, 2006) was a Nigerian politician who was Senator for the Kogi Central constituency in Kogi State from 1999 to 2003 as a member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP). When Kogi State was created in 1991, Ahmed Tijani Ahmed joined a group of liberal progressive politicians in the Social Democratic Party (SDP) that created an agreement on power sharing among the different peoples of the state. However, they lost the December 1991 governorship election to the National Republican", "id": "14754363" }, { "contents": "Abdulmumin Jibrin\n\n\nthe members of the House of Representatives that led the first set of 37 Legislators that decamped from the ruling People's Democratic Party (PDP) to the main opposition party, All Progressive Party (APC). In March 2015, Abdulmumin contested and got re-elected to the House of Representatives by the people of his constituency Kiru/Bebeji Kano state, Nigeria. As Chairman Appropriation, Jibrin has oversight function over the Budget office and national budget, the appropriation of funds for execution of government programmes and projects. He also", "id": "18363903" }, { "contents": "Godswill Akpabio\n\n\nSenatorial District to represent the district in the Senate of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Running under the platform of the People’s Democratic Party (PDP), he polled 422,009 of the 439,449 to defeat Chief Inibehe Okorie of the All Progressive Congress (APC) who recorded 15, 152 votes to be declared elected by the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). Akpabio was nominated for the position of the Senate Minority Leader by the South-South caucus of the People's Democratic Party (PDP), ratified by the caucus", "id": "19678208" }, { "contents": "1970 Montserratian general election\n\n\nGeneral elections were held in Montserrat on 15 December 1970. The result was a victory for the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), which won all seven seats in the Legislative Council, whilst the Montserrat Labour Party (MLP), which had won every election since the introduction of universal suffrage in 1951, lost all four of its seats. PDP leader Percival Austin Bramble became Chief Minister, replacing his father and MLP leader, William Henry Bramble. Universal suffrage was introduced in Montserrat in 1951, and the first elections under it", "id": "6935944" }, { "contents": "Atiku Abubakar\n\n\nProgressives Congress (APC), a party he helped to form. On 3 December 2017, via a Facebook Live broadcast, Abubakar announced his return to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). The announcement followed consultations the former Vice President had with party leaders and stakeholders from across the country. He said he decided to 'return home' to the PDP now that the issues which made him leave the party had been resolved. Abubakar declared his candidacy for the presidential nomination of the PDP mid 2018 and won the nomination at", "id": "10683389" }, { "contents": "Luis A. Ferré\n\n\nProgressive Party (a.k.a., PNP). In the following general election in 1968, Ferré ran for Governor and defeated Luis Negrón López, the candidate of the Popular Democratic Party (PPD) by a slight margin. The ruling party had split with the creation of the People's Party, which ran incumbent PDP-elected Governor Roberto Sánchez Vilella as its gubernatorial candidate, ending Luis Muñoz Marín's PPD's hold on the governor's seat, which had lasted 20 years. During Ferré's administration, Puerto Rico was in", "id": "11079059" }, { "contents": "1994–1995 Uzbek parliamentary election\n\n\nParliamentary elections were held in Uzbekistan on 25 December 1994, with a second round held in 39 constituencies on 8 January 1995 and seven constituencies on 22 January. The election was contested by 634 candidates, 250 nominated by local councils, 243 members of the People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan, and 141 Progress Party of the Fatherland members. The majority of seats were won by local council nominees (around 120 of which were PDP members), whilst the People's Democratic Party emerged as the largest party. Voter turnout was 93.6", "id": "15227647" }, { "contents": "1983 Madrilenian regional election\n\n\nthe PSOE won 51 seats. The People's Coalition, an electoral alliance led by the People's Alliance (AP), which also included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), emerged as the second largest grouping in the Assembly. The Communist Party of Spain was the only other party to win seats in the Assembly. In 1986, the party joined with other left-wing movements to form the current United Left. The Assembly of Madrid was the devolved, unicameral legislature of", "id": "3098844" } ]

[ { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nby Ahmed Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi. On 9 April 2012, it merged into the Republican Party. The Progressive Democratic Party had a newspaper, \"Al-Mawqif\". In its beginnings, the Progressive Socialist Rally (now PDP) gathered a broad range of currents from Marxists and pro-democracy activists to progressive Muslims. During the Ben Ali rule, Najib Chebbi and the PDP were harassed by the police for years, and verbally attacked by state-run media. After unsuccessfully participating in elections from 1989 to 1999", "id": "16419721" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\n, the party decided to boycott the elections of 2004 and 2009. Therefore, it was unrepresented in the Tunisian parliament. After the Ben Ali administration announced to force the party to move their headquarters from Tunis, its leaders Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi engaged in a 20-days hunger strike, which earned the party attention and prompted the administration to revoke their decision. Following the 2010–2011 Tunisian protests, shootings outside PDP's headquarters were reported on 16 January 2011. The next day, on 17 January, party leader Najib Chebbi, was", "id": "16419722" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nnamed Regional Development Minister in the interim government. Ahead of the Constituent Assembly election, the PDP evolved into a main exponent of the centre-left secular camp and rival of the Islamist Ennahda Movement. In the run-up to the elections, the Progressive Democrats have received quite an amount of financial support which enabled the party for a lavish campaign. Critics claim that an important part of the funding came from businesspeople close to the old Ben Ali power elite. In the election for a constituent assembly, the PDP won 3.9", "id": "16419723" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\n) was founded under the name of \"Progressive Socialist Rally\", and gained legal recognition on 12 September 1988. It was secular and liberal party. The party was renamed as Progressive Democratic Party in 2001. Under the rule of Ben Ali it was a legal opposition party, but subjected to political repression. After the Tunisian revolution it was one of the major left-leaning secular political forces. It was led by Ahmed Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi. On 9 April 2012, it merged into the Republican Party. Maya", "id": "5642552" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\n% of the popular vote and 16 of 217 seats in the National Constituent Assembly, putting it at the fifth place. As the party had categorically ruled out any collaboration with the victorious Islamist Ennahda Movement, the Progressive Democrats went into opposition and belong to the outspoken critics of the governing coalition of the Islamists with the secular CPR and Ettakatol parties. After the electoral defeat, the PDP launched talks with other secularist and liberal parties to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was realised on the PDP's", "id": "16419724" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (, \"; ), also referred to by its acronym PDP, was a secular liberal political party in Tunisia. The Progressive Democratic Party was founded under the name of \"Progressive Socialist Rally\" in 1983, gained legal recognition on 12 September 1988 and was renamed Progressive Democratic Party in 2001. Under the rule of Ben Ali it was a legal opposition party, but subjected to political repression. After the Tunisian revolution it was one of the major left-leaning secular political forces. It was led", "id": "16419720" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nSecretary-General of the PDP. She has been the first woman to lead a political party in Tunisia. From 1 to 20 October 2007, Jribi, along with Najib Chebbi, engaged in a hunger strike to protest against the forced move of the party's headquarters from Tunis, which caused serious health implications for her. Jribi headed the PDP’s electoral list in Ben Arous for the Constituent Assembly Elections in October 2011. The PDP list received one seat in Ben Arous according to preliminary election results. On 9 April 2012", "id": "632088" }, { "contents": "Republican Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nThe Republican Party ( \"\", ) is a centrist liberal party in Tunisia. It was formed on 9 April 2012 as a merger of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Afek Tounes and the Tunisian Republican Party, several minor parties and independents. The party is led by Maya Jribi who was previously the secretary-general of the PDP. The party held 11 out of 217 seats and was the largest oppositional party in the National Constituent Assembly of Tunisia. The party withdrew from the Union for Tunisia coalition, though", "id": "15161288" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nDuring that period, she became involved and an active member of the student union, known as UGET, and the Tunisian League of Human Rights. She wrote for the independent weekly Erraï and later for the PDP-newspaper Al Mawkif. Together with Ahmed Najib Chebbi, Maya Jribi co-founded the \"Progressive Socialist Rally\", established in 1983, which was later renamed into Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). Since 1986 she has been a member of the party's executive. On 25 December 2006, Jribi was appointed", "id": "632087" }, { "contents": "Ahmed Najib Chebbi\n\n\nAhmed Najib Chebbi (, ) or simply Najib Chebbi (born 30 July 1944) is a Tunisian attorney and politician. Chebbi is a prominent figure of the Tunisian opposition movement; in 1983, he founded the Democratic Progressive Party, which gained legal recognition in 1988. He is currently the leader of the Democratic Progressive Party. In 2006, Maya Jribi became the party's secretary-general, the first woman to hold such office in Tunisia. In 2009 Chebbi attempted to run as a candidate for President of Tunisia but was", "id": "1109530" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nof investigative journalism, unconditional and free access to information, open government, anti-censorship of all kinds, among others. On 9 April 2012, the Republican Party was formed as a merger of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Afek Tounes and the Tunisian Republican Party, several minor parties and independents. The party is centrist and liberal, it's led by Maya Jribi who was previously the secretary-general of the PDP. The party held 11 out of 217 seats and was the largest oppositional party in the", "id": "5642564" }, { "contents": "Tunisian Revolution\n\n\nand Ahmed Najib Chebbi of the PDP), three representatives from the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT), and representatives of civil society (including prominent blogger Slim Amamou). Three notable movements not included in the national unity government were the banned Ennahda Movement, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the secular reformist Congress for the Republic. The following day, the three members of the UGTT and Ben Jafaar resigned, saying that they had \"no confidence\" in a government featuring members of the RCD. There were daily", "id": "18746070" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nparty in Tunisia. Its program is liberal, focusing on secularism and civil liberties. The party mainly appealed to intellectuals and the upper class. After underperforming in the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, Afek Tounes joined talks with other secularist and liberal parties, especially the Progressive Democratic Party to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was completed on 9 April 2012. The new party is called the Republican Party. In August 2013, Yassine Brahim, current leader of the party, and other former party members left", "id": "5642562" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nMaya Jribi (January 29, 1960 – May 19, 2018) was a Tunisian politician. From 2006 to 2012, she was the leader of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). From PDP's merger into the Republican Party in April 2012, until her resignation in 2017, she was the Secretary-General of the centrist party. Her father is from Tatouine, while her mother is from Algeria. She followed her studies in Radès Tunisia, before studying biology at the University of Sfax, from 1979 to 1983.", "id": "632086" }, { "contents": "Secularism in Tunisia\n\n\nTunisian Constitution of 2014 following a considerable debate between Islamic and secular political groups and movements. On 1 March 2011, after the secularist dictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collapsed in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian revolution, Tunisia's interim government granted the \"Ennahda\", a moderate Islamist movement in Tunisia, permission to form a political party. Since then, the Ennahda Islamic Party has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election", "id": "19596325" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nNational Constituent Assembly of Tunisia. The party withdrew from the Union for Tunisia coalition, though it is still part of the National Salvation Front. After the founding congress, nine assemblymen elected for the PDP contested the leadership vote and temporarily suspended their party membership. Those 9 members became part of the Democratic Alliance Party. After being founded in 2012, Nidaa Tounes (Call of Tunisia) won a plurality of seats in the October 2014 parliamentary election. It's a big tent secularist political party in Tunisia. The party's founding", "id": "5642565" }, { "contents": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Burkina Faso)\n\n\nThe Party for Democracy and Progress () was a political party in Burkina Faso (former Upper Volta. It was founded in April 1994 after a split in the National Convention of Progressive Patriots–Social Democratic Party in May 1993. It merged in February 1996 with the Union of the Democratic Left and the Party of Social Progress. After merger with the Burkinabè Socialist Party the PDP became the Party for Democracy and Progress / Socialist Party. At the legislative elections in 1997 the party won 10.1% of the popular vote and 6", "id": "19404846" }, { "contents": "Popular Front (Tunisia)\n\n\nof the Iraqi branch of Ba'ath Party, and other progressive parties. The number of parties involved in the coalition has since decreased to nine. Approximately 15,000 people attended the coalition's first meeting in Tunis. The Tunisian Revolution in 2011 saw the departure of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the dissolution of his party, the Democratic Constitutional Rally, and the holding of fresh elections for the creation of a new constitution. This saw the Tunisian political scene dominated by the Islamist Ennahda Movement, and its allies the Democratic Forum for", "id": "8081870" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Gibraltar)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was a liberal conservative political party from Gibraltar. The party was the third political party and the only party to sit on the centre-right in Gibraltar. Despite poor election results, it garnered growing support from the public and was seen as the 'alternative opposition'. The PDP was the only party campaigning for \"a Gibraltar freely associated to the United Kingdom\" and envisaged \"a journey through the recognition of our right to independence\". The party was also the only political party", "id": "16416540" }, { "contents": "Democratic Party of Progress\n\n\nThe Democratic Party of Progress (, PDP) is a political party in Guinea-Bissau. The PDP was established on 10 February 1992 by Amin Michel Saad. It joined the Union for Change (UM) alliance prior to the 1994 general elections, and Saad became the UM's leader. The UM won six seats in the National People's Assembly, of which the PDP (though Saad) took one. The UM was reduced to three seats in the 1999–2000 general elections, and lost them all in the 2004 parliamentary", "id": "17399816" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nHe was the Ettajdid Movement's candidate for President of Tunisia in the 2009 presidential election. Brahim was in favor of the emergence of a \"democratic modern and \"secular\" [laicist] state\" not connected with Islamists. According to Brahim, this would require \"radical\" reform of the electoral system, which would improve the political climate in guaranteeing freedom of assembly and a large scale independent press, as well as repealing a law that regulated public discourse of electoral candidates. In 1983, the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP", "id": "5642551" }, { "contents": "Sarawak State Legislative Assembly\n\n\ngovernment with a majority of 72 seats out of 82. There were several candidates from breakaway parties such as TERAS and UPP that had their members contest seats under the Barisan banner as direct election candidates under a deal by Adenan Satem after their parties were prevented from joining Barisan after opposition from parties such as PDP and SUPP. On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties including Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party", "id": "17954676" }, { "contents": "2015 Nigerian general election\n\n\nPeople's Democratic Party (PDP) primaries on 10 December 2014, receiving the nomination of the party. However, this was against an unwritten rule that the PDP's presidential candidacy should alternate between Muslim northerners and Christian southerners, and opposition to Jonathan's candidacy had led to the defection of dozens of PDP MPs in the House of Representatives. Prior to the elections, the All Progressives Congress was formed as an alliance of four opposition parties, the Action Congress of Nigeria, the Congress for Progressive Change, the All Nigeria Peoples", "id": "18172183" }, { "contents": "Civic Democratic Party (Hungary)\n\n\nThe Civic Democratic Party (, PDP) was a liberal political party in Hungary in the period following World War II The party was established towards the end of 1944 as a successor to the Civic Freedom Party. Part of a group of members who had belonged to now-defunct conservative parties before the war, Géza Teleki was elected as the party's first leader. The PDP won 21 seats in the National Interim Assembly elections in November 1944. However, Communist opposition to Teleki led to him losing his place in the Cabinet", "id": "16990101" }, { "contents": "Afek Tounes\n\n\nAfek Tounes won 4 seats for the constitutive assembly. The party was rattled on 3 November 2011 though by the resignation of several key founding members such as its spokesperson Emna Mnif, its general secretary Mustapha Mezghani, Sami Zaoui, Hela Hababou and another 13 members. After underperforming in the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, Afek Tounes joined talks with other secularist and liberal parties, especially the Progressive Democratic Party to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was completed on 9 April 2012. The new party is called", "id": "1405509" }, { "contents": "Ali Lankoandé\n\n\nAli Lankoandé (10 November 1930 – 28 May 2014) is a Burkinabé politician from Burkina Faso. He was President of the Party for Democracy and Progress/Socialist Party (PDP/PS) from 2005 to 2008. Lankoandé headed the National Social Security Fund and served as a deputy in the National Assembly of Burkina Faso, as well as Minister of National Education, during the 1970s. Lankoandé was elected to succeed Joseph Ki-Zerbo as President of the PDP/PS on 5 February 2005. Running as the PDP/", "id": "21268271" }, { "contents": "Ennahda Movement\n\n\ncollapse of the government of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the Ennahdha Movement Party was formed, and in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, (the first free election in the country's history), won a plurality of 37% of the popular vote and formed a government. Uproar in the traditionally secular country over \"Islamization\" and assassinations of two secular politicians however, led to the 2013–14 Tunisian political crisis, and the party stepped down following the implementation of a new constitution in January 2014. The party came in", "id": "10814394" }, { "contents": "1991 Sint Maarten general election\n\n\nGeneral elections were held in Sint Maarten on 12 April 1991 to elect the 9 members of the Island Council. The Sint Maarten Patriotic Alliance (SPA) led by Vance James Jr. emerged as the largest party, winning 4 of the 9 seats. The SPA and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) agreed to form a coalition government. On 28 August 1991 the SPA/PDP government collapsed. PDP political leader Millicent Acuna-Lopez-de Weever said that \"fundamental philosophical differences\" with the SPA caused the coalition \"to", "id": "12703859" }, { "contents": "Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party\n\n\nin the Rajya Sabha. It was a member of the ruling United Progressive Alliance until the 2009 general election. Sayeed headed the PDP-Indian National Congress Coalition Government between October 2002 and November 2005, and he was the party's Patron until his death on 7 January 2016. The PDP is now headed by Mehbooba Mufti, Sayeed's daughter. The PDP operates on the ideology of self-rule, as distinctly different from the issues of autonomy. It believes that self-rule as a political philosophy, as opposed to", "id": "248417" }, { "contents": "Ettajdid Movement\n\n\nThe Ettajdid Movement (\"Movement for Renewal\" ; , ' ; ), also referred to simply as Ettajdid, was a centre-left secularist political party in Tunisia, active from 1993 to 2012. Ettajdid evolved out of the old Tunisian Communist Party when it abandoned its former ideology in 1993. During the Ben Ali rule it was one of the legal, although oppressed opposition parties. After the Tunisian revolution of 2011, it became part of the Democratic Modernist Pole alliance and in 2012 it merged into the Social Democratic Path", "id": "16419620" }, { "contents": "Elections in Montserrat\n\n\n(when the Council was expanded to seven seats) and 1966. The 1970 elections saw the new Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) win all seven seats. The PDP also won the 1973 elections, but was defeated in 1978 when the People's Liberation Movement (PLM) won all seven seats. The PLM went on to win the 1983 and 1987 elections. The 1991 elections were won by the National Progressive Party, which won four of the seven seats. The 1996 elections resulted in a hung parliament, with the People", "id": "4125813" }, { "contents": "2013–14 Tunisian political crisis\n\n\nafter the elections Ben Ali jailed nearly 25,000 of its activists with Ennahda militants responding by attacking the ruling party's headquarters killing one person and splashing acid on others. Following the revolution, it described itself to be a \"moderate Islamist\" party by advocating democracy and recognizing political pluralism and dialogue with the West. Its supporters back then regarded the party as an example of how a balance can be struck between modernity and Islamism while its critics viewed it as a threat to secularism in Tunisia, which was often regarded as the most", "id": "7679782" }, { "contents": "List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2013–18)\n\n\nof 72 seats out of 82. There were several candidates from breakaway parties such as TERAS and UPP that had their members contest seats under the Barisan banner as direct election candidates under a deal by Adenan Satem after their parties were prevented from joining Barisan after opposition from parties such as PDP and SUPP. On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties including Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP) officially", "id": "21866476" }, { "contents": "Mike Onoja\n\n\nParty at the 2015 general election by the All Progressives Congress, he and other politicians of the People's Democratic Party defected to the All Progressives Congress in 2016. He returned to the People's Democratic Party in the run-up to the 2019 Benue south Senatorial election. After the PDP's Senatorial Primary election in 2018, Mike Onoja again defected from the party to the Social Democratic Party after expressing his dissatisfaction with the PDP's conduct of the primary election. Mike Onoja is the Chairman/CEO of Moonsons Resources Investment International", "id": "10879880" }, { "contents": "History of modern Tunisia\n\n\n, several Islamist activists were released from prison. He also forged a national pact with the Tunisian party Harakat al-Ittijah al-Islami (Islamic Tendency Movement), which had been founded in 1981; later it changed its name to Ennahda (the Renaissance Party). He also changed the ruling party's name to the Democratic Constitutional Rally. However, Ben Ali's innovative tack did not work out well. Subsequently, An-Nahda claimed to have run strongly in the 1989 elections, giving it the appearance of being", "id": "17057122" }, { "contents": "Yassine Brahim\n\n\nof the new company, which he led into the following acquisition by U.S. based SunGard. In 2010 he turned back to Tunisia, just before the Tunisian Revolution would lead to his appointment as Minister of Transport and Equipment in the short-lived second Ghannouchi cabinet and the subsequent Essebsi cabinet. He resigned on 17 June 2011 to become general secretary of the newly founded Afek Tounes party which he led into a merger with Ahmed Najib Chebbi's Progressive Democratic Party, the Republican Party \"Al Joumhouri\". On 28 August 2013,", "id": "2666991" }, { "contents": "Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties\n\n\nup his position in the transitional government. In the Constituent Assembly election on 23 October 2011, Ettakatol won 20 of the 217 seats making it the fourth force in the Assembly. Subsequently, the FDTL came to an agreement with the two major parties, the Islamist Ennahda Movement and the secular Congress for the Republic (CPR), to share the three highest positions in state. Accordingly, Ben Jafar was voted Speaker of the Assembly on 22 November. In exchange, the Forum supported the election of CPR-leader Moncef Marzouki", "id": "2468766" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Tonga)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (PDP) is a political party in Tonga. It was formed after a split in the Human Rights and Democracy Movement. The party was founded on 8 April 2005 in 'Atenisi. Teisina Fuko was the first person elected to the party presidency at a meeting on 15 April 2005. The PDP was legally registered on July 1, 2005, being the first Tongan party to do so. The party has not won any seats to the Tonga Parliament. It is currently inactive without any candidates or", "id": "19615344" }, { "contents": "2013 Gibraltar by-election\n\n\nSocial Democrats as Opposition had initially decided not to contest the by-election considering instead a \"gentleman's agreement\" as the seat had been one of the GSLP which had become vacant under tragic circumstances. The Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) which was not represented in Parliament immediately decided it would contest the by-election seeing it as an opportunity to be represented despite its poor performance at the previous two general elections. On 30 May 2013 the PDP announced its candidature of party leader Nick Cruz. At this point the GSD", "id": "8509410" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (PDP) is a major contemporary political party in Nigeria. Its policies generally lie towards the centre-right of the political spectrum. It won every Presidential election between 1999 and 2011, and was until the 2015 elections, the governing party in the Fourth Republic although in some cases, amid a few controversial electoral circumstances. Currently, PDP controls 14 states out of 36 states in Nigeria. In 1998 the PDP in its first presidential primary election held in Jos, Plateau State, North Central Nigeria", "id": "1890377" }, { "contents": "Social Democratic Union of Macedonia\n\n\nThe Social Democratic Union of Macedonia (–СДСМ, \"Socijaldemokratski Sojuz na Makedonija\"–SDSM) is a social-democratic political party, the main centre-left political party in North Macedonia. The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia was founded on 20 April 1991 at the 11th Congress of SKM-PDP (UCM – Party for Democratic Changes). Branko Crvenkovski was elected as the party's first president. Its current leader is Zoran Zaev. The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia is a member of the Progressive Alliance and an associate affiliate of", "id": "1084636" }, { "contents": "Peoples Democratic Party (Kenya)\n\n\nThe Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) is a political party in Kenya. The PDP was established in 1992. It won a single seat in the 2007 general elections, Richard Momoima Onyonka in Kitutu Chache Constituency. In 2010 Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) MP James Omingo Magara defected to the party after the ODM did not nominate him as its candidate in the South Mugirango by-election, which was held after Magara's victory in the 2007 elections was annulled due to irregularities. However, Magara was defeated in the by-", "id": "19016018" }, { "contents": "Dickson Tarkighir\n\n\nat the polls in the 2015 general elections and won the seat to represent the people of Makurdi/Guma Federal Constituency in the House of Representatives, Abuja. On Tuesday, 24 July 2018, Tarkighir was among 37 members of the House of Representatives who defected from the ruling All Progressives Congress (APC) to other political parties. He defected to the People's Democratic Party (PDP), a party he had previously defected from. However, On Tuesday, 22 January 2019, Tarkighir announced his return to the All Progressives", "id": "8861699" }, { "contents": "Guillermo Irizarry\n\n\ngovernor abandoned the party that elected him, the Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico (PDP), and joined a newly founded party, the People's Party, which nominated him for an unsuccessful reelection bid. In November of that year, the PDP suffered its first defeat with the election of the New Progressive Party's Luis A. Ferré. As a result, Secretary Irizarry presided over the first transition between elected governors of different parties. From 1973 to 1977, during the administration of Governor Rafael Hernández Colón, Irizarry served again", "id": "1916365" }, { "contents": "1931 Argentine general election\n\n\nJulio Roca as his running mate; Roca, the son of the late PAN leader, Julio A. Roca, had led the Democratic Party of Córdoba. The Democratic Progressive Party (PDP), known for its anti-corruption platform, nominated Senator Lisandro de la Torre, who also earned the endorsement of the Socialist Party of Argentina, a party in search of leadership following the passing of Juan B. Justo, in 1928. The alliance alienated conservatives in the PDP, however, who instead endorsed the aging Francisco A. Barroetaveña,", "id": "14281535" }, { "contents": "Jebali Cabinet\n\n\nThe first cabinet of Tunisian Head of Government Hamadi Jebali was presented on 20 December 2011. Jebali has been appointed by interim President Moncef Marzouki, who had been elected by the National Constituent Assembly, a body constituted to draft a new constitution after the Tunisian Revolution and the fall of former President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in Spring 2011. It took office on 24 December 2011. The three parties in the \"Troika\" coalition are the Islamist Ennahda Movement, the centre-left secularist Congress for the Republic (CPR),", "id": "5725136" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Montserrat)\n\n\nwere the first occasion on which the MLP had faced serious opposition, and saw the PDP win all seven seats, leaving the MLP without parliamentary representation. Percival Austin Bramble became Chief Minister. The PDP subsequently won five of the seven seats in the 1973 elections, but were defeated in the 1978 elections, when the People's Liberation Movement formed by former PDP minister John Osborne won all seven seats. The PDP contested the 1983 elections, winning two seats in the Legislative Council. It was reduced to one seat in the 1987", "id": "6998615" }, { "contents": "1987 European Parliament election in Spain\n\n\na European-wide election was due in 1989, elected MEPs only served for the remainder of the European Parliament term. The ruling Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) designated former Foreign Affairs Minister Fernando Morán to lead their campaign. The main opposition People's Alliance party (AP), running on its own after the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and Liberal Party (PL) broke away from the People's Coalition, chose Manuel Fraga—who had resigned as party leader in December 1986—to lead the party list", "id": "7968065" }, { "contents": "2011 Gibraltar general election\n\n\ngave the GSLP an advantage of up to 9% over the governing party, the GSD, while one (that of the Spanish newspaper \"Area\", which published no details and was widely thought to be politically motivated) predicted a GSD win. Two parties, the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD) and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), and an alliance (Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)/Liberals) have presented a full slate of 10 candidates each, making a total of 30 candidates for 17 seats in the Gibraltar", "id": "19578144" }, { "contents": "Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance\n\n\nThe Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance (\"Partido Democrático para o Progresso – Aliança Nacional Angolana\") is a political party in Angola. The party was founded in Luanda, March 17, 1991. It was led by Mfulumpinga Landu Victor, a former National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) cadre and Member of Parliament for the PDP-ANA, until he was shot dead outside the party office in 2004. It is now led by Francisco Lele. In the 2008 legislative elections, it gained 0.51%", "id": "17803317" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Montserrat)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was a political party in Montserrat. The party was established in 1970 by Percival Austin Bramble, son of Chief Minister and leader of the Montserrat Labour Party (MLP) William Henry Bramble. Percival had previously been a member of the MLP and was elected to the Legislative Council as an MLP candidate in the 1966 elections. However, he subsequently broke away to form the PDP as a result of controversy over the number of holiday and retirement homes being built on the island. The 1970 elections", "id": "6998614" }, { "contents": "Party of Democratic Progress\n\n\nThe Party of Democratic Progress () is a Serbian political party in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the third-largest party in Republika Srpska. PDP was established in Banja Luka on 26 September 1999. During the founding assembly, Mladen Ivanić was elected as the president of the party, while Branko Dokić and Zoran Đerić were elected as vice presidents. The party is an observer member of the European People's Party (EPP) and International Democrat Union (IDU). In terms of bilateral cooperation with other European parties,", "id": "19626107" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (, O'zXDP or PDP) is a centre-left political party in Uzbekistan founded in 1991. The PDP was founded in October 1991 after the Communist Party of Uzbekistan voted to cut its ties with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and change its name to PDP. The party was led by President Islam Karimov since its foundation until 1996, at which point Karimov stepped down and resigned his membership. Karimov created the Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party in 2003. This is supported by the fact", "id": "19132598" }, { "contents": "Ademola Rasaq Seriki\n\n\nwas appointed a National Fund Raising Committee member in the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) for the 1999 National elections. The PDP also appointed him as a member of the Candidate and Party Relations Committee for Obasanjo/Atiku Presidential Election. From 2000 to 2002 Demola Seriki emerged as the PDP Party Chairman of Lagos Island Local Government Area in Lagos State and later in 2003 as the party's flag bearer to the House of Assembly representing Lagos Island Federal Constituency. In 2005 he cut his political tooth further by serving as Secretary of the", "id": "5752584" }, { "contents": "Omuma\n\n\nin the council premises and he won the House of Assembly election in 2011. He was re-elected in 2015 election to represent Omuma for the second time in Rivers State House of Assembly under the PDP. Several other political parties have sprung up within this period as alphabetically arranged below and Omuma has been actively involved in them: • Advanced Congress of Democrats (ACD) • Alliance for Democracy (AD) • Action Democratic Party (ADP) • All Democratic Peoples Movement (ADPM) • All Progressives Congress (APC)", "id": "2613408" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Spain)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (, PDP), renamed as Christian Democracy (, DC) from March 1988 until it merged into the People's Party in June 1989, was a Christian-democratic political party in Spain. In August 1982, 13 deputies under the leadership of Óscar Alzaga split from the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) and founded the PDP, entering into alliance with the People's Alliance (AP), which received the second largest number of votes in the 1982 and 1986 general elections. The", "id": "19996228" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Malaysia)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (Malay: Parti Demokratik Progresif, Abbreviation: PDP), formerly known as Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party (SPDP) is a Sarawak based political party in Malaysia founded in 2002. The party was founded in the wake of the de-registration of the Sarawak National Party (SNAP) in November 2002 by a faction aligned to the Chief Minister of Sarawak, Abdul Taib Mahmud, led by William Mawan Ikom. The party has rebrand that using a new name - Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and a", "id": "13136566" }, { "contents": "Tunisia\n\n\n, including several that existed under the former regime. During the rule of Ben Ali, only three functioned as independent opposition parties: the PDP, FDTL, and Tajdid. While some older parties are well-established and can draw on previous party structures, many of the 100-plus parties extant as of February 2012 are small. Rare for the Arab world, women held more than 20% of seats in the country's pre-revolution bicameral parliament. In the 2011 constituent assembly, women held between 24% and 31%", "id": "11279313" }, { "contents": "Liberal Party (Spain, 1976)\n\n\nThe Liberal Party (, PL) was a liberal political party in Spain. It was part of the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) until 1983, when it aligned itself with the People's Alliance (AP), the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL). On 22 December 1984 the latter merged into the Liberal Party. These three parties formed the People's Coalition for the 1986 election. In 1989 the party, along with AP and PDP, merged to form the", "id": "19996525" }, { "contents": "New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)\n\n\nto boycott that plebiscite. Main party founder, president, and former statehood Republican Party standard-bearer Luis A. Ferré categorized the New Progressive Party as one which would not be aligned to any of the two major U.S. national parties. Co-founders of the NPP alongside Luis A. Ferre were Manuel F. Alsina Capo, attorney Nelson Escalona, and Benny Frankie Cerezo. Under Luis A. Ferré, the NPP came to power in January 1969, after defeating Luis Negrón López, the gubernatorial candidate from the Popular Democratic Party (PDP)", "id": "21721596" }, { "contents": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Mali)\n\n\nThe Party for Democracy and Progress (, PDP) is a political party in Mali led by Mady Konaté. The party was established in 1991, and officially registered on 25 April that year. It party received 5.1% of the vote in the February 1992 parliamentary elections, winning two seats. In the April 1992 presidential elections it nominated Idrissa Traoré as its candidate. Traoré finished fifth out of nine candidates with 7.1%^ of the vote. The local elections in the same year saw the party win 40 of the 751 seats across", "id": "19282171" }, { "contents": "Samaila Suleiman\n\n\n-2008, Energy Commission of Nigeria in 2009-2010 and later resigned to join politics. Suleiman was first elected into the public office as a local government chairman from Kaduna North in Kaduna State under the defunct Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) in 2008. He was the only politician to have won local government election under the CPC having shared the same constituency with the then vice president of Nigeria from the then ruling party People's Democratic Party (PDP). In 2015, Suleiman was first elected into the Lower Chamber", "id": "6113494" }, { "contents": "Party for Democratic Prosperity\n\n\nFor example, the party leadership criticized the 1991 Census for allegedly underreporting the percentage of the population that was Albanian from 40% to only 21%. Also, the PDP deputies voted against adopting the constitution due to its lack of protection for minorities. From the 1998 elections onwards PDP is in opposition and since then the support for the PDP has eroded considerably. At the 2002 legislative elections, the party won 2.3% of the popular vote and 2 out of 120 seats. At the 2011 legislative elections, the party won", "id": "5710802" }, { "contents": "2008 Angolan legislative election\n\n\nDemocratic Party (PLD), Party of the Alliance of Youth, Workers and Farmers of Angola (PAJOCA), Party for Democratic Support and Progress of Angola (PADEPA), the Democratic Party for Progress - Angolan National Alliance (PDP-ANA), the Front for Democracy (FpD) and four coalitions: the Democratic Angola – Coalition (AD), New Democracy Electoral Union (ND), the Electoral Political Platform (PPE) and the Angolan Fraternal Forum Coalition (FOFAC). The Angolan Democratic Party (PDA", "id": "533048" }, { "contents": "Party for Democratic Prosperity\n\n\nThe Party for Democratic Prosperity or PDP () is an ethnic Albanian political party in North Macedonia. The party was formed in April 1990 and is currently led by Abdyladi Vejseli. From 1992 to 1998 the PDP was part of the coalition governments led by the SDSM. After the split of the radical wing from the party in February 1994, PDP was generally considered to be moderate party that could cooperate with Macedonian parties, although sometimes frictions between the PDP and the other government parties arose as a consequence of the ethnic questions.", "id": "5710801" }, { "contents": "Politics of Gibraltar\n\n\n. A new party, New Gibraltar Democracy, announced it would contest the next election. NGD claimed that the two main parties were \"Out of touch with people's expectations and make up for their lack of ideas through Orwellian style propaganda.\" At the 2007 election one candidate, Charles Gomez, stood for election for the party. It achieved under 1% of the vote and has subsequently ceased any activity. In June 2006 the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was formed and announced it would be presenting a full slate", "id": "11739411" }, { "contents": "Tunisian people\n\n\nto an end 23 years latter on January 14, 2011, in the events of the Tunisian Revolution, following nationwide demonstrations precipitated by high unemployment, food inflation, corruption, a lack of political freedoms like freedom of speech and poor living conditions. Following the overthrow of Ben Ali, Tunisians elected a Constituent Assembly to draft a new constitution, and an interim government known as the Troika because it was a coalition of three parties; the Islamist Ennahda Movement in the lead, with the centre-left Congress for the Republic and", "id": "21785336" }, { "contents": "Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle\n\n\nIn the aftermath of \"Mt. Healthy\",\" wrote Sandra Lynch for the First Circuit in 2004, \"confusion still sometimes arises about the issue of causation.\" She was writing in one of several cases it heard in the mid-2000s arising from alleged political retaliation in Puerto Rico, where members of the New Progressive Party (NPP) brought suit claiming that members of the rival Popular Democratic Party (PDP) had improperly forced them out of government jobs after the PDP defeated the incumbent NPP in the commonwealth's 2000 elections.", "id": "17963178" }, { "contents": "Great Ogboru\n\n\n2003. In the 2007 election, Great Ogboru contested for governorship under the flag of the Democracy People Party (DPP) against Emmanuel Uduaghan of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) and lost to Emmanuel Uduagha again in 2011 election though he contested under the umbrella of Labour Party In the 2015 Delta State governorship election, Great Ogboru contested for governorship under the umbrella of All Progressive Congress (APC). He was defeated by Ifeanyi Okowa of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) . In the 2019 governorship election of Delta State,", "id": "278732" }, { "contents": "1983 Murcian regional election\n\n\nelectoral alliance led by the right-wing People's Alliance (AP), which included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), became the second political force and the main opposition party, whereas the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) also entered the Assembly, obtaining 1 seat. As a result of the election, Socialist Andrés Hernández Ros, who since 1979 had been the President of the Regional Council of Murcia (the pre-autonomic regional government), became the first democratically", "id": "19967050" }, { "contents": "Emmanuel Nnamdi Uba\n\n\nEmmanuel Nnamdi Uba, or Andy Uba (born 14 December 1958), is a Nigerian politician who was elected Senator for the Anambra South constituency of Anambra State, Nigeria, in April 2011. He ran on the People's Democratic Party (PDP) platform. He defected to the ruling All Progressives Congress in February 2017; the leadership crises engulfing the former ruling party PDP may have motivated his decision. Uba was born on 14 December 1958 in Enugu, and attended the Boys High School in Awkunanaw. His parents originated from", "id": "17515892" }, { "contents": "Islam and secularism\n\n\ndictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collapsed in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian revolution, Tunisia's interim government granted the group permission to form a political party. Since then it has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, 2011, the first honest election in the country's history with a turn out of 51.1% of all eligible voters, the party won 37.04% of the popular vote and 89 (41%)", "id": "18330475" }, { "contents": "United Progressive Alliance\n\n\nthe Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party announced the withdrawal of the PDP from the UPA given that the Congress had decided to support the Omar Abdullah-led National Conference Government in Jammu & Kashmir after the 2008 state elections. On 26 March 2009, PMK declared that it would join the AIADMK led front and withdrew from the UPA and the party president declared that two union ministers of his party will resign shortly. On 12 November 2012, Barrister Asaduddin Owaisi, leader of the AIMIM announced the decision of the party's executive and", "id": "8764699" }, { "contents": "Umaru Tanko Al-Makura\n\n\nfounding member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) in Nasarawa State in 1998. Al-Makura defected from the PDP after losing the primary elections for the Nasarawa Governor competition. Al-Makura was elected Governor of Nasarawa State, Nigeria on 26 April 2011, running on the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) ticket. He defeated the incumbent governor, Aliyu Akwe-Doma of the PDP. On 14 July 2014 the Speaker of the Nasarawa State House of Assembly gave a notice of impeachment to the Clerk of the", "id": "7102114" }, { "contents": "2013 Gibraltar by-election\n\n\nThe Gibraltar by-election, 2013 was a parliamentary by-election held on 4 July 2013 for the Gibraltar Parliament. The by-election was to contest the seat left vacant by the death of Government of Gibraltar Housing Minister Charles Bruzon in April 2013. The Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP), Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and an independent contested the by-election. The Liberal Party of Gibraltar who is in alliance and in Government with the GSLP backed the GSLP's candidate", "id": "8509407" }, { "contents": "Politics of Tajikistan\n\n\nThree major opposition parties—the Democratic Party, the Islamic Renaissance Party, and the Social Democratic Party—boycotted the election. In the early 2000s, independent political parties continued to exist, but their operations were circumscribed and their influence marginal. The governing People’s Democratic Party (PDP) gained strength as some opposition party leaders joined the government and others were disqualified from participation in elections. The Communist Party of Tajikistan, a nominal opposition party that has supported President Rahmon on most issues, has lost support since 2000. The", "id": "11083170" }, { "contents": "Dapo Abiodun\n\n\nis also reportedly the founder of First Power Limited. Dapo Abiodun is a founding member of Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) in Ogun State, although he is currently a member of the All Progressive Congress (APC) defecting after the 2015 general elections. He contested the Ogun East senatorial seat on the platform of the All Progressive Congress(APC) in the 2015 Nigerian general elections which he lost to the Peoples Democratic Party(PDP) candidate . He was elected a senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria on the platform of the defunct United Nigeria", "id": "1139922" }, { "contents": "1983 Riojan regional election\n\n\n. The People's Coalition, an electoral alliance led by the People's Alliance (AP), which also included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), emerged as the second largest grouping in the General Deputation, while the newly created regionalist Progressive Riojan Party (PRP) came third. Neither the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) or the Democratic and Social Centre (CDS), the only other parties standing in the election, were able to meet the electoral threshold and failed", "id": "18176961" }, { "contents": "Trinity—Spadina\n\n\nwas expected to be a very competitive election. Additionally, Conservative David Watters, Green Anna Costa, Progressive Canadian Party Asif Hossain, Canadian Action Party Tristan Downe-Dewdney and Daniel Knezetic for the Popular Democratic Party contested the election. The Popular Democratic Party was a social democratic and populist political party formed in 2003. It did not register as a political party with Elections Canada, and closed down after the 2004 election. The PDP proposed decentralization and community involvement in the political process through the creation of community councils to which any", "id": "8027884" }, { "contents": "Galician Coalition\n\n\nin the Congreso de los Diputados since the Second Republic. In January 1987 the most nationalist and progressive sectors of CG, led by Pablo González Mariñas and Xosé Henrique Rodríguez Peña, left the party and formed the Galician Nationalist Party (which would eventually join the Galician Nationalist Bloc). To attend the 1987 municipal elections CG formed the Galician Progressive Coalition, with the Democratic Popular Party (PDP) and the Liberal Party, gaining the 11.07% of the vote and 607 councilors. Following the departure of Xosé Luís Barreiro of the", "id": "602391" }, { "contents": "2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election\n\n\nthe delay, all major parties approved of it, even the Ennahda Movement; other parties approving the new election date included the Progressive Democratic Party, Ettajdid Movement, Al Majd, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the Social Liberal Party. In September, the government of Canada declared that it would not allow Tunisia to open polling stations in its territory because it refused to be included in another country's electoral constituency. Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird called the issue \"a matter of Canadian sovereignty\". In response to Canada", "id": "14450727" }, { "contents": "Democratic Modernist Pole\n\n\nin all the 33 constituencies at home and abroad. Sixteen women and 17 men will be chief candidates. Riadh Ben Fadl and Mustapha Ben Ahmed, are the founders of the group. Ahmed Ibrahim is a leader in the bloc. The bloc won 5 of the 217 seats and 4.91% of the vote in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election. Three of the parties in the coalition: the Republican Party, the Socialist Left Party and the Social Democratic Path) became part of another coalition called the Union for Tunisia in 2013", "id": "19583402" }, { "contents": "Abdulmumin Jibrin\n\n\nof Commerce (NBCC) between 2010 – 2011. Jibrin was first elected into the Nigerian National Assembly's House of Representatives representing Kiru/Bebeji Federal constituency of Kano State under the Peoples Democratic Party - PDP in 2011 before decamping to the newly formed political party in Nigeria, the All Progressives Congress (APC) in 2014 and was later re-elected into House of Representatives in 2015. Jibrin was the Chairman House of Representatives Committee on Finance in the 7th Assembly with oversight on the Federal Ministry of Finance and its Parastatals,", "id": "18363893" }, { "contents": "Rashidi Adewolu Ladoja\n\n\n2009, a former aide testified on the way on which the share money had been divided between Ladoja's family, bodyguard, senior politicians and lawyers. Ladoja was the governorship candidate for Accord party in Oyo State during the April 2011 and 2015 elections, he lost to Senator Abiola Ajimobi. He later merged his Accord Party into PDP in 2017. Dispute in PDP made him and other allies (from Labour Party, All Progressives Congress APC etc.) to move over African Democratic Congress (ADC) in 2018. After a", "id": "21855065" }, { "contents": "Mohammed Badaru Abubakar\n\n\nAll Progressives Congress in 2015 along with PDP contender Mal. Aminu Ibrahim Ringim. The Independent National Electoral Commission on 13 April 2015 declared him the winner of that election. On 9 March 2019 Jigawa state gubernatorial election, Badaru was re-elected has governor having polled a total of 810,933 votes, the candidate of the Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, Aminu Ibrahim Ringim scored 288,356 while the candidate of the Social Democratic Party, SDP, Bashir Adamu Jumbo scored 32,894 votes, thereby making him the winner of the election. In recognition", "id": "20149723" }, { "contents": "Popular Democratic Party (France)\n\n\nthe PDP prior to the 1924 legislative election. Established by Congress on 15 and 16 November 1924, under the chairmanship of George Thibout and involving 200 delegates, the PDP supported the desire to achieve \"a task in bringing reconciliation around the idea of Republicanism\" by the definition of \"new Republican faith\" The Popular Democrats advocated that religion was not and should not be a line between right and left. However, the PDP oriented itself to the centre-right in direct competition to the Republican Federation, the party from which", "id": "22044943" }, { "contents": "Socialism in Tunisia\n\n\nthe Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties (Ettakatol or FDTL) was founded and officially recognized on 25 October 2002. Is a social democratic and secularist political party in Tunisia. Its founder and Secretary-General is the radiologist Mustapha Ben Jafar. Active from 1993 to 2012, the Ettajdid Movement (\"Movement for Renewal\") was a centre-left secularist, democratic socialist and social liberal political party in Tunisia. It was led by Ahmed Ibrahim. For the Constituent assembly election, Ettajdid formed a strongly secularist alliance called Democratic", "id": "5642583" }, { "contents": "Wafa Movement\n\n\nThe Wafa Movement (), sometimes referred to as the Independent Democratic Congress, is a political party in Tunisia. The party was founded in 2012 by a number of constituents who broke away from the Congress for the Republic (CPR). Led by the short-time CPR secretary-general Abderraouf Ayadi, the party however remained loosely allied with the governing Troika coalition of Ennahda, CPR and Ettakatol. Generally seen as a secular, left-leaning party, the Wafa Movement reached out to Islamists on the grounds of seeking", "id": "13260598" }, { "contents": "Abdulkareem Adisa\n\n\nPeople's Democratic Party (PDP) in Kwara State. One PDP group suspended the Minister of State for Women Affairs, Miss Funke Adedoyin, but another group of PDP elders, led by Adisa, voided Adedoyin’s suspension. Adisa also became vice-chairman of the Kwara Progressive Movement (KPM). Abdulkareem Adisa was leader of a movement to elect General Ibrahim Babangida as president in 2007. He published an attack on the National Democratic Coalition (NADECO) in \"The Guardian\" of 28 April 2004, warning the group", "id": "1146576" }, { "contents": "Nidaa Tounes\n\n\n\"founder\" Habib Bourguiba). In addition, the party has the support of many members of the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT) and the national employers' union, UTICA. They believe that Tunisia's secular forces have to unite to counter the dominance of the Islamist Ennahda Movement. From its foundation until July 2013, 11 members of the Constituent Assembly joined the party by defecting from various other parties. On 11 February 2013, the Republican Party joined Nidaa Tounes and four other parties in a political alliance called Union", "id": "4542216" }, { "contents": "Gibraltar\n\n\nrepresented by the Governor of Gibraltar. The governor enacts day-to-day matters on the advice of the Gibraltar Parliament, but is responsible to the British government in respect of defence, foreign policy, internal security and general good governance. Judicial and other appointments are made on behalf of the monarch in consultation with the head of the elected government. The 2011 election was contested by the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)-Gibraltar Liberal Party (GLP) Alliance and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP", "id": "7263743" }, { "contents": "Adamu Sidi Ali\n\n\nballots had not been included in the count.In turn, the PDP appealed the decision to nullify the election of their candidate, who had died two months after the election, saying the election should be a re-run due to his death. Their appeal was rejected. Later, Sidi Ali changed allegiance to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). During a PDP campaign flag-off meeting before the April 2007 elections, he advised political opponents not to use thugs to destabilize the elections. Sidi Ali became senator for", "id": "13302889" }, { "contents": "Ahmed Tijani Ahmed\n\n\nAhmed Tijani Ahmed (December 17, 1941 – June 10, 2006) was a Nigerian politician who was Senator for the Kogi Central constituency in Kogi State from 1999 to 2003 as a member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP). When Kogi State was created in 1991, Ahmed Tijani Ahmed joined a group of liberal progressive politicians in the Social Democratic Party (SDP) that created an agreement on power sharing among the different peoples of the state. However, they lost the December 1991 governorship election to the National Republican", "id": "14754363" }, { "contents": "Abdulmumin Jibrin\n\n\nthe members of the House of Representatives that led the first set of 37 Legislators that decamped from the ruling People's Democratic Party (PDP) to the main opposition party, All Progressive Party (APC). In March 2015, Abdulmumin contested and got re-elected to the House of Representatives by the people of his constituency Kiru/Bebeji Kano state, Nigeria. As Chairman Appropriation, Jibrin has oversight function over the Budget office and national budget, the appropriation of funds for execution of government programmes and projects. He also", "id": "18363903" }, { "contents": "Godswill Akpabio\n\n\nSenatorial District to represent the district in the Senate of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Running under the platform of the People’s Democratic Party (PDP), he polled 422,009 of the 439,449 to defeat Chief Inibehe Okorie of the All Progressive Congress (APC) who recorded 15, 152 votes to be declared elected by the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). Akpabio was nominated for the position of the Senate Minority Leader by the South-South caucus of the People's Democratic Party (PDP), ratified by the caucus", "id": "19678208" }, { "contents": "1970 Montserratian general election\n\n\nGeneral elections were held in Montserrat on 15 December 1970. The result was a victory for the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), which won all seven seats in the Legislative Council, whilst the Montserrat Labour Party (MLP), which had won every election since the introduction of universal suffrage in 1951, lost all four of its seats. PDP leader Percival Austin Bramble became Chief Minister, replacing his father and MLP leader, William Henry Bramble. Universal suffrage was introduced in Montserrat in 1951, and the first elections under it", "id": "6935944" }, { "contents": "Atiku Abubakar\n\n\nProgressives Congress (APC), a party he helped to form. On 3 December 2017, via a Facebook Live broadcast, Abubakar announced his return to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). The announcement followed consultations the former Vice President had with party leaders and stakeholders from across the country. He said he decided to 'return home' to the PDP now that the issues which made him leave the party had been resolved. Abubakar declared his candidacy for the presidential nomination of the PDP mid 2018 and won the nomination at", "id": "10683389" }, { "contents": "Luis A. Ferré\n\n\nProgressive Party (a.k.a., PNP). In the following general election in 1968, Ferré ran for Governor and defeated Luis Negrón López, the candidate of the Popular Democratic Party (PPD) by a slight margin. The ruling party had split with the creation of the People's Party, which ran incumbent PDP-elected Governor Roberto Sánchez Vilella as its gubernatorial candidate, ending Luis Muñoz Marín's PPD's hold on the governor's seat, which had lasted 20 years. During Ferré's administration, Puerto Rico was in", "id": "11079059" }, { "contents": "1994–1995 Uzbek parliamentary election\n\n\nParliamentary elections were held in Uzbekistan on 25 December 1994, with a second round held in 39 constituencies on 8 January 1995 and seven constituencies on 22 January. The election was contested by 634 candidates, 250 nominated by local councils, 243 members of the People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan, and 141 Progress Party of the Fatherland members. The majority of seats were won by local council nominees (around 120 of which were PDP members), whilst the People's Democratic Party emerged as the largest party. Voter turnout was 93.6", "id": "15227647" }, { "contents": "1983 Madrilenian regional election\n\n\nthe PSOE won 51 seats. The People's Coalition, an electoral alliance led by the People's Alliance (AP), which also included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), emerged as the second largest grouping in the Assembly. The Communist Party of Spain was the only other party to win seats in the Assembly. In 1986, the party joined with other left-wing movements to form the current United Left. The Assembly of Madrid was the devolved, unicameral legislature of", "id": "3098844" } ]

[ { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nby Ahmed Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi. On 9 April 2012, it merged into the Republican Party. The Progressive Democratic Party had a newspaper, \"Al-Mawqif\". In its beginnings, the Progressive Socialist Rally (now PDP) gathered a broad range of currents from Marxists and pro-democracy activists to progressive Muslims. During the Ben Ali rule, Najib Chebbi and the PDP were harassed by the police for years, and verbally attacked by state-run media. After unsuccessfully participating in elections from 1989 to 1999", "id": "16419721" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\n, the party decided to boycott the elections of 2004 and 2009. Therefore, it was unrepresented in the Tunisian parliament. After the Ben Ali administration announced to force the party to move their headquarters from Tunis, its leaders Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi engaged in a 20-days hunger strike, which earned the party attention and prompted the administration to revoke their decision. Following the 2010–2011 Tunisian protests, shootings outside PDP's headquarters were reported on 16 January 2011. The next day, on 17 January, party leader Najib Chebbi, was", "id": "16419722" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nnamed Regional Development Minister in the interim government. Ahead of the Constituent Assembly election, the PDP evolved into a main exponent of the centre-left secular camp and rival of the Islamist Ennahda Movement. In the run-up to the elections, the Progressive Democrats have received quite an amount of financial support which enabled the party for a lavish campaign. Critics claim that an important part of the funding came from businesspeople close to the old Ben Ali power elite. In the election for a constituent assembly, the PDP won 3.9", "id": "16419723" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\n) was founded under the name of \"Progressive Socialist Rally\", and gained legal recognition on 12 September 1988. It was secular and liberal party. The party was renamed as Progressive Democratic Party in 2001. Under the rule of Ben Ali it was a legal opposition party, but subjected to political repression. After the Tunisian revolution it was one of the major left-leaning secular political forces. It was led by Ahmed Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi. On 9 April 2012, it merged into the Republican Party. Maya", "id": "5642552" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\n% of the popular vote and 16 of 217 seats in the National Constituent Assembly, putting it at the fifth place. As the party had categorically ruled out any collaboration with the victorious Islamist Ennahda Movement, the Progressive Democrats went into opposition and belong to the outspoken critics of the governing coalition of the Islamists with the secular CPR and Ettakatol parties. After the electoral defeat, the PDP launched talks with other secularist and liberal parties to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was realised on the PDP's", "id": "16419724" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (, \"; ), also referred to by its acronym PDP, was a secular liberal political party in Tunisia. The Progressive Democratic Party was founded under the name of \"Progressive Socialist Rally\" in 1983, gained legal recognition on 12 September 1988 and was renamed Progressive Democratic Party in 2001. Under the rule of Ben Ali it was a legal opposition party, but subjected to political repression. After the Tunisian revolution it was one of the major left-leaning secular political forces. It was led", "id": "16419720" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nSecretary-General of the PDP. She has been the first woman to lead a political party in Tunisia. From 1 to 20 October 2007, Jribi, along with Najib Chebbi, engaged in a hunger strike to protest against the forced move of the party's headquarters from Tunis, which caused serious health implications for her. Jribi headed the PDP’s electoral list in Ben Arous for the Constituent Assembly Elections in October 2011. The PDP list received one seat in Ben Arous according to preliminary election results. On 9 April 2012", "id": "632088" }, { "contents": "Republican Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nThe Republican Party ( \"\", ) is a centrist liberal party in Tunisia. It was formed on 9 April 2012 as a merger of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Afek Tounes and the Tunisian Republican Party, several minor parties and independents. The party is led by Maya Jribi who was previously the secretary-general of the PDP. The party held 11 out of 217 seats and was the largest oppositional party in the National Constituent Assembly of Tunisia. The party withdrew from the Union for Tunisia coalition, though", "id": "15161288" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nDuring that period, she became involved and an active member of the student union, known as UGET, and the Tunisian League of Human Rights. She wrote for the independent weekly Erraï and later for the PDP-newspaper Al Mawkif. Together with Ahmed Najib Chebbi, Maya Jribi co-founded the \"Progressive Socialist Rally\", established in 1983, which was later renamed into Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). Since 1986 she has been a member of the party's executive. On 25 December 2006, Jribi was appointed", "id": "632087" }, { "contents": "Ahmed Najib Chebbi\n\n\nAhmed Najib Chebbi (, ) or simply Najib Chebbi (born 30 July 1944) is a Tunisian attorney and politician. Chebbi is a prominent figure of the Tunisian opposition movement; in 1983, he founded the Democratic Progressive Party, which gained legal recognition in 1988. He is currently the leader of the Democratic Progressive Party. In 2006, Maya Jribi became the party's secretary-general, the first woman to hold such office in Tunisia. In 2009 Chebbi attempted to run as a candidate for President of Tunisia but was", "id": "1109530" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nof investigative journalism, unconditional and free access to information, open government, anti-censorship of all kinds, among others. On 9 April 2012, the Republican Party was formed as a merger of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Afek Tounes and the Tunisian Republican Party, several minor parties and independents. The party is centrist and liberal, it's led by Maya Jribi who was previously the secretary-general of the PDP. The party held 11 out of 217 seats and was the largest oppositional party in the", "id": "5642564" }, { "contents": "Tunisian Revolution\n\n\nand Ahmed Najib Chebbi of the PDP), three representatives from the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT), and representatives of civil society (including prominent blogger Slim Amamou). Three notable movements not included in the national unity government were the banned Ennahda Movement, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the secular reformist Congress for the Republic. The following day, the three members of the UGTT and Ben Jafaar resigned, saying that they had \"no confidence\" in a government featuring members of the RCD. There were daily", "id": "18746070" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nparty in Tunisia. Its program is liberal, focusing on secularism and civil liberties. The party mainly appealed to intellectuals and the upper class. After underperforming in the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, Afek Tounes joined talks with other secularist and liberal parties, especially the Progressive Democratic Party to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was completed on 9 April 2012. The new party is called the Republican Party. In August 2013, Yassine Brahim, current leader of the party, and other former party members left", "id": "5642562" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nMaya Jribi (January 29, 1960 – May 19, 2018) was a Tunisian politician. From 2006 to 2012, she was the leader of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). From PDP's merger into the Republican Party in April 2012, until her resignation in 2017, she was the Secretary-General of the centrist party. Her father is from Tatouine, while her mother is from Algeria. She followed her studies in Radès Tunisia, before studying biology at the University of Sfax, from 1979 to 1983.", "id": "632086" }, { "contents": "Secularism in Tunisia\n\n\nTunisian Constitution of 2014 following a considerable debate between Islamic and secular political groups and movements. On 1 March 2011, after the secularist dictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collapsed in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian revolution, Tunisia's interim government granted the \"Ennahda\", a moderate Islamist movement in Tunisia, permission to form a political party. Since then, the Ennahda Islamic Party has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election", "id": "19596325" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nNational Constituent Assembly of Tunisia. The party withdrew from the Union for Tunisia coalition, though it is still part of the National Salvation Front. After the founding congress, nine assemblymen elected for the PDP contested the leadership vote and temporarily suspended their party membership. Those 9 members became part of the Democratic Alliance Party. After being founded in 2012, Nidaa Tounes (Call of Tunisia) won a plurality of seats in the October 2014 parliamentary election. It's a big tent secularist political party in Tunisia. The party's founding", "id": "5642565" }, { "contents": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Burkina Faso)\n\n\nThe Party for Democracy and Progress () was a political party in Burkina Faso (former Upper Volta. It was founded in April 1994 after a split in the National Convention of Progressive Patriots–Social Democratic Party in May 1993. It merged in February 1996 with the Union of the Democratic Left and the Party of Social Progress. After merger with the Burkinabè Socialist Party the PDP became the Party for Democracy and Progress / Socialist Party. At the legislative elections in 1997 the party won 10.1% of the popular vote and 6", "id": "19404846" }, { "contents": "Popular Front (Tunisia)\n\n\nof the Iraqi branch of Ba'ath Party, and other progressive parties. The number of parties involved in the coalition has since decreased to nine. Approximately 15,000 people attended the coalition's first meeting in Tunis. The Tunisian Revolution in 2011 saw the departure of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the dissolution of his party, the Democratic Constitutional Rally, and the holding of fresh elections for the creation of a new constitution. This saw the Tunisian political scene dominated by the Islamist Ennahda Movement, and its allies the Democratic Forum for", "id": "8081870" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Gibraltar)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was a liberal conservative political party from Gibraltar. The party was the third political party and the only party to sit on the centre-right in Gibraltar. Despite poor election results, it garnered growing support from the public and was seen as the 'alternative opposition'. The PDP was the only party campaigning for \"a Gibraltar freely associated to the United Kingdom\" and envisaged \"a journey through the recognition of our right to independence\". The party was also the only political party", "id": "16416540" }, { "contents": "Democratic Party of Progress\n\n\nThe Democratic Party of Progress (, PDP) is a political party in Guinea-Bissau. The PDP was established on 10 February 1992 by Amin Michel Saad. It joined the Union for Change (UM) alliance prior to the 1994 general elections, and Saad became the UM's leader. The UM won six seats in the National People's Assembly, of which the PDP (though Saad) took one. The UM was reduced to three seats in the 1999–2000 general elections, and lost them all in the 2004 parliamentary", "id": "17399816" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nHe was the Ettajdid Movement's candidate for President of Tunisia in the 2009 presidential election. Brahim was in favor of the emergence of a \"democratic modern and \"secular\" [laicist] state\" not connected with Islamists. According to Brahim, this would require \"radical\" reform of the electoral system, which would improve the political climate in guaranteeing freedom of assembly and a large scale independent press, as well as repealing a law that regulated public discourse of electoral candidates. In 1983, the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP", "id": "5642551" }, { "contents": "Sarawak State Legislative Assembly\n\n\ngovernment with a majority of 72 seats out of 82. There were several candidates from breakaway parties such as TERAS and UPP that had their members contest seats under the Barisan banner as direct election candidates under a deal by Adenan Satem after their parties were prevented from joining Barisan after opposition from parties such as PDP and SUPP. On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties including Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party", "id": "17954676" }, { "contents": "2015 Nigerian general election\n\n\nPeople's Democratic Party (PDP) primaries on 10 December 2014, receiving the nomination of the party. However, this was against an unwritten rule that the PDP's presidential candidacy should alternate between Muslim northerners and Christian southerners, and opposition to Jonathan's candidacy had led to the defection of dozens of PDP MPs in the House of Representatives. Prior to the elections, the All Progressives Congress was formed as an alliance of four opposition parties, the Action Congress of Nigeria, the Congress for Progressive Change, the All Nigeria Peoples", "id": "18172183" }, { "contents": "Civic Democratic Party (Hungary)\n\n\nThe Civic Democratic Party (, PDP) was a liberal political party in Hungary in the period following World War II The party was established towards the end of 1944 as a successor to the Civic Freedom Party. Part of a group of members who had belonged to now-defunct conservative parties before the war, Géza Teleki was elected as the party's first leader. The PDP won 21 seats in the National Interim Assembly elections in November 1944. However, Communist opposition to Teleki led to him losing his place in the Cabinet", "id": "16990101" }, { "contents": "Afek Tounes\n\n\nAfek Tounes won 4 seats for the constitutive assembly. The party was rattled on 3 November 2011 though by the resignation of several key founding members such as its spokesperson Emna Mnif, its general secretary Mustapha Mezghani, Sami Zaoui, Hela Hababou and another 13 members. After underperforming in the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, Afek Tounes joined talks with other secularist and liberal parties, especially the Progressive Democratic Party to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was completed on 9 April 2012. The new party is called", "id": "1405509" }, { "contents": "Ali Lankoandé\n\n\nAli Lankoandé (10 November 1930 – 28 May 2014) is a Burkinabé politician from Burkina Faso. He was President of the Party for Democracy and Progress/Socialist Party (PDP/PS) from 2005 to 2008. Lankoandé headed the National Social Security Fund and served as a deputy in the National Assembly of Burkina Faso, as well as Minister of National Education, during the 1970s. Lankoandé was elected to succeed Joseph Ki-Zerbo as President of the PDP/PS on 5 February 2005. Running as the PDP/", "id": "21268271" }, { "contents": "Ennahda Movement\n\n\ncollapse of the government of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the Ennahdha Movement Party was formed, and in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, (the first free election in the country's history), won a plurality of 37% of the popular vote and formed a government. Uproar in the traditionally secular country over \"Islamization\" and assassinations of two secular politicians however, led to the 2013–14 Tunisian political crisis, and the party stepped down following the implementation of a new constitution in January 2014. The party came in", "id": "10814394" }, { "contents": "1991 Sint Maarten general election\n\n\nGeneral elections were held in Sint Maarten on 12 April 1991 to elect the 9 members of the Island Council. The Sint Maarten Patriotic Alliance (SPA) led by Vance James Jr. emerged as the largest party, winning 4 of the 9 seats. The SPA and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) agreed to form a coalition government. On 28 August 1991 the SPA/PDP government collapsed. PDP political leader Millicent Acuna-Lopez-de Weever said that \"fundamental philosophical differences\" with the SPA caused the coalition \"to", "id": "12703859" }, { "contents": "Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party\n\n\nin the Rajya Sabha. It was a member of the ruling United Progressive Alliance until the 2009 general election. Sayeed headed the PDP-Indian National Congress Coalition Government between October 2002 and November 2005, and he was the party's Patron until his death on 7 January 2016. The PDP is now headed by Mehbooba Mufti, Sayeed's daughter. The PDP operates on the ideology of self-rule, as distinctly different from the issues of autonomy. It believes that self-rule as a political philosophy, as opposed to", "id": "248417" }, { "contents": "Ettajdid Movement\n\n\nThe Ettajdid Movement (\"Movement for Renewal\" ; , ' ; ), also referred to simply as Ettajdid, was a centre-left secularist political party in Tunisia, active from 1993 to 2012. Ettajdid evolved out of the old Tunisian Communist Party when it abandoned its former ideology in 1993. During the Ben Ali rule it was one of the legal, although oppressed opposition parties. After the Tunisian revolution of 2011, it became part of the Democratic Modernist Pole alliance and in 2012 it merged into the Social Democratic Path", "id": "16419620" }, { "contents": "Elections in Montserrat\n\n\n(when the Council was expanded to seven seats) and 1966. The 1970 elections saw the new Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) win all seven seats. The PDP also won the 1973 elections, but was defeated in 1978 when the People's Liberation Movement (PLM) won all seven seats. The PLM went on to win the 1983 and 1987 elections. The 1991 elections were won by the National Progressive Party, which won four of the seven seats. The 1996 elections resulted in a hung parliament, with the People", "id": "4125813" }, { "contents": "2013–14 Tunisian political crisis\n\n\nafter the elections Ben Ali jailed nearly 25,000 of its activists with Ennahda militants responding by attacking the ruling party's headquarters killing one person and splashing acid on others. Following the revolution, it described itself to be a \"moderate Islamist\" party by advocating democracy and recognizing political pluralism and dialogue with the West. Its supporters back then regarded the party as an example of how a balance can be struck between modernity and Islamism while its critics viewed it as a threat to secularism in Tunisia, which was often regarded as the most", "id": "7679782" }, { "contents": "List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2013–18)\n\n\nof 72 seats out of 82. There were several candidates from breakaway parties such as TERAS and UPP that had their members contest seats under the Barisan banner as direct election candidates under a deal by Adenan Satem after their parties were prevented from joining Barisan after opposition from parties such as PDP and SUPP. On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties including Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP) officially", "id": "21866476" }, { "contents": "Mike Onoja\n\n\nParty at the 2015 general election by the All Progressives Congress, he and other politicians of the People's Democratic Party defected to the All Progressives Congress in 2016. He returned to the People's Democratic Party in the run-up to the 2019 Benue south Senatorial election. After the PDP's Senatorial Primary election in 2018, Mike Onoja again defected from the party to the Social Democratic Party after expressing his dissatisfaction with the PDP's conduct of the primary election. Mike Onoja is the Chairman/CEO of Moonsons Resources Investment International", "id": "10879880" }, { "contents": "History of modern Tunisia\n\n\n, several Islamist activists were released from prison. He also forged a national pact with the Tunisian party Harakat al-Ittijah al-Islami (Islamic Tendency Movement), which had been founded in 1981; later it changed its name to Ennahda (the Renaissance Party). He also changed the ruling party's name to the Democratic Constitutional Rally. However, Ben Ali's innovative tack did not work out well. Subsequently, An-Nahda claimed to have run strongly in the 1989 elections, giving it the appearance of being", "id": "17057122" }, { "contents": "Yassine Brahim\n\n\nof the new company, which he led into the following acquisition by U.S. based SunGard. In 2010 he turned back to Tunisia, just before the Tunisian Revolution would lead to his appointment as Minister of Transport and Equipment in the short-lived second Ghannouchi cabinet and the subsequent Essebsi cabinet. He resigned on 17 June 2011 to become general secretary of the newly founded Afek Tounes party which he led into a merger with Ahmed Najib Chebbi's Progressive Democratic Party, the Republican Party \"Al Joumhouri\". On 28 August 2013,", "id": "2666991" }, { "contents": "Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties\n\n\nup his position in the transitional government. In the Constituent Assembly election on 23 October 2011, Ettakatol won 20 of the 217 seats making it the fourth force in the Assembly. Subsequently, the FDTL came to an agreement with the two major parties, the Islamist Ennahda Movement and the secular Congress for the Republic (CPR), to share the three highest positions in state. Accordingly, Ben Jafar was voted Speaker of the Assembly on 22 November. In exchange, the Forum supported the election of CPR-leader Moncef Marzouki", "id": "2468766" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Tonga)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (PDP) is a political party in Tonga. It was formed after a split in the Human Rights and Democracy Movement. The party was founded on 8 April 2005 in 'Atenisi. Teisina Fuko was the first person elected to the party presidency at a meeting on 15 April 2005. The PDP was legally registered on July 1, 2005, being the first Tongan party to do so. The party has not won any seats to the Tonga Parliament. It is currently inactive without any candidates or", "id": "19615344" }, { "contents": "2013 Gibraltar by-election\n\n\nSocial Democrats as Opposition had initially decided not to contest the by-election considering instead a \"gentleman's agreement\" as the seat had been one of the GSLP which had become vacant under tragic circumstances. The Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) which was not represented in Parliament immediately decided it would contest the by-election seeing it as an opportunity to be represented despite its poor performance at the previous two general elections. On 30 May 2013 the PDP announced its candidature of party leader Nick Cruz. At this point the GSD", "id": "8509410" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (PDP) is a major contemporary political party in Nigeria. Its policies generally lie towards the centre-right of the political spectrum. It won every Presidential election between 1999 and 2011, and was until the 2015 elections, the governing party in the Fourth Republic although in some cases, amid a few controversial electoral circumstances. Currently, PDP controls 14 states out of 36 states in Nigeria. In 1998 the PDP in its first presidential primary election held in Jos, Plateau State, North Central Nigeria", "id": "1890377" }, { "contents": "Social Democratic Union of Macedonia\n\n\nThe Social Democratic Union of Macedonia (–СДСМ, \"Socijaldemokratski Sojuz na Makedonija\"–SDSM) is a social-democratic political party, the main centre-left political party in North Macedonia. The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia was founded on 20 April 1991 at the 11th Congress of SKM-PDP (UCM – Party for Democratic Changes). Branko Crvenkovski was elected as the party's first president. Its current leader is Zoran Zaev. The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia is a member of the Progressive Alliance and an associate affiliate of", "id": "1084636" }, { "contents": "Peoples Democratic Party (Kenya)\n\n\nThe Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) is a political party in Kenya. The PDP was established in 1992. It won a single seat in the 2007 general elections, Richard Momoima Onyonka in Kitutu Chache Constituency. In 2010 Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) MP James Omingo Magara defected to the party after the ODM did not nominate him as its candidate in the South Mugirango by-election, which was held after Magara's victory in the 2007 elections was annulled due to irregularities. However, Magara was defeated in the by-", "id": "19016018" }, { "contents": "Dickson Tarkighir\n\n\nat the polls in the 2015 general elections and won the seat to represent the people of Makurdi/Guma Federal Constituency in the House of Representatives, Abuja. On Tuesday, 24 July 2018, Tarkighir was among 37 members of the House of Representatives who defected from the ruling All Progressives Congress (APC) to other political parties. He defected to the People's Democratic Party (PDP), a party he had previously defected from. However, On Tuesday, 22 January 2019, Tarkighir announced his return to the All Progressives", "id": "8861699" }, { "contents": "Guillermo Irizarry\n\n\ngovernor abandoned the party that elected him, the Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico (PDP), and joined a newly founded party, the People's Party, which nominated him for an unsuccessful reelection bid. In November of that year, the PDP suffered its first defeat with the election of the New Progressive Party's Luis A. Ferré. As a result, Secretary Irizarry presided over the first transition between elected governors of different parties. From 1973 to 1977, during the administration of Governor Rafael Hernández Colón, Irizarry served again", "id": "1916365" }, { "contents": "1931 Argentine general election\n\n\nJulio Roca as his running mate; Roca, the son of the late PAN leader, Julio A. Roca, had led the Democratic Party of Córdoba. The Democratic Progressive Party (PDP), known for its anti-corruption platform, nominated Senator Lisandro de la Torre, who also earned the endorsement of the Socialist Party of Argentina, a party in search of leadership following the passing of Juan B. Justo, in 1928. The alliance alienated conservatives in the PDP, however, who instead endorsed the aging Francisco A. Barroetaveña,", "id": "14281535" }, { "contents": "Jebali Cabinet\n\n\nThe first cabinet of Tunisian Head of Government Hamadi Jebali was presented on 20 December 2011. Jebali has been appointed by interim President Moncef Marzouki, who had been elected by the National Constituent Assembly, a body constituted to draft a new constitution after the Tunisian Revolution and the fall of former President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in Spring 2011. It took office on 24 December 2011. The three parties in the \"Troika\" coalition are the Islamist Ennahda Movement, the centre-left secularist Congress for the Republic (CPR),", "id": "5725136" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Montserrat)\n\n\nwere the first occasion on which the MLP had faced serious opposition, and saw the PDP win all seven seats, leaving the MLP without parliamentary representation. Percival Austin Bramble became Chief Minister. The PDP subsequently won five of the seven seats in the 1973 elections, but were defeated in the 1978 elections, when the People's Liberation Movement formed by former PDP minister John Osborne won all seven seats. The PDP contested the 1983 elections, winning two seats in the Legislative Council. It was reduced to one seat in the 1987", "id": "6998615" }, { "contents": "1987 European Parliament election in Spain\n\n\na European-wide election was due in 1989, elected MEPs only served for the remainder of the European Parliament term. The ruling Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) designated former Foreign Affairs Minister Fernando Morán to lead their campaign. The main opposition People's Alliance party (AP), running on its own after the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and Liberal Party (PL) broke away from the People's Coalition, chose Manuel Fraga—who had resigned as party leader in December 1986—to lead the party list", "id": "7968065" }, { "contents": "2011 Gibraltar general election\n\n\ngave the GSLP an advantage of up to 9% over the governing party, the GSD, while one (that of the Spanish newspaper \"Area\", which published no details and was widely thought to be politically motivated) predicted a GSD win. Two parties, the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD) and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), and an alliance (Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)/Liberals) have presented a full slate of 10 candidates each, making a total of 30 candidates for 17 seats in the Gibraltar", "id": "19578144" }, { "contents": "Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance\n\n\nThe Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance (\"Partido Democrático para o Progresso – Aliança Nacional Angolana\") is a political party in Angola. The party was founded in Luanda, March 17, 1991. It was led by Mfulumpinga Landu Victor, a former National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) cadre and Member of Parliament for the PDP-ANA, until he was shot dead outside the party office in 2004. It is now led by Francisco Lele. In the 2008 legislative elections, it gained 0.51%", "id": "17803317" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Montserrat)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was a political party in Montserrat. The party was established in 1970 by Percival Austin Bramble, son of Chief Minister and leader of the Montserrat Labour Party (MLP) William Henry Bramble. Percival had previously been a member of the MLP and was elected to the Legislative Council as an MLP candidate in the 1966 elections. However, he subsequently broke away to form the PDP as a result of controversy over the number of holiday and retirement homes being built on the island. The 1970 elections", "id": "6998614" }, { "contents": "Party of Democratic Progress\n\n\nThe Party of Democratic Progress () is a Serbian political party in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the third-largest party in Republika Srpska. PDP was established in Banja Luka on 26 September 1999. During the founding assembly, Mladen Ivanić was elected as the president of the party, while Branko Dokić and Zoran Đerić were elected as vice presidents. The party is an observer member of the European People's Party (EPP) and International Democrat Union (IDU). In terms of bilateral cooperation with other European parties,", "id": "19626107" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (, O'zXDP or PDP) is a centre-left political party in Uzbekistan founded in 1991. The PDP was founded in October 1991 after the Communist Party of Uzbekistan voted to cut its ties with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and change its name to PDP. The party was led by President Islam Karimov since its foundation until 1996, at which point Karimov stepped down and resigned his membership. Karimov created the Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party in 2003. This is supported by the fact", "id": "19132598" }, { "contents": "Ademola Rasaq Seriki\n\n\nwas appointed a National Fund Raising Committee member in the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) for the 1999 National elections. The PDP also appointed him as a member of the Candidate and Party Relations Committee for Obasanjo/Atiku Presidential Election. From 2000 to 2002 Demola Seriki emerged as the PDP Party Chairman of Lagos Island Local Government Area in Lagos State and later in 2003 as the party's flag bearer to the House of Assembly representing Lagos Island Federal Constituency. In 2005 he cut his political tooth further by serving as Secretary of the", "id": "5752584" }, { "contents": "Omuma\n\n\nin the council premises and he won the House of Assembly election in 2011. He was re-elected in 2015 election to represent Omuma for the second time in Rivers State House of Assembly under the PDP. Several other political parties have sprung up within this period as alphabetically arranged below and Omuma has been actively involved in them: • Advanced Congress of Democrats (ACD) • Alliance for Democracy (AD) • Action Democratic Party (ADP) • All Democratic Peoples Movement (ADPM) • All Progressives Congress (APC)", "id": "2613408" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Spain)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (, PDP), renamed as Christian Democracy (, DC) from March 1988 until it merged into the People's Party in June 1989, was a Christian-democratic political party in Spain. In August 1982, 13 deputies under the leadership of Óscar Alzaga split from the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) and founded the PDP, entering into alliance with the People's Alliance (AP), which received the second largest number of votes in the 1982 and 1986 general elections. The", "id": "19996228" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Malaysia)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (Malay: Parti Demokratik Progresif, Abbreviation: PDP), formerly known as Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party (SPDP) is a Sarawak based political party in Malaysia founded in 2002. The party was founded in the wake of the de-registration of the Sarawak National Party (SNAP) in November 2002 by a faction aligned to the Chief Minister of Sarawak, Abdul Taib Mahmud, led by William Mawan Ikom. The party has rebrand that using a new name - Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and a", "id": "13136566" }, { "contents": "Tunisia\n\n\n, including several that existed under the former regime. During the rule of Ben Ali, only three functioned as independent opposition parties: the PDP, FDTL, and Tajdid. While some older parties are well-established and can draw on previous party structures, many of the 100-plus parties extant as of February 2012 are small. Rare for the Arab world, women held more than 20% of seats in the country's pre-revolution bicameral parliament. In the 2011 constituent assembly, women held between 24% and 31%", "id": "11279313" }, { "contents": "Liberal Party (Spain, 1976)\n\n\nThe Liberal Party (, PL) was a liberal political party in Spain. It was part of the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) until 1983, when it aligned itself with the People's Alliance (AP), the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL). On 22 December 1984 the latter merged into the Liberal Party. These three parties formed the People's Coalition for the 1986 election. In 1989 the party, along with AP and PDP, merged to form the", "id": "19996525" }, { "contents": "New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)\n\n\nto boycott that plebiscite. Main party founder, president, and former statehood Republican Party standard-bearer Luis A. Ferré categorized the New Progressive Party as one which would not be aligned to any of the two major U.S. national parties. Co-founders of the NPP alongside Luis A. Ferre were Manuel F. Alsina Capo, attorney Nelson Escalona, and Benny Frankie Cerezo. Under Luis A. Ferré, the NPP came to power in January 1969, after defeating Luis Negrón López, the gubernatorial candidate from the Popular Democratic Party (PDP)", "id": "21721596" }, { "contents": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Mali)\n\n\nThe Party for Democracy and Progress (, PDP) is a political party in Mali led by Mady Konaté. The party was established in 1991, and officially registered on 25 April that year. It party received 5.1% of the vote in the February 1992 parliamentary elections, winning two seats. In the April 1992 presidential elections it nominated Idrissa Traoré as its candidate. Traoré finished fifth out of nine candidates with 7.1%^ of the vote. The local elections in the same year saw the party win 40 of the 751 seats across", "id": "19282171" }, { "contents": "Samaila Suleiman\n\n\n-2008, Energy Commission of Nigeria in 2009-2010 and later resigned to join politics. Suleiman was first elected into the public office as a local government chairman from Kaduna North in Kaduna State under the defunct Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) in 2008. He was the only politician to have won local government election under the CPC having shared the same constituency with the then vice president of Nigeria from the then ruling party People's Democratic Party (PDP). In 2015, Suleiman was first elected into the Lower Chamber", "id": "6113494" }, { "contents": "Party for Democratic Prosperity\n\n\nFor example, the party leadership criticized the 1991 Census for allegedly underreporting the percentage of the population that was Albanian from 40% to only 21%. Also, the PDP deputies voted against adopting the constitution due to its lack of protection for minorities. From the 1998 elections onwards PDP is in opposition and since then the support for the PDP has eroded considerably. At the 2002 legislative elections, the party won 2.3% of the popular vote and 2 out of 120 seats. At the 2011 legislative elections, the party won", "id": "5710802" }, { "contents": "2008 Angolan legislative election\n\n\nDemocratic Party (PLD), Party of the Alliance of Youth, Workers and Farmers of Angola (PAJOCA), Party for Democratic Support and Progress of Angola (PADEPA), the Democratic Party for Progress - Angolan National Alliance (PDP-ANA), the Front for Democracy (FpD) and four coalitions: the Democratic Angola – Coalition (AD), New Democracy Electoral Union (ND), the Electoral Political Platform (PPE) and the Angolan Fraternal Forum Coalition (FOFAC). The Angolan Democratic Party (PDA", "id": "533048" }, { "contents": "Party for Democratic Prosperity\n\n\nThe Party for Democratic Prosperity or PDP () is an ethnic Albanian political party in North Macedonia. The party was formed in April 1990 and is currently led by Abdyladi Vejseli. From 1992 to 1998 the PDP was part of the coalition governments led by the SDSM. After the split of the radical wing from the party in February 1994, PDP was generally considered to be moderate party that could cooperate with Macedonian parties, although sometimes frictions between the PDP and the other government parties arose as a consequence of the ethnic questions.", "id": "5710801" }, { "contents": "Politics of Gibraltar\n\n\n. A new party, New Gibraltar Democracy, announced it would contest the next election. NGD claimed that the two main parties were \"Out of touch with people's expectations and make up for their lack of ideas through Orwellian style propaganda.\" At the 2007 election one candidate, Charles Gomez, stood for election for the party. It achieved under 1% of the vote and has subsequently ceased any activity. In June 2006 the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was formed and announced it would be presenting a full slate", "id": "11739411" }, { "contents": "Tunisian people\n\n\nto an end 23 years latter on January 14, 2011, in the events of the Tunisian Revolution, following nationwide demonstrations precipitated by high unemployment, food inflation, corruption, a lack of political freedoms like freedom of speech and poor living conditions. Following the overthrow of Ben Ali, Tunisians elected a Constituent Assembly to draft a new constitution, and an interim government known as the Troika because it was a coalition of three parties; the Islamist Ennahda Movement in the lead, with the centre-left Congress for the Republic and", "id": "21785336" }, { "contents": "Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle\n\n\nIn the aftermath of \"Mt. Healthy\",\" wrote Sandra Lynch for the First Circuit in 2004, \"confusion still sometimes arises about the issue of causation.\" She was writing in one of several cases it heard in the mid-2000s arising from alleged political retaliation in Puerto Rico, where members of the New Progressive Party (NPP) brought suit claiming that members of the rival Popular Democratic Party (PDP) had improperly forced them out of government jobs after the PDP defeated the incumbent NPP in the commonwealth's 2000 elections.", "id": "17963178" }, { "contents": "Great Ogboru\n\n\n2003. In the 2007 election, Great Ogboru contested for governorship under the flag of the Democracy People Party (DPP) against Emmanuel Uduaghan of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) and lost to Emmanuel Uduagha again in 2011 election though he contested under the umbrella of Labour Party In the 2015 Delta State governorship election, Great Ogboru contested for governorship under the umbrella of All Progressive Congress (APC). He was defeated by Ifeanyi Okowa of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) . In the 2019 governorship election of Delta State,", "id": "278732" }, { "contents": "1983 Murcian regional election\n\n\nelectoral alliance led by the right-wing People's Alliance (AP), which included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), became the second political force and the main opposition party, whereas the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) also entered the Assembly, obtaining 1 seat. As a result of the election, Socialist Andrés Hernández Ros, who since 1979 had been the President of the Regional Council of Murcia (the pre-autonomic regional government), became the first democratically", "id": "19967050" }, { "contents": "Emmanuel Nnamdi Uba\n\n\nEmmanuel Nnamdi Uba, or Andy Uba (born 14 December 1958), is a Nigerian politician who was elected Senator for the Anambra South constituency of Anambra State, Nigeria, in April 2011. He ran on the People's Democratic Party (PDP) platform. He defected to the ruling All Progressives Congress in February 2017; the leadership crises engulfing the former ruling party PDP may have motivated his decision. Uba was born on 14 December 1958 in Enugu, and attended the Boys High School in Awkunanaw. His parents originated from", "id": "17515892" }, { "contents": "Islam and secularism\n\n\ndictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collapsed in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian revolution, Tunisia's interim government granted the group permission to form a political party. Since then it has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, 2011, the first honest election in the country's history with a turn out of 51.1% of all eligible voters, the party won 37.04% of the popular vote and 89 (41%)", "id": "18330475" }, { "contents": "United Progressive Alliance\n\n\nthe Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party announced the withdrawal of the PDP from the UPA given that the Congress had decided to support the Omar Abdullah-led National Conference Government in Jammu & Kashmir after the 2008 state elections. On 26 March 2009, PMK declared that it would join the AIADMK led front and withdrew from the UPA and the party president declared that two union ministers of his party will resign shortly. On 12 November 2012, Barrister Asaduddin Owaisi, leader of the AIMIM announced the decision of the party's executive and", "id": "8764699" }, { "contents": "Umaru Tanko Al-Makura\n\n\nfounding member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) in Nasarawa State in 1998. Al-Makura defected from the PDP after losing the primary elections for the Nasarawa Governor competition. Al-Makura was elected Governor of Nasarawa State, Nigeria on 26 April 2011, running on the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) ticket. He defeated the incumbent governor, Aliyu Akwe-Doma of the PDP. On 14 July 2014 the Speaker of the Nasarawa State House of Assembly gave a notice of impeachment to the Clerk of the", "id": "7102114" }, { "contents": "2013 Gibraltar by-election\n\n\nThe Gibraltar by-election, 2013 was a parliamentary by-election held on 4 July 2013 for the Gibraltar Parliament. The by-election was to contest the seat left vacant by the death of Government of Gibraltar Housing Minister Charles Bruzon in April 2013. The Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP), Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and an independent contested the by-election. The Liberal Party of Gibraltar who is in alliance and in Government with the GSLP backed the GSLP's candidate", "id": "8509407" }, { "contents": "Politics of Tajikistan\n\n\nThree major opposition parties—the Democratic Party, the Islamic Renaissance Party, and the Social Democratic Party—boycotted the election. In the early 2000s, independent political parties continued to exist, but their operations were circumscribed and their influence marginal. The governing People’s Democratic Party (PDP) gained strength as some opposition party leaders joined the government and others were disqualified from participation in elections. The Communist Party of Tajikistan, a nominal opposition party that has supported President Rahmon on most issues, has lost support since 2000. The", "id": "11083170" }, { "contents": "Dapo Abiodun\n\n\nis also reportedly the founder of First Power Limited. Dapo Abiodun is a founding member of Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) in Ogun State, although he is currently a member of the All Progressive Congress (APC) defecting after the 2015 general elections. He contested the Ogun East senatorial seat on the platform of the All Progressive Congress(APC) in the 2015 Nigerian general elections which he lost to the Peoples Democratic Party(PDP) candidate . He was elected a senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria on the platform of the defunct United Nigeria", "id": "1139922" }, { "contents": "1983 Riojan regional election\n\n\n. The People's Coalition, an electoral alliance led by the People's Alliance (AP), which also included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), emerged as the second largest grouping in the General Deputation, while the newly created regionalist Progressive Riojan Party (PRP) came third. Neither the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) or the Democratic and Social Centre (CDS), the only other parties standing in the election, were able to meet the electoral threshold and failed", "id": "18176961" }, { "contents": "Trinity—Spadina\n\n\nwas expected to be a very competitive election. Additionally, Conservative David Watters, Green Anna Costa, Progressive Canadian Party Asif Hossain, Canadian Action Party Tristan Downe-Dewdney and Daniel Knezetic for the Popular Democratic Party contested the election. The Popular Democratic Party was a social democratic and populist political party formed in 2003. It did not register as a political party with Elections Canada, and closed down after the 2004 election. The PDP proposed decentralization and community involvement in the political process through the creation of community councils to which any", "id": "8027884" }, { "contents": "Galician Coalition\n\n\nin the Congreso de los Diputados since the Second Republic. In January 1987 the most nationalist and progressive sectors of CG, led by Pablo González Mariñas and Xosé Henrique Rodríguez Peña, left the party and formed the Galician Nationalist Party (which would eventually join the Galician Nationalist Bloc). To attend the 1987 municipal elections CG formed the Galician Progressive Coalition, with the Democratic Popular Party (PDP) and the Liberal Party, gaining the 11.07% of the vote and 607 councilors. Following the departure of Xosé Luís Barreiro of the", "id": "602391" }, { "contents": "2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election\n\n\nthe delay, all major parties approved of it, even the Ennahda Movement; other parties approving the new election date included the Progressive Democratic Party, Ettajdid Movement, Al Majd, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the Social Liberal Party. In September, the government of Canada declared that it would not allow Tunisia to open polling stations in its territory because it refused to be included in another country's electoral constituency. Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird called the issue \"a matter of Canadian sovereignty\". In response to Canada", "id": "14450727" }, { "contents": "Democratic Modernist Pole\n\n\nin all the 33 constituencies at home and abroad. Sixteen women and 17 men will be chief candidates. Riadh Ben Fadl and Mustapha Ben Ahmed, are the founders of the group. Ahmed Ibrahim is a leader in the bloc. The bloc won 5 of the 217 seats and 4.91% of the vote in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election. Three of the parties in the coalition: the Republican Party, the Socialist Left Party and the Social Democratic Path) became part of another coalition called the Union for Tunisia in 2013", "id": "19583402" }, { "contents": "Abdulmumin Jibrin\n\n\nof Commerce (NBCC) between 2010 – 2011. Jibrin was first elected into the Nigerian National Assembly's House of Representatives representing Kiru/Bebeji Federal constituency of Kano State under the Peoples Democratic Party - PDP in 2011 before decamping to the newly formed political party in Nigeria, the All Progressives Congress (APC) in 2014 and was later re-elected into House of Representatives in 2015. Jibrin was the Chairman House of Representatives Committee on Finance in the 7th Assembly with oversight on the Federal Ministry of Finance and its Parastatals,", "id": "18363893" }, { "contents": "Rashidi Adewolu Ladoja\n\n\n2009, a former aide testified on the way on which the share money had been divided between Ladoja's family, bodyguard, senior politicians and lawyers. Ladoja was the governorship candidate for Accord party in Oyo State during the April 2011 and 2015 elections, he lost to Senator Abiola Ajimobi. He later merged his Accord Party into PDP in 2017. Dispute in PDP made him and other allies (from Labour Party, All Progressives Congress APC etc.) to move over African Democratic Congress (ADC) in 2018. After a", "id": "21855065" }, { "contents": "Mohammed Badaru Abubakar\n\n\nAll Progressives Congress in 2015 along with PDP contender Mal. Aminu Ibrahim Ringim. The Independent National Electoral Commission on 13 April 2015 declared him the winner of that election. On 9 March 2019 Jigawa state gubernatorial election, Badaru was re-elected has governor having polled a total of 810,933 votes, the candidate of the Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, Aminu Ibrahim Ringim scored 288,356 while the candidate of the Social Democratic Party, SDP, Bashir Adamu Jumbo scored 32,894 votes, thereby making him the winner of the election. In recognition", "id": "20149723" }, { "contents": "Popular Democratic Party (France)\n\n\nthe PDP prior to the 1924 legislative election. Established by Congress on 15 and 16 November 1924, under the chairmanship of George Thibout and involving 200 delegates, the PDP supported the desire to achieve \"a task in bringing reconciliation around the idea of Republicanism\" by the definition of \"new Republican faith\" The Popular Democrats advocated that religion was not and should not be a line between right and left. However, the PDP oriented itself to the centre-right in direct competition to the Republican Federation, the party from which", "id": "22044943" }, { "contents": "Socialism in Tunisia\n\n\nthe Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties (Ettakatol or FDTL) was founded and officially recognized on 25 October 2002. Is a social democratic and secularist political party in Tunisia. Its founder and Secretary-General is the radiologist Mustapha Ben Jafar. Active from 1993 to 2012, the Ettajdid Movement (\"Movement for Renewal\") was a centre-left secularist, democratic socialist and social liberal political party in Tunisia. It was led by Ahmed Ibrahim. For the Constituent assembly election, Ettajdid formed a strongly secularist alliance called Democratic", "id": "5642583" }, { "contents": "Wafa Movement\n\n\nThe Wafa Movement (), sometimes referred to as the Independent Democratic Congress, is a political party in Tunisia. The party was founded in 2012 by a number of constituents who broke away from the Congress for the Republic (CPR). Led by the short-time CPR secretary-general Abderraouf Ayadi, the party however remained loosely allied with the governing Troika coalition of Ennahda, CPR and Ettakatol. Generally seen as a secular, left-leaning party, the Wafa Movement reached out to Islamists on the grounds of seeking", "id": "13260598" }, { "contents": "Abdulkareem Adisa\n\n\nPeople's Democratic Party (PDP) in Kwara State. One PDP group suspended the Minister of State for Women Affairs, Miss Funke Adedoyin, but another group of PDP elders, led by Adisa, voided Adedoyin’s suspension. Adisa also became vice-chairman of the Kwara Progressive Movement (KPM). Abdulkareem Adisa was leader of a movement to elect General Ibrahim Babangida as president in 2007. He published an attack on the National Democratic Coalition (NADECO) in \"The Guardian\" of 28 April 2004, warning the group", "id": "1146576" }, { "contents": "Nidaa Tounes\n\n\n\"founder\" Habib Bourguiba). In addition, the party has the support of many members of the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT) and the national employers' union, UTICA. They believe that Tunisia's secular forces have to unite to counter the dominance of the Islamist Ennahda Movement. From its foundation until July 2013, 11 members of the Constituent Assembly joined the party by defecting from various other parties. On 11 February 2013, the Republican Party joined Nidaa Tounes and four other parties in a political alliance called Union", "id": "4542216" }, { "contents": "Gibraltar\n\n\nrepresented by the Governor of Gibraltar. The governor enacts day-to-day matters on the advice of the Gibraltar Parliament, but is responsible to the British government in respect of defence, foreign policy, internal security and general good governance. Judicial and other appointments are made on behalf of the monarch in consultation with the head of the elected government. The 2011 election was contested by the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)-Gibraltar Liberal Party (GLP) Alliance and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP", "id": "7263743" }, { "contents": "Adamu Sidi Ali\n\n\nballots had not been included in the count.In turn, the PDP appealed the decision to nullify the election of their candidate, who had died two months after the election, saying the election should be a re-run due to his death. Their appeal was rejected. Later, Sidi Ali changed allegiance to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). During a PDP campaign flag-off meeting before the April 2007 elections, he advised political opponents not to use thugs to destabilize the elections. Sidi Ali became senator for", "id": "13302889" }, { "contents": "Ahmed Tijani Ahmed\n\n\nAhmed Tijani Ahmed (December 17, 1941 – June 10, 2006) was a Nigerian politician who was Senator for the Kogi Central constituency in Kogi State from 1999 to 2003 as a member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP). When Kogi State was created in 1991, Ahmed Tijani Ahmed joined a group of liberal progressive politicians in the Social Democratic Party (SDP) that created an agreement on power sharing among the different peoples of the state. However, they lost the December 1991 governorship election to the National Republican", "id": "14754363" }, { "contents": "Abdulmumin Jibrin\n\n\nthe members of the House of Representatives that led the first set of 37 Legislators that decamped from the ruling People's Democratic Party (PDP) to the main opposition party, All Progressive Party (APC). In March 2015, Abdulmumin contested and got re-elected to the House of Representatives by the people of his constituency Kiru/Bebeji Kano state, Nigeria. As Chairman Appropriation, Jibrin has oversight function over the Budget office and national budget, the appropriation of funds for execution of government programmes and projects. He also", "id": "18363903" }, { "contents": "Godswill Akpabio\n\n\nSenatorial District to represent the district in the Senate of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Running under the platform of the People’s Democratic Party (PDP), he polled 422,009 of the 439,449 to defeat Chief Inibehe Okorie of the All Progressive Congress (APC) who recorded 15, 152 votes to be declared elected by the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). Akpabio was nominated for the position of the Senate Minority Leader by the South-South caucus of the People's Democratic Party (PDP), ratified by the caucus", "id": "19678208" }, { "contents": "1970 Montserratian general election\n\n\nGeneral elections were held in Montserrat on 15 December 1970. The result was a victory for the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), which won all seven seats in the Legislative Council, whilst the Montserrat Labour Party (MLP), which had won every election since the introduction of universal suffrage in 1951, lost all four of its seats. PDP leader Percival Austin Bramble became Chief Minister, replacing his father and MLP leader, William Henry Bramble. Universal suffrage was introduced in Montserrat in 1951, and the first elections under it", "id": "6935944" }, { "contents": "Atiku Abubakar\n\n\nProgressives Congress (APC), a party he helped to form. On 3 December 2017, via a Facebook Live broadcast, Abubakar announced his return to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). The announcement followed consultations the former Vice President had with party leaders and stakeholders from across the country. He said he decided to 'return home' to the PDP now that the issues which made him leave the party had been resolved. Abubakar declared his candidacy for the presidential nomination of the PDP mid 2018 and won the nomination at", "id": "10683389" }, { "contents": "Luis A. Ferré\n\n\nProgressive Party (a.k.a., PNP). In the following general election in 1968, Ferré ran for Governor and defeated Luis Negrón López, the candidate of the Popular Democratic Party (PPD) by a slight margin. The ruling party had split with the creation of the People's Party, which ran incumbent PDP-elected Governor Roberto Sánchez Vilella as its gubernatorial candidate, ending Luis Muñoz Marín's PPD's hold on the governor's seat, which had lasted 20 years. During Ferré's administration, Puerto Rico was in", "id": "11079059" }, { "contents": "1994–1995 Uzbek parliamentary election\n\n\nParliamentary elections were held in Uzbekistan on 25 December 1994, with a second round held in 39 constituencies on 8 January 1995 and seven constituencies on 22 January. The election was contested by 634 candidates, 250 nominated by local councils, 243 members of the People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan, and 141 Progress Party of the Fatherland members. The majority of seats were won by local council nominees (around 120 of which were PDP members), whilst the People's Democratic Party emerged as the largest party. Voter turnout was 93.6", "id": "15227647" }, { "contents": "1983 Madrilenian regional election\n\n\nthe PSOE won 51 seats. The People's Coalition, an electoral alliance led by the People's Alliance (AP), which also included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), emerged as the second largest grouping in the Assembly. The Communist Party of Spain was the only other party to win seats in the Assembly. In 1986, the party joined with other left-wing movements to form the current United Left. The Assembly of Madrid was the devolved, unicameral legislature of", "id": "3098844" } ]

[ { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nby Ahmed Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi. On 9 April 2012, it merged into the Republican Party. The Progressive Democratic Party had a newspaper, \"Al-Mawqif\". In its beginnings, the Progressive Socialist Rally (now PDP) gathered a broad range of currents from Marxists and pro-democracy activists to progressive Muslims. During the Ben Ali rule, Najib Chebbi and the PDP were harassed by the police for years, and verbally attacked by state-run media. After unsuccessfully participating in elections from 1989 to 1999", "id": "16419721" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\n, the party decided to boycott the elections of 2004 and 2009. Therefore, it was unrepresented in the Tunisian parliament. After the Ben Ali administration announced to force the party to move their headquarters from Tunis, its leaders Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi engaged in a 20-days hunger strike, which earned the party attention and prompted the administration to revoke their decision. Following the 2010–2011 Tunisian protests, shootings outside PDP's headquarters were reported on 16 January 2011. The next day, on 17 January, party leader Najib Chebbi, was", "id": "16419722" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nnamed Regional Development Minister in the interim government. Ahead of the Constituent Assembly election, the PDP evolved into a main exponent of the centre-left secular camp and rival of the Islamist Ennahda Movement. In the run-up to the elections, the Progressive Democrats have received quite an amount of financial support which enabled the party for a lavish campaign. Critics claim that an important part of the funding came from businesspeople close to the old Ben Ali power elite. In the election for a constituent assembly, the PDP won 3.9", "id": "16419723" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\n) was founded under the name of \"Progressive Socialist Rally\", and gained legal recognition on 12 September 1988. It was secular and liberal party. The party was renamed as Progressive Democratic Party in 2001. Under the rule of Ben Ali it was a legal opposition party, but subjected to political repression. After the Tunisian revolution it was one of the major left-leaning secular political forces. It was led by Ahmed Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi. On 9 April 2012, it merged into the Republican Party. Maya", "id": "5642552" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\n% of the popular vote and 16 of 217 seats in the National Constituent Assembly, putting it at the fifth place. As the party had categorically ruled out any collaboration with the victorious Islamist Ennahda Movement, the Progressive Democrats went into opposition and belong to the outspoken critics of the governing coalition of the Islamists with the secular CPR and Ettakatol parties. After the electoral defeat, the PDP launched talks with other secularist and liberal parties to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was realised on the PDP's", "id": "16419724" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (, \"; ), also referred to by its acronym PDP, was a secular liberal political party in Tunisia. The Progressive Democratic Party was founded under the name of \"Progressive Socialist Rally\" in 1983, gained legal recognition on 12 September 1988 and was renamed Progressive Democratic Party in 2001. Under the rule of Ben Ali it was a legal opposition party, but subjected to political repression. After the Tunisian revolution it was one of the major left-leaning secular political forces. It was led", "id": "16419720" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nSecretary-General of the PDP. She has been the first woman to lead a political party in Tunisia. From 1 to 20 October 2007, Jribi, along with Najib Chebbi, engaged in a hunger strike to protest against the forced move of the party's headquarters from Tunis, which caused serious health implications for her. Jribi headed the PDP’s electoral list in Ben Arous for the Constituent Assembly Elections in October 2011. The PDP list received one seat in Ben Arous according to preliminary election results. On 9 April 2012", "id": "632088" }, { "contents": "Republican Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nThe Republican Party ( \"\", ) is a centrist liberal party in Tunisia. It was formed on 9 April 2012 as a merger of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Afek Tounes and the Tunisian Republican Party, several minor parties and independents. The party is led by Maya Jribi who was previously the secretary-general of the PDP. The party held 11 out of 217 seats and was the largest oppositional party in the National Constituent Assembly of Tunisia. The party withdrew from the Union for Tunisia coalition, though", "id": "15161288" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nDuring that period, she became involved and an active member of the student union, known as UGET, and the Tunisian League of Human Rights. She wrote for the independent weekly Erraï and later for the PDP-newspaper Al Mawkif. Together with Ahmed Najib Chebbi, Maya Jribi co-founded the \"Progressive Socialist Rally\", established in 1983, which was later renamed into Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). Since 1986 she has been a member of the party's executive. On 25 December 2006, Jribi was appointed", "id": "632087" }, { "contents": "Ahmed Najib Chebbi\n\n\nAhmed Najib Chebbi (, ) or simply Najib Chebbi (born 30 July 1944) is a Tunisian attorney and politician. Chebbi is a prominent figure of the Tunisian opposition movement; in 1983, he founded the Democratic Progressive Party, which gained legal recognition in 1988. He is currently the leader of the Democratic Progressive Party. In 2006, Maya Jribi became the party's secretary-general, the first woman to hold such office in Tunisia. In 2009 Chebbi attempted to run as a candidate for President of Tunisia but was", "id": "1109530" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nof investigative journalism, unconditional and free access to information, open government, anti-censorship of all kinds, among others. On 9 April 2012, the Republican Party was formed as a merger of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Afek Tounes and the Tunisian Republican Party, several minor parties and independents. The party is centrist and liberal, it's led by Maya Jribi who was previously the secretary-general of the PDP. The party held 11 out of 217 seats and was the largest oppositional party in the", "id": "5642564" }, { "contents": "Tunisian Revolution\n\n\nand Ahmed Najib Chebbi of the PDP), three representatives from the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT), and representatives of civil society (including prominent blogger Slim Amamou). Three notable movements not included in the national unity government were the banned Ennahda Movement, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the secular reformist Congress for the Republic. The following day, the three members of the UGTT and Ben Jafaar resigned, saying that they had \"no confidence\" in a government featuring members of the RCD. There were daily", "id": "18746070" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nparty in Tunisia. Its program is liberal, focusing on secularism and civil liberties. The party mainly appealed to intellectuals and the upper class. After underperforming in the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, Afek Tounes joined talks with other secularist and liberal parties, especially the Progressive Democratic Party to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was completed on 9 April 2012. The new party is called the Republican Party. In August 2013, Yassine Brahim, current leader of the party, and other former party members left", "id": "5642562" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nMaya Jribi (January 29, 1960 – May 19, 2018) was a Tunisian politician. From 2006 to 2012, she was the leader of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). From PDP's merger into the Republican Party in April 2012, until her resignation in 2017, she was the Secretary-General of the centrist party. Her father is from Tatouine, while her mother is from Algeria. She followed her studies in Radès Tunisia, before studying biology at the University of Sfax, from 1979 to 1983.", "id": "632086" }, { "contents": "Secularism in Tunisia\n\n\nTunisian Constitution of 2014 following a considerable debate between Islamic and secular political groups and movements. On 1 March 2011, after the secularist dictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collapsed in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian revolution, Tunisia's interim government granted the \"Ennahda\", a moderate Islamist movement in Tunisia, permission to form a political party. Since then, the Ennahda Islamic Party has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election", "id": "19596325" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nNational Constituent Assembly of Tunisia. The party withdrew from the Union for Tunisia coalition, though it is still part of the National Salvation Front. After the founding congress, nine assemblymen elected for the PDP contested the leadership vote and temporarily suspended their party membership. Those 9 members became part of the Democratic Alliance Party. After being founded in 2012, Nidaa Tounes (Call of Tunisia) won a plurality of seats in the October 2014 parliamentary election. It's a big tent secularist political party in Tunisia. The party's founding", "id": "5642565" }, { "contents": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Burkina Faso)\n\n\nThe Party for Democracy and Progress () was a political party in Burkina Faso (former Upper Volta. It was founded in April 1994 after a split in the National Convention of Progressive Patriots–Social Democratic Party in May 1993. It merged in February 1996 with the Union of the Democratic Left and the Party of Social Progress. After merger with the Burkinabè Socialist Party the PDP became the Party for Democracy and Progress / Socialist Party. At the legislative elections in 1997 the party won 10.1% of the popular vote and 6", "id": "19404846" }, { "contents": "Popular Front (Tunisia)\n\n\nof the Iraqi branch of Ba'ath Party, and other progressive parties. The number of parties involved in the coalition has since decreased to nine. Approximately 15,000 people attended the coalition's first meeting in Tunis. The Tunisian Revolution in 2011 saw the departure of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the dissolution of his party, the Democratic Constitutional Rally, and the holding of fresh elections for the creation of a new constitution. This saw the Tunisian political scene dominated by the Islamist Ennahda Movement, and its allies the Democratic Forum for", "id": "8081870" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Gibraltar)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was a liberal conservative political party from Gibraltar. The party was the third political party and the only party to sit on the centre-right in Gibraltar. Despite poor election results, it garnered growing support from the public and was seen as the 'alternative opposition'. The PDP was the only party campaigning for \"a Gibraltar freely associated to the United Kingdom\" and envisaged \"a journey through the recognition of our right to independence\". The party was also the only political party", "id": "16416540" }, { "contents": "Democratic Party of Progress\n\n\nThe Democratic Party of Progress (, PDP) is a political party in Guinea-Bissau. The PDP was established on 10 February 1992 by Amin Michel Saad. It joined the Union for Change (UM) alliance prior to the 1994 general elections, and Saad became the UM's leader. The UM won six seats in the National People's Assembly, of which the PDP (though Saad) took one. The UM was reduced to three seats in the 1999–2000 general elections, and lost them all in the 2004 parliamentary", "id": "17399816" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nHe was the Ettajdid Movement's candidate for President of Tunisia in the 2009 presidential election. Brahim was in favor of the emergence of a \"democratic modern and \"secular\" [laicist] state\" not connected with Islamists. According to Brahim, this would require \"radical\" reform of the electoral system, which would improve the political climate in guaranteeing freedom of assembly and a large scale independent press, as well as repealing a law that regulated public discourse of electoral candidates. In 1983, the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP", "id": "5642551" }, { "contents": "Sarawak State Legislative Assembly\n\n\ngovernment with a majority of 72 seats out of 82. There were several candidates from breakaway parties such as TERAS and UPP that had their members contest seats under the Barisan banner as direct election candidates under a deal by Adenan Satem after their parties were prevented from joining Barisan after opposition from parties such as PDP and SUPP. On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties including Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party", "id": "17954676" }, { "contents": "2015 Nigerian general election\n\n\nPeople's Democratic Party (PDP) primaries on 10 December 2014, receiving the nomination of the party. However, this was against an unwritten rule that the PDP's presidential candidacy should alternate between Muslim northerners and Christian southerners, and opposition to Jonathan's candidacy had led to the defection of dozens of PDP MPs in the House of Representatives. Prior to the elections, the All Progressives Congress was formed as an alliance of four opposition parties, the Action Congress of Nigeria, the Congress for Progressive Change, the All Nigeria Peoples", "id": "18172183" }, { "contents": "Civic Democratic Party (Hungary)\n\n\nThe Civic Democratic Party (, PDP) was a liberal political party in Hungary in the period following World War II The party was established towards the end of 1944 as a successor to the Civic Freedom Party. Part of a group of members who had belonged to now-defunct conservative parties before the war, Géza Teleki was elected as the party's first leader. The PDP won 21 seats in the National Interim Assembly elections in November 1944. However, Communist opposition to Teleki led to him losing his place in the Cabinet", "id": "16990101" }, { "contents": "Afek Tounes\n\n\nAfek Tounes won 4 seats for the constitutive assembly. The party was rattled on 3 November 2011 though by the resignation of several key founding members such as its spokesperson Emna Mnif, its general secretary Mustapha Mezghani, Sami Zaoui, Hela Hababou and another 13 members. After underperforming in the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, Afek Tounes joined talks with other secularist and liberal parties, especially the Progressive Democratic Party to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was completed on 9 April 2012. The new party is called", "id": "1405509" }, { "contents": "Ali Lankoandé\n\n\nAli Lankoandé (10 November 1930 – 28 May 2014) is a Burkinabé politician from Burkina Faso. He was President of the Party for Democracy and Progress/Socialist Party (PDP/PS) from 2005 to 2008. Lankoandé headed the National Social Security Fund and served as a deputy in the National Assembly of Burkina Faso, as well as Minister of National Education, during the 1970s. Lankoandé was elected to succeed Joseph Ki-Zerbo as President of the PDP/PS on 5 February 2005. Running as the PDP/", "id": "21268271" }, { "contents": "Ennahda Movement\n\n\ncollapse of the government of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the Ennahdha Movement Party was formed, and in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, (the first free election in the country's history), won a plurality of 37% of the popular vote and formed a government. Uproar in the traditionally secular country over \"Islamization\" and assassinations of two secular politicians however, led to the 2013–14 Tunisian political crisis, and the party stepped down following the implementation of a new constitution in January 2014. The party came in", "id": "10814394" }, { "contents": "1991 Sint Maarten general election\n\n\nGeneral elections were held in Sint Maarten on 12 April 1991 to elect the 9 members of the Island Council. The Sint Maarten Patriotic Alliance (SPA) led by Vance James Jr. emerged as the largest party, winning 4 of the 9 seats. The SPA and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) agreed to form a coalition government. On 28 August 1991 the SPA/PDP government collapsed. PDP political leader Millicent Acuna-Lopez-de Weever said that \"fundamental philosophical differences\" with the SPA caused the coalition \"to", "id": "12703859" }, { "contents": "Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party\n\n\nin the Rajya Sabha. It was a member of the ruling United Progressive Alliance until the 2009 general election. Sayeed headed the PDP-Indian National Congress Coalition Government between October 2002 and November 2005, and he was the party's Patron until his death on 7 January 2016. The PDP is now headed by Mehbooba Mufti, Sayeed's daughter. The PDP operates on the ideology of self-rule, as distinctly different from the issues of autonomy. It believes that self-rule as a political philosophy, as opposed to", "id": "248417" }, { "contents": "Ettajdid Movement\n\n\nThe Ettajdid Movement (\"Movement for Renewal\" ; , ' ; ), also referred to simply as Ettajdid, was a centre-left secularist political party in Tunisia, active from 1993 to 2012. Ettajdid evolved out of the old Tunisian Communist Party when it abandoned its former ideology in 1993. During the Ben Ali rule it was one of the legal, although oppressed opposition parties. After the Tunisian revolution of 2011, it became part of the Democratic Modernist Pole alliance and in 2012 it merged into the Social Democratic Path", "id": "16419620" }, { "contents": "Elections in Montserrat\n\n\n(when the Council was expanded to seven seats) and 1966. The 1970 elections saw the new Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) win all seven seats. The PDP also won the 1973 elections, but was defeated in 1978 when the People's Liberation Movement (PLM) won all seven seats. The PLM went on to win the 1983 and 1987 elections. The 1991 elections were won by the National Progressive Party, which won four of the seven seats. The 1996 elections resulted in a hung parliament, with the People", "id": "4125813" }, { "contents": "2013–14 Tunisian political crisis\n\n\nafter the elections Ben Ali jailed nearly 25,000 of its activists with Ennahda militants responding by attacking the ruling party's headquarters killing one person and splashing acid on others. Following the revolution, it described itself to be a \"moderate Islamist\" party by advocating democracy and recognizing political pluralism and dialogue with the West. Its supporters back then regarded the party as an example of how a balance can be struck between modernity and Islamism while its critics viewed it as a threat to secularism in Tunisia, which was often regarded as the most", "id": "7679782" }, { "contents": "List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2013–18)\n\n\nof 72 seats out of 82. There were several candidates from breakaway parties such as TERAS and UPP that had their members contest seats under the Barisan banner as direct election candidates under a deal by Adenan Satem after their parties were prevented from joining Barisan after opposition from parties such as PDP and SUPP. On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties including Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP) officially", "id": "21866476" }, { "contents": "Mike Onoja\n\n\nParty at the 2015 general election by the All Progressives Congress, he and other politicians of the People's Democratic Party defected to the All Progressives Congress in 2016. He returned to the People's Democratic Party in the run-up to the 2019 Benue south Senatorial election. After the PDP's Senatorial Primary election in 2018, Mike Onoja again defected from the party to the Social Democratic Party after expressing his dissatisfaction with the PDP's conduct of the primary election. Mike Onoja is the Chairman/CEO of Moonsons Resources Investment International", "id": "10879880" }, { "contents": "History of modern Tunisia\n\n\n, several Islamist activists were released from prison. He also forged a national pact with the Tunisian party Harakat al-Ittijah al-Islami (Islamic Tendency Movement), which had been founded in 1981; later it changed its name to Ennahda (the Renaissance Party). He also changed the ruling party's name to the Democratic Constitutional Rally. However, Ben Ali's innovative tack did not work out well. Subsequently, An-Nahda claimed to have run strongly in the 1989 elections, giving it the appearance of being", "id": "17057122" }, { "contents": "Yassine Brahim\n\n\nof the new company, which he led into the following acquisition by U.S. based SunGard. In 2010 he turned back to Tunisia, just before the Tunisian Revolution would lead to his appointment as Minister of Transport and Equipment in the short-lived second Ghannouchi cabinet and the subsequent Essebsi cabinet. He resigned on 17 June 2011 to become general secretary of the newly founded Afek Tounes party which he led into a merger with Ahmed Najib Chebbi's Progressive Democratic Party, the Republican Party \"Al Joumhouri\". On 28 August 2013,", "id": "2666991" }, { "contents": "Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties\n\n\nup his position in the transitional government. In the Constituent Assembly election on 23 October 2011, Ettakatol won 20 of the 217 seats making it the fourth force in the Assembly. Subsequently, the FDTL came to an agreement with the two major parties, the Islamist Ennahda Movement and the secular Congress for the Republic (CPR), to share the three highest positions in state. Accordingly, Ben Jafar was voted Speaker of the Assembly on 22 November. In exchange, the Forum supported the election of CPR-leader Moncef Marzouki", "id": "2468766" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Tonga)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (PDP) is a political party in Tonga. It was formed after a split in the Human Rights and Democracy Movement. The party was founded on 8 April 2005 in 'Atenisi. Teisina Fuko was the first person elected to the party presidency at a meeting on 15 April 2005. The PDP was legally registered on July 1, 2005, being the first Tongan party to do so. The party has not won any seats to the Tonga Parliament. It is currently inactive without any candidates or", "id": "19615344" }, { "contents": "2013 Gibraltar by-election\n\n\nSocial Democrats as Opposition had initially decided not to contest the by-election considering instead a \"gentleman's agreement\" as the seat had been one of the GSLP which had become vacant under tragic circumstances. The Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) which was not represented in Parliament immediately decided it would contest the by-election seeing it as an opportunity to be represented despite its poor performance at the previous two general elections. On 30 May 2013 the PDP announced its candidature of party leader Nick Cruz. At this point the GSD", "id": "8509410" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (PDP) is a major contemporary political party in Nigeria. Its policies generally lie towards the centre-right of the political spectrum. It won every Presidential election between 1999 and 2011, and was until the 2015 elections, the governing party in the Fourth Republic although in some cases, amid a few controversial electoral circumstances. Currently, PDP controls 14 states out of 36 states in Nigeria. In 1998 the PDP in its first presidential primary election held in Jos, Plateau State, North Central Nigeria", "id": "1890377" }, { "contents": "Social Democratic Union of Macedonia\n\n\nThe Social Democratic Union of Macedonia (–СДСМ, \"Socijaldemokratski Sojuz na Makedonija\"–SDSM) is a social-democratic political party, the main centre-left political party in North Macedonia. The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia was founded on 20 April 1991 at the 11th Congress of SKM-PDP (UCM – Party for Democratic Changes). Branko Crvenkovski was elected as the party's first president. Its current leader is Zoran Zaev. The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia is a member of the Progressive Alliance and an associate affiliate of", "id": "1084636" }, { "contents": "Peoples Democratic Party (Kenya)\n\n\nThe Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) is a political party in Kenya. The PDP was established in 1992. It won a single seat in the 2007 general elections, Richard Momoima Onyonka in Kitutu Chache Constituency. In 2010 Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) MP James Omingo Magara defected to the party after the ODM did not nominate him as its candidate in the South Mugirango by-election, which was held after Magara's victory in the 2007 elections was annulled due to irregularities. However, Magara was defeated in the by-", "id": "19016018" }, { "contents": "Dickson Tarkighir\n\n\nat the polls in the 2015 general elections and won the seat to represent the people of Makurdi/Guma Federal Constituency in the House of Representatives, Abuja. On Tuesday, 24 July 2018, Tarkighir was among 37 members of the House of Representatives who defected from the ruling All Progressives Congress (APC) to other political parties. He defected to the People's Democratic Party (PDP), a party he had previously defected from. However, On Tuesday, 22 January 2019, Tarkighir announced his return to the All Progressives", "id": "8861699" }, { "contents": "Guillermo Irizarry\n\n\ngovernor abandoned the party that elected him, the Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico (PDP), and joined a newly founded party, the People's Party, which nominated him for an unsuccessful reelection bid. In November of that year, the PDP suffered its first defeat with the election of the New Progressive Party's Luis A. Ferré. As a result, Secretary Irizarry presided over the first transition between elected governors of different parties. From 1973 to 1977, during the administration of Governor Rafael Hernández Colón, Irizarry served again", "id": "1916365" }, { "contents": "1931 Argentine general election\n\n\nJulio Roca as his running mate; Roca, the son of the late PAN leader, Julio A. Roca, had led the Democratic Party of Córdoba. The Democratic Progressive Party (PDP), known for its anti-corruption platform, nominated Senator Lisandro de la Torre, who also earned the endorsement of the Socialist Party of Argentina, a party in search of leadership following the passing of Juan B. Justo, in 1928. The alliance alienated conservatives in the PDP, however, who instead endorsed the aging Francisco A. Barroetaveña,", "id": "14281535" }, { "contents": "Jebali Cabinet\n\n\nThe first cabinet of Tunisian Head of Government Hamadi Jebali was presented on 20 December 2011. Jebali has been appointed by interim President Moncef Marzouki, who had been elected by the National Constituent Assembly, a body constituted to draft a new constitution after the Tunisian Revolution and the fall of former President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in Spring 2011. It took office on 24 December 2011. The three parties in the \"Troika\" coalition are the Islamist Ennahda Movement, the centre-left secularist Congress for the Republic (CPR),", "id": "5725136" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Montserrat)\n\n\nwere the first occasion on which the MLP had faced serious opposition, and saw the PDP win all seven seats, leaving the MLP without parliamentary representation. Percival Austin Bramble became Chief Minister. The PDP subsequently won five of the seven seats in the 1973 elections, but were defeated in the 1978 elections, when the People's Liberation Movement formed by former PDP minister John Osborne won all seven seats. The PDP contested the 1983 elections, winning two seats in the Legislative Council. It was reduced to one seat in the 1987", "id": "6998615" }, { "contents": "1987 European Parliament election in Spain\n\n\na European-wide election was due in 1989, elected MEPs only served for the remainder of the European Parliament term. The ruling Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) designated former Foreign Affairs Minister Fernando Morán to lead their campaign. The main opposition People's Alliance party (AP), running on its own after the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and Liberal Party (PL) broke away from the People's Coalition, chose Manuel Fraga—who had resigned as party leader in December 1986—to lead the party list", "id": "7968065" }, { "contents": "2011 Gibraltar general election\n\n\ngave the GSLP an advantage of up to 9% over the governing party, the GSD, while one (that of the Spanish newspaper \"Area\", which published no details and was widely thought to be politically motivated) predicted a GSD win. Two parties, the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD) and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), and an alliance (Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)/Liberals) have presented a full slate of 10 candidates each, making a total of 30 candidates for 17 seats in the Gibraltar", "id": "19578144" }, { "contents": "Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance\n\n\nThe Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance (\"Partido Democrático para o Progresso – Aliança Nacional Angolana\") is a political party in Angola. The party was founded in Luanda, March 17, 1991. It was led by Mfulumpinga Landu Victor, a former National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) cadre and Member of Parliament for the PDP-ANA, until he was shot dead outside the party office in 2004. It is now led by Francisco Lele. In the 2008 legislative elections, it gained 0.51%", "id": "17803317" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Montserrat)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was a political party in Montserrat. The party was established in 1970 by Percival Austin Bramble, son of Chief Minister and leader of the Montserrat Labour Party (MLP) William Henry Bramble. Percival had previously been a member of the MLP and was elected to the Legislative Council as an MLP candidate in the 1966 elections. However, he subsequently broke away to form the PDP as a result of controversy over the number of holiday and retirement homes being built on the island. The 1970 elections", "id": "6998614" }, { "contents": "Party of Democratic Progress\n\n\nThe Party of Democratic Progress () is a Serbian political party in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the third-largest party in Republika Srpska. PDP was established in Banja Luka on 26 September 1999. During the founding assembly, Mladen Ivanić was elected as the president of the party, while Branko Dokić and Zoran Đerić were elected as vice presidents. The party is an observer member of the European People's Party (EPP) and International Democrat Union (IDU). In terms of bilateral cooperation with other European parties,", "id": "19626107" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (, O'zXDP or PDP) is a centre-left political party in Uzbekistan founded in 1991. The PDP was founded in October 1991 after the Communist Party of Uzbekistan voted to cut its ties with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and change its name to PDP. The party was led by President Islam Karimov since its foundation until 1996, at which point Karimov stepped down and resigned his membership. Karimov created the Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party in 2003. This is supported by the fact", "id": "19132598" }, { "contents": "Ademola Rasaq Seriki\n\n\nwas appointed a National Fund Raising Committee member in the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) for the 1999 National elections. The PDP also appointed him as a member of the Candidate and Party Relations Committee for Obasanjo/Atiku Presidential Election. From 2000 to 2002 Demola Seriki emerged as the PDP Party Chairman of Lagos Island Local Government Area in Lagos State and later in 2003 as the party's flag bearer to the House of Assembly representing Lagos Island Federal Constituency. In 2005 he cut his political tooth further by serving as Secretary of the", "id": "5752584" }, { "contents": "Omuma\n\n\nin the council premises and he won the House of Assembly election in 2011. He was re-elected in 2015 election to represent Omuma for the second time in Rivers State House of Assembly under the PDP. Several other political parties have sprung up within this period as alphabetically arranged below and Omuma has been actively involved in them: • Advanced Congress of Democrats (ACD) • Alliance for Democracy (AD) • Action Democratic Party (ADP) • All Democratic Peoples Movement (ADPM) • All Progressives Congress (APC)", "id": "2613408" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Spain)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (, PDP), renamed as Christian Democracy (, DC) from March 1988 until it merged into the People's Party in June 1989, was a Christian-democratic political party in Spain. In August 1982, 13 deputies under the leadership of Óscar Alzaga split from the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) and founded the PDP, entering into alliance with the People's Alliance (AP), which received the second largest number of votes in the 1982 and 1986 general elections. The", "id": "19996228" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Malaysia)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (Malay: Parti Demokratik Progresif, Abbreviation: PDP), formerly known as Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party (SPDP) is a Sarawak based political party in Malaysia founded in 2002. The party was founded in the wake of the de-registration of the Sarawak National Party (SNAP) in November 2002 by a faction aligned to the Chief Minister of Sarawak, Abdul Taib Mahmud, led by William Mawan Ikom. The party has rebrand that using a new name - Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and a", "id": "13136566" }, { "contents": "Tunisia\n\n\n, including several that existed under the former regime. During the rule of Ben Ali, only three functioned as independent opposition parties: the PDP, FDTL, and Tajdid. While some older parties are well-established and can draw on previous party structures, many of the 100-plus parties extant as of February 2012 are small. Rare for the Arab world, women held more than 20% of seats in the country's pre-revolution bicameral parliament. In the 2011 constituent assembly, women held between 24% and 31%", "id": "11279313" }, { "contents": "Liberal Party (Spain, 1976)\n\n\nThe Liberal Party (, PL) was a liberal political party in Spain. It was part of the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) until 1983, when it aligned itself with the People's Alliance (AP), the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL). On 22 December 1984 the latter merged into the Liberal Party. These three parties formed the People's Coalition for the 1986 election. In 1989 the party, along with AP and PDP, merged to form the", "id": "19996525" }, { "contents": "New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)\n\n\nto boycott that plebiscite. Main party founder, president, and former statehood Republican Party standard-bearer Luis A. Ferré categorized the New Progressive Party as one which would not be aligned to any of the two major U.S. national parties. Co-founders of the NPP alongside Luis A. Ferre were Manuel F. Alsina Capo, attorney Nelson Escalona, and Benny Frankie Cerezo. Under Luis A. Ferré, the NPP came to power in January 1969, after defeating Luis Negrón López, the gubernatorial candidate from the Popular Democratic Party (PDP)", "id": "21721596" }, { "contents": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Mali)\n\n\nThe Party for Democracy and Progress (, PDP) is a political party in Mali led by Mady Konaté. The party was established in 1991, and officially registered on 25 April that year. It party received 5.1% of the vote in the February 1992 parliamentary elections, winning two seats. In the April 1992 presidential elections it nominated Idrissa Traoré as its candidate. Traoré finished fifth out of nine candidates with 7.1%^ of the vote. The local elections in the same year saw the party win 40 of the 751 seats across", "id": "19282171" }, { "contents": "Samaila Suleiman\n\n\n-2008, Energy Commission of Nigeria in 2009-2010 and later resigned to join politics. Suleiman was first elected into the public office as a local government chairman from Kaduna North in Kaduna State under the defunct Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) in 2008. He was the only politician to have won local government election under the CPC having shared the same constituency with the then vice president of Nigeria from the then ruling party People's Democratic Party (PDP). In 2015, Suleiman was first elected into the Lower Chamber", "id": "6113494" }, { "contents": "Party for Democratic Prosperity\n\n\nFor example, the party leadership criticized the 1991 Census for allegedly underreporting the percentage of the population that was Albanian from 40% to only 21%. Also, the PDP deputies voted against adopting the constitution due to its lack of protection for minorities. From the 1998 elections onwards PDP is in opposition and since then the support for the PDP has eroded considerably. At the 2002 legislative elections, the party won 2.3% of the popular vote and 2 out of 120 seats. At the 2011 legislative elections, the party won", "id": "5710802" }, { "contents": "2008 Angolan legislative election\n\n\nDemocratic Party (PLD), Party of the Alliance of Youth, Workers and Farmers of Angola (PAJOCA), Party for Democratic Support and Progress of Angola (PADEPA), the Democratic Party for Progress - Angolan National Alliance (PDP-ANA), the Front for Democracy (FpD) and four coalitions: the Democratic Angola – Coalition (AD), New Democracy Electoral Union (ND), the Electoral Political Platform (PPE) and the Angolan Fraternal Forum Coalition (FOFAC). The Angolan Democratic Party (PDA", "id": "533048" }, { "contents": "Party for Democratic Prosperity\n\n\nThe Party for Democratic Prosperity or PDP () is an ethnic Albanian political party in North Macedonia. The party was formed in April 1990 and is currently led by Abdyladi Vejseli. From 1992 to 1998 the PDP was part of the coalition governments led by the SDSM. After the split of the radical wing from the party in February 1994, PDP was generally considered to be moderate party that could cooperate with Macedonian parties, although sometimes frictions between the PDP and the other government parties arose as a consequence of the ethnic questions.", "id": "5710801" }, { "contents": "Politics of Gibraltar\n\n\n. A new party, New Gibraltar Democracy, announced it would contest the next election. NGD claimed that the two main parties were \"Out of touch with people's expectations and make up for their lack of ideas through Orwellian style propaganda.\" At the 2007 election one candidate, Charles Gomez, stood for election for the party. It achieved under 1% of the vote and has subsequently ceased any activity. In June 2006 the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was formed and announced it would be presenting a full slate", "id": "11739411" }, { "contents": "Tunisian people\n\n\nto an end 23 years latter on January 14, 2011, in the events of the Tunisian Revolution, following nationwide demonstrations precipitated by high unemployment, food inflation, corruption, a lack of political freedoms like freedom of speech and poor living conditions. Following the overthrow of Ben Ali, Tunisians elected a Constituent Assembly to draft a new constitution, and an interim government known as the Troika because it was a coalition of three parties; the Islamist Ennahda Movement in the lead, with the centre-left Congress for the Republic and", "id": "21785336" }, { "contents": "Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle\n\n\nIn the aftermath of \"Mt. Healthy\",\" wrote Sandra Lynch for the First Circuit in 2004, \"confusion still sometimes arises about the issue of causation.\" She was writing in one of several cases it heard in the mid-2000s arising from alleged political retaliation in Puerto Rico, where members of the New Progressive Party (NPP) brought suit claiming that members of the rival Popular Democratic Party (PDP) had improperly forced them out of government jobs after the PDP defeated the incumbent NPP in the commonwealth's 2000 elections.", "id": "17963178" }, { "contents": "Great Ogboru\n\n\n2003. In the 2007 election, Great Ogboru contested for governorship under the flag of the Democracy People Party (DPP) against Emmanuel Uduaghan of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) and lost to Emmanuel Uduagha again in 2011 election though he contested under the umbrella of Labour Party In the 2015 Delta State governorship election, Great Ogboru contested for governorship under the umbrella of All Progressive Congress (APC). He was defeated by Ifeanyi Okowa of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) . In the 2019 governorship election of Delta State,", "id": "278732" }, { "contents": "1983 Murcian regional election\n\n\nelectoral alliance led by the right-wing People's Alliance (AP), which included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), became the second political force and the main opposition party, whereas the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) also entered the Assembly, obtaining 1 seat. As a result of the election, Socialist Andrés Hernández Ros, who since 1979 had been the President of the Regional Council of Murcia (the pre-autonomic regional government), became the first democratically", "id": "19967050" }, { "contents": "Emmanuel Nnamdi Uba\n\n\nEmmanuel Nnamdi Uba, or Andy Uba (born 14 December 1958), is a Nigerian politician who was elected Senator for the Anambra South constituency of Anambra State, Nigeria, in April 2011. He ran on the People's Democratic Party (PDP) platform. He defected to the ruling All Progressives Congress in February 2017; the leadership crises engulfing the former ruling party PDP may have motivated his decision. Uba was born on 14 December 1958 in Enugu, and attended the Boys High School in Awkunanaw. His parents originated from", "id": "17515892" }, { "contents": "Islam and secularism\n\n\ndictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collapsed in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian revolution, Tunisia's interim government granted the group permission to form a political party. Since then it has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, 2011, the first honest election in the country's history with a turn out of 51.1% of all eligible voters, the party won 37.04% of the popular vote and 89 (41%)", "id": "18330475" }, { "contents": "United Progressive Alliance\n\n\nthe Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party announced the withdrawal of the PDP from the UPA given that the Congress had decided to support the Omar Abdullah-led National Conference Government in Jammu & Kashmir after the 2008 state elections. On 26 March 2009, PMK declared that it would join the AIADMK led front and withdrew from the UPA and the party president declared that two union ministers of his party will resign shortly. On 12 November 2012, Barrister Asaduddin Owaisi, leader of the AIMIM announced the decision of the party's executive and", "id": "8764699" }, { "contents": "Umaru Tanko Al-Makura\n\n\nfounding member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) in Nasarawa State in 1998. Al-Makura defected from the PDP after losing the primary elections for the Nasarawa Governor competition. Al-Makura was elected Governor of Nasarawa State, Nigeria on 26 April 2011, running on the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) ticket. He defeated the incumbent governor, Aliyu Akwe-Doma of the PDP. On 14 July 2014 the Speaker of the Nasarawa State House of Assembly gave a notice of impeachment to the Clerk of the", "id": "7102114" }, { "contents": "2013 Gibraltar by-election\n\n\nThe Gibraltar by-election, 2013 was a parliamentary by-election held on 4 July 2013 for the Gibraltar Parliament. The by-election was to contest the seat left vacant by the death of Government of Gibraltar Housing Minister Charles Bruzon in April 2013. The Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP), Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and an independent contested the by-election. The Liberal Party of Gibraltar who is in alliance and in Government with the GSLP backed the GSLP's candidate", "id": "8509407" }, { "contents": "Politics of Tajikistan\n\n\nThree major opposition parties—the Democratic Party, the Islamic Renaissance Party, and the Social Democratic Party—boycotted the election. In the early 2000s, independent political parties continued to exist, but their operations were circumscribed and their influence marginal. The governing People’s Democratic Party (PDP) gained strength as some opposition party leaders joined the government and others were disqualified from participation in elections. The Communist Party of Tajikistan, a nominal opposition party that has supported President Rahmon on most issues, has lost support since 2000. The", "id": "11083170" }, { "contents": "Dapo Abiodun\n\n\nis also reportedly the founder of First Power Limited. Dapo Abiodun is a founding member of Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) in Ogun State, although he is currently a member of the All Progressive Congress (APC) defecting after the 2015 general elections. He contested the Ogun East senatorial seat on the platform of the All Progressive Congress(APC) in the 2015 Nigerian general elections which he lost to the Peoples Democratic Party(PDP) candidate . He was elected a senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria on the platform of the defunct United Nigeria", "id": "1139922" }, { "contents": "1983 Riojan regional election\n\n\n. The People's Coalition, an electoral alliance led by the People's Alliance (AP), which also included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), emerged as the second largest grouping in the General Deputation, while the newly created regionalist Progressive Riojan Party (PRP) came third. Neither the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) or the Democratic and Social Centre (CDS), the only other parties standing in the election, were able to meet the electoral threshold and failed", "id": "18176961" }, { "contents": "Trinity—Spadina\n\n\nwas expected to be a very competitive election. Additionally, Conservative David Watters, Green Anna Costa, Progressive Canadian Party Asif Hossain, Canadian Action Party Tristan Downe-Dewdney and Daniel Knezetic for the Popular Democratic Party contested the election. The Popular Democratic Party was a social democratic and populist political party formed in 2003. It did not register as a political party with Elections Canada, and closed down after the 2004 election. The PDP proposed decentralization and community involvement in the political process through the creation of community councils to which any", "id": "8027884" }, { "contents": "Galician Coalition\n\n\nin the Congreso de los Diputados since the Second Republic. In January 1987 the most nationalist and progressive sectors of CG, led by Pablo González Mariñas and Xosé Henrique Rodríguez Peña, left the party and formed the Galician Nationalist Party (which would eventually join the Galician Nationalist Bloc). To attend the 1987 municipal elections CG formed the Galician Progressive Coalition, with the Democratic Popular Party (PDP) and the Liberal Party, gaining the 11.07% of the vote and 607 councilors. Following the departure of Xosé Luís Barreiro of the", "id": "602391" }, { "contents": "2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election\n\n\nthe delay, all major parties approved of it, even the Ennahda Movement; other parties approving the new election date included the Progressive Democratic Party, Ettajdid Movement, Al Majd, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the Social Liberal Party. In September, the government of Canada declared that it would not allow Tunisia to open polling stations in its territory because it refused to be included in another country's electoral constituency. Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird called the issue \"a matter of Canadian sovereignty\". In response to Canada", "id": "14450727" }, { "contents": "Democratic Modernist Pole\n\n\nin all the 33 constituencies at home and abroad. Sixteen women and 17 men will be chief candidates. Riadh Ben Fadl and Mustapha Ben Ahmed, are the founders of the group. Ahmed Ibrahim is a leader in the bloc. The bloc won 5 of the 217 seats and 4.91% of the vote in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election. Three of the parties in the coalition: the Republican Party, the Socialist Left Party and the Social Democratic Path) became part of another coalition called the Union for Tunisia in 2013", "id": "19583402" }, { "contents": "Abdulmumin Jibrin\n\n\nof Commerce (NBCC) between 2010 – 2011. Jibrin was first elected into the Nigerian National Assembly's House of Representatives representing Kiru/Bebeji Federal constituency of Kano State under the Peoples Democratic Party - PDP in 2011 before decamping to the newly formed political party in Nigeria, the All Progressives Congress (APC) in 2014 and was later re-elected into House of Representatives in 2015. Jibrin was the Chairman House of Representatives Committee on Finance in the 7th Assembly with oversight on the Federal Ministry of Finance and its Parastatals,", "id": "18363893" }, { "contents": "Rashidi Adewolu Ladoja\n\n\n2009, a former aide testified on the way on which the share money had been divided between Ladoja's family, bodyguard, senior politicians and lawyers. Ladoja was the governorship candidate for Accord party in Oyo State during the April 2011 and 2015 elections, he lost to Senator Abiola Ajimobi. He later merged his Accord Party into PDP in 2017. Dispute in PDP made him and other allies (from Labour Party, All Progressives Congress APC etc.) to move over African Democratic Congress (ADC) in 2018. After a", "id": "21855065" }, { "contents": "Mohammed Badaru Abubakar\n\n\nAll Progressives Congress in 2015 along with PDP contender Mal. Aminu Ibrahim Ringim. The Independent National Electoral Commission on 13 April 2015 declared him the winner of that election. On 9 March 2019 Jigawa state gubernatorial election, Badaru was re-elected has governor having polled a total of 810,933 votes, the candidate of the Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, Aminu Ibrahim Ringim scored 288,356 while the candidate of the Social Democratic Party, SDP, Bashir Adamu Jumbo scored 32,894 votes, thereby making him the winner of the election. In recognition", "id": "20149723" }, { "contents": "Popular Democratic Party (France)\n\n\nthe PDP prior to the 1924 legislative election. Established by Congress on 15 and 16 November 1924, under the chairmanship of George Thibout and involving 200 delegates, the PDP supported the desire to achieve \"a task in bringing reconciliation around the idea of Republicanism\" by the definition of \"new Republican faith\" The Popular Democrats advocated that religion was not and should not be a line between right and left. However, the PDP oriented itself to the centre-right in direct competition to the Republican Federation, the party from which", "id": "22044943" }, { "contents": "Socialism in Tunisia\n\n\nthe Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties (Ettakatol or FDTL) was founded and officially recognized on 25 October 2002. Is a social democratic and secularist political party in Tunisia. Its founder and Secretary-General is the radiologist Mustapha Ben Jafar. Active from 1993 to 2012, the Ettajdid Movement (\"Movement for Renewal\") was a centre-left secularist, democratic socialist and social liberal political party in Tunisia. It was led by Ahmed Ibrahim. For the Constituent assembly election, Ettajdid formed a strongly secularist alliance called Democratic", "id": "5642583" }, { "contents": "Wafa Movement\n\n\nThe Wafa Movement (), sometimes referred to as the Independent Democratic Congress, is a political party in Tunisia. The party was founded in 2012 by a number of constituents who broke away from the Congress for the Republic (CPR). Led by the short-time CPR secretary-general Abderraouf Ayadi, the party however remained loosely allied with the governing Troika coalition of Ennahda, CPR and Ettakatol. Generally seen as a secular, left-leaning party, the Wafa Movement reached out to Islamists on the grounds of seeking", "id": "13260598" }, { "contents": "Abdulkareem Adisa\n\n\nPeople's Democratic Party (PDP) in Kwara State. One PDP group suspended the Minister of State for Women Affairs, Miss Funke Adedoyin, but another group of PDP elders, led by Adisa, voided Adedoyin’s suspension. Adisa also became vice-chairman of the Kwara Progressive Movement (KPM). Abdulkareem Adisa was leader of a movement to elect General Ibrahim Babangida as president in 2007. He published an attack on the National Democratic Coalition (NADECO) in \"The Guardian\" of 28 April 2004, warning the group", "id": "1146576" }, { "contents": "Nidaa Tounes\n\n\n\"founder\" Habib Bourguiba). In addition, the party has the support of many members of the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT) and the national employers' union, UTICA. They believe that Tunisia's secular forces have to unite to counter the dominance of the Islamist Ennahda Movement. From its foundation until July 2013, 11 members of the Constituent Assembly joined the party by defecting from various other parties. On 11 February 2013, the Republican Party joined Nidaa Tounes and four other parties in a political alliance called Union", "id": "4542216" }, { "contents": "Gibraltar\n\n\nrepresented by the Governor of Gibraltar. The governor enacts day-to-day matters on the advice of the Gibraltar Parliament, but is responsible to the British government in respect of defence, foreign policy, internal security and general good governance. Judicial and other appointments are made on behalf of the monarch in consultation with the head of the elected government. The 2011 election was contested by the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)-Gibraltar Liberal Party (GLP) Alliance and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP", "id": "7263743" }, { "contents": "Adamu Sidi Ali\n\n\nballots had not been included in the count.In turn, the PDP appealed the decision to nullify the election of their candidate, who had died two months after the election, saying the election should be a re-run due to his death. Their appeal was rejected. Later, Sidi Ali changed allegiance to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). During a PDP campaign flag-off meeting before the April 2007 elections, he advised political opponents not to use thugs to destabilize the elections. Sidi Ali became senator for", "id": "13302889" }, { "contents": "Ahmed Tijani Ahmed\n\n\nAhmed Tijani Ahmed (December 17, 1941 – June 10, 2006) was a Nigerian politician who was Senator for the Kogi Central constituency in Kogi State from 1999 to 2003 as a member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP). When Kogi State was created in 1991, Ahmed Tijani Ahmed joined a group of liberal progressive politicians in the Social Democratic Party (SDP) that created an agreement on power sharing among the different peoples of the state. However, they lost the December 1991 governorship election to the National Republican", "id": "14754363" }, { "contents": "Abdulmumin Jibrin\n\n\nthe members of the House of Representatives that led the first set of 37 Legislators that decamped from the ruling People's Democratic Party (PDP) to the main opposition party, All Progressive Party (APC). In March 2015, Abdulmumin contested and got re-elected to the House of Representatives by the people of his constituency Kiru/Bebeji Kano state, Nigeria. As Chairman Appropriation, Jibrin has oversight function over the Budget office and national budget, the appropriation of funds for execution of government programmes and projects. He also", "id": "18363903" }, { "contents": "Godswill Akpabio\n\n\nSenatorial District to represent the district in the Senate of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Running under the platform of the People’s Democratic Party (PDP), he polled 422,009 of the 439,449 to defeat Chief Inibehe Okorie of the All Progressive Congress (APC) who recorded 15, 152 votes to be declared elected by the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). Akpabio was nominated for the position of the Senate Minority Leader by the South-South caucus of the People's Democratic Party (PDP), ratified by the caucus", "id": "19678208" }, { "contents": "1970 Montserratian general election\n\n\nGeneral elections were held in Montserrat on 15 December 1970. The result was a victory for the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), which won all seven seats in the Legislative Council, whilst the Montserrat Labour Party (MLP), which had won every election since the introduction of universal suffrage in 1951, lost all four of its seats. PDP leader Percival Austin Bramble became Chief Minister, replacing his father and MLP leader, William Henry Bramble. Universal suffrage was introduced in Montserrat in 1951, and the first elections under it", "id": "6935944" }, { "contents": "Atiku Abubakar\n\n\nProgressives Congress (APC), a party he helped to form. On 3 December 2017, via a Facebook Live broadcast, Abubakar announced his return to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). The announcement followed consultations the former Vice President had with party leaders and stakeholders from across the country. He said he decided to 'return home' to the PDP now that the issues which made him leave the party had been resolved. Abubakar declared his candidacy for the presidential nomination of the PDP mid 2018 and won the nomination at", "id": "10683389" }, { "contents": "Luis A. Ferré\n\n\nProgressive Party (a.k.a., PNP). In the following general election in 1968, Ferré ran for Governor and defeated Luis Negrón López, the candidate of the Popular Democratic Party (PPD) by a slight margin. The ruling party had split with the creation of the People's Party, which ran incumbent PDP-elected Governor Roberto Sánchez Vilella as its gubernatorial candidate, ending Luis Muñoz Marín's PPD's hold on the governor's seat, which had lasted 20 years. During Ferré's administration, Puerto Rico was in", "id": "11079059" }, { "contents": "1994–1995 Uzbek parliamentary election\n\n\nParliamentary elections were held in Uzbekistan on 25 December 1994, with a second round held in 39 constituencies on 8 January 1995 and seven constituencies on 22 January. The election was contested by 634 candidates, 250 nominated by local councils, 243 members of the People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan, and 141 Progress Party of the Fatherland members. The majority of seats were won by local council nominees (around 120 of which were PDP members), whilst the People's Democratic Party emerged as the largest party. Voter turnout was 93.6", "id": "15227647" }, { "contents": "1983 Madrilenian regional election\n\n\nthe PSOE won 51 seats. The People's Coalition, an electoral alliance led by the People's Alliance (AP), which also included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), emerged as the second largest grouping in the Assembly. The Communist Party of Spain was the only other party to win seats in the Assembly. In 1986, the party joined with other left-wing movements to form the current United Left. The Assembly of Madrid was the devolved, unicameral legislature of", "id": "3098844" } ]

[ { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nby Ahmed Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi. On 9 April 2012, it merged into the Republican Party. The Progressive Democratic Party had a newspaper, \"Al-Mawqif\". In its beginnings, the Progressive Socialist Rally (now PDP) gathered a broad range of currents from Marxists and pro-democracy activists to progressive Muslims. During the Ben Ali rule, Najib Chebbi and the PDP were harassed by the police for years, and verbally attacked by state-run media. After unsuccessfully participating in elections from 1989 to 1999", "id": "16419721" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\n, the party decided to boycott the elections of 2004 and 2009. Therefore, it was unrepresented in the Tunisian parliament. After the Ben Ali administration announced to force the party to move their headquarters from Tunis, its leaders Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi engaged in a 20-days hunger strike, which earned the party attention and prompted the administration to revoke their decision. Following the 2010–2011 Tunisian protests, shootings outside PDP's headquarters were reported on 16 January 2011. The next day, on 17 January, party leader Najib Chebbi, was", "id": "16419722" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nnamed Regional Development Minister in the interim government. Ahead of the Constituent Assembly election, the PDP evolved into a main exponent of the centre-left secular camp and rival of the Islamist Ennahda Movement. In the run-up to the elections, the Progressive Democrats have received quite an amount of financial support which enabled the party for a lavish campaign. Critics claim that an important part of the funding came from businesspeople close to the old Ben Ali power elite. In the election for a constituent assembly, the PDP won 3.9", "id": "16419723" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\n) was founded under the name of \"Progressive Socialist Rally\", and gained legal recognition on 12 September 1988. It was secular and liberal party. The party was renamed as Progressive Democratic Party in 2001. Under the rule of Ben Ali it was a legal opposition party, but subjected to political repression. After the Tunisian revolution it was one of the major left-leaning secular political forces. It was led by Ahmed Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi. On 9 April 2012, it merged into the Republican Party. Maya", "id": "5642552" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\n% of the popular vote and 16 of 217 seats in the National Constituent Assembly, putting it at the fifth place. As the party had categorically ruled out any collaboration with the victorious Islamist Ennahda Movement, the Progressive Democrats went into opposition and belong to the outspoken critics of the governing coalition of the Islamists with the secular CPR and Ettakatol parties. After the electoral defeat, the PDP launched talks with other secularist and liberal parties to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was realised on the PDP's", "id": "16419724" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (, \"; ), also referred to by its acronym PDP, was a secular liberal political party in Tunisia. The Progressive Democratic Party was founded under the name of \"Progressive Socialist Rally\" in 1983, gained legal recognition on 12 September 1988 and was renamed Progressive Democratic Party in 2001. Under the rule of Ben Ali it was a legal opposition party, but subjected to political repression. After the Tunisian revolution it was one of the major left-leaning secular political forces. It was led", "id": "16419720" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nSecretary-General of the PDP. She has been the first woman to lead a political party in Tunisia. From 1 to 20 October 2007, Jribi, along with Najib Chebbi, engaged in a hunger strike to protest against the forced move of the party's headquarters from Tunis, which caused serious health implications for her. Jribi headed the PDP’s electoral list in Ben Arous for the Constituent Assembly Elections in October 2011. The PDP list received one seat in Ben Arous according to preliminary election results. On 9 April 2012", "id": "632088" }, { "contents": "Republican Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nThe Republican Party ( \"\", ) is a centrist liberal party in Tunisia. It was formed on 9 April 2012 as a merger of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Afek Tounes and the Tunisian Republican Party, several minor parties and independents. The party is led by Maya Jribi who was previously the secretary-general of the PDP. The party held 11 out of 217 seats and was the largest oppositional party in the National Constituent Assembly of Tunisia. The party withdrew from the Union for Tunisia coalition, though", "id": "15161288" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nDuring that period, she became involved and an active member of the student union, known as UGET, and the Tunisian League of Human Rights. She wrote for the independent weekly Erraï and later for the PDP-newspaper Al Mawkif. Together with Ahmed Najib Chebbi, Maya Jribi co-founded the \"Progressive Socialist Rally\", established in 1983, which was later renamed into Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). Since 1986 she has been a member of the party's executive. On 25 December 2006, Jribi was appointed", "id": "632087" }, { "contents": "Ahmed Najib Chebbi\n\n\nAhmed Najib Chebbi (, ) or simply Najib Chebbi (born 30 July 1944) is a Tunisian attorney and politician. Chebbi is a prominent figure of the Tunisian opposition movement; in 1983, he founded the Democratic Progressive Party, which gained legal recognition in 1988. He is currently the leader of the Democratic Progressive Party. In 2006, Maya Jribi became the party's secretary-general, the first woman to hold such office in Tunisia. In 2009 Chebbi attempted to run as a candidate for President of Tunisia but was", "id": "1109530" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nof investigative journalism, unconditional and free access to information, open government, anti-censorship of all kinds, among others. On 9 April 2012, the Republican Party was formed as a merger of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Afek Tounes and the Tunisian Republican Party, several minor parties and independents. The party is centrist and liberal, it's led by Maya Jribi who was previously the secretary-general of the PDP. The party held 11 out of 217 seats and was the largest oppositional party in the", "id": "5642564" }, { "contents": "Tunisian Revolution\n\n\nand Ahmed Najib Chebbi of the PDP), three representatives from the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT), and representatives of civil society (including prominent blogger Slim Amamou). Three notable movements not included in the national unity government were the banned Ennahda Movement, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the secular reformist Congress for the Republic. The following day, the three members of the UGTT and Ben Jafaar resigned, saying that they had \"no confidence\" in a government featuring members of the RCD. There were daily", "id": "18746070" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nparty in Tunisia. Its program is liberal, focusing on secularism and civil liberties. The party mainly appealed to intellectuals and the upper class. After underperforming in the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, Afek Tounes joined talks with other secularist and liberal parties, especially the Progressive Democratic Party to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was completed on 9 April 2012. The new party is called the Republican Party. In August 2013, Yassine Brahim, current leader of the party, and other former party members left", "id": "5642562" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nMaya Jribi (January 29, 1960 – May 19, 2018) was a Tunisian politician. From 2006 to 2012, she was the leader of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). From PDP's merger into the Republican Party in April 2012, until her resignation in 2017, she was the Secretary-General of the centrist party. Her father is from Tatouine, while her mother is from Algeria. She followed her studies in Radès Tunisia, before studying biology at the University of Sfax, from 1979 to 1983.", "id": "632086" }, { "contents": "Secularism in Tunisia\n\n\nTunisian Constitution of 2014 following a considerable debate between Islamic and secular political groups and movements. On 1 March 2011, after the secularist dictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collapsed in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian revolution, Tunisia's interim government granted the \"Ennahda\", a moderate Islamist movement in Tunisia, permission to form a political party. Since then, the Ennahda Islamic Party has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election", "id": "19596325" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nNational Constituent Assembly of Tunisia. The party withdrew from the Union for Tunisia coalition, though it is still part of the National Salvation Front. After the founding congress, nine assemblymen elected for the PDP contested the leadership vote and temporarily suspended their party membership. Those 9 members became part of the Democratic Alliance Party. After being founded in 2012, Nidaa Tounes (Call of Tunisia) won a plurality of seats in the October 2014 parliamentary election. It's a big tent secularist political party in Tunisia. The party's founding", "id": "5642565" }, { "contents": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Burkina Faso)\n\n\nThe Party for Democracy and Progress () was a political party in Burkina Faso (former Upper Volta. It was founded in April 1994 after a split in the National Convention of Progressive Patriots–Social Democratic Party in May 1993. It merged in February 1996 with the Union of the Democratic Left and the Party of Social Progress. After merger with the Burkinabè Socialist Party the PDP became the Party for Democracy and Progress / Socialist Party. At the legislative elections in 1997 the party won 10.1% of the popular vote and 6", "id": "19404846" }, { "contents": "Popular Front (Tunisia)\n\n\nof the Iraqi branch of Ba'ath Party, and other progressive parties. The number of parties involved in the coalition has since decreased to nine. Approximately 15,000 people attended the coalition's first meeting in Tunis. The Tunisian Revolution in 2011 saw the departure of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the dissolution of his party, the Democratic Constitutional Rally, and the holding of fresh elections for the creation of a new constitution. This saw the Tunisian political scene dominated by the Islamist Ennahda Movement, and its allies the Democratic Forum for", "id": "8081870" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Gibraltar)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was a liberal conservative political party from Gibraltar. The party was the third political party and the only party to sit on the centre-right in Gibraltar. Despite poor election results, it garnered growing support from the public and was seen as the 'alternative opposition'. The PDP was the only party campaigning for \"a Gibraltar freely associated to the United Kingdom\" and envisaged \"a journey through the recognition of our right to independence\". The party was also the only political party", "id": "16416540" }, { "contents": "Democratic Party of Progress\n\n\nThe Democratic Party of Progress (, PDP) is a political party in Guinea-Bissau. The PDP was established on 10 February 1992 by Amin Michel Saad. It joined the Union for Change (UM) alliance prior to the 1994 general elections, and Saad became the UM's leader. The UM won six seats in the National People's Assembly, of which the PDP (though Saad) took one. The UM was reduced to three seats in the 1999–2000 general elections, and lost them all in the 2004 parliamentary", "id": "17399816" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nHe was the Ettajdid Movement's candidate for President of Tunisia in the 2009 presidential election. Brahim was in favor of the emergence of a \"democratic modern and \"secular\" [laicist] state\" not connected with Islamists. According to Brahim, this would require \"radical\" reform of the electoral system, which would improve the political climate in guaranteeing freedom of assembly and a large scale independent press, as well as repealing a law that regulated public discourse of electoral candidates. In 1983, the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP", "id": "5642551" }, { "contents": "Sarawak State Legislative Assembly\n\n\ngovernment with a majority of 72 seats out of 82. There were several candidates from breakaway parties such as TERAS and UPP that had their members contest seats under the Barisan banner as direct election candidates under a deal by Adenan Satem after their parties were prevented from joining Barisan after opposition from parties such as PDP and SUPP. On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties including Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party", "id": "17954676" }, { "contents": "2015 Nigerian general election\n\n\nPeople's Democratic Party (PDP) primaries on 10 December 2014, receiving the nomination of the party. However, this was against an unwritten rule that the PDP's presidential candidacy should alternate between Muslim northerners and Christian southerners, and opposition to Jonathan's candidacy had led to the defection of dozens of PDP MPs in the House of Representatives. Prior to the elections, the All Progressives Congress was formed as an alliance of four opposition parties, the Action Congress of Nigeria, the Congress for Progressive Change, the All Nigeria Peoples", "id": "18172183" }, { "contents": "Civic Democratic Party (Hungary)\n\n\nThe Civic Democratic Party (, PDP) was a liberal political party in Hungary in the period following World War II The party was established towards the end of 1944 as a successor to the Civic Freedom Party. Part of a group of members who had belonged to now-defunct conservative parties before the war, Géza Teleki was elected as the party's first leader. The PDP won 21 seats in the National Interim Assembly elections in November 1944. However, Communist opposition to Teleki led to him losing his place in the Cabinet", "id": "16990101" }, { "contents": "Afek Tounes\n\n\nAfek Tounes won 4 seats for the constitutive assembly. The party was rattled on 3 November 2011 though by the resignation of several key founding members such as its spokesperson Emna Mnif, its general secretary Mustapha Mezghani, Sami Zaoui, Hela Hababou and another 13 members. After underperforming in the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, Afek Tounes joined talks with other secularist and liberal parties, especially the Progressive Democratic Party to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was completed on 9 April 2012. The new party is called", "id": "1405509" }, { "contents": "Ali Lankoandé\n\n\nAli Lankoandé (10 November 1930 – 28 May 2014) is a Burkinabé politician from Burkina Faso. He was President of the Party for Democracy and Progress/Socialist Party (PDP/PS) from 2005 to 2008. Lankoandé headed the National Social Security Fund and served as a deputy in the National Assembly of Burkina Faso, as well as Minister of National Education, during the 1970s. Lankoandé was elected to succeed Joseph Ki-Zerbo as President of the PDP/PS on 5 February 2005. Running as the PDP/", "id": "21268271" }, { "contents": "Ennahda Movement\n\n\ncollapse of the government of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the Ennahdha Movement Party was formed, and in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, (the first free election in the country's history), won a plurality of 37% of the popular vote and formed a government. Uproar in the traditionally secular country over \"Islamization\" and assassinations of two secular politicians however, led to the 2013–14 Tunisian political crisis, and the party stepped down following the implementation of a new constitution in January 2014. The party came in", "id": "10814394" }, { "contents": "1991 Sint Maarten general election\n\n\nGeneral elections were held in Sint Maarten on 12 April 1991 to elect the 9 members of the Island Council. The Sint Maarten Patriotic Alliance (SPA) led by Vance James Jr. emerged as the largest party, winning 4 of the 9 seats. The SPA and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) agreed to form a coalition government. On 28 August 1991 the SPA/PDP government collapsed. PDP political leader Millicent Acuna-Lopez-de Weever said that \"fundamental philosophical differences\" with the SPA caused the coalition \"to", "id": "12703859" }, { "contents": "Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party\n\n\nin the Rajya Sabha. It was a member of the ruling United Progressive Alliance until the 2009 general election. Sayeed headed the PDP-Indian National Congress Coalition Government between October 2002 and November 2005, and he was the party's Patron until his death on 7 January 2016. The PDP is now headed by Mehbooba Mufti, Sayeed's daughter. The PDP operates on the ideology of self-rule, as distinctly different from the issues of autonomy. It believes that self-rule as a political philosophy, as opposed to", "id": "248417" }, { "contents": "Ettajdid Movement\n\n\nThe Ettajdid Movement (\"Movement for Renewal\" ; , ' ; ), also referred to simply as Ettajdid, was a centre-left secularist political party in Tunisia, active from 1993 to 2012. Ettajdid evolved out of the old Tunisian Communist Party when it abandoned its former ideology in 1993. During the Ben Ali rule it was one of the legal, although oppressed opposition parties. After the Tunisian revolution of 2011, it became part of the Democratic Modernist Pole alliance and in 2012 it merged into the Social Democratic Path", "id": "16419620" }, { "contents": "Elections in Montserrat\n\n\n(when the Council was expanded to seven seats) and 1966. The 1970 elections saw the new Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) win all seven seats. The PDP also won the 1973 elections, but was defeated in 1978 when the People's Liberation Movement (PLM) won all seven seats. The PLM went on to win the 1983 and 1987 elections. The 1991 elections were won by the National Progressive Party, which won four of the seven seats. The 1996 elections resulted in a hung parliament, with the People", "id": "4125813" }, { "contents": "2013–14 Tunisian political crisis\n\n\nafter the elections Ben Ali jailed nearly 25,000 of its activists with Ennahda militants responding by attacking the ruling party's headquarters killing one person and splashing acid on others. Following the revolution, it described itself to be a \"moderate Islamist\" party by advocating democracy and recognizing political pluralism and dialogue with the West. Its supporters back then regarded the party as an example of how a balance can be struck between modernity and Islamism while its critics viewed it as a threat to secularism in Tunisia, which was often regarded as the most", "id": "7679782" }, { "contents": "List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2013–18)\n\n\nof 72 seats out of 82. There were several candidates from breakaway parties such as TERAS and UPP that had their members contest seats under the Barisan banner as direct election candidates under a deal by Adenan Satem after their parties were prevented from joining Barisan after opposition from parties such as PDP and SUPP. On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties including Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP) officially", "id": "21866476" }, { "contents": "Mike Onoja\n\n\nParty at the 2015 general election by the All Progressives Congress, he and other politicians of the People's Democratic Party defected to the All Progressives Congress in 2016. He returned to the People's Democratic Party in the run-up to the 2019 Benue south Senatorial election. After the PDP's Senatorial Primary election in 2018, Mike Onoja again defected from the party to the Social Democratic Party after expressing his dissatisfaction with the PDP's conduct of the primary election. Mike Onoja is the Chairman/CEO of Moonsons Resources Investment International", "id": "10879880" }, { "contents": "History of modern Tunisia\n\n\n, several Islamist activists were released from prison. He also forged a national pact with the Tunisian party Harakat al-Ittijah al-Islami (Islamic Tendency Movement), which had been founded in 1981; later it changed its name to Ennahda (the Renaissance Party). He also changed the ruling party's name to the Democratic Constitutional Rally. However, Ben Ali's innovative tack did not work out well. Subsequently, An-Nahda claimed to have run strongly in the 1989 elections, giving it the appearance of being", "id": "17057122" }, { "contents": "Yassine Brahim\n\n\nof the new company, which he led into the following acquisition by U.S. based SunGard. In 2010 he turned back to Tunisia, just before the Tunisian Revolution would lead to his appointment as Minister of Transport and Equipment in the short-lived second Ghannouchi cabinet and the subsequent Essebsi cabinet. He resigned on 17 June 2011 to become general secretary of the newly founded Afek Tounes party which he led into a merger with Ahmed Najib Chebbi's Progressive Democratic Party, the Republican Party \"Al Joumhouri\". On 28 August 2013,", "id": "2666991" }, { "contents": "Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties\n\n\nup his position in the transitional government. In the Constituent Assembly election on 23 October 2011, Ettakatol won 20 of the 217 seats making it the fourth force in the Assembly. Subsequently, the FDTL came to an agreement with the two major parties, the Islamist Ennahda Movement and the secular Congress for the Republic (CPR), to share the three highest positions in state. Accordingly, Ben Jafar was voted Speaker of the Assembly on 22 November. In exchange, the Forum supported the election of CPR-leader Moncef Marzouki", "id": "2468766" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Tonga)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (PDP) is a political party in Tonga. It was formed after a split in the Human Rights and Democracy Movement. The party was founded on 8 April 2005 in 'Atenisi. Teisina Fuko was the first person elected to the party presidency at a meeting on 15 April 2005. The PDP was legally registered on July 1, 2005, being the first Tongan party to do so. The party has not won any seats to the Tonga Parliament. It is currently inactive without any candidates or", "id": "19615344" }, { "contents": "2013 Gibraltar by-election\n\n\nSocial Democrats as Opposition had initially decided not to contest the by-election considering instead a \"gentleman's agreement\" as the seat had been one of the GSLP which had become vacant under tragic circumstances. The Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) which was not represented in Parliament immediately decided it would contest the by-election seeing it as an opportunity to be represented despite its poor performance at the previous two general elections. On 30 May 2013 the PDP announced its candidature of party leader Nick Cruz. At this point the GSD", "id": "8509410" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (PDP) is a major contemporary political party in Nigeria. Its policies generally lie towards the centre-right of the political spectrum. It won every Presidential election between 1999 and 2011, and was until the 2015 elections, the governing party in the Fourth Republic although in some cases, amid a few controversial electoral circumstances. Currently, PDP controls 14 states out of 36 states in Nigeria. In 1998 the PDP in its first presidential primary election held in Jos, Plateau State, North Central Nigeria", "id": "1890377" }, { "contents": "Social Democratic Union of Macedonia\n\n\nThe Social Democratic Union of Macedonia (–СДСМ, \"Socijaldemokratski Sojuz na Makedonija\"–SDSM) is a social-democratic political party, the main centre-left political party in North Macedonia. The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia was founded on 20 April 1991 at the 11th Congress of SKM-PDP (UCM – Party for Democratic Changes). Branko Crvenkovski was elected as the party's first president. Its current leader is Zoran Zaev. The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia is a member of the Progressive Alliance and an associate affiliate of", "id": "1084636" }, { "contents": "Peoples Democratic Party (Kenya)\n\n\nThe Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) is a political party in Kenya. The PDP was established in 1992. It won a single seat in the 2007 general elections, Richard Momoima Onyonka in Kitutu Chache Constituency. In 2010 Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) MP James Omingo Magara defected to the party after the ODM did not nominate him as its candidate in the South Mugirango by-election, which was held after Magara's victory in the 2007 elections was annulled due to irregularities. However, Magara was defeated in the by-", "id": "19016018" }, { "contents": "Dickson Tarkighir\n\n\nat the polls in the 2015 general elections and won the seat to represent the people of Makurdi/Guma Federal Constituency in the House of Representatives, Abuja. On Tuesday, 24 July 2018, Tarkighir was among 37 members of the House of Representatives who defected from the ruling All Progressives Congress (APC) to other political parties. He defected to the People's Democratic Party (PDP), a party he had previously defected from. However, On Tuesday, 22 January 2019, Tarkighir announced his return to the All Progressives", "id": "8861699" }, { "contents": "Guillermo Irizarry\n\n\ngovernor abandoned the party that elected him, the Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico (PDP), and joined a newly founded party, the People's Party, which nominated him for an unsuccessful reelection bid. In November of that year, the PDP suffered its first defeat with the election of the New Progressive Party's Luis A. Ferré. As a result, Secretary Irizarry presided over the first transition between elected governors of different parties. From 1973 to 1977, during the administration of Governor Rafael Hernández Colón, Irizarry served again", "id": "1916365" }, { "contents": "1931 Argentine general election\n\n\nJulio Roca as his running mate; Roca, the son of the late PAN leader, Julio A. Roca, had led the Democratic Party of Córdoba. The Democratic Progressive Party (PDP), known for its anti-corruption platform, nominated Senator Lisandro de la Torre, who also earned the endorsement of the Socialist Party of Argentina, a party in search of leadership following the passing of Juan B. Justo, in 1928. The alliance alienated conservatives in the PDP, however, who instead endorsed the aging Francisco A. Barroetaveña,", "id": "14281535" }, { "contents": "Jebali Cabinet\n\n\nThe first cabinet of Tunisian Head of Government Hamadi Jebali was presented on 20 December 2011. Jebali has been appointed by interim President Moncef Marzouki, who had been elected by the National Constituent Assembly, a body constituted to draft a new constitution after the Tunisian Revolution and the fall of former President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in Spring 2011. It took office on 24 December 2011. The three parties in the \"Troika\" coalition are the Islamist Ennahda Movement, the centre-left secularist Congress for the Republic (CPR),", "id": "5725136" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Montserrat)\n\n\nwere the first occasion on which the MLP had faced serious opposition, and saw the PDP win all seven seats, leaving the MLP without parliamentary representation. Percival Austin Bramble became Chief Minister. The PDP subsequently won five of the seven seats in the 1973 elections, but were defeated in the 1978 elections, when the People's Liberation Movement formed by former PDP minister John Osborne won all seven seats. The PDP contested the 1983 elections, winning two seats in the Legislative Council. It was reduced to one seat in the 1987", "id": "6998615" }, { "contents": "1987 European Parliament election in Spain\n\n\na European-wide election was due in 1989, elected MEPs only served for the remainder of the European Parliament term. The ruling Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) designated former Foreign Affairs Minister Fernando Morán to lead their campaign. The main opposition People's Alliance party (AP), running on its own after the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and Liberal Party (PL) broke away from the People's Coalition, chose Manuel Fraga—who had resigned as party leader in December 1986—to lead the party list", "id": "7968065" }, { "contents": "2011 Gibraltar general election\n\n\ngave the GSLP an advantage of up to 9% over the governing party, the GSD, while one (that of the Spanish newspaper \"Area\", which published no details and was widely thought to be politically motivated) predicted a GSD win. Two parties, the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD) and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), and an alliance (Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)/Liberals) have presented a full slate of 10 candidates each, making a total of 30 candidates for 17 seats in the Gibraltar", "id": "19578144" }, { "contents": "Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance\n\n\nThe Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance (\"Partido Democrático para o Progresso – Aliança Nacional Angolana\") is a political party in Angola. The party was founded in Luanda, March 17, 1991. It was led by Mfulumpinga Landu Victor, a former National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) cadre and Member of Parliament for the PDP-ANA, until he was shot dead outside the party office in 2004. It is now led by Francisco Lele. In the 2008 legislative elections, it gained 0.51%", "id": "17803317" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Montserrat)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was a political party in Montserrat. The party was established in 1970 by Percival Austin Bramble, son of Chief Minister and leader of the Montserrat Labour Party (MLP) William Henry Bramble. Percival had previously been a member of the MLP and was elected to the Legislative Council as an MLP candidate in the 1966 elections. However, he subsequently broke away to form the PDP as a result of controversy over the number of holiday and retirement homes being built on the island. The 1970 elections", "id": "6998614" }, { "contents": "Party of Democratic Progress\n\n\nThe Party of Democratic Progress () is a Serbian political party in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the third-largest party in Republika Srpska. PDP was established in Banja Luka on 26 September 1999. During the founding assembly, Mladen Ivanić was elected as the president of the party, while Branko Dokić and Zoran Đerić were elected as vice presidents. The party is an observer member of the European People's Party (EPP) and International Democrat Union (IDU). In terms of bilateral cooperation with other European parties,", "id": "19626107" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (, O'zXDP or PDP) is a centre-left political party in Uzbekistan founded in 1991. The PDP was founded in October 1991 after the Communist Party of Uzbekistan voted to cut its ties with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and change its name to PDP. The party was led by President Islam Karimov since its foundation until 1996, at which point Karimov stepped down and resigned his membership. Karimov created the Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party in 2003. This is supported by the fact", "id": "19132598" }, { "contents": "Ademola Rasaq Seriki\n\n\nwas appointed a National Fund Raising Committee member in the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) for the 1999 National elections. The PDP also appointed him as a member of the Candidate and Party Relations Committee for Obasanjo/Atiku Presidential Election. From 2000 to 2002 Demola Seriki emerged as the PDP Party Chairman of Lagos Island Local Government Area in Lagos State and later in 2003 as the party's flag bearer to the House of Assembly representing Lagos Island Federal Constituency. In 2005 he cut his political tooth further by serving as Secretary of the", "id": "5752584" }, { "contents": "Omuma\n\n\nin the council premises and he won the House of Assembly election in 2011. He was re-elected in 2015 election to represent Omuma for the second time in Rivers State House of Assembly under the PDP. Several other political parties have sprung up within this period as alphabetically arranged below and Omuma has been actively involved in them: • Advanced Congress of Democrats (ACD) • Alliance for Democracy (AD) • Action Democratic Party (ADP) • All Democratic Peoples Movement (ADPM) • All Progressives Congress (APC)", "id": "2613408" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Spain)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (, PDP), renamed as Christian Democracy (, DC) from March 1988 until it merged into the People's Party in June 1989, was a Christian-democratic political party in Spain. In August 1982, 13 deputies under the leadership of Óscar Alzaga split from the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) and founded the PDP, entering into alliance with the People's Alliance (AP), which received the second largest number of votes in the 1982 and 1986 general elections. The", "id": "19996228" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Malaysia)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (Malay: Parti Demokratik Progresif, Abbreviation: PDP), formerly known as Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party (SPDP) is a Sarawak based political party in Malaysia founded in 2002. The party was founded in the wake of the de-registration of the Sarawak National Party (SNAP) in November 2002 by a faction aligned to the Chief Minister of Sarawak, Abdul Taib Mahmud, led by William Mawan Ikom. The party has rebrand that using a new name - Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and a", "id": "13136566" }, { "contents": "Tunisia\n\n\n, including several that existed under the former regime. During the rule of Ben Ali, only three functioned as independent opposition parties: the PDP, FDTL, and Tajdid. While some older parties are well-established and can draw on previous party structures, many of the 100-plus parties extant as of February 2012 are small. Rare for the Arab world, women held more than 20% of seats in the country's pre-revolution bicameral parliament. In the 2011 constituent assembly, women held between 24% and 31%", "id": "11279313" }, { "contents": "Liberal Party (Spain, 1976)\n\n\nThe Liberal Party (, PL) was a liberal political party in Spain. It was part of the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) until 1983, when it aligned itself with the People's Alliance (AP), the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL). On 22 December 1984 the latter merged into the Liberal Party. These three parties formed the People's Coalition for the 1986 election. In 1989 the party, along with AP and PDP, merged to form the", "id": "19996525" }, { "contents": "New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)\n\n\nto boycott that plebiscite. Main party founder, president, and former statehood Republican Party standard-bearer Luis A. Ferré categorized the New Progressive Party as one which would not be aligned to any of the two major U.S. national parties. Co-founders of the NPP alongside Luis A. Ferre were Manuel F. Alsina Capo, attorney Nelson Escalona, and Benny Frankie Cerezo. Under Luis A. Ferré, the NPP came to power in January 1969, after defeating Luis Negrón López, the gubernatorial candidate from the Popular Democratic Party (PDP)", "id": "21721596" }, { "contents": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Mali)\n\n\nThe Party for Democracy and Progress (, PDP) is a political party in Mali led by Mady Konaté. The party was established in 1991, and officially registered on 25 April that year. It party received 5.1% of the vote in the February 1992 parliamentary elections, winning two seats. In the April 1992 presidential elections it nominated Idrissa Traoré as its candidate. Traoré finished fifth out of nine candidates with 7.1%^ of the vote. The local elections in the same year saw the party win 40 of the 751 seats across", "id": "19282171" }, { "contents": "Samaila Suleiman\n\n\n-2008, Energy Commission of Nigeria in 2009-2010 and later resigned to join politics. Suleiman was first elected into the public office as a local government chairman from Kaduna North in Kaduna State under the defunct Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) in 2008. He was the only politician to have won local government election under the CPC having shared the same constituency with the then vice president of Nigeria from the then ruling party People's Democratic Party (PDP). In 2015, Suleiman was first elected into the Lower Chamber", "id": "6113494" }, { "contents": "Party for Democratic Prosperity\n\n\nFor example, the party leadership criticized the 1991 Census for allegedly underreporting the percentage of the population that was Albanian from 40% to only 21%. Also, the PDP deputies voted against adopting the constitution due to its lack of protection for minorities. From the 1998 elections onwards PDP is in opposition and since then the support for the PDP has eroded considerably. At the 2002 legislative elections, the party won 2.3% of the popular vote and 2 out of 120 seats. At the 2011 legislative elections, the party won", "id": "5710802" }, { "contents": "2008 Angolan legislative election\n\n\nDemocratic Party (PLD), Party of the Alliance of Youth, Workers and Farmers of Angola (PAJOCA), Party for Democratic Support and Progress of Angola (PADEPA), the Democratic Party for Progress - Angolan National Alliance (PDP-ANA), the Front for Democracy (FpD) and four coalitions: the Democratic Angola – Coalition (AD), New Democracy Electoral Union (ND), the Electoral Political Platform (PPE) and the Angolan Fraternal Forum Coalition (FOFAC). The Angolan Democratic Party (PDA", "id": "533048" }, { "contents": "Party for Democratic Prosperity\n\n\nThe Party for Democratic Prosperity or PDP () is an ethnic Albanian political party in North Macedonia. The party was formed in April 1990 and is currently led by Abdyladi Vejseli. From 1992 to 1998 the PDP was part of the coalition governments led by the SDSM. After the split of the radical wing from the party in February 1994, PDP was generally considered to be moderate party that could cooperate with Macedonian parties, although sometimes frictions between the PDP and the other government parties arose as a consequence of the ethnic questions.", "id": "5710801" }, { "contents": "Politics of Gibraltar\n\n\n. A new party, New Gibraltar Democracy, announced it would contest the next election. NGD claimed that the two main parties were \"Out of touch with people's expectations and make up for their lack of ideas through Orwellian style propaganda.\" At the 2007 election one candidate, Charles Gomez, stood for election for the party. It achieved under 1% of the vote and has subsequently ceased any activity. In June 2006 the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was formed and announced it would be presenting a full slate", "id": "11739411" }, { "contents": "Tunisian people\n\n\nto an end 23 years latter on January 14, 2011, in the events of the Tunisian Revolution, following nationwide demonstrations precipitated by high unemployment, food inflation, corruption, a lack of political freedoms like freedom of speech and poor living conditions. Following the overthrow of Ben Ali, Tunisians elected a Constituent Assembly to draft a new constitution, and an interim government known as the Troika because it was a coalition of three parties; the Islamist Ennahda Movement in the lead, with the centre-left Congress for the Republic and", "id": "21785336" }, { "contents": "Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle\n\n\nIn the aftermath of \"Mt. Healthy\",\" wrote Sandra Lynch for the First Circuit in 2004, \"confusion still sometimes arises about the issue of causation.\" She was writing in one of several cases it heard in the mid-2000s arising from alleged political retaliation in Puerto Rico, where members of the New Progressive Party (NPP) brought suit claiming that members of the rival Popular Democratic Party (PDP) had improperly forced them out of government jobs after the PDP defeated the incumbent NPP in the commonwealth's 2000 elections.", "id": "17963178" }, { "contents": "Great Ogboru\n\n\n2003. In the 2007 election, Great Ogboru contested for governorship under the flag of the Democracy People Party (DPP) against Emmanuel Uduaghan of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) and lost to Emmanuel Uduagha again in 2011 election though he contested under the umbrella of Labour Party In the 2015 Delta State governorship election, Great Ogboru contested for governorship under the umbrella of All Progressive Congress (APC). He was defeated by Ifeanyi Okowa of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) . In the 2019 governorship election of Delta State,", "id": "278732" }, { "contents": "1983 Murcian regional election\n\n\nelectoral alliance led by the right-wing People's Alliance (AP), which included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), became the second political force and the main opposition party, whereas the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) also entered the Assembly, obtaining 1 seat. As a result of the election, Socialist Andrés Hernández Ros, who since 1979 had been the President of the Regional Council of Murcia (the pre-autonomic regional government), became the first democratically", "id": "19967050" }, { "contents": "Emmanuel Nnamdi Uba\n\n\nEmmanuel Nnamdi Uba, or Andy Uba (born 14 December 1958), is a Nigerian politician who was elected Senator for the Anambra South constituency of Anambra State, Nigeria, in April 2011. He ran on the People's Democratic Party (PDP) platform. He defected to the ruling All Progressives Congress in February 2017; the leadership crises engulfing the former ruling party PDP may have motivated his decision. Uba was born on 14 December 1958 in Enugu, and attended the Boys High School in Awkunanaw. His parents originated from", "id": "17515892" }, { "contents": "Islam and secularism\n\n\ndictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collapsed in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian revolution, Tunisia's interim government granted the group permission to form a political party. Since then it has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, 2011, the first honest election in the country's history with a turn out of 51.1% of all eligible voters, the party won 37.04% of the popular vote and 89 (41%)", "id": "18330475" }, { "contents": "United Progressive Alliance\n\n\nthe Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party announced the withdrawal of the PDP from the UPA given that the Congress had decided to support the Omar Abdullah-led National Conference Government in Jammu & Kashmir after the 2008 state elections. On 26 March 2009, PMK declared that it would join the AIADMK led front and withdrew from the UPA and the party president declared that two union ministers of his party will resign shortly. On 12 November 2012, Barrister Asaduddin Owaisi, leader of the AIMIM announced the decision of the party's executive and", "id": "8764699" }, { "contents": "Umaru Tanko Al-Makura\n\n\nfounding member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) in Nasarawa State in 1998. Al-Makura defected from the PDP after losing the primary elections for the Nasarawa Governor competition. Al-Makura was elected Governor of Nasarawa State, Nigeria on 26 April 2011, running on the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) ticket. He defeated the incumbent governor, Aliyu Akwe-Doma of the PDP. On 14 July 2014 the Speaker of the Nasarawa State House of Assembly gave a notice of impeachment to the Clerk of the", "id": "7102114" }, { "contents": "2013 Gibraltar by-election\n\n\nThe Gibraltar by-election, 2013 was a parliamentary by-election held on 4 July 2013 for the Gibraltar Parliament. The by-election was to contest the seat left vacant by the death of Government of Gibraltar Housing Minister Charles Bruzon in April 2013. The Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP), Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and an independent contested the by-election. The Liberal Party of Gibraltar who is in alliance and in Government with the GSLP backed the GSLP's candidate", "id": "8509407" }, { "contents": "Politics of Tajikistan\n\n\nThree major opposition parties—the Democratic Party, the Islamic Renaissance Party, and the Social Democratic Party—boycotted the election. In the early 2000s, independent political parties continued to exist, but their operations were circumscribed and their influence marginal. The governing People’s Democratic Party (PDP) gained strength as some opposition party leaders joined the government and others were disqualified from participation in elections. The Communist Party of Tajikistan, a nominal opposition party that has supported President Rahmon on most issues, has lost support since 2000. The", "id": "11083170" }, { "contents": "Dapo Abiodun\n\n\nis also reportedly the founder of First Power Limited. Dapo Abiodun is a founding member of Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) in Ogun State, although he is currently a member of the All Progressive Congress (APC) defecting after the 2015 general elections. He contested the Ogun East senatorial seat on the platform of the All Progressive Congress(APC) in the 2015 Nigerian general elections which he lost to the Peoples Democratic Party(PDP) candidate . He was elected a senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria on the platform of the defunct United Nigeria", "id": "1139922" }, { "contents": "1983 Riojan regional election\n\n\n. The People's Coalition, an electoral alliance led by the People's Alliance (AP), which also included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), emerged as the second largest grouping in the General Deputation, while the newly created regionalist Progressive Riojan Party (PRP) came third. Neither the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) or the Democratic and Social Centre (CDS), the only other parties standing in the election, were able to meet the electoral threshold and failed", "id": "18176961" }, { "contents": "Trinity—Spadina\n\n\nwas expected to be a very competitive election. Additionally, Conservative David Watters, Green Anna Costa, Progressive Canadian Party Asif Hossain, Canadian Action Party Tristan Downe-Dewdney and Daniel Knezetic for the Popular Democratic Party contested the election. The Popular Democratic Party was a social democratic and populist political party formed in 2003. It did not register as a political party with Elections Canada, and closed down after the 2004 election. The PDP proposed decentralization and community involvement in the political process through the creation of community councils to which any", "id": "8027884" }, { "contents": "Galician Coalition\n\n\nin the Congreso de los Diputados since the Second Republic. In January 1987 the most nationalist and progressive sectors of CG, led by Pablo González Mariñas and Xosé Henrique Rodríguez Peña, left the party and formed the Galician Nationalist Party (which would eventually join the Galician Nationalist Bloc). To attend the 1987 municipal elections CG formed the Galician Progressive Coalition, with the Democratic Popular Party (PDP) and the Liberal Party, gaining the 11.07% of the vote and 607 councilors. Following the departure of Xosé Luís Barreiro of the", "id": "602391" }, { "contents": "2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election\n\n\nthe delay, all major parties approved of it, even the Ennahda Movement; other parties approving the new election date included the Progressive Democratic Party, Ettajdid Movement, Al Majd, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the Social Liberal Party. In September, the government of Canada declared that it would not allow Tunisia to open polling stations in its territory because it refused to be included in another country's electoral constituency. Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird called the issue \"a matter of Canadian sovereignty\". In response to Canada", "id": "14450727" }, { "contents": "Democratic Modernist Pole\n\n\nin all the 33 constituencies at home and abroad. Sixteen women and 17 men will be chief candidates. Riadh Ben Fadl and Mustapha Ben Ahmed, are the founders of the group. Ahmed Ibrahim is a leader in the bloc. The bloc won 5 of the 217 seats and 4.91% of the vote in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election. Three of the parties in the coalition: the Republican Party, the Socialist Left Party and the Social Democratic Path) became part of another coalition called the Union for Tunisia in 2013", "id": "19583402" }, { "contents": "Abdulmumin Jibrin\n\n\nof Commerce (NBCC) between 2010 – 2011. Jibrin was first elected into the Nigerian National Assembly's House of Representatives representing Kiru/Bebeji Federal constituency of Kano State under the Peoples Democratic Party - PDP in 2011 before decamping to the newly formed political party in Nigeria, the All Progressives Congress (APC) in 2014 and was later re-elected into House of Representatives in 2015. Jibrin was the Chairman House of Representatives Committee on Finance in the 7th Assembly with oversight on the Federal Ministry of Finance and its Parastatals,", "id": "18363893" }, { "contents": "Rashidi Adewolu Ladoja\n\n\n2009, a former aide testified on the way on which the share money had been divided between Ladoja's family, bodyguard, senior politicians and lawyers. Ladoja was the governorship candidate for Accord party in Oyo State during the April 2011 and 2015 elections, he lost to Senator Abiola Ajimobi. He later merged his Accord Party into PDP in 2017. Dispute in PDP made him and other allies (from Labour Party, All Progressives Congress APC etc.) to move over African Democratic Congress (ADC) in 2018. After a", "id": "21855065" }, { "contents": "Mohammed Badaru Abubakar\n\n\nAll Progressives Congress in 2015 along with PDP contender Mal. Aminu Ibrahim Ringim. The Independent National Electoral Commission on 13 April 2015 declared him the winner of that election. On 9 March 2019 Jigawa state gubernatorial election, Badaru was re-elected has governor having polled a total of 810,933 votes, the candidate of the Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, Aminu Ibrahim Ringim scored 288,356 while the candidate of the Social Democratic Party, SDP, Bashir Adamu Jumbo scored 32,894 votes, thereby making him the winner of the election. In recognition", "id": "20149723" }, { "contents": "Popular Democratic Party (France)\n\n\nthe PDP prior to the 1924 legislative election. Established by Congress on 15 and 16 November 1924, under the chairmanship of George Thibout and involving 200 delegates, the PDP supported the desire to achieve \"a task in bringing reconciliation around the idea of Republicanism\" by the definition of \"new Republican faith\" The Popular Democrats advocated that religion was not and should not be a line between right and left. However, the PDP oriented itself to the centre-right in direct competition to the Republican Federation, the party from which", "id": "22044943" }, { "contents": "Socialism in Tunisia\n\n\nthe Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties (Ettakatol or FDTL) was founded and officially recognized on 25 October 2002. Is a social democratic and secularist political party in Tunisia. Its founder and Secretary-General is the radiologist Mustapha Ben Jafar. Active from 1993 to 2012, the Ettajdid Movement (\"Movement for Renewal\") was a centre-left secularist, democratic socialist and social liberal political party in Tunisia. It was led by Ahmed Ibrahim. For the Constituent assembly election, Ettajdid formed a strongly secularist alliance called Democratic", "id": "5642583" }, { "contents": "Wafa Movement\n\n\nThe Wafa Movement (), sometimes referred to as the Independent Democratic Congress, is a political party in Tunisia. The party was founded in 2012 by a number of constituents who broke away from the Congress for the Republic (CPR). Led by the short-time CPR secretary-general Abderraouf Ayadi, the party however remained loosely allied with the governing Troika coalition of Ennahda, CPR and Ettakatol. Generally seen as a secular, left-leaning party, the Wafa Movement reached out to Islamists on the grounds of seeking", "id": "13260598" }, { "contents": "Abdulkareem Adisa\n\n\nPeople's Democratic Party (PDP) in Kwara State. One PDP group suspended the Minister of State for Women Affairs, Miss Funke Adedoyin, but another group of PDP elders, led by Adisa, voided Adedoyin’s suspension. Adisa also became vice-chairman of the Kwara Progressive Movement (KPM). Abdulkareem Adisa was leader of a movement to elect General Ibrahim Babangida as president in 2007. He published an attack on the National Democratic Coalition (NADECO) in \"The Guardian\" of 28 April 2004, warning the group", "id": "1146576" }, { "contents": "Nidaa Tounes\n\n\n\"founder\" Habib Bourguiba). In addition, the party has the support of many members of the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT) and the national employers' union, UTICA. They believe that Tunisia's secular forces have to unite to counter the dominance of the Islamist Ennahda Movement. From its foundation until July 2013, 11 members of the Constituent Assembly joined the party by defecting from various other parties. On 11 February 2013, the Republican Party joined Nidaa Tounes and four other parties in a political alliance called Union", "id": "4542216" }, { "contents": "Gibraltar\n\n\nrepresented by the Governor of Gibraltar. The governor enacts day-to-day matters on the advice of the Gibraltar Parliament, but is responsible to the British government in respect of defence, foreign policy, internal security and general good governance. Judicial and other appointments are made on behalf of the monarch in consultation with the head of the elected government. The 2011 election was contested by the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)-Gibraltar Liberal Party (GLP) Alliance and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP", "id": "7263743" }, { "contents": "Adamu Sidi Ali\n\n\nballots had not been included in the count.In turn, the PDP appealed the decision to nullify the election of their candidate, who had died two months after the election, saying the election should be a re-run due to his death. Their appeal was rejected. Later, Sidi Ali changed allegiance to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). During a PDP campaign flag-off meeting before the April 2007 elections, he advised political opponents not to use thugs to destabilize the elections. Sidi Ali became senator for", "id": "13302889" }, { "contents": "Ahmed Tijani Ahmed\n\n\nAhmed Tijani Ahmed (December 17, 1941 – June 10, 2006) was a Nigerian politician who was Senator for the Kogi Central constituency in Kogi State from 1999 to 2003 as a member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP). When Kogi State was created in 1991, Ahmed Tijani Ahmed joined a group of liberal progressive politicians in the Social Democratic Party (SDP) that created an agreement on power sharing among the different peoples of the state. However, they lost the December 1991 governorship election to the National Republican", "id": "14754363" }, { "contents": "Abdulmumin Jibrin\n\n\nthe members of the House of Representatives that led the first set of 37 Legislators that decamped from the ruling People's Democratic Party (PDP) to the main opposition party, All Progressive Party (APC). In March 2015, Abdulmumin contested and got re-elected to the House of Representatives by the people of his constituency Kiru/Bebeji Kano state, Nigeria. As Chairman Appropriation, Jibrin has oversight function over the Budget office and national budget, the appropriation of funds for execution of government programmes and projects. He also", "id": "18363903" }, { "contents": "Godswill Akpabio\n\n\nSenatorial District to represent the district in the Senate of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Running under the platform of the People’s Democratic Party (PDP), he polled 422,009 of the 439,449 to defeat Chief Inibehe Okorie of the All Progressive Congress (APC) who recorded 15, 152 votes to be declared elected by the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). Akpabio was nominated for the position of the Senate Minority Leader by the South-South caucus of the People's Democratic Party (PDP), ratified by the caucus", "id": "19678208" }, { "contents": "1970 Montserratian general election\n\n\nGeneral elections were held in Montserrat on 15 December 1970. The result was a victory for the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), which won all seven seats in the Legislative Council, whilst the Montserrat Labour Party (MLP), which had won every election since the introduction of universal suffrage in 1951, lost all four of its seats. PDP leader Percival Austin Bramble became Chief Minister, replacing his father and MLP leader, William Henry Bramble. Universal suffrage was introduced in Montserrat in 1951, and the first elections under it", "id": "6935944" }, { "contents": "Atiku Abubakar\n\n\nProgressives Congress (APC), a party he helped to form. On 3 December 2017, via a Facebook Live broadcast, Abubakar announced his return to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). The announcement followed consultations the former Vice President had with party leaders and stakeholders from across the country. He said he decided to 'return home' to the PDP now that the issues which made him leave the party had been resolved. Abubakar declared his candidacy for the presidential nomination of the PDP mid 2018 and won the nomination at", "id": "10683389" }, { "contents": "Luis A. Ferré\n\n\nProgressive Party (a.k.a., PNP). In the following general election in 1968, Ferré ran for Governor and defeated Luis Negrón López, the candidate of the Popular Democratic Party (PPD) by a slight margin. The ruling party had split with the creation of the People's Party, which ran incumbent PDP-elected Governor Roberto Sánchez Vilella as its gubernatorial candidate, ending Luis Muñoz Marín's PPD's hold on the governor's seat, which had lasted 20 years. During Ferré's administration, Puerto Rico was in", "id": "11079059" }, { "contents": "1994–1995 Uzbek parliamentary election\n\n\nParliamentary elections were held in Uzbekistan on 25 December 1994, with a second round held in 39 constituencies on 8 January 1995 and seven constituencies on 22 January. The election was contested by 634 candidates, 250 nominated by local councils, 243 members of the People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan, and 141 Progress Party of the Fatherland members. The majority of seats were won by local council nominees (around 120 of which were PDP members), whilst the People's Democratic Party emerged as the largest party. Voter turnout was 93.6", "id": "15227647" }, { "contents": "1983 Madrilenian regional election\n\n\nthe PSOE won 51 seats. The People's Coalition, an electoral alliance led by the People's Alliance (AP), which also included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), emerged as the second largest grouping in the Assembly. The Communist Party of Spain was the only other party to win seats in the Assembly. In 1986, the party joined with other left-wing movements to form the current United Left. The Assembly of Madrid was the devolved, unicameral legislature of", "id": "3098844" } ]

[ { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nby Ahmed Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi. On 9 April 2012, it merged into the Republican Party. The Progressive Democratic Party had a newspaper, \"Al-Mawqif\". In its beginnings, the Progressive Socialist Rally (now PDP) gathered a broad range of currents from Marxists and pro-democracy activists to progressive Muslims. During the Ben Ali rule, Najib Chebbi and the PDP were harassed by the police for years, and verbally attacked by state-run media. After unsuccessfully participating in elections from 1989 to 1999", "id": "16419721" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\n, the party decided to boycott the elections of 2004 and 2009. Therefore, it was unrepresented in the Tunisian parliament. After the Ben Ali administration announced to force the party to move their headquarters from Tunis, its leaders Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi engaged in a 20-days hunger strike, which earned the party attention and prompted the administration to revoke their decision. Following the 2010–2011 Tunisian protests, shootings outside PDP's headquarters were reported on 16 January 2011. The next day, on 17 January, party leader Najib Chebbi, was", "id": "16419722" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nnamed Regional Development Minister in the interim government. Ahead of the Constituent Assembly election, the PDP evolved into a main exponent of the centre-left secular camp and rival of the Islamist Ennahda Movement. In the run-up to the elections, the Progressive Democrats have received quite an amount of financial support which enabled the party for a lavish campaign. Critics claim that an important part of the funding came from businesspeople close to the old Ben Ali power elite. In the election for a constituent assembly, the PDP won 3.9", "id": "16419723" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\n) was founded under the name of \"Progressive Socialist Rally\", and gained legal recognition on 12 September 1988. It was secular and liberal party. The party was renamed as Progressive Democratic Party in 2001. Under the rule of Ben Ali it was a legal opposition party, but subjected to political repression. After the Tunisian revolution it was one of the major left-leaning secular political forces. It was led by Ahmed Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi. On 9 April 2012, it merged into the Republican Party. Maya", "id": "5642552" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\n% of the popular vote and 16 of 217 seats in the National Constituent Assembly, putting it at the fifth place. As the party had categorically ruled out any collaboration with the victorious Islamist Ennahda Movement, the Progressive Democrats went into opposition and belong to the outspoken critics of the governing coalition of the Islamists with the secular CPR and Ettakatol parties. After the electoral defeat, the PDP launched talks with other secularist and liberal parties to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was realised on the PDP's", "id": "16419724" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (, \"; ), also referred to by its acronym PDP, was a secular liberal political party in Tunisia. The Progressive Democratic Party was founded under the name of \"Progressive Socialist Rally\" in 1983, gained legal recognition on 12 September 1988 and was renamed Progressive Democratic Party in 2001. Under the rule of Ben Ali it was a legal opposition party, but subjected to political repression. After the Tunisian revolution it was one of the major left-leaning secular political forces. It was led", "id": "16419720" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nSecretary-General of the PDP. She has been the first woman to lead a political party in Tunisia. From 1 to 20 October 2007, Jribi, along with Najib Chebbi, engaged in a hunger strike to protest against the forced move of the party's headquarters from Tunis, which caused serious health implications for her. Jribi headed the PDP’s electoral list in Ben Arous for the Constituent Assembly Elections in October 2011. The PDP list received one seat in Ben Arous according to preliminary election results. On 9 April 2012", "id": "632088" }, { "contents": "Republican Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nThe Republican Party ( \"\", ) is a centrist liberal party in Tunisia. It was formed on 9 April 2012 as a merger of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Afek Tounes and the Tunisian Republican Party, several minor parties and independents. The party is led by Maya Jribi who was previously the secretary-general of the PDP. The party held 11 out of 217 seats and was the largest oppositional party in the National Constituent Assembly of Tunisia. The party withdrew from the Union for Tunisia coalition, though", "id": "15161288" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nDuring that period, she became involved and an active member of the student union, known as UGET, and the Tunisian League of Human Rights. She wrote for the independent weekly Erraï and later for the PDP-newspaper Al Mawkif. Together with Ahmed Najib Chebbi, Maya Jribi co-founded the \"Progressive Socialist Rally\", established in 1983, which was later renamed into Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). Since 1986 she has been a member of the party's executive. On 25 December 2006, Jribi was appointed", "id": "632087" }, { "contents": "Ahmed Najib Chebbi\n\n\nAhmed Najib Chebbi (, ) or simply Najib Chebbi (born 30 July 1944) is a Tunisian attorney and politician. Chebbi is a prominent figure of the Tunisian opposition movement; in 1983, he founded the Democratic Progressive Party, which gained legal recognition in 1988. He is currently the leader of the Democratic Progressive Party. In 2006, Maya Jribi became the party's secretary-general, the first woman to hold such office in Tunisia. In 2009 Chebbi attempted to run as a candidate for President of Tunisia but was", "id": "1109530" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nof investigative journalism, unconditional and free access to information, open government, anti-censorship of all kinds, among others. On 9 April 2012, the Republican Party was formed as a merger of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Afek Tounes and the Tunisian Republican Party, several minor parties and independents. The party is centrist and liberal, it's led by Maya Jribi who was previously the secretary-general of the PDP. The party held 11 out of 217 seats and was the largest oppositional party in the", "id": "5642564" }, { "contents": "Tunisian Revolution\n\n\nand Ahmed Najib Chebbi of the PDP), three representatives from the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT), and representatives of civil society (including prominent blogger Slim Amamou). Three notable movements not included in the national unity government were the banned Ennahda Movement, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the secular reformist Congress for the Republic. The following day, the three members of the UGTT and Ben Jafaar resigned, saying that they had \"no confidence\" in a government featuring members of the RCD. There were daily", "id": "18746070" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nparty in Tunisia. Its program is liberal, focusing on secularism and civil liberties. The party mainly appealed to intellectuals and the upper class. After underperforming in the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, Afek Tounes joined talks with other secularist and liberal parties, especially the Progressive Democratic Party to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was completed on 9 April 2012. The new party is called the Republican Party. In August 2013, Yassine Brahim, current leader of the party, and other former party members left", "id": "5642562" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nMaya Jribi (January 29, 1960 – May 19, 2018) was a Tunisian politician. From 2006 to 2012, she was the leader of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). From PDP's merger into the Republican Party in April 2012, until her resignation in 2017, she was the Secretary-General of the centrist party. Her father is from Tatouine, while her mother is from Algeria. She followed her studies in Radès Tunisia, before studying biology at the University of Sfax, from 1979 to 1983.", "id": "632086" }, { "contents": "Secularism in Tunisia\n\n\nTunisian Constitution of 2014 following a considerable debate between Islamic and secular political groups and movements. On 1 March 2011, after the secularist dictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collapsed in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian revolution, Tunisia's interim government granted the \"Ennahda\", a moderate Islamist movement in Tunisia, permission to form a political party. Since then, the Ennahda Islamic Party has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election", "id": "19596325" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nNational Constituent Assembly of Tunisia. The party withdrew from the Union for Tunisia coalition, though it is still part of the National Salvation Front. After the founding congress, nine assemblymen elected for the PDP contested the leadership vote and temporarily suspended their party membership. Those 9 members became part of the Democratic Alliance Party. After being founded in 2012, Nidaa Tounes (Call of Tunisia) won a plurality of seats in the October 2014 parliamentary election. It's a big tent secularist political party in Tunisia. The party's founding", "id": "5642565" }, { "contents": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Burkina Faso)\n\n\nThe Party for Democracy and Progress () was a political party in Burkina Faso (former Upper Volta. It was founded in April 1994 after a split in the National Convention of Progressive Patriots–Social Democratic Party in May 1993. It merged in February 1996 with the Union of the Democratic Left and the Party of Social Progress. After merger with the Burkinabè Socialist Party the PDP became the Party for Democracy and Progress / Socialist Party. At the legislative elections in 1997 the party won 10.1% of the popular vote and 6", "id": "19404846" }, { "contents": "Popular Front (Tunisia)\n\n\nof the Iraqi branch of Ba'ath Party, and other progressive parties. The number of parties involved in the coalition has since decreased to nine. Approximately 15,000 people attended the coalition's first meeting in Tunis. The Tunisian Revolution in 2011 saw the departure of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the dissolution of his party, the Democratic Constitutional Rally, and the holding of fresh elections for the creation of a new constitution. This saw the Tunisian political scene dominated by the Islamist Ennahda Movement, and its allies the Democratic Forum for", "id": "8081870" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Gibraltar)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was a liberal conservative political party from Gibraltar. The party was the third political party and the only party to sit on the centre-right in Gibraltar. Despite poor election results, it garnered growing support from the public and was seen as the 'alternative opposition'. The PDP was the only party campaigning for \"a Gibraltar freely associated to the United Kingdom\" and envisaged \"a journey through the recognition of our right to independence\". The party was also the only political party", "id": "16416540" }, { "contents": "Democratic Party of Progress\n\n\nThe Democratic Party of Progress (, PDP) is a political party in Guinea-Bissau. The PDP was established on 10 February 1992 by Amin Michel Saad. It joined the Union for Change (UM) alliance prior to the 1994 general elections, and Saad became the UM's leader. The UM won six seats in the National People's Assembly, of which the PDP (though Saad) took one. The UM was reduced to three seats in the 1999–2000 general elections, and lost them all in the 2004 parliamentary", "id": "17399816" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nHe was the Ettajdid Movement's candidate for President of Tunisia in the 2009 presidential election. Brahim was in favor of the emergence of a \"democratic modern and \"secular\" [laicist] state\" not connected with Islamists. According to Brahim, this would require \"radical\" reform of the electoral system, which would improve the political climate in guaranteeing freedom of assembly and a large scale independent press, as well as repealing a law that regulated public discourse of electoral candidates. In 1983, the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP", "id": "5642551" }, { "contents": "Sarawak State Legislative Assembly\n\n\ngovernment with a majority of 72 seats out of 82. There were several candidates from breakaway parties such as TERAS and UPP that had their members contest seats under the Barisan banner as direct election candidates under a deal by Adenan Satem after their parties were prevented from joining Barisan after opposition from parties such as PDP and SUPP. On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties including Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party", "id": "17954676" }, { "contents": "2015 Nigerian general election\n\n\nPeople's Democratic Party (PDP) primaries on 10 December 2014, receiving the nomination of the party. However, this was against an unwritten rule that the PDP's presidential candidacy should alternate between Muslim northerners and Christian southerners, and opposition to Jonathan's candidacy had led to the defection of dozens of PDP MPs in the House of Representatives. Prior to the elections, the All Progressives Congress was formed as an alliance of four opposition parties, the Action Congress of Nigeria, the Congress for Progressive Change, the All Nigeria Peoples", "id": "18172183" }, { "contents": "Civic Democratic Party (Hungary)\n\n\nThe Civic Democratic Party (, PDP) was a liberal political party in Hungary in the period following World War II The party was established towards the end of 1944 as a successor to the Civic Freedom Party. Part of a group of members who had belonged to now-defunct conservative parties before the war, Géza Teleki was elected as the party's first leader. The PDP won 21 seats in the National Interim Assembly elections in November 1944. However, Communist opposition to Teleki led to him losing his place in the Cabinet", "id": "16990101" }, { "contents": "Afek Tounes\n\n\nAfek Tounes won 4 seats for the constitutive assembly. The party was rattled on 3 November 2011 though by the resignation of several key founding members such as its spokesperson Emna Mnif, its general secretary Mustapha Mezghani, Sami Zaoui, Hela Hababou and another 13 members. After underperforming in the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, Afek Tounes joined talks with other secularist and liberal parties, especially the Progressive Democratic Party to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was completed on 9 April 2012. The new party is called", "id": "1405509" }, { "contents": "Ali Lankoandé\n\n\nAli Lankoandé (10 November 1930 – 28 May 2014) is a Burkinabé politician from Burkina Faso. He was President of the Party for Democracy and Progress/Socialist Party (PDP/PS) from 2005 to 2008. Lankoandé headed the National Social Security Fund and served as a deputy in the National Assembly of Burkina Faso, as well as Minister of National Education, during the 1970s. Lankoandé was elected to succeed Joseph Ki-Zerbo as President of the PDP/PS on 5 February 2005. Running as the PDP/", "id": "21268271" }, { "contents": "Ennahda Movement\n\n\ncollapse of the government of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the Ennahdha Movement Party was formed, and in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, (the first free election in the country's history), won a plurality of 37% of the popular vote and formed a government. Uproar in the traditionally secular country over \"Islamization\" and assassinations of two secular politicians however, led to the 2013–14 Tunisian political crisis, and the party stepped down following the implementation of a new constitution in January 2014. The party came in", "id": "10814394" }, { "contents": "1991 Sint Maarten general election\n\n\nGeneral elections were held in Sint Maarten on 12 April 1991 to elect the 9 members of the Island Council. The Sint Maarten Patriotic Alliance (SPA) led by Vance James Jr. emerged as the largest party, winning 4 of the 9 seats. The SPA and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) agreed to form a coalition government. On 28 August 1991 the SPA/PDP government collapsed. PDP political leader Millicent Acuna-Lopez-de Weever said that \"fundamental philosophical differences\" with the SPA caused the coalition \"to", "id": "12703859" }, { "contents": "Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party\n\n\nin the Rajya Sabha. It was a member of the ruling United Progressive Alliance until the 2009 general election. Sayeed headed the PDP-Indian National Congress Coalition Government between October 2002 and November 2005, and he was the party's Patron until his death on 7 January 2016. The PDP is now headed by Mehbooba Mufti, Sayeed's daughter. The PDP operates on the ideology of self-rule, as distinctly different from the issues of autonomy. It believes that self-rule as a political philosophy, as opposed to", "id": "248417" }, { "contents": "Ettajdid Movement\n\n\nThe Ettajdid Movement (\"Movement for Renewal\" ; , ' ; ), also referred to simply as Ettajdid, was a centre-left secularist political party in Tunisia, active from 1993 to 2012. Ettajdid evolved out of the old Tunisian Communist Party when it abandoned its former ideology in 1993. During the Ben Ali rule it was one of the legal, although oppressed opposition parties. After the Tunisian revolution of 2011, it became part of the Democratic Modernist Pole alliance and in 2012 it merged into the Social Democratic Path", "id": "16419620" }, { "contents": "Elections in Montserrat\n\n\n(when the Council was expanded to seven seats) and 1966. The 1970 elections saw the new Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) win all seven seats. The PDP also won the 1973 elections, but was defeated in 1978 when the People's Liberation Movement (PLM) won all seven seats. The PLM went on to win the 1983 and 1987 elections. The 1991 elections were won by the National Progressive Party, which won four of the seven seats. The 1996 elections resulted in a hung parliament, with the People", "id": "4125813" }, { "contents": "2013–14 Tunisian political crisis\n\n\nafter the elections Ben Ali jailed nearly 25,000 of its activists with Ennahda militants responding by attacking the ruling party's headquarters killing one person and splashing acid on others. Following the revolution, it described itself to be a \"moderate Islamist\" party by advocating democracy and recognizing political pluralism and dialogue with the West. Its supporters back then regarded the party as an example of how a balance can be struck between modernity and Islamism while its critics viewed it as a threat to secularism in Tunisia, which was often regarded as the most", "id": "7679782" }, { "contents": "List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2013–18)\n\n\nof 72 seats out of 82. There were several candidates from breakaway parties such as TERAS and UPP that had their members contest seats under the Barisan banner as direct election candidates under a deal by Adenan Satem after their parties were prevented from joining Barisan after opposition from parties such as PDP and SUPP. On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties including Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP) officially", "id": "21866476" }, { "contents": "Mike Onoja\n\n\nParty at the 2015 general election by the All Progressives Congress, he and other politicians of the People's Democratic Party defected to the All Progressives Congress in 2016. He returned to the People's Democratic Party in the run-up to the 2019 Benue south Senatorial election. After the PDP's Senatorial Primary election in 2018, Mike Onoja again defected from the party to the Social Democratic Party after expressing his dissatisfaction with the PDP's conduct of the primary election. Mike Onoja is the Chairman/CEO of Moonsons Resources Investment International", "id": "10879880" }, { "contents": "History of modern Tunisia\n\n\n, several Islamist activists were released from prison. He also forged a national pact with the Tunisian party Harakat al-Ittijah al-Islami (Islamic Tendency Movement), which had been founded in 1981; later it changed its name to Ennahda (the Renaissance Party). He also changed the ruling party's name to the Democratic Constitutional Rally. However, Ben Ali's innovative tack did not work out well. Subsequently, An-Nahda claimed to have run strongly in the 1989 elections, giving it the appearance of being", "id": "17057122" }, { "contents": "Yassine Brahim\n\n\nof the new company, which he led into the following acquisition by U.S. based SunGard. In 2010 he turned back to Tunisia, just before the Tunisian Revolution would lead to his appointment as Minister of Transport and Equipment in the short-lived second Ghannouchi cabinet and the subsequent Essebsi cabinet. He resigned on 17 June 2011 to become general secretary of the newly founded Afek Tounes party which he led into a merger with Ahmed Najib Chebbi's Progressive Democratic Party, the Republican Party \"Al Joumhouri\". On 28 August 2013,", "id": "2666991" }, { "contents": "Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties\n\n\nup his position in the transitional government. In the Constituent Assembly election on 23 October 2011, Ettakatol won 20 of the 217 seats making it the fourth force in the Assembly. Subsequently, the FDTL came to an agreement with the two major parties, the Islamist Ennahda Movement and the secular Congress for the Republic (CPR), to share the three highest positions in state. Accordingly, Ben Jafar was voted Speaker of the Assembly on 22 November. In exchange, the Forum supported the election of CPR-leader Moncef Marzouki", "id": "2468766" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Tonga)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (PDP) is a political party in Tonga. It was formed after a split in the Human Rights and Democracy Movement. The party was founded on 8 April 2005 in 'Atenisi. Teisina Fuko was the first person elected to the party presidency at a meeting on 15 April 2005. The PDP was legally registered on July 1, 2005, being the first Tongan party to do so. The party has not won any seats to the Tonga Parliament. It is currently inactive without any candidates or", "id": "19615344" }, { "contents": "2013 Gibraltar by-election\n\n\nSocial Democrats as Opposition had initially decided not to contest the by-election considering instead a \"gentleman's agreement\" as the seat had been one of the GSLP which had become vacant under tragic circumstances. The Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) which was not represented in Parliament immediately decided it would contest the by-election seeing it as an opportunity to be represented despite its poor performance at the previous two general elections. On 30 May 2013 the PDP announced its candidature of party leader Nick Cruz. At this point the GSD", "id": "8509410" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (PDP) is a major contemporary political party in Nigeria. Its policies generally lie towards the centre-right of the political spectrum. It won every Presidential election between 1999 and 2011, and was until the 2015 elections, the governing party in the Fourth Republic although in some cases, amid a few controversial electoral circumstances. Currently, PDP controls 14 states out of 36 states in Nigeria. In 1998 the PDP in its first presidential primary election held in Jos, Plateau State, North Central Nigeria", "id": "1890377" }, { "contents": "Social Democratic Union of Macedonia\n\n\nThe Social Democratic Union of Macedonia (–СДСМ, \"Socijaldemokratski Sojuz na Makedonija\"–SDSM) is a social-democratic political party, the main centre-left political party in North Macedonia. The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia was founded on 20 April 1991 at the 11th Congress of SKM-PDP (UCM – Party for Democratic Changes). Branko Crvenkovski was elected as the party's first president. Its current leader is Zoran Zaev. The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia is a member of the Progressive Alliance and an associate affiliate of", "id": "1084636" }, { "contents": "Peoples Democratic Party (Kenya)\n\n\nThe Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) is a political party in Kenya. The PDP was established in 1992. It won a single seat in the 2007 general elections, Richard Momoima Onyonka in Kitutu Chache Constituency. In 2010 Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) MP James Omingo Magara defected to the party after the ODM did not nominate him as its candidate in the South Mugirango by-election, which was held after Magara's victory in the 2007 elections was annulled due to irregularities. However, Magara was defeated in the by-", "id": "19016018" }, { "contents": "Dickson Tarkighir\n\n\nat the polls in the 2015 general elections and won the seat to represent the people of Makurdi/Guma Federal Constituency in the House of Representatives, Abuja. On Tuesday, 24 July 2018, Tarkighir was among 37 members of the House of Representatives who defected from the ruling All Progressives Congress (APC) to other political parties. He defected to the People's Democratic Party (PDP), a party he had previously defected from. However, On Tuesday, 22 January 2019, Tarkighir announced his return to the All Progressives", "id": "8861699" }, { "contents": "Guillermo Irizarry\n\n\ngovernor abandoned the party that elected him, the Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico (PDP), and joined a newly founded party, the People's Party, which nominated him for an unsuccessful reelection bid. In November of that year, the PDP suffered its first defeat with the election of the New Progressive Party's Luis A. Ferré. As a result, Secretary Irizarry presided over the first transition between elected governors of different parties. From 1973 to 1977, during the administration of Governor Rafael Hernández Colón, Irizarry served again", "id": "1916365" }, { "contents": "1931 Argentine general election\n\n\nJulio Roca as his running mate; Roca, the son of the late PAN leader, Julio A. Roca, had led the Democratic Party of Córdoba. The Democratic Progressive Party (PDP), known for its anti-corruption platform, nominated Senator Lisandro de la Torre, who also earned the endorsement of the Socialist Party of Argentina, a party in search of leadership following the passing of Juan B. Justo, in 1928. The alliance alienated conservatives in the PDP, however, who instead endorsed the aging Francisco A. Barroetaveña,", "id": "14281535" }, { "contents": "Jebali Cabinet\n\n\nThe first cabinet of Tunisian Head of Government Hamadi Jebali was presented on 20 December 2011. Jebali has been appointed by interim President Moncef Marzouki, who had been elected by the National Constituent Assembly, a body constituted to draft a new constitution after the Tunisian Revolution and the fall of former President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in Spring 2011. It took office on 24 December 2011. The three parties in the \"Troika\" coalition are the Islamist Ennahda Movement, the centre-left secularist Congress for the Republic (CPR),", "id": "5725136" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Montserrat)\n\n\nwere the first occasion on which the MLP had faced serious opposition, and saw the PDP win all seven seats, leaving the MLP without parliamentary representation. Percival Austin Bramble became Chief Minister. The PDP subsequently won five of the seven seats in the 1973 elections, but were defeated in the 1978 elections, when the People's Liberation Movement formed by former PDP minister John Osborne won all seven seats. The PDP contested the 1983 elections, winning two seats in the Legislative Council. It was reduced to one seat in the 1987", "id": "6998615" }, { "contents": "1987 European Parliament election in Spain\n\n\na European-wide election was due in 1989, elected MEPs only served for the remainder of the European Parliament term. The ruling Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) designated former Foreign Affairs Minister Fernando Morán to lead their campaign. The main opposition People's Alliance party (AP), running on its own after the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and Liberal Party (PL) broke away from the People's Coalition, chose Manuel Fraga—who had resigned as party leader in December 1986—to lead the party list", "id": "7968065" }, { "contents": "2011 Gibraltar general election\n\n\ngave the GSLP an advantage of up to 9% over the governing party, the GSD, while one (that of the Spanish newspaper \"Area\", which published no details and was widely thought to be politically motivated) predicted a GSD win. Two parties, the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD) and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), and an alliance (Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)/Liberals) have presented a full slate of 10 candidates each, making a total of 30 candidates for 17 seats in the Gibraltar", "id": "19578144" }, { "contents": "Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance\n\n\nThe Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance (\"Partido Democrático para o Progresso – Aliança Nacional Angolana\") is a political party in Angola. The party was founded in Luanda, March 17, 1991. It was led by Mfulumpinga Landu Victor, a former National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) cadre and Member of Parliament for the PDP-ANA, until he was shot dead outside the party office in 2004. It is now led by Francisco Lele. In the 2008 legislative elections, it gained 0.51%", "id": "17803317" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Montserrat)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was a political party in Montserrat. The party was established in 1970 by Percival Austin Bramble, son of Chief Minister and leader of the Montserrat Labour Party (MLP) William Henry Bramble. Percival had previously been a member of the MLP and was elected to the Legislative Council as an MLP candidate in the 1966 elections. However, he subsequently broke away to form the PDP as a result of controversy over the number of holiday and retirement homes being built on the island. The 1970 elections", "id": "6998614" }, { "contents": "Party of Democratic Progress\n\n\nThe Party of Democratic Progress () is a Serbian political party in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the third-largest party in Republika Srpska. PDP was established in Banja Luka on 26 September 1999. During the founding assembly, Mladen Ivanić was elected as the president of the party, while Branko Dokić and Zoran Đerić were elected as vice presidents. The party is an observer member of the European People's Party (EPP) and International Democrat Union (IDU). In terms of bilateral cooperation with other European parties,", "id": "19626107" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (, O'zXDP or PDP) is a centre-left political party in Uzbekistan founded in 1991. The PDP was founded in October 1991 after the Communist Party of Uzbekistan voted to cut its ties with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and change its name to PDP. The party was led by President Islam Karimov since its foundation until 1996, at which point Karimov stepped down and resigned his membership. Karimov created the Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party in 2003. This is supported by the fact", "id": "19132598" }, { "contents": "Ademola Rasaq Seriki\n\n\nwas appointed a National Fund Raising Committee member in the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) for the 1999 National elections. The PDP also appointed him as a member of the Candidate and Party Relations Committee for Obasanjo/Atiku Presidential Election. From 2000 to 2002 Demola Seriki emerged as the PDP Party Chairman of Lagos Island Local Government Area in Lagos State and later in 2003 as the party's flag bearer to the House of Assembly representing Lagos Island Federal Constituency. In 2005 he cut his political tooth further by serving as Secretary of the", "id": "5752584" }, { "contents": "Omuma\n\n\nin the council premises and he won the House of Assembly election in 2011. He was re-elected in 2015 election to represent Omuma for the second time in Rivers State House of Assembly under the PDP. Several other political parties have sprung up within this period as alphabetically arranged below and Omuma has been actively involved in them: • Advanced Congress of Democrats (ACD) • Alliance for Democracy (AD) • Action Democratic Party (ADP) • All Democratic Peoples Movement (ADPM) • All Progressives Congress (APC)", "id": "2613408" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Spain)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (, PDP), renamed as Christian Democracy (, DC) from March 1988 until it merged into the People's Party in June 1989, was a Christian-democratic political party in Spain. In August 1982, 13 deputies under the leadership of Óscar Alzaga split from the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) and founded the PDP, entering into alliance with the People's Alliance (AP), which received the second largest number of votes in the 1982 and 1986 general elections. The", "id": "19996228" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Malaysia)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (Malay: Parti Demokratik Progresif, Abbreviation: PDP), formerly known as Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party (SPDP) is a Sarawak based political party in Malaysia founded in 2002. The party was founded in the wake of the de-registration of the Sarawak National Party (SNAP) in November 2002 by a faction aligned to the Chief Minister of Sarawak, Abdul Taib Mahmud, led by William Mawan Ikom. The party has rebrand that using a new name - Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and a", "id": "13136566" }, { "contents": "Tunisia\n\n\n, including several that existed under the former regime. During the rule of Ben Ali, only three functioned as independent opposition parties: the PDP, FDTL, and Tajdid. While some older parties are well-established and can draw on previous party structures, many of the 100-plus parties extant as of February 2012 are small. Rare for the Arab world, women held more than 20% of seats in the country's pre-revolution bicameral parliament. In the 2011 constituent assembly, women held between 24% and 31%", "id": "11279313" }, { "contents": "Liberal Party (Spain, 1976)\n\n\nThe Liberal Party (, PL) was a liberal political party in Spain. It was part of the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) until 1983, when it aligned itself with the People's Alliance (AP), the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL). On 22 December 1984 the latter merged into the Liberal Party. These three parties formed the People's Coalition for the 1986 election. In 1989 the party, along with AP and PDP, merged to form the", "id": "19996525" }, { "contents": "New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)\n\n\nto boycott that plebiscite. Main party founder, president, and former statehood Republican Party standard-bearer Luis A. Ferré categorized the New Progressive Party as one which would not be aligned to any of the two major U.S. national parties. Co-founders of the NPP alongside Luis A. Ferre were Manuel F. Alsina Capo, attorney Nelson Escalona, and Benny Frankie Cerezo. Under Luis A. Ferré, the NPP came to power in January 1969, after defeating Luis Negrón López, the gubernatorial candidate from the Popular Democratic Party (PDP)", "id": "21721596" }, { "contents": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Mali)\n\n\nThe Party for Democracy and Progress (, PDP) is a political party in Mali led by Mady Konaté. The party was established in 1991, and officially registered on 25 April that year. It party received 5.1% of the vote in the February 1992 parliamentary elections, winning two seats. In the April 1992 presidential elections it nominated Idrissa Traoré as its candidate. Traoré finished fifth out of nine candidates with 7.1%^ of the vote. The local elections in the same year saw the party win 40 of the 751 seats across", "id": "19282171" }, { "contents": "Samaila Suleiman\n\n\n-2008, Energy Commission of Nigeria in 2009-2010 and later resigned to join politics. Suleiman was first elected into the public office as a local government chairman from Kaduna North in Kaduna State under the defunct Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) in 2008. He was the only politician to have won local government election under the CPC having shared the same constituency with the then vice president of Nigeria from the then ruling party People's Democratic Party (PDP). In 2015, Suleiman was first elected into the Lower Chamber", "id": "6113494" }, { "contents": "Party for Democratic Prosperity\n\n\nFor example, the party leadership criticized the 1991 Census for allegedly underreporting the percentage of the population that was Albanian from 40% to only 21%. Also, the PDP deputies voted against adopting the constitution due to its lack of protection for minorities. From the 1998 elections onwards PDP is in opposition and since then the support for the PDP has eroded considerably. At the 2002 legislative elections, the party won 2.3% of the popular vote and 2 out of 120 seats. At the 2011 legislative elections, the party won", "id": "5710802" }, { "contents": "2008 Angolan legislative election\n\n\nDemocratic Party (PLD), Party of the Alliance of Youth, Workers and Farmers of Angola (PAJOCA), Party for Democratic Support and Progress of Angola (PADEPA), the Democratic Party for Progress - Angolan National Alliance (PDP-ANA), the Front for Democracy (FpD) and four coalitions: the Democratic Angola – Coalition (AD), New Democracy Electoral Union (ND), the Electoral Political Platform (PPE) and the Angolan Fraternal Forum Coalition (FOFAC). The Angolan Democratic Party (PDA", "id": "533048" }, { "contents": "Party for Democratic Prosperity\n\n\nThe Party for Democratic Prosperity or PDP () is an ethnic Albanian political party in North Macedonia. The party was formed in April 1990 and is currently led by Abdyladi Vejseli. From 1992 to 1998 the PDP was part of the coalition governments led by the SDSM. After the split of the radical wing from the party in February 1994, PDP was generally considered to be moderate party that could cooperate with Macedonian parties, although sometimes frictions between the PDP and the other government parties arose as a consequence of the ethnic questions.", "id": "5710801" }, { "contents": "Politics of Gibraltar\n\n\n. A new party, New Gibraltar Democracy, announced it would contest the next election. NGD claimed that the two main parties were \"Out of touch with people's expectations and make up for their lack of ideas through Orwellian style propaganda.\" At the 2007 election one candidate, Charles Gomez, stood for election for the party. It achieved under 1% of the vote and has subsequently ceased any activity. In June 2006 the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was formed and announced it would be presenting a full slate", "id": "11739411" }, { "contents": "Tunisian people\n\n\nto an end 23 years latter on January 14, 2011, in the events of the Tunisian Revolution, following nationwide demonstrations precipitated by high unemployment, food inflation, corruption, a lack of political freedoms like freedom of speech and poor living conditions. Following the overthrow of Ben Ali, Tunisians elected a Constituent Assembly to draft a new constitution, and an interim government known as the Troika because it was a coalition of three parties; the Islamist Ennahda Movement in the lead, with the centre-left Congress for the Republic and", "id": "21785336" }, { "contents": "Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle\n\n\nIn the aftermath of \"Mt. Healthy\",\" wrote Sandra Lynch for the First Circuit in 2004, \"confusion still sometimes arises about the issue of causation.\" She was writing in one of several cases it heard in the mid-2000s arising from alleged political retaliation in Puerto Rico, where members of the New Progressive Party (NPP) brought suit claiming that members of the rival Popular Democratic Party (PDP) had improperly forced them out of government jobs after the PDP defeated the incumbent NPP in the commonwealth's 2000 elections.", "id": "17963178" }, { "contents": "Great Ogboru\n\n\n2003. In the 2007 election, Great Ogboru contested for governorship under the flag of the Democracy People Party (DPP) against Emmanuel Uduaghan of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) and lost to Emmanuel Uduagha again in 2011 election though he contested under the umbrella of Labour Party In the 2015 Delta State governorship election, Great Ogboru contested for governorship under the umbrella of All Progressive Congress (APC). He was defeated by Ifeanyi Okowa of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) . In the 2019 governorship election of Delta State,", "id": "278732" }, { "contents": "1983 Murcian regional election\n\n\nelectoral alliance led by the right-wing People's Alliance (AP), which included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), became the second political force and the main opposition party, whereas the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) also entered the Assembly, obtaining 1 seat. As a result of the election, Socialist Andrés Hernández Ros, who since 1979 had been the President of the Regional Council of Murcia (the pre-autonomic regional government), became the first democratically", "id": "19967050" }, { "contents": "Emmanuel Nnamdi Uba\n\n\nEmmanuel Nnamdi Uba, or Andy Uba (born 14 December 1958), is a Nigerian politician who was elected Senator for the Anambra South constituency of Anambra State, Nigeria, in April 2011. He ran on the People's Democratic Party (PDP) platform. He defected to the ruling All Progressives Congress in February 2017; the leadership crises engulfing the former ruling party PDP may have motivated his decision. Uba was born on 14 December 1958 in Enugu, and attended the Boys High School in Awkunanaw. His parents originated from", "id": "17515892" }, { "contents": "Islam and secularism\n\n\ndictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collapsed in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian revolution, Tunisia's interim government granted the group permission to form a political party. Since then it has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, 2011, the first honest election in the country's history with a turn out of 51.1% of all eligible voters, the party won 37.04% of the popular vote and 89 (41%)", "id": "18330475" }, { "contents": "United Progressive Alliance\n\n\nthe Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party announced the withdrawal of the PDP from the UPA given that the Congress had decided to support the Omar Abdullah-led National Conference Government in Jammu & Kashmir after the 2008 state elections. On 26 March 2009, PMK declared that it would join the AIADMK led front and withdrew from the UPA and the party president declared that two union ministers of his party will resign shortly. On 12 November 2012, Barrister Asaduddin Owaisi, leader of the AIMIM announced the decision of the party's executive and", "id": "8764699" }, { "contents": "Umaru Tanko Al-Makura\n\n\nfounding member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) in Nasarawa State in 1998. Al-Makura defected from the PDP after losing the primary elections for the Nasarawa Governor competition. Al-Makura was elected Governor of Nasarawa State, Nigeria on 26 April 2011, running on the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) ticket. He defeated the incumbent governor, Aliyu Akwe-Doma of the PDP. On 14 July 2014 the Speaker of the Nasarawa State House of Assembly gave a notice of impeachment to the Clerk of the", "id": "7102114" }, { "contents": "2013 Gibraltar by-election\n\n\nThe Gibraltar by-election, 2013 was a parliamentary by-election held on 4 July 2013 for the Gibraltar Parliament. The by-election was to contest the seat left vacant by the death of Government of Gibraltar Housing Minister Charles Bruzon in April 2013. The Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP), Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and an independent contested the by-election. The Liberal Party of Gibraltar who is in alliance and in Government with the GSLP backed the GSLP's candidate", "id": "8509407" }, { "contents": "Politics of Tajikistan\n\n\nThree major opposition parties—the Democratic Party, the Islamic Renaissance Party, and the Social Democratic Party—boycotted the election. In the early 2000s, independent political parties continued to exist, but their operations were circumscribed and their influence marginal. The governing People’s Democratic Party (PDP) gained strength as some opposition party leaders joined the government and others were disqualified from participation in elections. The Communist Party of Tajikistan, a nominal opposition party that has supported President Rahmon on most issues, has lost support since 2000. The", "id": "11083170" }, { "contents": "Dapo Abiodun\n\n\nis also reportedly the founder of First Power Limited. Dapo Abiodun is a founding member of Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) in Ogun State, although he is currently a member of the All Progressive Congress (APC) defecting after the 2015 general elections. He contested the Ogun East senatorial seat on the platform of the All Progressive Congress(APC) in the 2015 Nigerian general elections which he lost to the Peoples Democratic Party(PDP) candidate . He was elected a senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria on the platform of the defunct United Nigeria", "id": "1139922" }, { "contents": "1983 Riojan regional election\n\n\n. The People's Coalition, an electoral alliance led by the People's Alliance (AP), which also included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), emerged as the second largest grouping in the General Deputation, while the newly created regionalist Progressive Riojan Party (PRP) came third. Neither the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) or the Democratic and Social Centre (CDS), the only other parties standing in the election, were able to meet the electoral threshold and failed", "id": "18176961" }, { "contents": "Trinity—Spadina\n\n\nwas expected to be a very competitive election. Additionally, Conservative David Watters, Green Anna Costa, Progressive Canadian Party Asif Hossain, Canadian Action Party Tristan Downe-Dewdney and Daniel Knezetic for the Popular Democratic Party contested the election. The Popular Democratic Party was a social democratic and populist political party formed in 2003. It did not register as a political party with Elections Canada, and closed down after the 2004 election. The PDP proposed decentralization and community involvement in the political process through the creation of community councils to which any", "id": "8027884" }, { "contents": "Galician Coalition\n\n\nin the Congreso de los Diputados since the Second Republic. In January 1987 the most nationalist and progressive sectors of CG, led by Pablo González Mariñas and Xosé Henrique Rodríguez Peña, left the party and formed the Galician Nationalist Party (which would eventually join the Galician Nationalist Bloc). To attend the 1987 municipal elections CG formed the Galician Progressive Coalition, with the Democratic Popular Party (PDP) and the Liberal Party, gaining the 11.07% of the vote and 607 councilors. Following the departure of Xosé Luís Barreiro of the", "id": "602391" }, { "contents": "2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election\n\n\nthe delay, all major parties approved of it, even the Ennahda Movement; other parties approving the new election date included the Progressive Democratic Party, Ettajdid Movement, Al Majd, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the Social Liberal Party. In September, the government of Canada declared that it would not allow Tunisia to open polling stations in its territory because it refused to be included in another country's electoral constituency. Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird called the issue \"a matter of Canadian sovereignty\". In response to Canada", "id": "14450727" }, { "contents": "Democratic Modernist Pole\n\n\nin all the 33 constituencies at home and abroad. Sixteen women and 17 men will be chief candidates. Riadh Ben Fadl and Mustapha Ben Ahmed, are the founders of the group. Ahmed Ibrahim is a leader in the bloc. The bloc won 5 of the 217 seats and 4.91% of the vote in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election. Three of the parties in the coalition: the Republican Party, the Socialist Left Party and the Social Democratic Path) became part of another coalition called the Union for Tunisia in 2013", "id": "19583402" }, { "contents": "Abdulmumin Jibrin\n\n\nof Commerce (NBCC) between 2010 – 2011. Jibrin was first elected into the Nigerian National Assembly's House of Representatives representing Kiru/Bebeji Federal constituency of Kano State under the Peoples Democratic Party - PDP in 2011 before decamping to the newly formed political party in Nigeria, the All Progressives Congress (APC) in 2014 and was later re-elected into House of Representatives in 2015. Jibrin was the Chairman House of Representatives Committee on Finance in the 7th Assembly with oversight on the Federal Ministry of Finance and its Parastatals,", "id": "18363893" }, { "contents": "Rashidi Adewolu Ladoja\n\n\n2009, a former aide testified on the way on which the share money had been divided between Ladoja's family, bodyguard, senior politicians and lawyers. Ladoja was the governorship candidate for Accord party in Oyo State during the April 2011 and 2015 elections, he lost to Senator Abiola Ajimobi. He later merged his Accord Party into PDP in 2017. Dispute in PDP made him and other allies (from Labour Party, All Progressives Congress APC etc.) to move over African Democratic Congress (ADC) in 2018. After a", "id": "21855065" }, { "contents": "Mohammed Badaru Abubakar\n\n\nAll Progressives Congress in 2015 along with PDP contender Mal. Aminu Ibrahim Ringim. The Independent National Electoral Commission on 13 April 2015 declared him the winner of that election. On 9 March 2019 Jigawa state gubernatorial election, Badaru was re-elected has governor having polled a total of 810,933 votes, the candidate of the Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, Aminu Ibrahim Ringim scored 288,356 while the candidate of the Social Democratic Party, SDP, Bashir Adamu Jumbo scored 32,894 votes, thereby making him the winner of the election. In recognition", "id": "20149723" }, { "contents": "Popular Democratic Party (France)\n\n\nthe PDP prior to the 1924 legislative election. Established by Congress on 15 and 16 November 1924, under the chairmanship of George Thibout and involving 200 delegates, the PDP supported the desire to achieve \"a task in bringing reconciliation around the idea of Republicanism\" by the definition of \"new Republican faith\" The Popular Democrats advocated that religion was not and should not be a line between right and left. However, the PDP oriented itself to the centre-right in direct competition to the Republican Federation, the party from which", "id": "22044943" }, { "contents": "Socialism in Tunisia\n\n\nthe Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties (Ettakatol or FDTL) was founded and officially recognized on 25 October 2002. Is a social democratic and secularist political party in Tunisia. Its founder and Secretary-General is the radiologist Mustapha Ben Jafar. Active from 1993 to 2012, the Ettajdid Movement (\"Movement for Renewal\") was a centre-left secularist, democratic socialist and social liberal political party in Tunisia. It was led by Ahmed Ibrahim. For the Constituent assembly election, Ettajdid formed a strongly secularist alliance called Democratic", "id": "5642583" }, { "contents": "Wafa Movement\n\n\nThe Wafa Movement (), sometimes referred to as the Independent Democratic Congress, is a political party in Tunisia. The party was founded in 2012 by a number of constituents who broke away from the Congress for the Republic (CPR). Led by the short-time CPR secretary-general Abderraouf Ayadi, the party however remained loosely allied with the governing Troika coalition of Ennahda, CPR and Ettakatol. Generally seen as a secular, left-leaning party, the Wafa Movement reached out to Islamists on the grounds of seeking", "id": "13260598" }, { "contents": "Abdulkareem Adisa\n\n\nPeople's Democratic Party (PDP) in Kwara State. One PDP group suspended the Minister of State for Women Affairs, Miss Funke Adedoyin, but another group of PDP elders, led by Adisa, voided Adedoyin’s suspension. Adisa also became vice-chairman of the Kwara Progressive Movement (KPM). Abdulkareem Adisa was leader of a movement to elect General Ibrahim Babangida as president in 2007. He published an attack on the National Democratic Coalition (NADECO) in \"The Guardian\" of 28 April 2004, warning the group", "id": "1146576" }, { "contents": "Nidaa Tounes\n\n\n\"founder\" Habib Bourguiba). In addition, the party has the support of many members of the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT) and the national employers' union, UTICA. They believe that Tunisia's secular forces have to unite to counter the dominance of the Islamist Ennahda Movement. From its foundation until July 2013, 11 members of the Constituent Assembly joined the party by defecting from various other parties. On 11 February 2013, the Republican Party joined Nidaa Tounes and four other parties in a political alliance called Union", "id": "4542216" }, { "contents": "Gibraltar\n\n\nrepresented by the Governor of Gibraltar. The governor enacts day-to-day matters on the advice of the Gibraltar Parliament, but is responsible to the British government in respect of defence, foreign policy, internal security and general good governance. Judicial and other appointments are made on behalf of the monarch in consultation with the head of the elected government. The 2011 election was contested by the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)-Gibraltar Liberal Party (GLP) Alliance and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP", "id": "7263743" }, { "contents": "Adamu Sidi Ali\n\n\nballots had not been included in the count.In turn, the PDP appealed the decision to nullify the election of their candidate, who had died two months after the election, saying the election should be a re-run due to his death. Their appeal was rejected. Later, Sidi Ali changed allegiance to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). During a PDP campaign flag-off meeting before the April 2007 elections, he advised political opponents not to use thugs to destabilize the elections. Sidi Ali became senator for", "id": "13302889" }, { "contents": "Ahmed Tijani Ahmed\n\n\nAhmed Tijani Ahmed (December 17, 1941 – June 10, 2006) was a Nigerian politician who was Senator for the Kogi Central constituency in Kogi State from 1999 to 2003 as a member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP). When Kogi State was created in 1991, Ahmed Tijani Ahmed joined a group of liberal progressive politicians in the Social Democratic Party (SDP) that created an agreement on power sharing among the different peoples of the state. However, they lost the December 1991 governorship election to the National Republican", "id": "14754363" }, { "contents": "Abdulmumin Jibrin\n\n\nthe members of the House of Representatives that led the first set of 37 Legislators that decamped from the ruling People's Democratic Party (PDP) to the main opposition party, All Progressive Party (APC). In March 2015, Abdulmumin contested and got re-elected to the House of Representatives by the people of his constituency Kiru/Bebeji Kano state, Nigeria. As Chairman Appropriation, Jibrin has oversight function over the Budget office and national budget, the appropriation of funds for execution of government programmes and projects. He also", "id": "18363903" }, { "contents": "Godswill Akpabio\n\n\nSenatorial District to represent the district in the Senate of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Running under the platform of the People’s Democratic Party (PDP), he polled 422,009 of the 439,449 to defeat Chief Inibehe Okorie of the All Progressive Congress (APC) who recorded 15, 152 votes to be declared elected by the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). Akpabio was nominated for the position of the Senate Minority Leader by the South-South caucus of the People's Democratic Party (PDP), ratified by the caucus", "id": "19678208" }, { "contents": "1970 Montserratian general election\n\n\nGeneral elections were held in Montserrat on 15 December 1970. The result was a victory for the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), which won all seven seats in the Legislative Council, whilst the Montserrat Labour Party (MLP), which had won every election since the introduction of universal suffrage in 1951, lost all four of its seats. PDP leader Percival Austin Bramble became Chief Minister, replacing his father and MLP leader, William Henry Bramble. Universal suffrage was introduced in Montserrat in 1951, and the first elections under it", "id": "6935944" }, { "contents": "Atiku Abubakar\n\n\nProgressives Congress (APC), a party he helped to form. On 3 December 2017, via a Facebook Live broadcast, Abubakar announced his return to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). The announcement followed consultations the former Vice President had with party leaders and stakeholders from across the country. He said he decided to 'return home' to the PDP now that the issues which made him leave the party had been resolved. Abubakar declared his candidacy for the presidential nomination of the PDP mid 2018 and won the nomination at", "id": "10683389" }, { "contents": "Luis A. Ferré\n\n\nProgressive Party (a.k.a., PNP). In the following general election in 1968, Ferré ran for Governor and defeated Luis Negrón López, the candidate of the Popular Democratic Party (PPD) by a slight margin. The ruling party had split with the creation of the People's Party, which ran incumbent PDP-elected Governor Roberto Sánchez Vilella as its gubernatorial candidate, ending Luis Muñoz Marín's PPD's hold on the governor's seat, which had lasted 20 years. During Ferré's administration, Puerto Rico was in", "id": "11079059" }, { "contents": "1994–1995 Uzbek parliamentary election\n\n\nParliamentary elections were held in Uzbekistan on 25 December 1994, with a second round held in 39 constituencies on 8 January 1995 and seven constituencies on 22 January. The election was contested by 634 candidates, 250 nominated by local councils, 243 members of the People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan, and 141 Progress Party of the Fatherland members. The majority of seats were won by local council nominees (around 120 of which were PDP members), whilst the People's Democratic Party emerged as the largest party. Voter turnout was 93.6", "id": "15227647" }, { "contents": "1983 Madrilenian regional election\n\n\nthe PSOE won 51 seats. The People's Coalition, an electoral alliance led by the People's Alliance (AP), which also included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), emerged as the second largest grouping in the Assembly. The Communist Party of Spain was the only other party to win seats in the Assembly. In 1986, the party joined with other left-wing movements to form the current United Left. The Assembly of Madrid was the devolved, unicameral legislature of", "id": "3098844" } ]

[ { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nby Ahmed Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi. On 9 April 2012, it merged into the Republican Party. The Progressive Democratic Party had a newspaper, \"Al-Mawqif\". In its beginnings, the Progressive Socialist Rally (now PDP) gathered a broad range of currents from Marxists and pro-democracy activists to progressive Muslims. During the Ben Ali rule, Najib Chebbi and the PDP were harassed by the police for years, and verbally attacked by state-run media. After unsuccessfully participating in elections from 1989 to 1999", "id": "16419721" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\n, the party decided to boycott the elections of 2004 and 2009. Therefore, it was unrepresented in the Tunisian parliament. After the Ben Ali administration announced to force the party to move their headquarters from Tunis, its leaders Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi engaged in a 20-days hunger strike, which earned the party attention and prompted the administration to revoke their decision. Following the 2010–2011 Tunisian protests, shootings outside PDP's headquarters were reported on 16 January 2011. The next day, on 17 January, party leader Najib Chebbi, was", "id": "16419722" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nnamed Regional Development Minister in the interim government. Ahead of the Constituent Assembly election, the PDP evolved into a main exponent of the centre-left secular camp and rival of the Islamist Ennahda Movement. In the run-up to the elections, the Progressive Democrats have received quite an amount of financial support which enabled the party for a lavish campaign. Critics claim that an important part of the funding came from businesspeople close to the old Ben Ali power elite. In the election for a constituent assembly, the PDP won 3.9", "id": "16419723" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\n) was founded under the name of \"Progressive Socialist Rally\", and gained legal recognition on 12 September 1988. It was secular and liberal party. The party was renamed as Progressive Democratic Party in 2001. Under the rule of Ben Ali it was a legal opposition party, but subjected to political repression. After the Tunisian revolution it was one of the major left-leaning secular political forces. It was led by Ahmed Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi. On 9 April 2012, it merged into the Republican Party. Maya", "id": "5642552" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\n% of the popular vote and 16 of 217 seats in the National Constituent Assembly, putting it at the fifth place. As the party had categorically ruled out any collaboration with the victorious Islamist Ennahda Movement, the Progressive Democrats went into opposition and belong to the outspoken critics of the governing coalition of the Islamists with the secular CPR and Ettakatol parties. After the electoral defeat, the PDP launched talks with other secularist and liberal parties to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was realised on the PDP's", "id": "16419724" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (, \"; ), also referred to by its acronym PDP, was a secular liberal political party in Tunisia. The Progressive Democratic Party was founded under the name of \"Progressive Socialist Rally\" in 1983, gained legal recognition on 12 September 1988 and was renamed Progressive Democratic Party in 2001. Under the rule of Ben Ali it was a legal opposition party, but subjected to political repression. After the Tunisian revolution it was one of the major left-leaning secular political forces. It was led", "id": "16419720" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nSecretary-General of the PDP. She has been the first woman to lead a political party in Tunisia. From 1 to 20 October 2007, Jribi, along with Najib Chebbi, engaged in a hunger strike to protest against the forced move of the party's headquarters from Tunis, which caused serious health implications for her. Jribi headed the PDP’s electoral list in Ben Arous for the Constituent Assembly Elections in October 2011. The PDP list received one seat in Ben Arous according to preliminary election results. On 9 April 2012", "id": "632088" }, { "contents": "Republican Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nThe Republican Party ( \"\", ) is a centrist liberal party in Tunisia. It was formed on 9 April 2012 as a merger of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Afek Tounes and the Tunisian Republican Party, several minor parties and independents. The party is led by Maya Jribi who was previously the secretary-general of the PDP. The party held 11 out of 217 seats and was the largest oppositional party in the National Constituent Assembly of Tunisia. The party withdrew from the Union for Tunisia coalition, though", "id": "15161288" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nDuring that period, she became involved and an active member of the student union, known as UGET, and the Tunisian League of Human Rights. She wrote for the independent weekly Erraï and later for the PDP-newspaper Al Mawkif. Together with Ahmed Najib Chebbi, Maya Jribi co-founded the \"Progressive Socialist Rally\", established in 1983, which was later renamed into Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). Since 1986 she has been a member of the party's executive. On 25 December 2006, Jribi was appointed", "id": "632087" }, { "contents": "Ahmed Najib Chebbi\n\n\nAhmed Najib Chebbi (, ) or simply Najib Chebbi (born 30 July 1944) is a Tunisian attorney and politician. Chebbi is a prominent figure of the Tunisian opposition movement; in 1983, he founded the Democratic Progressive Party, which gained legal recognition in 1988. He is currently the leader of the Democratic Progressive Party. In 2006, Maya Jribi became the party's secretary-general, the first woman to hold such office in Tunisia. In 2009 Chebbi attempted to run as a candidate for President of Tunisia but was", "id": "1109530" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nof investigative journalism, unconditional and free access to information, open government, anti-censorship of all kinds, among others. On 9 April 2012, the Republican Party was formed as a merger of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Afek Tounes and the Tunisian Republican Party, several minor parties and independents. The party is centrist and liberal, it's led by Maya Jribi who was previously the secretary-general of the PDP. The party held 11 out of 217 seats and was the largest oppositional party in the", "id": "5642564" }, { "contents": "Tunisian Revolution\n\n\nand Ahmed Najib Chebbi of the PDP), three representatives from the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT), and representatives of civil society (including prominent blogger Slim Amamou). Three notable movements not included in the national unity government were the banned Ennahda Movement, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the secular reformist Congress for the Republic. The following day, the three members of the UGTT and Ben Jafaar resigned, saying that they had \"no confidence\" in a government featuring members of the RCD. There were daily", "id": "18746070" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nparty in Tunisia. Its program is liberal, focusing on secularism and civil liberties. The party mainly appealed to intellectuals and the upper class. After underperforming in the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, Afek Tounes joined talks with other secularist and liberal parties, especially the Progressive Democratic Party to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was completed on 9 April 2012. The new party is called the Republican Party. In August 2013, Yassine Brahim, current leader of the party, and other former party members left", "id": "5642562" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nMaya Jribi (January 29, 1960 – May 19, 2018) was a Tunisian politician. From 2006 to 2012, she was the leader of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). From PDP's merger into the Republican Party in April 2012, until her resignation in 2017, she was the Secretary-General of the centrist party. Her father is from Tatouine, while her mother is from Algeria. She followed her studies in Radès Tunisia, before studying biology at the University of Sfax, from 1979 to 1983.", "id": "632086" }, { "contents": "Secularism in Tunisia\n\n\nTunisian Constitution of 2014 following a considerable debate between Islamic and secular political groups and movements. On 1 March 2011, after the secularist dictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collapsed in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian revolution, Tunisia's interim government granted the \"Ennahda\", a moderate Islamist movement in Tunisia, permission to form a political party. Since then, the Ennahda Islamic Party has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election", "id": "19596325" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nNational Constituent Assembly of Tunisia. The party withdrew from the Union for Tunisia coalition, though it is still part of the National Salvation Front. After the founding congress, nine assemblymen elected for the PDP contested the leadership vote and temporarily suspended their party membership. Those 9 members became part of the Democratic Alliance Party. After being founded in 2012, Nidaa Tounes (Call of Tunisia) won a plurality of seats in the October 2014 parliamentary election. It's a big tent secularist political party in Tunisia. The party's founding", "id": "5642565" }, { "contents": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Burkina Faso)\n\n\nThe Party for Democracy and Progress () was a political party in Burkina Faso (former Upper Volta. It was founded in April 1994 after a split in the National Convention of Progressive Patriots–Social Democratic Party in May 1993. It merged in February 1996 with the Union of the Democratic Left and the Party of Social Progress. After merger with the Burkinabè Socialist Party the PDP became the Party for Democracy and Progress / Socialist Party. At the legislative elections in 1997 the party won 10.1% of the popular vote and 6", "id": "19404846" }, { "contents": "Popular Front (Tunisia)\n\n\nof the Iraqi branch of Ba'ath Party, and other progressive parties. The number of parties involved in the coalition has since decreased to nine. Approximately 15,000 people attended the coalition's first meeting in Tunis. The Tunisian Revolution in 2011 saw the departure of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the dissolution of his party, the Democratic Constitutional Rally, and the holding of fresh elections for the creation of a new constitution. This saw the Tunisian political scene dominated by the Islamist Ennahda Movement, and its allies the Democratic Forum for", "id": "8081870" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Gibraltar)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was a liberal conservative political party from Gibraltar. The party was the third political party and the only party to sit on the centre-right in Gibraltar. Despite poor election results, it garnered growing support from the public and was seen as the 'alternative opposition'. The PDP was the only party campaigning for \"a Gibraltar freely associated to the United Kingdom\" and envisaged \"a journey through the recognition of our right to independence\". The party was also the only political party", "id": "16416540" }, { "contents": "Democratic Party of Progress\n\n\nThe Democratic Party of Progress (, PDP) is a political party in Guinea-Bissau. The PDP was established on 10 February 1992 by Amin Michel Saad. It joined the Union for Change (UM) alliance prior to the 1994 general elections, and Saad became the UM's leader. The UM won six seats in the National People's Assembly, of which the PDP (though Saad) took one. The UM was reduced to three seats in the 1999–2000 general elections, and lost them all in the 2004 parliamentary", "id": "17399816" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nHe was the Ettajdid Movement's candidate for President of Tunisia in the 2009 presidential election. Brahim was in favor of the emergence of a \"democratic modern and \"secular\" [laicist] state\" not connected with Islamists. According to Brahim, this would require \"radical\" reform of the electoral system, which would improve the political climate in guaranteeing freedom of assembly and a large scale independent press, as well as repealing a law that regulated public discourse of electoral candidates. In 1983, the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP", "id": "5642551" }, { "contents": "Sarawak State Legislative Assembly\n\n\ngovernment with a majority of 72 seats out of 82. There were several candidates from breakaway parties such as TERAS and UPP that had their members contest seats under the Barisan banner as direct election candidates under a deal by Adenan Satem after their parties were prevented from joining Barisan after opposition from parties such as PDP and SUPP. On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties including Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party", "id": "17954676" }, { "contents": "2015 Nigerian general election\n\n\nPeople's Democratic Party (PDP) primaries on 10 December 2014, receiving the nomination of the party. However, this was against an unwritten rule that the PDP's presidential candidacy should alternate between Muslim northerners and Christian southerners, and opposition to Jonathan's candidacy had led to the defection of dozens of PDP MPs in the House of Representatives. Prior to the elections, the All Progressives Congress was formed as an alliance of four opposition parties, the Action Congress of Nigeria, the Congress for Progressive Change, the All Nigeria Peoples", "id": "18172183" }, { "contents": "Civic Democratic Party (Hungary)\n\n\nThe Civic Democratic Party (, PDP) was a liberal political party in Hungary in the period following World War II The party was established towards the end of 1944 as a successor to the Civic Freedom Party. Part of a group of members who had belonged to now-defunct conservative parties before the war, Géza Teleki was elected as the party's first leader. The PDP won 21 seats in the National Interim Assembly elections in November 1944. However, Communist opposition to Teleki led to him losing his place in the Cabinet", "id": "16990101" }, { "contents": "Afek Tounes\n\n\nAfek Tounes won 4 seats for the constitutive assembly. The party was rattled on 3 November 2011 though by the resignation of several key founding members such as its spokesperson Emna Mnif, its general secretary Mustapha Mezghani, Sami Zaoui, Hela Hababou and another 13 members. After underperforming in the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, Afek Tounes joined talks with other secularist and liberal parties, especially the Progressive Democratic Party to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was completed on 9 April 2012. The new party is called", "id": "1405509" }, { "contents": "Ali Lankoandé\n\n\nAli Lankoandé (10 November 1930 – 28 May 2014) is a Burkinabé politician from Burkina Faso. He was President of the Party for Democracy and Progress/Socialist Party (PDP/PS) from 2005 to 2008. Lankoandé headed the National Social Security Fund and served as a deputy in the National Assembly of Burkina Faso, as well as Minister of National Education, during the 1970s. Lankoandé was elected to succeed Joseph Ki-Zerbo as President of the PDP/PS on 5 February 2005. Running as the PDP/", "id": "21268271" }, { "contents": "Ennahda Movement\n\n\ncollapse of the government of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the Ennahdha Movement Party was formed, and in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, (the first free election in the country's history), won a plurality of 37% of the popular vote and formed a government. Uproar in the traditionally secular country over \"Islamization\" and assassinations of two secular politicians however, led to the 2013–14 Tunisian political crisis, and the party stepped down following the implementation of a new constitution in January 2014. The party came in", "id": "10814394" }, { "contents": "1991 Sint Maarten general election\n\n\nGeneral elections were held in Sint Maarten on 12 April 1991 to elect the 9 members of the Island Council. The Sint Maarten Patriotic Alliance (SPA) led by Vance James Jr. emerged as the largest party, winning 4 of the 9 seats. The SPA and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) agreed to form a coalition government. On 28 August 1991 the SPA/PDP government collapsed. PDP political leader Millicent Acuna-Lopez-de Weever said that \"fundamental philosophical differences\" with the SPA caused the coalition \"to", "id": "12703859" }, { "contents": "Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party\n\n\nin the Rajya Sabha. It was a member of the ruling United Progressive Alliance until the 2009 general election. Sayeed headed the PDP-Indian National Congress Coalition Government between October 2002 and November 2005, and he was the party's Patron until his death on 7 January 2016. The PDP is now headed by Mehbooba Mufti, Sayeed's daughter. The PDP operates on the ideology of self-rule, as distinctly different from the issues of autonomy. It believes that self-rule as a political philosophy, as opposed to", "id": "248417" }, { "contents": "Ettajdid Movement\n\n\nThe Ettajdid Movement (\"Movement for Renewal\" ; , ' ; ), also referred to simply as Ettajdid, was a centre-left secularist political party in Tunisia, active from 1993 to 2012. Ettajdid evolved out of the old Tunisian Communist Party when it abandoned its former ideology in 1993. During the Ben Ali rule it was one of the legal, although oppressed opposition parties. After the Tunisian revolution of 2011, it became part of the Democratic Modernist Pole alliance and in 2012 it merged into the Social Democratic Path", "id": "16419620" }, { "contents": "Elections in Montserrat\n\n\n(when the Council was expanded to seven seats) and 1966. The 1970 elections saw the new Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) win all seven seats. The PDP also won the 1973 elections, but was defeated in 1978 when the People's Liberation Movement (PLM) won all seven seats. The PLM went on to win the 1983 and 1987 elections. The 1991 elections were won by the National Progressive Party, which won four of the seven seats. The 1996 elections resulted in a hung parliament, with the People", "id": "4125813" }, { "contents": "2013–14 Tunisian political crisis\n\n\nafter the elections Ben Ali jailed nearly 25,000 of its activists with Ennahda militants responding by attacking the ruling party's headquarters killing one person and splashing acid on others. Following the revolution, it described itself to be a \"moderate Islamist\" party by advocating democracy and recognizing political pluralism and dialogue with the West. Its supporters back then regarded the party as an example of how a balance can be struck between modernity and Islamism while its critics viewed it as a threat to secularism in Tunisia, which was often regarded as the most", "id": "7679782" }, { "contents": "List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2013–18)\n\n\nof 72 seats out of 82. There were several candidates from breakaway parties such as TERAS and UPP that had their members contest seats under the Barisan banner as direct election candidates under a deal by Adenan Satem after their parties were prevented from joining Barisan after opposition from parties such as PDP and SUPP. On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties including Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP) officially", "id": "21866476" }, { "contents": "Mike Onoja\n\n\nParty at the 2015 general election by the All Progressives Congress, he and other politicians of the People's Democratic Party defected to the All Progressives Congress in 2016. He returned to the People's Democratic Party in the run-up to the 2019 Benue south Senatorial election. After the PDP's Senatorial Primary election in 2018, Mike Onoja again defected from the party to the Social Democratic Party after expressing his dissatisfaction with the PDP's conduct of the primary election. Mike Onoja is the Chairman/CEO of Moonsons Resources Investment International", "id": "10879880" }, { "contents": "History of modern Tunisia\n\n\n, several Islamist activists were released from prison. He also forged a national pact with the Tunisian party Harakat al-Ittijah al-Islami (Islamic Tendency Movement), which had been founded in 1981; later it changed its name to Ennahda (the Renaissance Party). He also changed the ruling party's name to the Democratic Constitutional Rally. However, Ben Ali's innovative tack did not work out well. Subsequently, An-Nahda claimed to have run strongly in the 1989 elections, giving it the appearance of being", "id": "17057122" }, { "contents": "Yassine Brahim\n\n\nof the new company, which he led into the following acquisition by U.S. based SunGard. In 2010 he turned back to Tunisia, just before the Tunisian Revolution would lead to his appointment as Minister of Transport and Equipment in the short-lived second Ghannouchi cabinet and the subsequent Essebsi cabinet. He resigned on 17 June 2011 to become general secretary of the newly founded Afek Tounes party which he led into a merger with Ahmed Najib Chebbi's Progressive Democratic Party, the Republican Party \"Al Joumhouri\". On 28 August 2013,", "id": "2666991" }, { "contents": "Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties\n\n\nup his position in the transitional government. In the Constituent Assembly election on 23 October 2011, Ettakatol won 20 of the 217 seats making it the fourth force in the Assembly. Subsequently, the FDTL came to an agreement with the two major parties, the Islamist Ennahda Movement and the secular Congress for the Republic (CPR), to share the three highest positions in state. Accordingly, Ben Jafar was voted Speaker of the Assembly on 22 November. In exchange, the Forum supported the election of CPR-leader Moncef Marzouki", "id": "2468766" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Tonga)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (PDP) is a political party in Tonga. It was formed after a split in the Human Rights and Democracy Movement. The party was founded on 8 April 2005 in 'Atenisi. Teisina Fuko was the first person elected to the party presidency at a meeting on 15 April 2005. The PDP was legally registered on July 1, 2005, being the first Tongan party to do so. The party has not won any seats to the Tonga Parliament. It is currently inactive without any candidates or", "id": "19615344" }, { "contents": "2013 Gibraltar by-election\n\n\nSocial Democrats as Opposition had initially decided not to contest the by-election considering instead a \"gentleman's agreement\" as the seat had been one of the GSLP which had become vacant under tragic circumstances. The Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) which was not represented in Parliament immediately decided it would contest the by-election seeing it as an opportunity to be represented despite its poor performance at the previous two general elections. On 30 May 2013 the PDP announced its candidature of party leader Nick Cruz. At this point the GSD", "id": "8509410" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (PDP) is a major contemporary political party in Nigeria. Its policies generally lie towards the centre-right of the political spectrum. It won every Presidential election between 1999 and 2011, and was until the 2015 elections, the governing party in the Fourth Republic although in some cases, amid a few controversial electoral circumstances. Currently, PDP controls 14 states out of 36 states in Nigeria. In 1998 the PDP in its first presidential primary election held in Jos, Plateau State, North Central Nigeria", "id": "1890377" }, { "contents": "Social Democratic Union of Macedonia\n\n\nThe Social Democratic Union of Macedonia (–СДСМ, \"Socijaldemokratski Sojuz na Makedonija\"–SDSM) is a social-democratic political party, the main centre-left political party in North Macedonia. The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia was founded on 20 April 1991 at the 11th Congress of SKM-PDP (UCM – Party for Democratic Changes). Branko Crvenkovski was elected as the party's first president. Its current leader is Zoran Zaev. The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia is a member of the Progressive Alliance and an associate affiliate of", "id": "1084636" }, { "contents": "Peoples Democratic Party (Kenya)\n\n\nThe Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) is a political party in Kenya. The PDP was established in 1992. It won a single seat in the 2007 general elections, Richard Momoima Onyonka in Kitutu Chache Constituency. In 2010 Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) MP James Omingo Magara defected to the party after the ODM did not nominate him as its candidate in the South Mugirango by-election, which was held after Magara's victory in the 2007 elections was annulled due to irregularities. However, Magara was defeated in the by-", "id": "19016018" }, { "contents": "Dickson Tarkighir\n\n\nat the polls in the 2015 general elections and won the seat to represent the people of Makurdi/Guma Federal Constituency in the House of Representatives, Abuja. On Tuesday, 24 July 2018, Tarkighir was among 37 members of the House of Representatives who defected from the ruling All Progressives Congress (APC) to other political parties. He defected to the People's Democratic Party (PDP), a party he had previously defected from. However, On Tuesday, 22 January 2019, Tarkighir announced his return to the All Progressives", "id": "8861699" }, { "contents": "Guillermo Irizarry\n\n\ngovernor abandoned the party that elected him, the Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico (PDP), and joined a newly founded party, the People's Party, which nominated him for an unsuccessful reelection bid. In November of that year, the PDP suffered its first defeat with the election of the New Progressive Party's Luis A. Ferré. As a result, Secretary Irizarry presided over the first transition between elected governors of different parties. From 1973 to 1977, during the administration of Governor Rafael Hernández Colón, Irizarry served again", "id": "1916365" }, { "contents": "1931 Argentine general election\n\n\nJulio Roca as his running mate; Roca, the son of the late PAN leader, Julio A. Roca, had led the Democratic Party of Córdoba. The Democratic Progressive Party (PDP), known for its anti-corruption platform, nominated Senator Lisandro de la Torre, who also earned the endorsement of the Socialist Party of Argentina, a party in search of leadership following the passing of Juan B. Justo, in 1928. The alliance alienated conservatives in the PDP, however, who instead endorsed the aging Francisco A. Barroetaveña,", "id": "14281535" }, { "contents": "Jebali Cabinet\n\n\nThe first cabinet of Tunisian Head of Government Hamadi Jebali was presented on 20 December 2011. Jebali has been appointed by interim President Moncef Marzouki, who had been elected by the National Constituent Assembly, a body constituted to draft a new constitution after the Tunisian Revolution and the fall of former President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in Spring 2011. It took office on 24 December 2011. The three parties in the \"Troika\" coalition are the Islamist Ennahda Movement, the centre-left secularist Congress for the Republic (CPR),", "id": "5725136" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Montserrat)\n\n\nwere the first occasion on which the MLP had faced serious opposition, and saw the PDP win all seven seats, leaving the MLP without parliamentary representation. Percival Austin Bramble became Chief Minister. The PDP subsequently won five of the seven seats in the 1973 elections, but were defeated in the 1978 elections, when the People's Liberation Movement formed by former PDP minister John Osborne won all seven seats. The PDP contested the 1983 elections, winning two seats in the Legislative Council. It was reduced to one seat in the 1987", "id": "6998615" }, { "contents": "1987 European Parliament election in Spain\n\n\na European-wide election was due in 1989, elected MEPs only served for the remainder of the European Parliament term. The ruling Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) designated former Foreign Affairs Minister Fernando Morán to lead their campaign. The main opposition People's Alliance party (AP), running on its own after the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and Liberal Party (PL) broke away from the People's Coalition, chose Manuel Fraga—who had resigned as party leader in December 1986—to lead the party list", "id": "7968065" }, { "contents": "2011 Gibraltar general election\n\n\ngave the GSLP an advantage of up to 9% over the governing party, the GSD, while one (that of the Spanish newspaper \"Area\", which published no details and was widely thought to be politically motivated) predicted a GSD win. Two parties, the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD) and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), and an alliance (Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)/Liberals) have presented a full slate of 10 candidates each, making a total of 30 candidates for 17 seats in the Gibraltar", "id": "19578144" }, { "contents": "Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance\n\n\nThe Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance (\"Partido Democrático para o Progresso – Aliança Nacional Angolana\") is a political party in Angola. The party was founded in Luanda, March 17, 1991. It was led by Mfulumpinga Landu Victor, a former National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) cadre and Member of Parliament for the PDP-ANA, until he was shot dead outside the party office in 2004. It is now led by Francisco Lele. In the 2008 legislative elections, it gained 0.51%", "id": "17803317" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Montserrat)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was a political party in Montserrat. The party was established in 1970 by Percival Austin Bramble, son of Chief Minister and leader of the Montserrat Labour Party (MLP) William Henry Bramble. Percival had previously been a member of the MLP and was elected to the Legislative Council as an MLP candidate in the 1966 elections. However, he subsequently broke away to form the PDP as a result of controversy over the number of holiday and retirement homes being built on the island. The 1970 elections", "id": "6998614" }, { "contents": "Party of Democratic Progress\n\n\nThe Party of Democratic Progress () is a Serbian political party in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the third-largest party in Republika Srpska. PDP was established in Banja Luka on 26 September 1999. During the founding assembly, Mladen Ivanić was elected as the president of the party, while Branko Dokić and Zoran Đerić were elected as vice presidents. The party is an observer member of the European People's Party (EPP) and International Democrat Union (IDU). In terms of bilateral cooperation with other European parties,", "id": "19626107" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (, O'zXDP or PDP) is a centre-left political party in Uzbekistan founded in 1991. The PDP was founded in October 1991 after the Communist Party of Uzbekistan voted to cut its ties with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and change its name to PDP. The party was led by President Islam Karimov since its foundation until 1996, at which point Karimov stepped down and resigned his membership. Karimov created the Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party in 2003. This is supported by the fact", "id": "19132598" }, { "contents": "Ademola Rasaq Seriki\n\n\nwas appointed a National Fund Raising Committee member in the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) for the 1999 National elections. The PDP also appointed him as a member of the Candidate and Party Relations Committee for Obasanjo/Atiku Presidential Election. From 2000 to 2002 Demola Seriki emerged as the PDP Party Chairman of Lagos Island Local Government Area in Lagos State and later in 2003 as the party's flag bearer to the House of Assembly representing Lagos Island Federal Constituency. In 2005 he cut his political tooth further by serving as Secretary of the", "id": "5752584" }, { "contents": "Omuma\n\n\nin the council premises and he won the House of Assembly election in 2011. He was re-elected in 2015 election to represent Omuma for the second time in Rivers State House of Assembly under the PDP. Several other political parties have sprung up within this period as alphabetically arranged below and Omuma has been actively involved in them: • Advanced Congress of Democrats (ACD) • Alliance for Democracy (AD) • Action Democratic Party (ADP) • All Democratic Peoples Movement (ADPM) • All Progressives Congress (APC)", "id": "2613408" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Spain)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (, PDP), renamed as Christian Democracy (, DC) from March 1988 until it merged into the People's Party in June 1989, was a Christian-democratic political party in Spain. In August 1982, 13 deputies under the leadership of Óscar Alzaga split from the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) and founded the PDP, entering into alliance with the People's Alliance (AP), which received the second largest number of votes in the 1982 and 1986 general elections. The", "id": "19996228" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Malaysia)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (Malay: Parti Demokratik Progresif, Abbreviation: PDP), formerly known as Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party (SPDP) is a Sarawak based political party in Malaysia founded in 2002. The party was founded in the wake of the de-registration of the Sarawak National Party (SNAP) in November 2002 by a faction aligned to the Chief Minister of Sarawak, Abdul Taib Mahmud, led by William Mawan Ikom. The party has rebrand that using a new name - Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and a", "id": "13136566" }, { "contents": "Tunisia\n\n\n, including several that existed under the former regime. During the rule of Ben Ali, only three functioned as independent opposition parties: the PDP, FDTL, and Tajdid. While some older parties are well-established and can draw on previous party structures, many of the 100-plus parties extant as of February 2012 are small. Rare for the Arab world, women held more than 20% of seats in the country's pre-revolution bicameral parliament. In the 2011 constituent assembly, women held between 24% and 31%", "id": "11279313" }, { "contents": "Liberal Party (Spain, 1976)\n\n\nThe Liberal Party (, PL) was a liberal political party in Spain. It was part of the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) until 1983, when it aligned itself with the People's Alliance (AP), the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL). On 22 December 1984 the latter merged into the Liberal Party. These three parties formed the People's Coalition for the 1986 election. In 1989 the party, along with AP and PDP, merged to form the", "id": "19996525" }, { "contents": "New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)\n\n\nto boycott that plebiscite. Main party founder, president, and former statehood Republican Party standard-bearer Luis A. Ferré categorized the New Progressive Party as one which would not be aligned to any of the two major U.S. national parties. Co-founders of the NPP alongside Luis A. Ferre were Manuel F. Alsina Capo, attorney Nelson Escalona, and Benny Frankie Cerezo. Under Luis A. Ferré, the NPP came to power in January 1969, after defeating Luis Negrón López, the gubernatorial candidate from the Popular Democratic Party (PDP)", "id": "21721596" }, { "contents": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Mali)\n\n\nThe Party for Democracy and Progress (, PDP) is a political party in Mali led by Mady Konaté. The party was established in 1991, and officially registered on 25 April that year. It party received 5.1% of the vote in the February 1992 parliamentary elections, winning two seats. In the April 1992 presidential elections it nominated Idrissa Traoré as its candidate. Traoré finished fifth out of nine candidates with 7.1%^ of the vote. The local elections in the same year saw the party win 40 of the 751 seats across", "id": "19282171" }, { "contents": "Samaila Suleiman\n\n\n-2008, Energy Commission of Nigeria in 2009-2010 and later resigned to join politics. Suleiman was first elected into the public office as a local government chairman from Kaduna North in Kaduna State under the defunct Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) in 2008. He was the only politician to have won local government election under the CPC having shared the same constituency with the then vice president of Nigeria from the then ruling party People's Democratic Party (PDP). In 2015, Suleiman was first elected into the Lower Chamber", "id": "6113494" }, { "contents": "Party for Democratic Prosperity\n\n\nFor example, the party leadership criticized the 1991 Census for allegedly underreporting the percentage of the population that was Albanian from 40% to only 21%. Also, the PDP deputies voted against adopting the constitution due to its lack of protection for minorities. From the 1998 elections onwards PDP is in opposition and since then the support for the PDP has eroded considerably. At the 2002 legislative elections, the party won 2.3% of the popular vote and 2 out of 120 seats. At the 2011 legislative elections, the party won", "id": "5710802" }, { "contents": "2008 Angolan legislative election\n\n\nDemocratic Party (PLD), Party of the Alliance of Youth, Workers and Farmers of Angola (PAJOCA), Party for Democratic Support and Progress of Angola (PADEPA), the Democratic Party for Progress - Angolan National Alliance (PDP-ANA), the Front for Democracy (FpD) and four coalitions: the Democratic Angola – Coalition (AD), New Democracy Electoral Union (ND), the Electoral Political Platform (PPE) and the Angolan Fraternal Forum Coalition (FOFAC). The Angolan Democratic Party (PDA", "id": "533048" }, { "contents": "Party for Democratic Prosperity\n\n\nThe Party for Democratic Prosperity or PDP () is an ethnic Albanian political party in North Macedonia. The party was formed in April 1990 and is currently led by Abdyladi Vejseli. From 1992 to 1998 the PDP was part of the coalition governments led by the SDSM. After the split of the radical wing from the party in February 1994, PDP was generally considered to be moderate party that could cooperate with Macedonian parties, although sometimes frictions between the PDP and the other government parties arose as a consequence of the ethnic questions.", "id": "5710801" }, { "contents": "Politics of Gibraltar\n\n\n. A new party, New Gibraltar Democracy, announced it would contest the next election. NGD claimed that the two main parties were \"Out of touch with people's expectations and make up for their lack of ideas through Orwellian style propaganda.\" At the 2007 election one candidate, Charles Gomez, stood for election for the party. It achieved under 1% of the vote and has subsequently ceased any activity. In June 2006 the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was formed and announced it would be presenting a full slate", "id": "11739411" }, { "contents": "Tunisian people\n\n\nto an end 23 years latter on January 14, 2011, in the events of the Tunisian Revolution, following nationwide demonstrations precipitated by high unemployment, food inflation, corruption, a lack of political freedoms like freedom of speech and poor living conditions. Following the overthrow of Ben Ali, Tunisians elected a Constituent Assembly to draft a new constitution, and an interim government known as the Troika because it was a coalition of three parties; the Islamist Ennahda Movement in the lead, with the centre-left Congress for the Republic and", "id": "21785336" }, { "contents": "Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle\n\n\nIn the aftermath of \"Mt. Healthy\",\" wrote Sandra Lynch for the First Circuit in 2004, \"confusion still sometimes arises about the issue of causation.\" She was writing in one of several cases it heard in the mid-2000s arising from alleged political retaliation in Puerto Rico, where members of the New Progressive Party (NPP) brought suit claiming that members of the rival Popular Democratic Party (PDP) had improperly forced them out of government jobs after the PDP defeated the incumbent NPP in the commonwealth's 2000 elections.", "id": "17963178" }, { "contents": "Great Ogboru\n\n\n2003. In the 2007 election, Great Ogboru contested for governorship under the flag of the Democracy People Party (DPP) against Emmanuel Uduaghan of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) and lost to Emmanuel Uduagha again in 2011 election though he contested under the umbrella of Labour Party In the 2015 Delta State governorship election, Great Ogboru contested for governorship under the umbrella of All Progressive Congress (APC). He was defeated by Ifeanyi Okowa of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) . In the 2019 governorship election of Delta State,", "id": "278732" }, { "contents": "1983 Murcian regional election\n\n\nelectoral alliance led by the right-wing People's Alliance (AP), which included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), became the second political force and the main opposition party, whereas the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) also entered the Assembly, obtaining 1 seat. As a result of the election, Socialist Andrés Hernández Ros, who since 1979 had been the President of the Regional Council of Murcia (the pre-autonomic regional government), became the first democratically", "id": "19967050" }, { "contents": "Emmanuel Nnamdi Uba\n\n\nEmmanuel Nnamdi Uba, or Andy Uba (born 14 December 1958), is a Nigerian politician who was elected Senator for the Anambra South constituency of Anambra State, Nigeria, in April 2011. He ran on the People's Democratic Party (PDP) platform. He defected to the ruling All Progressives Congress in February 2017; the leadership crises engulfing the former ruling party PDP may have motivated his decision. Uba was born on 14 December 1958 in Enugu, and attended the Boys High School in Awkunanaw. His parents originated from", "id": "17515892" }, { "contents": "Islam and secularism\n\n\ndictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collapsed in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian revolution, Tunisia's interim government granted the group permission to form a political party. Since then it has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, 2011, the first honest election in the country's history with a turn out of 51.1% of all eligible voters, the party won 37.04% of the popular vote and 89 (41%)", "id": "18330475" }, { "contents": "United Progressive Alliance\n\n\nthe Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party announced the withdrawal of the PDP from the UPA given that the Congress had decided to support the Omar Abdullah-led National Conference Government in Jammu & Kashmir after the 2008 state elections. On 26 March 2009, PMK declared that it would join the AIADMK led front and withdrew from the UPA and the party president declared that two union ministers of his party will resign shortly. On 12 November 2012, Barrister Asaduddin Owaisi, leader of the AIMIM announced the decision of the party's executive and", "id": "8764699" }, { "contents": "Umaru Tanko Al-Makura\n\n\nfounding member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) in Nasarawa State in 1998. Al-Makura defected from the PDP after losing the primary elections for the Nasarawa Governor competition. Al-Makura was elected Governor of Nasarawa State, Nigeria on 26 April 2011, running on the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) ticket. He defeated the incumbent governor, Aliyu Akwe-Doma of the PDP. On 14 July 2014 the Speaker of the Nasarawa State House of Assembly gave a notice of impeachment to the Clerk of the", "id": "7102114" }, { "contents": "2013 Gibraltar by-election\n\n\nThe Gibraltar by-election, 2013 was a parliamentary by-election held on 4 July 2013 for the Gibraltar Parliament. The by-election was to contest the seat left vacant by the death of Government of Gibraltar Housing Minister Charles Bruzon in April 2013. The Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP), Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and an independent contested the by-election. The Liberal Party of Gibraltar who is in alliance and in Government with the GSLP backed the GSLP's candidate", "id": "8509407" }, { "contents": "Politics of Tajikistan\n\n\nThree major opposition parties—the Democratic Party, the Islamic Renaissance Party, and the Social Democratic Party—boycotted the election. In the early 2000s, independent political parties continued to exist, but their operations were circumscribed and their influence marginal. The governing People’s Democratic Party (PDP) gained strength as some opposition party leaders joined the government and others were disqualified from participation in elections. The Communist Party of Tajikistan, a nominal opposition party that has supported President Rahmon on most issues, has lost support since 2000. The", "id": "11083170" }, { "contents": "Dapo Abiodun\n\n\nis also reportedly the founder of First Power Limited. Dapo Abiodun is a founding member of Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) in Ogun State, although he is currently a member of the All Progressive Congress (APC) defecting after the 2015 general elections. He contested the Ogun East senatorial seat on the platform of the All Progressive Congress(APC) in the 2015 Nigerian general elections which he lost to the Peoples Democratic Party(PDP) candidate . He was elected a senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria on the platform of the defunct United Nigeria", "id": "1139922" }, { "contents": "1983 Riojan regional election\n\n\n. The People's Coalition, an electoral alliance led by the People's Alliance (AP), which also included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), emerged as the second largest grouping in the General Deputation, while the newly created regionalist Progressive Riojan Party (PRP) came third. Neither the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) or the Democratic and Social Centre (CDS), the only other parties standing in the election, were able to meet the electoral threshold and failed", "id": "18176961" }, { "contents": "Trinity—Spadina\n\n\nwas expected to be a very competitive election. Additionally, Conservative David Watters, Green Anna Costa, Progressive Canadian Party Asif Hossain, Canadian Action Party Tristan Downe-Dewdney and Daniel Knezetic for the Popular Democratic Party contested the election. The Popular Democratic Party was a social democratic and populist political party formed in 2003. It did not register as a political party with Elections Canada, and closed down after the 2004 election. The PDP proposed decentralization and community involvement in the political process through the creation of community councils to which any", "id": "8027884" }, { "contents": "Galician Coalition\n\n\nin the Congreso de los Diputados since the Second Republic. In January 1987 the most nationalist and progressive sectors of CG, led by Pablo González Mariñas and Xosé Henrique Rodríguez Peña, left the party and formed the Galician Nationalist Party (which would eventually join the Galician Nationalist Bloc). To attend the 1987 municipal elections CG formed the Galician Progressive Coalition, with the Democratic Popular Party (PDP) and the Liberal Party, gaining the 11.07% of the vote and 607 councilors. Following the departure of Xosé Luís Barreiro of the", "id": "602391" }, { "contents": "2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election\n\n\nthe delay, all major parties approved of it, even the Ennahda Movement; other parties approving the new election date included the Progressive Democratic Party, Ettajdid Movement, Al Majd, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the Social Liberal Party. In September, the government of Canada declared that it would not allow Tunisia to open polling stations in its territory because it refused to be included in another country's electoral constituency. Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird called the issue \"a matter of Canadian sovereignty\". In response to Canada", "id": "14450727" }, { "contents": "Democratic Modernist Pole\n\n\nin all the 33 constituencies at home and abroad. Sixteen women and 17 men will be chief candidates. Riadh Ben Fadl and Mustapha Ben Ahmed, are the founders of the group. Ahmed Ibrahim is a leader in the bloc. The bloc won 5 of the 217 seats and 4.91% of the vote in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election. Three of the parties in the coalition: the Republican Party, the Socialist Left Party and the Social Democratic Path) became part of another coalition called the Union for Tunisia in 2013", "id": "19583402" }, { "contents": "Abdulmumin Jibrin\n\n\nof Commerce (NBCC) between 2010 – 2011. Jibrin was first elected into the Nigerian National Assembly's House of Representatives representing Kiru/Bebeji Federal constituency of Kano State under the Peoples Democratic Party - PDP in 2011 before decamping to the newly formed political party in Nigeria, the All Progressives Congress (APC) in 2014 and was later re-elected into House of Representatives in 2015. Jibrin was the Chairman House of Representatives Committee on Finance in the 7th Assembly with oversight on the Federal Ministry of Finance and its Parastatals,", "id": "18363893" }, { "contents": "Rashidi Adewolu Ladoja\n\n\n2009, a former aide testified on the way on which the share money had been divided between Ladoja's family, bodyguard, senior politicians and lawyers. Ladoja was the governorship candidate for Accord party in Oyo State during the April 2011 and 2015 elections, he lost to Senator Abiola Ajimobi. He later merged his Accord Party into PDP in 2017. Dispute in PDP made him and other allies (from Labour Party, All Progressives Congress APC etc.) to move over African Democratic Congress (ADC) in 2018. After a", "id": "21855065" }, { "contents": "Mohammed Badaru Abubakar\n\n\nAll Progressives Congress in 2015 along with PDP contender Mal. Aminu Ibrahim Ringim. The Independent National Electoral Commission on 13 April 2015 declared him the winner of that election. On 9 March 2019 Jigawa state gubernatorial election, Badaru was re-elected has governor having polled a total of 810,933 votes, the candidate of the Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, Aminu Ibrahim Ringim scored 288,356 while the candidate of the Social Democratic Party, SDP, Bashir Adamu Jumbo scored 32,894 votes, thereby making him the winner of the election. In recognition", "id": "20149723" }, { "contents": "Popular Democratic Party (France)\n\n\nthe PDP prior to the 1924 legislative election. Established by Congress on 15 and 16 November 1924, under the chairmanship of George Thibout and involving 200 delegates, the PDP supported the desire to achieve \"a task in bringing reconciliation around the idea of Republicanism\" by the definition of \"new Republican faith\" The Popular Democrats advocated that religion was not and should not be a line between right and left. However, the PDP oriented itself to the centre-right in direct competition to the Republican Federation, the party from which", "id": "22044943" }, { "contents": "Socialism in Tunisia\n\n\nthe Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties (Ettakatol or FDTL) was founded and officially recognized on 25 October 2002. Is a social democratic and secularist political party in Tunisia. Its founder and Secretary-General is the radiologist Mustapha Ben Jafar. Active from 1993 to 2012, the Ettajdid Movement (\"Movement for Renewal\") was a centre-left secularist, democratic socialist and social liberal political party in Tunisia. It was led by Ahmed Ibrahim. For the Constituent assembly election, Ettajdid formed a strongly secularist alliance called Democratic", "id": "5642583" }, { "contents": "Wafa Movement\n\n\nThe Wafa Movement (), sometimes referred to as the Independent Democratic Congress, is a political party in Tunisia. The party was founded in 2012 by a number of constituents who broke away from the Congress for the Republic (CPR). Led by the short-time CPR secretary-general Abderraouf Ayadi, the party however remained loosely allied with the governing Troika coalition of Ennahda, CPR and Ettakatol. Generally seen as a secular, left-leaning party, the Wafa Movement reached out to Islamists on the grounds of seeking", "id": "13260598" }, { "contents": "Abdulkareem Adisa\n\n\nPeople's Democratic Party (PDP) in Kwara State. One PDP group suspended the Minister of State for Women Affairs, Miss Funke Adedoyin, but another group of PDP elders, led by Adisa, voided Adedoyin’s suspension. Adisa also became vice-chairman of the Kwara Progressive Movement (KPM). Abdulkareem Adisa was leader of a movement to elect General Ibrahim Babangida as president in 2007. He published an attack on the National Democratic Coalition (NADECO) in \"The Guardian\" of 28 April 2004, warning the group", "id": "1146576" }, { "contents": "Nidaa Tounes\n\n\n\"founder\" Habib Bourguiba). In addition, the party has the support of many members of the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT) and the national employers' union, UTICA. They believe that Tunisia's secular forces have to unite to counter the dominance of the Islamist Ennahda Movement. From its foundation until July 2013, 11 members of the Constituent Assembly joined the party by defecting from various other parties. On 11 February 2013, the Republican Party joined Nidaa Tounes and four other parties in a political alliance called Union", "id": "4542216" }, { "contents": "Gibraltar\n\n\nrepresented by the Governor of Gibraltar. The governor enacts day-to-day matters on the advice of the Gibraltar Parliament, but is responsible to the British government in respect of defence, foreign policy, internal security and general good governance. Judicial and other appointments are made on behalf of the monarch in consultation with the head of the elected government. The 2011 election was contested by the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)-Gibraltar Liberal Party (GLP) Alliance and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP", "id": "7263743" }, { "contents": "Adamu Sidi Ali\n\n\nballots had not been included in the count.In turn, the PDP appealed the decision to nullify the election of their candidate, who had died two months after the election, saying the election should be a re-run due to his death. Their appeal was rejected. Later, Sidi Ali changed allegiance to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). During a PDP campaign flag-off meeting before the April 2007 elections, he advised political opponents not to use thugs to destabilize the elections. Sidi Ali became senator for", "id": "13302889" }, { "contents": "Ahmed Tijani Ahmed\n\n\nAhmed Tijani Ahmed (December 17, 1941 – June 10, 2006) was a Nigerian politician who was Senator for the Kogi Central constituency in Kogi State from 1999 to 2003 as a member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP). When Kogi State was created in 1991, Ahmed Tijani Ahmed joined a group of liberal progressive politicians in the Social Democratic Party (SDP) that created an agreement on power sharing among the different peoples of the state. However, they lost the December 1991 governorship election to the National Republican", "id": "14754363" }, { "contents": "Abdulmumin Jibrin\n\n\nthe members of the House of Representatives that led the first set of 37 Legislators that decamped from the ruling People's Democratic Party (PDP) to the main opposition party, All Progressive Party (APC). In March 2015, Abdulmumin contested and got re-elected to the House of Representatives by the people of his constituency Kiru/Bebeji Kano state, Nigeria. As Chairman Appropriation, Jibrin has oversight function over the Budget office and national budget, the appropriation of funds for execution of government programmes and projects. He also", "id": "18363903" }, { "contents": "Godswill Akpabio\n\n\nSenatorial District to represent the district in the Senate of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Running under the platform of the People’s Democratic Party (PDP), he polled 422,009 of the 439,449 to defeat Chief Inibehe Okorie of the All Progressive Congress (APC) who recorded 15, 152 votes to be declared elected by the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). Akpabio was nominated for the position of the Senate Minority Leader by the South-South caucus of the People's Democratic Party (PDP), ratified by the caucus", "id": "19678208" }, { "contents": "1970 Montserratian general election\n\n\nGeneral elections were held in Montserrat on 15 December 1970. The result was a victory for the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), which won all seven seats in the Legislative Council, whilst the Montserrat Labour Party (MLP), which had won every election since the introduction of universal suffrage in 1951, lost all four of its seats. PDP leader Percival Austin Bramble became Chief Minister, replacing his father and MLP leader, William Henry Bramble. Universal suffrage was introduced in Montserrat in 1951, and the first elections under it", "id": "6935944" }, { "contents": "Atiku Abubakar\n\n\nProgressives Congress (APC), a party he helped to form. On 3 December 2017, via a Facebook Live broadcast, Abubakar announced his return to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). The announcement followed consultations the former Vice President had with party leaders and stakeholders from across the country. He said he decided to 'return home' to the PDP now that the issues which made him leave the party had been resolved. Abubakar declared his candidacy for the presidential nomination of the PDP mid 2018 and won the nomination at", "id": "10683389" }, { "contents": "Luis A. Ferré\n\n\nProgressive Party (a.k.a., PNP). In the following general election in 1968, Ferré ran for Governor and defeated Luis Negrón López, the candidate of the Popular Democratic Party (PPD) by a slight margin. The ruling party had split with the creation of the People's Party, which ran incumbent PDP-elected Governor Roberto Sánchez Vilella as its gubernatorial candidate, ending Luis Muñoz Marín's PPD's hold on the governor's seat, which had lasted 20 years. During Ferré's administration, Puerto Rico was in", "id": "11079059" }, { "contents": "1994–1995 Uzbek parliamentary election\n\n\nParliamentary elections were held in Uzbekistan on 25 December 1994, with a second round held in 39 constituencies on 8 January 1995 and seven constituencies on 22 January. The election was contested by 634 candidates, 250 nominated by local councils, 243 members of the People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan, and 141 Progress Party of the Fatherland members. The majority of seats were won by local council nominees (around 120 of which were PDP members), whilst the People's Democratic Party emerged as the largest party. Voter turnout was 93.6", "id": "15227647" }, { "contents": "1983 Madrilenian regional election\n\n\nthe PSOE won 51 seats. The People's Coalition, an electoral alliance led by the People's Alliance (AP), which also included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), emerged as the second largest grouping in the Assembly. The Communist Party of Spain was the only other party to win seats in the Assembly. In 1986, the party joined with other left-wing movements to form the current United Left. The Assembly of Madrid was the devolved, unicameral legislature of", "id": "3098844" } ]

[ { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nby Ahmed Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi. On 9 April 2012, it merged into the Republican Party. The Progressive Democratic Party had a newspaper, \"Al-Mawqif\". In its beginnings, the Progressive Socialist Rally (now PDP) gathered a broad range of currents from Marxists and pro-democracy activists to progressive Muslims. During the Ben Ali rule, Najib Chebbi and the PDP were harassed by the police for years, and verbally attacked by state-run media. After unsuccessfully participating in elections from 1989 to 1999", "id": "16419721" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\n, the party decided to boycott the elections of 2004 and 2009. Therefore, it was unrepresented in the Tunisian parliament. After the Ben Ali administration announced to force the party to move their headquarters from Tunis, its leaders Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi engaged in a 20-days hunger strike, which earned the party attention and prompted the administration to revoke their decision. Following the 2010–2011 Tunisian protests, shootings outside PDP's headquarters were reported on 16 January 2011. The next day, on 17 January, party leader Najib Chebbi, was", "id": "16419722" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nnamed Regional Development Minister in the interim government. Ahead of the Constituent Assembly election, the PDP evolved into a main exponent of the centre-left secular camp and rival of the Islamist Ennahda Movement. In the run-up to the elections, the Progressive Democrats have received quite an amount of financial support which enabled the party for a lavish campaign. Critics claim that an important part of the funding came from businesspeople close to the old Ben Ali power elite. In the election for a constituent assembly, the PDP won 3.9", "id": "16419723" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\n) was founded under the name of \"Progressive Socialist Rally\", and gained legal recognition on 12 September 1988. It was secular and liberal party. The party was renamed as Progressive Democratic Party in 2001. Under the rule of Ben Ali it was a legal opposition party, but subjected to political repression. After the Tunisian revolution it was one of the major left-leaning secular political forces. It was led by Ahmed Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi. On 9 April 2012, it merged into the Republican Party. Maya", "id": "5642552" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\n% of the popular vote and 16 of 217 seats in the National Constituent Assembly, putting it at the fifth place. As the party had categorically ruled out any collaboration with the victorious Islamist Ennahda Movement, the Progressive Democrats went into opposition and belong to the outspoken critics of the governing coalition of the Islamists with the secular CPR and Ettakatol parties. After the electoral defeat, the PDP launched talks with other secularist and liberal parties to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was realised on the PDP's", "id": "16419724" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (, \"; ), also referred to by its acronym PDP, was a secular liberal political party in Tunisia. The Progressive Democratic Party was founded under the name of \"Progressive Socialist Rally\" in 1983, gained legal recognition on 12 September 1988 and was renamed Progressive Democratic Party in 2001. Under the rule of Ben Ali it was a legal opposition party, but subjected to political repression. After the Tunisian revolution it was one of the major left-leaning secular political forces. It was led", "id": "16419720" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nSecretary-General of the PDP. She has been the first woman to lead a political party in Tunisia. From 1 to 20 October 2007, Jribi, along with Najib Chebbi, engaged in a hunger strike to protest against the forced move of the party's headquarters from Tunis, which caused serious health implications for her. Jribi headed the PDP’s electoral list in Ben Arous for the Constituent Assembly Elections in October 2011. The PDP list received one seat in Ben Arous according to preliminary election results. On 9 April 2012", "id": "632088" }, { "contents": "Republican Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nThe Republican Party ( \"\", ) is a centrist liberal party in Tunisia. It was formed on 9 April 2012 as a merger of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Afek Tounes and the Tunisian Republican Party, several minor parties and independents. The party is led by Maya Jribi who was previously the secretary-general of the PDP. The party held 11 out of 217 seats and was the largest oppositional party in the National Constituent Assembly of Tunisia. The party withdrew from the Union for Tunisia coalition, though", "id": "15161288" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nDuring that period, she became involved and an active member of the student union, known as UGET, and the Tunisian League of Human Rights. She wrote for the independent weekly Erraï and later for the PDP-newspaper Al Mawkif. Together with Ahmed Najib Chebbi, Maya Jribi co-founded the \"Progressive Socialist Rally\", established in 1983, which was later renamed into Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). Since 1986 she has been a member of the party's executive. On 25 December 2006, Jribi was appointed", "id": "632087" }, { "contents": "Ahmed Najib Chebbi\n\n\nAhmed Najib Chebbi (, ) or simply Najib Chebbi (born 30 July 1944) is a Tunisian attorney and politician. Chebbi is a prominent figure of the Tunisian opposition movement; in 1983, he founded the Democratic Progressive Party, which gained legal recognition in 1988. He is currently the leader of the Democratic Progressive Party. In 2006, Maya Jribi became the party's secretary-general, the first woman to hold such office in Tunisia. In 2009 Chebbi attempted to run as a candidate for President of Tunisia but was", "id": "1109530" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nof investigative journalism, unconditional and free access to information, open government, anti-censorship of all kinds, among others. On 9 April 2012, the Republican Party was formed as a merger of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Afek Tounes and the Tunisian Republican Party, several minor parties and independents. The party is centrist and liberal, it's led by Maya Jribi who was previously the secretary-general of the PDP. The party held 11 out of 217 seats and was the largest oppositional party in the", "id": "5642564" }, { "contents": "Tunisian Revolution\n\n\nand Ahmed Najib Chebbi of the PDP), three representatives from the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT), and representatives of civil society (including prominent blogger Slim Amamou). Three notable movements not included in the national unity government were the banned Ennahda Movement, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the secular reformist Congress for the Republic. The following day, the three members of the UGTT and Ben Jafaar resigned, saying that they had \"no confidence\" in a government featuring members of the RCD. There were daily", "id": "18746070" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nparty in Tunisia. Its program is liberal, focusing on secularism and civil liberties. The party mainly appealed to intellectuals and the upper class. After underperforming in the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, Afek Tounes joined talks with other secularist and liberal parties, especially the Progressive Democratic Party to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was completed on 9 April 2012. The new party is called the Republican Party. In August 2013, Yassine Brahim, current leader of the party, and other former party members left", "id": "5642562" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nMaya Jribi (January 29, 1960 – May 19, 2018) was a Tunisian politician. From 2006 to 2012, she was the leader of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). From PDP's merger into the Republican Party in April 2012, until her resignation in 2017, she was the Secretary-General of the centrist party. Her father is from Tatouine, while her mother is from Algeria. She followed her studies in Radès Tunisia, before studying biology at the University of Sfax, from 1979 to 1983.", "id": "632086" }, { "contents": "Secularism in Tunisia\n\n\nTunisian Constitution of 2014 following a considerable debate between Islamic and secular political groups and movements. On 1 March 2011, after the secularist dictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collapsed in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian revolution, Tunisia's interim government granted the \"Ennahda\", a moderate Islamist movement in Tunisia, permission to form a political party. Since then, the Ennahda Islamic Party has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election", "id": "19596325" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nNational Constituent Assembly of Tunisia. The party withdrew from the Union for Tunisia coalition, though it is still part of the National Salvation Front. After the founding congress, nine assemblymen elected for the PDP contested the leadership vote and temporarily suspended their party membership. Those 9 members became part of the Democratic Alliance Party. After being founded in 2012, Nidaa Tounes (Call of Tunisia) won a plurality of seats in the October 2014 parliamentary election. It's a big tent secularist political party in Tunisia. The party's founding", "id": "5642565" }, { "contents": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Burkina Faso)\n\n\nThe Party for Democracy and Progress () was a political party in Burkina Faso (former Upper Volta. It was founded in April 1994 after a split in the National Convention of Progressive Patriots–Social Democratic Party in May 1993. It merged in February 1996 with the Union of the Democratic Left and the Party of Social Progress. After merger with the Burkinabè Socialist Party the PDP became the Party for Democracy and Progress / Socialist Party. At the legislative elections in 1997 the party won 10.1% of the popular vote and 6", "id": "19404846" }, { "contents": "Popular Front (Tunisia)\n\n\nof the Iraqi branch of Ba'ath Party, and other progressive parties. The number of parties involved in the coalition has since decreased to nine. Approximately 15,000 people attended the coalition's first meeting in Tunis. The Tunisian Revolution in 2011 saw the departure of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the dissolution of his party, the Democratic Constitutional Rally, and the holding of fresh elections for the creation of a new constitution. This saw the Tunisian political scene dominated by the Islamist Ennahda Movement, and its allies the Democratic Forum for", "id": "8081870" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Gibraltar)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was a liberal conservative political party from Gibraltar. The party was the third political party and the only party to sit on the centre-right in Gibraltar. Despite poor election results, it garnered growing support from the public and was seen as the 'alternative opposition'. The PDP was the only party campaigning for \"a Gibraltar freely associated to the United Kingdom\" and envisaged \"a journey through the recognition of our right to independence\". The party was also the only political party", "id": "16416540" }, { "contents": "Democratic Party of Progress\n\n\nThe Democratic Party of Progress (, PDP) is a political party in Guinea-Bissau. The PDP was established on 10 February 1992 by Amin Michel Saad. It joined the Union for Change (UM) alliance prior to the 1994 general elections, and Saad became the UM's leader. The UM won six seats in the National People's Assembly, of which the PDP (though Saad) took one. The UM was reduced to three seats in the 1999–2000 general elections, and lost them all in the 2004 parliamentary", "id": "17399816" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nHe was the Ettajdid Movement's candidate for President of Tunisia in the 2009 presidential election. Brahim was in favor of the emergence of a \"democratic modern and \"secular\" [laicist] state\" not connected with Islamists. According to Brahim, this would require \"radical\" reform of the electoral system, which would improve the political climate in guaranteeing freedom of assembly and a large scale independent press, as well as repealing a law that regulated public discourse of electoral candidates. In 1983, the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP", "id": "5642551" }, { "contents": "Sarawak State Legislative Assembly\n\n\ngovernment with a majority of 72 seats out of 82. There were several candidates from breakaway parties such as TERAS and UPP that had their members contest seats under the Barisan banner as direct election candidates under a deal by Adenan Satem after their parties were prevented from joining Barisan after opposition from parties such as PDP and SUPP. On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties including Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party", "id": "17954676" }, { "contents": "2015 Nigerian general election\n\n\nPeople's Democratic Party (PDP) primaries on 10 December 2014, receiving the nomination of the party. However, this was against an unwritten rule that the PDP's presidential candidacy should alternate between Muslim northerners and Christian southerners, and opposition to Jonathan's candidacy had led to the defection of dozens of PDP MPs in the House of Representatives. Prior to the elections, the All Progressives Congress was formed as an alliance of four opposition parties, the Action Congress of Nigeria, the Congress for Progressive Change, the All Nigeria Peoples", "id": "18172183" }, { "contents": "Civic Democratic Party (Hungary)\n\n\nThe Civic Democratic Party (, PDP) was a liberal political party in Hungary in the period following World War II The party was established towards the end of 1944 as a successor to the Civic Freedom Party. Part of a group of members who had belonged to now-defunct conservative parties before the war, Géza Teleki was elected as the party's first leader. The PDP won 21 seats in the National Interim Assembly elections in November 1944. However, Communist opposition to Teleki led to him losing his place in the Cabinet", "id": "16990101" }, { "contents": "Afek Tounes\n\n\nAfek Tounes won 4 seats for the constitutive assembly. The party was rattled on 3 November 2011 though by the resignation of several key founding members such as its spokesperson Emna Mnif, its general secretary Mustapha Mezghani, Sami Zaoui, Hela Hababou and another 13 members. After underperforming in the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, Afek Tounes joined talks with other secularist and liberal parties, especially the Progressive Democratic Party to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was completed on 9 April 2012. The new party is called", "id": "1405509" }, { "contents": "Ali Lankoandé\n\n\nAli Lankoandé (10 November 1930 – 28 May 2014) is a Burkinabé politician from Burkina Faso. He was President of the Party for Democracy and Progress/Socialist Party (PDP/PS) from 2005 to 2008. Lankoandé headed the National Social Security Fund and served as a deputy in the National Assembly of Burkina Faso, as well as Minister of National Education, during the 1970s. Lankoandé was elected to succeed Joseph Ki-Zerbo as President of the PDP/PS on 5 February 2005. Running as the PDP/", "id": "21268271" }, { "contents": "Ennahda Movement\n\n\ncollapse of the government of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the Ennahdha Movement Party was formed, and in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, (the first free election in the country's history), won a plurality of 37% of the popular vote and formed a government. Uproar in the traditionally secular country over \"Islamization\" and assassinations of two secular politicians however, led to the 2013–14 Tunisian political crisis, and the party stepped down following the implementation of a new constitution in January 2014. The party came in", "id": "10814394" }, { "contents": "1991 Sint Maarten general election\n\n\nGeneral elections were held in Sint Maarten on 12 April 1991 to elect the 9 members of the Island Council. The Sint Maarten Patriotic Alliance (SPA) led by Vance James Jr. emerged as the largest party, winning 4 of the 9 seats. The SPA and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) agreed to form a coalition government. On 28 August 1991 the SPA/PDP government collapsed. PDP political leader Millicent Acuna-Lopez-de Weever said that \"fundamental philosophical differences\" with the SPA caused the coalition \"to", "id": "12703859" }, { "contents": "Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party\n\n\nin the Rajya Sabha. It was a member of the ruling United Progressive Alliance until the 2009 general election. Sayeed headed the PDP-Indian National Congress Coalition Government between October 2002 and November 2005, and he was the party's Patron until his death on 7 January 2016. The PDP is now headed by Mehbooba Mufti, Sayeed's daughter. The PDP operates on the ideology of self-rule, as distinctly different from the issues of autonomy. It believes that self-rule as a political philosophy, as opposed to", "id": "248417" }, { "contents": "Ettajdid Movement\n\n\nThe Ettajdid Movement (\"Movement for Renewal\" ; , ' ; ), also referred to simply as Ettajdid, was a centre-left secularist political party in Tunisia, active from 1993 to 2012. Ettajdid evolved out of the old Tunisian Communist Party when it abandoned its former ideology in 1993. During the Ben Ali rule it was one of the legal, although oppressed opposition parties. After the Tunisian revolution of 2011, it became part of the Democratic Modernist Pole alliance and in 2012 it merged into the Social Democratic Path", "id": "16419620" }, { "contents": "Elections in Montserrat\n\n\n(when the Council was expanded to seven seats) and 1966. The 1970 elections saw the new Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) win all seven seats. The PDP also won the 1973 elections, but was defeated in 1978 when the People's Liberation Movement (PLM) won all seven seats. The PLM went on to win the 1983 and 1987 elections. The 1991 elections were won by the National Progressive Party, which won four of the seven seats. The 1996 elections resulted in a hung parliament, with the People", "id": "4125813" }, { "contents": "2013–14 Tunisian political crisis\n\n\nafter the elections Ben Ali jailed nearly 25,000 of its activists with Ennahda militants responding by attacking the ruling party's headquarters killing one person and splashing acid on others. Following the revolution, it described itself to be a \"moderate Islamist\" party by advocating democracy and recognizing political pluralism and dialogue with the West. Its supporters back then regarded the party as an example of how a balance can be struck between modernity and Islamism while its critics viewed it as a threat to secularism in Tunisia, which was often regarded as the most", "id": "7679782" }, { "contents": "List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2013–18)\n\n\nof 72 seats out of 82. There were several candidates from breakaway parties such as TERAS and UPP that had their members contest seats under the Barisan banner as direct election candidates under a deal by Adenan Satem after their parties were prevented from joining Barisan after opposition from parties such as PDP and SUPP. On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties including Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP) officially", "id": "21866476" }, { "contents": "Mike Onoja\n\n\nParty at the 2015 general election by the All Progressives Congress, he and other politicians of the People's Democratic Party defected to the All Progressives Congress in 2016. He returned to the People's Democratic Party in the run-up to the 2019 Benue south Senatorial election. After the PDP's Senatorial Primary election in 2018, Mike Onoja again defected from the party to the Social Democratic Party after expressing his dissatisfaction with the PDP's conduct of the primary election. Mike Onoja is the Chairman/CEO of Moonsons Resources Investment International", "id": "10879880" }, { "contents": "History of modern Tunisia\n\n\n, several Islamist activists were released from prison. He also forged a national pact with the Tunisian party Harakat al-Ittijah al-Islami (Islamic Tendency Movement), which had been founded in 1981; later it changed its name to Ennahda (the Renaissance Party). He also changed the ruling party's name to the Democratic Constitutional Rally. However, Ben Ali's innovative tack did not work out well. Subsequently, An-Nahda claimed to have run strongly in the 1989 elections, giving it the appearance of being", "id": "17057122" }, { "contents": "Yassine Brahim\n\n\nof the new company, which he led into the following acquisition by U.S. based SunGard. In 2010 he turned back to Tunisia, just before the Tunisian Revolution would lead to his appointment as Minister of Transport and Equipment in the short-lived second Ghannouchi cabinet and the subsequent Essebsi cabinet. He resigned on 17 June 2011 to become general secretary of the newly founded Afek Tounes party which he led into a merger with Ahmed Najib Chebbi's Progressive Democratic Party, the Republican Party \"Al Joumhouri\". On 28 August 2013,", "id": "2666991" }, { "contents": "Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties\n\n\nup his position in the transitional government. In the Constituent Assembly election on 23 October 2011, Ettakatol won 20 of the 217 seats making it the fourth force in the Assembly. Subsequently, the FDTL came to an agreement with the two major parties, the Islamist Ennahda Movement and the secular Congress for the Republic (CPR), to share the three highest positions in state. Accordingly, Ben Jafar was voted Speaker of the Assembly on 22 November. In exchange, the Forum supported the election of CPR-leader Moncef Marzouki", "id": "2468766" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Tonga)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (PDP) is a political party in Tonga. It was formed after a split in the Human Rights and Democracy Movement. The party was founded on 8 April 2005 in 'Atenisi. Teisina Fuko was the first person elected to the party presidency at a meeting on 15 April 2005. The PDP was legally registered on July 1, 2005, being the first Tongan party to do so. The party has not won any seats to the Tonga Parliament. It is currently inactive without any candidates or", "id": "19615344" }, { "contents": "2013 Gibraltar by-election\n\n\nSocial Democrats as Opposition had initially decided not to contest the by-election considering instead a \"gentleman's agreement\" as the seat had been one of the GSLP which had become vacant under tragic circumstances. The Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) which was not represented in Parliament immediately decided it would contest the by-election seeing it as an opportunity to be represented despite its poor performance at the previous two general elections. On 30 May 2013 the PDP announced its candidature of party leader Nick Cruz. At this point the GSD", "id": "8509410" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (PDP) is a major contemporary political party in Nigeria. Its policies generally lie towards the centre-right of the political spectrum. It won every Presidential election between 1999 and 2011, and was until the 2015 elections, the governing party in the Fourth Republic although in some cases, amid a few controversial electoral circumstances. Currently, PDP controls 14 states out of 36 states in Nigeria. In 1998 the PDP in its first presidential primary election held in Jos, Plateau State, North Central Nigeria", "id": "1890377" }, { "contents": "Social Democratic Union of Macedonia\n\n\nThe Social Democratic Union of Macedonia (–СДСМ, \"Socijaldemokratski Sojuz na Makedonija\"–SDSM) is a social-democratic political party, the main centre-left political party in North Macedonia. The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia was founded on 20 April 1991 at the 11th Congress of SKM-PDP (UCM – Party for Democratic Changes). Branko Crvenkovski was elected as the party's first president. Its current leader is Zoran Zaev. The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia is a member of the Progressive Alliance and an associate affiliate of", "id": "1084636" }, { "contents": "Peoples Democratic Party (Kenya)\n\n\nThe Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) is a political party in Kenya. The PDP was established in 1992. It won a single seat in the 2007 general elections, Richard Momoima Onyonka in Kitutu Chache Constituency. In 2010 Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) MP James Omingo Magara defected to the party after the ODM did not nominate him as its candidate in the South Mugirango by-election, which was held after Magara's victory in the 2007 elections was annulled due to irregularities. However, Magara was defeated in the by-", "id": "19016018" }, { "contents": "Dickson Tarkighir\n\n\nat the polls in the 2015 general elections and won the seat to represent the people of Makurdi/Guma Federal Constituency in the House of Representatives, Abuja. On Tuesday, 24 July 2018, Tarkighir was among 37 members of the House of Representatives who defected from the ruling All Progressives Congress (APC) to other political parties. He defected to the People's Democratic Party (PDP), a party he had previously defected from. However, On Tuesday, 22 January 2019, Tarkighir announced his return to the All Progressives", "id": "8861699" }, { "contents": "Guillermo Irizarry\n\n\ngovernor abandoned the party that elected him, the Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico (PDP), and joined a newly founded party, the People's Party, which nominated him for an unsuccessful reelection bid. In November of that year, the PDP suffered its first defeat with the election of the New Progressive Party's Luis A. Ferré. As a result, Secretary Irizarry presided over the first transition between elected governors of different parties. From 1973 to 1977, during the administration of Governor Rafael Hernández Colón, Irizarry served again", "id": "1916365" }, { "contents": "1931 Argentine general election\n\n\nJulio Roca as his running mate; Roca, the son of the late PAN leader, Julio A. Roca, had led the Democratic Party of Córdoba. The Democratic Progressive Party (PDP), known for its anti-corruption platform, nominated Senator Lisandro de la Torre, who also earned the endorsement of the Socialist Party of Argentina, a party in search of leadership following the passing of Juan B. Justo, in 1928. The alliance alienated conservatives in the PDP, however, who instead endorsed the aging Francisco A. Barroetaveña,", "id": "14281535" }, { "contents": "Jebali Cabinet\n\n\nThe first cabinet of Tunisian Head of Government Hamadi Jebali was presented on 20 December 2011. Jebali has been appointed by interim President Moncef Marzouki, who had been elected by the National Constituent Assembly, a body constituted to draft a new constitution after the Tunisian Revolution and the fall of former President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in Spring 2011. It took office on 24 December 2011. The three parties in the \"Troika\" coalition are the Islamist Ennahda Movement, the centre-left secularist Congress for the Republic (CPR),", "id": "5725136" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Montserrat)\n\n\nwere the first occasion on which the MLP had faced serious opposition, and saw the PDP win all seven seats, leaving the MLP without parliamentary representation. Percival Austin Bramble became Chief Minister. The PDP subsequently won five of the seven seats in the 1973 elections, but were defeated in the 1978 elections, when the People's Liberation Movement formed by former PDP minister John Osborne won all seven seats. The PDP contested the 1983 elections, winning two seats in the Legislative Council. It was reduced to one seat in the 1987", "id": "6998615" }, { "contents": "1987 European Parliament election in Spain\n\n\na European-wide election was due in 1989, elected MEPs only served for the remainder of the European Parliament term. The ruling Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) designated former Foreign Affairs Minister Fernando Morán to lead their campaign. The main opposition People's Alliance party (AP), running on its own after the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and Liberal Party (PL) broke away from the People's Coalition, chose Manuel Fraga—who had resigned as party leader in December 1986—to lead the party list", "id": "7968065" }, { "contents": "2011 Gibraltar general election\n\n\ngave the GSLP an advantage of up to 9% over the governing party, the GSD, while one (that of the Spanish newspaper \"Area\", which published no details and was widely thought to be politically motivated) predicted a GSD win. Two parties, the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD) and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), and an alliance (Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)/Liberals) have presented a full slate of 10 candidates each, making a total of 30 candidates for 17 seats in the Gibraltar", "id": "19578144" }, { "contents": "Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance\n\n\nThe Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance (\"Partido Democrático para o Progresso – Aliança Nacional Angolana\") is a political party in Angola. The party was founded in Luanda, March 17, 1991. It was led by Mfulumpinga Landu Victor, a former National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) cadre and Member of Parliament for the PDP-ANA, until he was shot dead outside the party office in 2004. It is now led by Francisco Lele. In the 2008 legislative elections, it gained 0.51%", "id": "17803317" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Montserrat)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was a political party in Montserrat. The party was established in 1970 by Percival Austin Bramble, son of Chief Minister and leader of the Montserrat Labour Party (MLP) William Henry Bramble. Percival had previously been a member of the MLP and was elected to the Legislative Council as an MLP candidate in the 1966 elections. However, he subsequently broke away to form the PDP as a result of controversy over the number of holiday and retirement homes being built on the island. The 1970 elections", "id": "6998614" }, { "contents": "Party of Democratic Progress\n\n\nThe Party of Democratic Progress () is a Serbian political party in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the third-largest party in Republika Srpska. PDP was established in Banja Luka on 26 September 1999. During the founding assembly, Mladen Ivanić was elected as the president of the party, while Branko Dokić and Zoran Đerić were elected as vice presidents. The party is an observer member of the European People's Party (EPP) and International Democrat Union (IDU). In terms of bilateral cooperation with other European parties,", "id": "19626107" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (, O'zXDP or PDP) is a centre-left political party in Uzbekistan founded in 1991. The PDP was founded in October 1991 after the Communist Party of Uzbekistan voted to cut its ties with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and change its name to PDP. The party was led by President Islam Karimov since its foundation until 1996, at which point Karimov stepped down and resigned his membership. Karimov created the Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party in 2003. This is supported by the fact", "id": "19132598" }, { "contents": "Ademola Rasaq Seriki\n\n\nwas appointed a National Fund Raising Committee member in the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) for the 1999 National elections. The PDP also appointed him as a member of the Candidate and Party Relations Committee for Obasanjo/Atiku Presidential Election. From 2000 to 2002 Demola Seriki emerged as the PDP Party Chairman of Lagos Island Local Government Area in Lagos State and later in 2003 as the party's flag bearer to the House of Assembly representing Lagos Island Federal Constituency. In 2005 he cut his political tooth further by serving as Secretary of the", "id": "5752584" }, { "contents": "Omuma\n\n\nin the council premises and he won the House of Assembly election in 2011. He was re-elected in 2015 election to represent Omuma for the second time in Rivers State House of Assembly under the PDP. Several other political parties have sprung up within this period as alphabetically arranged below and Omuma has been actively involved in them: • Advanced Congress of Democrats (ACD) • Alliance for Democracy (AD) • Action Democratic Party (ADP) • All Democratic Peoples Movement (ADPM) • All Progressives Congress (APC)", "id": "2613408" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Spain)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (, PDP), renamed as Christian Democracy (, DC) from March 1988 until it merged into the People's Party in June 1989, was a Christian-democratic political party in Spain. In August 1982, 13 deputies under the leadership of Óscar Alzaga split from the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) and founded the PDP, entering into alliance with the People's Alliance (AP), which received the second largest number of votes in the 1982 and 1986 general elections. The", "id": "19996228" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Malaysia)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (Malay: Parti Demokratik Progresif, Abbreviation: PDP), formerly known as Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party (SPDP) is a Sarawak based political party in Malaysia founded in 2002. The party was founded in the wake of the de-registration of the Sarawak National Party (SNAP) in November 2002 by a faction aligned to the Chief Minister of Sarawak, Abdul Taib Mahmud, led by William Mawan Ikom. The party has rebrand that using a new name - Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and a", "id": "13136566" }, { "contents": "Tunisia\n\n\n, including several that existed under the former regime. During the rule of Ben Ali, only three functioned as independent opposition parties: the PDP, FDTL, and Tajdid. While some older parties are well-established and can draw on previous party structures, many of the 100-plus parties extant as of February 2012 are small. Rare for the Arab world, women held more than 20% of seats in the country's pre-revolution bicameral parliament. In the 2011 constituent assembly, women held between 24% and 31%", "id": "11279313" }, { "contents": "Liberal Party (Spain, 1976)\n\n\nThe Liberal Party (, PL) was a liberal political party in Spain. It was part of the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) until 1983, when it aligned itself with the People's Alliance (AP), the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL). On 22 December 1984 the latter merged into the Liberal Party. These three parties formed the People's Coalition for the 1986 election. In 1989 the party, along with AP and PDP, merged to form the", "id": "19996525" }, { "contents": "New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)\n\n\nto boycott that plebiscite. Main party founder, president, and former statehood Republican Party standard-bearer Luis A. Ferré categorized the New Progressive Party as one which would not be aligned to any of the two major U.S. national parties. Co-founders of the NPP alongside Luis A. Ferre were Manuel F. Alsina Capo, attorney Nelson Escalona, and Benny Frankie Cerezo. Under Luis A. Ferré, the NPP came to power in January 1969, after defeating Luis Negrón López, the gubernatorial candidate from the Popular Democratic Party (PDP)", "id": "21721596" }, { "contents": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Mali)\n\n\nThe Party for Democracy and Progress (, PDP) is a political party in Mali led by Mady Konaté. The party was established in 1991, and officially registered on 25 April that year. It party received 5.1% of the vote in the February 1992 parliamentary elections, winning two seats. In the April 1992 presidential elections it nominated Idrissa Traoré as its candidate. Traoré finished fifth out of nine candidates with 7.1%^ of the vote. The local elections in the same year saw the party win 40 of the 751 seats across", "id": "19282171" }, { "contents": "Samaila Suleiman\n\n\n-2008, Energy Commission of Nigeria in 2009-2010 and later resigned to join politics. Suleiman was first elected into the public office as a local government chairman from Kaduna North in Kaduna State under the defunct Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) in 2008. He was the only politician to have won local government election under the CPC having shared the same constituency with the then vice president of Nigeria from the then ruling party People's Democratic Party (PDP). In 2015, Suleiman was first elected into the Lower Chamber", "id": "6113494" }, { "contents": "Party for Democratic Prosperity\n\n\nFor example, the party leadership criticized the 1991 Census for allegedly underreporting the percentage of the population that was Albanian from 40% to only 21%. Also, the PDP deputies voted against adopting the constitution due to its lack of protection for minorities. From the 1998 elections onwards PDP is in opposition and since then the support for the PDP has eroded considerably. At the 2002 legislative elections, the party won 2.3% of the popular vote and 2 out of 120 seats. At the 2011 legislative elections, the party won", "id": "5710802" }, { "contents": "2008 Angolan legislative election\n\n\nDemocratic Party (PLD), Party of the Alliance of Youth, Workers and Farmers of Angola (PAJOCA), Party for Democratic Support and Progress of Angola (PADEPA), the Democratic Party for Progress - Angolan National Alliance (PDP-ANA), the Front for Democracy (FpD) and four coalitions: the Democratic Angola – Coalition (AD), New Democracy Electoral Union (ND), the Electoral Political Platform (PPE) and the Angolan Fraternal Forum Coalition (FOFAC). The Angolan Democratic Party (PDA", "id": "533048" }, { "contents": "Party for Democratic Prosperity\n\n\nThe Party for Democratic Prosperity or PDP () is an ethnic Albanian political party in North Macedonia. The party was formed in April 1990 and is currently led by Abdyladi Vejseli. From 1992 to 1998 the PDP was part of the coalition governments led by the SDSM. After the split of the radical wing from the party in February 1994, PDP was generally considered to be moderate party that could cooperate with Macedonian parties, although sometimes frictions between the PDP and the other government parties arose as a consequence of the ethnic questions.", "id": "5710801" }, { "contents": "Politics of Gibraltar\n\n\n. A new party, New Gibraltar Democracy, announced it would contest the next election. NGD claimed that the two main parties were \"Out of touch with people's expectations and make up for their lack of ideas through Orwellian style propaganda.\" At the 2007 election one candidate, Charles Gomez, stood for election for the party. It achieved under 1% of the vote and has subsequently ceased any activity. In June 2006 the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was formed and announced it would be presenting a full slate", "id": "11739411" }, { "contents": "Tunisian people\n\n\nto an end 23 years latter on January 14, 2011, in the events of the Tunisian Revolution, following nationwide demonstrations precipitated by high unemployment, food inflation, corruption, a lack of political freedoms like freedom of speech and poor living conditions. Following the overthrow of Ben Ali, Tunisians elected a Constituent Assembly to draft a new constitution, and an interim government known as the Troika because it was a coalition of three parties; the Islamist Ennahda Movement in the lead, with the centre-left Congress for the Republic and", "id": "21785336" }, { "contents": "Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle\n\n\nIn the aftermath of \"Mt. Healthy\",\" wrote Sandra Lynch for the First Circuit in 2004, \"confusion still sometimes arises about the issue of causation.\" She was writing in one of several cases it heard in the mid-2000s arising from alleged political retaliation in Puerto Rico, where members of the New Progressive Party (NPP) brought suit claiming that members of the rival Popular Democratic Party (PDP) had improperly forced them out of government jobs after the PDP defeated the incumbent NPP in the commonwealth's 2000 elections.", "id": "17963178" }, { "contents": "Great Ogboru\n\n\n2003. In the 2007 election, Great Ogboru contested for governorship under the flag of the Democracy People Party (DPP) against Emmanuel Uduaghan of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) and lost to Emmanuel Uduagha again in 2011 election though he contested under the umbrella of Labour Party In the 2015 Delta State governorship election, Great Ogboru contested for governorship under the umbrella of All Progressive Congress (APC). He was defeated by Ifeanyi Okowa of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) . In the 2019 governorship election of Delta State,", "id": "278732" }, { "contents": "1983 Murcian regional election\n\n\nelectoral alliance led by the right-wing People's Alliance (AP), which included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), became the second political force and the main opposition party, whereas the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) also entered the Assembly, obtaining 1 seat. As a result of the election, Socialist Andrés Hernández Ros, who since 1979 had been the President of the Regional Council of Murcia (the pre-autonomic regional government), became the first democratically", "id": "19967050" }, { "contents": "Emmanuel Nnamdi Uba\n\n\nEmmanuel Nnamdi Uba, or Andy Uba (born 14 December 1958), is a Nigerian politician who was elected Senator for the Anambra South constituency of Anambra State, Nigeria, in April 2011. He ran on the People's Democratic Party (PDP) platform. He defected to the ruling All Progressives Congress in February 2017; the leadership crises engulfing the former ruling party PDP may have motivated his decision. Uba was born on 14 December 1958 in Enugu, and attended the Boys High School in Awkunanaw. His parents originated from", "id": "17515892" }, { "contents": "Islam and secularism\n\n\ndictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collapsed in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian revolution, Tunisia's interim government granted the group permission to form a political party. Since then it has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, 2011, the first honest election in the country's history with a turn out of 51.1% of all eligible voters, the party won 37.04% of the popular vote and 89 (41%)", "id": "18330475" }, { "contents": "United Progressive Alliance\n\n\nthe Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party announced the withdrawal of the PDP from the UPA given that the Congress had decided to support the Omar Abdullah-led National Conference Government in Jammu & Kashmir after the 2008 state elections. On 26 March 2009, PMK declared that it would join the AIADMK led front and withdrew from the UPA and the party president declared that two union ministers of his party will resign shortly. On 12 November 2012, Barrister Asaduddin Owaisi, leader of the AIMIM announced the decision of the party's executive and", "id": "8764699" }, { "contents": "Umaru Tanko Al-Makura\n\n\nfounding member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) in Nasarawa State in 1998. Al-Makura defected from the PDP after losing the primary elections for the Nasarawa Governor competition. Al-Makura was elected Governor of Nasarawa State, Nigeria on 26 April 2011, running on the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) ticket. He defeated the incumbent governor, Aliyu Akwe-Doma of the PDP. On 14 July 2014 the Speaker of the Nasarawa State House of Assembly gave a notice of impeachment to the Clerk of the", "id": "7102114" }, { "contents": "2013 Gibraltar by-election\n\n\nThe Gibraltar by-election, 2013 was a parliamentary by-election held on 4 July 2013 for the Gibraltar Parliament. The by-election was to contest the seat left vacant by the death of Government of Gibraltar Housing Minister Charles Bruzon in April 2013. The Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP), Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and an independent contested the by-election. The Liberal Party of Gibraltar who is in alliance and in Government with the GSLP backed the GSLP's candidate", "id": "8509407" }, { "contents": "Politics of Tajikistan\n\n\nThree major opposition parties—the Democratic Party, the Islamic Renaissance Party, and the Social Democratic Party—boycotted the election. In the early 2000s, independent political parties continued to exist, but their operations were circumscribed and their influence marginal. The governing People’s Democratic Party (PDP) gained strength as some opposition party leaders joined the government and others were disqualified from participation in elections. The Communist Party of Tajikistan, a nominal opposition party that has supported President Rahmon on most issues, has lost support since 2000. The", "id": "11083170" }, { "contents": "Dapo Abiodun\n\n\nis also reportedly the founder of First Power Limited. Dapo Abiodun is a founding member of Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) in Ogun State, although he is currently a member of the All Progressive Congress (APC) defecting after the 2015 general elections. He contested the Ogun East senatorial seat on the platform of the All Progressive Congress(APC) in the 2015 Nigerian general elections which he lost to the Peoples Democratic Party(PDP) candidate . He was elected a senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria on the platform of the defunct United Nigeria", "id": "1139922" }, { "contents": "1983 Riojan regional election\n\n\n. The People's Coalition, an electoral alliance led by the People's Alliance (AP), which also included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), emerged as the second largest grouping in the General Deputation, while the newly created regionalist Progressive Riojan Party (PRP) came third. Neither the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) or the Democratic and Social Centre (CDS), the only other parties standing in the election, were able to meet the electoral threshold and failed", "id": "18176961" }, { "contents": "Trinity—Spadina\n\n\nwas expected to be a very competitive election. Additionally, Conservative David Watters, Green Anna Costa, Progressive Canadian Party Asif Hossain, Canadian Action Party Tristan Downe-Dewdney and Daniel Knezetic for the Popular Democratic Party contested the election. The Popular Democratic Party was a social democratic and populist political party formed in 2003. It did not register as a political party with Elections Canada, and closed down after the 2004 election. The PDP proposed decentralization and community involvement in the political process through the creation of community councils to which any", "id": "8027884" }, { "contents": "Galician Coalition\n\n\nin the Congreso de los Diputados since the Second Republic. In January 1987 the most nationalist and progressive sectors of CG, led by Pablo González Mariñas and Xosé Henrique Rodríguez Peña, left the party and formed the Galician Nationalist Party (which would eventually join the Galician Nationalist Bloc). To attend the 1987 municipal elections CG formed the Galician Progressive Coalition, with the Democratic Popular Party (PDP) and the Liberal Party, gaining the 11.07% of the vote and 607 councilors. Following the departure of Xosé Luís Barreiro of the", "id": "602391" }, { "contents": "2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election\n\n\nthe delay, all major parties approved of it, even the Ennahda Movement; other parties approving the new election date included the Progressive Democratic Party, Ettajdid Movement, Al Majd, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the Social Liberal Party. In September, the government of Canada declared that it would not allow Tunisia to open polling stations in its territory because it refused to be included in another country's electoral constituency. Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird called the issue \"a matter of Canadian sovereignty\". In response to Canada", "id": "14450727" }, { "contents": "Democratic Modernist Pole\n\n\nin all the 33 constituencies at home and abroad. Sixteen women and 17 men will be chief candidates. Riadh Ben Fadl and Mustapha Ben Ahmed, are the founders of the group. Ahmed Ibrahim is a leader in the bloc. The bloc won 5 of the 217 seats and 4.91% of the vote in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election. Three of the parties in the coalition: the Republican Party, the Socialist Left Party and the Social Democratic Path) became part of another coalition called the Union for Tunisia in 2013", "id": "19583402" }, { "contents": "Abdulmumin Jibrin\n\n\nof Commerce (NBCC) between 2010 – 2011. Jibrin was first elected into the Nigerian National Assembly's House of Representatives representing Kiru/Bebeji Federal constituency of Kano State under the Peoples Democratic Party - PDP in 2011 before decamping to the newly formed political party in Nigeria, the All Progressives Congress (APC) in 2014 and was later re-elected into House of Representatives in 2015. Jibrin was the Chairman House of Representatives Committee on Finance in the 7th Assembly with oversight on the Federal Ministry of Finance and its Parastatals,", "id": "18363893" }, { "contents": "Rashidi Adewolu Ladoja\n\n\n2009, a former aide testified on the way on which the share money had been divided between Ladoja's family, bodyguard, senior politicians and lawyers. Ladoja was the governorship candidate for Accord party in Oyo State during the April 2011 and 2015 elections, he lost to Senator Abiola Ajimobi. He later merged his Accord Party into PDP in 2017. Dispute in PDP made him and other allies (from Labour Party, All Progressives Congress APC etc.) to move over African Democratic Congress (ADC) in 2018. After a", "id": "21855065" }, { "contents": "Mohammed Badaru Abubakar\n\n\nAll Progressives Congress in 2015 along with PDP contender Mal. Aminu Ibrahim Ringim. The Independent National Electoral Commission on 13 April 2015 declared him the winner of that election. On 9 March 2019 Jigawa state gubernatorial election, Badaru was re-elected has governor having polled a total of 810,933 votes, the candidate of the Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, Aminu Ibrahim Ringim scored 288,356 while the candidate of the Social Democratic Party, SDP, Bashir Adamu Jumbo scored 32,894 votes, thereby making him the winner of the election. In recognition", "id": "20149723" }, { "contents": "Popular Democratic Party (France)\n\n\nthe PDP prior to the 1924 legislative election. Established by Congress on 15 and 16 November 1924, under the chairmanship of George Thibout and involving 200 delegates, the PDP supported the desire to achieve \"a task in bringing reconciliation around the idea of Republicanism\" by the definition of \"new Republican faith\" The Popular Democrats advocated that religion was not and should not be a line between right and left. However, the PDP oriented itself to the centre-right in direct competition to the Republican Federation, the party from which", "id": "22044943" }, { "contents": "Socialism in Tunisia\n\n\nthe Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties (Ettakatol or FDTL) was founded and officially recognized on 25 October 2002. Is a social democratic and secularist political party in Tunisia. Its founder and Secretary-General is the radiologist Mustapha Ben Jafar. Active from 1993 to 2012, the Ettajdid Movement (\"Movement for Renewal\") was a centre-left secularist, democratic socialist and social liberal political party in Tunisia. It was led by Ahmed Ibrahim. For the Constituent assembly election, Ettajdid formed a strongly secularist alliance called Democratic", "id": "5642583" }, { "contents": "Wafa Movement\n\n\nThe Wafa Movement (), sometimes referred to as the Independent Democratic Congress, is a political party in Tunisia. The party was founded in 2012 by a number of constituents who broke away from the Congress for the Republic (CPR). Led by the short-time CPR secretary-general Abderraouf Ayadi, the party however remained loosely allied with the governing Troika coalition of Ennahda, CPR and Ettakatol. Generally seen as a secular, left-leaning party, the Wafa Movement reached out to Islamists on the grounds of seeking", "id": "13260598" }, { "contents": "Abdulkareem Adisa\n\n\nPeople's Democratic Party (PDP) in Kwara State. One PDP group suspended the Minister of State for Women Affairs, Miss Funke Adedoyin, but another group of PDP elders, led by Adisa, voided Adedoyin’s suspension. Adisa also became vice-chairman of the Kwara Progressive Movement (KPM). Abdulkareem Adisa was leader of a movement to elect General Ibrahim Babangida as president in 2007. He published an attack on the National Democratic Coalition (NADECO) in \"The Guardian\" of 28 April 2004, warning the group", "id": "1146576" }, { "contents": "Nidaa Tounes\n\n\n\"founder\" Habib Bourguiba). In addition, the party has the support of many members of the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT) and the national employers' union, UTICA. They believe that Tunisia's secular forces have to unite to counter the dominance of the Islamist Ennahda Movement. From its foundation until July 2013, 11 members of the Constituent Assembly joined the party by defecting from various other parties. On 11 February 2013, the Republican Party joined Nidaa Tounes and four other parties in a political alliance called Union", "id": "4542216" }, { "contents": "Gibraltar\n\n\nrepresented by the Governor of Gibraltar. The governor enacts day-to-day matters on the advice of the Gibraltar Parliament, but is responsible to the British government in respect of defence, foreign policy, internal security and general good governance. Judicial and other appointments are made on behalf of the monarch in consultation with the head of the elected government. The 2011 election was contested by the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)-Gibraltar Liberal Party (GLP) Alliance and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP", "id": "7263743" }, { "contents": "Adamu Sidi Ali\n\n\nballots had not been included in the count.In turn, the PDP appealed the decision to nullify the election of their candidate, who had died two months after the election, saying the election should be a re-run due to his death. Their appeal was rejected. Later, Sidi Ali changed allegiance to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). During a PDP campaign flag-off meeting before the April 2007 elections, he advised political opponents not to use thugs to destabilize the elections. Sidi Ali became senator for", "id": "13302889" }, { "contents": "Ahmed Tijani Ahmed\n\n\nAhmed Tijani Ahmed (December 17, 1941 – June 10, 2006) was a Nigerian politician who was Senator for the Kogi Central constituency in Kogi State from 1999 to 2003 as a member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP). When Kogi State was created in 1991, Ahmed Tijani Ahmed joined a group of liberal progressive politicians in the Social Democratic Party (SDP) that created an agreement on power sharing among the different peoples of the state. However, they lost the December 1991 governorship election to the National Republican", "id": "14754363" }, { "contents": "Abdulmumin Jibrin\n\n\nthe members of the House of Representatives that led the first set of 37 Legislators that decamped from the ruling People's Democratic Party (PDP) to the main opposition party, All Progressive Party (APC). In March 2015, Abdulmumin contested and got re-elected to the House of Representatives by the people of his constituency Kiru/Bebeji Kano state, Nigeria. As Chairman Appropriation, Jibrin has oversight function over the Budget office and national budget, the appropriation of funds for execution of government programmes and projects. He also", "id": "18363903" }, { "contents": "Godswill Akpabio\n\n\nSenatorial District to represent the district in the Senate of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Running under the platform of the People’s Democratic Party (PDP), he polled 422,009 of the 439,449 to defeat Chief Inibehe Okorie of the All Progressive Congress (APC) who recorded 15, 152 votes to be declared elected by the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). Akpabio was nominated for the position of the Senate Minority Leader by the South-South caucus of the People's Democratic Party (PDP), ratified by the caucus", "id": "19678208" }, { "contents": "1970 Montserratian general election\n\n\nGeneral elections were held in Montserrat on 15 December 1970. The result was a victory for the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), which won all seven seats in the Legislative Council, whilst the Montserrat Labour Party (MLP), which had won every election since the introduction of universal suffrage in 1951, lost all four of its seats. PDP leader Percival Austin Bramble became Chief Minister, replacing his father and MLP leader, William Henry Bramble. Universal suffrage was introduced in Montserrat in 1951, and the first elections under it", "id": "6935944" }, { "contents": "Atiku Abubakar\n\n\nProgressives Congress (APC), a party he helped to form. On 3 December 2017, via a Facebook Live broadcast, Abubakar announced his return to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). The announcement followed consultations the former Vice President had with party leaders and stakeholders from across the country. He said he decided to 'return home' to the PDP now that the issues which made him leave the party had been resolved. Abubakar declared his candidacy for the presidential nomination of the PDP mid 2018 and won the nomination at", "id": "10683389" }, { "contents": "Luis A. Ferré\n\n\nProgressive Party (a.k.a., PNP). In the following general election in 1968, Ferré ran for Governor and defeated Luis Negrón López, the candidate of the Popular Democratic Party (PPD) by a slight margin. The ruling party had split with the creation of the People's Party, which ran incumbent PDP-elected Governor Roberto Sánchez Vilella as its gubernatorial candidate, ending Luis Muñoz Marín's PPD's hold on the governor's seat, which had lasted 20 years. During Ferré's administration, Puerto Rico was in", "id": "11079059" }, { "contents": "1994–1995 Uzbek parliamentary election\n\n\nParliamentary elections were held in Uzbekistan on 25 December 1994, with a second round held in 39 constituencies on 8 January 1995 and seven constituencies on 22 January. The election was contested by 634 candidates, 250 nominated by local councils, 243 members of the People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan, and 141 Progress Party of the Fatherland members. The majority of seats were won by local council nominees (around 120 of which were PDP members), whilst the People's Democratic Party emerged as the largest party. Voter turnout was 93.6", "id": "15227647" }, { "contents": "1983 Madrilenian regional election\n\n\nthe PSOE won 51 seats. The People's Coalition, an electoral alliance led by the People's Alliance (AP), which also included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), emerged as the second largest grouping in the Assembly. The Communist Party of Spain was the only other party to win seats in the Assembly. In 1986, the party joined with other left-wing movements to form the current United Left. The Assembly of Madrid was the devolved, unicameral legislature of", "id": "3098844" } ]

[ { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nby Ahmed Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi. On 9 April 2012, it merged into the Republican Party. The Progressive Democratic Party had a newspaper, \"Al-Mawqif\". In its beginnings, the Progressive Socialist Rally (now PDP) gathered a broad range of currents from Marxists and pro-democracy activists to progressive Muslims. During the Ben Ali rule, Najib Chebbi and the PDP were harassed by the police for years, and verbally attacked by state-run media. After unsuccessfully participating in elections from 1989 to 1999", "id": "16419721" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\n, the party decided to boycott the elections of 2004 and 2009. Therefore, it was unrepresented in the Tunisian parliament. After the Ben Ali administration announced to force the party to move their headquarters from Tunis, its leaders Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi engaged in a 20-days hunger strike, which earned the party attention and prompted the administration to revoke their decision. Following the 2010–2011 Tunisian protests, shootings outside PDP's headquarters were reported on 16 January 2011. The next day, on 17 January, party leader Najib Chebbi, was", "id": "16419722" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nnamed Regional Development Minister in the interim government. Ahead of the Constituent Assembly election, the PDP evolved into a main exponent of the centre-left secular camp and rival of the Islamist Ennahda Movement. In the run-up to the elections, the Progressive Democrats have received quite an amount of financial support which enabled the party for a lavish campaign. Critics claim that an important part of the funding came from businesspeople close to the old Ben Ali power elite. In the election for a constituent assembly, the PDP won 3.9", "id": "16419723" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\n) was founded under the name of \"Progressive Socialist Rally\", and gained legal recognition on 12 September 1988. It was secular and liberal party. The party was renamed as Progressive Democratic Party in 2001. Under the rule of Ben Ali it was a legal opposition party, but subjected to political repression. After the Tunisian revolution it was one of the major left-leaning secular political forces. It was led by Ahmed Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi. On 9 April 2012, it merged into the Republican Party. Maya", "id": "5642552" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\n% of the popular vote and 16 of 217 seats in the National Constituent Assembly, putting it at the fifth place. As the party had categorically ruled out any collaboration with the victorious Islamist Ennahda Movement, the Progressive Democrats went into opposition and belong to the outspoken critics of the governing coalition of the Islamists with the secular CPR and Ettakatol parties. After the electoral defeat, the PDP launched talks with other secularist and liberal parties to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was realised on the PDP's", "id": "16419724" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (, \"; ), also referred to by its acronym PDP, was a secular liberal political party in Tunisia. The Progressive Democratic Party was founded under the name of \"Progressive Socialist Rally\" in 1983, gained legal recognition on 12 September 1988 and was renamed Progressive Democratic Party in 2001. Under the rule of Ben Ali it was a legal opposition party, but subjected to political repression. After the Tunisian revolution it was one of the major left-leaning secular political forces. It was led", "id": "16419720" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nSecretary-General of the PDP. She has been the first woman to lead a political party in Tunisia. From 1 to 20 October 2007, Jribi, along with Najib Chebbi, engaged in a hunger strike to protest against the forced move of the party's headquarters from Tunis, which caused serious health implications for her. Jribi headed the PDP’s electoral list in Ben Arous for the Constituent Assembly Elections in October 2011. The PDP list received one seat in Ben Arous according to preliminary election results. On 9 April 2012", "id": "632088" }, { "contents": "Republican Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nThe Republican Party ( \"\", ) is a centrist liberal party in Tunisia. It was formed on 9 April 2012 as a merger of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Afek Tounes and the Tunisian Republican Party, several minor parties and independents. The party is led by Maya Jribi who was previously the secretary-general of the PDP. The party held 11 out of 217 seats and was the largest oppositional party in the National Constituent Assembly of Tunisia. The party withdrew from the Union for Tunisia coalition, though", "id": "15161288" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nDuring that period, she became involved and an active member of the student union, known as UGET, and the Tunisian League of Human Rights. She wrote for the independent weekly Erraï and later for the PDP-newspaper Al Mawkif. Together with Ahmed Najib Chebbi, Maya Jribi co-founded the \"Progressive Socialist Rally\", established in 1983, which was later renamed into Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). Since 1986 she has been a member of the party's executive. On 25 December 2006, Jribi was appointed", "id": "632087" }, { "contents": "Ahmed Najib Chebbi\n\n\nAhmed Najib Chebbi (, ) or simply Najib Chebbi (born 30 July 1944) is a Tunisian attorney and politician. Chebbi is a prominent figure of the Tunisian opposition movement; in 1983, he founded the Democratic Progressive Party, which gained legal recognition in 1988. He is currently the leader of the Democratic Progressive Party. In 2006, Maya Jribi became the party's secretary-general, the first woman to hold such office in Tunisia. In 2009 Chebbi attempted to run as a candidate for President of Tunisia but was", "id": "1109530" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nof investigative journalism, unconditional and free access to information, open government, anti-censorship of all kinds, among others. On 9 April 2012, the Republican Party was formed as a merger of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Afek Tounes and the Tunisian Republican Party, several minor parties and independents. The party is centrist and liberal, it's led by Maya Jribi who was previously the secretary-general of the PDP. The party held 11 out of 217 seats and was the largest oppositional party in the", "id": "5642564" }, { "contents": "Tunisian Revolution\n\n\nand Ahmed Najib Chebbi of the PDP), three representatives from the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT), and representatives of civil society (including prominent blogger Slim Amamou). Three notable movements not included in the national unity government were the banned Ennahda Movement, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the secular reformist Congress for the Republic. The following day, the three members of the UGTT and Ben Jafaar resigned, saying that they had \"no confidence\" in a government featuring members of the RCD. There were daily", "id": "18746070" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nparty in Tunisia. Its program is liberal, focusing on secularism and civil liberties. The party mainly appealed to intellectuals and the upper class. After underperforming in the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, Afek Tounes joined talks with other secularist and liberal parties, especially the Progressive Democratic Party to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was completed on 9 April 2012. The new party is called the Republican Party. In August 2013, Yassine Brahim, current leader of the party, and other former party members left", "id": "5642562" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nMaya Jribi (January 29, 1960 – May 19, 2018) was a Tunisian politician. From 2006 to 2012, she was the leader of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). From PDP's merger into the Republican Party in April 2012, until her resignation in 2017, she was the Secretary-General of the centrist party. Her father is from Tatouine, while her mother is from Algeria. She followed her studies in Radès Tunisia, before studying biology at the University of Sfax, from 1979 to 1983.", "id": "632086" }, { "contents": "Secularism in Tunisia\n\n\nTunisian Constitution of 2014 following a considerable debate between Islamic and secular political groups and movements. On 1 March 2011, after the secularist dictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collapsed in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian revolution, Tunisia's interim government granted the \"Ennahda\", a moderate Islamist movement in Tunisia, permission to form a political party. Since then, the Ennahda Islamic Party has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election", "id": "19596325" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nNational Constituent Assembly of Tunisia. The party withdrew from the Union for Tunisia coalition, though it is still part of the National Salvation Front. After the founding congress, nine assemblymen elected for the PDP contested the leadership vote and temporarily suspended their party membership. Those 9 members became part of the Democratic Alliance Party. After being founded in 2012, Nidaa Tounes (Call of Tunisia) won a plurality of seats in the October 2014 parliamentary election. It's a big tent secularist political party in Tunisia. The party's founding", "id": "5642565" }, { "contents": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Burkina Faso)\n\n\nThe Party for Democracy and Progress () was a political party in Burkina Faso (former Upper Volta. It was founded in April 1994 after a split in the National Convention of Progressive Patriots–Social Democratic Party in May 1993. It merged in February 1996 with the Union of the Democratic Left and the Party of Social Progress. After merger with the Burkinabè Socialist Party the PDP became the Party for Democracy and Progress / Socialist Party. At the legislative elections in 1997 the party won 10.1% of the popular vote and 6", "id": "19404846" }, { "contents": "Popular Front (Tunisia)\n\n\nof the Iraqi branch of Ba'ath Party, and other progressive parties. The number of parties involved in the coalition has since decreased to nine. Approximately 15,000 people attended the coalition's first meeting in Tunis. The Tunisian Revolution in 2011 saw the departure of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the dissolution of his party, the Democratic Constitutional Rally, and the holding of fresh elections for the creation of a new constitution. This saw the Tunisian political scene dominated by the Islamist Ennahda Movement, and its allies the Democratic Forum for", "id": "8081870" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Gibraltar)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was a liberal conservative political party from Gibraltar. The party was the third political party and the only party to sit on the centre-right in Gibraltar. Despite poor election results, it garnered growing support from the public and was seen as the 'alternative opposition'. The PDP was the only party campaigning for \"a Gibraltar freely associated to the United Kingdom\" and envisaged \"a journey through the recognition of our right to independence\". The party was also the only political party", "id": "16416540" }, { "contents": "Democratic Party of Progress\n\n\nThe Democratic Party of Progress (, PDP) is a political party in Guinea-Bissau. The PDP was established on 10 February 1992 by Amin Michel Saad. It joined the Union for Change (UM) alliance prior to the 1994 general elections, and Saad became the UM's leader. The UM won six seats in the National People's Assembly, of which the PDP (though Saad) took one. The UM was reduced to three seats in the 1999–2000 general elections, and lost them all in the 2004 parliamentary", "id": "17399816" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nHe was the Ettajdid Movement's candidate for President of Tunisia in the 2009 presidential election. Brahim was in favor of the emergence of a \"democratic modern and \"secular\" [laicist] state\" not connected with Islamists. According to Brahim, this would require \"radical\" reform of the electoral system, which would improve the political climate in guaranteeing freedom of assembly and a large scale independent press, as well as repealing a law that regulated public discourse of electoral candidates. In 1983, the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP", "id": "5642551" }, { "contents": "Sarawak State Legislative Assembly\n\n\ngovernment with a majority of 72 seats out of 82. There were several candidates from breakaway parties such as TERAS and UPP that had their members contest seats under the Barisan banner as direct election candidates under a deal by Adenan Satem after their parties were prevented from joining Barisan after opposition from parties such as PDP and SUPP. On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties including Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party", "id": "17954676" }, { "contents": "2015 Nigerian general election\n\n\nPeople's Democratic Party (PDP) primaries on 10 December 2014, receiving the nomination of the party. However, this was against an unwritten rule that the PDP's presidential candidacy should alternate between Muslim northerners and Christian southerners, and opposition to Jonathan's candidacy had led to the defection of dozens of PDP MPs in the House of Representatives. Prior to the elections, the All Progressives Congress was formed as an alliance of four opposition parties, the Action Congress of Nigeria, the Congress for Progressive Change, the All Nigeria Peoples", "id": "18172183" }, { "contents": "Civic Democratic Party (Hungary)\n\n\nThe Civic Democratic Party (, PDP) was a liberal political party in Hungary in the period following World War II The party was established towards the end of 1944 as a successor to the Civic Freedom Party. Part of a group of members who had belonged to now-defunct conservative parties before the war, Géza Teleki was elected as the party's first leader. The PDP won 21 seats in the National Interim Assembly elections in November 1944. However, Communist opposition to Teleki led to him losing his place in the Cabinet", "id": "16990101" }, { "contents": "Afek Tounes\n\n\nAfek Tounes won 4 seats for the constitutive assembly. The party was rattled on 3 November 2011 though by the resignation of several key founding members such as its spokesperson Emna Mnif, its general secretary Mustapha Mezghani, Sami Zaoui, Hela Hababou and another 13 members. After underperforming in the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, Afek Tounes joined talks with other secularist and liberal parties, especially the Progressive Democratic Party to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was completed on 9 April 2012. The new party is called", "id": "1405509" }, { "contents": "Ali Lankoandé\n\n\nAli Lankoandé (10 November 1930 – 28 May 2014) is a Burkinabé politician from Burkina Faso. He was President of the Party for Democracy and Progress/Socialist Party (PDP/PS) from 2005 to 2008. Lankoandé headed the National Social Security Fund and served as a deputy in the National Assembly of Burkina Faso, as well as Minister of National Education, during the 1970s. Lankoandé was elected to succeed Joseph Ki-Zerbo as President of the PDP/PS on 5 February 2005. Running as the PDP/", "id": "21268271" }, { "contents": "Ennahda Movement\n\n\ncollapse of the government of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the Ennahdha Movement Party was formed, and in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, (the first free election in the country's history), won a plurality of 37% of the popular vote and formed a government. Uproar in the traditionally secular country over \"Islamization\" and assassinations of two secular politicians however, led to the 2013–14 Tunisian political crisis, and the party stepped down following the implementation of a new constitution in January 2014. The party came in", "id": "10814394" }, { "contents": "1991 Sint Maarten general election\n\n\nGeneral elections were held in Sint Maarten on 12 April 1991 to elect the 9 members of the Island Council. The Sint Maarten Patriotic Alliance (SPA) led by Vance James Jr. emerged as the largest party, winning 4 of the 9 seats. The SPA and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) agreed to form a coalition government. On 28 August 1991 the SPA/PDP government collapsed. PDP political leader Millicent Acuna-Lopez-de Weever said that \"fundamental philosophical differences\" with the SPA caused the coalition \"to", "id": "12703859" }, { "contents": "Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party\n\n\nin the Rajya Sabha. It was a member of the ruling United Progressive Alliance until the 2009 general election. Sayeed headed the PDP-Indian National Congress Coalition Government between October 2002 and November 2005, and he was the party's Patron until his death on 7 January 2016. The PDP is now headed by Mehbooba Mufti, Sayeed's daughter. The PDP operates on the ideology of self-rule, as distinctly different from the issues of autonomy. It believes that self-rule as a political philosophy, as opposed to", "id": "248417" }, { "contents": "Ettajdid Movement\n\n\nThe Ettajdid Movement (\"Movement for Renewal\" ; , ' ; ), also referred to simply as Ettajdid, was a centre-left secularist political party in Tunisia, active from 1993 to 2012. Ettajdid evolved out of the old Tunisian Communist Party when it abandoned its former ideology in 1993. During the Ben Ali rule it was one of the legal, although oppressed opposition parties. After the Tunisian revolution of 2011, it became part of the Democratic Modernist Pole alliance and in 2012 it merged into the Social Democratic Path", "id": "16419620" }, { "contents": "Elections in Montserrat\n\n\n(when the Council was expanded to seven seats) and 1966. The 1970 elections saw the new Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) win all seven seats. The PDP also won the 1973 elections, but was defeated in 1978 when the People's Liberation Movement (PLM) won all seven seats. The PLM went on to win the 1983 and 1987 elections. The 1991 elections were won by the National Progressive Party, which won four of the seven seats. The 1996 elections resulted in a hung parliament, with the People", "id": "4125813" }, { "contents": "2013–14 Tunisian political crisis\n\n\nafter the elections Ben Ali jailed nearly 25,000 of its activists with Ennahda militants responding by attacking the ruling party's headquarters killing one person and splashing acid on others. Following the revolution, it described itself to be a \"moderate Islamist\" party by advocating democracy and recognizing political pluralism and dialogue with the West. Its supporters back then regarded the party as an example of how a balance can be struck between modernity and Islamism while its critics viewed it as a threat to secularism in Tunisia, which was often regarded as the most", "id": "7679782" }, { "contents": "List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2013–18)\n\n\nof 72 seats out of 82. There were several candidates from breakaway parties such as TERAS and UPP that had their members contest seats under the Barisan banner as direct election candidates under a deal by Adenan Satem after their parties were prevented from joining Barisan after opposition from parties such as PDP and SUPP. On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties including Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP) officially", "id": "21866476" }, { "contents": "Mike Onoja\n\n\nParty at the 2015 general election by the All Progressives Congress, he and other politicians of the People's Democratic Party defected to the All Progressives Congress in 2016. He returned to the People's Democratic Party in the run-up to the 2019 Benue south Senatorial election. After the PDP's Senatorial Primary election in 2018, Mike Onoja again defected from the party to the Social Democratic Party after expressing his dissatisfaction with the PDP's conduct of the primary election. Mike Onoja is the Chairman/CEO of Moonsons Resources Investment International", "id": "10879880" }, { "contents": "History of modern Tunisia\n\n\n, several Islamist activists were released from prison. He also forged a national pact with the Tunisian party Harakat al-Ittijah al-Islami (Islamic Tendency Movement), which had been founded in 1981; later it changed its name to Ennahda (the Renaissance Party). He also changed the ruling party's name to the Democratic Constitutional Rally. However, Ben Ali's innovative tack did not work out well. Subsequently, An-Nahda claimed to have run strongly in the 1989 elections, giving it the appearance of being", "id": "17057122" }, { "contents": "Yassine Brahim\n\n\nof the new company, which he led into the following acquisition by U.S. based SunGard. In 2010 he turned back to Tunisia, just before the Tunisian Revolution would lead to his appointment as Minister of Transport and Equipment in the short-lived second Ghannouchi cabinet and the subsequent Essebsi cabinet. He resigned on 17 June 2011 to become general secretary of the newly founded Afek Tounes party which he led into a merger with Ahmed Najib Chebbi's Progressive Democratic Party, the Republican Party \"Al Joumhouri\". On 28 August 2013,", "id": "2666991" }, { "contents": "Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties\n\n\nup his position in the transitional government. In the Constituent Assembly election on 23 October 2011, Ettakatol won 20 of the 217 seats making it the fourth force in the Assembly. Subsequently, the FDTL came to an agreement with the two major parties, the Islamist Ennahda Movement and the secular Congress for the Republic (CPR), to share the three highest positions in state. Accordingly, Ben Jafar was voted Speaker of the Assembly on 22 November. In exchange, the Forum supported the election of CPR-leader Moncef Marzouki", "id": "2468766" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Tonga)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (PDP) is a political party in Tonga. It was formed after a split in the Human Rights and Democracy Movement. The party was founded on 8 April 2005 in 'Atenisi. Teisina Fuko was the first person elected to the party presidency at a meeting on 15 April 2005. The PDP was legally registered on July 1, 2005, being the first Tongan party to do so. The party has not won any seats to the Tonga Parliament. It is currently inactive without any candidates or", "id": "19615344" }, { "contents": "2013 Gibraltar by-election\n\n\nSocial Democrats as Opposition had initially decided not to contest the by-election considering instead a \"gentleman's agreement\" as the seat had been one of the GSLP which had become vacant under tragic circumstances. The Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) which was not represented in Parliament immediately decided it would contest the by-election seeing it as an opportunity to be represented despite its poor performance at the previous two general elections. On 30 May 2013 the PDP announced its candidature of party leader Nick Cruz. At this point the GSD", "id": "8509410" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (PDP) is a major contemporary political party in Nigeria. Its policies generally lie towards the centre-right of the political spectrum. It won every Presidential election between 1999 and 2011, and was until the 2015 elections, the governing party in the Fourth Republic although in some cases, amid a few controversial electoral circumstances. Currently, PDP controls 14 states out of 36 states in Nigeria. In 1998 the PDP in its first presidential primary election held in Jos, Plateau State, North Central Nigeria", "id": "1890377" }, { "contents": "Social Democratic Union of Macedonia\n\n\nThe Social Democratic Union of Macedonia (–СДСМ, \"Socijaldemokratski Sojuz na Makedonija\"–SDSM) is a social-democratic political party, the main centre-left political party in North Macedonia. The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia was founded on 20 April 1991 at the 11th Congress of SKM-PDP (UCM – Party for Democratic Changes). Branko Crvenkovski was elected as the party's first president. Its current leader is Zoran Zaev. The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia is a member of the Progressive Alliance and an associate affiliate of", "id": "1084636" }, { "contents": "Peoples Democratic Party (Kenya)\n\n\nThe Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) is a political party in Kenya. The PDP was established in 1992. It won a single seat in the 2007 general elections, Richard Momoima Onyonka in Kitutu Chache Constituency. In 2010 Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) MP James Omingo Magara defected to the party after the ODM did not nominate him as its candidate in the South Mugirango by-election, which was held after Magara's victory in the 2007 elections was annulled due to irregularities. However, Magara was defeated in the by-", "id": "19016018" }, { "contents": "Dickson Tarkighir\n\n\nat the polls in the 2015 general elections and won the seat to represent the people of Makurdi/Guma Federal Constituency in the House of Representatives, Abuja. On Tuesday, 24 July 2018, Tarkighir was among 37 members of the House of Representatives who defected from the ruling All Progressives Congress (APC) to other political parties. He defected to the People's Democratic Party (PDP), a party he had previously defected from. However, On Tuesday, 22 January 2019, Tarkighir announced his return to the All Progressives", "id": "8861699" }, { "contents": "Guillermo Irizarry\n\n\ngovernor abandoned the party that elected him, the Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico (PDP), and joined a newly founded party, the People's Party, which nominated him for an unsuccessful reelection bid. In November of that year, the PDP suffered its first defeat with the election of the New Progressive Party's Luis A. Ferré. As a result, Secretary Irizarry presided over the first transition between elected governors of different parties. From 1973 to 1977, during the administration of Governor Rafael Hernández Colón, Irizarry served again", "id": "1916365" }, { "contents": "1931 Argentine general election\n\n\nJulio Roca as his running mate; Roca, the son of the late PAN leader, Julio A. Roca, had led the Democratic Party of Córdoba. The Democratic Progressive Party (PDP), known for its anti-corruption platform, nominated Senator Lisandro de la Torre, who also earned the endorsement of the Socialist Party of Argentina, a party in search of leadership following the passing of Juan B. Justo, in 1928. The alliance alienated conservatives in the PDP, however, who instead endorsed the aging Francisco A. Barroetaveña,", "id": "14281535" }, { "contents": "Jebali Cabinet\n\n\nThe first cabinet of Tunisian Head of Government Hamadi Jebali was presented on 20 December 2011. Jebali has been appointed by interim President Moncef Marzouki, who had been elected by the National Constituent Assembly, a body constituted to draft a new constitution after the Tunisian Revolution and the fall of former President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in Spring 2011. It took office on 24 December 2011. The three parties in the \"Troika\" coalition are the Islamist Ennahda Movement, the centre-left secularist Congress for the Republic (CPR),", "id": "5725136" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Montserrat)\n\n\nwere the first occasion on which the MLP had faced serious opposition, and saw the PDP win all seven seats, leaving the MLP without parliamentary representation. Percival Austin Bramble became Chief Minister. The PDP subsequently won five of the seven seats in the 1973 elections, but were defeated in the 1978 elections, when the People's Liberation Movement formed by former PDP minister John Osborne won all seven seats. The PDP contested the 1983 elections, winning two seats in the Legislative Council. It was reduced to one seat in the 1987", "id": "6998615" }, { "contents": "1987 European Parliament election in Spain\n\n\na European-wide election was due in 1989, elected MEPs only served for the remainder of the European Parliament term. The ruling Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) designated former Foreign Affairs Minister Fernando Morán to lead their campaign. The main opposition People's Alliance party (AP), running on its own after the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and Liberal Party (PL) broke away from the People's Coalition, chose Manuel Fraga—who had resigned as party leader in December 1986—to lead the party list", "id": "7968065" }, { "contents": "2011 Gibraltar general election\n\n\ngave the GSLP an advantage of up to 9% over the governing party, the GSD, while one (that of the Spanish newspaper \"Area\", which published no details and was widely thought to be politically motivated) predicted a GSD win. Two parties, the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD) and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), and an alliance (Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)/Liberals) have presented a full slate of 10 candidates each, making a total of 30 candidates for 17 seats in the Gibraltar", "id": "19578144" }, { "contents": "Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance\n\n\nThe Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance (\"Partido Democrático para o Progresso – Aliança Nacional Angolana\") is a political party in Angola. The party was founded in Luanda, March 17, 1991. It was led by Mfulumpinga Landu Victor, a former National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) cadre and Member of Parliament for the PDP-ANA, until he was shot dead outside the party office in 2004. It is now led by Francisco Lele. In the 2008 legislative elections, it gained 0.51%", "id": "17803317" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Montserrat)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was a political party in Montserrat. The party was established in 1970 by Percival Austin Bramble, son of Chief Minister and leader of the Montserrat Labour Party (MLP) William Henry Bramble. Percival had previously been a member of the MLP and was elected to the Legislative Council as an MLP candidate in the 1966 elections. However, he subsequently broke away to form the PDP as a result of controversy over the number of holiday and retirement homes being built on the island. The 1970 elections", "id": "6998614" }, { "contents": "Party of Democratic Progress\n\n\nThe Party of Democratic Progress () is a Serbian political party in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the third-largest party in Republika Srpska. PDP was established in Banja Luka on 26 September 1999. During the founding assembly, Mladen Ivanić was elected as the president of the party, while Branko Dokić and Zoran Đerić were elected as vice presidents. The party is an observer member of the European People's Party (EPP) and International Democrat Union (IDU). In terms of bilateral cooperation with other European parties,", "id": "19626107" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (, O'zXDP or PDP) is a centre-left political party in Uzbekistan founded in 1991. The PDP was founded in October 1991 after the Communist Party of Uzbekistan voted to cut its ties with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and change its name to PDP. The party was led by President Islam Karimov since its foundation until 1996, at which point Karimov stepped down and resigned his membership. Karimov created the Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party in 2003. This is supported by the fact", "id": "19132598" }, { "contents": "Ademola Rasaq Seriki\n\n\nwas appointed a National Fund Raising Committee member in the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) for the 1999 National elections. The PDP also appointed him as a member of the Candidate and Party Relations Committee for Obasanjo/Atiku Presidential Election. From 2000 to 2002 Demola Seriki emerged as the PDP Party Chairman of Lagos Island Local Government Area in Lagos State and later in 2003 as the party's flag bearer to the House of Assembly representing Lagos Island Federal Constituency. In 2005 he cut his political tooth further by serving as Secretary of the", "id": "5752584" }, { "contents": "Omuma\n\n\nin the council premises and he won the House of Assembly election in 2011. He was re-elected in 2015 election to represent Omuma for the second time in Rivers State House of Assembly under the PDP. Several other political parties have sprung up within this period as alphabetically arranged below and Omuma has been actively involved in them: • Advanced Congress of Democrats (ACD) • Alliance for Democracy (AD) • Action Democratic Party (ADP) • All Democratic Peoples Movement (ADPM) • All Progressives Congress (APC)", "id": "2613408" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Spain)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (, PDP), renamed as Christian Democracy (, DC) from March 1988 until it merged into the People's Party in June 1989, was a Christian-democratic political party in Spain. In August 1982, 13 deputies under the leadership of Óscar Alzaga split from the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) and founded the PDP, entering into alliance with the People's Alliance (AP), which received the second largest number of votes in the 1982 and 1986 general elections. The", "id": "19996228" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Malaysia)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (Malay: Parti Demokratik Progresif, Abbreviation: PDP), formerly known as Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party (SPDP) is a Sarawak based political party in Malaysia founded in 2002. The party was founded in the wake of the de-registration of the Sarawak National Party (SNAP) in November 2002 by a faction aligned to the Chief Minister of Sarawak, Abdul Taib Mahmud, led by William Mawan Ikom. The party has rebrand that using a new name - Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and a", "id": "13136566" }, { "contents": "Tunisia\n\n\n, including several that existed under the former regime. During the rule of Ben Ali, only three functioned as independent opposition parties: the PDP, FDTL, and Tajdid. While some older parties are well-established and can draw on previous party structures, many of the 100-plus parties extant as of February 2012 are small. Rare for the Arab world, women held more than 20% of seats in the country's pre-revolution bicameral parliament. In the 2011 constituent assembly, women held between 24% and 31%", "id": "11279313" }, { "contents": "Liberal Party (Spain, 1976)\n\n\nThe Liberal Party (, PL) was a liberal political party in Spain. It was part of the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) until 1983, when it aligned itself with the People's Alliance (AP), the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL). On 22 December 1984 the latter merged into the Liberal Party. These three parties formed the People's Coalition for the 1986 election. In 1989 the party, along with AP and PDP, merged to form the", "id": "19996525" }, { "contents": "New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)\n\n\nto boycott that plebiscite. Main party founder, president, and former statehood Republican Party standard-bearer Luis A. Ferré categorized the New Progressive Party as one which would not be aligned to any of the two major U.S. national parties. Co-founders of the NPP alongside Luis A. Ferre were Manuel F. Alsina Capo, attorney Nelson Escalona, and Benny Frankie Cerezo. Under Luis A. Ferré, the NPP came to power in January 1969, after defeating Luis Negrón López, the gubernatorial candidate from the Popular Democratic Party (PDP)", "id": "21721596" }, { "contents": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Mali)\n\n\nThe Party for Democracy and Progress (, PDP) is a political party in Mali led by Mady Konaté. The party was established in 1991, and officially registered on 25 April that year. It party received 5.1% of the vote in the February 1992 parliamentary elections, winning two seats. In the April 1992 presidential elections it nominated Idrissa Traoré as its candidate. Traoré finished fifth out of nine candidates with 7.1%^ of the vote. The local elections in the same year saw the party win 40 of the 751 seats across", "id": "19282171" }, { "contents": "Samaila Suleiman\n\n\n-2008, Energy Commission of Nigeria in 2009-2010 and later resigned to join politics. Suleiman was first elected into the public office as a local government chairman from Kaduna North in Kaduna State under the defunct Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) in 2008. He was the only politician to have won local government election under the CPC having shared the same constituency with the then vice president of Nigeria from the then ruling party People's Democratic Party (PDP). In 2015, Suleiman was first elected into the Lower Chamber", "id": "6113494" }, { "contents": "Party for Democratic Prosperity\n\n\nFor example, the party leadership criticized the 1991 Census for allegedly underreporting the percentage of the population that was Albanian from 40% to only 21%. Also, the PDP deputies voted against adopting the constitution due to its lack of protection for minorities. From the 1998 elections onwards PDP is in opposition and since then the support for the PDP has eroded considerably. At the 2002 legislative elections, the party won 2.3% of the popular vote and 2 out of 120 seats. At the 2011 legislative elections, the party won", "id": "5710802" }, { "contents": "2008 Angolan legislative election\n\n\nDemocratic Party (PLD), Party of the Alliance of Youth, Workers and Farmers of Angola (PAJOCA), Party for Democratic Support and Progress of Angola (PADEPA), the Democratic Party for Progress - Angolan National Alliance (PDP-ANA), the Front for Democracy (FpD) and four coalitions: the Democratic Angola – Coalition (AD), New Democracy Electoral Union (ND), the Electoral Political Platform (PPE) and the Angolan Fraternal Forum Coalition (FOFAC). The Angolan Democratic Party (PDA", "id": "533048" }, { "contents": "Party for Democratic Prosperity\n\n\nThe Party for Democratic Prosperity or PDP () is an ethnic Albanian political party in North Macedonia. The party was formed in April 1990 and is currently led by Abdyladi Vejseli. From 1992 to 1998 the PDP was part of the coalition governments led by the SDSM. After the split of the radical wing from the party in February 1994, PDP was generally considered to be moderate party that could cooperate with Macedonian parties, although sometimes frictions between the PDP and the other government parties arose as a consequence of the ethnic questions.", "id": "5710801" }, { "contents": "Politics of Gibraltar\n\n\n. A new party, New Gibraltar Democracy, announced it would contest the next election. NGD claimed that the two main parties were \"Out of touch with people's expectations and make up for their lack of ideas through Orwellian style propaganda.\" At the 2007 election one candidate, Charles Gomez, stood for election for the party. It achieved under 1% of the vote and has subsequently ceased any activity. In June 2006 the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was formed and announced it would be presenting a full slate", "id": "11739411" }, { "contents": "Tunisian people\n\n\nto an end 23 years latter on January 14, 2011, in the events of the Tunisian Revolution, following nationwide demonstrations precipitated by high unemployment, food inflation, corruption, a lack of political freedoms like freedom of speech and poor living conditions. Following the overthrow of Ben Ali, Tunisians elected a Constituent Assembly to draft a new constitution, and an interim government known as the Troika because it was a coalition of three parties; the Islamist Ennahda Movement in the lead, with the centre-left Congress for the Republic and", "id": "21785336" }, { "contents": "Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle\n\n\nIn the aftermath of \"Mt. Healthy\",\" wrote Sandra Lynch for the First Circuit in 2004, \"confusion still sometimes arises about the issue of causation.\" She was writing in one of several cases it heard in the mid-2000s arising from alleged political retaliation in Puerto Rico, where members of the New Progressive Party (NPP) brought suit claiming that members of the rival Popular Democratic Party (PDP) had improperly forced them out of government jobs after the PDP defeated the incumbent NPP in the commonwealth's 2000 elections.", "id": "17963178" }, { "contents": "Great Ogboru\n\n\n2003. In the 2007 election, Great Ogboru contested for governorship under the flag of the Democracy People Party (DPP) against Emmanuel Uduaghan of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) and lost to Emmanuel Uduagha again in 2011 election though he contested under the umbrella of Labour Party In the 2015 Delta State governorship election, Great Ogboru contested for governorship under the umbrella of All Progressive Congress (APC). He was defeated by Ifeanyi Okowa of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) . In the 2019 governorship election of Delta State,", "id": "278732" }, { "contents": "1983 Murcian regional election\n\n\nelectoral alliance led by the right-wing People's Alliance (AP), which included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), became the second political force and the main opposition party, whereas the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) also entered the Assembly, obtaining 1 seat. As a result of the election, Socialist Andrés Hernández Ros, who since 1979 had been the President of the Regional Council of Murcia (the pre-autonomic regional government), became the first democratically", "id": "19967050" }, { "contents": "Emmanuel Nnamdi Uba\n\n\nEmmanuel Nnamdi Uba, or Andy Uba (born 14 December 1958), is a Nigerian politician who was elected Senator for the Anambra South constituency of Anambra State, Nigeria, in April 2011. He ran on the People's Democratic Party (PDP) platform. He defected to the ruling All Progressives Congress in February 2017; the leadership crises engulfing the former ruling party PDP may have motivated his decision. Uba was born on 14 December 1958 in Enugu, and attended the Boys High School in Awkunanaw. His parents originated from", "id": "17515892" }, { "contents": "Islam and secularism\n\n\ndictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collapsed in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian revolution, Tunisia's interim government granted the group permission to form a political party. Since then it has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, 2011, the first honest election in the country's history with a turn out of 51.1% of all eligible voters, the party won 37.04% of the popular vote and 89 (41%)", "id": "18330475" }, { "contents": "United Progressive Alliance\n\n\nthe Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party announced the withdrawal of the PDP from the UPA given that the Congress had decided to support the Omar Abdullah-led National Conference Government in Jammu & Kashmir after the 2008 state elections. On 26 March 2009, PMK declared that it would join the AIADMK led front and withdrew from the UPA and the party president declared that two union ministers of his party will resign shortly. On 12 November 2012, Barrister Asaduddin Owaisi, leader of the AIMIM announced the decision of the party's executive and", "id": "8764699" }, { "contents": "Umaru Tanko Al-Makura\n\n\nfounding member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) in Nasarawa State in 1998. Al-Makura defected from the PDP after losing the primary elections for the Nasarawa Governor competition. Al-Makura was elected Governor of Nasarawa State, Nigeria on 26 April 2011, running on the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) ticket. He defeated the incumbent governor, Aliyu Akwe-Doma of the PDP. On 14 July 2014 the Speaker of the Nasarawa State House of Assembly gave a notice of impeachment to the Clerk of the", "id": "7102114" }, { "contents": "2013 Gibraltar by-election\n\n\nThe Gibraltar by-election, 2013 was a parliamentary by-election held on 4 July 2013 for the Gibraltar Parliament. The by-election was to contest the seat left vacant by the death of Government of Gibraltar Housing Minister Charles Bruzon in April 2013. The Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP), Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and an independent contested the by-election. The Liberal Party of Gibraltar who is in alliance and in Government with the GSLP backed the GSLP's candidate", "id": "8509407" }, { "contents": "Politics of Tajikistan\n\n\nThree major opposition parties—the Democratic Party, the Islamic Renaissance Party, and the Social Democratic Party—boycotted the election. In the early 2000s, independent political parties continued to exist, but their operations were circumscribed and their influence marginal. The governing People’s Democratic Party (PDP) gained strength as some opposition party leaders joined the government and others were disqualified from participation in elections. The Communist Party of Tajikistan, a nominal opposition party that has supported President Rahmon on most issues, has lost support since 2000. The", "id": "11083170" }, { "contents": "Dapo Abiodun\n\n\nis also reportedly the founder of First Power Limited. Dapo Abiodun is a founding member of Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) in Ogun State, although he is currently a member of the All Progressive Congress (APC) defecting after the 2015 general elections. He contested the Ogun East senatorial seat on the platform of the All Progressive Congress(APC) in the 2015 Nigerian general elections which he lost to the Peoples Democratic Party(PDP) candidate . He was elected a senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria on the platform of the defunct United Nigeria", "id": "1139922" }, { "contents": "1983 Riojan regional election\n\n\n. The People's Coalition, an electoral alliance led by the People's Alliance (AP), which also included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), emerged as the second largest grouping in the General Deputation, while the newly created regionalist Progressive Riojan Party (PRP) came third. Neither the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) or the Democratic and Social Centre (CDS), the only other parties standing in the election, were able to meet the electoral threshold and failed", "id": "18176961" }, { "contents": "Trinity—Spadina\n\n\nwas expected to be a very competitive election. Additionally, Conservative David Watters, Green Anna Costa, Progressive Canadian Party Asif Hossain, Canadian Action Party Tristan Downe-Dewdney and Daniel Knezetic for the Popular Democratic Party contested the election. The Popular Democratic Party was a social democratic and populist political party formed in 2003. It did not register as a political party with Elections Canada, and closed down after the 2004 election. The PDP proposed decentralization and community involvement in the political process through the creation of community councils to which any", "id": "8027884" }, { "contents": "Galician Coalition\n\n\nin the Congreso de los Diputados since the Second Republic. In January 1987 the most nationalist and progressive sectors of CG, led by Pablo González Mariñas and Xosé Henrique Rodríguez Peña, left the party and formed the Galician Nationalist Party (which would eventually join the Galician Nationalist Bloc). To attend the 1987 municipal elections CG formed the Galician Progressive Coalition, with the Democratic Popular Party (PDP) and the Liberal Party, gaining the 11.07% of the vote and 607 councilors. Following the departure of Xosé Luís Barreiro of the", "id": "602391" }, { "contents": "2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election\n\n\nthe delay, all major parties approved of it, even the Ennahda Movement; other parties approving the new election date included the Progressive Democratic Party, Ettajdid Movement, Al Majd, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the Social Liberal Party. In September, the government of Canada declared that it would not allow Tunisia to open polling stations in its territory because it refused to be included in another country's electoral constituency. Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird called the issue \"a matter of Canadian sovereignty\". In response to Canada", "id": "14450727" }, { "contents": "Democratic Modernist Pole\n\n\nin all the 33 constituencies at home and abroad. Sixteen women and 17 men will be chief candidates. Riadh Ben Fadl and Mustapha Ben Ahmed, are the founders of the group. Ahmed Ibrahim is a leader in the bloc. The bloc won 5 of the 217 seats and 4.91% of the vote in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election. Three of the parties in the coalition: the Republican Party, the Socialist Left Party and the Social Democratic Path) became part of another coalition called the Union for Tunisia in 2013", "id": "19583402" }, { "contents": "Abdulmumin Jibrin\n\n\nof Commerce (NBCC) between 2010 – 2011. Jibrin was first elected into the Nigerian National Assembly's House of Representatives representing Kiru/Bebeji Federal constituency of Kano State under the Peoples Democratic Party - PDP in 2011 before decamping to the newly formed political party in Nigeria, the All Progressives Congress (APC) in 2014 and was later re-elected into House of Representatives in 2015. Jibrin was the Chairman House of Representatives Committee on Finance in the 7th Assembly with oversight on the Federal Ministry of Finance and its Parastatals,", "id": "18363893" }, { "contents": "Rashidi Adewolu Ladoja\n\n\n2009, a former aide testified on the way on which the share money had been divided between Ladoja's family, bodyguard, senior politicians and lawyers. Ladoja was the governorship candidate for Accord party in Oyo State during the April 2011 and 2015 elections, he lost to Senator Abiola Ajimobi. He later merged his Accord Party into PDP in 2017. Dispute in PDP made him and other allies (from Labour Party, All Progressives Congress APC etc.) to move over African Democratic Congress (ADC) in 2018. After a", "id": "21855065" }, { "contents": "Mohammed Badaru Abubakar\n\n\nAll Progressives Congress in 2015 along with PDP contender Mal. Aminu Ibrahim Ringim. The Independent National Electoral Commission on 13 April 2015 declared him the winner of that election. On 9 March 2019 Jigawa state gubernatorial election, Badaru was re-elected has governor having polled a total of 810,933 votes, the candidate of the Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, Aminu Ibrahim Ringim scored 288,356 while the candidate of the Social Democratic Party, SDP, Bashir Adamu Jumbo scored 32,894 votes, thereby making him the winner of the election. In recognition", "id": "20149723" }, { "contents": "Popular Democratic Party (France)\n\n\nthe PDP prior to the 1924 legislative election. Established by Congress on 15 and 16 November 1924, under the chairmanship of George Thibout and involving 200 delegates, the PDP supported the desire to achieve \"a task in bringing reconciliation around the idea of Republicanism\" by the definition of \"new Republican faith\" The Popular Democrats advocated that religion was not and should not be a line between right and left. However, the PDP oriented itself to the centre-right in direct competition to the Republican Federation, the party from which", "id": "22044943" }, { "contents": "Socialism in Tunisia\n\n\nthe Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties (Ettakatol or FDTL) was founded and officially recognized on 25 October 2002. Is a social democratic and secularist political party in Tunisia. Its founder and Secretary-General is the radiologist Mustapha Ben Jafar. Active from 1993 to 2012, the Ettajdid Movement (\"Movement for Renewal\") was a centre-left secularist, democratic socialist and social liberal political party in Tunisia. It was led by Ahmed Ibrahim. For the Constituent assembly election, Ettajdid formed a strongly secularist alliance called Democratic", "id": "5642583" }, { "contents": "Wafa Movement\n\n\nThe Wafa Movement (), sometimes referred to as the Independent Democratic Congress, is a political party in Tunisia. The party was founded in 2012 by a number of constituents who broke away from the Congress for the Republic (CPR). Led by the short-time CPR secretary-general Abderraouf Ayadi, the party however remained loosely allied with the governing Troika coalition of Ennahda, CPR and Ettakatol. Generally seen as a secular, left-leaning party, the Wafa Movement reached out to Islamists on the grounds of seeking", "id": "13260598" }, { "contents": "Abdulkareem Adisa\n\n\nPeople's Democratic Party (PDP) in Kwara State. One PDP group suspended the Minister of State for Women Affairs, Miss Funke Adedoyin, but another group of PDP elders, led by Adisa, voided Adedoyin’s suspension. Adisa also became vice-chairman of the Kwara Progressive Movement (KPM). Abdulkareem Adisa was leader of a movement to elect General Ibrahim Babangida as president in 2007. He published an attack on the National Democratic Coalition (NADECO) in \"The Guardian\" of 28 April 2004, warning the group", "id": "1146576" }, { "contents": "Nidaa Tounes\n\n\n\"founder\" Habib Bourguiba). In addition, the party has the support of many members of the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT) and the national employers' union, UTICA. They believe that Tunisia's secular forces have to unite to counter the dominance of the Islamist Ennahda Movement. From its foundation until July 2013, 11 members of the Constituent Assembly joined the party by defecting from various other parties. On 11 February 2013, the Republican Party joined Nidaa Tounes and four other parties in a political alliance called Union", "id": "4542216" }, { "contents": "Gibraltar\n\n\nrepresented by the Governor of Gibraltar. The governor enacts day-to-day matters on the advice of the Gibraltar Parliament, but is responsible to the British government in respect of defence, foreign policy, internal security and general good governance. Judicial and other appointments are made on behalf of the monarch in consultation with the head of the elected government. The 2011 election was contested by the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)-Gibraltar Liberal Party (GLP) Alliance and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP", "id": "7263743" }, { "contents": "Adamu Sidi Ali\n\n\nballots had not been included in the count.In turn, the PDP appealed the decision to nullify the election of their candidate, who had died two months after the election, saying the election should be a re-run due to his death. Their appeal was rejected. Later, Sidi Ali changed allegiance to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). During a PDP campaign flag-off meeting before the April 2007 elections, he advised political opponents not to use thugs to destabilize the elections. Sidi Ali became senator for", "id": "13302889" }, { "contents": "Ahmed Tijani Ahmed\n\n\nAhmed Tijani Ahmed (December 17, 1941 – June 10, 2006) was a Nigerian politician who was Senator for the Kogi Central constituency in Kogi State from 1999 to 2003 as a member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP). When Kogi State was created in 1991, Ahmed Tijani Ahmed joined a group of liberal progressive politicians in the Social Democratic Party (SDP) that created an agreement on power sharing among the different peoples of the state. However, they lost the December 1991 governorship election to the National Republican", "id": "14754363" }, { "contents": "Abdulmumin Jibrin\n\n\nthe members of the House of Representatives that led the first set of 37 Legislators that decamped from the ruling People's Democratic Party (PDP) to the main opposition party, All Progressive Party (APC). In March 2015, Abdulmumin contested and got re-elected to the House of Representatives by the people of his constituency Kiru/Bebeji Kano state, Nigeria. As Chairman Appropriation, Jibrin has oversight function over the Budget office and national budget, the appropriation of funds for execution of government programmes and projects. He also", "id": "18363903" }, { "contents": "Godswill Akpabio\n\n\nSenatorial District to represent the district in the Senate of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Running under the platform of the People’s Democratic Party (PDP), he polled 422,009 of the 439,449 to defeat Chief Inibehe Okorie of the All Progressive Congress (APC) who recorded 15, 152 votes to be declared elected by the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). Akpabio was nominated for the position of the Senate Minority Leader by the South-South caucus of the People's Democratic Party (PDP), ratified by the caucus", "id": "19678208" }, { "contents": "1970 Montserratian general election\n\n\nGeneral elections were held in Montserrat on 15 December 1970. The result was a victory for the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), which won all seven seats in the Legislative Council, whilst the Montserrat Labour Party (MLP), which had won every election since the introduction of universal suffrage in 1951, lost all four of its seats. PDP leader Percival Austin Bramble became Chief Minister, replacing his father and MLP leader, William Henry Bramble. Universal suffrage was introduced in Montserrat in 1951, and the first elections under it", "id": "6935944" }, { "contents": "Atiku Abubakar\n\n\nProgressives Congress (APC), a party he helped to form. On 3 December 2017, via a Facebook Live broadcast, Abubakar announced his return to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). The announcement followed consultations the former Vice President had with party leaders and stakeholders from across the country. He said he decided to 'return home' to the PDP now that the issues which made him leave the party had been resolved. Abubakar declared his candidacy for the presidential nomination of the PDP mid 2018 and won the nomination at", "id": "10683389" }, { "contents": "Luis A. Ferré\n\n\nProgressive Party (a.k.a., PNP). In the following general election in 1968, Ferré ran for Governor and defeated Luis Negrón López, the candidate of the Popular Democratic Party (PPD) by a slight margin. The ruling party had split with the creation of the People's Party, which ran incumbent PDP-elected Governor Roberto Sánchez Vilella as its gubernatorial candidate, ending Luis Muñoz Marín's PPD's hold on the governor's seat, which had lasted 20 years. During Ferré's administration, Puerto Rico was in", "id": "11079059" }, { "contents": "1994–1995 Uzbek parliamentary election\n\n\nParliamentary elections were held in Uzbekistan on 25 December 1994, with a second round held in 39 constituencies on 8 January 1995 and seven constituencies on 22 January. The election was contested by 634 candidates, 250 nominated by local councils, 243 members of the People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan, and 141 Progress Party of the Fatherland members. The majority of seats were won by local council nominees (around 120 of which were PDP members), whilst the People's Democratic Party emerged as the largest party. Voter turnout was 93.6", "id": "15227647" }, { "contents": "1983 Madrilenian regional election\n\n\nthe PSOE won 51 seats. The People's Coalition, an electoral alliance led by the People's Alliance (AP), which also included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), emerged as the second largest grouping in the Assembly. The Communist Party of Spain was the only other party to win seats in the Assembly. In 1986, the party joined with other left-wing movements to form the current United Left. The Assembly of Madrid was the devolved, unicameral legislature of", "id": "3098844" } ]

[ { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nby Ahmed Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi. On 9 April 2012, it merged into the Republican Party. The Progressive Democratic Party had a newspaper, \"Al-Mawqif\". In its beginnings, the Progressive Socialist Rally (now PDP) gathered a broad range of currents from Marxists and pro-democracy activists to progressive Muslims. During the Ben Ali rule, Najib Chebbi and the PDP were harassed by the police for years, and verbally attacked by state-run media. After unsuccessfully participating in elections from 1989 to 1999", "id": "16419721" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\n, the party decided to boycott the elections of 2004 and 2009. Therefore, it was unrepresented in the Tunisian parliament. After the Ben Ali administration announced to force the party to move their headquarters from Tunis, its leaders Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi engaged in a 20-days hunger strike, which earned the party attention and prompted the administration to revoke their decision. Following the 2010–2011 Tunisian protests, shootings outside PDP's headquarters were reported on 16 January 2011. The next day, on 17 January, party leader Najib Chebbi, was", "id": "16419722" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nnamed Regional Development Minister in the interim government. Ahead of the Constituent Assembly election, the PDP evolved into a main exponent of the centre-left secular camp and rival of the Islamist Ennahda Movement. In the run-up to the elections, the Progressive Democrats have received quite an amount of financial support which enabled the party for a lavish campaign. Critics claim that an important part of the funding came from businesspeople close to the old Ben Ali power elite. In the election for a constituent assembly, the PDP won 3.9", "id": "16419723" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\n) was founded under the name of \"Progressive Socialist Rally\", and gained legal recognition on 12 September 1988. It was secular and liberal party. The party was renamed as Progressive Democratic Party in 2001. Under the rule of Ben Ali it was a legal opposition party, but subjected to political repression. After the Tunisian revolution it was one of the major left-leaning secular political forces. It was led by Ahmed Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi. On 9 April 2012, it merged into the Republican Party. Maya", "id": "5642552" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\n% of the popular vote and 16 of 217 seats in the National Constituent Assembly, putting it at the fifth place. As the party had categorically ruled out any collaboration with the victorious Islamist Ennahda Movement, the Progressive Democrats went into opposition and belong to the outspoken critics of the governing coalition of the Islamists with the secular CPR and Ettakatol parties. After the electoral defeat, the PDP launched talks with other secularist and liberal parties to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was realised on the PDP's", "id": "16419724" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (, \"; ), also referred to by its acronym PDP, was a secular liberal political party in Tunisia. The Progressive Democratic Party was founded under the name of \"Progressive Socialist Rally\" in 1983, gained legal recognition on 12 September 1988 and was renamed Progressive Democratic Party in 2001. Under the rule of Ben Ali it was a legal opposition party, but subjected to political repression. After the Tunisian revolution it was one of the major left-leaning secular political forces. It was led", "id": "16419720" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nSecretary-General of the PDP. She has been the first woman to lead a political party in Tunisia. From 1 to 20 October 2007, Jribi, along with Najib Chebbi, engaged in a hunger strike to protest against the forced move of the party's headquarters from Tunis, which caused serious health implications for her. Jribi headed the PDP’s electoral list in Ben Arous for the Constituent Assembly Elections in October 2011. The PDP list received one seat in Ben Arous according to preliminary election results. On 9 April 2012", "id": "632088" }, { "contents": "Republican Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nThe Republican Party ( \"\", ) is a centrist liberal party in Tunisia. It was formed on 9 April 2012 as a merger of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Afek Tounes and the Tunisian Republican Party, several minor parties and independents. The party is led by Maya Jribi who was previously the secretary-general of the PDP. The party held 11 out of 217 seats and was the largest oppositional party in the National Constituent Assembly of Tunisia. The party withdrew from the Union for Tunisia coalition, though", "id": "15161288" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nDuring that period, she became involved and an active member of the student union, known as UGET, and the Tunisian League of Human Rights. She wrote for the independent weekly Erraï and later for the PDP-newspaper Al Mawkif. Together with Ahmed Najib Chebbi, Maya Jribi co-founded the \"Progressive Socialist Rally\", established in 1983, which was later renamed into Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). Since 1986 she has been a member of the party's executive. On 25 December 2006, Jribi was appointed", "id": "632087" }, { "contents": "Ahmed Najib Chebbi\n\n\nAhmed Najib Chebbi (, ) or simply Najib Chebbi (born 30 July 1944) is a Tunisian attorney and politician. Chebbi is a prominent figure of the Tunisian opposition movement; in 1983, he founded the Democratic Progressive Party, which gained legal recognition in 1988. He is currently the leader of the Democratic Progressive Party. In 2006, Maya Jribi became the party's secretary-general, the first woman to hold such office in Tunisia. In 2009 Chebbi attempted to run as a candidate for President of Tunisia but was", "id": "1109530" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nof investigative journalism, unconditional and free access to information, open government, anti-censorship of all kinds, among others. On 9 April 2012, the Republican Party was formed as a merger of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Afek Tounes and the Tunisian Republican Party, several minor parties and independents. The party is centrist and liberal, it's led by Maya Jribi who was previously the secretary-general of the PDP. The party held 11 out of 217 seats and was the largest oppositional party in the", "id": "5642564" }, { "contents": "Tunisian Revolution\n\n\nand Ahmed Najib Chebbi of the PDP), three representatives from the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT), and representatives of civil society (including prominent blogger Slim Amamou). Three notable movements not included in the national unity government were the banned Ennahda Movement, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the secular reformist Congress for the Republic. The following day, the three members of the UGTT and Ben Jafaar resigned, saying that they had \"no confidence\" in a government featuring members of the RCD. There were daily", "id": "18746070" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nparty in Tunisia. Its program is liberal, focusing on secularism and civil liberties. The party mainly appealed to intellectuals and the upper class. After underperforming in the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, Afek Tounes joined talks with other secularist and liberal parties, especially the Progressive Democratic Party to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was completed on 9 April 2012. The new party is called the Republican Party. In August 2013, Yassine Brahim, current leader of the party, and other former party members left", "id": "5642562" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nMaya Jribi (January 29, 1960 – May 19, 2018) was a Tunisian politician. From 2006 to 2012, she was the leader of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). From PDP's merger into the Republican Party in April 2012, until her resignation in 2017, she was the Secretary-General of the centrist party. Her father is from Tatouine, while her mother is from Algeria. She followed her studies in Radès Tunisia, before studying biology at the University of Sfax, from 1979 to 1983.", "id": "632086" }, { "contents": "Secularism in Tunisia\n\n\nTunisian Constitution of 2014 following a considerable debate between Islamic and secular political groups and movements. On 1 March 2011, after the secularist dictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collapsed in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian revolution, Tunisia's interim government granted the \"Ennahda\", a moderate Islamist movement in Tunisia, permission to form a political party. Since then, the Ennahda Islamic Party has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election", "id": "19596325" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nNational Constituent Assembly of Tunisia. The party withdrew from the Union for Tunisia coalition, though it is still part of the National Salvation Front. After the founding congress, nine assemblymen elected for the PDP contested the leadership vote and temporarily suspended their party membership. Those 9 members became part of the Democratic Alliance Party. After being founded in 2012, Nidaa Tounes (Call of Tunisia) won a plurality of seats in the October 2014 parliamentary election. It's a big tent secularist political party in Tunisia. The party's founding", "id": "5642565" }, { "contents": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Burkina Faso)\n\n\nThe Party for Democracy and Progress () was a political party in Burkina Faso (former Upper Volta. It was founded in April 1994 after a split in the National Convention of Progressive Patriots–Social Democratic Party in May 1993. It merged in February 1996 with the Union of the Democratic Left and the Party of Social Progress. After merger with the Burkinabè Socialist Party the PDP became the Party for Democracy and Progress / Socialist Party. At the legislative elections in 1997 the party won 10.1% of the popular vote and 6", "id": "19404846" }, { "contents": "Popular Front (Tunisia)\n\n\nof the Iraqi branch of Ba'ath Party, and other progressive parties. The number of parties involved in the coalition has since decreased to nine. Approximately 15,000 people attended the coalition's first meeting in Tunis. The Tunisian Revolution in 2011 saw the departure of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the dissolution of his party, the Democratic Constitutional Rally, and the holding of fresh elections for the creation of a new constitution. This saw the Tunisian political scene dominated by the Islamist Ennahda Movement, and its allies the Democratic Forum for", "id": "8081870" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Gibraltar)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was a liberal conservative political party from Gibraltar. The party was the third political party and the only party to sit on the centre-right in Gibraltar. Despite poor election results, it garnered growing support from the public and was seen as the 'alternative opposition'. The PDP was the only party campaigning for \"a Gibraltar freely associated to the United Kingdom\" and envisaged \"a journey through the recognition of our right to independence\". The party was also the only political party", "id": "16416540" }, { "contents": "Democratic Party of Progress\n\n\nThe Democratic Party of Progress (, PDP) is a political party in Guinea-Bissau. The PDP was established on 10 February 1992 by Amin Michel Saad. It joined the Union for Change (UM) alliance prior to the 1994 general elections, and Saad became the UM's leader. The UM won six seats in the National People's Assembly, of which the PDP (though Saad) took one. The UM was reduced to three seats in the 1999–2000 general elections, and lost them all in the 2004 parliamentary", "id": "17399816" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nHe was the Ettajdid Movement's candidate for President of Tunisia in the 2009 presidential election. Brahim was in favor of the emergence of a \"democratic modern and \"secular\" [laicist] state\" not connected with Islamists. According to Brahim, this would require \"radical\" reform of the electoral system, which would improve the political climate in guaranteeing freedom of assembly and a large scale independent press, as well as repealing a law that regulated public discourse of electoral candidates. In 1983, the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP", "id": "5642551" }, { "contents": "Sarawak State Legislative Assembly\n\n\ngovernment with a majority of 72 seats out of 82. There were several candidates from breakaway parties such as TERAS and UPP that had their members contest seats under the Barisan banner as direct election candidates under a deal by Adenan Satem after their parties were prevented from joining Barisan after opposition from parties such as PDP and SUPP. On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties including Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party", "id": "17954676" }, { "contents": "2015 Nigerian general election\n\n\nPeople's Democratic Party (PDP) primaries on 10 December 2014, receiving the nomination of the party. However, this was against an unwritten rule that the PDP's presidential candidacy should alternate between Muslim northerners and Christian southerners, and opposition to Jonathan's candidacy had led to the defection of dozens of PDP MPs in the House of Representatives. Prior to the elections, the All Progressives Congress was formed as an alliance of four opposition parties, the Action Congress of Nigeria, the Congress for Progressive Change, the All Nigeria Peoples", "id": "18172183" }, { "contents": "Civic Democratic Party (Hungary)\n\n\nThe Civic Democratic Party (, PDP) was a liberal political party in Hungary in the period following World War II The party was established towards the end of 1944 as a successor to the Civic Freedom Party. Part of a group of members who had belonged to now-defunct conservative parties before the war, Géza Teleki was elected as the party's first leader. The PDP won 21 seats in the National Interim Assembly elections in November 1944. However, Communist opposition to Teleki led to him losing his place in the Cabinet", "id": "16990101" }, { "contents": "Afek Tounes\n\n\nAfek Tounes won 4 seats for the constitutive assembly. The party was rattled on 3 November 2011 though by the resignation of several key founding members such as its spokesperson Emna Mnif, its general secretary Mustapha Mezghani, Sami Zaoui, Hela Hababou and another 13 members. After underperforming in the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, Afek Tounes joined talks with other secularist and liberal parties, especially the Progressive Democratic Party to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was completed on 9 April 2012. The new party is called", "id": "1405509" }, { "contents": "Ali Lankoandé\n\n\nAli Lankoandé (10 November 1930 – 28 May 2014) is a Burkinabé politician from Burkina Faso. He was President of the Party for Democracy and Progress/Socialist Party (PDP/PS) from 2005 to 2008. Lankoandé headed the National Social Security Fund and served as a deputy in the National Assembly of Burkina Faso, as well as Minister of National Education, during the 1970s. Lankoandé was elected to succeed Joseph Ki-Zerbo as President of the PDP/PS on 5 February 2005. Running as the PDP/", "id": "21268271" }, { "contents": "Ennahda Movement\n\n\ncollapse of the government of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the Ennahdha Movement Party was formed, and in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, (the first free election in the country's history), won a plurality of 37% of the popular vote and formed a government. Uproar in the traditionally secular country over \"Islamization\" and assassinations of two secular politicians however, led to the 2013–14 Tunisian political crisis, and the party stepped down following the implementation of a new constitution in January 2014. The party came in", "id": "10814394" }, { "contents": "1991 Sint Maarten general election\n\n\nGeneral elections were held in Sint Maarten on 12 April 1991 to elect the 9 members of the Island Council. The Sint Maarten Patriotic Alliance (SPA) led by Vance James Jr. emerged as the largest party, winning 4 of the 9 seats. The SPA and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) agreed to form a coalition government. On 28 August 1991 the SPA/PDP government collapsed. PDP political leader Millicent Acuna-Lopez-de Weever said that \"fundamental philosophical differences\" with the SPA caused the coalition \"to", "id": "12703859" }, { "contents": "Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party\n\n\nin the Rajya Sabha. It was a member of the ruling United Progressive Alliance until the 2009 general election. Sayeed headed the PDP-Indian National Congress Coalition Government between October 2002 and November 2005, and he was the party's Patron until his death on 7 January 2016. The PDP is now headed by Mehbooba Mufti, Sayeed's daughter. The PDP operates on the ideology of self-rule, as distinctly different from the issues of autonomy. It believes that self-rule as a political philosophy, as opposed to", "id": "248417" }, { "contents": "Ettajdid Movement\n\n\nThe Ettajdid Movement (\"Movement for Renewal\" ; , ' ; ), also referred to simply as Ettajdid, was a centre-left secularist political party in Tunisia, active from 1993 to 2012. Ettajdid evolved out of the old Tunisian Communist Party when it abandoned its former ideology in 1993. During the Ben Ali rule it was one of the legal, although oppressed opposition parties. After the Tunisian revolution of 2011, it became part of the Democratic Modernist Pole alliance and in 2012 it merged into the Social Democratic Path", "id": "16419620" }, { "contents": "Elections in Montserrat\n\n\n(when the Council was expanded to seven seats) and 1966. The 1970 elections saw the new Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) win all seven seats. The PDP also won the 1973 elections, but was defeated in 1978 when the People's Liberation Movement (PLM) won all seven seats. The PLM went on to win the 1983 and 1987 elections. The 1991 elections were won by the National Progressive Party, which won four of the seven seats. The 1996 elections resulted in a hung parliament, with the People", "id": "4125813" }, { "contents": "2013–14 Tunisian political crisis\n\n\nafter the elections Ben Ali jailed nearly 25,000 of its activists with Ennahda militants responding by attacking the ruling party's headquarters killing one person and splashing acid on others. Following the revolution, it described itself to be a \"moderate Islamist\" party by advocating democracy and recognizing political pluralism and dialogue with the West. Its supporters back then regarded the party as an example of how a balance can be struck between modernity and Islamism while its critics viewed it as a threat to secularism in Tunisia, which was often regarded as the most", "id": "7679782" }, { "contents": "List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2013–18)\n\n\nof 72 seats out of 82. There were several candidates from breakaway parties such as TERAS and UPP that had their members contest seats under the Barisan banner as direct election candidates under a deal by Adenan Satem after their parties were prevented from joining Barisan after opposition from parties such as PDP and SUPP. On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties including Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP) officially", "id": "21866476" }, { "contents": "Mike Onoja\n\n\nParty at the 2015 general election by the All Progressives Congress, he and other politicians of the People's Democratic Party defected to the All Progressives Congress in 2016. He returned to the People's Democratic Party in the run-up to the 2019 Benue south Senatorial election. After the PDP's Senatorial Primary election in 2018, Mike Onoja again defected from the party to the Social Democratic Party after expressing his dissatisfaction with the PDP's conduct of the primary election. Mike Onoja is the Chairman/CEO of Moonsons Resources Investment International", "id": "10879880" }, { "contents": "History of modern Tunisia\n\n\n, several Islamist activists were released from prison. He also forged a national pact with the Tunisian party Harakat al-Ittijah al-Islami (Islamic Tendency Movement), which had been founded in 1981; later it changed its name to Ennahda (the Renaissance Party). He also changed the ruling party's name to the Democratic Constitutional Rally. However, Ben Ali's innovative tack did not work out well. Subsequently, An-Nahda claimed to have run strongly in the 1989 elections, giving it the appearance of being", "id": "17057122" }, { "contents": "Yassine Brahim\n\n\nof the new company, which he led into the following acquisition by U.S. based SunGard. In 2010 he turned back to Tunisia, just before the Tunisian Revolution would lead to his appointment as Minister of Transport and Equipment in the short-lived second Ghannouchi cabinet and the subsequent Essebsi cabinet. He resigned on 17 June 2011 to become general secretary of the newly founded Afek Tounes party which he led into a merger with Ahmed Najib Chebbi's Progressive Democratic Party, the Republican Party \"Al Joumhouri\". On 28 August 2013,", "id": "2666991" }, { "contents": "Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties\n\n\nup his position in the transitional government. In the Constituent Assembly election on 23 October 2011, Ettakatol won 20 of the 217 seats making it the fourth force in the Assembly. Subsequently, the FDTL came to an agreement with the two major parties, the Islamist Ennahda Movement and the secular Congress for the Republic (CPR), to share the three highest positions in state. Accordingly, Ben Jafar was voted Speaker of the Assembly on 22 November. In exchange, the Forum supported the election of CPR-leader Moncef Marzouki", "id": "2468766" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Tonga)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (PDP) is a political party in Tonga. It was formed after a split in the Human Rights and Democracy Movement. The party was founded on 8 April 2005 in 'Atenisi. Teisina Fuko was the first person elected to the party presidency at a meeting on 15 April 2005. The PDP was legally registered on July 1, 2005, being the first Tongan party to do so. The party has not won any seats to the Tonga Parliament. It is currently inactive without any candidates or", "id": "19615344" }, { "contents": "2013 Gibraltar by-election\n\n\nSocial Democrats as Opposition had initially decided not to contest the by-election considering instead a \"gentleman's agreement\" as the seat had been one of the GSLP which had become vacant under tragic circumstances. The Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) which was not represented in Parliament immediately decided it would contest the by-election seeing it as an opportunity to be represented despite its poor performance at the previous two general elections. On 30 May 2013 the PDP announced its candidature of party leader Nick Cruz. At this point the GSD", "id": "8509410" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (PDP) is a major contemporary political party in Nigeria. Its policies generally lie towards the centre-right of the political spectrum. It won every Presidential election between 1999 and 2011, and was until the 2015 elections, the governing party in the Fourth Republic although in some cases, amid a few controversial electoral circumstances. Currently, PDP controls 14 states out of 36 states in Nigeria. In 1998 the PDP in its first presidential primary election held in Jos, Plateau State, North Central Nigeria", "id": "1890377" }, { "contents": "Social Democratic Union of Macedonia\n\n\nThe Social Democratic Union of Macedonia (–СДСМ, \"Socijaldemokratski Sojuz na Makedonija\"–SDSM) is a social-democratic political party, the main centre-left political party in North Macedonia. The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia was founded on 20 April 1991 at the 11th Congress of SKM-PDP (UCM – Party for Democratic Changes). Branko Crvenkovski was elected as the party's first president. Its current leader is Zoran Zaev. The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia is a member of the Progressive Alliance and an associate affiliate of", "id": "1084636" }, { "contents": "Peoples Democratic Party (Kenya)\n\n\nThe Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) is a political party in Kenya. The PDP was established in 1992. It won a single seat in the 2007 general elections, Richard Momoima Onyonka in Kitutu Chache Constituency. In 2010 Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) MP James Omingo Magara defected to the party after the ODM did not nominate him as its candidate in the South Mugirango by-election, which was held after Magara's victory in the 2007 elections was annulled due to irregularities. However, Magara was defeated in the by-", "id": "19016018" }, { "contents": "Dickson Tarkighir\n\n\nat the polls in the 2015 general elections and won the seat to represent the people of Makurdi/Guma Federal Constituency in the House of Representatives, Abuja. On Tuesday, 24 July 2018, Tarkighir was among 37 members of the House of Representatives who defected from the ruling All Progressives Congress (APC) to other political parties. He defected to the People's Democratic Party (PDP), a party he had previously defected from. However, On Tuesday, 22 January 2019, Tarkighir announced his return to the All Progressives", "id": "8861699" }, { "contents": "Guillermo Irizarry\n\n\ngovernor abandoned the party that elected him, the Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico (PDP), and joined a newly founded party, the People's Party, which nominated him for an unsuccessful reelection bid. In November of that year, the PDP suffered its first defeat with the election of the New Progressive Party's Luis A. Ferré. As a result, Secretary Irizarry presided over the first transition between elected governors of different parties. From 1973 to 1977, during the administration of Governor Rafael Hernández Colón, Irizarry served again", "id": "1916365" }, { "contents": "1931 Argentine general election\n\n\nJulio Roca as his running mate; Roca, the son of the late PAN leader, Julio A. Roca, had led the Democratic Party of Córdoba. The Democratic Progressive Party (PDP), known for its anti-corruption platform, nominated Senator Lisandro de la Torre, who also earned the endorsement of the Socialist Party of Argentina, a party in search of leadership following the passing of Juan B. Justo, in 1928. The alliance alienated conservatives in the PDP, however, who instead endorsed the aging Francisco A. Barroetaveña,", "id": "14281535" }, { "contents": "Jebali Cabinet\n\n\nThe first cabinet of Tunisian Head of Government Hamadi Jebali was presented on 20 December 2011. Jebali has been appointed by interim President Moncef Marzouki, who had been elected by the National Constituent Assembly, a body constituted to draft a new constitution after the Tunisian Revolution and the fall of former President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in Spring 2011. It took office on 24 December 2011. The three parties in the \"Troika\" coalition are the Islamist Ennahda Movement, the centre-left secularist Congress for the Republic (CPR),", "id": "5725136" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Montserrat)\n\n\nwere the first occasion on which the MLP had faced serious opposition, and saw the PDP win all seven seats, leaving the MLP without parliamentary representation. Percival Austin Bramble became Chief Minister. The PDP subsequently won five of the seven seats in the 1973 elections, but were defeated in the 1978 elections, when the People's Liberation Movement formed by former PDP minister John Osborne won all seven seats. The PDP contested the 1983 elections, winning two seats in the Legislative Council. It was reduced to one seat in the 1987", "id": "6998615" }, { "contents": "1987 European Parliament election in Spain\n\n\na European-wide election was due in 1989, elected MEPs only served for the remainder of the European Parliament term. The ruling Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) designated former Foreign Affairs Minister Fernando Morán to lead their campaign. The main opposition People's Alliance party (AP), running on its own after the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and Liberal Party (PL) broke away from the People's Coalition, chose Manuel Fraga—who had resigned as party leader in December 1986—to lead the party list", "id": "7968065" }, { "contents": "2011 Gibraltar general election\n\n\ngave the GSLP an advantage of up to 9% over the governing party, the GSD, while one (that of the Spanish newspaper \"Area\", which published no details and was widely thought to be politically motivated) predicted a GSD win. Two parties, the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD) and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), and an alliance (Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)/Liberals) have presented a full slate of 10 candidates each, making a total of 30 candidates for 17 seats in the Gibraltar", "id": "19578144" }, { "contents": "Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance\n\n\nThe Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance (\"Partido Democrático para o Progresso – Aliança Nacional Angolana\") is a political party in Angola. The party was founded in Luanda, March 17, 1991. It was led by Mfulumpinga Landu Victor, a former National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) cadre and Member of Parliament for the PDP-ANA, until he was shot dead outside the party office in 2004. It is now led by Francisco Lele. In the 2008 legislative elections, it gained 0.51%", "id": "17803317" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Montserrat)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was a political party in Montserrat. The party was established in 1970 by Percival Austin Bramble, son of Chief Minister and leader of the Montserrat Labour Party (MLP) William Henry Bramble. Percival had previously been a member of the MLP and was elected to the Legislative Council as an MLP candidate in the 1966 elections. However, he subsequently broke away to form the PDP as a result of controversy over the number of holiday and retirement homes being built on the island. The 1970 elections", "id": "6998614" }, { "contents": "Party of Democratic Progress\n\n\nThe Party of Democratic Progress () is a Serbian political party in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the third-largest party in Republika Srpska. PDP was established in Banja Luka on 26 September 1999. During the founding assembly, Mladen Ivanić was elected as the president of the party, while Branko Dokić and Zoran Đerić were elected as vice presidents. The party is an observer member of the European People's Party (EPP) and International Democrat Union (IDU). In terms of bilateral cooperation with other European parties,", "id": "19626107" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (, O'zXDP or PDP) is a centre-left political party in Uzbekistan founded in 1991. The PDP was founded in October 1991 after the Communist Party of Uzbekistan voted to cut its ties with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and change its name to PDP. The party was led by President Islam Karimov since its foundation until 1996, at which point Karimov stepped down and resigned his membership. Karimov created the Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party in 2003. This is supported by the fact", "id": "19132598" }, { "contents": "Ademola Rasaq Seriki\n\n\nwas appointed a National Fund Raising Committee member in the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) for the 1999 National elections. The PDP also appointed him as a member of the Candidate and Party Relations Committee for Obasanjo/Atiku Presidential Election. From 2000 to 2002 Demola Seriki emerged as the PDP Party Chairman of Lagos Island Local Government Area in Lagos State and later in 2003 as the party's flag bearer to the House of Assembly representing Lagos Island Federal Constituency. In 2005 he cut his political tooth further by serving as Secretary of the", "id": "5752584" }, { "contents": "Omuma\n\n\nin the council premises and he won the House of Assembly election in 2011. He was re-elected in 2015 election to represent Omuma for the second time in Rivers State House of Assembly under the PDP. Several other political parties have sprung up within this period as alphabetically arranged below and Omuma has been actively involved in them: • Advanced Congress of Democrats (ACD) • Alliance for Democracy (AD) • Action Democratic Party (ADP) • All Democratic Peoples Movement (ADPM) • All Progressives Congress (APC)", "id": "2613408" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Spain)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (, PDP), renamed as Christian Democracy (, DC) from March 1988 until it merged into the People's Party in June 1989, was a Christian-democratic political party in Spain. In August 1982, 13 deputies under the leadership of Óscar Alzaga split from the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) and founded the PDP, entering into alliance with the People's Alliance (AP), which received the second largest number of votes in the 1982 and 1986 general elections. The", "id": "19996228" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Malaysia)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (Malay: Parti Demokratik Progresif, Abbreviation: PDP), formerly known as Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party (SPDP) is a Sarawak based political party in Malaysia founded in 2002. The party was founded in the wake of the de-registration of the Sarawak National Party (SNAP) in November 2002 by a faction aligned to the Chief Minister of Sarawak, Abdul Taib Mahmud, led by William Mawan Ikom. The party has rebrand that using a new name - Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and a", "id": "13136566" }, { "contents": "Tunisia\n\n\n, including several that existed under the former regime. During the rule of Ben Ali, only three functioned as independent opposition parties: the PDP, FDTL, and Tajdid. While some older parties are well-established and can draw on previous party structures, many of the 100-plus parties extant as of February 2012 are small. Rare for the Arab world, women held more than 20% of seats in the country's pre-revolution bicameral parliament. In the 2011 constituent assembly, women held between 24% and 31%", "id": "11279313" }, { "contents": "Liberal Party (Spain, 1976)\n\n\nThe Liberal Party (, PL) was a liberal political party in Spain. It was part of the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) until 1983, when it aligned itself with the People's Alliance (AP), the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL). On 22 December 1984 the latter merged into the Liberal Party. These three parties formed the People's Coalition for the 1986 election. In 1989 the party, along with AP and PDP, merged to form the", "id": "19996525" }, { "contents": "New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)\n\n\nto boycott that plebiscite. Main party founder, president, and former statehood Republican Party standard-bearer Luis A. Ferré categorized the New Progressive Party as one which would not be aligned to any of the two major U.S. national parties. Co-founders of the NPP alongside Luis A. Ferre were Manuel F. Alsina Capo, attorney Nelson Escalona, and Benny Frankie Cerezo. Under Luis A. Ferré, the NPP came to power in January 1969, after defeating Luis Negrón López, the gubernatorial candidate from the Popular Democratic Party (PDP)", "id": "21721596" }, { "contents": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Mali)\n\n\nThe Party for Democracy and Progress (, PDP) is a political party in Mali led by Mady Konaté. The party was established in 1991, and officially registered on 25 April that year. It party received 5.1% of the vote in the February 1992 parliamentary elections, winning two seats. In the April 1992 presidential elections it nominated Idrissa Traoré as its candidate. Traoré finished fifth out of nine candidates with 7.1%^ of the vote. The local elections in the same year saw the party win 40 of the 751 seats across", "id": "19282171" }, { "contents": "Samaila Suleiman\n\n\n-2008, Energy Commission of Nigeria in 2009-2010 and later resigned to join politics. Suleiman was first elected into the public office as a local government chairman from Kaduna North in Kaduna State under the defunct Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) in 2008. He was the only politician to have won local government election under the CPC having shared the same constituency with the then vice president of Nigeria from the then ruling party People's Democratic Party (PDP). In 2015, Suleiman was first elected into the Lower Chamber", "id": "6113494" }, { "contents": "Party for Democratic Prosperity\n\n\nFor example, the party leadership criticized the 1991 Census for allegedly underreporting the percentage of the population that was Albanian from 40% to only 21%. Also, the PDP deputies voted against adopting the constitution due to its lack of protection for minorities. From the 1998 elections onwards PDP is in opposition and since then the support for the PDP has eroded considerably. At the 2002 legislative elections, the party won 2.3% of the popular vote and 2 out of 120 seats. At the 2011 legislative elections, the party won", "id": "5710802" }, { "contents": "2008 Angolan legislative election\n\n\nDemocratic Party (PLD), Party of the Alliance of Youth, Workers and Farmers of Angola (PAJOCA), Party for Democratic Support and Progress of Angola (PADEPA), the Democratic Party for Progress - Angolan National Alliance (PDP-ANA), the Front for Democracy (FpD) and four coalitions: the Democratic Angola – Coalition (AD), New Democracy Electoral Union (ND), the Electoral Political Platform (PPE) and the Angolan Fraternal Forum Coalition (FOFAC). The Angolan Democratic Party (PDA", "id": "533048" }, { "contents": "Party for Democratic Prosperity\n\n\nThe Party for Democratic Prosperity or PDP () is an ethnic Albanian political party in North Macedonia. The party was formed in April 1990 and is currently led by Abdyladi Vejseli. From 1992 to 1998 the PDP was part of the coalition governments led by the SDSM. After the split of the radical wing from the party in February 1994, PDP was generally considered to be moderate party that could cooperate with Macedonian parties, although sometimes frictions between the PDP and the other government parties arose as a consequence of the ethnic questions.", "id": "5710801" }, { "contents": "Politics of Gibraltar\n\n\n. A new party, New Gibraltar Democracy, announced it would contest the next election. NGD claimed that the two main parties were \"Out of touch with people's expectations and make up for their lack of ideas through Orwellian style propaganda.\" At the 2007 election one candidate, Charles Gomez, stood for election for the party. It achieved under 1% of the vote and has subsequently ceased any activity. In June 2006 the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was formed and announced it would be presenting a full slate", "id": "11739411" }, { "contents": "Tunisian people\n\n\nto an end 23 years latter on January 14, 2011, in the events of the Tunisian Revolution, following nationwide demonstrations precipitated by high unemployment, food inflation, corruption, a lack of political freedoms like freedom of speech and poor living conditions. Following the overthrow of Ben Ali, Tunisians elected a Constituent Assembly to draft a new constitution, and an interim government known as the Troika because it was a coalition of three parties; the Islamist Ennahda Movement in the lead, with the centre-left Congress for the Republic and", "id": "21785336" }, { "contents": "Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle\n\n\nIn the aftermath of \"Mt. Healthy\",\" wrote Sandra Lynch for the First Circuit in 2004, \"confusion still sometimes arises about the issue of causation.\" She was writing in one of several cases it heard in the mid-2000s arising from alleged political retaliation in Puerto Rico, where members of the New Progressive Party (NPP) brought suit claiming that members of the rival Popular Democratic Party (PDP) had improperly forced them out of government jobs after the PDP defeated the incumbent NPP in the commonwealth's 2000 elections.", "id": "17963178" }, { "contents": "Great Ogboru\n\n\n2003. In the 2007 election, Great Ogboru contested for governorship under the flag of the Democracy People Party (DPP) against Emmanuel Uduaghan of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) and lost to Emmanuel Uduagha again in 2011 election though he contested under the umbrella of Labour Party In the 2015 Delta State governorship election, Great Ogboru contested for governorship under the umbrella of All Progressive Congress (APC). He was defeated by Ifeanyi Okowa of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) . In the 2019 governorship election of Delta State,", "id": "278732" }, { "contents": "1983 Murcian regional election\n\n\nelectoral alliance led by the right-wing People's Alliance (AP), which included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), became the second political force and the main opposition party, whereas the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) also entered the Assembly, obtaining 1 seat. As a result of the election, Socialist Andrés Hernández Ros, who since 1979 had been the President of the Regional Council of Murcia (the pre-autonomic regional government), became the first democratically", "id": "19967050" }, { "contents": "Emmanuel Nnamdi Uba\n\n\nEmmanuel Nnamdi Uba, or Andy Uba (born 14 December 1958), is a Nigerian politician who was elected Senator for the Anambra South constituency of Anambra State, Nigeria, in April 2011. He ran on the People's Democratic Party (PDP) platform. He defected to the ruling All Progressives Congress in February 2017; the leadership crises engulfing the former ruling party PDP may have motivated his decision. Uba was born on 14 December 1958 in Enugu, and attended the Boys High School in Awkunanaw. His parents originated from", "id": "17515892" }, { "contents": "Islam and secularism\n\n\ndictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collapsed in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian revolution, Tunisia's interim government granted the group permission to form a political party. Since then it has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, 2011, the first honest election in the country's history with a turn out of 51.1% of all eligible voters, the party won 37.04% of the popular vote and 89 (41%)", "id": "18330475" }, { "contents": "United Progressive Alliance\n\n\nthe Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party announced the withdrawal of the PDP from the UPA given that the Congress had decided to support the Omar Abdullah-led National Conference Government in Jammu & Kashmir after the 2008 state elections. On 26 March 2009, PMK declared that it would join the AIADMK led front and withdrew from the UPA and the party president declared that two union ministers of his party will resign shortly. On 12 November 2012, Barrister Asaduddin Owaisi, leader of the AIMIM announced the decision of the party's executive and", "id": "8764699" }, { "contents": "Umaru Tanko Al-Makura\n\n\nfounding member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) in Nasarawa State in 1998. Al-Makura defected from the PDP after losing the primary elections for the Nasarawa Governor competition. Al-Makura was elected Governor of Nasarawa State, Nigeria on 26 April 2011, running on the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) ticket. He defeated the incumbent governor, Aliyu Akwe-Doma of the PDP. On 14 July 2014 the Speaker of the Nasarawa State House of Assembly gave a notice of impeachment to the Clerk of the", "id": "7102114" }, { "contents": "2013 Gibraltar by-election\n\n\nThe Gibraltar by-election, 2013 was a parliamentary by-election held on 4 July 2013 for the Gibraltar Parliament. The by-election was to contest the seat left vacant by the death of Government of Gibraltar Housing Minister Charles Bruzon in April 2013. The Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP), Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and an independent contested the by-election. The Liberal Party of Gibraltar who is in alliance and in Government with the GSLP backed the GSLP's candidate", "id": "8509407" }, { "contents": "Politics of Tajikistan\n\n\nThree major opposition parties—the Democratic Party, the Islamic Renaissance Party, and the Social Democratic Party—boycotted the election. In the early 2000s, independent political parties continued to exist, but their operations were circumscribed and their influence marginal. The governing People’s Democratic Party (PDP) gained strength as some opposition party leaders joined the government and others were disqualified from participation in elections. The Communist Party of Tajikistan, a nominal opposition party that has supported President Rahmon on most issues, has lost support since 2000. The", "id": "11083170" }, { "contents": "Dapo Abiodun\n\n\nis also reportedly the founder of First Power Limited. Dapo Abiodun is a founding member of Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) in Ogun State, although he is currently a member of the All Progressive Congress (APC) defecting after the 2015 general elections. He contested the Ogun East senatorial seat on the platform of the All Progressive Congress(APC) in the 2015 Nigerian general elections which he lost to the Peoples Democratic Party(PDP) candidate . He was elected a senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria on the platform of the defunct United Nigeria", "id": "1139922" }, { "contents": "1983 Riojan regional election\n\n\n. The People's Coalition, an electoral alliance led by the People's Alliance (AP), which also included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), emerged as the second largest grouping in the General Deputation, while the newly created regionalist Progressive Riojan Party (PRP) came third. Neither the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) or the Democratic and Social Centre (CDS), the only other parties standing in the election, were able to meet the electoral threshold and failed", "id": "18176961" }, { "contents": "Trinity—Spadina\n\n\nwas expected to be a very competitive election. Additionally, Conservative David Watters, Green Anna Costa, Progressive Canadian Party Asif Hossain, Canadian Action Party Tristan Downe-Dewdney and Daniel Knezetic for the Popular Democratic Party contested the election. The Popular Democratic Party was a social democratic and populist political party formed in 2003. It did not register as a political party with Elections Canada, and closed down after the 2004 election. The PDP proposed decentralization and community involvement in the political process through the creation of community councils to which any", "id": "8027884" }, { "contents": "Galician Coalition\n\n\nin the Congreso de los Diputados since the Second Republic. In January 1987 the most nationalist and progressive sectors of CG, led by Pablo González Mariñas and Xosé Henrique Rodríguez Peña, left the party and formed the Galician Nationalist Party (which would eventually join the Galician Nationalist Bloc). To attend the 1987 municipal elections CG formed the Galician Progressive Coalition, with the Democratic Popular Party (PDP) and the Liberal Party, gaining the 11.07% of the vote and 607 councilors. Following the departure of Xosé Luís Barreiro of the", "id": "602391" }, { "contents": "2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election\n\n\nthe delay, all major parties approved of it, even the Ennahda Movement; other parties approving the new election date included the Progressive Democratic Party, Ettajdid Movement, Al Majd, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the Social Liberal Party. In September, the government of Canada declared that it would not allow Tunisia to open polling stations in its territory because it refused to be included in another country's electoral constituency. Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird called the issue \"a matter of Canadian sovereignty\". In response to Canada", "id": "14450727" }, { "contents": "Democratic Modernist Pole\n\n\nin all the 33 constituencies at home and abroad. Sixteen women and 17 men will be chief candidates. Riadh Ben Fadl and Mustapha Ben Ahmed, are the founders of the group. Ahmed Ibrahim is a leader in the bloc. The bloc won 5 of the 217 seats and 4.91% of the vote in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election. Three of the parties in the coalition: the Republican Party, the Socialist Left Party and the Social Democratic Path) became part of another coalition called the Union for Tunisia in 2013", "id": "19583402" }, { "contents": "Abdulmumin Jibrin\n\n\nof Commerce (NBCC) between 2010 – 2011. Jibrin was first elected into the Nigerian National Assembly's House of Representatives representing Kiru/Bebeji Federal constituency of Kano State under the Peoples Democratic Party - PDP in 2011 before decamping to the newly formed political party in Nigeria, the All Progressives Congress (APC) in 2014 and was later re-elected into House of Representatives in 2015. Jibrin was the Chairman House of Representatives Committee on Finance in the 7th Assembly with oversight on the Federal Ministry of Finance and its Parastatals,", "id": "18363893" }, { "contents": "Rashidi Adewolu Ladoja\n\n\n2009, a former aide testified on the way on which the share money had been divided between Ladoja's family, bodyguard, senior politicians and lawyers. Ladoja was the governorship candidate for Accord party in Oyo State during the April 2011 and 2015 elections, he lost to Senator Abiola Ajimobi. He later merged his Accord Party into PDP in 2017. Dispute in PDP made him and other allies (from Labour Party, All Progressives Congress APC etc.) to move over African Democratic Congress (ADC) in 2018. After a", "id": "21855065" }, { "contents": "Mohammed Badaru Abubakar\n\n\nAll Progressives Congress in 2015 along with PDP contender Mal. Aminu Ibrahim Ringim. The Independent National Electoral Commission on 13 April 2015 declared him the winner of that election. On 9 March 2019 Jigawa state gubernatorial election, Badaru was re-elected has governor having polled a total of 810,933 votes, the candidate of the Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, Aminu Ibrahim Ringim scored 288,356 while the candidate of the Social Democratic Party, SDP, Bashir Adamu Jumbo scored 32,894 votes, thereby making him the winner of the election. In recognition", "id": "20149723" }, { "contents": "Popular Democratic Party (France)\n\n\nthe PDP prior to the 1924 legislative election. Established by Congress on 15 and 16 November 1924, under the chairmanship of George Thibout and involving 200 delegates, the PDP supported the desire to achieve \"a task in bringing reconciliation around the idea of Republicanism\" by the definition of \"new Republican faith\" The Popular Democrats advocated that religion was not and should not be a line between right and left. However, the PDP oriented itself to the centre-right in direct competition to the Republican Federation, the party from which", "id": "22044943" }, { "contents": "Socialism in Tunisia\n\n\nthe Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties (Ettakatol or FDTL) was founded and officially recognized on 25 October 2002. Is a social democratic and secularist political party in Tunisia. Its founder and Secretary-General is the radiologist Mustapha Ben Jafar. Active from 1993 to 2012, the Ettajdid Movement (\"Movement for Renewal\") was a centre-left secularist, democratic socialist and social liberal political party in Tunisia. It was led by Ahmed Ibrahim. For the Constituent assembly election, Ettajdid formed a strongly secularist alliance called Democratic", "id": "5642583" }, { "contents": "Wafa Movement\n\n\nThe Wafa Movement (), sometimes referred to as the Independent Democratic Congress, is a political party in Tunisia. The party was founded in 2012 by a number of constituents who broke away from the Congress for the Republic (CPR). Led by the short-time CPR secretary-general Abderraouf Ayadi, the party however remained loosely allied with the governing Troika coalition of Ennahda, CPR and Ettakatol. Generally seen as a secular, left-leaning party, the Wafa Movement reached out to Islamists on the grounds of seeking", "id": "13260598" }, { "contents": "Abdulkareem Adisa\n\n\nPeople's Democratic Party (PDP) in Kwara State. One PDP group suspended the Minister of State for Women Affairs, Miss Funke Adedoyin, but another group of PDP elders, led by Adisa, voided Adedoyin’s suspension. Adisa also became vice-chairman of the Kwara Progressive Movement (KPM). Abdulkareem Adisa was leader of a movement to elect General Ibrahim Babangida as president in 2007. He published an attack on the National Democratic Coalition (NADECO) in \"The Guardian\" of 28 April 2004, warning the group", "id": "1146576" }, { "contents": "Nidaa Tounes\n\n\n\"founder\" Habib Bourguiba). In addition, the party has the support of many members of the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT) and the national employers' union, UTICA. They believe that Tunisia's secular forces have to unite to counter the dominance of the Islamist Ennahda Movement. From its foundation until July 2013, 11 members of the Constituent Assembly joined the party by defecting from various other parties. On 11 February 2013, the Republican Party joined Nidaa Tounes and four other parties in a political alliance called Union", "id": "4542216" }, { "contents": "Gibraltar\n\n\nrepresented by the Governor of Gibraltar. The governor enacts day-to-day matters on the advice of the Gibraltar Parliament, but is responsible to the British government in respect of defence, foreign policy, internal security and general good governance. Judicial and other appointments are made on behalf of the monarch in consultation with the head of the elected government. The 2011 election was contested by the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)-Gibraltar Liberal Party (GLP) Alliance and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP", "id": "7263743" }, { "contents": "Adamu Sidi Ali\n\n\nballots had not been included in the count.In turn, the PDP appealed the decision to nullify the election of their candidate, who had died two months after the election, saying the election should be a re-run due to his death. Their appeal was rejected. Later, Sidi Ali changed allegiance to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). During a PDP campaign flag-off meeting before the April 2007 elections, he advised political opponents not to use thugs to destabilize the elections. Sidi Ali became senator for", "id": "13302889" }, { "contents": "Ahmed Tijani Ahmed\n\n\nAhmed Tijani Ahmed (December 17, 1941 – June 10, 2006) was a Nigerian politician who was Senator for the Kogi Central constituency in Kogi State from 1999 to 2003 as a member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP). When Kogi State was created in 1991, Ahmed Tijani Ahmed joined a group of liberal progressive politicians in the Social Democratic Party (SDP) that created an agreement on power sharing among the different peoples of the state. However, they lost the December 1991 governorship election to the National Republican", "id": "14754363" }, { "contents": "Abdulmumin Jibrin\n\n\nthe members of the House of Representatives that led the first set of 37 Legislators that decamped from the ruling People's Democratic Party (PDP) to the main opposition party, All Progressive Party (APC). In March 2015, Abdulmumin contested and got re-elected to the House of Representatives by the people of his constituency Kiru/Bebeji Kano state, Nigeria. As Chairman Appropriation, Jibrin has oversight function over the Budget office and national budget, the appropriation of funds for execution of government programmes and projects. He also", "id": "18363903" }, { "contents": "Godswill Akpabio\n\n\nSenatorial District to represent the district in the Senate of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Running under the platform of the People’s Democratic Party (PDP), he polled 422,009 of the 439,449 to defeat Chief Inibehe Okorie of the All Progressive Congress (APC) who recorded 15, 152 votes to be declared elected by the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). Akpabio was nominated for the position of the Senate Minority Leader by the South-South caucus of the People's Democratic Party (PDP), ratified by the caucus", "id": "19678208" }, { "contents": "1970 Montserratian general election\n\n\nGeneral elections were held in Montserrat on 15 December 1970. The result was a victory for the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), which won all seven seats in the Legislative Council, whilst the Montserrat Labour Party (MLP), which had won every election since the introduction of universal suffrage in 1951, lost all four of its seats. PDP leader Percival Austin Bramble became Chief Minister, replacing his father and MLP leader, William Henry Bramble. Universal suffrage was introduced in Montserrat in 1951, and the first elections under it", "id": "6935944" }, { "contents": "Atiku Abubakar\n\n\nProgressives Congress (APC), a party he helped to form. On 3 December 2017, via a Facebook Live broadcast, Abubakar announced his return to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). The announcement followed consultations the former Vice President had with party leaders and stakeholders from across the country. He said he decided to 'return home' to the PDP now that the issues which made him leave the party had been resolved. Abubakar declared his candidacy for the presidential nomination of the PDP mid 2018 and won the nomination at", "id": "10683389" }, { "contents": "Luis A. Ferré\n\n\nProgressive Party (a.k.a., PNP). In the following general election in 1968, Ferré ran for Governor and defeated Luis Negrón López, the candidate of the Popular Democratic Party (PPD) by a slight margin. The ruling party had split with the creation of the People's Party, which ran incumbent PDP-elected Governor Roberto Sánchez Vilella as its gubernatorial candidate, ending Luis Muñoz Marín's PPD's hold on the governor's seat, which had lasted 20 years. During Ferré's administration, Puerto Rico was in", "id": "11079059" }, { "contents": "1994–1995 Uzbek parliamentary election\n\n\nParliamentary elections were held in Uzbekistan on 25 December 1994, with a second round held in 39 constituencies on 8 January 1995 and seven constituencies on 22 January. The election was contested by 634 candidates, 250 nominated by local councils, 243 members of the People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan, and 141 Progress Party of the Fatherland members. The majority of seats were won by local council nominees (around 120 of which were PDP members), whilst the People's Democratic Party emerged as the largest party. Voter turnout was 93.6", "id": "15227647" }, { "contents": "1983 Madrilenian regional election\n\n\nthe PSOE won 51 seats. The People's Coalition, an electoral alliance led by the People's Alliance (AP), which also included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), emerged as the second largest grouping in the Assembly. The Communist Party of Spain was the only other party to win seats in the Assembly. In 1986, the party joined with other left-wing movements to form the current United Left. The Assembly of Madrid was the devolved, unicameral legislature of", "id": "3098844" } ]

[ { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nby Ahmed Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi. On 9 April 2012, it merged into the Republican Party. The Progressive Democratic Party had a newspaper, \"Al-Mawqif\". In its beginnings, the Progressive Socialist Rally (now PDP) gathered a broad range of currents from Marxists and pro-democracy activists to progressive Muslims. During the Ben Ali rule, Najib Chebbi and the PDP were harassed by the police for years, and verbally attacked by state-run media. After unsuccessfully participating in elections from 1989 to 1999", "id": "16419721" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\n, the party decided to boycott the elections of 2004 and 2009. Therefore, it was unrepresented in the Tunisian parliament. After the Ben Ali administration announced to force the party to move their headquarters from Tunis, its leaders Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi engaged in a 20-days hunger strike, which earned the party attention and prompted the administration to revoke their decision. Following the 2010–2011 Tunisian protests, shootings outside PDP's headquarters were reported on 16 January 2011. The next day, on 17 January, party leader Najib Chebbi, was", "id": "16419722" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nnamed Regional Development Minister in the interim government. Ahead of the Constituent Assembly election, the PDP evolved into a main exponent of the centre-left secular camp and rival of the Islamist Ennahda Movement. In the run-up to the elections, the Progressive Democrats have received quite an amount of financial support which enabled the party for a lavish campaign. Critics claim that an important part of the funding came from businesspeople close to the old Ben Ali power elite. In the election for a constituent assembly, the PDP won 3.9", "id": "16419723" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\n) was founded under the name of \"Progressive Socialist Rally\", and gained legal recognition on 12 September 1988. It was secular and liberal party. The party was renamed as Progressive Democratic Party in 2001. Under the rule of Ben Ali it was a legal opposition party, but subjected to political repression. After the Tunisian revolution it was one of the major left-leaning secular political forces. It was led by Ahmed Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi. On 9 April 2012, it merged into the Republican Party. Maya", "id": "5642552" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\n% of the popular vote and 16 of 217 seats in the National Constituent Assembly, putting it at the fifth place. As the party had categorically ruled out any collaboration with the victorious Islamist Ennahda Movement, the Progressive Democrats went into opposition and belong to the outspoken critics of the governing coalition of the Islamists with the secular CPR and Ettakatol parties. After the electoral defeat, the PDP launched talks with other secularist and liberal parties to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was realised on the PDP's", "id": "16419724" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (, \"; ), also referred to by its acronym PDP, was a secular liberal political party in Tunisia. The Progressive Democratic Party was founded under the name of \"Progressive Socialist Rally\" in 1983, gained legal recognition on 12 September 1988 and was renamed Progressive Democratic Party in 2001. Under the rule of Ben Ali it was a legal opposition party, but subjected to political repression. After the Tunisian revolution it was one of the major left-leaning secular political forces. It was led", "id": "16419720" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nSecretary-General of the PDP. She has been the first woman to lead a political party in Tunisia. From 1 to 20 October 2007, Jribi, along with Najib Chebbi, engaged in a hunger strike to protest against the forced move of the party's headquarters from Tunis, which caused serious health implications for her. Jribi headed the PDP’s electoral list in Ben Arous for the Constituent Assembly Elections in October 2011. The PDP list received one seat in Ben Arous according to preliminary election results. On 9 April 2012", "id": "632088" }, { "contents": "Republican Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nThe Republican Party ( \"\", ) is a centrist liberal party in Tunisia. It was formed on 9 April 2012 as a merger of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Afek Tounes and the Tunisian Republican Party, several minor parties and independents. The party is led by Maya Jribi who was previously the secretary-general of the PDP. The party held 11 out of 217 seats and was the largest oppositional party in the National Constituent Assembly of Tunisia. The party withdrew from the Union for Tunisia coalition, though", "id": "15161288" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nDuring that period, she became involved and an active member of the student union, known as UGET, and the Tunisian League of Human Rights. She wrote for the independent weekly Erraï and later for the PDP-newspaper Al Mawkif. Together with Ahmed Najib Chebbi, Maya Jribi co-founded the \"Progressive Socialist Rally\", established in 1983, which was later renamed into Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). Since 1986 she has been a member of the party's executive. On 25 December 2006, Jribi was appointed", "id": "632087" }, { "contents": "Ahmed Najib Chebbi\n\n\nAhmed Najib Chebbi (, ) or simply Najib Chebbi (born 30 July 1944) is a Tunisian attorney and politician. Chebbi is a prominent figure of the Tunisian opposition movement; in 1983, he founded the Democratic Progressive Party, which gained legal recognition in 1988. He is currently the leader of the Democratic Progressive Party. In 2006, Maya Jribi became the party's secretary-general, the first woman to hold such office in Tunisia. In 2009 Chebbi attempted to run as a candidate for President of Tunisia but was", "id": "1109530" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nof investigative journalism, unconditional and free access to information, open government, anti-censorship of all kinds, among others. On 9 April 2012, the Republican Party was formed as a merger of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Afek Tounes and the Tunisian Republican Party, several minor parties and independents. The party is centrist and liberal, it's led by Maya Jribi who was previously the secretary-general of the PDP. The party held 11 out of 217 seats and was the largest oppositional party in the", "id": "5642564" }, { "contents": "Tunisian Revolution\n\n\nand Ahmed Najib Chebbi of the PDP), three representatives from the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT), and representatives of civil society (including prominent blogger Slim Amamou). Three notable movements not included in the national unity government were the banned Ennahda Movement, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the secular reformist Congress for the Republic. The following day, the three members of the UGTT and Ben Jafaar resigned, saying that they had \"no confidence\" in a government featuring members of the RCD. There were daily", "id": "18746070" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nparty in Tunisia. Its program is liberal, focusing on secularism and civil liberties. The party mainly appealed to intellectuals and the upper class. After underperforming in the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, Afek Tounes joined talks with other secularist and liberal parties, especially the Progressive Democratic Party to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was completed on 9 April 2012. The new party is called the Republican Party. In August 2013, Yassine Brahim, current leader of the party, and other former party members left", "id": "5642562" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nMaya Jribi (January 29, 1960 – May 19, 2018) was a Tunisian politician. From 2006 to 2012, she was the leader of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). From PDP's merger into the Republican Party in April 2012, until her resignation in 2017, she was the Secretary-General of the centrist party. Her father is from Tatouine, while her mother is from Algeria. She followed her studies in Radès Tunisia, before studying biology at the University of Sfax, from 1979 to 1983.", "id": "632086" }, { "contents": "Secularism in Tunisia\n\n\nTunisian Constitution of 2014 following a considerable debate between Islamic and secular political groups and movements. On 1 March 2011, after the secularist dictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collapsed in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian revolution, Tunisia's interim government granted the \"Ennahda\", a moderate Islamist movement in Tunisia, permission to form a political party. Since then, the Ennahda Islamic Party has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election", "id": "19596325" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nNational Constituent Assembly of Tunisia. The party withdrew from the Union for Tunisia coalition, though it is still part of the National Salvation Front. After the founding congress, nine assemblymen elected for the PDP contested the leadership vote and temporarily suspended their party membership. Those 9 members became part of the Democratic Alliance Party. After being founded in 2012, Nidaa Tounes (Call of Tunisia) won a plurality of seats in the October 2014 parliamentary election. It's a big tent secularist political party in Tunisia. The party's founding", "id": "5642565" }, { "contents": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Burkina Faso)\n\n\nThe Party for Democracy and Progress () was a political party in Burkina Faso (former Upper Volta. It was founded in April 1994 after a split in the National Convention of Progressive Patriots–Social Democratic Party in May 1993. It merged in February 1996 with the Union of the Democratic Left and the Party of Social Progress. After merger with the Burkinabè Socialist Party the PDP became the Party for Democracy and Progress / Socialist Party. At the legislative elections in 1997 the party won 10.1% of the popular vote and 6", "id": "19404846" }, { "contents": "Popular Front (Tunisia)\n\n\nof the Iraqi branch of Ba'ath Party, and other progressive parties. The number of parties involved in the coalition has since decreased to nine. Approximately 15,000 people attended the coalition's first meeting in Tunis. The Tunisian Revolution in 2011 saw the departure of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the dissolution of his party, the Democratic Constitutional Rally, and the holding of fresh elections for the creation of a new constitution. This saw the Tunisian political scene dominated by the Islamist Ennahda Movement, and its allies the Democratic Forum for", "id": "8081870" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Gibraltar)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was a liberal conservative political party from Gibraltar. The party was the third political party and the only party to sit on the centre-right in Gibraltar. Despite poor election results, it garnered growing support from the public and was seen as the 'alternative opposition'. The PDP was the only party campaigning for \"a Gibraltar freely associated to the United Kingdom\" and envisaged \"a journey through the recognition of our right to independence\". The party was also the only political party", "id": "16416540" }, { "contents": "Democratic Party of Progress\n\n\nThe Democratic Party of Progress (, PDP) is a political party in Guinea-Bissau. The PDP was established on 10 February 1992 by Amin Michel Saad. It joined the Union for Change (UM) alliance prior to the 1994 general elections, and Saad became the UM's leader. The UM won six seats in the National People's Assembly, of which the PDP (though Saad) took one. The UM was reduced to three seats in the 1999–2000 general elections, and lost them all in the 2004 parliamentary", "id": "17399816" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nHe was the Ettajdid Movement's candidate for President of Tunisia in the 2009 presidential election. Brahim was in favor of the emergence of a \"democratic modern and \"secular\" [laicist] state\" not connected with Islamists. According to Brahim, this would require \"radical\" reform of the electoral system, which would improve the political climate in guaranteeing freedom of assembly and a large scale independent press, as well as repealing a law that regulated public discourse of electoral candidates. In 1983, the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP", "id": "5642551" }, { "contents": "Sarawak State Legislative Assembly\n\n\ngovernment with a majority of 72 seats out of 82. There were several candidates from breakaway parties such as TERAS and UPP that had their members contest seats under the Barisan banner as direct election candidates under a deal by Adenan Satem after their parties were prevented from joining Barisan after opposition from parties such as PDP and SUPP. On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties including Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party", "id": "17954676" }, { "contents": "2015 Nigerian general election\n\n\nPeople's Democratic Party (PDP) primaries on 10 December 2014, receiving the nomination of the party. However, this was against an unwritten rule that the PDP's presidential candidacy should alternate between Muslim northerners and Christian southerners, and opposition to Jonathan's candidacy had led to the defection of dozens of PDP MPs in the House of Representatives. Prior to the elections, the All Progressives Congress was formed as an alliance of four opposition parties, the Action Congress of Nigeria, the Congress for Progressive Change, the All Nigeria Peoples", "id": "18172183" }, { "contents": "Civic Democratic Party (Hungary)\n\n\nThe Civic Democratic Party (, PDP) was a liberal political party in Hungary in the period following World War II The party was established towards the end of 1944 as a successor to the Civic Freedom Party. Part of a group of members who had belonged to now-defunct conservative parties before the war, Géza Teleki was elected as the party's first leader. The PDP won 21 seats in the National Interim Assembly elections in November 1944. However, Communist opposition to Teleki led to him losing his place in the Cabinet", "id": "16990101" }, { "contents": "Afek Tounes\n\n\nAfek Tounes won 4 seats for the constitutive assembly. The party was rattled on 3 November 2011 though by the resignation of several key founding members such as its spokesperson Emna Mnif, its general secretary Mustapha Mezghani, Sami Zaoui, Hela Hababou and another 13 members. After underperforming in the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, Afek Tounes joined talks with other secularist and liberal parties, especially the Progressive Democratic Party to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was completed on 9 April 2012. The new party is called", "id": "1405509" }, { "contents": "Ali Lankoandé\n\n\nAli Lankoandé (10 November 1930 – 28 May 2014) is a Burkinabé politician from Burkina Faso. He was President of the Party for Democracy and Progress/Socialist Party (PDP/PS) from 2005 to 2008. Lankoandé headed the National Social Security Fund and served as a deputy in the National Assembly of Burkina Faso, as well as Minister of National Education, during the 1970s. Lankoandé was elected to succeed Joseph Ki-Zerbo as President of the PDP/PS on 5 February 2005. Running as the PDP/", "id": "21268271" }, { "contents": "Ennahda Movement\n\n\ncollapse of the government of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the Ennahdha Movement Party was formed, and in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, (the first free election in the country's history), won a plurality of 37% of the popular vote and formed a government. Uproar in the traditionally secular country over \"Islamization\" and assassinations of two secular politicians however, led to the 2013–14 Tunisian political crisis, and the party stepped down following the implementation of a new constitution in January 2014. The party came in", "id": "10814394" }, { "contents": "1991 Sint Maarten general election\n\n\nGeneral elections were held in Sint Maarten on 12 April 1991 to elect the 9 members of the Island Council. The Sint Maarten Patriotic Alliance (SPA) led by Vance James Jr. emerged as the largest party, winning 4 of the 9 seats. The SPA and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) agreed to form a coalition government. On 28 August 1991 the SPA/PDP government collapsed. PDP political leader Millicent Acuna-Lopez-de Weever said that \"fundamental philosophical differences\" with the SPA caused the coalition \"to", "id": "12703859" }, { "contents": "Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party\n\n\nin the Rajya Sabha. It was a member of the ruling United Progressive Alliance until the 2009 general election. Sayeed headed the PDP-Indian National Congress Coalition Government between October 2002 and November 2005, and he was the party's Patron until his death on 7 January 2016. The PDP is now headed by Mehbooba Mufti, Sayeed's daughter. The PDP operates on the ideology of self-rule, as distinctly different from the issues of autonomy. It believes that self-rule as a political philosophy, as opposed to", "id": "248417" }, { "contents": "Ettajdid Movement\n\n\nThe Ettajdid Movement (\"Movement for Renewal\" ; , ' ; ), also referred to simply as Ettajdid, was a centre-left secularist political party in Tunisia, active from 1993 to 2012. Ettajdid evolved out of the old Tunisian Communist Party when it abandoned its former ideology in 1993. During the Ben Ali rule it was one of the legal, although oppressed opposition parties. After the Tunisian revolution of 2011, it became part of the Democratic Modernist Pole alliance and in 2012 it merged into the Social Democratic Path", "id": "16419620" }, { "contents": "Elections in Montserrat\n\n\n(when the Council was expanded to seven seats) and 1966. The 1970 elections saw the new Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) win all seven seats. The PDP also won the 1973 elections, but was defeated in 1978 when the People's Liberation Movement (PLM) won all seven seats. The PLM went on to win the 1983 and 1987 elections. The 1991 elections were won by the National Progressive Party, which won four of the seven seats. The 1996 elections resulted in a hung parliament, with the People", "id": "4125813" }, { "contents": "2013–14 Tunisian political crisis\n\n\nafter the elections Ben Ali jailed nearly 25,000 of its activists with Ennahda militants responding by attacking the ruling party's headquarters killing one person and splashing acid on others. Following the revolution, it described itself to be a \"moderate Islamist\" party by advocating democracy and recognizing political pluralism and dialogue with the West. Its supporters back then regarded the party as an example of how a balance can be struck between modernity and Islamism while its critics viewed it as a threat to secularism in Tunisia, which was often regarded as the most", "id": "7679782" }, { "contents": "List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2013–18)\n\n\nof 72 seats out of 82. There were several candidates from breakaway parties such as TERAS and UPP that had their members contest seats under the Barisan banner as direct election candidates under a deal by Adenan Satem after their parties were prevented from joining Barisan after opposition from parties such as PDP and SUPP. On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties including Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP) officially", "id": "21866476" }, { "contents": "Mike Onoja\n\n\nParty at the 2015 general election by the All Progressives Congress, he and other politicians of the People's Democratic Party defected to the All Progressives Congress in 2016. He returned to the People's Democratic Party in the run-up to the 2019 Benue south Senatorial election. After the PDP's Senatorial Primary election in 2018, Mike Onoja again defected from the party to the Social Democratic Party after expressing his dissatisfaction with the PDP's conduct of the primary election. Mike Onoja is the Chairman/CEO of Moonsons Resources Investment International", "id": "10879880" }, { "contents": "History of modern Tunisia\n\n\n, several Islamist activists were released from prison. He also forged a national pact with the Tunisian party Harakat al-Ittijah al-Islami (Islamic Tendency Movement), which had been founded in 1981; later it changed its name to Ennahda (the Renaissance Party). He also changed the ruling party's name to the Democratic Constitutional Rally. However, Ben Ali's innovative tack did not work out well. Subsequently, An-Nahda claimed to have run strongly in the 1989 elections, giving it the appearance of being", "id": "17057122" }, { "contents": "Yassine Brahim\n\n\nof the new company, which he led into the following acquisition by U.S. based SunGard. In 2010 he turned back to Tunisia, just before the Tunisian Revolution would lead to his appointment as Minister of Transport and Equipment in the short-lived second Ghannouchi cabinet and the subsequent Essebsi cabinet. He resigned on 17 June 2011 to become general secretary of the newly founded Afek Tounes party which he led into a merger with Ahmed Najib Chebbi's Progressive Democratic Party, the Republican Party \"Al Joumhouri\". On 28 August 2013,", "id": "2666991" }, { "contents": "Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties\n\n\nup his position in the transitional government. In the Constituent Assembly election on 23 October 2011, Ettakatol won 20 of the 217 seats making it the fourth force in the Assembly. Subsequently, the FDTL came to an agreement with the two major parties, the Islamist Ennahda Movement and the secular Congress for the Republic (CPR), to share the three highest positions in state. Accordingly, Ben Jafar was voted Speaker of the Assembly on 22 November. In exchange, the Forum supported the election of CPR-leader Moncef Marzouki", "id": "2468766" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Tonga)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (PDP) is a political party in Tonga. It was formed after a split in the Human Rights and Democracy Movement. The party was founded on 8 April 2005 in 'Atenisi. Teisina Fuko was the first person elected to the party presidency at a meeting on 15 April 2005. The PDP was legally registered on July 1, 2005, being the first Tongan party to do so. The party has not won any seats to the Tonga Parliament. It is currently inactive without any candidates or", "id": "19615344" }, { "contents": "2013 Gibraltar by-election\n\n\nSocial Democrats as Opposition had initially decided not to contest the by-election considering instead a \"gentleman's agreement\" as the seat had been one of the GSLP which had become vacant under tragic circumstances. The Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) which was not represented in Parliament immediately decided it would contest the by-election seeing it as an opportunity to be represented despite its poor performance at the previous two general elections. On 30 May 2013 the PDP announced its candidature of party leader Nick Cruz. At this point the GSD", "id": "8509410" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (PDP) is a major contemporary political party in Nigeria. Its policies generally lie towards the centre-right of the political spectrum. It won every Presidential election between 1999 and 2011, and was until the 2015 elections, the governing party in the Fourth Republic although in some cases, amid a few controversial electoral circumstances. Currently, PDP controls 14 states out of 36 states in Nigeria. In 1998 the PDP in its first presidential primary election held in Jos, Plateau State, North Central Nigeria", "id": "1890377" }, { "contents": "Social Democratic Union of Macedonia\n\n\nThe Social Democratic Union of Macedonia (–СДСМ, \"Socijaldemokratski Sojuz na Makedonija\"–SDSM) is a social-democratic political party, the main centre-left political party in North Macedonia. The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia was founded on 20 April 1991 at the 11th Congress of SKM-PDP (UCM – Party for Democratic Changes). Branko Crvenkovski was elected as the party's first president. Its current leader is Zoran Zaev. The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia is a member of the Progressive Alliance and an associate affiliate of", "id": "1084636" }, { "contents": "Peoples Democratic Party (Kenya)\n\n\nThe Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) is a political party in Kenya. The PDP was established in 1992. It won a single seat in the 2007 general elections, Richard Momoima Onyonka in Kitutu Chache Constituency. In 2010 Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) MP James Omingo Magara defected to the party after the ODM did not nominate him as its candidate in the South Mugirango by-election, which was held after Magara's victory in the 2007 elections was annulled due to irregularities. However, Magara was defeated in the by-", "id": "19016018" }, { "contents": "Dickson Tarkighir\n\n\nat the polls in the 2015 general elections and won the seat to represent the people of Makurdi/Guma Federal Constituency in the House of Representatives, Abuja. On Tuesday, 24 July 2018, Tarkighir was among 37 members of the House of Representatives who defected from the ruling All Progressives Congress (APC) to other political parties. He defected to the People's Democratic Party (PDP), a party he had previously defected from. However, On Tuesday, 22 January 2019, Tarkighir announced his return to the All Progressives", "id": "8861699" }, { "contents": "Guillermo Irizarry\n\n\ngovernor abandoned the party that elected him, the Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico (PDP), and joined a newly founded party, the People's Party, which nominated him for an unsuccessful reelection bid. In November of that year, the PDP suffered its first defeat with the election of the New Progressive Party's Luis A. Ferré. As a result, Secretary Irizarry presided over the first transition between elected governors of different parties. From 1973 to 1977, during the administration of Governor Rafael Hernández Colón, Irizarry served again", "id": "1916365" }, { "contents": "1931 Argentine general election\n\n\nJulio Roca as his running mate; Roca, the son of the late PAN leader, Julio A. Roca, had led the Democratic Party of Córdoba. The Democratic Progressive Party (PDP), known for its anti-corruption platform, nominated Senator Lisandro de la Torre, who also earned the endorsement of the Socialist Party of Argentina, a party in search of leadership following the passing of Juan B. Justo, in 1928. The alliance alienated conservatives in the PDP, however, who instead endorsed the aging Francisco A. Barroetaveña,", "id": "14281535" }, { "contents": "Jebali Cabinet\n\n\nThe first cabinet of Tunisian Head of Government Hamadi Jebali was presented on 20 December 2011. Jebali has been appointed by interim President Moncef Marzouki, who had been elected by the National Constituent Assembly, a body constituted to draft a new constitution after the Tunisian Revolution and the fall of former President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in Spring 2011. It took office on 24 December 2011. The three parties in the \"Troika\" coalition are the Islamist Ennahda Movement, the centre-left secularist Congress for the Republic (CPR),", "id": "5725136" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Montserrat)\n\n\nwere the first occasion on which the MLP had faced serious opposition, and saw the PDP win all seven seats, leaving the MLP without parliamentary representation. Percival Austin Bramble became Chief Minister. The PDP subsequently won five of the seven seats in the 1973 elections, but were defeated in the 1978 elections, when the People's Liberation Movement formed by former PDP minister John Osborne won all seven seats. The PDP contested the 1983 elections, winning two seats in the Legislative Council. It was reduced to one seat in the 1987", "id": "6998615" }, { "contents": "1987 European Parliament election in Spain\n\n\na European-wide election was due in 1989, elected MEPs only served for the remainder of the European Parliament term. The ruling Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) designated former Foreign Affairs Minister Fernando Morán to lead their campaign. The main opposition People's Alliance party (AP), running on its own after the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and Liberal Party (PL) broke away from the People's Coalition, chose Manuel Fraga—who had resigned as party leader in December 1986—to lead the party list", "id": "7968065" }, { "contents": "2011 Gibraltar general election\n\n\ngave the GSLP an advantage of up to 9% over the governing party, the GSD, while one (that of the Spanish newspaper \"Area\", which published no details and was widely thought to be politically motivated) predicted a GSD win. Two parties, the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD) and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), and an alliance (Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)/Liberals) have presented a full slate of 10 candidates each, making a total of 30 candidates for 17 seats in the Gibraltar", "id": "19578144" }, { "contents": "Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance\n\n\nThe Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance (\"Partido Democrático para o Progresso – Aliança Nacional Angolana\") is a political party in Angola. The party was founded in Luanda, March 17, 1991. It was led by Mfulumpinga Landu Victor, a former National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) cadre and Member of Parliament for the PDP-ANA, until he was shot dead outside the party office in 2004. It is now led by Francisco Lele. In the 2008 legislative elections, it gained 0.51%", "id": "17803317" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Montserrat)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was a political party in Montserrat. The party was established in 1970 by Percival Austin Bramble, son of Chief Minister and leader of the Montserrat Labour Party (MLP) William Henry Bramble. Percival had previously been a member of the MLP and was elected to the Legislative Council as an MLP candidate in the 1966 elections. However, he subsequently broke away to form the PDP as a result of controversy over the number of holiday and retirement homes being built on the island. The 1970 elections", "id": "6998614" }, { "contents": "Party of Democratic Progress\n\n\nThe Party of Democratic Progress () is a Serbian political party in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the third-largest party in Republika Srpska. PDP was established in Banja Luka on 26 September 1999. During the founding assembly, Mladen Ivanić was elected as the president of the party, while Branko Dokić and Zoran Đerić were elected as vice presidents. The party is an observer member of the European People's Party (EPP) and International Democrat Union (IDU). In terms of bilateral cooperation with other European parties,", "id": "19626107" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (, O'zXDP or PDP) is a centre-left political party in Uzbekistan founded in 1991. The PDP was founded in October 1991 after the Communist Party of Uzbekistan voted to cut its ties with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and change its name to PDP. The party was led by President Islam Karimov since its foundation until 1996, at which point Karimov stepped down and resigned his membership. Karimov created the Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party in 2003. This is supported by the fact", "id": "19132598" }, { "contents": "Ademola Rasaq Seriki\n\n\nwas appointed a National Fund Raising Committee member in the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) for the 1999 National elections. The PDP also appointed him as a member of the Candidate and Party Relations Committee for Obasanjo/Atiku Presidential Election. From 2000 to 2002 Demola Seriki emerged as the PDP Party Chairman of Lagos Island Local Government Area in Lagos State and later in 2003 as the party's flag bearer to the House of Assembly representing Lagos Island Federal Constituency. In 2005 he cut his political tooth further by serving as Secretary of the", "id": "5752584" }, { "contents": "Omuma\n\n\nin the council premises and he won the House of Assembly election in 2011. He was re-elected in 2015 election to represent Omuma for the second time in Rivers State House of Assembly under the PDP. Several other political parties have sprung up within this period as alphabetically arranged below and Omuma has been actively involved in them: • Advanced Congress of Democrats (ACD) • Alliance for Democracy (AD) • Action Democratic Party (ADP) • All Democratic Peoples Movement (ADPM) • All Progressives Congress (APC)", "id": "2613408" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Spain)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (, PDP), renamed as Christian Democracy (, DC) from March 1988 until it merged into the People's Party in June 1989, was a Christian-democratic political party in Spain. In August 1982, 13 deputies under the leadership of Óscar Alzaga split from the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) and founded the PDP, entering into alliance with the People's Alliance (AP), which received the second largest number of votes in the 1982 and 1986 general elections. The", "id": "19996228" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Malaysia)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (Malay: Parti Demokratik Progresif, Abbreviation: PDP), formerly known as Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party (SPDP) is a Sarawak based political party in Malaysia founded in 2002. The party was founded in the wake of the de-registration of the Sarawak National Party (SNAP) in November 2002 by a faction aligned to the Chief Minister of Sarawak, Abdul Taib Mahmud, led by William Mawan Ikom. The party has rebrand that using a new name - Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and a", "id": "13136566" }, { "contents": "Tunisia\n\n\n, including several that existed under the former regime. During the rule of Ben Ali, only three functioned as independent opposition parties: the PDP, FDTL, and Tajdid. While some older parties are well-established and can draw on previous party structures, many of the 100-plus parties extant as of February 2012 are small. Rare for the Arab world, women held more than 20% of seats in the country's pre-revolution bicameral parliament. In the 2011 constituent assembly, women held between 24% and 31%", "id": "11279313" }, { "contents": "Liberal Party (Spain, 1976)\n\n\nThe Liberal Party (, PL) was a liberal political party in Spain. It was part of the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) until 1983, when it aligned itself with the People's Alliance (AP), the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL). On 22 December 1984 the latter merged into the Liberal Party. These three parties formed the People's Coalition for the 1986 election. In 1989 the party, along with AP and PDP, merged to form the", "id": "19996525" }, { "contents": "New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)\n\n\nto boycott that plebiscite. Main party founder, president, and former statehood Republican Party standard-bearer Luis A. Ferré categorized the New Progressive Party as one which would not be aligned to any of the two major U.S. national parties. Co-founders of the NPP alongside Luis A. Ferre were Manuel F. Alsina Capo, attorney Nelson Escalona, and Benny Frankie Cerezo. Under Luis A. Ferré, the NPP came to power in January 1969, after defeating Luis Negrón López, the gubernatorial candidate from the Popular Democratic Party (PDP)", "id": "21721596" }, { "contents": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Mali)\n\n\nThe Party for Democracy and Progress (, PDP) is a political party in Mali led by Mady Konaté. The party was established in 1991, and officially registered on 25 April that year. It party received 5.1% of the vote in the February 1992 parliamentary elections, winning two seats. In the April 1992 presidential elections it nominated Idrissa Traoré as its candidate. Traoré finished fifth out of nine candidates with 7.1%^ of the vote. The local elections in the same year saw the party win 40 of the 751 seats across", "id": "19282171" }, { "contents": "Samaila Suleiman\n\n\n-2008, Energy Commission of Nigeria in 2009-2010 and later resigned to join politics. Suleiman was first elected into the public office as a local government chairman from Kaduna North in Kaduna State under the defunct Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) in 2008. He was the only politician to have won local government election under the CPC having shared the same constituency with the then vice president of Nigeria from the then ruling party People's Democratic Party (PDP). In 2015, Suleiman was first elected into the Lower Chamber", "id": "6113494" }, { "contents": "Party for Democratic Prosperity\n\n\nFor example, the party leadership criticized the 1991 Census for allegedly underreporting the percentage of the population that was Albanian from 40% to only 21%. Also, the PDP deputies voted against adopting the constitution due to its lack of protection for minorities. From the 1998 elections onwards PDP is in opposition and since then the support for the PDP has eroded considerably. At the 2002 legislative elections, the party won 2.3% of the popular vote and 2 out of 120 seats. At the 2011 legislative elections, the party won", "id": "5710802" }, { "contents": "2008 Angolan legislative election\n\n\nDemocratic Party (PLD), Party of the Alliance of Youth, Workers and Farmers of Angola (PAJOCA), Party for Democratic Support and Progress of Angola (PADEPA), the Democratic Party for Progress - Angolan National Alliance (PDP-ANA), the Front for Democracy (FpD) and four coalitions: the Democratic Angola – Coalition (AD), New Democracy Electoral Union (ND), the Electoral Political Platform (PPE) and the Angolan Fraternal Forum Coalition (FOFAC). The Angolan Democratic Party (PDA", "id": "533048" }, { "contents": "Party for Democratic Prosperity\n\n\nThe Party for Democratic Prosperity or PDP () is an ethnic Albanian political party in North Macedonia. The party was formed in April 1990 and is currently led by Abdyladi Vejseli. From 1992 to 1998 the PDP was part of the coalition governments led by the SDSM. After the split of the radical wing from the party in February 1994, PDP was generally considered to be moderate party that could cooperate with Macedonian parties, although sometimes frictions between the PDP and the other government parties arose as a consequence of the ethnic questions.", "id": "5710801" }, { "contents": "Politics of Gibraltar\n\n\n. A new party, New Gibraltar Democracy, announced it would contest the next election. NGD claimed that the two main parties were \"Out of touch with people's expectations and make up for their lack of ideas through Orwellian style propaganda.\" At the 2007 election one candidate, Charles Gomez, stood for election for the party. It achieved under 1% of the vote and has subsequently ceased any activity. In June 2006 the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was formed and announced it would be presenting a full slate", "id": "11739411" }, { "contents": "Tunisian people\n\n\nto an end 23 years latter on January 14, 2011, in the events of the Tunisian Revolution, following nationwide demonstrations precipitated by high unemployment, food inflation, corruption, a lack of political freedoms like freedom of speech and poor living conditions. Following the overthrow of Ben Ali, Tunisians elected a Constituent Assembly to draft a new constitution, and an interim government known as the Troika because it was a coalition of three parties; the Islamist Ennahda Movement in the lead, with the centre-left Congress for the Republic and", "id": "21785336" }, { "contents": "Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle\n\n\nIn the aftermath of \"Mt. Healthy\",\" wrote Sandra Lynch for the First Circuit in 2004, \"confusion still sometimes arises about the issue of causation.\" She was writing in one of several cases it heard in the mid-2000s arising from alleged political retaliation in Puerto Rico, where members of the New Progressive Party (NPP) brought suit claiming that members of the rival Popular Democratic Party (PDP) had improperly forced them out of government jobs after the PDP defeated the incumbent NPP in the commonwealth's 2000 elections.", "id": "17963178" }, { "contents": "Great Ogboru\n\n\n2003. In the 2007 election, Great Ogboru contested for governorship under the flag of the Democracy People Party (DPP) against Emmanuel Uduaghan of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) and lost to Emmanuel Uduagha again in 2011 election though he contested under the umbrella of Labour Party In the 2015 Delta State governorship election, Great Ogboru contested for governorship under the umbrella of All Progressive Congress (APC). He was defeated by Ifeanyi Okowa of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) . In the 2019 governorship election of Delta State,", "id": "278732" }, { "contents": "1983 Murcian regional election\n\n\nelectoral alliance led by the right-wing People's Alliance (AP), which included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), became the second political force and the main opposition party, whereas the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) also entered the Assembly, obtaining 1 seat. As a result of the election, Socialist Andrés Hernández Ros, who since 1979 had been the President of the Regional Council of Murcia (the pre-autonomic regional government), became the first democratically", "id": "19967050" }, { "contents": "Emmanuel Nnamdi Uba\n\n\nEmmanuel Nnamdi Uba, or Andy Uba (born 14 December 1958), is a Nigerian politician who was elected Senator for the Anambra South constituency of Anambra State, Nigeria, in April 2011. He ran on the People's Democratic Party (PDP) platform. He defected to the ruling All Progressives Congress in February 2017; the leadership crises engulfing the former ruling party PDP may have motivated his decision. Uba was born on 14 December 1958 in Enugu, and attended the Boys High School in Awkunanaw. His parents originated from", "id": "17515892" }, { "contents": "Islam and secularism\n\n\ndictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collapsed in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian revolution, Tunisia's interim government granted the group permission to form a political party. Since then it has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, 2011, the first honest election in the country's history with a turn out of 51.1% of all eligible voters, the party won 37.04% of the popular vote and 89 (41%)", "id": "18330475" }, { "contents": "United Progressive Alliance\n\n\nthe Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party announced the withdrawal of the PDP from the UPA given that the Congress had decided to support the Omar Abdullah-led National Conference Government in Jammu & Kashmir after the 2008 state elections. On 26 March 2009, PMK declared that it would join the AIADMK led front and withdrew from the UPA and the party president declared that two union ministers of his party will resign shortly. On 12 November 2012, Barrister Asaduddin Owaisi, leader of the AIMIM announced the decision of the party's executive and", "id": "8764699" }, { "contents": "Umaru Tanko Al-Makura\n\n\nfounding member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) in Nasarawa State in 1998. Al-Makura defected from the PDP after losing the primary elections for the Nasarawa Governor competition. Al-Makura was elected Governor of Nasarawa State, Nigeria on 26 April 2011, running on the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) ticket. He defeated the incumbent governor, Aliyu Akwe-Doma of the PDP. On 14 July 2014 the Speaker of the Nasarawa State House of Assembly gave a notice of impeachment to the Clerk of the", "id": "7102114" }, { "contents": "2013 Gibraltar by-election\n\n\nThe Gibraltar by-election, 2013 was a parliamentary by-election held on 4 July 2013 for the Gibraltar Parliament. The by-election was to contest the seat left vacant by the death of Government of Gibraltar Housing Minister Charles Bruzon in April 2013. The Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP), Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and an independent contested the by-election. The Liberal Party of Gibraltar who is in alliance and in Government with the GSLP backed the GSLP's candidate", "id": "8509407" }, { "contents": "Politics of Tajikistan\n\n\nThree major opposition parties—the Democratic Party, the Islamic Renaissance Party, and the Social Democratic Party—boycotted the election. In the early 2000s, independent political parties continued to exist, but their operations were circumscribed and their influence marginal. The governing People’s Democratic Party (PDP) gained strength as some opposition party leaders joined the government and others were disqualified from participation in elections. The Communist Party of Tajikistan, a nominal opposition party that has supported President Rahmon on most issues, has lost support since 2000. The", "id": "11083170" }, { "contents": "Dapo Abiodun\n\n\nis also reportedly the founder of First Power Limited. Dapo Abiodun is a founding member of Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) in Ogun State, although he is currently a member of the All Progressive Congress (APC) defecting after the 2015 general elections. He contested the Ogun East senatorial seat on the platform of the All Progressive Congress(APC) in the 2015 Nigerian general elections which he lost to the Peoples Democratic Party(PDP) candidate . He was elected a senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria on the platform of the defunct United Nigeria", "id": "1139922" }, { "contents": "1983 Riojan regional election\n\n\n. The People's Coalition, an electoral alliance led by the People's Alliance (AP), which also included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), emerged as the second largest grouping in the General Deputation, while the newly created regionalist Progressive Riojan Party (PRP) came third. Neither the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) or the Democratic and Social Centre (CDS), the only other parties standing in the election, were able to meet the electoral threshold and failed", "id": "18176961" }, { "contents": "Trinity—Spadina\n\n\nwas expected to be a very competitive election. Additionally, Conservative David Watters, Green Anna Costa, Progressive Canadian Party Asif Hossain, Canadian Action Party Tristan Downe-Dewdney and Daniel Knezetic for the Popular Democratic Party contested the election. The Popular Democratic Party was a social democratic and populist political party formed in 2003. It did not register as a political party with Elections Canada, and closed down after the 2004 election. The PDP proposed decentralization and community involvement in the political process through the creation of community councils to which any", "id": "8027884" }, { "contents": "Galician Coalition\n\n\nin the Congreso de los Diputados since the Second Republic. In January 1987 the most nationalist and progressive sectors of CG, led by Pablo González Mariñas and Xosé Henrique Rodríguez Peña, left the party and formed the Galician Nationalist Party (which would eventually join the Galician Nationalist Bloc). To attend the 1987 municipal elections CG formed the Galician Progressive Coalition, with the Democratic Popular Party (PDP) and the Liberal Party, gaining the 11.07% of the vote and 607 councilors. Following the departure of Xosé Luís Barreiro of the", "id": "602391" }, { "contents": "2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election\n\n\nthe delay, all major parties approved of it, even the Ennahda Movement; other parties approving the new election date included the Progressive Democratic Party, Ettajdid Movement, Al Majd, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the Social Liberal Party. In September, the government of Canada declared that it would not allow Tunisia to open polling stations in its territory because it refused to be included in another country's electoral constituency. Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird called the issue \"a matter of Canadian sovereignty\". In response to Canada", "id": "14450727" }, { "contents": "Democratic Modernist Pole\n\n\nin all the 33 constituencies at home and abroad. Sixteen women and 17 men will be chief candidates. Riadh Ben Fadl and Mustapha Ben Ahmed, are the founders of the group. Ahmed Ibrahim is a leader in the bloc. The bloc won 5 of the 217 seats and 4.91% of the vote in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election. Three of the parties in the coalition: the Republican Party, the Socialist Left Party and the Social Democratic Path) became part of another coalition called the Union for Tunisia in 2013", "id": "19583402" }, { "contents": "Abdulmumin Jibrin\n\n\nof Commerce (NBCC) between 2010 – 2011. Jibrin was first elected into the Nigerian National Assembly's House of Representatives representing Kiru/Bebeji Federal constituency of Kano State under the Peoples Democratic Party - PDP in 2011 before decamping to the newly formed political party in Nigeria, the All Progressives Congress (APC) in 2014 and was later re-elected into House of Representatives in 2015. Jibrin was the Chairman House of Representatives Committee on Finance in the 7th Assembly with oversight on the Federal Ministry of Finance and its Parastatals,", "id": "18363893" }, { "contents": "Rashidi Adewolu Ladoja\n\n\n2009, a former aide testified on the way on which the share money had been divided between Ladoja's family, bodyguard, senior politicians and lawyers. Ladoja was the governorship candidate for Accord party in Oyo State during the April 2011 and 2015 elections, he lost to Senator Abiola Ajimobi. He later merged his Accord Party into PDP in 2017. Dispute in PDP made him and other allies (from Labour Party, All Progressives Congress APC etc.) to move over African Democratic Congress (ADC) in 2018. After a", "id": "21855065" }, { "contents": "Mohammed Badaru Abubakar\n\n\nAll Progressives Congress in 2015 along with PDP contender Mal. Aminu Ibrahim Ringim. The Independent National Electoral Commission on 13 April 2015 declared him the winner of that election. On 9 March 2019 Jigawa state gubernatorial election, Badaru was re-elected has governor having polled a total of 810,933 votes, the candidate of the Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, Aminu Ibrahim Ringim scored 288,356 while the candidate of the Social Democratic Party, SDP, Bashir Adamu Jumbo scored 32,894 votes, thereby making him the winner of the election. In recognition", "id": "20149723" }, { "contents": "Popular Democratic Party (France)\n\n\nthe PDP prior to the 1924 legislative election. Established by Congress on 15 and 16 November 1924, under the chairmanship of George Thibout and involving 200 delegates, the PDP supported the desire to achieve \"a task in bringing reconciliation around the idea of Republicanism\" by the definition of \"new Republican faith\" The Popular Democrats advocated that religion was not and should not be a line between right and left. However, the PDP oriented itself to the centre-right in direct competition to the Republican Federation, the party from which", "id": "22044943" }, { "contents": "Socialism in Tunisia\n\n\nthe Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties (Ettakatol or FDTL) was founded and officially recognized on 25 October 2002. Is a social democratic and secularist political party in Tunisia. Its founder and Secretary-General is the radiologist Mustapha Ben Jafar. Active from 1993 to 2012, the Ettajdid Movement (\"Movement for Renewal\") was a centre-left secularist, democratic socialist and social liberal political party in Tunisia. It was led by Ahmed Ibrahim. For the Constituent assembly election, Ettajdid formed a strongly secularist alliance called Democratic", "id": "5642583" }, { "contents": "Wafa Movement\n\n\nThe Wafa Movement (), sometimes referred to as the Independent Democratic Congress, is a political party in Tunisia. The party was founded in 2012 by a number of constituents who broke away from the Congress for the Republic (CPR). Led by the short-time CPR secretary-general Abderraouf Ayadi, the party however remained loosely allied with the governing Troika coalition of Ennahda, CPR and Ettakatol. Generally seen as a secular, left-leaning party, the Wafa Movement reached out to Islamists on the grounds of seeking", "id": "13260598" }, { "contents": "Abdulkareem Adisa\n\n\nPeople's Democratic Party (PDP) in Kwara State. One PDP group suspended the Minister of State for Women Affairs, Miss Funke Adedoyin, but another group of PDP elders, led by Adisa, voided Adedoyin’s suspension. Adisa also became vice-chairman of the Kwara Progressive Movement (KPM). Abdulkareem Adisa was leader of a movement to elect General Ibrahim Babangida as president in 2007. He published an attack on the National Democratic Coalition (NADECO) in \"The Guardian\" of 28 April 2004, warning the group", "id": "1146576" }, { "contents": "Nidaa Tounes\n\n\n\"founder\" Habib Bourguiba). In addition, the party has the support of many members of the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT) and the national employers' union, UTICA. They believe that Tunisia's secular forces have to unite to counter the dominance of the Islamist Ennahda Movement. From its foundation until July 2013, 11 members of the Constituent Assembly joined the party by defecting from various other parties. On 11 February 2013, the Republican Party joined Nidaa Tounes and four other parties in a political alliance called Union", "id": "4542216" }, { "contents": "Gibraltar\n\n\nrepresented by the Governor of Gibraltar. The governor enacts day-to-day matters on the advice of the Gibraltar Parliament, but is responsible to the British government in respect of defence, foreign policy, internal security and general good governance. Judicial and other appointments are made on behalf of the monarch in consultation with the head of the elected government. The 2011 election was contested by the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)-Gibraltar Liberal Party (GLP) Alliance and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP", "id": "7263743" }, { "contents": "Adamu Sidi Ali\n\n\nballots had not been included in the count.In turn, the PDP appealed the decision to nullify the election of their candidate, who had died two months after the election, saying the election should be a re-run due to his death. Their appeal was rejected. Later, Sidi Ali changed allegiance to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). During a PDP campaign flag-off meeting before the April 2007 elections, he advised political opponents not to use thugs to destabilize the elections. Sidi Ali became senator for", "id": "13302889" }, { "contents": "Ahmed Tijani Ahmed\n\n\nAhmed Tijani Ahmed (December 17, 1941 – June 10, 2006) was a Nigerian politician who was Senator for the Kogi Central constituency in Kogi State from 1999 to 2003 as a member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP). When Kogi State was created in 1991, Ahmed Tijani Ahmed joined a group of liberal progressive politicians in the Social Democratic Party (SDP) that created an agreement on power sharing among the different peoples of the state. However, they lost the December 1991 governorship election to the National Republican", "id": "14754363" }, { "contents": "Abdulmumin Jibrin\n\n\nthe members of the House of Representatives that led the first set of 37 Legislators that decamped from the ruling People's Democratic Party (PDP) to the main opposition party, All Progressive Party (APC). In March 2015, Abdulmumin contested and got re-elected to the House of Representatives by the people of his constituency Kiru/Bebeji Kano state, Nigeria. As Chairman Appropriation, Jibrin has oversight function over the Budget office and national budget, the appropriation of funds for execution of government programmes and projects. He also", "id": "18363903" }, { "contents": "Godswill Akpabio\n\n\nSenatorial District to represent the district in the Senate of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Running under the platform of the People’s Democratic Party (PDP), he polled 422,009 of the 439,449 to defeat Chief Inibehe Okorie of the All Progressive Congress (APC) who recorded 15, 152 votes to be declared elected by the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). Akpabio was nominated for the position of the Senate Minority Leader by the South-South caucus of the People's Democratic Party (PDP), ratified by the caucus", "id": "19678208" }, { "contents": "1970 Montserratian general election\n\n\nGeneral elections were held in Montserrat on 15 December 1970. The result was a victory for the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), which won all seven seats in the Legislative Council, whilst the Montserrat Labour Party (MLP), which had won every election since the introduction of universal suffrage in 1951, lost all four of its seats. PDP leader Percival Austin Bramble became Chief Minister, replacing his father and MLP leader, William Henry Bramble. Universal suffrage was introduced in Montserrat in 1951, and the first elections under it", "id": "6935944" }, { "contents": "Atiku Abubakar\n\n\nProgressives Congress (APC), a party he helped to form. On 3 December 2017, via a Facebook Live broadcast, Abubakar announced his return to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). The announcement followed consultations the former Vice President had with party leaders and stakeholders from across the country. He said he decided to 'return home' to the PDP now that the issues which made him leave the party had been resolved. Abubakar declared his candidacy for the presidential nomination of the PDP mid 2018 and won the nomination at", "id": "10683389" }, { "contents": "Luis A. Ferré\n\n\nProgressive Party (a.k.a., PNP). In the following general election in 1968, Ferré ran for Governor and defeated Luis Negrón López, the candidate of the Popular Democratic Party (PPD) by a slight margin. The ruling party had split with the creation of the People's Party, which ran incumbent PDP-elected Governor Roberto Sánchez Vilella as its gubernatorial candidate, ending Luis Muñoz Marín's PPD's hold on the governor's seat, which had lasted 20 years. During Ferré's administration, Puerto Rico was in", "id": "11079059" }, { "contents": "1994–1995 Uzbek parliamentary election\n\n\nParliamentary elections were held in Uzbekistan on 25 December 1994, with a second round held in 39 constituencies on 8 January 1995 and seven constituencies on 22 January. The election was contested by 634 candidates, 250 nominated by local councils, 243 members of the People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan, and 141 Progress Party of the Fatherland members. The majority of seats were won by local council nominees (around 120 of which were PDP members), whilst the People's Democratic Party emerged as the largest party. Voter turnout was 93.6", "id": "15227647" }, { "contents": "1983 Madrilenian regional election\n\n\nthe PSOE won 51 seats. The People's Coalition, an electoral alliance led by the People's Alliance (AP), which also included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), emerged as the second largest grouping in the Assembly. The Communist Party of Spain was the only other party to win seats in the Assembly. In 1986, the party joined with other left-wing movements to form the current United Left. The Assembly of Madrid was the devolved, unicameral legislature of", "id": "3098844" } ]

[ { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nby Ahmed Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi. On 9 April 2012, it merged into the Republican Party. The Progressive Democratic Party had a newspaper, \"Al-Mawqif\". In its beginnings, the Progressive Socialist Rally (now PDP) gathered a broad range of currents from Marxists and pro-democracy activists to progressive Muslims. During the Ben Ali rule, Najib Chebbi and the PDP were harassed by the police for years, and verbally attacked by state-run media. After unsuccessfully participating in elections from 1989 to 1999", "id": "16419721" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\n, the party decided to boycott the elections of 2004 and 2009. Therefore, it was unrepresented in the Tunisian parliament. After the Ben Ali administration announced to force the party to move their headquarters from Tunis, its leaders Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi engaged in a 20-days hunger strike, which earned the party attention and prompted the administration to revoke their decision. Following the 2010–2011 Tunisian protests, shootings outside PDP's headquarters were reported on 16 January 2011. The next day, on 17 January, party leader Najib Chebbi, was", "id": "16419722" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nnamed Regional Development Minister in the interim government. Ahead of the Constituent Assembly election, the PDP evolved into a main exponent of the centre-left secular camp and rival of the Islamist Ennahda Movement. In the run-up to the elections, the Progressive Democrats have received quite an amount of financial support which enabled the party for a lavish campaign. Critics claim that an important part of the funding came from businesspeople close to the old Ben Ali power elite. In the election for a constituent assembly, the PDP won 3.9", "id": "16419723" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\n) was founded under the name of \"Progressive Socialist Rally\", and gained legal recognition on 12 September 1988. It was secular and liberal party. The party was renamed as Progressive Democratic Party in 2001. Under the rule of Ben Ali it was a legal opposition party, but subjected to political repression. After the Tunisian revolution it was one of the major left-leaning secular political forces. It was led by Ahmed Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi. On 9 April 2012, it merged into the Republican Party. Maya", "id": "5642552" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\n% of the popular vote and 16 of 217 seats in the National Constituent Assembly, putting it at the fifth place. As the party had categorically ruled out any collaboration with the victorious Islamist Ennahda Movement, the Progressive Democrats went into opposition and belong to the outspoken critics of the governing coalition of the Islamists with the secular CPR and Ettakatol parties. After the electoral defeat, the PDP launched talks with other secularist and liberal parties to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was realised on the PDP's", "id": "16419724" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (, \"; ), also referred to by its acronym PDP, was a secular liberal political party in Tunisia. The Progressive Democratic Party was founded under the name of \"Progressive Socialist Rally\" in 1983, gained legal recognition on 12 September 1988 and was renamed Progressive Democratic Party in 2001. Under the rule of Ben Ali it was a legal opposition party, but subjected to political repression. After the Tunisian revolution it was one of the major left-leaning secular political forces. It was led", "id": "16419720" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nSecretary-General of the PDP. She has been the first woman to lead a political party in Tunisia. From 1 to 20 October 2007, Jribi, along with Najib Chebbi, engaged in a hunger strike to protest against the forced move of the party's headquarters from Tunis, which caused serious health implications for her. Jribi headed the PDP’s electoral list in Ben Arous for the Constituent Assembly Elections in October 2011. The PDP list received one seat in Ben Arous according to preliminary election results. On 9 April 2012", "id": "632088" }, { "contents": "Republican Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nThe Republican Party ( \"\", ) is a centrist liberal party in Tunisia. It was formed on 9 April 2012 as a merger of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Afek Tounes and the Tunisian Republican Party, several minor parties and independents. The party is led by Maya Jribi who was previously the secretary-general of the PDP. The party held 11 out of 217 seats and was the largest oppositional party in the National Constituent Assembly of Tunisia. The party withdrew from the Union for Tunisia coalition, though", "id": "15161288" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nDuring that period, she became involved and an active member of the student union, known as UGET, and the Tunisian League of Human Rights. She wrote for the independent weekly Erraï and later for the PDP-newspaper Al Mawkif. Together with Ahmed Najib Chebbi, Maya Jribi co-founded the \"Progressive Socialist Rally\", established in 1983, which was later renamed into Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). Since 1986 she has been a member of the party's executive. On 25 December 2006, Jribi was appointed", "id": "632087" }, { "contents": "Ahmed Najib Chebbi\n\n\nAhmed Najib Chebbi (, ) or simply Najib Chebbi (born 30 July 1944) is a Tunisian attorney and politician. Chebbi is a prominent figure of the Tunisian opposition movement; in 1983, he founded the Democratic Progressive Party, which gained legal recognition in 1988. He is currently the leader of the Democratic Progressive Party. In 2006, Maya Jribi became the party's secretary-general, the first woman to hold such office in Tunisia. In 2009 Chebbi attempted to run as a candidate for President of Tunisia but was", "id": "1109530" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nof investigative journalism, unconditional and free access to information, open government, anti-censorship of all kinds, among others. On 9 April 2012, the Republican Party was formed as a merger of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Afek Tounes and the Tunisian Republican Party, several minor parties and independents. The party is centrist and liberal, it's led by Maya Jribi who was previously the secretary-general of the PDP. The party held 11 out of 217 seats and was the largest oppositional party in the", "id": "5642564" }, { "contents": "Tunisian Revolution\n\n\nand Ahmed Najib Chebbi of the PDP), three representatives from the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT), and representatives of civil society (including prominent blogger Slim Amamou). Three notable movements not included in the national unity government were the banned Ennahda Movement, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the secular reformist Congress for the Republic. The following day, the three members of the UGTT and Ben Jafaar resigned, saying that they had \"no confidence\" in a government featuring members of the RCD. There were daily", "id": "18746070" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nparty in Tunisia. Its program is liberal, focusing on secularism and civil liberties. The party mainly appealed to intellectuals and the upper class. After underperforming in the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, Afek Tounes joined talks with other secularist and liberal parties, especially the Progressive Democratic Party to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was completed on 9 April 2012. The new party is called the Republican Party. In August 2013, Yassine Brahim, current leader of the party, and other former party members left", "id": "5642562" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nMaya Jribi (January 29, 1960 – May 19, 2018) was a Tunisian politician. From 2006 to 2012, she was the leader of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). From PDP's merger into the Republican Party in April 2012, until her resignation in 2017, she was the Secretary-General of the centrist party. Her father is from Tatouine, while her mother is from Algeria. She followed her studies in Radès Tunisia, before studying biology at the University of Sfax, from 1979 to 1983.", "id": "632086" }, { "contents": "Secularism in Tunisia\n\n\nTunisian Constitution of 2014 following a considerable debate between Islamic and secular political groups and movements. On 1 March 2011, after the secularist dictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collapsed in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian revolution, Tunisia's interim government granted the \"Ennahda\", a moderate Islamist movement in Tunisia, permission to form a political party. Since then, the Ennahda Islamic Party has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election", "id": "19596325" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nNational Constituent Assembly of Tunisia. The party withdrew from the Union for Tunisia coalition, though it is still part of the National Salvation Front. After the founding congress, nine assemblymen elected for the PDP contested the leadership vote and temporarily suspended their party membership. Those 9 members became part of the Democratic Alliance Party. After being founded in 2012, Nidaa Tounes (Call of Tunisia) won a plurality of seats in the October 2014 parliamentary election. It's a big tent secularist political party in Tunisia. The party's founding", "id": "5642565" }, { "contents": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Burkina Faso)\n\n\nThe Party for Democracy and Progress () was a political party in Burkina Faso (former Upper Volta. It was founded in April 1994 after a split in the National Convention of Progressive Patriots–Social Democratic Party in May 1993. It merged in February 1996 with the Union of the Democratic Left and the Party of Social Progress. After merger with the Burkinabè Socialist Party the PDP became the Party for Democracy and Progress / Socialist Party. At the legislative elections in 1997 the party won 10.1% of the popular vote and 6", "id": "19404846" }, { "contents": "Popular Front (Tunisia)\n\n\nof the Iraqi branch of Ba'ath Party, and other progressive parties. The number of parties involved in the coalition has since decreased to nine. Approximately 15,000 people attended the coalition's first meeting in Tunis. The Tunisian Revolution in 2011 saw the departure of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the dissolution of his party, the Democratic Constitutional Rally, and the holding of fresh elections for the creation of a new constitution. This saw the Tunisian political scene dominated by the Islamist Ennahda Movement, and its allies the Democratic Forum for", "id": "8081870" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Gibraltar)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was a liberal conservative political party from Gibraltar. The party was the third political party and the only party to sit on the centre-right in Gibraltar. Despite poor election results, it garnered growing support from the public and was seen as the 'alternative opposition'. The PDP was the only party campaigning for \"a Gibraltar freely associated to the United Kingdom\" and envisaged \"a journey through the recognition of our right to independence\". The party was also the only political party", "id": "16416540" }, { "contents": "Democratic Party of Progress\n\n\nThe Democratic Party of Progress (, PDP) is a political party in Guinea-Bissau. The PDP was established on 10 February 1992 by Amin Michel Saad. It joined the Union for Change (UM) alliance prior to the 1994 general elections, and Saad became the UM's leader. The UM won six seats in the National People's Assembly, of which the PDP (though Saad) took one. The UM was reduced to three seats in the 1999–2000 general elections, and lost them all in the 2004 parliamentary", "id": "17399816" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nHe was the Ettajdid Movement's candidate for President of Tunisia in the 2009 presidential election. Brahim was in favor of the emergence of a \"democratic modern and \"secular\" [laicist] state\" not connected with Islamists. According to Brahim, this would require \"radical\" reform of the electoral system, which would improve the political climate in guaranteeing freedom of assembly and a large scale independent press, as well as repealing a law that regulated public discourse of electoral candidates. In 1983, the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP", "id": "5642551" }, { "contents": "Sarawak State Legislative Assembly\n\n\ngovernment with a majority of 72 seats out of 82. There were several candidates from breakaway parties such as TERAS and UPP that had their members contest seats under the Barisan banner as direct election candidates under a deal by Adenan Satem after their parties were prevented from joining Barisan after opposition from parties such as PDP and SUPP. On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties including Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party", "id": "17954676" }, { "contents": "2015 Nigerian general election\n\n\nPeople's Democratic Party (PDP) primaries on 10 December 2014, receiving the nomination of the party. However, this was against an unwritten rule that the PDP's presidential candidacy should alternate between Muslim northerners and Christian southerners, and opposition to Jonathan's candidacy had led to the defection of dozens of PDP MPs in the House of Representatives. Prior to the elections, the All Progressives Congress was formed as an alliance of four opposition parties, the Action Congress of Nigeria, the Congress for Progressive Change, the All Nigeria Peoples", "id": "18172183" }, { "contents": "Civic Democratic Party (Hungary)\n\n\nThe Civic Democratic Party (, PDP) was a liberal political party in Hungary in the period following World War II The party was established towards the end of 1944 as a successor to the Civic Freedom Party. Part of a group of members who had belonged to now-defunct conservative parties before the war, Géza Teleki was elected as the party's first leader. The PDP won 21 seats in the National Interim Assembly elections in November 1944. However, Communist opposition to Teleki led to him losing his place in the Cabinet", "id": "16990101" }, { "contents": "Afek Tounes\n\n\nAfek Tounes won 4 seats for the constitutive assembly. The party was rattled on 3 November 2011 though by the resignation of several key founding members such as its spokesperson Emna Mnif, its general secretary Mustapha Mezghani, Sami Zaoui, Hela Hababou and another 13 members. After underperforming in the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, Afek Tounes joined talks with other secularist and liberal parties, especially the Progressive Democratic Party to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was completed on 9 April 2012. The new party is called", "id": "1405509" }, { "contents": "Ali Lankoandé\n\n\nAli Lankoandé (10 November 1930 – 28 May 2014) is a Burkinabé politician from Burkina Faso. He was President of the Party for Democracy and Progress/Socialist Party (PDP/PS) from 2005 to 2008. Lankoandé headed the National Social Security Fund and served as a deputy in the National Assembly of Burkina Faso, as well as Minister of National Education, during the 1970s. Lankoandé was elected to succeed Joseph Ki-Zerbo as President of the PDP/PS on 5 February 2005. Running as the PDP/", "id": "21268271" }, { "contents": "Ennahda Movement\n\n\ncollapse of the government of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the Ennahdha Movement Party was formed, and in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, (the first free election in the country's history), won a plurality of 37% of the popular vote and formed a government. Uproar in the traditionally secular country over \"Islamization\" and assassinations of two secular politicians however, led to the 2013–14 Tunisian political crisis, and the party stepped down following the implementation of a new constitution in January 2014. The party came in", "id": "10814394" }, { "contents": "1991 Sint Maarten general election\n\n\nGeneral elections were held in Sint Maarten on 12 April 1991 to elect the 9 members of the Island Council. The Sint Maarten Patriotic Alliance (SPA) led by Vance James Jr. emerged as the largest party, winning 4 of the 9 seats. The SPA and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) agreed to form a coalition government. On 28 August 1991 the SPA/PDP government collapsed. PDP political leader Millicent Acuna-Lopez-de Weever said that \"fundamental philosophical differences\" with the SPA caused the coalition \"to", "id": "12703859" }, { "contents": "Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party\n\n\nin the Rajya Sabha. It was a member of the ruling United Progressive Alliance until the 2009 general election. Sayeed headed the PDP-Indian National Congress Coalition Government between October 2002 and November 2005, and he was the party's Patron until his death on 7 January 2016. The PDP is now headed by Mehbooba Mufti, Sayeed's daughter. The PDP operates on the ideology of self-rule, as distinctly different from the issues of autonomy. It believes that self-rule as a political philosophy, as opposed to", "id": "248417" }, { "contents": "Ettajdid Movement\n\n\nThe Ettajdid Movement (\"Movement for Renewal\" ; , ' ; ), also referred to simply as Ettajdid, was a centre-left secularist political party in Tunisia, active from 1993 to 2012. Ettajdid evolved out of the old Tunisian Communist Party when it abandoned its former ideology in 1993. During the Ben Ali rule it was one of the legal, although oppressed opposition parties. After the Tunisian revolution of 2011, it became part of the Democratic Modernist Pole alliance and in 2012 it merged into the Social Democratic Path", "id": "16419620" }, { "contents": "Elections in Montserrat\n\n\n(when the Council was expanded to seven seats) and 1966. The 1970 elections saw the new Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) win all seven seats. The PDP also won the 1973 elections, but was defeated in 1978 when the People's Liberation Movement (PLM) won all seven seats. The PLM went on to win the 1983 and 1987 elections. The 1991 elections were won by the National Progressive Party, which won four of the seven seats. The 1996 elections resulted in a hung parliament, with the People", "id": "4125813" }, { "contents": "2013–14 Tunisian political crisis\n\n\nafter the elections Ben Ali jailed nearly 25,000 of its activists with Ennahda militants responding by attacking the ruling party's headquarters killing one person and splashing acid on others. Following the revolution, it described itself to be a \"moderate Islamist\" party by advocating democracy and recognizing political pluralism and dialogue with the West. Its supporters back then regarded the party as an example of how a balance can be struck between modernity and Islamism while its critics viewed it as a threat to secularism in Tunisia, which was often regarded as the most", "id": "7679782" }, { "contents": "List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2013–18)\n\n\nof 72 seats out of 82. There were several candidates from breakaway parties such as TERAS and UPP that had their members contest seats under the Barisan banner as direct election candidates under a deal by Adenan Satem after their parties were prevented from joining Barisan after opposition from parties such as PDP and SUPP. On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties including Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP) officially", "id": "21866476" }, { "contents": "Mike Onoja\n\n\nParty at the 2015 general election by the All Progressives Congress, he and other politicians of the People's Democratic Party defected to the All Progressives Congress in 2016. He returned to the People's Democratic Party in the run-up to the 2019 Benue south Senatorial election. After the PDP's Senatorial Primary election in 2018, Mike Onoja again defected from the party to the Social Democratic Party after expressing his dissatisfaction with the PDP's conduct of the primary election. Mike Onoja is the Chairman/CEO of Moonsons Resources Investment International", "id": "10879880" }, { "contents": "History of modern Tunisia\n\n\n, several Islamist activists were released from prison. He also forged a national pact with the Tunisian party Harakat al-Ittijah al-Islami (Islamic Tendency Movement), which had been founded in 1981; later it changed its name to Ennahda (the Renaissance Party). He also changed the ruling party's name to the Democratic Constitutional Rally. However, Ben Ali's innovative tack did not work out well. Subsequently, An-Nahda claimed to have run strongly in the 1989 elections, giving it the appearance of being", "id": "17057122" }, { "contents": "Yassine Brahim\n\n\nof the new company, which he led into the following acquisition by U.S. based SunGard. In 2010 he turned back to Tunisia, just before the Tunisian Revolution would lead to his appointment as Minister of Transport and Equipment in the short-lived second Ghannouchi cabinet and the subsequent Essebsi cabinet. He resigned on 17 June 2011 to become general secretary of the newly founded Afek Tounes party which he led into a merger with Ahmed Najib Chebbi's Progressive Democratic Party, the Republican Party \"Al Joumhouri\". On 28 August 2013,", "id": "2666991" }, { "contents": "Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties\n\n\nup his position in the transitional government. In the Constituent Assembly election on 23 October 2011, Ettakatol won 20 of the 217 seats making it the fourth force in the Assembly. Subsequently, the FDTL came to an agreement with the two major parties, the Islamist Ennahda Movement and the secular Congress for the Republic (CPR), to share the three highest positions in state. Accordingly, Ben Jafar was voted Speaker of the Assembly on 22 November. In exchange, the Forum supported the election of CPR-leader Moncef Marzouki", "id": "2468766" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Tonga)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (PDP) is a political party in Tonga. It was formed after a split in the Human Rights and Democracy Movement. The party was founded on 8 April 2005 in 'Atenisi. Teisina Fuko was the first person elected to the party presidency at a meeting on 15 April 2005. The PDP was legally registered on July 1, 2005, being the first Tongan party to do so. The party has not won any seats to the Tonga Parliament. It is currently inactive without any candidates or", "id": "19615344" }, { "contents": "2013 Gibraltar by-election\n\n\nSocial Democrats as Opposition had initially decided not to contest the by-election considering instead a \"gentleman's agreement\" as the seat had been one of the GSLP which had become vacant under tragic circumstances. The Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) which was not represented in Parliament immediately decided it would contest the by-election seeing it as an opportunity to be represented despite its poor performance at the previous two general elections. On 30 May 2013 the PDP announced its candidature of party leader Nick Cruz. At this point the GSD", "id": "8509410" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (PDP) is a major contemporary political party in Nigeria. Its policies generally lie towards the centre-right of the political spectrum. It won every Presidential election between 1999 and 2011, and was until the 2015 elections, the governing party in the Fourth Republic although in some cases, amid a few controversial electoral circumstances. Currently, PDP controls 14 states out of 36 states in Nigeria. In 1998 the PDP in its first presidential primary election held in Jos, Plateau State, North Central Nigeria", "id": "1890377" }, { "contents": "Social Democratic Union of Macedonia\n\n\nThe Social Democratic Union of Macedonia (–СДСМ, \"Socijaldemokratski Sojuz na Makedonija\"–SDSM) is a social-democratic political party, the main centre-left political party in North Macedonia. The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia was founded on 20 April 1991 at the 11th Congress of SKM-PDP (UCM – Party for Democratic Changes). Branko Crvenkovski was elected as the party's first president. Its current leader is Zoran Zaev. The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia is a member of the Progressive Alliance and an associate affiliate of", "id": "1084636" }, { "contents": "Peoples Democratic Party (Kenya)\n\n\nThe Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) is a political party in Kenya. The PDP was established in 1992. It won a single seat in the 2007 general elections, Richard Momoima Onyonka in Kitutu Chache Constituency. In 2010 Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) MP James Omingo Magara defected to the party after the ODM did not nominate him as its candidate in the South Mugirango by-election, which was held after Magara's victory in the 2007 elections was annulled due to irregularities. However, Magara was defeated in the by-", "id": "19016018" }, { "contents": "Dickson Tarkighir\n\n\nat the polls in the 2015 general elections and won the seat to represent the people of Makurdi/Guma Federal Constituency in the House of Representatives, Abuja. On Tuesday, 24 July 2018, Tarkighir was among 37 members of the House of Representatives who defected from the ruling All Progressives Congress (APC) to other political parties. He defected to the People's Democratic Party (PDP), a party he had previously defected from. However, On Tuesday, 22 January 2019, Tarkighir announced his return to the All Progressives", "id": "8861699" }, { "contents": "Guillermo Irizarry\n\n\ngovernor abandoned the party that elected him, the Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico (PDP), and joined a newly founded party, the People's Party, which nominated him for an unsuccessful reelection bid. In November of that year, the PDP suffered its first defeat with the election of the New Progressive Party's Luis A. Ferré. As a result, Secretary Irizarry presided over the first transition between elected governors of different parties. From 1973 to 1977, during the administration of Governor Rafael Hernández Colón, Irizarry served again", "id": "1916365" }, { "contents": "1931 Argentine general election\n\n\nJulio Roca as his running mate; Roca, the son of the late PAN leader, Julio A. Roca, had led the Democratic Party of Córdoba. The Democratic Progressive Party (PDP), known for its anti-corruption platform, nominated Senator Lisandro de la Torre, who also earned the endorsement of the Socialist Party of Argentina, a party in search of leadership following the passing of Juan B. Justo, in 1928. The alliance alienated conservatives in the PDP, however, who instead endorsed the aging Francisco A. Barroetaveña,", "id": "14281535" }, { "contents": "Jebali Cabinet\n\n\nThe first cabinet of Tunisian Head of Government Hamadi Jebali was presented on 20 December 2011. Jebali has been appointed by interim President Moncef Marzouki, who had been elected by the National Constituent Assembly, a body constituted to draft a new constitution after the Tunisian Revolution and the fall of former President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in Spring 2011. It took office on 24 December 2011. The three parties in the \"Troika\" coalition are the Islamist Ennahda Movement, the centre-left secularist Congress for the Republic (CPR),", "id": "5725136" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Montserrat)\n\n\nwere the first occasion on which the MLP had faced serious opposition, and saw the PDP win all seven seats, leaving the MLP without parliamentary representation. Percival Austin Bramble became Chief Minister. The PDP subsequently won five of the seven seats in the 1973 elections, but were defeated in the 1978 elections, when the People's Liberation Movement formed by former PDP minister John Osborne won all seven seats. The PDP contested the 1983 elections, winning two seats in the Legislative Council. It was reduced to one seat in the 1987", "id": "6998615" }, { "contents": "1987 European Parliament election in Spain\n\n\na European-wide election was due in 1989, elected MEPs only served for the remainder of the European Parliament term. The ruling Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) designated former Foreign Affairs Minister Fernando Morán to lead their campaign. The main opposition People's Alliance party (AP), running on its own after the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and Liberal Party (PL) broke away from the People's Coalition, chose Manuel Fraga—who had resigned as party leader in December 1986—to lead the party list", "id": "7968065" }, { "contents": "2011 Gibraltar general election\n\n\ngave the GSLP an advantage of up to 9% over the governing party, the GSD, while one (that of the Spanish newspaper \"Area\", which published no details and was widely thought to be politically motivated) predicted a GSD win. Two parties, the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD) and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), and an alliance (Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)/Liberals) have presented a full slate of 10 candidates each, making a total of 30 candidates for 17 seats in the Gibraltar", "id": "19578144" }, { "contents": "Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance\n\n\nThe Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance (\"Partido Democrático para o Progresso – Aliança Nacional Angolana\") is a political party in Angola. The party was founded in Luanda, March 17, 1991. It was led by Mfulumpinga Landu Victor, a former National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) cadre and Member of Parliament for the PDP-ANA, until he was shot dead outside the party office in 2004. It is now led by Francisco Lele. In the 2008 legislative elections, it gained 0.51%", "id": "17803317" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Montserrat)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was a political party in Montserrat. The party was established in 1970 by Percival Austin Bramble, son of Chief Minister and leader of the Montserrat Labour Party (MLP) William Henry Bramble. Percival had previously been a member of the MLP and was elected to the Legislative Council as an MLP candidate in the 1966 elections. However, he subsequently broke away to form the PDP as a result of controversy over the number of holiday and retirement homes being built on the island. The 1970 elections", "id": "6998614" }, { "contents": "Party of Democratic Progress\n\n\nThe Party of Democratic Progress () is a Serbian political party in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the third-largest party in Republika Srpska. PDP was established in Banja Luka on 26 September 1999. During the founding assembly, Mladen Ivanić was elected as the president of the party, while Branko Dokić and Zoran Đerić were elected as vice presidents. The party is an observer member of the European People's Party (EPP) and International Democrat Union (IDU). In terms of bilateral cooperation with other European parties,", "id": "19626107" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (, O'zXDP or PDP) is a centre-left political party in Uzbekistan founded in 1991. The PDP was founded in October 1991 after the Communist Party of Uzbekistan voted to cut its ties with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and change its name to PDP. The party was led by President Islam Karimov since its foundation until 1996, at which point Karimov stepped down and resigned his membership. Karimov created the Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party in 2003. This is supported by the fact", "id": "19132598" }, { "contents": "Ademola Rasaq Seriki\n\n\nwas appointed a National Fund Raising Committee member in the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) for the 1999 National elections. The PDP also appointed him as a member of the Candidate and Party Relations Committee for Obasanjo/Atiku Presidential Election. From 2000 to 2002 Demola Seriki emerged as the PDP Party Chairman of Lagos Island Local Government Area in Lagos State and later in 2003 as the party's flag bearer to the House of Assembly representing Lagos Island Federal Constituency. In 2005 he cut his political tooth further by serving as Secretary of the", "id": "5752584" }, { "contents": "Omuma\n\n\nin the council premises and he won the House of Assembly election in 2011. He was re-elected in 2015 election to represent Omuma for the second time in Rivers State House of Assembly under the PDP. Several other political parties have sprung up within this period as alphabetically arranged below and Omuma has been actively involved in them: • Advanced Congress of Democrats (ACD) • Alliance for Democracy (AD) • Action Democratic Party (ADP) • All Democratic Peoples Movement (ADPM) • All Progressives Congress (APC)", "id": "2613408" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Spain)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (, PDP), renamed as Christian Democracy (, DC) from March 1988 until it merged into the People's Party in June 1989, was a Christian-democratic political party in Spain. In August 1982, 13 deputies under the leadership of Óscar Alzaga split from the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) and founded the PDP, entering into alliance with the People's Alliance (AP), which received the second largest number of votes in the 1982 and 1986 general elections. The", "id": "19996228" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Malaysia)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (Malay: Parti Demokratik Progresif, Abbreviation: PDP), formerly known as Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party (SPDP) is a Sarawak based political party in Malaysia founded in 2002. The party was founded in the wake of the de-registration of the Sarawak National Party (SNAP) in November 2002 by a faction aligned to the Chief Minister of Sarawak, Abdul Taib Mahmud, led by William Mawan Ikom. The party has rebrand that using a new name - Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and a", "id": "13136566" }, { "contents": "Tunisia\n\n\n, including several that existed under the former regime. During the rule of Ben Ali, only three functioned as independent opposition parties: the PDP, FDTL, and Tajdid. While some older parties are well-established and can draw on previous party structures, many of the 100-plus parties extant as of February 2012 are small. Rare for the Arab world, women held more than 20% of seats in the country's pre-revolution bicameral parliament. In the 2011 constituent assembly, women held between 24% and 31%", "id": "11279313" }, { "contents": "Liberal Party (Spain, 1976)\n\n\nThe Liberal Party (, PL) was a liberal political party in Spain. It was part of the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) until 1983, when it aligned itself with the People's Alliance (AP), the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL). On 22 December 1984 the latter merged into the Liberal Party. These three parties formed the People's Coalition for the 1986 election. In 1989 the party, along with AP and PDP, merged to form the", "id": "19996525" }, { "contents": "New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)\n\n\nto boycott that plebiscite. Main party founder, president, and former statehood Republican Party standard-bearer Luis A. Ferré categorized the New Progressive Party as one which would not be aligned to any of the two major U.S. national parties. Co-founders of the NPP alongside Luis A. Ferre were Manuel F. Alsina Capo, attorney Nelson Escalona, and Benny Frankie Cerezo. Under Luis A. Ferré, the NPP came to power in January 1969, after defeating Luis Negrón López, the gubernatorial candidate from the Popular Democratic Party (PDP)", "id": "21721596" }, { "contents": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Mali)\n\n\nThe Party for Democracy and Progress (, PDP) is a political party in Mali led by Mady Konaté. The party was established in 1991, and officially registered on 25 April that year. It party received 5.1% of the vote in the February 1992 parliamentary elections, winning two seats. In the April 1992 presidential elections it nominated Idrissa Traoré as its candidate. Traoré finished fifth out of nine candidates with 7.1%^ of the vote. The local elections in the same year saw the party win 40 of the 751 seats across", "id": "19282171" }, { "contents": "Samaila Suleiman\n\n\n-2008, Energy Commission of Nigeria in 2009-2010 and later resigned to join politics. Suleiman was first elected into the public office as a local government chairman from Kaduna North in Kaduna State under the defunct Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) in 2008. He was the only politician to have won local government election under the CPC having shared the same constituency with the then vice president of Nigeria from the then ruling party People's Democratic Party (PDP). In 2015, Suleiman was first elected into the Lower Chamber", "id": "6113494" }, { "contents": "Party for Democratic Prosperity\n\n\nFor example, the party leadership criticized the 1991 Census for allegedly underreporting the percentage of the population that was Albanian from 40% to only 21%. Also, the PDP deputies voted against adopting the constitution due to its lack of protection for minorities. From the 1998 elections onwards PDP is in opposition and since then the support for the PDP has eroded considerably. At the 2002 legislative elections, the party won 2.3% of the popular vote and 2 out of 120 seats. At the 2011 legislative elections, the party won", "id": "5710802" }, { "contents": "2008 Angolan legislative election\n\n\nDemocratic Party (PLD), Party of the Alliance of Youth, Workers and Farmers of Angola (PAJOCA), Party for Democratic Support and Progress of Angola (PADEPA), the Democratic Party for Progress - Angolan National Alliance (PDP-ANA), the Front for Democracy (FpD) and four coalitions: the Democratic Angola – Coalition (AD), New Democracy Electoral Union (ND), the Electoral Political Platform (PPE) and the Angolan Fraternal Forum Coalition (FOFAC). The Angolan Democratic Party (PDA", "id": "533048" }, { "contents": "Party for Democratic Prosperity\n\n\nThe Party for Democratic Prosperity or PDP () is an ethnic Albanian political party in North Macedonia. The party was formed in April 1990 and is currently led by Abdyladi Vejseli. From 1992 to 1998 the PDP was part of the coalition governments led by the SDSM. After the split of the radical wing from the party in February 1994, PDP was generally considered to be moderate party that could cooperate with Macedonian parties, although sometimes frictions between the PDP and the other government parties arose as a consequence of the ethnic questions.", "id": "5710801" }, { "contents": "Politics of Gibraltar\n\n\n. A new party, New Gibraltar Democracy, announced it would contest the next election. NGD claimed that the two main parties were \"Out of touch with people's expectations and make up for their lack of ideas through Orwellian style propaganda.\" At the 2007 election one candidate, Charles Gomez, stood for election for the party. It achieved under 1% of the vote and has subsequently ceased any activity. In June 2006 the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was formed and announced it would be presenting a full slate", "id": "11739411" }, { "contents": "Tunisian people\n\n\nto an end 23 years latter on January 14, 2011, in the events of the Tunisian Revolution, following nationwide demonstrations precipitated by high unemployment, food inflation, corruption, a lack of political freedoms like freedom of speech and poor living conditions. Following the overthrow of Ben Ali, Tunisians elected a Constituent Assembly to draft a new constitution, and an interim government known as the Troika because it was a coalition of three parties; the Islamist Ennahda Movement in the lead, with the centre-left Congress for the Republic and", "id": "21785336" }, { "contents": "Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle\n\n\nIn the aftermath of \"Mt. Healthy\",\" wrote Sandra Lynch for the First Circuit in 2004, \"confusion still sometimes arises about the issue of causation.\" She was writing in one of several cases it heard in the mid-2000s arising from alleged political retaliation in Puerto Rico, where members of the New Progressive Party (NPP) brought suit claiming that members of the rival Popular Democratic Party (PDP) had improperly forced them out of government jobs after the PDP defeated the incumbent NPP in the commonwealth's 2000 elections.", "id": "17963178" }, { "contents": "Great Ogboru\n\n\n2003. In the 2007 election, Great Ogboru contested for governorship under the flag of the Democracy People Party (DPP) against Emmanuel Uduaghan of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) and lost to Emmanuel Uduagha again in 2011 election though he contested under the umbrella of Labour Party In the 2015 Delta State governorship election, Great Ogboru contested for governorship under the umbrella of All Progressive Congress (APC). He was defeated by Ifeanyi Okowa of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) . In the 2019 governorship election of Delta State,", "id": "278732" }, { "contents": "1983 Murcian regional election\n\n\nelectoral alliance led by the right-wing People's Alliance (AP), which included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), became the second political force and the main opposition party, whereas the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) also entered the Assembly, obtaining 1 seat. As a result of the election, Socialist Andrés Hernández Ros, who since 1979 had been the President of the Regional Council of Murcia (the pre-autonomic regional government), became the first democratically", "id": "19967050" }, { "contents": "Emmanuel Nnamdi Uba\n\n\nEmmanuel Nnamdi Uba, or Andy Uba (born 14 December 1958), is a Nigerian politician who was elected Senator for the Anambra South constituency of Anambra State, Nigeria, in April 2011. He ran on the People's Democratic Party (PDP) platform. He defected to the ruling All Progressives Congress in February 2017; the leadership crises engulfing the former ruling party PDP may have motivated his decision. Uba was born on 14 December 1958 in Enugu, and attended the Boys High School in Awkunanaw. His parents originated from", "id": "17515892" }, { "contents": "Islam and secularism\n\n\ndictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collapsed in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian revolution, Tunisia's interim government granted the group permission to form a political party. Since then it has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, 2011, the first honest election in the country's history with a turn out of 51.1% of all eligible voters, the party won 37.04% of the popular vote and 89 (41%)", "id": "18330475" }, { "contents": "United Progressive Alliance\n\n\nthe Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party announced the withdrawal of the PDP from the UPA given that the Congress had decided to support the Omar Abdullah-led National Conference Government in Jammu & Kashmir after the 2008 state elections. On 26 March 2009, PMK declared that it would join the AIADMK led front and withdrew from the UPA and the party president declared that two union ministers of his party will resign shortly. On 12 November 2012, Barrister Asaduddin Owaisi, leader of the AIMIM announced the decision of the party's executive and", "id": "8764699" }, { "contents": "Umaru Tanko Al-Makura\n\n\nfounding member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) in Nasarawa State in 1998. Al-Makura defected from the PDP after losing the primary elections for the Nasarawa Governor competition. Al-Makura was elected Governor of Nasarawa State, Nigeria on 26 April 2011, running on the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) ticket. He defeated the incumbent governor, Aliyu Akwe-Doma of the PDP. On 14 July 2014 the Speaker of the Nasarawa State House of Assembly gave a notice of impeachment to the Clerk of the", "id": "7102114" }, { "contents": "2013 Gibraltar by-election\n\n\nThe Gibraltar by-election, 2013 was a parliamentary by-election held on 4 July 2013 for the Gibraltar Parliament. The by-election was to contest the seat left vacant by the death of Government of Gibraltar Housing Minister Charles Bruzon in April 2013. The Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP), Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and an independent contested the by-election. The Liberal Party of Gibraltar who is in alliance and in Government with the GSLP backed the GSLP's candidate", "id": "8509407" }, { "contents": "Politics of Tajikistan\n\n\nThree major opposition parties—the Democratic Party, the Islamic Renaissance Party, and the Social Democratic Party—boycotted the election. In the early 2000s, independent political parties continued to exist, but their operations were circumscribed and their influence marginal. The governing People’s Democratic Party (PDP) gained strength as some opposition party leaders joined the government and others were disqualified from participation in elections. The Communist Party of Tajikistan, a nominal opposition party that has supported President Rahmon on most issues, has lost support since 2000. The", "id": "11083170" }, { "contents": "Dapo Abiodun\n\n\nis also reportedly the founder of First Power Limited. Dapo Abiodun is a founding member of Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) in Ogun State, although he is currently a member of the All Progressive Congress (APC) defecting after the 2015 general elections. He contested the Ogun East senatorial seat on the platform of the All Progressive Congress(APC) in the 2015 Nigerian general elections which he lost to the Peoples Democratic Party(PDP) candidate . He was elected a senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria on the platform of the defunct United Nigeria", "id": "1139922" }, { "contents": "1983 Riojan regional election\n\n\n. The People's Coalition, an electoral alliance led by the People's Alliance (AP), which also included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), emerged as the second largest grouping in the General Deputation, while the newly created regionalist Progressive Riojan Party (PRP) came third. Neither the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) or the Democratic and Social Centre (CDS), the only other parties standing in the election, were able to meet the electoral threshold and failed", "id": "18176961" }, { "contents": "Trinity—Spadina\n\n\nwas expected to be a very competitive election. Additionally, Conservative David Watters, Green Anna Costa, Progressive Canadian Party Asif Hossain, Canadian Action Party Tristan Downe-Dewdney and Daniel Knezetic for the Popular Democratic Party contested the election. The Popular Democratic Party was a social democratic and populist political party formed in 2003. It did not register as a political party with Elections Canada, and closed down after the 2004 election. The PDP proposed decentralization and community involvement in the political process through the creation of community councils to which any", "id": "8027884" }, { "contents": "Galician Coalition\n\n\nin the Congreso de los Diputados since the Second Republic. In January 1987 the most nationalist and progressive sectors of CG, led by Pablo González Mariñas and Xosé Henrique Rodríguez Peña, left the party and formed the Galician Nationalist Party (which would eventually join the Galician Nationalist Bloc). To attend the 1987 municipal elections CG formed the Galician Progressive Coalition, with the Democratic Popular Party (PDP) and the Liberal Party, gaining the 11.07% of the vote and 607 councilors. Following the departure of Xosé Luís Barreiro of the", "id": "602391" }, { "contents": "2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election\n\n\nthe delay, all major parties approved of it, even the Ennahda Movement; other parties approving the new election date included the Progressive Democratic Party, Ettajdid Movement, Al Majd, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the Social Liberal Party. In September, the government of Canada declared that it would not allow Tunisia to open polling stations in its territory because it refused to be included in another country's electoral constituency. Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird called the issue \"a matter of Canadian sovereignty\". In response to Canada", "id": "14450727" }, { "contents": "Democratic Modernist Pole\n\n\nin all the 33 constituencies at home and abroad. Sixteen women and 17 men will be chief candidates. Riadh Ben Fadl and Mustapha Ben Ahmed, are the founders of the group. Ahmed Ibrahim is a leader in the bloc. The bloc won 5 of the 217 seats and 4.91% of the vote in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election. Three of the parties in the coalition: the Republican Party, the Socialist Left Party and the Social Democratic Path) became part of another coalition called the Union for Tunisia in 2013", "id": "19583402" }, { "contents": "Abdulmumin Jibrin\n\n\nof Commerce (NBCC) between 2010 – 2011. Jibrin was first elected into the Nigerian National Assembly's House of Representatives representing Kiru/Bebeji Federal constituency of Kano State under the Peoples Democratic Party - PDP in 2011 before decamping to the newly formed political party in Nigeria, the All Progressives Congress (APC) in 2014 and was later re-elected into House of Representatives in 2015. Jibrin was the Chairman House of Representatives Committee on Finance in the 7th Assembly with oversight on the Federal Ministry of Finance and its Parastatals,", "id": "18363893" }, { "contents": "Rashidi Adewolu Ladoja\n\n\n2009, a former aide testified on the way on which the share money had been divided between Ladoja's family, bodyguard, senior politicians and lawyers. Ladoja was the governorship candidate for Accord party in Oyo State during the April 2011 and 2015 elections, he lost to Senator Abiola Ajimobi. He later merged his Accord Party into PDP in 2017. Dispute in PDP made him and other allies (from Labour Party, All Progressives Congress APC etc.) to move over African Democratic Congress (ADC) in 2018. After a", "id": "21855065" }, { "contents": "Mohammed Badaru Abubakar\n\n\nAll Progressives Congress in 2015 along with PDP contender Mal. Aminu Ibrahim Ringim. The Independent National Electoral Commission on 13 April 2015 declared him the winner of that election. On 9 March 2019 Jigawa state gubernatorial election, Badaru was re-elected has governor having polled a total of 810,933 votes, the candidate of the Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, Aminu Ibrahim Ringim scored 288,356 while the candidate of the Social Democratic Party, SDP, Bashir Adamu Jumbo scored 32,894 votes, thereby making him the winner of the election. In recognition", "id": "20149723" }, { "contents": "Popular Democratic Party (France)\n\n\nthe PDP prior to the 1924 legislative election. Established by Congress on 15 and 16 November 1924, under the chairmanship of George Thibout and involving 200 delegates, the PDP supported the desire to achieve \"a task in bringing reconciliation around the idea of Republicanism\" by the definition of \"new Republican faith\" The Popular Democrats advocated that religion was not and should not be a line between right and left. However, the PDP oriented itself to the centre-right in direct competition to the Republican Federation, the party from which", "id": "22044943" }, { "contents": "Socialism in Tunisia\n\n\nthe Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties (Ettakatol or FDTL) was founded and officially recognized on 25 October 2002. Is a social democratic and secularist political party in Tunisia. Its founder and Secretary-General is the radiologist Mustapha Ben Jafar. Active from 1993 to 2012, the Ettajdid Movement (\"Movement for Renewal\") was a centre-left secularist, democratic socialist and social liberal political party in Tunisia. It was led by Ahmed Ibrahim. For the Constituent assembly election, Ettajdid formed a strongly secularist alliance called Democratic", "id": "5642583" }, { "contents": "Wafa Movement\n\n\nThe Wafa Movement (), sometimes referred to as the Independent Democratic Congress, is a political party in Tunisia. The party was founded in 2012 by a number of constituents who broke away from the Congress for the Republic (CPR). Led by the short-time CPR secretary-general Abderraouf Ayadi, the party however remained loosely allied with the governing Troika coalition of Ennahda, CPR and Ettakatol. Generally seen as a secular, left-leaning party, the Wafa Movement reached out to Islamists on the grounds of seeking", "id": "13260598" }, { "contents": "Abdulkareem Adisa\n\n\nPeople's Democratic Party (PDP) in Kwara State. One PDP group suspended the Minister of State for Women Affairs, Miss Funke Adedoyin, but another group of PDP elders, led by Adisa, voided Adedoyin’s suspension. Adisa also became vice-chairman of the Kwara Progressive Movement (KPM). Abdulkareem Adisa was leader of a movement to elect General Ibrahim Babangida as president in 2007. He published an attack on the National Democratic Coalition (NADECO) in \"The Guardian\" of 28 April 2004, warning the group", "id": "1146576" }, { "contents": "Nidaa Tounes\n\n\n\"founder\" Habib Bourguiba). In addition, the party has the support of many members of the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT) and the national employers' union, UTICA. They believe that Tunisia's secular forces have to unite to counter the dominance of the Islamist Ennahda Movement. From its foundation until July 2013, 11 members of the Constituent Assembly joined the party by defecting from various other parties. On 11 February 2013, the Republican Party joined Nidaa Tounes and four other parties in a political alliance called Union", "id": "4542216" }, { "contents": "Gibraltar\n\n\nrepresented by the Governor of Gibraltar. The governor enacts day-to-day matters on the advice of the Gibraltar Parliament, but is responsible to the British government in respect of defence, foreign policy, internal security and general good governance. Judicial and other appointments are made on behalf of the monarch in consultation with the head of the elected government. The 2011 election was contested by the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)-Gibraltar Liberal Party (GLP) Alliance and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP", "id": "7263743" }, { "contents": "Adamu Sidi Ali\n\n\nballots had not been included in the count.In turn, the PDP appealed the decision to nullify the election of their candidate, who had died two months after the election, saying the election should be a re-run due to his death. Their appeal was rejected. Later, Sidi Ali changed allegiance to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). During a PDP campaign flag-off meeting before the April 2007 elections, he advised political opponents not to use thugs to destabilize the elections. Sidi Ali became senator for", "id": "13302889" }, { "contents": "Ahmed Tijani Ahmed\n\n\nAhmed Tijani Ahmed (December 17, 1941 – June 10, 2006) was a Nigerian politician who was Senator for the Kogi Central constituency in Kogi State from 1999 to 2003 as a member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP). When Kogi State was created in 1991, Ahmed Tijani Ahmed joined a group of liberal progressive politicians in the Social Democratic Party (SDP) that created an agreement on power sharing among the different peoples of the state. However, they lost the December 1991 governorship election to the National Republican", "id": "14754363" }, { "contents": "Abdulmumin Jibrin\n\n\nthe members of the House of Representatives that led the first set of 37 Legislators that decamped from the ruling People's Democratic Party (PDP) to the main opposition party, All Progressive Party (APC). In March 2015, Abdulmumin contested and got re-elected to the House of Representatives by the people of his constituency Kiru/Bebeji Kano state, Nigeria. As Chairman Appropriation, Jibrin has oversight function over the Budget office and national budget, the appropriation of funds for execution of government programmes and projects. He also", "id": "18363903" }, { "contents": "Godswill Akpabio\n\n\nSenatorial District to represent the district in the Senate of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Running under the platform of the People’s Democratic Party (PDP), he polled 422,009 of the 439,449 to defeat Chief Inibehe Okorie of the All Progressive Congress (APC) who recorded 15, 152 votes to be declared elected by the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). Akpabio was nominated for the position of the Senate Minority Leader by the South-South caucus of the People's Democratic Party (PDP), ratified by the caucus", "id": "19678208" }, { "contents": "1970 Montserratian general election\n\n\nGeneral elections were held in Montserrat on 15 December 1970. The result was a victory for the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), which won all seven seats in the Legislative Council, whilst the Montserrat Labour Party (MLP), which had won every election since the introduction of universal suffrage in 1951, lost all four of its seats. PDP leader Percival Austin Bramble became Chief Minister, replacing his father and MLP leader, William Henry Bramble. Universal suffrage was introduced in Montserrat in 1951, and the first elections under it", "id": "6935944" }, { "contents": "Atiku Abubakar\n\n\nProgressives Congress (APC), a party he helped to form. On 3 December 2017, via a Facebook Live broadcast, Abubakar announced his return to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). The announcement followed consultations the former Vice President had with party leaders and stakeholders from across the country. He said he decided to 'return home' to the PDP now that the issues which made him leave the party had been resolved. Abubakar declared his candidacy for the presidential nomination of the PDP mid 2018 and won the nomination at", "id": "10683389" }, { "contents": "Luis A. Ferré\n\n\nProgressive Party (a.k.a., PNP). In the following general election in 1968, Ferré ran for Governor and defeated Luis Negrón López, the candidate of the Popular Democratic Party (PPD) by a slight margin. The ruling party had split with the creation of the People's Party, which ran incumbent PDP-elected Governor Roberto Sánchez Vilella as its gubernatorial candidate, ending Luis Muñoz Marín's PPD's hold on the governor's seat, which had lasted 20 years. During Ferré's administration, Puerto Rico was in", "id": "11079059" }, { "contents": "1994–1995 Uzbek parliamentary election\n\n\nParliamentary elections were held in Uzbekistan on 25 December 1994, with a second round held in 39 constituencies on 8 January 1995 and seven constituencies on 22 January. The election was contested by 634 candidates, 250 nominated by local councils, 243 members of the People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan, and 141 Progress Party of the Fatherland members. The majority of seats were won by local council nominees (around 120 of which were PDP members), whilst the People's Democratic Party emerged as the largest party. Voter turnout was 93.6", "id": "15227647" }, { "contents": "1983 Madrilenian regional election\n\n\nthe PSOE won 51 seats. The People's Coalition, an electoral alliance led by the People's Alliance (AP), which also included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), emerged as the second largest grouping in the Assembly. The Communist Party of Spain was the only other party to win seats in the Assembly. In 1986, the party joined with other left-wing movements to form the current United Left. The Assembly of Madrid was the devolved, unicameral legislature of", "id": "3098844" } ]

[ { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nby Ahmed Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi. On 9 April 2012, it merged into the Republican Party. The Progressive Democratic Party had a newspaper, \"Al-Mawqif\". In its beginnings, the Progressive Socialist Rally (now PDP) gathered a broad range of currents from Marxists and pro-democracy activists to progressive Muslims. During the Ben Ali rule, Najib Chebbi and the PDP were harassed by the police for years, and verbally attacked by state-run media. After unsuccessfully participating in elections from 1989 to 1999", "id": "16419721" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\n, the party decided to boycott the elections of 2004 and 2009. Therefore, it was unrepresented in the Tunisian parliament. After the Ben Ali administration announced to force the party to move their headquarters from Tunis, its leaders Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi engaged in a 20-days hunger strike, which earned the party attention and prompted the administration to revoke their decision. Following the 2010–2011 Tunisian protests, shootings outside PDP's headquarters were reported on 16 January 2011. The next day, on 17 January, party leader Najib Chebbi, was", "id": "16419722" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nnamed Regional Development Minister in the interim government. Ahead of the Constituent Assembly election, the PDP evolved into a main exponent of the centre-left secular camp and rival of the Islamist Ennahda Movement. In the run-up to the elections, the Progressive Democrats have received quite an amount of financial support which enabled the party for a lavish campaign. Critics claim that an important part of the funding came from businesspeople close to the old Ben Ali power elite. In the election for a constituent assembly, the PDP won 3.9", "id": "16419723" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\n) was founded under the name of \"Progressive Socialist Rally\", and gained legal recognition on 12 September 1988. It was secular and liberal party. The party was renamed as Progressive Democratic Party in 2001. Under the rule of Ben Ali it was a legal opposition party, but subjected to political repression. After the Tunisian revolution it was one of the major left-leaning secular political forces. It was led by Ahmed Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi. On 9 April 2012, it merged into the Republican Party. Maya", "id": "5642552" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\n% of the popular vote and 16 of 217 seats in the National Constituent Assembly, putting it at the fifth place. As the party had categorically ruled out any collaboration with the victorious Islamist Ennahda Movement, the Progressive Democrats went into opposition and belong to the outspoken critics of the governing coalition of the Islamists with the secular CPR and Ettakatol parties. After the electoral defeat, the PDP launched talks with other secularist and liberal parties to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was realised on the PDP's", "id": "16419724" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (, \"; ), also referred to by its acronym PDP, was a secular liberal political party in Tunisia. The Progressive Democratic Party was founded under the name of \"Progressive Socialist Rally\" in 1983, gained legal recognition on 12 September 1988 and was renamed Progressive Democratic Party in 2001. Under the rule of Ben Ali it was a legal opposition party, but subjected to political repression. After the Tunisian revolution it was one of the major left-leaning secular political forces. It was led", "id": "16419720" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nSecretary-General of the PDP. She has been the first woman to lead a political party in Tunisia. From 1 to 20 October 2007, Jribi, along with Najib Chebbi, engaged in a hunger strike to protest against the forced move of the party's headquarters from Tunis, which caused serious health implications for her. Jribi headed the PDP’s electoral list in Ben Arous for the Constituent Assembly Elections in October 2011. The PDP list received one seat in Ben Arous according to preliminary election results. On 9 April 2012", "id": "632088" }, { "contents": "Republican Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nThe Republican Party ( \"\", ) is a centrist liberal party in Tunisia. It was formed on 9 April 2012 as a merger of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Afek Tounes and the Tunisian Republican Party, several minor parties and independents. The party is led by Maya Jribi who was previously the secretary-general of the PDP. The party held 11 out of 217 seats and was the largest oppositional party in the National Constituent Assembly of Tunisia. The party withdrew from the Union for Tunisia coalition, though", "id": "15161288" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nDuring that period, she became involved and an active member of the student union, known as UGET, and the Tunisian League of Human Rights. She wrote for the independent weekly Erraï and later for the PDP-newspaper Al Mawkif. Together with Ahmed Najib Chebbi, Maya Jribi co-founded the \"Progressive Socialist Rally\", established in 1983, which was later renamed into Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). Since 1986 she has been a member of the party's executive. On 25 December 2006, Jribi was appointed", "id": "632087" }, { "contents": "Ahmed Najib Chebbi\n\n\nAhmed Najib Chebbi (, ) or simply Najib Chebbi (born 30 July 1944) is a Tunisian attorney and politician. Chebbi is a prominent figure of the Tunisian opposition movement; in 1983, he founded the Democratic Progressive Party, which gained legal recognition in 1988. He is currently the leader of the Democratic Progressive Party. In 2006, Maya Jribi became the party's secretary-general, the first woman to hold such office in Tunisia. In 2009 Chebbi attempted to run as a candidate for President of Tunisia but was", "id": "1109530" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nof investigative journalism, unconditional and free access to information, open government, anti-censorship of all kinds, among others. On 9 April 2012, the Republican Party was formed as a merger of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Afek Tounes and the Tunisian Republican Party, several minor parties and independents. The party is centrist and liberal, it's led by Maya Jribi who was previously the secretary-general of the PDP. The party held 11 out of 217 seats and was the largest oppositional party in the", "id": "5642564" }, { "contents": "Tunisian Revolution\n\n\nand Ahmed Najib Chebbi of the PDP), three representatives from the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT), and representatives of civil society (including prominent blogger Slim Amamou). Three notable movements not included in the national unity government were the banned Ennahda Movement, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the secular reformist Congress for the Republic. The following day, the three members of the UGTT and Ben Jafaar resigned, saying that they had \"no confidence\" in a government featuring members of the RCD. There were daily", "id": "18746070" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nparty in Tunisia. Its program is liberal, focusing on secularism and civil liberties. The party mainly appealed to intellectuals and the upper class. After underperforming in the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, Afek Tounes joined talks with other secularist and liberal parties, especially the Progressive Democratic Party to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was completed on 9 April 2012. The new party is called the Republican Party. In August 2013, Yassine Brahim, current leader of the party, and other former party members left", "id": "5642562" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nMaya Jribi (January 29, 1960 – May 19, 2018) was a Tunisian politician. From 2006 to 2012, she was the leader of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). From PDP's merger into the Republican Party in April 2012, until her resignation in 2017, she was the Secretary-General of the centrist party. Her father is from Tatouine, while her mother is from Algeria. She followed her studies in Radès Tunisia, before studying biology at the University of Sfax, from 1979 to 1983.", "id": "632086" }, { "contents": "Secularism in Tunisia\n\n\nTunisian Constitution of 2014 following a considerable debate between Islamic and secular political groups and movements. On 1 March 2011, after the secularist dictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collapsed in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian revolution, Tunisia's interim government granted the \"Ennahda\", a moderate Islamist movement in Tunisia, permission to form a political party. Since then, the Ennahda Islamic Party has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election", "id": "19596325" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nNational Constituent Assembly of Tunisia. The party withdrew from the Union for Tunisia coalition, though it is still part of the National Salvation Front. After the founding congress, nine assemblymen elected for the PDP contested the leadership vote and temporarily suspended their party membership. Those 9 members became part of the Democratic Alliance Party. After being founded in 2012, Nidaa Tounes (Call of Tunisia) won a plurality of seats in the October 2014 parliamentary election. It's a big tent secularist political party in Tunisia. The party's founding", "id": "5642565" }, { "contents": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Burkina Faso)\n\n\nThe Party for Democracy and Progress () was a political party in Burkina Faso (former Upper Volta. It was founded in April 1994 after a split in the National Convention of Progressive Patriots–Social Democratic Party in May 1993. It merged in February 1996 with the Union of the Democratic Left and the Party of Social Progress. After merger with the Burkinabè Socialist Party the PDP became the Party for Democracy and Progress / Socialist Party. At the legislative elections in 1997 the party won 10.1% of the popular vote and 6", "id": "19404846" }, { "contents": "Popular Front (Tunisia)\n\n\nof the Iraqi branch of Ba'ath Party, and other progressive parties. The number of parties involved in the coalition has since decreased to nine. Approximately 15,000 people attended the coalition's first meeting in Tunis. The Tunisian Revolution in 2011 saw the departure of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the dissolution of his party, the Democratic Constitutional Rally, and the holding of fresh elections for the creation of a new constitution. This saw the Tunisian political scene dominated by the Islamist Ennahda Movement, and its allies the Democratic Forum for", "id": "8081870" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Gibraltar)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was a liberal conservative political party from Gibraltar. The party was the third political party and the only party to sit on the centre-right in Gibraltar. Despite poor election results, it garnered growing support from the public and was seen as the 'alternative opposition'. The PDP was the only party campaigning for \"a Gibraltar freely associated to the United Kingdom\" and envisaged \"a journey through the recognition of our right to independence\". The party was also the only political party", "id": "16416540" }, { "contents": "Democratic Party of Progress\n\n\nThe Democratic Party of Progress (, PDP) is a political party in Guinea-Bissau. The PDP was established on 10 February 1992 by Amin Michel Saad. It joined the Union for Change (UM) alliance prior to the 1994 general elections, and Saad became the UM's leader. The UM won six seats in the National People's Assembly, of which the PDP (though Saad) took one. The UM was reduced to three seats in the 1999–2000 general elections, and lost them all in the 2004 parliamentary", "id": "17399816" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nHe was the Ettajdid Movement's candidate for President of Tunisia in the 2009 presidential election. Brahim was in favor of the emergence of a \"democratic modern and \"secular\" [laicist] state\" not connected with Islamists. According to Brahim, this would require \"radical\" reform of the electoral system, which would improve the political climate in guaranteeing freedom of assembly and a large scale independent press, as well as repealing a law that regulated public discourse of electoral candidates. In 1983, the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP", "id": "5642551" }, { "contents": "Sarawak State Legislative Assembly\n\n\ngovernment with a majority of 72 seats out of 82. There were several candidates from breakaway parties such as TERAS and UPP that had their members contest seats under the Barisan banner as direct election candidates under a deal by Adenan Satem after their parties were prevented from joining Barisan after opposition from parties such as PDP and SUPP. On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties including Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party", "id": "17954676" }, { "contents": "2015 Nigerian general election\n\n\nPeople's Democratic Party (PDP) primaries on 10 December 2014, receiving the nomination of the party. However, this was against an unwritten rule that the PDP's presidential candidacy should alternate between Muslim northerners and Christian southerners, and opposition to Jonathan's candidacy had led to the defection of dozens of PDP MPs in the House of Representatives. Prior to the elections, the All Progressives Congress was formed as an alliance of four opposition parties, the Action Congress of Nigeria, the Congress for Progressive Change, the All Nigeria Peoples", "id": "18172183" }, { "contents": "Civic Democratic Party (Hungary)\n\n\nThe Civic Democratic Party (, PDP) was a liberal political party in Hungary in the period following World War II The party was established towards the end of 1944 as a successor to the Civic Freedom Party. Part of a group of members who had belonged to now-defunct conservative parties before the war, Géza Teleki was elected as the party's first leader. The PDP won 21 seats in the National Interim Assembly elections in November 1944. However, Communist opposition to Teleki led to him losing his place in the Cabinet", "id": "16990101" }, { "contents": "Afek Tounes\n\n\nAfek Tounes won 4 seats for the constitutive assembly. The party was rattled on 3 November 2011 though by the resignation of several key founding members such as its spokesperson Emna Mnif, its general secretary Mustapha Mezghani, Sami Zaoui, Hela Hababou and another 13 members. After underperforming in the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, Afek Tounes joined talks with other secularist and liberal parties, especially the Progressive Democratic Party to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was completed on 9 April 2012. The new party is called", "id": "1405509" }, { "contents": "Ali Lankoandé\n\n\nAli Lankoandé (10 November 1930 – 28 May 2014) is a Burkinabé politician from Burkina Faso. He was President of the Party for Democracy and Progress/Socialist Party (PDP/PS) from 2005 to 2008. Lankoandé headed the National Social Security Fund and served as a deputy in the National Assembly of Burkina Faso, as well as Minister of National Education, during the 1970s. Lankoandé was elected to succeed Joseph Ki-Zerbo as President of the PDP/PS on 5 February 2005. Running as the PDP/", "id": "21268271" }, { "contents": "Ennahda Movement\n\n\ncollapse of the government of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the Ennahdha Movement Party was formed, and in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, (the first free election in the country's history), won a plurality of 37% of the popular vote and formed a government. Uproar in the traditionally secular country over \"Islamization\" and assassinations of two secular politicians however, led to the 2013–14 Tunisian political crisis, and the party stepped down following the implementation of a new constitution in January 2014. The party came in", "id": "10814394" }, { "contents": "1991 Sint Maarten general election\n\n\nGeneral elections were held in Sint Maarten on 12 April 1991 to elect the 9 members of the Island Council. The Sint Maarten Patriotic Alliance (SPA) led by Vance James Jr. emerged as the largest party, winning 4 of the 9 seats. The SPA and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) agreed to form a coalition government. On 28 August 1991 the SPA/PDP government collapsed. PDP political leader Millicent Acuna-Lopez-de Weever said that \"fundamental philosophical differences\" with the SPA caused the coalition \"to", "id": "12703859" }, { "contents": "Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party\n\n\nin the Rajya Sabha. It was a member of the ruling United Progressive Alliance until the 2009 general election. Sayeed headed the PDP-Indian National Congress Coalition Government between October 2002 and November 2005, and he was the party's Patron until his death on 7 January 2016. The PDP is now headed by Mehbooba Mufti, Sayeed's daughter. The PDP operates on the ideology of self-rule, as distinctly different from the issues of autonomy. It believes that self-rule as a political philosophy, as opposed to", "id": "248417" }, { "contents": "Ettajdid Movement\n\n\nThe Ettajdid Movement (\"Movement for Renewal\" ; , ' ; ), also referred to simply as Ettajdid, was a centre-left secularist political party in Tunisia, active from 1993 to 2012. Ettajdid evolved out of the old Tunisian Communist Party when it abandoned its former ideology in 1993. During the Ben Ali rule it was one of the legal, although oppressed opposition parties. After the Tunisian revolution of 2011, it became part of the Democratic Modernist Pole alliance and in 2012 it merged into the Social Democratic Path", "id": "16419620" }, { "contents": "Elections in Montserrat\n\n\n(when the Council was expanded to seven seats) and 1966. The 1970 elections saw the new Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) win all seven seats. The PDP also won the 1973 elections, but was defeated in 1978 when the People's Liberation Movement (PLM) won all seven seats. The PLM went on to win the 1983 and 1987 elections. The 1991 elections were won by the National Progressive Party, which won four of the seven seats. The 1996 elections resulted in a hung parliament, with the People", "id": "4125813" }, { "contents": "2013–14 Tunisian political crisis\n\n\nafter the elections Ben Ali jailed nearly 25,000 of its activists with Ennahda militants responding by attacking the ruling party's headquarters killing one person and splashing acid on others. Following the revolution, it described itself to be a \"moderate Islamist\" party by advocating democracy and recognizing political pluralism and dialogue with the West. Its supporters back then regarded the party as an example of how a balance can be struck between modernity and Islamism while its critics viewed it as a threat to secularism in Tunisia, which was often regarded as the most", "id": "7679782" }, { "contents": "List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2013–18)\n\n\nof 72 seats out of 82. There were several candidates from breakaway parties such as TERAS and UPP that had their members contest seats under the Barisan banner as direct election candidates under a deal by Adenan Satem after their parties were prevented from joining Barisan after opposition from parties such as PDP and SUPP. On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties including Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP) officially", "id": "21866476" }, { "contents": "Mike Onoja\n\n\nParty at the 2015 general election by the All Progressives Congress, he and other politicians of the People's Democratic Party defected to the All Progressives Congress in 2016. He returned to the People's Democratic Party in the run-up to the 2019 Benue south Senatorial election. After the PDP's Senatorial Primary election in 2018, Mike Onoja again defected from the party to the Social Democratic Party after expressing his dissatisfaction with the PDP's conduct of the primary election. Mike Onoja is the Chairman/CEO of Moonsons Resources Investment International", "id": "10879880" }, { "contents": "History of modern Tunisia\n\n\n, several Islamist activists were released from prison. He also forged a national pact with the Tunisian party Harakat al-Ittijah al-Islami (Islamic Tendency Movement), which had been founded in 1981; later it changed its name to Ennahda (the Renaissance Party). He also changed the ruling party's name to the Democratic Constitutional Rally. However, Ben Ali's innovative tack did not work out well. Subsequently, An-Nahda claimed to have run strongly in the 1989 elections, giving it the appearance of being", "id": "17057122" }, { "contents": "Yassine Brahim\n\n\nof the new company, which he led into the following acquisition by U.S. based SunGard. In 2010 he turned back to Tunisia, just before the Tunisian Revolution would lead to his appointment as Minister of Transport and Equipment in the short-lived second Ghannouchi cabinet and the subsequent Essebsi cabinet. He resigned on 17 June 2011 to become general secretary of the newly founded Afek Tounes party which he led into a merger with Ahmed Najib Chebbi's Progressive Democratic Party, the Republican Party \"Al Joumhouri\". On 28 August 2013,", "id": "2666991" }, { "contents": "Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties\n\n\nup his position in the transitional government. In the Constituent Assembly election on 23 October 2011, Ettakatol won 20 of the 217 seats making it the fourth force in the Assembly. Subsequently, the FDTL came to an agreement with the two major parties, the Islamist Ennahda Movement and the secular Congress for the Republic (CPR), to share the three highest positions in state. Accordingly, Ben Jafar was voted Speaker of the Assembly on 22 November. In exchange, the Forum supported the election of CPR-leader Moncef Marzouki", "id": "2468766" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Tonga)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (PDP) is a political party in Tonga. It was formed after a split in the Human Rights and Democracy Movement. The party was founded on 8 April 2005 in 'Atenisi. Teisina Fuko was the first person elected to the party presidency at a meeting on 15 April 2005. The PDP was legally registered on July 1, 2005, being the first Tongan party to do so. The party has not won any seats to the Tonga Parliament. It is currently inactive without any candidates or", "id": "19615344" }, { "contents": "2013 Gibraltar by-election\n\n\nSocial Democrats as Opposition had initially decided not to contest the by-election considering instead a \"gentleman's agreement\" as the seat had been one of the GSLP which had become vacant under tragic circumstances. The Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) which was not represented in Parliament immediately decided it would contest the by-election seeing it as an opportunity to be represented despite its poor performance at the previous two general elections. On 30 May 2013 the PDP announced its candidature of party leader Nick Cruz. At this point the GSD", "id": "8509410" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (PDP) is a major contemporary political party in Nigeria. Its policies generally lie towards the centre-right of the political spectrum. It won every Presidential election between 1999 and 2011, and was until the 2015 elections, the governing party in the Fourth Republic although in some cases, amid a few controversial electoral circumstances. Currently, PDP controls 14 states out of 36 states in Nigeria. In 1998 the PDP in its first presidential primary election held in Jos, Plateau State, North Central Nigeria", "id": "1890377" }, { "contents": "Social Democratic Union of Macedonia\n\n\nThe Social Democratic Union of Macedonia (–СДСМ, \"Socijaldemokratski Sojuz na Makedonija\"–SDSM) is a social-democratic political party, the main centre-left political party in North Macedonia. The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia was founded on 20 April 1991 at the 11th Congress of SKM-PDP (UCM – Party for Democratic Changes). Branko Crvenkovski was elected as the party's first president. Its current leader is Zoran Zaev. The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia is a member of the Progressive Alliance and an associate affiliate of", "id": "1084636" }, { "contents": "Peoples Democratic Party (Kenya)\n\n\nThe Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) is a political party in Kenya. The PDP was established in 1992. It won a single seat in the 2007 general elections, Richard Momoima Onyonka in Kitutu Chache Constituency. In 2010 Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) MP James Omingo Magara defected to the party after the ODM did not nominate him as its candidate in the South Mugirango by-election, which was held after Magara's victory in the 2007 elections was annulled due to irregularities. However, Magara was defeated in the by-", "id": "19016018" }, { "contents": "Dickson Tarkighir\n\n\nat the polls in the 2015 general elections and won the seat to represent the people of Makurdi/Guma Federal Constituency in the House of Representatives, Abuja. On Tuesday, 24 July 2018, Tarkighir was among 37 members of the House of Representatives who defected from the ruling All Progressives Congress (APC) to other political parties. He defected to the People's Democratic Party (PDP), a party he had previously defected from. However, On Tuesday, 22 January 2019, Tarkighir announced his return to the All Progressives", "id": "8861699" }, { "contents": "Guillermo Irizarry\n\n\ngovernor abandoned the party that elected him, the Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico (PDP), and joined a newly founded party, the People's Party, which nominated him for an unsuccessful reelection bid. In November of that year, the PDP suffered its first defeat with the election of the New Progressive Party's Luis A. Ferré. As a result, Secretary Irizarry presided over the first transition between elected governors of different parties. From 1973 to 1977, during the administration of Governor Rafael Hernández Colón, Irizarry served again", "id": "1916365" }, { "contents": "1931 Argentine general election\n\n\nJulio Roca as his running mate; Roca, the son of the late PAN leader, Julio A. Roca, had led the Democratic Party of Córdoba. The Democratic Progressive Party (PDP), known for its anti-corruption platform, nominated Senator Lisandro de la Torre, who also earned the endorsement of the Socialist Party of Argentina, a party in search of leadership following the passing of Juan B. Justo, in 1928. The alliance alienated conservatives in the PDP, however, who instead endorsed the aging Francisco A. Barroetaveña,", "id": "14281535" }, { "contents": "Jebali Cabinet\n\n\nThe first cabinet of Tunisian Head of Government Hamadi Jebali was presented on 20 December 2011. Jebali has been appointed by interim President Moncef Marzouki, who had been elected by the National Constituent Assembly, a body constituted to draft a new constitution after the Tunisian Revolution and the fall of former President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in Spring 2011. It took office on 24 December 2011. The three parties in the \"Troika\" coalition are the Islamist Ennahda Movement, the centre-left secularist Congress for the Republic (CPR),", "id": "5725136" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Montserrat)\n\n\nwere the first occasion on which the MLP had faced serious opposition, and saw the PDP win all seven seats, leaving the MLP without parliamentary representation. Percival Austin Bramble became Chief Minister. The PDP subsequently won five of the seven seats in the 1973 elections, but were defeated in the 1978 elections, when the People's Liberation Movement formed by former PDP minister John Osborne won all seven seats. The PDP contested the 1983 elections, winning two seats in the Legislative Council. It was reduced to one seat in the 1987", "id": "6998615" }, { "contents": "1987 European Parliament election in Spain\n\n\na European-wide election was due in 1989, elected MEPs only served for the remainder of the European Parliament term. The ruling Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) designated former Foreign Affairs Minister Fernando Morán to lead their campaign. The main opposition People's Alliance party (AP), running on its own after the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and Liberal Party (PL) broke away from the People's Coalition, chose Manuel Fraga—who had resigned as party leader in December 1986—to lead the party list", "id": "7968065" }, { "contents": "2011 Gibraltar general election\n\n\ngave the GSLP an advantage of up to 9% over the governing party, the GSD, while one (that of the Spanish newspaper \"Area\", which published no details and was widely thought to be politically motivated) predicted a GSD win. Two parties, the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD) and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), and an alliance (Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)/Liberals) have presented a full slate of 10 candidates each, making a total of 30 candidates for 17 seats in the Gibraltar", "id": "19578144" }, { "contents": "Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance\n\n\nThe Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance (\"Partido Democrático para o Progresso – Aliança Nacional Angolana\") is a political party in Angola. The party was founded in Luanda, March 17, 1991. It was led by Mfulumpinga Landu Victor, a former National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) cadre and Member of Parliament for the PDP-ANA, until he was shot dead outside the party office in 2004. It is now led by Francisco Lele. In the 2008 legislative elections, it gained 0.51%", "id": "17803317" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Montserrat)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was a political party in Montserrat. The party was established in 1970 by Percival Austin Bramble, son of Chief Minister and leader of the Montserrat Labour Party (MLP) William Henry Bramble. Percival had previously been a member of the MLP and was elected to the Legislative Council as an MLP candidate in the 1966 elections. However, he subsequently broke away to form the PDP as a result of controversy over the number of holiday and retirement homes being built on the island. The 1970 elections", "id": "6998614" }, { "contents": "Party of Democratic Progress\n\n\nThe Party of Democratic Progress () is a Serbian political party in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the third-largest party in Republika Srpska. PDP was established in Banja Luka on 26 September 1999. During the founding assembly, Mladen Ivanić was elected as the president of the party, while Branko Dokić and Zoran Đerić were elected as vice presidents. The party is an observer member of the European People's Party (EPP) and International Democrat Union (IDU). In terms of bilateral cooperation with other European parties,", "id": "19626107" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (, O'zXDP or PDP) is a centre-left political party in Uzbekistan founded in 1991. The PDP was founded in October 1991 after the Communist Party of Uzbekistan voted to cut its ties with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and change its name to PDP. The party was led by President Islam Karimov since its foundation until 1996, at which point Karimov stepped down and resigned his membership. Karimov created the Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party in 2003. This is supported by the fact", "id": "19132598" }, { "contents": "Ademola Rasaq Seriki\n\n\nwas appointed a National Fund Raising Committee member in the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) for the 1999 National elections. The PDP also appointed him as a member of the Candidate and Party Relations Committee for Obasanjo/Atiku Presidential Election. From 2000 to 2002 Demola Seriki emerged as the PDP Party Chairman of Lagos Island Local Government Area in Lagos State and later in 2003 as the party's flag bearer to the House of Assembly representing Lagos Island Federal Constituency. In 2005 he cut his political tooth further by serving as Secretary of the", "id": "5752584" }, { "contents": "Omuma\n\n\nin the council premises and he won the House of Assembly election in 2011. He was re-elected in 2015 election to represent Omuma for the second time in Rivers State House of Assembly under the PDP. Several other political parties have sprung up within this period as alphabetically arranged below and Omuma has been actively involved in them: • Advanced Congress of Democrats (ACD) • Alliance for Democracy (AD) • Action Democratic Party (ADP) • All Democratic Peoples Movement (ADPM) • All Progressives Congress (APC)", "id": "2613408" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Spain)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (, PDP), renamed as Christian Democracy (, DC) from March 1988 until it merged into the People's Party in June 1989, was a Christian-democratic political party in Spain. In August 1982, 13 deputies under the leadership of Óscar Alzaga split from the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) and founded the PDP, entering into alliance with the People's Alliance (AP), which received the second largest number of votes in the 1982 and 1986 general elections. The", "id": "19996228" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Malaysia)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (Malay: Parti Demokratik Progresif, Abbreviation: PDP), formerly known as Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party (SPDP) is a Sarawak based political party in Malaysia founded in 2002. The party was founded in the wake of the de-registration of the Sarawak National Party (SNAP) in November 2002 by a faction aligned to the Chief Minister of Sarawak, Abdul Taib Mahmud, led by William Mawan Ikom. The party has rebrand that using a new name - Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and a", "id": "13136566" }, { "contents": "Tunisia\n\n\n, including several that existed under the former regime. During the rule of Ben Ali, only three functioned as independent opposition parties: the PDP, FDTL, and Tajdid. While some older parties are well-established and can draw on previous party structures, many of the 100-plus parties extant as of February 2012 are small. Rare for the Arab world, women held more than 20% of seats in the country's pre-revolution bicameral parliament. In the 2011 constituent assembly, women held between 24% and 31%", "id": "11279313" }, { "contents": "Liberal Party (Spain, 1976)\n\n\nThe Liberal Party (, PL) was a liberal political party in Spain. It was part of the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) until 1983, when it aligned itself with the People's Alliance (AP), the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL). On 22 December 1984 the latter merged into the Liberal Party. These three parties formed the People's Coalition for the 1986 election. In 1989 the party, along with AP and PDP, merged to form the", "id": "19996525" }, { "contents": "New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)\n\n\nto boycott that plebiscite. Main party founder, president, and former statehood Republican Party standard-bearer Luis A. Ferré categorized the New Progressive Party as one which would not be aligned to any of the two major U.S. national parties. Co-founders of the NPP alongside Luis A. Ferre were Manuel F. Alsina Capo, attorney Nelson Escalona, and Benny Frankie Cerezo. Under Luis A. Ferré, the NPP came to power in January 1969, after defeating Luis Negrón López, the gubernatorial candidate from the Popular Democratic Party (PDP)", "id": "21721596" }, { "contents": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Mali)\n\n\nThe Party for Democracy and Progress (, PDP) is a political party in Mali led by Mady Konaté. The party was established in 1991, and officially registered on 25 April that year. It party received 5.1% of the vote in the February 1992 parliamentary elections, winning two seats. In the April 1992 presidential elections it nominated Idrissa Traoré as its candidate. Traoré finished fifth out of nine candidates with 7.1%^ of the vote. The local elections in the same year saw the party win 40 of the 751 seats across", "id": "19282171" }, { "contents": "Samaila Suleiman\n\n\n-2008, Energy Commission of Nigeria in 2009-2010 and later resigned to join politics. Suleiman was first elected into the public office as a local government chairman from Kaduna North in Kaduna State under the defunct Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) in 2008. He was the only politician to have won local government election under the CPC having shared the same constituency with the then vice president of Nigeria from the then ruling party People's Democratic Party (PDP). In 2015, Suleiman was first elected into the Lower Chamber", "id": "6113494" }, { "contents": "Party for Democratic Prosperity\n\n\nFor example, the party leadership criticized the 1991 Census for allegedly underreporting the percentage of the population that was Albanian from 40% to only 21%. Also, the PDP deputies voted against adopting the constitution due to its lack of protection for minorities. From the 1998 elections onwards PDP is in opposition and since then the support for the PDP has eroded considerably. At the 2002 legislative elections, the party won 2.3% of the popular vote and 2 out of 120 seats. At the 2011 legislative elections, the party won", "id": "5710802" }, { "contents": "2008 Angolan legislative election\n\n\nDemocratic Party (PLD), Party of the Alliance of Youth, Workers and Farmers of Angola (PAJOCA), Party for Democratic Support and Progress of Angola (PADEPA), the Democratic Party for Progress - Angolan National Alliance (PDP-ANA), the Front for Democracy (FpD) and four coalitions: the Democratic Angola – Coalition (AD), New Democracy Electoral Union (ND), the Electoral Political Platform (PPE) and the Angolan Fraternal Forum Coalition (FOFAC). The Angolan Democratic Party (PDA", "id": "533048" }, { "contents": "Party for Democratic Prosperity\n\n\nThe Party for Democratic Prosperity or PDP () is an ethnic Albanian political party in North Macedonia. The party was formed in April 1990 and is currently led by Abdyladi Vejseli. From 1992 to 1998 the PDP was part of the coalition governments led by the SDSM. After the split of the radical wing from the party in February 1994, PDP was generally considered to be moderate party that could cooperate with Macedonian parties, although sometimes frictions between the PDP and the other government parties arose as a consequence of the ethnic questions.", "id": "5710801" }, { "contents": "Politics of Gibraltar\n\n\n. A new party, New Gibraltar Democracy, announced it would contest the next election. NGD claimed that the two main parties were \"Out of touch with people's expectations and make up for their lack of ideas through Orwellian style propaganda.\" At the 2007 election one candidate, Charles Gomez, stood for election for the party. It achieved under 1% of the vote and has subsequently ceased any activity. In June 2006 the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was formed and announced it would be presenting a full slate", "id": "11739411" }, { "contents": "Tunisian people\n\n\nto an end 23 years latter on January 14, 2011, in the events of the Tunisian Revolution, following nationwide demonstrations precipitated by high unemployment, food inflation, corruption, a lack of political freedoms like freedom of speech and poor living conditions. Following the overthrow of Ben Ali, Tunisians elected a Constituent Assembly to draft a new constitution, and an interim government known as the Troika because it was a coalition of three parties; the Islamist Ennahda Movement in the lead, with the centre-left Congress for the Republic and", "id": "21785336" }, { "contents": "Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle\n\n\nIn the aftermath of \"Mt. Healthy\",\" wrote Sandra Lynch for the First Circuit in 2004, \"confusion still sometimes arises about the issue of causation.\" She was writing in one of several cases it heard in the mid-2000s arising from alleged political retaliation in Puerto Rico, where members of the New Progressive Party (NPP) brought suit claiming that members of the rival Popular Democratic Party (PDP) had improperly forced them out of government jobs after the PDP defeated the incumbent NPP in the commonwealth's 2000 elections.", "id": "17963178" }, { "contents": "Great Ogboru\n\n\n2003. In the 2007 election, Great Ogboru contested for governorship under the flag of the Democracy People Party (DPP) against Emmanuel Uduaghan of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) and lost to Emmanuel Uduagha again in 2011 election though he contested under the umbrella of Labour Party In the 2015 Delta State governorship election, Great Ogboru contested for governorship under the umbrella of All Progressive Congress (APC). He was defeated by Ifeanyi Okowa of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) . In the 2019 governorship election of Delta State,", "id": "278732" }, { "contents": "1983 Murcian regional election\n\n\nelectoral alliance led by the right-wing People's Alliance (AP), which included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), became the second political force and the main opposition party, whereas the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) also entered the Assembly, obtaining 1 seat. As a result of the election, Socialist Andrés Hernández Ros, who since 1979 had been the President of the Regional Council of Murcia (the pre-autonomic regional government), became the first democratically", "id": "19967050" }, { "contents": "Emmanuel Nnamdi Uba\n\n\nEmmanuel Nnamdi Uba, or Andy Uba (born 14 December 1958), is a Nigerian politician who was elected Senator for the Anambra South constituency of Anambra State, Nigeria, in April 2011. He ran on the People's Democratic Party (PDP) platform. He defected to the ruling All Progressives Congress in February 2017; the leadership crises engulfing the former ruling party PDP may have motivated his decision. Uba was born on 14 December 1958 in Enugu, and attended the Boys High School in Awkunanaw. His parents originated from", "id": "17515892" }, { "contents": "Islam and secularism\n\n\ndictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collapsed in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian revolution, Tunisia's interim government granted the group permission to form a political party. Since then it has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, 2011, the first honest election in the country's history with a turn out of 51.1% of all eligible voters, the party won 37.04% of the popular vote and 89 (41%)", "id": "18330475" }, { "contents": "United Progressive Alliance\n\n\nthe Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party announced the withdrawal of the PDP from the UPA given that the Congress had decided to support the Omar Abdullah-led National Conference Government in Jammu & Kashmir after the 2008 state elections. On 26 March 2009, PMK declared that it would join the AIADMK led front and withdrew from the UPA and the party president declared that two union ministers of his party will resign shortly. On 12 November 2012, Barrister Asaduddin Owaisi, leader of the AIMIM announced the decision of the party's executive and", "id": "8764699" }, { "contents": "Umaru Tanko Al-Makura\n\n\nfounding member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) in Nasarawa State in 1998. Al-Makura defected from the PDP after losing the primary elections for the Nasarawa Governor competition. Al-Makura was elected Governor of Nasarawa State, Nigeria on 26 April 2011, running on the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) ticket. He defeated the incumbent governor, Aliyu Akwe-Doma of the PDP. On 14 July 2014 the Speaker of the Nasarawa State House of Assembly gave a notice of impeachment to the Clerk of the", "id": "7102114" }, { "contents": "2013 Gibraltar by-election\n\n\nThe Gibraltar by-election, 2013 was a parliamentary by-election held on 4 July 2013 for the Gibraltar Parliament. The by-election was to contest the seat left vacant by the death of Government of Gibraltar Housing Minister Charles Bruzon in April 2013. The Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP), Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and an independent contested the by-election. The Liberal Party of Gibraltar who is in alliance and in Government with the GSLP backed the GSLP's candidate", "id": "8509407" }, { "contents": "Politics of Tajikistan\n\n\nThree major opposition parties—the Democratic Party, the Islamic Renaissance Party, and the Social Democratic Party—boycotted the election. In the early 2000s, independent political parties continued to exist, but their operations were circumscribed and their influence marginal. The governing People’s Democratic Party (PDP) gained strength as some opposition party leaders joined the government and others were disqualified from participation in elections. The Communist Party of Tajikistan, a nominal opposition party that has supported President Rahmon on most issues, has lost support since 2000. The", "id": "11083170" }, { "contents": "Dapo Abiodun\n\n\nis also reportedly the founder of First Power Limited. Dapo Abiodun is a founding member of Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) in Ogun State, although he is currently a member of the All Progressive Congress (APC) defecting after the 2015 general elections. He contested the Ogun East senatorial seat on the platform of the All Progressive Congress(APC) in the 2015 Nigerian general elections which he lost to the Peoples Democratic Party(PDP) candidate . He was elected a senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria on the platform of the defunct United Nigeria", "id": "1139922" }, { "contents": "1983 Riojan regional election\n\n\n. The People's Coalition, an electoral alliance led by the People's Alliance (AP), which also included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), emerged as the second largest grouping in the General Deputation, while the newly created regionalist Progressive Riojan Party (PRP) came third. Neither the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) or the Democratic and Social Centre (CDS), the only other parties standing in the election, were able to meet the electoral threshold and failed", "id": "18176961" }, { "contents": "Trinity—Spadina\n\n\nwas expected to be a very competitive election. Additionally, Conservative David Watters, Green Anna Costa, Progressive Canadian Party Asif Hossain, Canadian Action Party Tristan Downe-Dewdney and Daniel Knezetic for the Popular Democratic Party contested the election. The Popular Democratic Party was a social democratic and populist political party formed in 2003. It did not register as a political party with Elections Canada, and closed down after the 2004 election. The PDP proposed decentralization and community involvement in the political process through the creation of community councils to which any", "id": "8027884" }, { "contents": "Galician Coalition\n\n\nin the Congreso de los Diputados since the Second Republic. In January 1987 the most nationalist and progressive sectors of CG, led by Pablo González Mariñas and Xosé Henrique Rodríguez Peña, left the party and formed the Galician Nationalist Party (which would eventually join the Galician Nationalist Bloc). To attend the 1987 municipal elections CG formed the Galician Progressive Coalition, with the Democratic Popular Party (PDP) and the Liberal Party, gaining the 11.07% of the vote and 607 councilors. Following the departure of Xosé Luís Barreiro of the", "id": "602391" }, { "contents": "2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election\n\n\nthe delay, all major parties approved of it, even the Ennahda Movement; other parties approving the new election date included the Progressive Democratic Party, Ettajdid Movement, Al Majd, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the Social Liberal Party. In September, the government of Canada declared that it would not allow Tunisia to open polling stations in its territory because it refused to be included in another country's electoral constituency. Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird called the issue \"a matter of Canadian sovereignty\". In response to Canada", "id": "14450727" }, { "contents": "Democratic Modernist Pole\n\n\nin all the 33 constituencies at home and abroad. Sixteen women and 17 men will be chief candidates. Riadh Ben Fadl and Mustapha Ben Ahmed, are the founders of the group. Ahmed Ibrahim is a leader in the bloc. The bloc won 5 of the 217 seats and 4.91% of the vote in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election. Three of the parties in the coalition: the Republican Party, the Socialist Left Party and the Social Democratic Path) became part of another coalition called the Union for Tunisia in 2013", "id": "19583402" }, { "contents": "Abdulmumin Jibrin\n\n\nof Commerce (NBCC) between 2010 – 2011. Jibrin was first elected into the Nigerian National Assembly's House of Representatives representing Kiru/Bebeji Federal constituency of Kano State under the Peoples Democratic Party - PDP in 2011 before decamping to the newly formed political party in Nigeria, the All Progressives Congress (APC) in 2014 and was later re-elected into House of Representatives in 2015. Jibrin was the Chairman House of Representatives Committee on Finance in the 7th Assembly with oversight on the Federal Ministry of Finance and its Parastatals,", "id": "18363893" }, { "contents": "Rashidi Adewolu Ladoja\n\n\n2009, a former aide testified on the way on which the share money had been divided between Ladoja's family, bodyguard, senior politicians and lawyers. Ladoja was the governorship candidate for Accord party in Oyo State during the April 2011 and 2015 elections, he lost to Senator Abiola Ajimobi. He later merged his Accord Party into PDP in 2017. Dispute in PDP made him and other allies (from Labour Party, All Progressives Congress APC etc.) to move over African Democratic Congress (ADC) in 2018. After a", "id": "21855065" }, { "contents": "Mohammed Badaru Abubakar\n\n\nAll Progressives Congress in 2015 along with PDP contender Mal. Aminu Ibrahim Ringim. The Independent National Electoral Commission on 13 April 2015 declared him the winner of that election. On 9 March 2019 Jigawa state gubernatorial election, Badaru was re-elected has governor having polled a total of 810,933 votes, the candidate of the Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, Aminu Ibrahim Ringim scored 288,356 while the candidate of the Social Democratic Party, SDP, Bashir Adamu Jumbo scored 32,894 votes, thereby making him the winner of the election. In recognition", "id": "20149723" }, { "contents": "Popular Democratic Party (France)\n\n\nthe PDP prior to the 1924 legislative election. Established by Congress on 15 and 16 November 1924, under the chairmanship of George Thibout and involving 200 delegates, the PDP supported the desire to achieve \"a task in bringing reconciliation around the idea of Republicanism\" by the definition of \"new Republican faith\" The Popular Democrats advocated that religion was not and should not be a line between right and left. However, the PDP oriented itself to the centre-right in direct competition to the Republican Federation, the party from which", "id": "22044943" }, { "contents": "Socialism in Tunisia\n\n\nthe Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties (Ettakatol or FDTL) was founded and officially recognized on 25 October 2002. Is a social democratic and secularist political party in Tunisia. Its founder and Secretary-General is the radiologist Mustapha Ben Jafar. Active from 1993 to 2012, the Ettajdid Movement (\"Movement for Renewal\") was a centre-left secularist, democratic socialist and social liberal political party in Tunisia. It was led by Ahmed Ibrahim. For the Constituent assembly election, Ettajdid formed a strongly secularist alliance called Democratic", "id": "5642583" }, { "contents": "Wafa Movement\n\n\nThe Wafa Movement (), sometimes referred to as the Independent Democratic Congress, is a political party in Tunisia. The party was founded in 2012 by a number of constituents who broke away from the Congress for the Republic (CPR). Led by the short-time CPR secretary-general Abderraouf Ayadi, the party however remained loosely allied with the governing Troika coalition of Ennahda, CPR and Ettakatol. Generally seen as a secular, left-leaning party, the Wafa Movement reached out to Islamists on the grounds of seeking", "id": "13260598" }, { "contents": "Abdulkareem Adisa\n\n\nPeople's Democratic Party (PDP) in Kwara State. One PDP group suspended the Minister of State for Women Affairs, Miss Funke Adedoyin, but another group of PDP elders, led by Adisa, voided Adedoyin’s suspension. Adisa also became vice-chairman of the Kwara Progressive Movement (KPM). Abdulkareem Adisa was leader of a movement to elect General Ibrahim Babangida as president in 2007. He published an attack on the National Democratic Coalition (NADECO) in \"The Guardian\" of 28 April 2004, warning the group", "id": "1146576" }, { "contents": "Nidaa Tounes\n\n\n\"founder\" Habib Bourguiba). In addition, the party has the support of many members of the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT) and the national employers' union, UTICA. They believe that Tunisia's secular forces have to unite to counter the dominance of the Islamist Ennahda Movement. From its foundation until July 2013, 11 members of the Constituent Assembly joined the party by defecting from various other parties. On 11 February 2013, the Republican Party joined Nidaa Tounes and four other parties in a political alliance called Union", "id": "4542216" }, { "contents": "Gibraltar\n\n\nrepresented by the Governor of Gibraltar. The governor enacts day-to-day matters on the advice of the Gibraltar Parliament, but is responsible to the British government in respect of defence, foreign policy, internal security and general good governance. Judicial and other appointments are made on behalf of the monarch in consultation with the head of the elected government. The 2011 election was contested by the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)-Gibraltar Liberal Party (GLP) Alliance and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP", "id": "7263743" }, { "contents": "Adamu Sidi Ali\n\n\nballots had not been included in the count.In turn, the PDP appealed the decision to nullify the election of their candidate, who had died two months after the election, saying the election should be a re-run due to his death. Their appeal was rejected. Later, Sidi Ali changed allegiance to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). During a PDP campaign flag-off meeting before the April 2007 elections, he advised political opponents not to use thugs to destabilize the elections. Sidi Ali became senator for", "id": "13302889" }, { "contents": "Ahmed Tijani Ahmed\n\n\nAhmed Tijani Ahmed (December 17, 1941 – June 10, 2006) was a Nigerian politician who was Senator for the Kogi Central constituency in Kogi State from 1999 to 2003 as a member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP). When Kogi State was created in 1991, Ahmed Tijani Ahmed joined a group of liberal progressive politicians in the Social Democratic Party (SDP) that created an agreement on power sharing among the different peoples of the state. However, they lost the December 1991 governorship election to the National Republican", "id": "14754363" }, { "contents": "Abdulmumin Jibrin\n\n\nthe members of the House of Representatives that led the first set of 37 Legislators that decamped from the ruling People's Democratic Party (PDP) to the main opposition party, All Progressive Party (APC). In March 2015, Abdulmumin contested and got re-elected to the House of Representatives by the people of his constituency Kiru/Bebeji Kano state, Nigeria. As Chairman Appropriation, Jibrin has oversight function over the Budget office and national budget, the appropriation of funds for execution of government programmes and projects. He also", "id": "18363903" }, { "contents": "Godswill Akpabio\n\n\nSenatorial District to represent the district in the Senate of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Running under the platform of the People’s Democratic Party (PDP), he polled 422,009 of the 439,449 to defeat Chief Inibehe Okorie of the All Progressive Congress (APC) who recorded 15, 152 votes to be declared elected by the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). Akpabio was nominated for the position of the Senate Minority Leader by the South-South caucus of the People's Democratic Party (PDP), ratified by the caucus", "id": "19678208" }, { "contents": "1970 Montserratian general election\n\n\nGeneral elections were held in Montserrat on 15 December 1970. The result was a victory for the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), which won all seven seats in the Legislative Council, whilst the Montserrat Labour Party (MLP), which had won every election since the introduction of universal suffrage in 1951, lost all four of its seats. PDP leader Percival Austin Bramble became Chief Minister, replacing his father and MLP leader, William Henry Bramble. Universal suffrage was introduced in Montserrat in 1951, and the first elections under it", "id": "6935944" }, { "contents": "Atiku Abubakar\n\n\nProgressives Congress (APC), a party he helped to form. On 3 December 2017, via a Facebook Live broadcast, Abubakar announced his return to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). The announcement followed consultations the former Vice President had with party leaders and stakeholders from across the country. He said he decided to 'return home' to the PDP now that the issues which made him leave the party had been resolved. Abubakar declared his candidacy for the presidential nomination of the PDP mid 2018 and won the nomination at", "id": "10683389" }, { "contents": "Luis A. Ferré\n\n\nProgressive Party (a.k.a., PNP). In the following general election in 1968, Ferré ran for Governor and defeated Luis Negrón López, the candidate of the Popular Democratic Party (PPD) by a slight margin. The ruling party had split with the creation of the People's Party, which ran incumbent PDP-elected Governor Roberto Sánchez Vilella as its gubernatorial candidate, ending Luis Muñoz Marín's PPD's hold on the governor's seat, which had lasted 20 years. During Ferré's administration, Puerto Rico was in", "id": "11079059" }, { "contents": "1994–1995 Uzbek parliamentary election\n\n\nParliamentary elections were held in Uzbekistan on 25 December 1994, with a second round held in 39 constituencies on 8 January 1995 and seven constituencies on 22 January. The election was contested by 634 candidates, 250 nominated by local councils, 243 members of the People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan, and 141 Progress Party of the Fatherland members. The majority of seats were won by local council nominees (around 120 of which were PDP members), whilst the People's Democratic Party emerged as the largest party. Voter turnout was 93.6", "id": "15227647" }, { "contents": "1983 Madrilenian regional election\n\n\nthe PSOE won 51 seats. The People's Coalition, an electoral alliance led by the People's Alliance (AP), which also included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), emerged as the second largest grouping in the Assembly. The Communist Party of Spain was the only other party to win seats in the Assembly. In 1986, the party joined with other left-wing movements to form the current United Left. The Assembly of Madrid was the devolved, unicameral legislature of", "id": "3098844" } ]

[ { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nby Ahmed Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi. On 9 April 2012, it merged into the Republican Party. The Progressive Democratic Party had a newspaper, \"Al-Mawqif\". In its beginnings, the Progressive Socialist Rally (now PDP) gathered a broad range of currents from Marxists and pro-democracy activists to progressive Muslims. During the Ben Ali rule, Najib Chebbi and the PDP were harassed by the police for years, and verbally attacked by state-run media. After unsuccessfully participating in elections from 1989 to 1999", "id": "16419721" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\n, the party decided to boycott the elections of 2004 and 2009. Therefore, it was unrepresented in the Tunisian parliament. After the Ben Ali administration announced to force the party to move their headquarters from Tunis, its leaders Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi engaged in a 20-days hunger strike, which earned the party attention and prompted the administration to revoke their decision. Following the 2010–2011 Tunisian protests, shootings outside PDP's headquarters were reported on 16 January 2011. The next day, on 17 January, party leader Najib Chebbi, was", "id": "16419722" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nnamed Regional Development Minister in the interim government. Ahead of the Constituent Assembly election, the PDP evolved into a main exponent of the centre-left secular camp and rival of the Islamist Ennahda Movement. In the run-up to the elections, the Progressive Democrats have received quite an amount of financial support which enabled the party for a lavish campaign. Critics claim that an important part of the funding came from businesspeople close to the old Ben Ali power elite. In the election for a constituent assembly, the PDP won 3.9", "id": "16419723" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\n) was founded under the name of \"Progressive Socialist Rally\", and gained legal recognition on 12 September 1988. It was secular and liberal party. The party was renamed as Progressive Democratic Party in 2001. Under the rule of Ben Ali it was a legal opposition party, but subjected to political repression. After the Tunisian revolution it was one of the major left-leaning secular political forces. It was led by Ahmed Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi. On 9 April 2012, it merged into the Republican Party. Maya", "id": "5642552" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\n% of the popular vote and 16 of 217 seats in the National Constituent Assembly, putting it at the fifth place. As the party had categorically ruled out any collaboration with the victorious Islamist Ennahda Movement, the Progressive Democrats went into opposition and belong to the outspoken critics of the governing coalition of the Islamists with the secular CPR and Ettakatol parties. After the electoral defeat, the PDP launched talks with other secularist and liberal parties to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was realised on the PDP's", "id": "16419724" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (, \"; ), also referred to by its acronym PDP, was a secular liberal political party in Tunisia. The Progressive Democratic Party was founded under the name of \"Progressive Socialist Rally\" in 1983, gained legal recognition on 12 September 1988 and was renamed Progressive Democratic Party in 2001. Under the rule of Ben Ali it was a legal opposition party, but subjected to political repression. After the Tunisian revolution it was one of the major left-leaning secular political forces. It was led", "id": "16419720" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nSecretary-General of the PDP. She has been the first woman to lead a political party in Tunisia. From 1 to 20 October 2007, Jribi, along with Najib Chebbi, engaged in a hunger strike to protest against the forced move of the party's headquarters from Tunis, which caused serious health implications for her. Jribi headed the PDP’s electoral list in Ben Arous for the Constituent Assembly Elections in October 2011. The PDP list received one seat in Ben Arous according to preliminary election results. On 9 April 2012", "id": "632088" }, { "contents": "Republican Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nThe Republican Party ( \"\", ) is a centrist liberal party in Tunisia. It was formed on 9 April 2012 as a merger of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Afek Tounes and the Tunisian Republican Party, several minor parties and independents. The party is led by Maya Jribi who was previously the secretary-general of the PDP. The party held 11 out of 217 seats and was the largest oppositional party in the National Constituent Assembly of Tunisia. The party withdrew from the Union for Tunisia coalition, though", "id": "15161288" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nDuring that period, she became involved and an active member of the student union, known as UGET, and the Tunisian League of Human Rights. She wrote for the independent weekly Erraï and later for the PDP-newspaper Al Mawkif. Together with Ahmed Najib Chebbi, Maya Jribi co-founded the \"Progressive Socialist Rally\", established in 1983, which was later renamed into Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). Since 1986 she has been a member of the party's executive. On 25 December 2006, Jribi was appointed", "id": "632087" }, { "contents": "Ahmed Najib Chebbi\n\n\nAhmed Najib Chebbi (, ) or simply Najib Chebbi (born 30 July 1944) is a Tunisian attorney and politician. Chebbi is a prominent figure of the Tunisian opposition movement; in 1983, he founded the Democratic Progressive Party, which gained legal recognition in 1988. He is currently the leader of the Democratic Progressive Party. In 2006, Maya Jribi became the party's secretary-general, the first woman to hold such office in Tunisia. In 2009 Chebbi attempted to run as a candidate for President of Tunisia but was", "id": "1109530" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nof investigative journalism, unconditional and free access to information, open government, anti-censorship of all kinds, among others. On 9 April 2012, the Republican Party was formed as a merger of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Afek Tounes and the Tunisian Republican Party, several minor parties and independents. The party is centrist and liberal, it's led by Maya Jribi who was previously the secretary-general of the PDP. The party held 11 out of 217 seats and was the largest oppositional party in the", "id": "5642564" }, { "contents": "Tunisian Revolution\n\n\nand Ahmed Najib Chebbi of the PDP), three representatives from the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT), and representatives of civil society (including prominent blogger Slim Amamou). Three notable movements not included in the national unity government were the banned Ennahda Movement, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the secular reformist Congress for the Republic. The following day, the three members of the UGTT and Ben Jafaar resigned, saying that they had \"no confidence\" in a government featuring members of the RCD. There were daily", "id": "18746070" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nparty in Tunisia. Its program is liberal, focusing on secularism and civil liberties. The party mainly appealed to intellectuals and the upper class. After underperforming in the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, Afek Tounes joined talks with other secularist and liberal parties, especially the Progressive Democratic Party to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was completed on 9 April 2012. The new party is called the Republican Party. In August 2013, Yassine Brahim, current leader of the party, and other former party members left", "id": "5642562" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nMaya Jribi (January 29, 1960 – May 19, 2018) was a Tunisian politician. From 2006 to 2012, she was the leader of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). From PDP's merger into the Republican Party in April 2012, until her resignation in 2017, she was the Secretary-General of the centrist party. Her father is from Tatouine, while her mother is from Algeria. She followed her studies in Radès Tunisia, before studying biology at the University of Sfax, from 1979 to 1983.", "id": "632086" }, { "contents": "Secularism in Tunisia\n\n\nTunisian Constitution of 2014 following a considerable debate between Islamic and secular political groups and movements. On 1 March 2011, after the secularist dictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collapsed in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian revolution, Tunisia's interim government granted the \"Ennahda\", a moderate Islamist movement in Tunisia, permission to form a political party. Since then, the Ennahda Islamic Party has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election", "id": "19596325" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nNational Constituent Assembly of Tunisia. The party withdrew from the Union for Tunisia coalition, though it is still part of the National Salvation Front. After the founding congress, nine assemblymen elected for the PDP contested the leadership vote and temporarily suspended their party membership. Those 9 members became part of the Democratic Alliance Party. After being founded in 2012, Nidaa Tounes (Call of Tunisia) won a plurality of seats in the October 2014 parliamentary election. It's a big tent secularist political party in Tunisia. The party's founding", "id": "5642565" }, { "contents": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Burkina Faso)\n\n\nThe Party for Democracy and Progress () was a political party in Burkina Faso (former Upper Volta. It was founded in April 1994 after a split in the National Convention of Progressive Patriots–Social Democratic Party in May 1993. It merged in February 1996 with the Union of the Democratic Left and the Party of Social Progress. After merger with the Burkinabè Socialist Party the PDP became the Party for Democracy and Progress / Socialist Party. At the legislative elections in 1997 the party won 10.1% of the popular vote and 6", "id": "19404846" }, { "contents": "Popular Front (Tunisia)\n\n\nof the Iraqi branch of Ba'ath Party, and other progressive parties. The number of parties involved in the coalition has since decreased to nine. Approximately 15,000 people attended the coalition's first meeting in Tunis. The Tunisian Revolution in 2011 saw the departure of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the dissolution of his party, the Democratic Constitutional Rally, and the holding of fresh elections for the creation of a new constitution. This saw the Tunisian political scene dominated by the Islamist Ennahda Movement, and its allies the Democratic Forum for", "id": "8081870" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Gibraltar)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was a liberal conservative political party from Gibraltar. The party was the third political party and the only party to sit on the centre-right in Gibraltar. Despite poor election results, it garnered growing support from the public and was seen as the 'alternative opposition'. The PDP was the only party campaigning for \"a Gibraltar freely associated to the United Kingdom\" and envisaged \"a journey through the recognition of our right to independence\". The party was also the only political party", "id": "16416540" }, { "contents": "Democratic Party of Progress\n\n\nThe Democratic Party of Progress (, PDP) is a political party in Guinea-Bissau. The PDP was established on 10 February 1992 by Amin Michel Saad. It joined the Union for Change (UM) alliance prior to the 1994 general elections, and Saad became the UM's leader. The UM won six seats in the National People's Assembly, of which the PDP (though Saad) took one. The UM was reduced to three seats in the 1999–2000 general elections, and lost them all in the 2004 parliamentary", "id": "17399816" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nHe was the Ettajdid Movement's candidate for President of Tunisia in the 2009 presidential election. Brahim was in favor of the emergence of a \"democratic modern and \"secular\" [laicist] state\" not connected with Islamists. According to Brahim, this would require \"radical\" reform of the electoral system, which would improve the political climate in guaranteeing freedom of assembly and a large scale independent press, as well as repealing a law that regulated public discourse of electoral candidates. In 1983, the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP", "id": "5642551" }, { "contents": "Sarawak State Legislative Assembly\n\n\ngovernment with a majority of 72 seats out of 82. There were several candidates from breakaway parties such as TERAS and UPP that had their members contest seats under the Barisan banner as direct election candidates under a deal by Adenan Satem after their parties were prevented from joining Barisan after opposition from parties such as PDP and SUPP. On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties including Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party", "id": "17954676" }, { "contents": "2015 Nigerian general election\n\n\nPeople's Democratic Party (PDP) primaries on 10 December 2014, receiving the nomination of the party. However, this was against an unwritten rule that the PDP's presidential candidacy should alternate between Muslim northerners and Christian southerners, and opposition to Jonathan's candidacy had led to the defection of dozens of PDP MPs in the House of Representatives. Prior to the elections, the All Progressives Congress was formed as an alliance of four opposition parties, the Action Congress of Nigeria, the Congress for Progressive Change, the All Nigeria Peoples", "id": "18172183" }, { "contents": "Civic Democratic Party (Hungary)\n\n\nThe Civic Democratic Party (, PDP) was a liberal political party in Hungary in the period following World War II The party was established towards the end of 1944 as a successor to the Civic Freedom Party. Part of a group of members who had belonged to now-defunct conservative parties before the war, Géza Teleki was elected as the party's first leader. The PDP won 21 seats in the National Interim Assembly elections in November 1944. However, Communist opposition to Teleki led to him losing his place in the Cabinet", "id": "16990101" }, { "contents": "Afek Tounes\n\n\nAfek Tounes won 4 seats for the constitutive assembly. The party was rattled on 3 November 2011 though by the resignation of several key founding members such as its spokesperson Emna Mnif, its general secretary Mustapha Mezghani, Sami Zaoui, Hela Hababou and another 13 members. After underperforming in the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, Afek Tounes joined talks with other secularist and liberal parties, especially the Progressive Democratic Party to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was completed on 9 April 2012. The new party is called", "id": "1405509" }, { "contents": "Ali Lankoandé\n\n\nAli Lankoandé (10 November 1930 – 28 May 2014) is a Burkinabé politician from Burkina Faso. He was President of the Party for Democracy and Progress/Socialist Party (PDP/PS) from 2005 to 2008. Lankoandé headed the National Social Security Fund and served as a deputy in the National Assembly of Burkina Faso, as well as Minister of National Education, during the 1970s. Lankoandé was elected to succeed Joseph Ki-Zerbo as President of the PDP/PS on 5 February 2005. Running as the PDP/", "id": "21268271" }, { "contents": "Ennahda Movement\n\n\ncollapse of the government of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the Ennahdha Movement Party was formed, and in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, (the first free election in the country's history), won a plurality of 37% of the popular vote and formed a government. Uproar in the traditionally secular country over \"Islamization\" and assassinations of two secular politicians however, led to the 2013–14 Tunisian political crisis, and the party stepped down following the implementation of a new constitution in January 2014. The party came in", "id": "10814394" }, { "contents": "1991 Sint Maarten general election\n\n\nGeneral elections were held in Sint Maarten on 12 April 1991 to elect the 9 members of the Island Council. The Sint Maarten Patriotic Alliance (SPA) led by Vance James Jr. emerged as the largest party, winning 4 of the 9 seats. The SPA and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) agreed to form a coalition government. On 28 August 1991 the SPA/PDP government collapsed. PDP political leader Millicent Acuna-Lopez-de Weever said that \"fundamental philosophical differences\" with the SPA caused the coalition \"to", "id": "12703859" }, { "contents": "Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party\n\n\nin the Rajya Sabha. It was a member of the ruling United Progressive Alliance until the 2009 general election. Sayeed headed the PDP-Indian National Congress Coalition Government between October 2002 and November 2005, and he was the party's Patron until his death on 7 January 2016. The PDP is now headed by Mehbooba Mufti, Sayeed's daughter. The PDP operates on the ideology of self-rule, as distinctly different from the issues of autonomy. It believes that self-rule as a political philosophy, as opposed to", "id": "248417" }, { "contents": "Ettajdid Movement\n\n\nThe Ettajdid Movement (\"Movement for Renewal\" ; , ' ; ), also referred to simply as Ettajdid, was a centre-left secularist political party in Tunisia, active from 1993 to 2012. Ettajdid evolved out of the old Tunisian Communist Party when it abandoned its former ideology in 1993. During the Ben Ali rule it was one of the legal, although oppressed opposition parties. After the Tunisian revolution of 2011, it became part of the Democratic Modernist Pole alliance and in 2012 it merged into the Social Democratic Path", "id": "16419620" }, { "contents": "Elections in Montserrat\n\n\n(when the Council was expanded to seven seats) and 1966. The 1970 elections saw the new Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) win all seven seats. The PDP also won the 1973 elections, but was defeated in 1978 when the People's Liberation Movement (PLM) won all seven seats. The PLM went on to win the 1983 and 1987 elections. The 1991 elections were won by the National Progressive Party, which won four of the seven seats. The 1996 elections resulted in a hung parliament, with the People", "id": "4125813" }, { "contents": "2013–14 Tunisian political crisis\n\n\nafter the elections Ben Ali jailed nearly 25,000 of its activists with Ennahda militants responding by attacking the ruling party's headquarters killing one person and splashing acid on others. Following the revolution, it described itself to be a \"moderate Islamist\" party by advocating democracy and recognizing political pluralism and dialogue with the West. Its supporters back then regarded the party as an example of how a balance can be struck between modernity and Islamism while its critics viewed it as a threat to secularism in Tunisia, which was often regarded as the most", "id": "7679782" }, { "contents": "List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2013–18)\n\n\nof 72 seats out of 82. There were several candidates from breakaway parties such as TERAS and UPP that had their members contest seats under the Barisan banner as direct election candidates under a deal by Adenan Satem after their parties were prevented from joining Barisan after opposition from parties such as PDP and SUPP. On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties including Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP) officially", "id": "21866476" }, { "contents": "Mike Onoja\n\n\nParty at the 2015 general election by the All Progressives Congress, he and other politicians of the People's Democratic Party defected to the All Progressives Congress in 2016. He returned to the People's Democratic Party in the run-up to the 2019 Benue south Senatorial election. After the PDP's Senatorial Primary election in 2018, Mike Onoja again defected from the party to the Social Democratic Party after expressing his dissatisfaction with the PDP's conduct of the primary election. Mike Onoja is the Chairman/CEO of Moonsons Resources Investment International", "id": "10879880" }, { "contents": "History of modern Tunisia\n\n\n, several Islamist activists were released from prison. He also forged a national pact with the Tunisian party Harakat al-Ittijah al-Islami (Islamic Tendency Movement), which had been founded in 1981; later it changed its name to Ennahda (the Renaissance Party). He also changed the ruling party's name to the Democratic Constitutional Rally. However, Ben Ali's innovative tack did not work out well. Subsequently, An-Nahda claimed to have run strongly in the 1989 elections, giving it the appearance of being", "id": "17057122" }, { "contents": "Yassine Brahim\n\n\nof the new company, which he led into the following acquisition by U.S. based SunGard. In 2010 he turned back to Tunisia, just before the Tunisian Revolution would lead to his appointment as Minister of Transport and Equipment in the short-lived second Ghannouchi cabinet and the subsequent Essebsi cabinet. He resigned on 17 June 2011 to become general secretary of the newly founded Afek Tounes party which he led into a merger with Ahmed Najib Chebbi's Progressive Democratic Party, the Republican Party \"Al Joumhouri\". On 28 August 2013,", "id": "2666991" }, { "contents": "Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties\n\n\nup his position in the transitional government. In the Constituent Assembly election on 23 October 2011, Ettakatol won 20 of the 217 seats making it the fourth force in the Assembly. Subsequently, the FDTL came to an agreement with the two major parties, the Islamist Ennahda Movement and the secular Congress for the Republic (CPR), to share the three highest positions in state. Accordingly, Ben Jafar was voted Speaker of the Assembly on 22 November. In exchange, the Forum supported the election of CPR-leader Moncef Marzouki", "id": "2468766" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Tonga)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (PDP) is a political party in Tonga. It was formed after a split in the Human Rights and Democracy Movement. The party was founded on 8 April 2005 in 'Atenisi. Teisina Fuko was the first person elected to the party presidency at a meeting on 15 April 2005. The PDP was legally registered on July 1, 2005, being the first Tongan party to do so. The party has not won any seats to the Tonga Parliament. It is currently inactive without any candidates or", "id": "19615344" }, { "contents": "2013 Gibraltar by-election\n\n\nSocial Democrats as Opposition had initially decided not to contest the by-election considering instead a \"gentleman's agreement\" as the seat had been one of the GSLP which had become vacant under tragic circumstances. The Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) which was not represented in Parliament immediately decided it would contest the by-election seeing it as an opportunity to be represented despite its poor performance at the previous two general elections. On 30 May 2013 the PDP announced its candidature of party leader Nick Cruz. At this point the GSD", "id": "8509410" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (PDP) is a major contemporary political party in Nigeria. Its policies generally lie towards the centre-right of the political spectrum. It won every Presidential election between 1999 and 2011, and was until the 2015 elections, the governing party in the Fourth Republic although in some cases, amid a few controversial electoral circumstances. Currently, PDP controls 14 states out of 36 states in Nigeria. In 1998 the PDP in its first presidential primary election held in Jos, Plateau State, North Central Nigeria", "id": "1890377" }, { "contents": "Social Democratic Union of Macedonia\n\n\nThe Social Democratic Union of Macedonia (–СДСМ, \"Socijaldemokratski Sojuz na Makedonija\"–SDSM) is a social-democratic political party, the main centre-left political party in North Macedonia. The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia was founded on 20 April 1991 at the 11th Congress of SKM-PDP (UCM – Party for Democratic Changes). Branko Crvenkovski was elected as the party's first president. Its current leader is Zoran Zaev. The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia is a member of the Progressive Alliance and an associate affiliate of", "id": "1084636" }, { "contents": "Peoples Democratic Party (Kenya)\n\n\nThe Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) is a political party in Kenya. The PDP was established in 1992. It won a single seat in the 2007 general elections, Richard Momoima Onyonka in Kitutu Chache Constituency. In 2010 Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) MP James Omingo Magara defected to the party after the ODM did not nominate him as its candidate in the South Mugirango by-election, which was held after Magara's victory in the 2007 elections was annulled due to irregularities. However, Magara was defeated in the by-", "id": "19016018" }, { "contents": "Dickson Tarkighir\n\n\nat the polls in the 2015 general elections and won the seat to represent the people of Makurdi/Guma Federal Constituency in the House of Representatives, Abuja. On Tuesday, 24 July 2018, Tarkighir was among 37 members of the House of Representatives who defected from the ruling All Progressives Congress (APC) to other political parties. He defected to the People's Democratic Party (PDP), a party he had previously defected from. However, On Tuesday, 22 January 2019, Tarkighir announced his return to the All Progressives", "id": "8861699" }, { "contents": "Guillermo Irizarry\n\n\ngovernor abandoned the party that elected him, the Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico (PDP), and joined a newly founded party, the People's Party, which nominated him for an unsuccessful reelection bid. In November of that year, the PDP suffered its first defeat with the election of the New Progressive Party's Luis A. Ferré. As a result, Secretary Irizarry presided over the first transition between elected governors of different parties. From 1973 to 1977, during the administration of Governor Rafael Hernández Colón, Irizarry served again", "id": "1916365" }, { "contents": "1931 Argentine general election\n\n\nJulio Roca as his running mate; Roca, the son of the late PAN leader, Julio A. Roca, had led the Democratic Party of Córdoba. The Democratic Progressive Party (PDP), known for its anti-corruption platform, nominated Senator Lisandro de la Torre, who also earned the endorsement of the Socialist Party of Argentina, a party in search of leadership following the passing of Juan B. Justo, in 1928. The alliance alienated conservatives in the PDP, however, who instead endorsed the aging Francisco A. Barroetaveña,", "id": "14281535" }, { "contents": "Jebali Cabinet\n\n\nThe first cabinet of Tunisian Head of Government Hamadi Jebali was presented on 20 December 2011. Jebali has been appointed by interim President Moncef Marzouki, who had been elected by the National Constituent Assembly, a body constituted to draft a new constitution after the Tunisian Revolution and the fall of former President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in Spring 2011. It took office on 24 December 2011. The three parties in the \"Troika\" coalition are the Islamist Ennahda Movement, the centre-left secularist Congress for the Republic (CPR),", "id": "5725136" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Montserrat)\n\n\nwere the first occasion on which the MLP had faced serious opposition, and saw the PDP win all seven seats, leaving the MLP without parliamentary representation. Percival Austin Bramble became Chief Minister. The PDP subsequently won five of the seven seats in the 1973 elections, but were defeated in the 1978 elections, when the People's Liberation Movement formed by former PDP minister John Osborne won all seven seats. The PDP contested the 1983 elections, winning two seats in the Legislative Council. It was reduced to one seat in the 1987", "id": "6998615" }, { "contents": "1987 European Parliament election in Spain\n\n\na European-wide election was due in 1989, elected MEPs only served for the remainder of the European Parliament term. The ruling Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) designated former Foreign Affairs Minister Fernando Morán to lead their campaign. The main opposition People's Alliance party (AP), running on its own after the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and Liberal Party (PL) broke away from the People's Coalition, chose Manuel Fraga—who had resigned as party leader in December 1986—to lead the party list", "id": "7968065" }, { "contents": "2011 Gibraltar general election\n\n\ngave the GSLP an advantage of up to 9% over the governing party, the GSD, while one (that of the Spanish newspaper \"Area\", which published no details and was widely thought to be politically motivated) predicted a GSD win. Two parties, the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD) and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), and an alliance (Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)/Liberals) have presented a full slate of 10 candidates each, making a total of 30 candidates for 17 seats in the Gibraltar", "id": "19578144" }, { "contents": "Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance\n\n\nThe Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance (\"Partido Democrático para o Progresso – Aliança Nacional Angolana\") is a political party in Angola. The party was founded in Luanda, March 17, 1991. It was led by Mfulumpinga Landu Victor, a former National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) cadre and Member of Parliament for the PDP-ANA, until he was shot dead outside the party office in 2004. It is now led by Francisco Lele. In the 2008 legislative elections, it gained 0.51%", "id": "17803317" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Montserrat)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was a political party in Montserrat. The party was established in 1970 by Percival Austin Bramble, son of Chief Minister and leader of the Montserrat Labour Party (MLP) William Henry Bramble. Percival had previously been a member of the MLP and was elected to the Legislative Council as an MLP candidate in the 1966 elections. However, he subsequently broke away to form the PDP as a result of controversy over the number of holiday and retirement homes being built on the island. The 1970 elections", "id": "6998614" }, { "contents": "Party of Democratic Progress\n\n\nThe Party of Democratic Progress () is a Serbian political party in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the third-largest party in Republika Srpska. PDP was established in Banja Luka on 26 September 1999. During the founding assembly, Mladen Ivanić was elected as the president of the party, while Branko Dokić and Zoran Đerić were elected as vice presidents. The party is an observer member of the European People's Party (EPP) and International Democrat Union (IDU). In terms of bilateral cooperation with other European parties,", "id": "19626107" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (, O'zXDP or PDP) is a centre-left political party in Uzbekistan founded in 1991. The PDP was founded in October 1991 after the Communist Party of Uzbekistan voted to cut its ties with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and change its name to PDP. The party was led by President Islam Karimov since its foundation until 1996, at which point Karimov stepped down and resigned his membership. Karimov created the Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party in 2003. This is supported by the fact", "id": "19132598" }, { "contents": "Ademola Rasaq Seriki\n\n\nwas appointed a National Fund Raising Committee member in the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) for the 1999 National elections. The PDP also appointed him as a member of the Candidate and Party Relations Committee for Obasanjo/Atiku Presidential Election. From 2000 to 2002 Demola Seriki emerged as the PDP Party Chairman of Lagos Island Local Government Area in Lagos State and later in 2003 as the party's flag bearer to the House of Assembly representing Lagos Island Federal Constituency. In 2005 he cut his political tooth further by serving as Secretary of the", "id": "5752584" }, { "contents": "Omuma\n\n\nin the council premises and he won the House of Assembly election in 2011. He was re-elected in 2015 election to represent Omuma for the second time in Rivers State House of Assembly under the PDP. Several other political parties have sprung up within this period as alphabetically arranged below and Omuma has been actively involved in them: • Advanced Congress of Democrats (ACD) • Alliance for Democracy (AD) • Action Democratic Party (ADP) • All Democratic Peoples Movement (ADPM) • All Progressives Congress (APC)", "id": "2613408" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Spain)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (, PDP), renamed as Christian Democracy (, DC) from March 1988 until it merged into the People's Party in June 1989, was a Christian-democratic political party in Spain. In August 1982, 13 deputies under the leadership of Óscar Alzaga split from the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) and founded the PDP, entering into alliance with the People's Alliance (AP), which received the second largest number of votes in the 1982 and 1986 general elections. The", "id": "19996228" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Malaysia)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (Malay: Parti Demokratik Progresif, Abbreviation: PDP), formerly known as Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party (SPDP) is a Sarawak based political party in Malaysia founded in 2002. The party was founded in the wake of the de-registration of the Sarawak National Party (SNAP) in November 2002 by a faction aligned to the Chief Minister of Sarawak, Abdul Taib Mahmud, led by William Mawan Ikom. The party has rebrand that using a new name - Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and a", "id": "13136566" }, { "contents": "Tunisia\n\n\n, including several that existed under the former regime. During the rule of Ben Ali, only three functioned as independent opposition parties: the PDP, FDTL, and Tajdid. While some older parties are well-established and can draw on previous party structures, many of the 100-plus parties extant as of February 2012 are small. Rare for the Arab world, women held more than 20% of seats in the country's pre-revolution bicameral parliament. In the 2011 constituent assembly, women held between 24% and 31%", "id": "11279313" }, { "contents": "Liberal Party (Spain, 1976)\n\n\nThe Liberal Party (, PL) was a liberal political party in Spain. It was part of the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) until 1983, when it aligned itself with the People's Alliance (AP), the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL). On 22 December 1984 the latter merged into the Liberal Party. These three parties formed the People's Coalition for the 1986 election. In 1989 the party, along with AP and PDP, merged to form the", "id": "19996525" }, { "contents": "New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)\n\n\nto boycott that plebiscite. Main party founder, president, and former statehood Republican Party standard-bearer Luis A. Ferré categorized the New Progressive Party as one which would not be aligned to any of the two major U.S. national parties. Co-founders of the NPP alongside Luis A. Ferre were Manuel F. Alsina Capo, attorney Nelson Escalona, and Benny Frankie Cerezo. Under Luis A. Ferré, the NPP came to power in January 1969, after defeating Luis Negrón López, the gubernatorial candidate from the Popular Democratic Party (PDP)", "id": "21721596" }, { "contents": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Mali)\n\n\nThe Party for Democracy and Progress (, PDP) is a political party in Mali led by Mady Konaté. The party was established in 1991, and officially registered on 25 April that year. It party received 5.1% of the vote in the February 1992 parliamentary elections, winning two seats. In the April 1992 presidential elections it nominated Idrissa Traoré as its candidate. Traoré finished fifth out of nine candidates with 7.1%^ of the vote. The local elections in the same year saw the party win 40 of the 751 seats across", "id": "19282171" }, { "contents": "Samaila Suleiman\n\n\n-2008, Energy Commission of Nigeria in 2009-2010 and later resigned to join politics. Suleiman was first elected into the public office as a local government chairman from Kaduna North in Kaduna State under the defunct Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) in 2008. He was the only politician to have won local government election under the CPC having shared the same constituency with the then vice president of Nigeria from the then ruling party People's Democratic Party (PDP). In 2015, Suleiman was first elected into the Lower Chamber", "id": "6113494" }, { "contents": "Party for Democratic Prosperity\n\n\nFor example, the party leadership criticized the 1991 Census for allegedly underreporting the percentage of the population that was Albanian from 40% to only 21%. Also, the PDP deputies voted against adopting the constitution due to its lack of protection for minorities. From the 1998 elections onwards PDP is in opposition and since then the support for the PDP has eroded considerably. At the 2002 legislative elections, the party won 2.3% of the popular vote and 2 out of 120 seats. At the 2011 legislative elections, the party won", "id": "5710802" }, { "contents": "2008 Angolan legislative election\n\n\nDemocratic Party (PLD), Party of the Alliance of Youth, Workers and Farmers of Angola (PAJOCA), Party for Democratic Support and Progress of Angola (PADEPA), the Democratic Party for Progress - Angolan National Alliance (PDP-ANA), the Front for Democracy (FpD) and four coalitions: the Democratic Angola – Coalition (AD), New Democracy Electoral Union (ND), the Electoral Political Platform (PPE) and the Angolan Fraternal Forum Coalition (FOFAC). The Angolan Democratic Party (PDA", "id": "533048" }, { "contents": "Party for Democratic Prosperity\n\n\nThe Party for Democratic Prosperity or PDP () is an ethnic Albanian political party in North Macedonia. The party was formed in April 1990 and is currently led by Abdyladi Vejseli. From 1992 to 1998 the PDP was part of the coalition governments led by the SDSM. After the split of the radical wing from the party in February 1994, PDP was generally considered to be moderate party that could cooperate with Macedonian parties, although sometimes frictions between the PDP and the other government parties arose as a consequence of the ethnic questions.", "id": "5710801" }, { "contents": "Politics of Gibraltar\n\n\n. A new party, New Gibraltar Democracy, announced it would contest the next election. NGD claimed that the two main parties were \"Out of touch with people's expectations and make up for their lack of ideas through Orwellian style propaganda.\" At the 2007 election one candidate, Charles Gomez, stood for election for the party. It achieved under 1% of the vote and has subsequently ceased any activity. In June 2006 the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was formed and announced it would be presenting a full slate", "id": "11739411" }, { "contents": "Tunisian people\n\n\nto an end 23 years latter on January 14, 2011, in the events of the Tunisian Revolution, following nationwide demonstrations precipitated by high unemployment, food inflation, corruption, a lack of political freedoms like freedom of speech and poor living conditions. Following the overthrow of Ben Ali, Tunisians elected a Constituent Assembly to draft a new constitution, and an interim government known as the Troika because it was a coalition of three parties; the Islamist Ennahda Movement in the lead, with the centre-left Congress for the Republic and", "id": "21785336" }, { "contents": "Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle\n\n\nIn the aftermath of \"Mt. Healthy\",\" wrote Sandra Lynch for the First Circuit in 2004, \"confusion still sometimes arises about the issue of causation.\" She was writing in one of several cases it heard in the mid-2000s arising from alleged political retaliation in Puerto Rico, where members of the New Progressive Party (NPP) brought suit claiming that members of the rival Popular Democratic Party (PDP) had improperly forced them out of government jobs after the PDP defeated the incumbent NPP in the commonwealth's 2000 elections.", "id": "17963178" }, { "contents": "Great Ogboru\n\n\n2003. In the 2007 election, Great Ogboru contested for governorship under the flag of the Democracy People Party (DPP) against Emmanuel Uduaghan of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) and lost to Emmanuel Uduagha again in 2011 election though he contested under the umbrella of Labour Party In the 2015 Delta State governorship election, Great Ogboru contested for governorship under the umbrella of All Progressive Congress (APC). He was defeated by Ifeanyi Okowa of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) . In the 2019 governorship election of Delta State,", "id": "278732" }, { "contents": "1983 Murcian regional election\n\n\nelectoral alliance led by the right-wing People's Alliance (AP), which included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), became the second political force and the main opposition party, whereas the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) also entered the Assembly, obtaining 1 seat. As a result of the election, Socialist Andrés Hernández Ros, who since 1979 had been the President of the Regional Council of Murcia (the pre-autonomic regional government), became the first democratically", "id": "19967050" }, { "contents": "Emmanuel Nnamdi Uba\n\n\nEmmanuel Nnamdi Uba, or Andy Uba (born 14 December 1958), is a Nigerian politician who was elected Senator for the Anambra South constituency of Anambra State, Nigeria, in April 2011. He ran on the People's Democratic Party (PDP) platform. He defected to the ruling All Progressives Congress in February 2017; the leadership crises engulfing the former ruling party PDP may have motivated his decision. Uba was born on 14 December 1958 in Enugu, and attended the Boys High School in Awkunanaw. His parents originated from", "id": "17515892" }, { "contents": "Islam and secularism\n\n\ndictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collapsed in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian revolution, Tunisia's interim government granted the group permission to form a political party. Since then it has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, 2011, the first honest election in the country's history with a turn out of 51.1% of all eligible voters, the party won 37.04% of the popular vote and 89 (41%)", "id": "18330475" }, { "contents": "United Progressive Alliance\n\n\nthe Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party announced the withdrawal of the PDP from the UPA given that the Congress had decided to support the Omar Abdullah-led National Conference Government in Jammu & Kashmir after the 2008 state elections. On 26 March 2009, PMK declared that it would join the AIADMK led front and withdrew from the UPA and the party president declared that two union ministers of his party will resign shortly. On 12 November 2012, Barrister Asaduddin Owaisi, leader of the AIMIM announced the decision of the party's executive and", "id": "8764699" }, { "contents": "Umaru Tanko Al-Makura\n\n\nfounding member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) in Nasarawa State in 1998. Al-Makura defected from the PDP after losing the primary elections for the Nasarawa Governor competition. Al-Makura was elected Governor of Nasarawa State, Nigeria on 26 April 2011, running on the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) ticket. He defeated the incumbent governor, Aliyu Akwe-Doma of the PDP. On 14 July 2014 the Speaker of the Nasarawa State House of Assembly gave a notice of impeachment to the Clerk of the", "id": "7102114" }, { "contents": "2013 Gibraltar by-election\n\n\nThe Gibraltar by-election, 2013 was a parliamentary by-election held on 4 July 2013 for the Gibraltar Parliament. The by-election was to contest the seat left vacant by the death of Government of Gibraltar Housing Minister Charles Bruzon in April 2013. The Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP), Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and an independent contested the by-election. The Liberal Party of Gibraltar who is in alliance and in Government with the GSLP backed the GSLP's candidate", "id": "8509407" }, { "contents": "Politics of Tajikistan\n\n\nThree major opposition parties—the Democratic Party, the Islamic Renaissance Party, and the Social Democratic Party—boycotted the election. In the early 2000s, independent political parties continued to exist, but their operations were circumscribed and their influence marginal. The governing People’s Democratic Party (PDP) gained strength as some opposition party leaders joined the government and others were disqualified from participation in elections. The Communist Party of Tajikistan, a nominal opposition party that has supported President Rahmon on most issues, has lost support since 2000. The", "id": "11083170" }, { "contents": "Dapo Abiodun\n\n\nis also reportedly the founder of First Power Limited. Dapo Abiodun is a founding member of Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) in Ogun State, although he is currently a member of the All Progressive Congress (APC) defecting after the 2015 general elections. He contested the Ogun East senatorial seat on the platform of the All Progressive Congress(APC) in the 2015 Nigerian general elections which he lost to the Peoples Democratic Party(PDP) candidate . He was elected a senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria on the platform of the defunct United Nigeria", "id": "1139922" }, { "contents": "1983 Riojan regional election\n\n\n. The People's Coalition, an electoral alliance led by the People's Alliance (AP), which also included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), emerged as the second largest grouping in the General Deputation, while the newly created regionalist Progressive Riojan Party (PRP) came third. Neither the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) or the Democratic and Social Centre (CDS), the only other parties standing in the election, were able to meet the electoral threshold and failed", "id": "18176961" }, { "contents": "Trinity—Spadina\n\n\nwas expected to be a very competitive election. Additionally, Conservative David Watters, Green Anna Costa, Progressive Canadian Party Asif Hossain, Canadian Action Party Tristan Downe-Dewdney and Daniel Knezetic for the Popular Democratic Party contested the election. The Popular Democratic Party was a social democratic and populist political party formed in 2003. It did not register as a political party with Elections Canada, and closed down after the 2004 election. The PDP proposed decentralization and community involvement in the political process through the creation of community councils to which any", "id": "8027884" }, { "contents": "Galician Coalition\n\n\nin the Congreso de los Diputados since the Second Republic. In January 1987 the most nationalist and progressive sectors of CG, led by Pablo González Mariñas and Xosé Henrique Rodríguez Peña, left the party and formed the Galician Nationalist Party (which would eventually join the Galician Nationalist Bloc). To attend the 1987 municipal elections CG formed the Galician Progressive Coalition, with the Democratic Popular Party (PDP) and the Liberal Party, gaining the 11.07% of the vote and 607 councilors. Following the departure of Xosé Luís Barreiro of the", "id": "602391" }, { "contents": "2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election\n\n\nthe delay, all major parties approved of it, even the Ennahda Movement; other parties approving the new election date included the Progressive Democratic Party, Ettajdid Movement, Al Majd, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the Social Liberal Party. In September, the government of Canada declared that it would not allow Tunisia to open polling stations in its territory because it refused to be included in another country's electoral constituency. Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird called the issue \"a matter of Canadian sovereignty\". In response to Canada", "id": "14450727" }, { "contents": "Democratic Modernist Pole\n\n\nin all the 33 constituencies at home and abroad. Sixteen women and 17 men will be chief candidates. Riadh Ben Fadl and Mustapha Ben Ahmed, are the founders of the group. Ahmed Ibrahim is a leader in the bloc. The bloc won 5 of the 217 seats and 4.91% of the vote in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election. Three of the parties in the coalition: the Republican Party, the Socialist Left Party and the Social Democratic Path) became part of another coalition called the Union for Tunisia in 2013", "id": "19583402" }, { "contents": "Abdulmumin Jibrin\n\n\nof Commerce (NBCC) between 2010 – 2011. Jibrin was first elected into the Nigerian National Assembly's House of Representatives representing Kiru/Bebeji Federal constituency of Kano State under the Peoples Democratic Party - PDP in 2011 before decamping to the newly formed political party in Nigeria, the All Progressives Congress (APC) in 2014 and was later re-elected into House of Representatives in 2015. Jibrin was the Chairman House of Representatives Committee on Finance in the 7th Assembly with oversight on the Federal Ministry of Finance and its Parastatals,", "id": "18363893" }, { "contents": "Rashidi Adewolu Ladoja\n\n\n2009, a former aide testified on the way on which the share money had been divided between Ladoja's family, bodyguard, senior politicians and lawyers. Ladoja was the governorship candidate for Accord party in Oyo State during the April 2011 and 2015 elections, he lost to Senator Abiola Ajimobi. He later merged his Accord Party into PDP in 2017. Dispute in PDP made him and other allies (from Labour Party, All Progressives Congress APC etc.) to move over African Democratic Congress (ADC) in 2018. After a", "id": "21855065" }, { "contents": "Mohammed Badaru Abubakar\n\n\nAll Progressives Congress in 2015 along with PDP contender Mal. Aminu Ibrahim Ringim. The Independent National Electoral Commission on 13 April 2015 declared him the winner of that election. On 9 March 2019 Jigawa state gubernatorial election, Badaru was re-elected has governor having polled a total of 810,933 votes, the candidate of the Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, Aminu Ibrahim Ringim scored 288,356 while the candidate of the Social Democratic Party, SDP, Bashir Adamu Jumbo scored 32,894 votes, thereby making him the winner of the election. In recognition", "id": "20149723" }, { "contents": "Popular Democratic Party (France)\n\n\nthe PDP prior to the 1924 legislative election. Established by Congress on 15 and 16 November 1924, under the chairmanship of George Thibout and involving 200 delegates, the PDP supported the desire to achieve \"a task in bringing reconciliation around the idea of Republicanism\" by the definition of \"new Republican faith\" The Popular Democrats advocated that religion was not and should not be a line between right and left. However, the PDP oriented itself to the centre-right in direct competition to the Republican Federation, the party from which", "id": "22044943" }, { "contents": "Socialism in Tunisia\n\n\nthe Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties (Ettakatol or FDTL) was founded and officially recognized on 25 October 2002. Is a social democratic and secularist political party in Tunisia. Its founder and Secretary-General is the radiologist Mustapha Ben Jafar. Active from 1993 to 2012, the Ettajdid Movement (\"Movement for Renewal\") was a centre-left secularist, democratic socialist and social liberal political party in Tunisia. It was led by Ahmed Ibrahim. For the Constituent assembly election, Ettajdid formed a strongly secularist alliance called Democratic", "id": "5642583" }, { "contents": "Wafa Movement\n\n\nThe Wafa Movement (), sometimes referred to as the Independent Democratic Congress, is a political party in Tunisia. The party was founded in 2012 by a number of constituents who broke away from the Congress for the Republic (CPR). Led by the short-time CPR secretary-general Abderraouf Ayadi, the party however remained loosely allied with the governing Troika coalition of Ennahda, CPR and Ettakatol. Generally seen as a secular, left-leaning party, the Wafa Movement reached out to Islamists on the grounds of seeking", "id": "13260598" }, { "contents": "Abdulkareem Adisa\n\n\nPeople's Democratic Party (PDP) in Kwara State. One PDP group suspended the Minister of State for Women Affairs, Miss Funke Adedoyin, but another group of PDP elders, led by Adisa, voided Adedoyin’s suspension. Adisa also became vice-chairman of the Kwara Progressive Movement (KPM). Abdulkareem Adisa was leader of a movement to elect General Ibrahim Babangida as president in 2007. He published an attack on the National Democratic Coalition (NADECO) in \"The Guardian\" of 28 April 2004, warning the group", "id": "1146576" }, { "contents": "Nidaa Tounes\n\n\n\"founder\" Habib Bourguiba). In addition, the party has the support of many members of the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT) and the national employers' union, UTICA. They believe that Tunisia's secular forces have to unite to counter the dominance of the Islamist Ennahda Movement. From its foundation until July 2013, 11 members of the Constituent Assembly joined the party by defecting from various other parties. On 11 February 2013, the Republican Party joined Nidaa Tounes and four other parties in a political alliance called Union", "id": "4542216" }, { "contents": "Gibraltar\n\n\nrepresented by the Governor of Gibraltar. The governor enacts day-to-day matters on the advice of the Gibraltar Parliament, but is responsible to the British government in respect of defence, foreign policy, internal security and general good governance. Judicial and other appointments are made on behalf of the monarch in consultation with the head of the elected government. The 2011 election was contested by the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)-Gibraltar Liberal Party (GLP) Alliance and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP", "id": "7263743" }, { "contents": "Adamu Sidi Ali\n\n\nballots had not been included in the count.In turn, the PDP appealed the decision to nullify the election of their candidate, who had died two months after the election, saying the election should be a re-run due to his death. Their appeal was rejected. Later, Sidi Ali changed allegiance to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). During a PDP campaign flag-off meeting before the April 2007 elections, he advised political opponents not to use thugs to destabilize the elections. Sidi Ali became senator for", "id": "13302889" }, { "contents": "Ahmed Tijani Ahmed\n\n\nAhmed Tijani Ahmed (December 17, 1941 – June 10, 2006) was a Nigerian politician who was Senator for the Kogi Central constituency in Kogi State from 1999 to 2003 as a member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP). When Kogi State was created in 1991, Ahmed Tijani Ahmed joined a group of liberal progressive politicians in the Social Democratic Party (SDP) that created an agreement on power sharing among the different peoples of the state. However, they lost the December 1991 governorship election to the National Republican", "id": "14754363" }, { "contents": "Abdulmumin Jibrin\n\n\nthe members of the House of Representatives that led the first set of 37 Legislators that decamped from the ruling People's Democratic Party (PDP) to the main opposition party, All Progressive Party (APC). In March 2015, Abdulmumin contested and got re-elected to the House of Representatives by the people of his constituency Kiru/Bebeji Kano state, Nigeria. As Chairman Appropriation, Jibrin has oversight function over the Budget office and national budget, the appropriation of funds for execution of government programmes and projects. He also", "id": "18363903" }, { "contents": "Godswill Akpabio\n\n\nSenatorial District to represent the district in the Senate of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Running under the platform of the People’s Democratic Party (PDP), he polled 422,009 of the 439,449 to defeat Chief Inibehe Okorie of the All Progressive Congress (APC) who recorded 15, 152 votes to be declared elected by the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). Akpabio was nominated for the position of the Senate Minority Leader by the South-South caucus of the People's Democratic Party (PDP), ratified by the caucus", "id": "19678208" }, { "contents": "1970 Montserratian general election\n\n\nGeneral elections were held in Montserrat on 15 December 1970. The result was a victory for the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), which won all seven seats in the Legislative Council, whilst the Montserrat Labour Party (MLP), which had won every election since the introduction of universal suffrage in 1951, lost all four of its seats. PDP leader Percival Austin Bramble became Chief Minister, replacing his father and MLP leader, William Henry Bramble. Universal suffrage was introduced in Montserrat in 1951, and the first elections under it", "id": "6935944" }, { "contents": "Atiku Abubakar\n\n\nProgressives Congress (APC), a party he helped to form. On 3 December 2017, via a Facebook Live broadcast, Abubakar announced his return to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). The announcement followed consultations the former Vice President had with party leaders and stakeholders from across the country. He said he decided to 'return home' to the PDP now that the issues which made him leave the party had been resolved. Abubakar declared his candidacy for the presidential nomination of the PDP mid 2018 and won the nomination at", "id": "10683389" }, { "contents": "Luis A. Ferré\n\n\nProgressive Party (a.k.a., PNP). In the following general election in 1968, Ferré ran for Governor and defeated Luis Negrón López, the candidate of the Popular Democratic Party (PPD) by a slight margin. The ruling party had split with the creation of the People's Party, which ran incumbent PDP-elected Governor Roberto Sánchez Vilella as its gubernatorial candidate, ending Luis Muñoz Marín's PPD's hold on the governor's seat, which had lasted 20 years. During Ferré's administration, Puerto Rico was in", "id": "11079059" }, { "contents": "1994–1995 Uzbek parliamentary election\n\n\nParliamentary elections were held in Uzbekistan on 25 December 1994, with a second round held in 39 constituencies on 8 January 1995 and seven constituencies on 22 January. The election was contested by 634 candidates, 250 nominated by local councils, 243 members of the People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan, and 141 Progress Party of the Fatherland members. The majority of seats were won by local council nominees (around 120 of which were PDP members), whilst the People's Democratic Party emerged as the largest party. Voter turnout was 93.6", "id": "15227647" }, { "contents": "1983 Madrilenian regional election\n\n\nthe PSOE won 51 seats. The People's Coalition, an electoral alliance led by the People's Alliance (AP), which also included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), emerged as the second largest grouping in the Assembly. The Communist Party of Spain was the only other party to win seats in the Assembly. In 1986, the party joined with other left-wing movements to form the current United Left. The Assembly of Madrid was the devolved, unicameral legislature of", "id": "3098844" } ]

[ { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nby Ahmed Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi. On 9 April 2012, it merged into the Republican Party. The Progressive Democratic Party had a newspaper, \"Al-Mawqif\". In its beginnings, the Progressive Socialist Rally (now PDP) gathered a broad range of currents from Marxists and pro-democracy activists to progressive Muslims. During the Ben Ali rule, Najib Chebbi and the PDP were harassed by the police for years, and verbally attacked by state-run media. After unsuccessfully participating in elections from 1989 to 1999", "id": "16419721" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\n, the party decided to boycott the elections of 2004 and 2009. Therefore, it was unrepresented in the Tunisian parliament. After the Ben Ali administration announced to force the party to move their headquarters from Tunis, its leaders Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi engaged in a 20-days hunger strike, which earned the party attention and prompted the administration to revoke their decision. Following the 2010–2011 Tunisian protests, shootings outside PDP's headquarters were reported on 16 January 2011. The next day, on 17 January, party leader Najib Chebbi, was", "id": "16419722" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nnamed Regional Development Minister in the interim government. Ahead of the Constituent Assembly election, the PDP evolved into a main exponent of the centre-left secular camp and rival of the Islamist Ennahda Movement. In the run-up to the elections, the Progressive Democrats have received quite an amount of financial support which enabled the party for a lavish campaign. Critics claim that an important part of the funding came from businesspeople close to the old Ben Ali power elite. In the election for a constituent assembly, the PDP won 3.9", "id": "16419723" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\n) was founded under the name of \"Progressive Socialist Rally\", and gained legal recognition on 12 September 1988. It was secular and liberal party. The party was renamed as Progressive Democratic Party in 2001. Under the rule of Ben Ali it was a legal opposition party, but subjected to political repression. After the Tunisian revolution it was one of the major left-leaning secular political forces. It was led by Ahmed Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi. On 9 April 2012, it merged into the Republican Party. Maya", "id": "5642552" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\n% of the popular vote and 16 of 217 seats in the National Constituent Assembly, putting it at the fifth place. As the party had categorically ruled out any collaboration with the victorious Islamist Ennahda Movement, the Progressive Democrats went into opposition and belong to the outspoken critics of the governing coalition of the Islamists with the secular CPR and Ettakatol parties. After the electoral defeat, the PDP launched talks with other secularist and liberal parties to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was realised on the PDP's", "id": "16419724" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (, \"; ), also referred to by its acronym PDP, was a secular liberal political party in Tunisia. The Progressive Democratic Party was founded under the name of \"Progressive Socialist Rally\" in 1983, gained legal recognition on 12 September 1988 and was renamed Progressive Democratic Party in 2001. Under the rule of Ben Ali it was a legal opposition party, but subjected to political repression. After the Tunisian revolution it was one of the major left-leaning secular political forces. It was led", "id": "16419720" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nSecretary-General of the PDP. She has been the first woman to lead a political party in Tunisia. From 1 to 20 October 2007, Jribi, along with Najib Chebbi, engaged in a hunger strike to protest against the forced move of the party's headquarters from Tunis, which caused serious health implications for her. Jribi headed the PDP’s electoral list in Ben Arous for the Constituent Assembly Elections in October 2011. The PDP list received one seat in Ben Arous according to preliminary election results. On 9 April 2012", "id": "632088" }, { "contents": "Republican Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nThe Republican Party ( \"\", ) is a centrist liberal party in Tunisia. It was formed on 9 April 2012 as a merger of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Afek Tounes and the Tunisian Republican Party, several minor parties and independents. The party is led by Maya Jribi who was previously the secretary-general of the PDP. The party held 11 out of 217 seats and was the largest oppositional party in the National Constituent Assembly of Tunisia. The party withdrew from the Union for Tunisia coalition, though", "id": "15161288" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nDuring that period, she became involved and an active member of the student union, known as UGET, and the Tunisian League of Human Rights. She wrote for the independent weekly Erraï and later for the PDP-newspaper Al Mawkif. Together with Ahmed Najib Chebbi, Maya Jribi co-founded the \"Progressive Socialist Rally\", established in 1983, which was later renamed into Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). Since 1986 she has been a member of the party's executive. On 25 December 2006, Jribi was appointed", "id": "632087" }, { "contents": "Ahmed Najib Chebbi\n\n\nAhmed Najib Chebbi (, ) or simply Najib Chebbi (born 30 July 1944) is a Tunisian attorney and politician. Chebbi is a prominent figure of the Tunisian opposition movement; in 1983, he founded the Democratic Progressive Party, which gained legal recognition in 1988. He is currently the leader of the Democratic Progressive Party. In 2006, Maya Jribi became the party's secretary-general, the first woman to hold such office in Tunisia. In 2009 Chebbi attempted to run as a candidate for President of Tunisia but was", "id": "1109530" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nof investigative journalism, unconditional and free access to information, open government, anti-censorship of all kinds, among others. On 9 April 2012, the Republican Party was formed as a merger of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Afek Tounes and the Tunisian Republican Party, several minor parties and independents. The party is centrist and liberal, it's led by Maya Jribi who was previously the secretary-general of the PDP. The party held 11 out of 217 seats and was the largest oppositional party in the", "id": "5642564" }, { "contents": "Tunisian Revolution\n\n\nand Ahmed Najib Chebbi of the PDP), three representatives from the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT), and representatives of civil society (including prominent blogger Slim Amamou). Three notable movements not included in the national unity government were the banned Ennahda Movement, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the secular reformist Congress for the Republic. The following day, the three members of the UGTT and Ben Jafaar resigned, saying that they had \"no confidence\" in a government featuring members of the RCD. There were daily", "id": "18746070" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nparty in Tunisia. Its program is liberal, focusing on secularism and civil liberties. The party mainly appealed to intellectuals and the upper class. After underperforming in the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, Afek Tounes joined talks with other secularist and liberal parties, especially the Progressive Democratic Party to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was completed on 9 April 2012. The new party is called the Republican Party. In August 2013, Yassine Brahim, current leader of the party, and other former party members left", "id": "5642562" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nMaya Jribi (January 29, 1960 – May 19, 2018) was a Tunisian politician. From 2006 to 2012, she was the leader of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). From PDP's merger into the Republican Party in April 2012, until her resignation in 2017, she was the Secretary-General of the centrist party. Her father is from Tatouine, while her mother is from Algeria. She followed her studies in Radès Tunisia, before studying biology at the University of Sfax, from 1979 to 1983.", "id": "632086" }, { "contents": "Secularism in Tunisia\n\n\nTunisian Constitution of 2014 following a considerable debate between Islamic and secular political groups and movements. On 1 March 2011, after the secularist dictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collapsed in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian revolution, Tunisia's interim government granted the \"Ennahda\", a moderate Islamist movement in Tunisia, permission to form a political party. Since then, the Ennahda Islamic Party has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election", "id": "19596325" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nNational Constituent Assembly of Tunisia. The party withdrew from the Union for Tunisia coalition, though it is still part of the National Salvation Front. After the founding congress, nine assemblymen elected for the PDP contested the leadership vote and temporarily suspended their party membership. Those 9 members became part of the Democratic Alliance Party. After being founded in 2012, Nidaa Tounes (Call of Tunisia) won a plurality of seats in the October 2014 parliamentary election. It's a big tent secularist political party in Tunisia. The party's founding", "id": "5642565" }, { "contents": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Burkina Faso)\n\n\nThe Party for Democracy and Progress () was a political party in Burkina Faso (former Upper Volta. It was founded in April 1994 after a split in the National Convention of Progressive Patriots–Social Democratic Party in May 1993. It merged in February 1996 with the Union of the Democratic Left and the Party of Social Progress. After merger with the Burkinabè Socialist Party the PDP became the Party for Democracy and Progress / Socialist Party. At the legislative elections in 1997 the party won 10.1% of the popular vote and 6", "id": "19404846" }, { "contents": "Popular Front (Tunisia)\n\n\nof the Iraqi branch of Ba'ath Party, and other progressive parties. The number of parties involved in the coalition has since decreased to nine. Approximately 15,000 people attended the coalition's first meeting in Tunis. The Tunisian Revolution in 2011 saw the departure of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the dissolution of his party, the Democratic Constitutional Rally, and the holding of fresh elections for the creation of a new constitution. This saw the Tunisian political scene dominated by the Islamist Ennahda Movement, and its allies the Democratic Forum for", "id": "8081870" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Gibraltar)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was a liberal conservative political party from Gibraltar. The party was the third political party and the only party to sit on the centre-right in Gibraltar. Despite poor election results, it garnered growing support from the public and was seen as the 'alternative opposition'. The PDP was the only party campaigning for \"a Gibraltar freely associated to the United Kingdom\" and envisaged \"a journey through the recognition of our right to independence\". The party was also the only political party", "id": "16416540" }, { "contents": "Democratic Party of Progress\n\n\nThe Democratic Party of Progress (, PDP) is a political party in Guinea-Bissau. The PDP was established on 10 February 1992 by Amin Michel Saad. It joined the Union for Change (UM) alliance prior to the 1994 general elections, and Saad became the UM's leader. The UM won six seats in the National People's Assembly, of which the PDP (though Saad) took one. The UM was reduced to three seats in the 1999–2000 general elections, and lost them all in the 2004 parliamentary", "id": "17399816" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nHe was the Ettajdid Movement's candidate for President of Tunisia in the 2009 presidential election. Brahim was in favor of the emergence of a \"democratic modern and \"secular\" [laicist] state\" not connected with Islamists. According to Brahim, this would require \"radical\" reform of the electoral system, which would improve the political climate in guaranteeing freedom of assembly and a large scale independent press, as well as repealing a law that regulated public discourse of electoral candidates. In 1983, the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP", "id": "5642551" }, { "contents": "Sarawak State Legislative Assembly\n\n\ngovernment with a majority of 72 seats out of 82. There were several candidates from breakaway parties such as TERAS and UPP that had their members contest seats under the Barisan banner as direct election candidates under a deal by Adenan Satem after their parties were prevented from joining Barisan after opposition from parties such as PDP and SUPP. On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties including Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party", "id": "17954676" }, { "contents": "2015 Nigerian general election\n\n\nPeople's Democratic Party (PDP) primaries on 10 December 2014, receiving the nomination of the party. However, this was against an unwritten rule that the PDP's presidential candidacy should alternate between Muslim northerners and Christian southerners, and opposition to Jonathan's candidacy had led to the defection of dozens of PDP MPs in the House of Representatives. Prior to the elections, the All Progressives Congress was formed as an alliance of four opposition parties, the Action Congress of Nigeria, the Congress for Progressive Change, the All Nigeria Peoples", "id": "18172183" }, { "contents": "Civic Democratic Party (Hungary)\n\n\nThe Civic Democratic Party (, PDP) was a liberal political party in Hungary in the period following World War II The party was established towards the end of 1944 as a successor to the Civic Freedom Party. Part of a group of members who had belonged to now-defunct conservative parties before the war, Géza Teleki was elected as the party's first leader. The PDP won 21 seats in the National Interim Assembly elections in November 1944. However, Communist opposition to Teleki led to him losing his place in the Cabinet", "id": "16990101" }, { "contents": "Afek Tounes\n\n\nAfek Tounes won 4 seats for the constitutive assembly. The party was rattled on 3 November 2011 though by the resignation of several key founding members such as its spokesperson Emna Mnif, its general secretary Mustapha Mezghani, Sami Zaoui, Hela Hababou and another 13 members. After underperforming in the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, Afek Tounes joined talks with other secularist and liberal parties, especially the Progressive Democratic Party to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was completed on 9 April 2012. The new party is called", "id": "1405509" }, { "contents": "Ali Lankoandé\n\n\nAli Lankoandé (10 November 1930 – 28 May 2014) is a Burkinabé politician from Burkina Faso. He was President of the Party for Democracy and Progress/Socialist Party (PDP/PS) from 2005 to 2008. Lankoandé headed the National Social Security Fund and served as a deputy in the National Assembly of Burkina Faso, as well as Minister of National Education, during the 1970s. Lankoandé was elected to succeed Joseph Ki-Zerbo as President of the PDP/PS on 5 February 2005. Running as the PDP/", "id": "21268271" }, { "contents": "Ennahda Movement\n\n\ncollapse of the government of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the Ennahdha Movement Party was formed, and in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, (the first free election in the country's history), won a plurality of 37% of the popular vote and formed a government. Uproar in the traditionally secular country over \"Islamization\" and assassinations of two secular politicians however, led to the 2013–14 Tunisian political crisis, and the party stepped down following the implementation of a new constitution in January 2014. The party came in", "id": "10814394" }, { "contents": "1991 Sint Maarten general election\n\n\nGeneral elections were held in Sint Maarten on 12 April 1991 to elect the 9 members of the Island Council. The Sint Maarten Patriotic Alliance (SPA) led by Vance James Jr. emerged as the largest party, winning 4 of the 9 seats. The SPA and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) agreed to form a coalition government. On 28 August 1991 the SPA/PDP government collapsed. PDP political leader Millicent Acuna-Lopez-de Weever said that \"fundamental philosophical differences\" with the SPA caused the coalition \"to", "id": "12703859" }, { "contents": "Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party\n\n\nin the Rajya Sabha. It was a member of the ruling United Progressive Alliance until the 2009 general election. Sayeed headed the PDP-Indian National Congress Coalition Government between October 2002 and November 2005, and he was the party's Patron until his death on 7 January 2016. The PDP is now headed by Mehbooba Mufti, Sayeed's daughter. The PDP operates on the ideology of self-rule, as distinctly different from the issues of autonomy. It believes that self-rule as a political philosophy, as opposed to", "id": "248417" }, { "contents": "Ettajdid Movement\n\n\nThe Ettajdid Movement (\"Movement for Renewal\" ; , ' ; ), also referred to simply as Ettajdid, was a centre-left secularist political party in Tunisia, active from 1993 to 2012. Ettajdid evolved out of the old Tunisian Communist Party when it abandoned its former ideology in 1993. During the Ben Ali rule it was one of the legal, although oppressed opposition parties. After the Tunisian revolution of 2011, it became part of the Democratic Modernist Pole alliance and in 2012 it merged into the Social Democratic Path", "id": "16419620" }, { "contents": "Elections in Montserrat\n\n\n(when the Council was expanded to seven seats) and 1966. The 1970 elections saw the new Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) win all seven seats. The PDP also won the 1973 elections, but was defeated in 1978 when the People's Liberation Movement (PLM) won all seven seats. The PLM went on to win the 1983 and 1987 elections. The 1991 elections were won by the National Progressive Party, which won four of the seven seats. The 1996 elections resulted in a hung parliament, with the People", "id": "4125813" }, { "contents": "2013–14 Tunisian political crisis\n\n\nafter the elections Ben Ali jailed nearly 25,000 of its activists with Ennahda militants responding by attacking the ruling party's headquarters killing one person and splashing acid on others. Following the revolution, it described itself to be a \"moderate Islamist\" party by advocating democracy and recognizing political pluralism and dialogue with the West. Its supporters back then regarded the party as an example of how a balance can be struck between modernity and Islamism while its critics viewed it as a threat to secularism in Tunisia, which was often regarded as the most", "id": "7679782" }, { "contents": "List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2013–18)\n\n\nof 72 seats out of 82. There were several candidates from breakaway parties such as TERAS and UPP that had their members contest seats under the Barisan banner as direct election candidates under a deal by Adenan Satem after their parties were prevented from joining Barisan after opposition from parties such as PDP and SUPP. On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties including Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP) officially", "id": "21866476" }, { "contents": "Mike Onoja\n\n\nParty at the 2015 general election by the All Progressives Congress, he and other politicians of the People's Democratic Party defected to the All Progressives Congress in 2016. He returned to the People's Democratic Party in the run-up to the 2019 Benue south Senatorial election. After the PDP's Senatorial Primary election in 2018, Mike Onoja again defected from the party to the Social Democratic Party after expressing his dissatisfaction with the PDP's conduct of the primary election. Mike Onoja is the Chairman/CEO of Moonsons Resources Investment International", "id": "10879880" }, { "contents": "History of modern Tunisia\n\n\n, several Islamist activists were released from prison. He also forged a national pact with the Tunisian party Harakat al-Ittijah al-Islami (Islamic Tendency Movement), which had been founded in 1981; later it changed its name to Ennahda (the Renaissance Party). He also changed the ruling party's name to the Democratic Constitutional Rally. However, Ben Ali's innovative tack did not work out well. Subsequently, An-Nahda claimed to have run strongly in the 1989 elections, giving it the appearance of being", "id": "17057122" }, { "contents": "Yassine Brahim\n\n\nof the new company, which he led into the following acquisition by U.S. based SunGard. In 2010 he turned back to Tunisia, just before the Tunisian Revolution would lead to his appointment as Minister of Transport and Equipment in the short-lived second Ghannouchi cabinet and the subsequent Essebsi cabinet. He resigned on 17 June 2011 to become general secretary of the newly founded Afek Tounes party which he led into a merger with Ahmed Najib Chebbi's Progressive Democratic Party, the Republican Party \"Al Joumhouri\". On 28 August 2013,", "id": "2666991" }, { "contents": "Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties\n\n\nup his position in the transitional government. In the Constituent Assembly election on 23 October 2011, Ettakatol won 20 of the 217 seats making it the fourth force in the Assembly. Subsequently, the FDTL came to an agreement with the two major parties, the Islamist Ennahda Movement and the secular Congress for the Republic (CPR), to share the three highest positions in state. Accordingly, Ben Jafar was voted Speaker of the Assembly on 22 November. In exchange, the Forum supported the election of CPR-leader Moncef Marzouki", "id": "2468766" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Tonga)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (PDP) is a political party in Tonga. It was formed after a split in the Human Rights and Democracy Movement. The party was founded on 8 April 2005 in 'Atenisi. Teisina Fuko was the first person elected to the party presidency at a meeting on 15 April 2005. The PDP was legally registered on July 1, 2005, being the first Tongan party to do so. The party has not won any seats to the Tonga Parliament. It is currently inactive without any candidates or", "id": "19615344" }, { "contents": "2013 Gibraltar by-election\n\n\nSocial Democrats as Opposition had initially decided not to contest the by-election considering instead a \"gentleman's agreement\" as the seat had been one of the GSLP which had become vacant under tragic circumstances. The Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) which was not represented in Parliament immediately decided it would contest the by-election seeing it as an opportunity to be represented despite its poor performance at the previous two general elections. On 30 May 2013 the PDP announced its candidature of party leader Nick Cruz. At this point the GSD", "id": "8509410" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (PDP) is a major contemporary political party in Nigeria. Its policies generally lie towards the centre-right of the political spectrum. It won every Presidential election between 1999 and 2011, and was until the 2015 elections, the governing party in the Fourth Republic although in some cases, amid a few controversial electoral circumstances. Currently, PDP controls 14 states out of 36 states in Nigeria. In 1998 the PDP in its first presidential primary election held in Jos, Plateau State, North Central Nigeria", "id": "1890377" }, { "contents": "Social Democratic Union of Macedonia\n\n\nThe Social Democratic Union of Macedonia (–СДСМ, \"Socijaldemokratski Sojuz na Makedonija\"–SDSM) is a social-democratic political party, the main centre-left political party in North Macedonia. The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia was founded on 20 April 1991 at the 11th Congress of SKM-PDP (UCM – Party for Democratic Changes). Branko Crvenkovski was elected as the party's first president. Its current leader is Zoran Zaev. The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia is a member of the Progressive Alliance and an associate affiliate of", "id": "1084636" }, { "contents": "Peoples Democratic Party (Kenya)\n\n\nThe Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) is a political party in Kenya. The PDP was established in 1992. It won a single seat in the 2007 general elections, Richard Momoima Onyonka in Kitutu Chache Constituency. In 2010 Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) MP James Omingo Magara defected to the party after the ODM did not nominate him as its candidate in the South Mugirango by-election, which was held after Magara's victory in the 2007 elections was annulled due to irregularities. However, Magara was defeated in the by-", "id": "19016018" }, { "contents": "Dickson Tarkighir\n\n\nat the polls in the 2015 general elections and won the seat to represent the people of Makurdi/Guma Federal Constituency in the House of Representatives, Abuja. On Tuesday, 24 July 2018, Tarkighir was among 37 members of the House of Representatives who defected from the ruling All Progressives Congress (APC) to other political parties. He defected to the People's Democratic Party (PDP), a party he had previously defected from. However, On Tuesday, 22 January 2019, Tarkighir announced his return to the All Progressives", "id": "8861699" }, { "contents": "Guillermo Irizarry\n\n\ngovernor abandoned the party that elected him, the Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico (PDP), and joined a newly founded party, the People's Party, which nominated him for an unsuccessful reelection bid. In November of that year, the PDP suffered its first defeat with the election of the New Progressive Party's Luis A. Ferré. As a result, Secretary Irizarry presided over the first transition between elected governors of different parties. From 1973 to 1977, during the administration of Governor Rafael Hernández Colón, Irizarry served again", "id": "1916365" }, { "contents": "1931 Argentine general election\n\n\nJulio Roca as his running mate; Roca, the son of the late PAN leader, Julio A. Roca, had led the Democratic Party of Córdoba. The Democratic Progressive Party (PDP), known for its anti-corruption platform, nominated Senator Lisandro de la Torre, who also earned the endorsement of the Socialist Party of Argentina, a party in search of leadership following the passing of Juan B. Justo, in 1928. The alliance alienated conservatives in the PDP, however, who instead endorsed the aging Francisco A. Barroetaveña,", "id": "14281535" }, { "contents": "Jebali Cabinet\n\n\nThe first cabinet of Tunisian Head of Government Hamadi Jebali was presented on 20 December 2011. Jebali has been appointed by interim President Moncef Marzouki, who had been elected by the National Constituent Assembly, a body constituted to draft a new constitution after the Tunisian Revolution and the fall of former President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in Spring 2011. It took office on 24 December 2011. The three parties in the \"Troika\" coalition are the Islamist Ennahda Movement, the centre-left secularist Congress for the Republic (CPR),", "id": "5725136" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Montserrat)\n\n\nwere the first occasion on which the MLP had faced serious opposition, and saw the PDP win all seven seats, leaving the MLP without parliamentary representation. Percival Austin Bramble became Chief Minister. The PDP subsequently won five of the seven seats in the 1973 elections, but were defeated in the 1978 elections, when the People's Liberation Movement formed by former PDP minister John Osborne won all seven seats. The PDP contested the 1983 elections, winning two seats in the Legislative Council. It was reduced to one seat in the 1987", "id": "6998615" }, { "contents": "1987 European Parliament election in Spain\n\n\na European-wide election was due in 1989, elected MEPs only served for the remainder of the European Parliament term. The ruling Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) designated former Foreign Affairs Minister Fernando Morán to lead their campaign. The main opposition People's Alliance party (AP), running on its own after the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and Liberal Party (PL) broke away from the People's Coalition, chose Manuel Fraga—who had resigned as party leader in December 1986—to lead the party list", "id": "7968065" }, { "contents": "2011 Gibraltar general election\n\n\ngave the GSLP an advantage of up to 9% over the governing party, the GSD, while one (that of the Spanish newspaper \"Area\", which published no details and was widely thought to be politically motivated) predicted a GSD win. Two parties, the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD) and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), and an alliance (Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)/Liberals) have presented a full slate of 10 candidates each, making a total of 30 candidates for 17 seats in the Gibraltar", "id": "19578144" }, { "contents": "Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance\n\n\nThe Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance (\"Partido Democrático para o Progresso – Aliança Nacional Angolana\") is a political party in Angola. The party was founded in Luanda, March 17, 1991. It was led by Mfulumpinga Landu Victor, a former National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) cadre and Member of Parliament for the PDP-ANA, until he was shot dead outside the party office in 2004. It is now led by Francisco Lele. In the 2008 legislative elections, it gained 0.51%", "id": "17803317" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Montserrat)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was a political party in Montserrat. The party was established in 1970 by Percival Austin Bramble, son of Chief Minister and leader of the Montserrat Labour Party (MLP) William Henry Bramble. Percival had previously been a member of the MLP and was elected to the Legislative Council as an MLP candidate in the 1966 elections. However, he subsequently broke away to form the PDP as a result of controversy over the number of holiday and retirement homes being built on the island. The 1970 elections", "id": "6998614" }, { "contents": "Party of Democratic Progress\n\n\nThe Party of Democratic Progress () is a Serbian political party in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the third-largest party in Republika Srpska. PDP was established in Banja Luka on 26 September 1999. During the founding assembly, Mladen Ivanić was elected as the president of the party, while Branko Dokić and Zoran Đerić were elected as vice presidents. The party is an observer member of the European People's Party (EPP) and International Democrat Union (IDU). In terms of bilateral cooperation with other European parties,", "id": "19626107" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (, O'zXDP or PDP) is a centre-left political party in Uzbekistan founded in 1991. The PDP was founded in October 1991 after the Communist Party of Uzbekistan voted to cut its ties with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and change its name to PDP. The party was led by President Islam Karimov since its foundation until 1996, at which point Karimov stepped down and resigned his membership. Karimov created the Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party in 2003. This is supported by the fact", "id": "19132598" }, { "contents": "Ademola Rasaq Seriki\n\n\nwas appointed a National Fund Raising Committee member in the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) for the 1999 National elections. The PDP also appointed him as a member of the Candidate and Party Relations Committee for Obasanjo/Atiku Presidential Election. From 2000 to 2002 Demola Seriki emerged as the PDP Party Chairman of Lagos Island Local Government Area in Lagos State and later in 2003 as the party's flag bearer to the House of Assembly representing Lagos Island Federal Constituency. In 2005 he cut his political tooth further by serving as Secretary of the", "id": "5752584" }, { "contents": "Omuma\n\n\nin the council premises and he won the House of Assembly election in 2011. He was re-elected in 2015 election to represent Omuma for the second time in Rivers State House of Assembly under the PDP. Several other political parties have sprung up within this period as alphabetically arranged below and Omuma has been actively involved in them: • Advanced Congress of Democrats (ACD) • Alliance for Democracy (AD) • Action Democratic Party (ADP) • All Democratic Peoples Movement (ADPM) • All Progressives Congress (APC)", "id": "2613408" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Spain)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (, PDP), renamed as Christian Democracy (, DC) from March 1988 until it merged into the People's Party in June 1989, was a Christian-democratic political party in Spain. In August 1982, 13 deputies under the leadership of Óscar Alzaga split from the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) and founded the PDP, entering into alliance with the People's Alliance (AP), which received the second largest number of votes in the 1982 and 1986 general elections. The", "id": "19996228" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Malaysia)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (Malay: Parti Demokratik Progresif, Abbreviation: PDP), formerly known as Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party (SPDP) is a Sarawak based political party in Malaysia founded in 2002. The party was founded in the wake of the de-registration of the Sarawak National Party (SNAP) in November 2002 by a faction aligned to the Chief Minister of Sarawak, Abdul Taib Mahmud, led by William Mawan Ikom. The party has rebrand that using a new name - Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and a", "id": "13136566" }, { "contents": "Tunisia\n\n\n, including several that existed under the former regime. During the rule of Ben Ali, only three functioned as independent opposition parties: the PDP, FDTL, and Tajdid. While some older parties are well-established and can draw on previous party structures, many of the 100-plus parties extant as of February 2012 are small. Rare for the Arab world, women held more than 20% of seats in the country's pre-revolution bicameral parliament. In the 2011 constituent assembly, women held between 24% and 31%", "id": "11279313" }, { "contents": "Liberal Party (Spain, 1976)\n\n\nThe Liberal Party (, PL) was a liberal political party in Spain. It was part of the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) until 1983, when it aligned itself with the People's Alliance (AP), the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL). On 22 December 1984 the latter merged into the Liberal Party. These three parties formed the People's Coalition for the 1986 election. In 1989 the party, along with AP and PDP, merged to form the", "id": "19996525" }, { "contents": "New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)\n\n\nto boycott that plebiscite. Main party founder, president, and former statehood Republican Party standard-bearer Luis A. Ferré categorized the New Progressive Party as one which would not be aligned to any of the two major U.S. national parties. Co-founders of the NPP alongside Luis A. Ferre were Manuel F. Alsina Capo, attorney Nelson Escalona, and Benny Frankie Cerezo. Under Luis A. Ferré, the NPP came to power in January 1969, after defeating Luis Negrón López, the gubernatorial candidate from the Popular Democratic Party (PDP)", "id": "21721596" }, { "contents": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Mali)\n\n\nThe Party for Democracy and Progress (, PDP) is a political party in Mali led by Mady Konaté. The party was established in 1991, and officially registered on 25 April that year. It party received 5.1% of the vote in the February 1992 parliamentary elections, winning two seats. In the April 1992 presidential elections it nominated Idrissa Traoré as its candidate. Traoré finished fifth out of nine candidates with 7.1%^ of the vote. The local elections in the same year saw the party win 40 of the 751 seats across", "id": "19282171" }, { "contents": "Samaila Suleiman\n\n\n-2008, Energy Commission of Nigeria in 2009-2010 and later resigned to join politics. Suleiman was first elected into the public office as a local government chairman from Kaduna North in Kaduna State under the defunct Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) in 2008. He was the only politician to have won local government election under the CPC having shared the same constituency with the then vice president of Nigeria from the then ruling party People's Democratic Party (PDP). In 2015, Suleiman was first elected into the Lower Chamber", "id": "6113494" }, { "contents": "Party for Democratic Prosperity\n\n\nFor example, the party leadership criticized the 1991 Census for allegedly underreporting the percentage of the population that was Albanian from 40% to only 21%. Also, the PDP deputies voted against adopting the constitution due to its lack of protection for minorities. From the 1998 elections onwards PDP is in opposition and since then the support for the PDP has eroded considerably. At the 2002 legislative elections, the party won 2.3% of the popular vote and 2 out of 120 seats. At the 2011 legislative elections, the party won", "id": "5710802" }, { "contents": "2008 Angolan legislative election\n\n\nDemocratic Party (PLD), Party of the Alliance of Youth, Workers and Farmers of Angola (PAJOCA), Party for Democratic Support and Progress of Angola (PADEPA), the Democratic Party for Progress - Angolan National Alliance (PDP-ANA), the Front for Democracy (FpD) and four coalitions: the Democratic Angola – Coalition (AD), New Democracy Electoral Union (ND), the Electoral Political Platform (PPE) and the Angolan Fraternal Forum Coalition (FOFAC). The Angolan Democratic Party (PDA", "id": "533048" }, { "contents": "Party for Democratic Prosperity\n\n\nThe Party for Democratic Prosperity or PDP () is an ethnic Albanian political party in North Macedonia. The party was formed in April 1990 and is currently led by Abdyladi Vejseli. From 1992 to 1998 the PDP was part of the coalition governments led by the SDSM. After the split of the radical wing from the party in February 1994, PDP was generally considered to be moderate party that could cooperate with Macedonian parties, although sometimes frictions between the PDP and the other government parties arose as a consequence of the ethnic questions.", "id": "5710801" }, { "contents": "Politics of Gibraltar\n\n\n. A new party, New Gibraltar Democracy, announced it would contest the next election. NGD claimed that the two main parties were \"Out of touch with people's expectations and make up for their lack of ideas through Orwellian style propaganda.\" At the 2007 election one candidate, Charles Gomez, stood for election for the party. It achieved under 1% of the vote and has subsequently ceased any activity. In June 2006 the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was formed and announced it would be presenting a full slate", "id": "11739411" }, { "contents": "Tunisian people\n\n\nto an end 23 years latter on January 14, 2011, in the events of the Tunisian Revolution, following nationwide demonstrations precipitated by high unemployment, food inflation, corruption, a lack of political freedoms like freedom of speech and poor living conditions. Following the overthrow of Ben Ali, Tunisians elected a Constituent Assembly to draft a new constitution, and an interim government known as the Troika because it was a coalition of three parties; the Islamist Ennahda Movement in the lead, with the centre-left Congress for the Republic and", "id": "21785336" }, { "contents": "Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle\n\n\nIn the aftermath of \"Mt. Healthy\",\" wrote Sandra Lynch for the First Circuit in 2004, \"confusion still sometimes arises about the issue of causation.\" She was writing in one of several cases it heard in the mid-2000s arising from alleged political retaliation in Puerto Rico, where members of the New Progressive Party (NPP) brought suit claiming that members of the rival Popular Democratic Party (PDP) had improperly forced them out of government jobs after the PDP defeated the incumbent NPP in the commonwealth's 2000 elections.", "id": "17963178" }, { "contents": "Great Ogboru\n\n\n2003. In the 2007 election, Great Ogboru contested for governorship under the flag of the Democracy People Party (DPP) against Emmanuel Uduaghan of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) and lost to Emmanuel Uduagha again in 2011 election though he contested under the umbrella of Labour Party In the 2015 Delta State governorship election, Great Ogboru contested for governorship under the umbrella of All Progressive Congress (APC). He was defeated by Ifeanyi Okowa of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) . In the 2019 governorship election of Delta State,", "id": "278732" }, { "contents": "1983 Murcian regional election\n\n\nelectoral alliance led by the right-wing People's Alliance (AP), which included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), became the second political force and the main opposition party, whereas the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) also entered the Assembly, obtaining 1 seat. As a result of the election, Socialist Andrés Hernández Ros, who since 1979 had been the President of the Regional Council of Murcia (the pre-autonomic regional government), became the first democratically", "id": "19967050" }, { "contents": "Emmanuel Nnamdi Uba\n\n\nEmmanuel Nnamdi Uba, or Andy Uba (born 14 December 1958), is a Nigerian politician who was elected Senator for the Anambra South constituency of Anambra State, Nigeria, in April 2011. He ran on the People's Democratic Party (PDP) platform. He defected to the ruling All Progressives Congress in February 2017; the leadership crises engulfing the former ruling party PDP may have motivated his decision. Uba was born on 14 December 1958 in Enugu, and attended the Boys High School in Awkunanaw. His parents originated from", "id": "17515892" }, { "contents": "Islam and secularism\n\n\ndictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collapsed in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian revolution, Tunisia's interim government granted the group permission to form a political party. Since then it has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, 2011, the first honest election in the country's history with a turn out of 51.1% of all eligible voters, the party won 37.04% of the popular vote and 89 (41%)", "id": "18330475" }, { "contents": "United Progressive Alliance\n\n\nthe Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party announced the withdrawal of the PDP from the UPA given that the Congress had decided to support the Omar Abdullah-led National Conference Government in Jammu & Kashmir after the 2008 state elections. On 26 March 2009, PMK declared that it would join the AIADMK led front and withdrew from the UPA and the party president declared that two union ministers of his party will resign shortly. On 12 November 2012, Barrister Asaduddin Owaisi, leader of the AIMIM announced the decision of the party's executive and", "id": "8764699" }, { "contents": "Umaru Tanko Al-Makura\n\n\nfounding member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) in Nasarawa State in 1998. Al-Makura defected from the PDP after losing the primary elections for the Nasarawa Governor competition. Al-Makura was elected Governor of Nasarawa State, Nigeria on 26 April 2011, running on the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) ticket. He defeated the incumbent governor, Aliyu Akwe-Doma of the PDP. On 14 July 2014 the Speaker of the Nasarawa State House of Assembly gave a notice of impeachment to the Clerk of the", "id": "7102114" }, { "contents": "2013 Gibraltar by-election\n\n\nThe Gibraltar by-election, 2013 was a parliamentary by-election held on 4 July 2013 for the Gibraltar Parliament. The by-election was to contest the seat left vacant by the death of Government of Gibraltar Housing Minister Charles Bruzon in April 2013. The Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP), Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and an independent contested the by-election. The Liberal Party of Gibraltar who is in alliance and in Government with the GSLP backed the GSLP's candidate", "id": "8509407" }, { "contents": "Politics of Tajikistan\n\n\nThree major opposition parties—the Democratic Party, the Islamic Renaissance Party, and the Social Democratic Party—boycotted the election. In the early 2000s, independent political parties continued to exist, but their operations were circumscribed and their influence marginal. The governing People’s Democratic Party (PDP) gained strength as some opposition party leaders joined the government and others were disqualified from participation in elections. The Communist Party of Tajikistan, a nominal opposition party that has supported President Rahmon on most issues, has lost support since 2000. The", "id": "11083170" }, { "contents": "Dapo Abiodun\n\n\nis also reportedly the founder of First Power Limited. Dapo Abiodun is a founding member of Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) in Ogun State, although he is currently a member of the All Progressive Congress (APC) defecting after the 2015 general elections. He contested the Ogun East senatorial seat on the platform of the All Progressive Congress(APC) in the 2015 Nigerian general elections which he lost to the Peoples Democratic Party(PDP) candidate . He was elected a senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria on the platform of the defunct United Nigeria", "id": "1139922" }, { "contents": "1983 Riojan regional election\n\n\n. The People's Coalition, an electoral alliance led by the People's Alliance (AP), which also included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), emerged as the second largest grouping in the General Deputation, while the newly created regionalist Progressive Riojan Party (PRP) came third. Neither the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) or the Democratic and Social Centre (CDS), the only other parties standing in the election, were able to meet the electoral threshold and failed", "id": "18176961" }, { "contents": "Trinity—Spadina\n\n\nwas expected to be a very competitive election. Additionally, Conservative David Watters, Green Anna Costa, Progressive Canadian Party Asif Hossain, Canadian Action Party Tristan Downe-Dewdney and Daniel Knezetic for the Popular Democratic Party contested the election. The Popular Democratic Party was a social democratic and populist political party formed in 2003. It did not register as a political party with Elections Canada, and closed down after the 2004 election. The PDP proposed decentralization and community involvement in the political process through the creation of community councils to which any", "id": "8027884" }, { "contents": "Galician Coalition\n\n\nin the Congreso de los Diputados since the Second Republic. In January 1987 the most nationalist and progressive sectors of CG, led by Pablo González Mariñas and Xosé Henrique Rodríguez Peña, left the party and formed the Galician Nationalist Party (which would eventually join the Galician Nationalist Bloc). To attend the 1987 municipal elections CG formed the Galician Progressive Coalition, with the Democratic Popular Party (PDP) and the Liberal Party, gaining the 11.07% of the vote and 607 councilors. Following the departure of Xosé Luís Barreiro of the", "id": "602391" }, { "contents": "2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election\n\n\nthe delay, all major parties approved of it, even the Ennahda Movement; other parties approving the new election date included the Progressive Democratic Party, Ettajdid Movement, Al Majd, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the Social Liberal Party. In September, the government of Canada declared that it would not allow Tunisia to open polling stations in its territory because it refused to be included in another country's electoral constituency. Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird called the issue \"a matter of Canadian sovereignty\". In response to Canada", "id": "14450727" }, { "contents": "Democratic Modernist Pole\n\n\nin all the 33 constituencies at home and abroad. Sixteen women and 17 men will be chief candidates. Riadh Ben Fadl and Mustapha Ben Ahmed, are the founders of the group. Ahmed Ibrahim is a leader in the bloc. The bloc won 5 of the 217 seats and 4.91% of the vote in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election. Three of the parties in the coalition: the Republican Party, the Socialist Left Party and the Social Democratic Path) became part of another coalition called the Union for Tunisia in 2013", "id": "19583402" }, { "contents": "Abdulmumin Jibrin\n\n\nof Commerce (NBCC) between 2010 – 2011. Jibrin was first elected into the Nigerian National Assembly's House of Representatives representing Kiru/Bebeji Federal constituency of Kano State under the Peoples Democratic Party - PDP in 2011 before decamping to the newly formed political party in Nigeria, the All Progressives Congress (APC) in 2014 and was later re-elected into House of Representatives in 2015. Jibrin was the Chairman House of Representatives Committee on Finance in the 7th Assembly with oversight on the Federal Ministry of Finance and its Parastatals,", "id": "18363893" }, { "contents": "Rashidi Adewolu Ladoja\n\n\n2009, a former aide testified on the way on which the share money had been divided between Ladoja's family, bodyguard, senior politicians and lawyers. Ladoja was the governorship candidate for Accord party in Oyo State during the April 2011 and 2015 elections, he lost to Senator Abiola Ajimobi. He later merged his Accord Party into PDP in 2017. Dispute in PDP made him and other allies (from Labour Party, All Progressives Congress APC etc.) to move over African Democratic Congress (ADC) in 2018. After a", "id": "21855065" }, { "contents": "Mohammed Badaru Abubakar\n\n\nAll Progressives Congress in 2015 along with PDP contender Mal. Aminu Ibrahim Ringim. The Independent National Electoral Commission on 13 April 2015 declared him the winner of that election. On 9 March 2019 Jigawa state gubernatorial election, Badaru was re-elected has governor having polled a total of 810,933 votes, the candidate of the Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, Aminu Ibrahim Ringim scored 288,356 while the candidate of the Social Democratic Party, SDP, Bashir Adamu Jumbo scored 32,894 votes, thereby making him the winner of the election. In recognition", "id": "20149723" }, { "contents": "Popular Democratic Party (France)\n\n\nthe PDP prior to the 1924 legislative election. Established by Congress on 15 and 16 November 1924, under the chairmanship of George Thibout and involving 200 delegates, the PDP supported the desire to achieve \"a task in bringing reconciliation around the idea of Republicanism\" by the definition of \"new Republican faith\" The Popular Democrats advocated that religion was not and should not be a line between right and left. However, the PDP oriented itself to the centre-right in direct competition to the Republican Federation, the party from which", "id": "22044943" }, { "contents": "Socialism in Tunisia\n\n\nthe Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties (Ettakatol or FDTL) was founded and officially recognized on 25 October 2002. Is a social democratic and secularist political party in Tunisia. Its founder and Secretary-General is the radiologist Mustapha Ben Jafar. Active from 1993 to 2012, the Ettajdid Movement (\"Movement for Renewal\") was a centre-left secularist, democratic socialist and social liberal political party in Tunisia. It was led by Ahmed Ibrahim. For the Constituent assembly election, Ettajdid formed a strongly secularist alliance called Democratic", "id": "5642583" }, { "contents": "Wafa Movement\n\n\nThe Wafa Movement (), sometimes referred to as the Independent Democratic Congress, is a political party in Tunisia. The party was founded in 2012 by a number of constituents who broke away from the Congress for the Republic (CPR). Led by the short-time CPR secretary-general Abderraouf Ayadi, the party however remained loosely allied with the governing Troika coalition of Ennahda, CPR and Ettakatol. Generally seen as a secular, left-leaning party, the Wafa Movement reached out to Islamists on the grounds of seeking", "id": "13260598" }, { "contents": "Abdulkareem Adisa\n\n\nPeople's Democratic Party (PDP) in Kwara State. One PDP group suspended the Minister of State for Women Affairs, Miss Funke Adedoyin, but another group of PDP elders, led by Adisa, voided Adedoyin’s suspension. Adisa also became vice-chairman of the Kwara Progressive Movement (KPM). Abdulkareem Adisa was leader of a movement to elect General Ibrahim Babangida as president in 2007. He published an attack on the National Democratic Coalition (NADECO) in \"The Guardian\" of 28 April 2004, warning the group", "id": "1146576" }, { "contents": "Nidaa Tounes\n\n\n\"founder\" Habib Bourguiba). In addition, the party has the support of many members of the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT) and the national employers' union, UTICA. They believe that Tunisia's secular forces have to unite to counter the dominance of the Islamist Ennahda Movement. From its foundation until July 2013, 11 members of the Constituent Assembly joined the party by defecting from various other parties. On 11 February 2013, the Republican Party joined Nidaa Tounes and four other parties in a political alliance called Union", "id": "4542216" }, { "contents": "Gibraltar\n\n\nrepresented by the Governor of Gibraltar. The governor enacts day-to-day matters on the advice of the Gibraltar Parliament, but is responsible to the British government in respect of defence, foreign policy, internal security and general good governance. Judicial and other appointments are made on behalf of the monarch in consultation with the head of the elected government. The 2011 election was contested by the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)-Gibraltar Liberal Party (GLP) Alliance and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP", "id": "7263743" }, { "contents": "Adamu Sidi Ali\n\n\nballots had not been included in the count.In turn, the PDP appealed the decision to nullify the election of their candidate, who had died two months after the election, saying the election should be a re-run due to his death. Their appeal was rejected. Later, Sidi Ali changed allegiance to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). During a PDP campaign flag-off meeting before the April 2007 elections, he advised political opponents not to use thugs to destabilize the elections. Sidi Ali became senator for", "id": "13302889" }, { "contents": "Ahmed Tijani Ahmed\n\n\nAhmed Tijani Ahmed (December 17, 1941 – June 10, 2006) was a Nigerian politician who was Senator for the Kogi Central constituency in Kogi State from 1999 to 2003 as a member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP). When Kogi State was created in 1991, Ahmed Tijani Ahmed joined a group of liberal progressive politicians in the Social Democratic Party (SDP) that created an agreement on power sharing among the different peoples of the state. However, they lost the December 1991 governorship election to the National Republican", "id": "14754363" }, { "contents": "Abdulmumin Jibrin\n\n\nthe members of the House of Representatives that led the first set of 37 Legislators that decamped from the ruling People's Democratic Party (PDP) to the main opposition party, All Progressive Party (APC). In March 2015, Abdulmumin contested and got re-elected to the House of Representatives by the people of his constituency Kiru/Bebeji Kano state, Nigeria. As Chairman Appropriation, Jibrin has oversight function over the Budget office and national budget, the appropriation of funds for execution of government programmes and projects. He also", "id": "18363903" }, { "contents": "Godswill Akpabio\n\n\nSenatorial District to represent the district in the Senate of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Running under the platform of the People’s Democratic Party (PDP), he polled 422,009 of the 439,449 to defeat Chief Inibehe Okorie of the All Progressive Congress (APC) who recorded 15, 152 votes to be declared elected by the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). Akpabio was nominated for the position of the Senate Minority Leader by the South-South caucus of the People's Democratic Party (PDP), ratified by the caucus", "id": "19678208" }, { "contents": "1970 Montserratian general election\n\n\nGeneral elections were held in Montserrat on 15 December 1970. The result was a victory for the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), which won all seven seats in the Legislative Council, whilst the Montserrat Labour Party (MLP), which had won every election since the introduction of universal suffrage in 1951, lost all four of its seats. PDP leader Percival Austin Bramble became Chief Minister, replacing his father and MLP leader, William Henry Bramble. Universal suffrage was introduced in Montserrat in 1951, and the first elections under it", "id": "6935944" }, { "contents": "Atiku Abubakar\n\n\nProgressives Congress (APC), a party he helped to form. On 3 December 2017, via a Facebook Live broadcast, Abubakar announced his return to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). The announcement followed consultations the former Vice President had with party leaders and stakeholders from across the country. He said he decided to 'return home' to the PDP now that the issues which made him leave the party had been resolved. Abubakar declared his candidacy for the presidential nomination of the PDP mid 2018 and won the nomination at", "id": "10683389" }, { "contents": "Luis A. Ferré\n\n\nProgressive Party (a.k.a., PNP). In the following general election in 1968, Ferré ran for Governor and defeated Luis Negrón López, the candidate of the Popular Democratic Party (PPD) by a slight margin. The ruling party had split with the creation of the People's Party, which ran incumbent PDP-elected Governor Roberto Sánchez Vilella as its gubernatorial candidate, ending Luis Muñoz Marín's PPD's hold on the governor's seat, which had lasted 20 years. During Ferré's administration, Puerto Rico was in", "id": "11079059" }, { "contents": "1994–1995 Uzbek parliamentary election\n\n\nParliamentary elections were held in Uzbekistan on 25 December 1994, with a second round held in 39 constituencies on 8 January 1995 and seven constituencies on 22 January. The election was contested by 634 candidates, 250 nominated by local councils, 243 members of the People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan, and 141 Progress Party of the Fatherland members. The majority of seats were won by local council nominees (around 120 of which were PDP members), whilst the People's Democratic Party emerged as the largest party. Voter turnout was 93.6", "id": "15227647" }, { "contents": "1983 Madrilenian regional election\n\n\nthe PSOE won 51 seats. The People's Coalition, an electoral alliance led by the People's Alliance (AP), which also included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), emerged as the second largest grouping in the Assembly. The Communist Party of Spain was the only other party to win seats in the Assembly. In 1986, the party joined with other left-wing movements to form the current United Left. The Assembly of Madrid was the devolved, unicameral legislature of", "id": "3098844" } ]

[ { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nby Ahmed Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi. On 9 April 2012, it merged into the Republican Party. The Progressive Democratic Party had a newspaper, \"Al-Mawqif\". In its beginnings, the Progressive Socialist Rally (now PDP) gathered a broad range of currents from Marxists and pro-democracy activists to progressive Muslims. During the Ben Ali rule, Najib Chebbi and the PDP were harassed by the police for years, and verbally attacked by state-run media. After unsuccessfully participating in elections from 1989 to 1999", "id": "16419721" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\n, the party decided to boycott the elections of 2004 and 2009. Therefore, it was unrepresented in the Tunisian parliament. After the Ben Ali administration announced to force the party to move their headquarters from Tunis, its leaders Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi engaged in a 20-days hunger strike, which earned the party attention and prompted the administration to revoke their decision. Following the 2010–2011 Tunisian protests, shootings outside PDP's headquarters were reported on 16 January 2011. The next day, on 17 January, party leader Najib Chebbi, was", "id": "16419722" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nnamed Regional Development Minister in the interim government. Ahead of the Constituent Assembly election, the PDP evolved into a main exponent of the centre-left secular camp and rival of the Islamist Ennahda Movement. In the run-up to the elections, the Progressive Democrats have received quite an amount of financial support which enabled the party for a lavish campaign. Critics claim that an important part of the funding came from businesspeople close to the old Ben Ali power elite. In the election for a constituent assembly, the PDP won 3.9", "id": "16419723" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\n) was founded under the name of \"Progressive Socialist Rally\", and gained legal recognition on 12 September 1988. It was secular and liberal party. The party was renamed as Progressive Democratic Party in 2001. Under the rule of Ben Ali it was a legal opposition party, but subjected to political repression. After the Tunisian revolution it was one of the major left-leaning secular political forces. It was led by Ahmed Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi. On 9 April 2012, it merged into the Republican Party. Maya", "id": "5642552" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\n% of the popular vote and 16 of 217 seats in the National Constituent Assembly, putting it at the fifth place. As the party had categorically ruled out any collaboration with the victorious Islamist Ennahda Movement, the Progressive Democrats went into opposition and belong to the outspoken critics of the governing coalition of the Islamists with the secular CPR and Ettakatol parties. After the electoral defeat, the PDP launched talks with other secularist and liberal parties to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was realised on the PDP's", "id": "16419724" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (, \"; ), also referred to by its acronym PDP, was a secular liberal political party in Tunisia. The Progressive Democratic Party was founded under the name of \"Progressive Socialist Rally\" in 1983, gained legal recognition on 12 September 1988 and was renamed Progressive Democratic Party in 2001. Under the rule of Ben Ali it was a legal opposition party, but subjected to political repression. After the Tunisian revolution it was one of the major left-leaning secular political forces. It was led", "id": "16419720" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nSecretary-General of the PDP. She has been the first woman to lead a political party in Tunisia. From 1 to 20 October 2007, Jribi, along with Najib Chebbi, engaged in a hunger strike to protest against the forced move of the party's headquarters from Tunis, which caused serious health implications for her. Jribi headed the PDP’s electoral list in Ben Arous for the Constituent Assembly Elections in October 2011. The PDP list received one seat in Ben Arous according to preliminary election results. On 9 April 2012", "id": "632088" }, { "contents": "Republican Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nThe Republican Party ( \"\", ) is a centrist liberal party in Tunisia. It was formed on 9 April 2012 as a merger of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Afek Tounes and the Tunisian Republican Party, several minor parties and independents. The party is led by Maya Jribi who was previously the secretary-general of the PDP. The party held 11 out of 217 seats and was the largest oppositional party in the National Constituent Assembly of Tunisia. The party withdrew from the Union for Tunisia coalition, though", "id": "15161288" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nDuring that period, she became involved and an active member of the student union, known as UGET, and the Tunisian League of Human Rights. She wrote for the independent weekly Erraï and later for the PDP-newspaper Al Mawkif. Together with Ahmed Najib Chebbi, Maya Jribi co-founded the \"Progressive Socialist Rally\", established in 1983, which was later renamed into Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). Since 1986 she has been a member of the party's executive. On 25 December 2006, Jribi was appointed", "id": "632087" }, { "contents": "Ahmed Najib Chebbi\n\n\nAhmed Najib Chebbi (, ) or simply Najib Chebbi (born 30 July 1944) is a Tunisian attorney and politician. Chebbi is a prominent figure of the Tunisian opposition movement; in 1983, he founded the Democratic Progressive Party, which gained legal recognition in 1988. He is currently the leader of the Democratic Progressive Party. In 2006, Maya Jribi became the party's secretary-general, the first woman to hold such office in Tunisia. In 2009 Chebbi attempted to run as a candidate for President of Tunisia but was", "id": "1109530" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nof investigative journalism, unconditional and free access to information, open government, anti-censorship of all kinds, among others. On 9 April 2012, the Republican Party was formed as a merger of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Afek Tounes and the Tunisian Republican Party, several minor parties and independents. The party is centrist and liberal, it's led by Maya Jribi who was previously the secretary-general of the PDP. The party held 11 out of 217 seats and was the largest oppositional party in the", "id": "5642564" }, { "contents": "Tunisian Revolution\n\n\nand Ahmed Najib Chebbi of the PDP), three representatives from the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT), and representatives of civil society (including prominent blogger Slim Amamou). Three notable movements not included in the national unity government were the banned Ennahda Movement, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the secular reformist Congress for the Republic. The following day, the three members of the UGTT and Ben Jafaar resigned, saying that they had \"no confidence\" in a government featuring members of the RCD. There were daily", "id": "18746070" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nparty in Tunisia. Its program is liberal, focusing on secularism and civil liberties. The party mainly appealed to intellectuals and the upper class. After underperforming in the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, Afek Tounes joined talks with other secularist and liberal parties, especially the Progressive Democratic Party to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was completed on 9 April 2012. The new party is called the Republican Party. In August 2013, Yassine Brahim, current leader of the party, and other former party members left", "id": "5642562" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nMaya Jribi (January 29, 1960 – May 19, 2018) was a Tunisian politician. From 2006 to 2012, she was the leader of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). From PDP's merger into the Republican Party in April 2012, until her resignation in 2017, she was the Secretary-General of the centrist party. Her father is from Tatouine, while her mother is from Algeria. She followed her studies in Radès Tunisia, before studying biology at the University of Sfax, from 1979 to 1983.", "id": "632086" }, { "contents": "Secularism in Tunisia\n\n\nTunisian Constitution of 2014 following a considerable debate between Islamic and secular political groups and movements. On 1 March 2011, after the secularist dictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collapsed in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian revolution, Tunisia's interim government granted the \"Ennahda\", a moderate Islamist movement in Tunisia, permission to form a political party. Since then, the Ennahda Islamic Party has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election", "id": "19596325" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nNational Constituent Assembly of Tunisia. The party withdrew from the Union for Tunisia coalition, though it is still part of the National Salvation Front. After the founding congress, nine assemblymen elected for the PDP contested the leadership vote and temporarily suspended their party membership. Those 9 members became part of the Democratic Alliance Party. After being founded in 2012, Nidaa Tounes (Call of Tunisia) won a plurality of seats in the October 2014 parliamentary election. It's a big tent secularist political party in Tunisia. The party's founding", "id": "5642565" }, { "contents": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Burkina Faso)\n\n\nThe Party for Democracy and Progress () was a political party in Burkina Faso (former Upper Volta. It was founded in April 1994 after a split in the National Convention of Progressive Patriots–Social Democratic Party in May 1993. It merged in February 1996 with the Union of the Democratic Left and the Party of Social Progress. After merger with the Burkinabè Socialist Party the PDP became the Party for Democracy and Progress / Socialist Party. At the legislative elections in 1997 the party won 10.1% of the popular vote and 6", "id": "19404846" }, { "contents": "Popular Front (Tunisia)\n\n\nof the Iraqi branch of Ba'ath Party, and other progressive parties. The number of parties involved in the coalition has since decreased to nine. Approximately 15,000 people attended the coalition's first meeting in Tunis. The Tunisian Revolution in 2011 saw the departure of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the dissolution of his party, the Democratic Constitutional Rally, and the holding of fresh elections for the creation of a new constitution. This saw the Tunisian political scene dominated by the Islamist Ennahda Movement, and its allies the Democratic Forum for", "id": "8081870" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Gibraltar)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was a liberal conservative political party from Gibraltar. The party was the third political party and the only party to sit on the centre-right in Gibraltar. Despite poor election results, it garnered growing support from the public and was seen as the 'alternative opposition'. The PDP was the only party campaigning for \"a Gibraltar freely associated to the United Kingdom\" and envisaged \"a journey through the recognition of our right to independence\". The party was also the only political party", "id": "16416540" }, { "contents": "Democratic Party of Progress\n\n\nThe Democratic Party of Progress (, PDP) is a political party in Guinea-Bissau. The PDP was established on 10 February 1992 by Amin Michel Saad. It joined the Union for Change (UM) alliance prior to the 1994 general elections, and Saad became the UM's leader. The UM won six seats in the National People's Assembly, of which the PDP (though Saad) took one. The UM was reduced to three seats in the 1999–2000 general elections, and lost them all in the 2004 parliamentary", "id": "17399816" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nHe was the Ettajdid Movement's candidate for President of Tunisia in the 2009 presidential election. Brahim was in favor of the emergence of a \"democratic modern and \"secular\" [laicist] state\" not connected with Islamists. According to Brahim, this would require \"radical\" reform of the electoral system, which would improve the political climate in guaranteeing freedom of assembly and a large scale independent press, as well as repealing a law that regulated public discourse of electoral candidates. In 1983, the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP", "id": "5642551" }, { "contents": "Sarawak State Legislative Assembly\n\n\ngovernment with a majority of 72 seats out of 82. There were several candidates from breakaway parties such as TERAS and UPP that had their members contest seats under the Barisan banner as direct election candidates under a deal by Adenan Satem after their parties were prevented from joining Barisan after opposition from parties such as PDP and SUPP. On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties including Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party", "id": "17954676" }, { "contents": "2015 Nigerian general election\n\n\nPeople's Democratic Party (PDP) primaries on 10 December 2014, receiving the nomination of the party. However, this was against an unwritten rule that the PDP's presidential candidacy should alternate between Muslim northerners and Christian southerners, and opposition to Jonathan's candidacy had led to the defection of dozens of PDP MPs in the House of Representatives. Prior to the elections, the All Progressives Congress was formed as an alliance of four opposition parties, the Action Congress of Nigeria, the Congress for Progressive Change, the All Nigeria Peoples", "id": "18172183" }, { "contents": "Civic Democratic Party (Hungary)\n\n\nThe Civic Democratic Party (, PDP) was a liberal political party in Hungary in the period following World War II The party was established towards the end of 1944 as a successor to the Civic Freedom Party. Part of a group of members who had belonged to now-defunct conservative parties before the war, Géza Teleki was elected as the party's first leader. The PDP won 21 seats in the National Interim Assembly elections in November 1944. However, Communist opposition to Teleki led to him losing his place in the Cabinet", "id": "16990101" }, { "contents": "Afek Tounes\n\n\nAfek Tounes won 4 seats for the constitutive assembly. The party was rattled on 3 November 2011 though by the resignation of several key founding members such as its spokesperson Emna Mnif, its general secretary Mustapha Mezghani, Sami Zaoui, Hela Hababou and another 13 members. After underperforming in the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, Afek Tounes joined talks with other secularist and liberal parties, especially the Progressive Democratic Party to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was completed on 9 April 2012. The new party is called", "id": "1405509" }, { "contents": "Ali Lankoandé\n\n\nAli Lankoandé (10 November 1930 – 28 May 2014) is a Burkinabé politician from Burkina Faso. He was President of the Party for Democracy and Progress/Socialist Party (PDP/PS) from 2005 to 2008. Lankoandé headed the National Social Security Fund and served as a deputy in the National Assembly of Burkina Faso, as well as Minister of National Education, during the 1970s. Lankoandé was elected to succeed Joseph Ki-Zerbo as President of the PDP/PS on 5 February 2005. Running as the PDP/", "id": "21268271" }, { "contents": "Ennahda Movement\n\n\ncollapse of the government of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the Ennahdha Movement Party was formed, and in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, (the first free election in the country's history), won a plurality of 37% of the popular vote and formed a government. Uproar in the traditionally secular country over \"Islamization\" and assassinations of two secular politicians however, led to the 2013–14 Tunisian political crisis, and the party stepped down following the implementation of a new constitution in January 2014. The party came in", "id": "10814394" }, { "contents": "1991 Sint Maarten general election\n\n\nGeneral elections were held in Sint Maarten on 12 April 1991 to elect the 9 members of the Island Council. The Sint Maarten Patriotic Alliance (SPA) led by Vance James Jr. emerged as the largest party, winning 4 of the 9 seats. The SPA and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) agreed to form a coalition government. On 28 August 1991 the SPA/PDP government collapsed. PDP political leader Millicent Acuna-Lopez-de Weever said that \"fundamental philosophical differences\" with the SPA caused the coalition \"to", "id": "12703859" }, { "contents": "Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party\n\n\nin the Rajya Sabha. It was a member of the ruling United Progressive Alliance until the 2009 general election. Sayeed headed the PDP-Indian National Congress Coalition Government between October 2002 and November 2005, and he was the party's Patron until his death on 7 January 2016. The PDP is now headed by Mehbooba Mufti, Sayeed's daughter. The PDP operates on the ideology of self-rule, as distinctly different from the issues of autonomy. It believes that self-rule as a political philosophy, as opposed to", "id": "248417" }, { "contents": "Ettajdid Movement\n\n\nThe Ettajdid Movement (\"Movement for Renewal\" ; , ' ; ), also referred to simply as Ettajdid, was a centre-left secularist political party in Tunisia, active from 1993 to 2012. Ettajdid evolved out of the old Tunisian Communist Party when it abandoned its former ideology in 1993. During the Ben Ali rule it was one of the legal, although oppressed opposition parties. After the Tunisian revolution of 2011, it became part of the Democratic Modernist Pole alliance and in 2012 it merged into the Social Democratic Path", "id": "16419620" }, { "contents": "Elections in Montserrat\n\n\n(when the Council was expanded to seven seats) and 1966. The 1970 elections saw the new Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) win all seven seats. The PDP also won the 1973 elections, but was defeated in 1978 when the People's Liberation Movement (PLM) won all seven seats. The PLM went on to win the 1983 and 1987 elections. The 1991 elections were won by the National Progressive Party, which won four of the seven seats. The 1996 elections resulted in a hung parliament, with the People", "id": "4125813" }, { "contents": "2013–14 Tunisian political crisis\n\n\nafter the elections Ben Ali jailed nearly 25,000 of its activists with Ennahda militants responding by attacking the ruling party's headquarters killing one person and splashing acid on others. Following the revolution, it described itself to be a \"moderate Islamist\" party by advocating democracy and recognizing political pluralism and dialogue with the West. Its supporters back then regarded the party as an example of how a balance can be struck between modernity and Islamism while its critics viewed it as a threat to secularism in Tunisia, which was often regarded as the most", "id": "7679782" }, { "contents": "List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2013–18)\n\n\nof 72 seats out of 82. There were several candidates from breakaway parties such as TERAS and UPP that had their members contest seats under the Barisan banner as direct election candidates under a deal by Adenan Satem after their parties were prevented from joining Barisan after opposition from parties such as PDP and SUPP. On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties including Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP) officially", "id": "21866476" }, { "contents": "Mike Onoja\n\n\nParty at the 2015 general election by the All Progressives Congress, he and other politicians of the People's Democratic Party defected to the All Progressives Congress in 2016. He returned to the People's Democratic Party in the run-up to the 2019 Benue south Senatorial election. After the PDP's Senatorial Primary election in 2018, Mike Onoja again defected from the party to the Social Democratic Party after expressing his dissatisfaction with the PDP's conduct of the primary election. Mike Onoja is the Chairman/CEO of Moonsons Resources Investment International", "id": "10879880" }, { "contents": "History of modern Tunisia\n\n\n, several Islamist activists were released from prison. He also forged a national pact with the Tunisian party Harakat al-Ittijah al-Islami (Islamic Tendency Movement), which had been founded in 1981; later it changed its name to Ennahda (the Renaissance Party). He also changed the ruling party's name to the Democratic Constitutional Rally. However, Ben Ali's innovative tack did not work out well. Subsequently, An-Nahda claimed to have run strongly in the 1989 elections, giving it the appearance of being", "id": "17057122" }, { "contents": "Yassine Brahim\n\n\nof the new company, which he led into the following acquisition by U.S. based SunGard. In 2010 he turned back to Tunisia, just before the Tunisian Revolution would lead to his appointment as Minister of Transport and Equipment in the short-lived second Ghannouchi cabinet and the subsequent Essebsi cabinet. He resigned on 17 June 2011 to become general secretary of the newly founded Afek Tounes party which he led into a merger with Ahmed Najib Chebbi's Progressive Democratic Party, the Republican Party \"Al Joumhouri\". On 28 August 2013,", "id": "2666991" }, { "contents": "Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties\n\n\nup his position in the transitional government. In the Constituent Assembly election on 23 October 2011, Ettakatol won 20 of the 217 seats making it the fourth force in the Assembly. Subsequently, the FDTL came to an agreement with the two major parties, the Islamist Ennahda Movement and the secular Congress for the Republic (CPR), to share the three highest positions in state. Accordingly, Ben Jafar was voted Speaker of the Assembly on 22 November. In exchange, the Forum supported the election of CPR-leader Moncef Marzouki", "id": "2468766" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Tonga)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (PDP) is a political party in Tonga. It was formed after a split in the Human Rights and Democracy Movement. The party was founded on 8 April 2005 in 'Atenisi. Teisina Fuko was the first person elected to the party presidency at a meeting on 15 April 2005. The PDP was legally registered on July 1, 2005, being the first Tongan party to do so. The party has not won any seats to the Tonga Parliament. It is currently inactive without any candidates or", "id": "19615344" }, { "contents": "2013 Gibraltar by-election\n\n\nSocial Democrats as Opposition had initially decided not to contest the by-election considering instead a \"gentleman's agreement\" as the seat had been one of the GSLP which had become vacant under tragic circumstances. The Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) which was not represented in Parliament immediately decided it would contest the by-election seeing it as an opportunity to be represented despite its poor performance at the previous two general elections. On 30 May 2013 the PDP announced its candidature of party leader Nick Cruz. At this point the GSD", "id": "8509410" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (PDP) is a major contemporary political party in Nigeria. Its policies generally lie towards the centre-right of the political spectrum. It won every Presidential election between 1999 and 2011, and was until the 2015 elections, the governing party in the Fourth Republic although in some cases, amid a few controversial electoral circumstances. Currently, PDP controls 14 states out of 36 states in Nigeria. In 1998 the PDP in its first presidential primary election held in Jos, Plateau State, North Central Nigeria", "id": "1890377" }, { "contents": "Social Democratic Union of Macedonia\n\n\nThe Social Democratic Union of Macedonia (–СДСМ, \"Socijaldemokratski Sojuz na Makedonija\"–SDSM) is a social-democratic political party, the main centre-left political party in North Macedonia. The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia was founded on 20 April 1991 at the 11th Congress of SKM-PDP (UCM – Party for Democratic Changes). Branko Crvenkovski was elected as the party's first president. Its current leader is Zoran Zaev. The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia is a member of the Progressive Alliance and an associate affiliate of", "id": "1084636" }, { "contents": "Peoples Democratic Party (Kenya)\n\n\nThe Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) is a political party in Kenya. The PDP was established in 1992. It won a single seat in the 2007 general elections, Richard Momoima Onyonka in Kitutu Chache Constituency. In 2010 Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) MP James Omingo Magara defected to the party after the ODM did not nominate him as its candidate in the South Mugirango by-election, which was held after Magara's victory in the 2007 elections was annulled due to irregularities. However, Magara was defeated in the by-", "id": "19016018" }, { "contents": "Dickson Tarkighir\n\n\nat the polls in the 2015 general elections and won the seat to represent the people of Makurdi/Guma Federal Constituency in the House of Representatives, Abuja. On Tuesday, 24 July 2018, Tarkighir was among 37 members of the House of Representatives who defected from the ruling All Progressives Congress (APC) to other political parties. He defected to the People's Democratic Party (PDP), a party he had previously defected from. However, On Tuesday, 22 January 2019, Tarkighir announced his return to the All Progressives", "id": "8861699" }, { "contents": "Guillermo Irizarry\n\n\ngovernor abandoned the party that elected him, the Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico (PDP), and joined a newly founded party, the People's Party, which nominated him for an unsuccessful reelection bid. In November of that year, the PDP suffered its first defeat with the election of the New Progressive Party's Luis A. Ferré. As a result, Secretary Irizarry presided over the first transition between elected governors of different parties. From 1973 to 1977, during the administration of Governor Rafael Hernández Colón, Irizarry served again", "id": "1916365" }, { "contents": "1931 Argentine general election\n\n\nJulio Roca as his running mate; Roca, the son of the late PAN leader, Julio A. Roca, had led the Democratic Party of Córdoba. The Democratic Progressive Party (PDP), known for its anti-corruption platform, nominated Senator Lisandro de la Torre, who also earned the endorsement of the Socialist Party of Argentina, a party in search of leadership following the passing of Juan B. Justo, in 1928. The alliance alienated conservatives in the PDP, however, who instead endorsed the aging Francisco A. Barroetaveña,", "id": "14281535" }, { "contents": "Jebali Cabinet\n\n\nThe first cabinet of Tunisian Head of Government Hamadi Jebali was presented on 20 December 2011. Jebali has been appointed by interim President Moncef Marzouki, who had been elected by the National Constituent Assembly, a body constituted to draft a new constitution after the Tunisian Revolution and the fall of former President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in Spring 2011. It took office on 24 December 2011. The three parties in the \"Troika\" coalition are the Islamist Ennahda Movement, the centre-left secularist Congress for the Republic (CPR),", "id": "5725136" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Montserrat)\n\n\nwere the first occasion on which the MLP had faced serious opposition, and saw the PDP win all seven seats, leaving the MLP without parliamentary representation. Percival Austin Bramble became Chief Minister. The PDP subsequently won five of the seven seats in the 1973 elections, but were defeated in the 1978 elections, when the People's Liberation Movement formed by former PDP minister John Osborne won all seven seats. The PDP contested the 1983 elections, winning two seats in the Legislative Council. It was reduced to one seat in the 1987", "id": "6998615" }, { "contents": "1987 European Parliament election in Spain\n\n\na European-wide election was due in 1989, elected MEPs only served for the remainder of the European Parliament term. The ruling Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) designated former Foreign Affairs Minister Fernando Morán to lead their campaign. The main opposition People's Alliance party (AP), running on its own after the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and Liberal Party (PL) broke away from the People's Coalition, chose Manuel Fraga—who had resigned as party leader in December 1986—to lead the party list", "id": "7968065" }, { "contents": "2011 Gibraltar general election\n\n\ngave the GSLP an advantage of up to 9% over the governing party, the GSD, while one (that of the Spanish newspaper \"Area\", which published no details and was widely thought to be politically motivated) predicted a GSD win. Two parties, the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD) and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), and an alliance (Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)/Liberals) have presented a full slate of 10 candidates each, making a total of 30 candidates for 17 seats in the Gibraltar", "id": "19578144" }, { "contents": "Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance\n\n\nThe Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance (\"Partido Democrático para o Progresso – Aliança Nacional Angolana\") is a political party in Angola. The party was founded in Luanda, March 17, 1991. It was led by Mfulumpinga Landu Victor, a former National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) cadre and Member of Parliament for the PDP-ANA, until he was shot dead outside the party office in 2004. It is now led by Francisco Lele. In the 2008 legislative elections, it gained 0.51%", "id": "17803317" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Montserrat)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was a political party in Montserrat. The party was established in 1970 by Percival Austin Bramble, son of Chief Minister and leader of the Montserrat Labour Party (MLP) William Henry Bramble. Percival had previously been a member of the MLP and was elected to the Legislative Council as an MLP candidate in the 1966 elections. However, he subsequently broke away to form the PDP as a result of controversy over the number of holiday and retirement homes being built on the island. The 1970 elections", "id": "6998614" }, { "contents": "Party of Democratic Progress\n\n\nThe Party of Democratic Progress () is a Serbian political party in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the third-largest party in Republika Srpska. PDP was established in Banja Luka on 26 September 1999. During the founding assembly, Mladen Ivanić was elected as the president of the party, while Branko Dokić and Zoran Đerić were elected as vice presidents. The party is an observer member of the European People's Party (EPP) and International Democrat Union (IDU). In terms of bilateral cooperation with other European parties,", "id": "19626107" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (, O'zXDP or PDP) is a centre-left political party in Uzbekistan founded in 1991. The PDP was founded in October 1991 after the Communist Party of Uzbekistan voted to cut its ties with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and change its name to PDP. The party was led by President Islam Karimov since its foundation until 1996, at which point Karimov stepped down and resigned his membership. Karimov created the Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party in 2003. This is supported by the fact", "id": "19132598" }, { "contents": "Ademola Rasaq Seriki\n\n\nwas appointed a National Fund Raising Committee member in the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) for the 1999 National elections. The PDP also appointed him as a member of the Candidate and Party Relations Committee for Obasanjo/Atiku Presidential Election. From 2000 to 2002 Demola Seriki emerged as the PDP Party Chairman of Lagos Island Local Government Area in Lagos State and later in 2003 as the party's flag bearer to the House of Assembly representing Lagos Island Federal Constituency. In 2005 he cut his political tooth further by serving as Secretary of the", "id": "5752584" }, { "contents": "Omuma\n\n\nin the council premises and he won the House of Assembly election in 2011. He was re-elected in 2015 election to represent Omuma for the second time in Rivers State House of Assembly under the PDP. Several other political parties have sprung up within this period as alphabetically arranged below and Omuma has been actively involved in them: • Advanced Congress of Democrats (ACD) • Alliance for Democracy (AD) • Action Democratic Party (ADP) • All Democratic Peoples Movement (ADPM) • All Progressives Congress (APC)", "id": "2613408" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Spain)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (, PDP), renamed as Christian Democracy (, DC) from March 1988 until it merged into the People's Party in June 1989, was a Christian-democratic political party in Spain. In August 1982, 13 deputies under the leadership of Óscar Alzaga split from the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) and founded the PDP, entering into alliance with the People's Alliance (AP), which received the second largest number of votes in the 1982 and 1986 general elections. The", "id": "19996228" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Malaysia)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (Malay: Parti Demokratik Progresif, Abbreviation: PDP), formerly known as Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party (SPDP) is a Sarawak based political party in Malaysia founded in 2002. The party was founded in the wake of the de-registration of the Sarawak National Party (SNAP) in November 2002 by a faction aligned to the Chief Minister of Sarawak, Abdul Taib Mahmud, led by William Mawan Ikom. The party has rebrand that using a new name - Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and a", "id": "13136566" }, { "contents": "Tunisia\n\n\n, including several that existed under the former regime. During the rule of Ben Ali, only three functioned as independent opposition parties: the PDP, FDTL, and Tajdid. While some older parties are well-established and can draw on previous party structures, many of the 100-plus parties extant as of February 2012 are small. Rare for the Arab world, women held more than 20% of seats in the country's pre-revolution bicameral parliament. In the 2011 constituent assembly, women held between 24% and 31%", "id": "11279313" }, { "contents": "Liberal Party (Spain, 1976)\n\n\nThe Liberal Party (, PL) was a liberal political party in Spain. It was part of the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) until 1983, when it aligned itself with the People's Alliance (AP), the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL). On 22 December 1984 the latter merged into the Liberal Party. These three parties formed the People's Coalition for the 1986 election. In 1989 the party, along with AP and PDP, merged to form the", "id": "19996525" }, { "contents": "New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)\n\n\nto boycott that plebiscite. Main party founder, president, and former statehood Republican Party standard-bearer Luis A. Ferré categorized the New Progressive Party as one which would not be aligned to any of the two major U.S. national parties. Co-founders of the NPP alongside Luis A. Ferre were Manuel F. Alsina Capo, attorney Nelson Escalona, and Benny Frankie Cerezo. Under Luis A. Ferré, the NPP came to power in January 1969, after defeating Luis Negrón López, the gubernatorial candidate from the Popular Democratic Party (PDP)", "id": "21721596" }, { "contents": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Mali)\n\n\nThe Party for Democracy and Progress (, PDP) is a political party in Mali led by Mady Konaté. The party was established in 1991, and officially registered on 25 April that year. It party received 5.1% of the vote in the February 1992 parliamentary elections, winning two seats. In the April 1992 presidential elections it nominated Idrissa Traoré as its candidate. Traoré finished fifth out of nine candidates with 7.1%^ of the vote. The local elections in the same year saw the party win 40 of the 751 seats across", "id": "19282171" }, { "contents": "Samaila Suleiman\n\n\n-2008, Energy Commission of Nigeria in 2009-2010 and later resigned to join politics. Suleiman was first elected into the public office as a local government chairman from Kaduna North in Kaduna State under the defunct Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) in 2008. He was the only politician to have won local government election under the CPC having shared the same constituency with the then vice president of Nigeria from the then ruling party People's Democratic Party (PDP). In 2015, Suleiman was first elected into the Lower Chamber", "id": "6113494" }, { "contents": "Party for Democratic Prosperity\n\n\nFor example, the party leadership criticized the 1991 Census for allegedly underreporting the percentage of the population that was Albanian from 40% to only 21%. Also, the PDP deputies voted against adopting the constitution due to its lack of protection for minorities. From the 1998 elections onwards PDP is in opposition and since then the support for the PDP has eroded considerably. At the 2002 legislative elections, the party won 2.3% of the popular vote and 2 out of 120 seats. At the 2011 legislative elections, the party won", "id": "5710802" }, { "contents": "2008 Angolan legislative election\n\n\nDemocratic Party (PLD), Party of the Alliance of Youth, Workers and Farmers of Angola (PAJOCA), Party for Democratic Support and Progress of Angola (PADEPA), the Democratic Party for Progress - Angolan National Alliance (PDP-ANA), the Front for Democracy (FpD) and four coalitions: the Democratic Angola – Coalition (AD), New Democracy Electoral Union (ND), the Electoral Political Platform (PPE) and the Angolan Fraternal Forum Coalition (FOFAC). The Angolan Democratic Party (PDA", "id": "533048" }, { "contents": "Party for Democratic Prosperity\n\n\nThe Party for Democratic Prosperity or PDP () is an ethnic Albanian political party in North Macedonia. The party was formed in April 1990 and is currently led by Abdyladi Vejseli. From 1992 to 1998 the PDP was part of the coalition governments led by the SDSM. After the split of the radical wing from the party in February 1994, PDP was generally considered to be moderate party that could cooperate with Macedonian parties, although sometimes frictions between the PDP and the other government parties arose as a consequence of the ethnic questions.", "id": "5710801" }, { "contents": "Politics of Gibraltar\n\n\n. A new party, New Gibraltar Democracy, announced it would contest the next election. NGD claimed that the two main parties were \"Out of touch with people's expectations and make up for their lack of ideas through Orwellian style propaganda.\" At the 2007 election one candidate, Charles Gomez, stood for election for the party. It achieved under 1% of the vote and has subsequently ceased any activity. In June 2006 the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was formed and announced it would be presenting a full slate", "id": "11739411" }, { "contents": "Tunisian people\n\n\nto an end 23 years latter on January 14, 2011, in the events of the Tunisian Revolution, following nationwide demonstrations precipitated by high unemployment, food inflation, corruption, a lack of political freedoms like freedom of speech and poor living conditions. Following the overthrow of Ben Ali, Tunisians elected a Constituent Assembly to draft a new constitution, and an interim government known as the Troika because it was a coalition of three parties; the Islamist Ennahda Movement in the lead, with the centre-left Congress for the Republic and", "id": "21785336" }, { "contents": "Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle\n\n\nIn the aftermath of \"Mt. Healthy\",\" wrote Sandra Lynch for the First Circuit in 2004, \"confusion still sometimes arises about the issue of causation.\" She was writing in one of several cases it heard in the mid-2000s arising from alleged political retaliation in Puerto Rico, where members of the New Progressive Party (NPP) brought suit claiming that members of the rival Popular Democratic Party (PDP) had improperly forced them out of government jobs after the PDP defeated the incumbent NPP in the commonwealth's 2000 elections.", "id": "17963178" }, { "contents": "Great Ogboru\n\n\n2003. In the 2007 election, Great Ogboru contested for governorship under the flag of the Democracy People Party (DPP) against Emmanuel Uduaghan of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) and lost to Emmanuel Uduagha again in 2011 election though he contested under the umbrella of Labour Party In the 2015 Delta State governorship election, Great Ogboru contested for governorship under the umbrella of All Progressive Congress (APC). He was defeated by Ifeanyi Okowa of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) . In the 2019 governorship election of Delta State,", "id": "278732" }, { "contents": "1983 Murcian regional election\n\n\nelectoral alliance led by the right-wing People's Alliance (AP), which included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), became the second political force and the main opposition party, whereas the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) also entered the Assembly, obtaining 1 seat. As a result of the election, Socialist Andrés Hernández Ros, who since 1979 had been the President of the Regional Council of Murcia (the pre-autonomic regional government), became the first democratically", "id": "19967050" }, { "contents": "Emmanuel Nnamdi Uba\n\n\nEmmanuel Nnamdi Uba, or Andy Uba (born 14 December 1958), is a Nigerian politician who was elected Senator for the Anambra South constituency of Anambra State, Nigeria, in April 2011. He ran on the People's Democratic Party (PDP) platform. He defected to the ruling All Progressives Congress in February 2017; the leadership crises engulfing the former ruling party PDP may have motivated his decision. Uba was born on 14 December 1958 in Enugu, and attended the Boys High School in Awkunanaw. His parents originated from", "id": "17515892" }, { "contents": "Islam and secularism\n\n\ndictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collapsed in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian revolution, Tunisia's interim government granted the group permission to form a political party. Since then it has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, 2011, the first honest election in the country's history with a turn out of 51.1% of all eligible voters, the party won 37.04% of the popular vote and 89 (41%)", "id": "18330475" }, { "contents": "United Progressive Alliance\n\n\nthe Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party announced the withdrawal of the PDP from the UPA given that the Congress had decided to support the Omar Abdullah-led National Conference Government in Jammu & Kashmir after the 2008 state elections. On 26 March 2009, PMK declared that it would join the AIADMK led front and withdrew from the UPA and the party president declared that two union ministers of his party will resign shortly. On 12 November 2012, Barrister Asaduddin Owaisi, leader of the AIMIM announced the decision of the party's executive and", "id": "8764699" }, { "contents": "Umaru Tanko Al-Makura\n\n\nfounding member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) in Nasarawa State in 1998. Al-Makura defected from the PDP after losing the primary elections for the Nasarawa Governor competition. Al-Makura was elected Governor of Nasarawa State, Nigeria on 26 April 2011, running on the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) ticket. He defeated the incumbent governor, Aliyu Akwe-Doma of the PDP. On 14 July 2014 the Speaker of the Nasarawa State House of Assembly gave a notice of impeachment to the Clerk of the", "id": "7102114" }, { "contents": "2013 Gibraltar by-election\n\n\nThe Gibraltar by-election, 2013 was a parliamentary by-election held on 4 July 2013 for the Gibraltar Parliament. The by-election was to contest the seat left vacant by the death of Government of Gibraltar Housing Minister Charles Bruzon in April 2013. The Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP), Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and an independent contested the by-election. The Liberal Party of Gibraltar who is in alliance and in Government with the GSLP backed the GSLP's candidate", "id": "8509407" }, { "contents": "Politics of Tajikistan\n\n\nThree major opposition parties—the Democratic Party, the Islamic Renaissance Party, and the Social Democratic Party—boycotted the election. In the early 2000s, independent political parties continued to exist, but their operations were circumscribed and their influence marginal. The governing People’s Democratic Party (PDP) gained strength as some opposition party leaders joined the government and others were disqualified from participation in elections. The Communist Party of Tajikistan, a nominal opposition party that has supported President Rahmon on most issues, has lost support since 2000. The", "id": "11083170" }, { "contents": "Dapo Abiodun\n\n\nis also reportedly the founder of First Power Limited. Dapo Abiodun is a founding member of Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) in Ogun State, although he is currently a member of the All Progressive Congress (APC) defecting after the 2015 general elections. He contested the Ogun East senatorial seat on the platform of the All Progressive Congress(APC) in the 2015 Nigerian general elections which he lost to the Peoples Democratic Party(PDP) candidate . He was elected a senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria on the platform of the defunct United Nigeria", "id": "1139922" }, { "contents": "1983 Riojan regional election\n\n\n. The People's Coalition, an electoral alliance led by the People's Alliance (AP), which also included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), emerged as the second largest grouping in the General Deputation, while the newly created regionalist Progressive Riojan Party (PRP) came third. Neither the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) or the Democratic and Social Centre (CDS), the only other parties standing in the election, were able to meet the electoral threshold and failed", "id": "18176961" }, { "contents": "Trinity—Spadina\n\n\nwas expected to be a very competitive election. Additionally, Conservative David Watters, Green Anna Costa, Progressive Canadian Party Asif Hossain, Canadian Action Party Tristan Downe-Dewdney and Daniel Knezetic for the Popular Democratic Party contested the election. The Popular Democratic Party was a social democratic and populist political party formed in 2003. It did not register as a political party with Elections Canada, and closed down after the 2004 election. The PDP proposed decentralization and community involvement in the political process through the creation of community councils to which any", "id": "8027884" }, { "contents": "Galician Coalition\n\n\nin the Congreso de los Diputados since the Second Republic. In January 1987 the most nationalist and progressive sectors of CG, led by Pablo González Mariñas and Xosé Henrique Rodríguez Peña, left the party and formed the Galician Nationalist Party (which would eventually join the Galician Nationalist Bloc). To attend the 1987 municipal elections CG formed the Galician Progressive Coalition, with the Democratic Popular Party (PDP) and the Liberal Party, gaining the 11.07% of the vote and 607 councilors. Following the departure of Xosé Luís Barreiro of the", "id": "602391" }, { "contents": "2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election\n\n\nthe delay, all major parties approved of it, even the Ennahda Movement; other parties approving the new election date included the Progressive Democratic Party, Ettajdid Movement, Al Majd, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the Social Liberal Party. In September, the government of Canada declared that it would not allow Tunisia to open polling stations in its territory because it refused to be included in another country's electoral constituency. Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird called the issue \"a matter of Canadian sovereignty\". In response to Canada", "id": "14450727" }, { "contents": "Democratic Modernist Pole\n\n\nin all the 33 constituencies at home and abroad. Sixteen women and 17 men will be chief candidates. Riadh Ben Fadl and Mustapha Ben Ahmed, are the founders of the group. Ahmed Ibrahim is a leader in the bloc. The bloc won 5 of the 217 seats and 4.91% of the vote in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election. Three of the parties in the coalition: the Republican Party, the Socialist Left Party and the Social Democratic Path) became part of another coalition called the Union for Tunisia in 2013", "id": "19583402" }, { "contents": "Abdulmumin Jibrin\n\n\nof Commerce (NBCC) between 2010 – 2011. Jibrin was first elected into the Nigerian National Assembly's House of Representatives representing Kiru/Bebeji Federal constituency of Kano State under the Peoples Democratic Party - PDP in 2011 before decamping to the newly formed political party in Nigeria, the All Progressives Congress (APC) in 2014 and was later re-elected into House of Representatives in 2015. Jibrin was the Chairman House of Representatives Committee on Finance in the 7th Assembly with oversight on the Federal Ministry of Finance and its Parastatals,", "id": "18363893" }, { "contents": "Rashidi Adewolu Ladoja\n\n\n2009, a former aide testified on the way on which the share money had been divided between Ladoja's family, bodyguard, senior politicians and lawyers. Ladoja was the governorship candidate for Accord party in Oyo State during the April 2011 and 2015 elections, he lost to Senator Abiola Ajimobi. He later merged his Accord Party into PDP in 2017. Dispute in PDP made him and other allies (from Labour Party, All Progressives Congress APC etc.) to move over African Democratic Congress (ADC) in 2018. After a", "id": "21855065" }, { "contents": "Mohammed Badaru Abubakar\n\n\nAll Progressives Congress in 2015 along with PDP contender Mal. Aminu Ibrahim Ringim. The Independent National Electoral Commission on 13 April 2015 declared him the winner of that election. On 9 March 2019 Jigawa state gubernatorial election, Badaru was re-elected has governor having polled a total of 810,933 votes, the candidate of the Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, Aminu Ibrahim Ringim scored 288,356 while the candidate of the Social Democratic Party, SDP, Bashir Adamu Jumbo scored 32,894 votes, thereby making him the winner of the election. In recognition", "id": "20149723" }, { "contents": "Popular Democratic Party (France)\n\n\nthe PDP prior to the 1924 legislative election. Established by Congress on 15 and 16 November 1924, under the chairmanship of George Thibout and involving 200 delegates, the PDP supported the desire to achieve \"a task in bringing reconciliation around the idea of Republicanism\" by the definition of \"new Republican faith\" The Popular Democrats advocated that religion was not and should not be a line between right and left. However, the PDP oriented itself to the centre-right in direct competition to the Republican Federation, the party from which", "id": "22044943" }, { "contents": "Socialism in Tunisia\n\n\nthe Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties (Ettakatol or FDTL) was founded and officially recognized on 25 October 2002. Is a social democratic and secularist political party in Tunisia. Its founder and Secretary-General is the radiologist Mustapha Ben Jafar. Active from 1993 to 2012, the Ettajdid Movement (\"Movement for Renewal\") was a centre-left secularist, democratic socialist and social liberal political party in Tunisia. It was led by Ahmed Ibrahim. For the Constituent assembly election, Ettajdid formed a strongly secularist alliance called Democratic", "id": "5642583" }, { "contents": "Wafa Movement\n\n\nThe Wafa Movement (), sometimes referred to as the Independent Democratic Congress, is a political party in Tunisia. The party was founded in 2012 by a number of constituents who broke away from the Congress for the Republic (CPR). Led by the short-time CPR secretary-general Abderraouf Ayadi, the party however remained loosely allied with the governing Troika coalition of Ennahda, CPR and Ettakatol. Generally seen as a secular, left-leaning party, the Wafa Movement reached out to Islamists on the grounds of seeking", "id": "13260598" }, { "contents": "Abdulkareem Adisa\n\n\nPeople's Democratic Party (PDP) in Kwara State. One PDP group suspended the Minister of State for Women Affairs, Miss Funke Adedoyin, but another group of PDP elders, led by Adisa, voided Adedoyin’s suspension. Adisa also became vice-chairman of the Kwara Progressive Movement (KPM). Abdulkareem Adisa was leader of a movement to elect General Ibrahim Babangida as president in 2007. He published an attack on the National Democratic Coalition (NADECO) in \"The Guardian\" of 28 April 2004, warning the group", "id": "1146576" }, { "contents": "Nidaa Tounes\n\n\n\"founder\" Habib Bourguiba). In addition, the party has the support of many members of the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT) and the national employers' union, UTICA. They believe that Tunisia's secular forces have to unite to counter the dominance of the Islamist Ennahda Movement. From its foundation until July 2013, 11 members of the Constituent Assembly joined the party by defecting from various other parties. On 11 February 2013, the Republican Party joined Nidaa Tounes and four other parties in a political alliance called Union", "id": "4542216" }, { "contents": "Gibraltar\n\n\nrepresented by the Governor of Gibraltar. The governor enacts day-to-day matters on the advice of the Gibraltar Parliament, but is responsible to the British government in respect of defence, foreign policy, internal security and general good governance. Judicial and other appointments are made on behalf of the monarch in consultation with the head of the elected government. The 2011 election was contested by the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)-Gibraltar Liberal Party (GLP) Alliance and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP", "id": "7263743" }, { "contents": "Adamu Sidi Ali\n\n\nballots had not been included in the count.In turn, the PDP appealed the decision to nullify the election of their candidate, who had died two months after the election, saying the election should be a re-run due to his death. Their appeal was rejected. Later, Sidi Ali changed allegiance to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). During a PDP campaign flag-off meeting before the April 2007 elections, he advised political opponents not to use thugs to destabilize the elections. Sidi Ali became senator for", "id": "13302889" }, { "contents": "Ahmed Tijani Ahmed\n\n\nAhmed Tijani Ahmed (December 17, 1941 – June 10, 2006) was a Nigerian politician who was Senator for the Kogi Central constituency in Kogi State from 1999 to 2003 as a member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP). When Kogi State was created in 1991, Ahmed Tijani Ahmed joined a group of liberal progressive politicians in the Social Democratic Party (SDP) that created an agreement on power sharing among the different peoples of the state. However, they lost the December 1991 governorship election to the National Republican", "id": "14754363" }, { "contents": "Abdulmumin Jibrin\n\n\nthe members of the House of Representatives that led the first set of 37 Legislators that decamped from the ruling People's Democratic Party (PDP) to the main opposition party, All Progressive Party (APC). In March 2015, Abdulmumin contested and got re-elected to the House of Representatives by the people of his constituency Kiru/Bebeji Kano state, Nigeria. As Chairman Appropriation, Jibrin has oversight function over the Budget office and national budget, the appropriation of funds for execution of government programmes and projects. He also", "id": "18363903" }, { "contents": "Godswill Akpabio\n\n\nSenatorial District to represent the district in the Senate of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Running under the platform of the People’s Democratic Party (PDP), he polled 422,009 of the 439,449 to defeat Chief Inibehe Okorie of the All Progressive Congress (APC) who recorded 15, 152 votes to be declared elected by the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). Akpabio was nominated for the position of the Senate Minority Leader by the South-South caucus of the People's Democratic Party (PDP), ratified by the caucus", "id": "19678208" }, { "contents": "1970 Montserratian general election\n\n\nGeneral elections were held in Montserrat on 15 December 1970. The result was a victory for the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), which won all seven seats in the Legislative Council, whilst the Montserrat Labour Party (MLP), which had won every election since the introduction of universal suffrage in 1951, lost all four of its seats. PDP leader Percival Austin Bramble became Chief Minister, replacing his father and MLP leader, William Henry Bramble. Universal suffrage was introduced in Montserrat in 1951, and the first elections under it", "id": "6935944" }, { "contents": "Atiku Abubakar\n\n\nProgressives Congress (APC), a party he helped to form. On 3 December 2017, via a Facebook Live broadcast, Abubakar announced his return to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). The announcement followed consultations the former Vice President had with party leaders and stakeholders from across the country. He said he decided to 'return home' to the PDP now that the issues which made him leave the party had been resolved. Abubakar declared his candidacy for the presidential nomination of the PDP mid 2018 and won the nomination at", "id": "10683389" }, { "contents": "Luis A. Ferré\n\n\nProgressive Party (a.k.a., PNP). In the following general election in 1968, Ferré ran for Governor and defeated Luis Negrón López, the candidate of the Popular Democratic Party (PPD) by a slight margin. The ruling party had split with the creation of the People's Party, which ran incumbent PDP-elected Governor Roberto Sánchez Vilella as its gubernatorial candidate, ending Luis Muñoz Marín's PPD's hold on the governor's seat, which had lasted 20 years. During Ferré's administration, Puerto Rico was in", "id": "11079059" }, { "contents": "1994–1995 Uzbek parliamentary election\n\n\nParliamentary elections were held in Uzbekistan on 25 December 1994, with a second round held in 39 constituencies on 8 January 1995 and seven constituencies on 22 January. The election was contested by 634 candidates, 250 nominated by local councils, 243 members of the People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan, and 141 Progress Party of the Fatherland members. The majority of seats were won by local council nominees (around 120 of which were PDP members), whilst the People's Democratic Party emerged as the largest party. Voter turnout was 93.6", "id": "15227647" }, { "contents": "1983 Madrilenian regional election\n\n\nthe PSOE won 51 seats. The People's Coalition, an electoral alliance led by the People's Alliance (AP), which also included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), emerged as the second largest grouping in the Assembly. The Communist Party of Spain was the only other party to win seats in the Assembly. In 1986, the party joined with other left-wing movements to form the current United Left. The Assembly of Madrid was the devolved, unicameral legislature of", "id": "3098844" } ]

[ { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nby Ahmed Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi. On 9 April 2012, it merged into the Republican Party. The Progressive Democratic Party had a newspaper, \"Al-Mawqif\". In its beginnings, the Progressive Socialist Rally (now PDP) gathered a broad range of currents from Marxists and pro-democracy activists to progressive Muslims. During the Ben Ali rule, Najib Chebbi and the PDP were harassed by the police for years, and verbally attacked by state-run media. After unsuccessfully participating in elections from 1989 to 1999", "id": "16419721" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\n, the party decided to boycott the elections of 2004 and 2009. Therefore, it was unrepresented in the Tunisian parliament. After the Ben Ali administration announced to force the party to move their headquarters from Tunis, its leaders Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi engaged in a 20-days hunger strike, which earned the party attention and prompted the administration to revoke their decision. Following the 2010–2011 Tunisian protests, shootings outside PDP's headquarters were reported on 16 January 2011. The next day, on 17 January, party leader Najib Chebbi, was", "id": "16419722" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nnamed Regional Development Minister in the interim government. Ahead of the Constituent Assembly election, the PDP evolved into a main exponent of the centre-left secular camp and rival of the Islamist Ennahda Movement. In the run-up to the elections, the Progressive Democrats have received quite an amount of financial support which enabled the party for a lavish campaign. Critics claim that an important part of the funding came from businesspeople close to the old Ben Ali power elite. In the election for a constituent assembly, the PDP won 3.9", "id": "16419723" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\n) was founded under the name of \"Progressive Socialist Rally\", and gained legal recognition on 12 September 1988. It was secular and liberal party. The party was renamed as Progressive Democratic Party in 2001. Under the rule of Ben Ali it was a legal opposition party, but subjected to political repression. After the Tunisian revolution it was one of the major left-leaning secular political forces. It was led by Ahmed Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi. On 9 April 2012, it merged into the Republican Party. Maya", "id": "5642552" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\n% of the popular vote and 16 of 217 seats in the National Constituent Assembly, putting it at the fifth place. As the party had categorically ruled out any collaboration with the victorious Islamist Ennahda Movement, the Progressive Democrats went into opposition and belong to the outspoken critics of the governing coalition of the Islamists with the secular CPR and Ettakatol parties. After the electoral defeat, the PDP launched talks with other secularist and liberal parties to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was realised on the PDP's", "id": "16419724" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (, \"; ), also referred to by its acronym PDP, was a secular liberal political party in Tunisia. The Progressive Democratic Party was founded under the name of \"Progressive Socialist Rally\" in 1983, gained legal recognition on 12 September 1988 and was renamed Progressive Democratic Party in 2001. Under the rule of Ben Ali it was a legal opposition party, but subjected to political repression. After the Tunisian revolution it was one of the major left-leaning secular political forces. It was led", "id": "16419720" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nSecretary-General of the PDP. She has been the first woman to lead a political party in Tunisia. From 1 to 20 October 2007, Jribi, along with Najib Chebbi, engaged in a hunger strike to protest against the forced move of the party's headquarters from Tunis, which caused serious health implications for her. Jribi headed the PDP’s electoral list in Ben Arous for the Constituent Assembly Elections in October 2011. The PDP list received one seat in Ben Arous according to preliminary election results. On 9 April 2012", "id": "632088" }, { "contents": "Republican Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nThe Republican Party ( \"\", ) is a centrist liberal party in Tunisia. It was formed on 9 April 2012 as a merger of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Afek Tounes and the Tunisian Republican Party, several minor parties and independents. The party is led by Maya Jribi who was previously the secretary-general of the PDP. The party held 11 out of 217 seats and was the largest oppositional party in the National Constituent Assembly of Tunisia. The party withdrew from the Union for Tunisia coalition, though", "id": "15161288" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nDuring that period, she became involved and an active member of the student union, known as UGET, and the Tunisian League of Human Rights. She wrote for the independent weekly Erraï and later for the PDP-newspaper Al Mawkif. Together with Ahmed Najib Chebbi, Maya Jribi co-founded the \"Progressive Socialist Rally\", established in 1983, which was later renamed into Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). Since 1986 she has been a member of the party's executive. On 25 December 2006, Jribi was appointed", "id": "632087" }, { "contents": "Ahmed Najib Chebbi\n\n\nAhmed Najib Chebbi (, ) or simply Najib Chebbi (born 30 July 1944) is a Tunisian attorney and politician. Chebbi is a prominent figure of the Tunisian opposition movement; in 1983, he founded the Democratic Progressive Party, which gained legal recognition in 1988. He is currently the leader of the Democratic Progressive Party. In 2006, Maya Jribi became the party's secretary-general, the first woman to hold such office in Tunisia. In 2009 Chebbi attempted to run as a candidate for President of Tunisia but was", "id": "1109530" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nof investigative journalism, unconditional and free access to information, open government, anti-censorship of all kinds, among others. On 9 April 2012, the Republican Party was formed as a merger of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Afek Tounes and the Tunisian Republican Party, several minor parties and independents. The party is centrist and liberal, it's led by Maya Jribi who was previously the secretary-general of the PDP. The party held 11 out of 217 seats and was the largest oppositional party in the", "id": "5642564" }, { "contents": "Tunisian Revolution\n\n\nand Ahmed Najib Chebbi of the PDP), three representatives from the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT), and representatives of civil society (including prominent blogger Slim Amamou). Three notable movements not included in the national unity government were the banned Ennahda Movement, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the secular reformist Congress for the Republic. The following day, the three members of the UGTT and Ben Jafaar resigned, saying that they had \"no confidence\" in a government featuring members of the RCD. There were daily", "id": "18746070" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nparty in Tunisia. Its program is liberal, focusing on secularism and civil liberties. The party mainly appealed to intellectuals and the upper class. After underperforming in the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, Afek Tounes joined talks with other secularist and liberal parties, especially the Progressive Democratic Party to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was completed on 9 April 2012. The new party is called the Republican Party. In August 2013, Yassine Brahim, current leader of the party, and other former party members left", "id": "5642562" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nMaya Jribi (January 29, 1960 – May 19, 2018) was a Tunisian politician. From 2006 to 2012, she was the leader of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). From PDP's merger into the Republican Party in April 2012, until her resignation in 2017, she was the Secretary-General of the centrist party. Her father is from Tatouine, while her mother is from Algeria. She followed her studies in Radès Tunisia, before studying biology at the University of Sfax, from 1979 to 1983.", "id": "632086" }, { "contents": "Secularism in Tunisia\n\n\nTunisian Constitution of 2014 following a considerable debate between Islamic and secular political groups and movements. On 1 March 2011, after the secularist dictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collapsed in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian revolution, Tunisia's interim government granted the \"Ennahda\", a moderate Islamist movement in Tunisia, permission to form a political party. Since then, the Ennahda Islamic Party has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election", "id": "19596325" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nNational Constituent Assembly of Tunisia. The party withdrew from the Union for Tunisia coalition, though it is still part of the National Salvation Front. After the founding congress, nine assemblymen elected for the PDP contested the leadership vote and temporarily suspended their party membership. Those 9 members became part of the Democratic Alliance Party. After being founded in 2012, Nidaa Tounes (Call of Tunisia) won a plurality of seats in the October 2014 parliamentary election. It's a big tent secularist political party in Tunisia. The party's founding", "id": "5642565" }, { "contents": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Burkina Faso)\n\n\nThe Party for Democracy and Progress () was a political party in Burkina Faso (former Upper Volta. It was founded in April 1994 after a split in the National Convention of Progressive Patriots–Social Democratic Party in May 1993. It merged in February 1996 with the Union of the Democratic Left and the Party of Social Progress. After merger with the Burkinabè Socialist Party the PDP became the Party for Democracy and Progress / Socialist Party. At the legislative elections in 1997 the party won 10.1% of the popular vote and 6", "id": "19404846" }, { "contents": "Popular Front (Tunisia)\n\n\nof the Iraqi branch of Ba'ath Party, and other progressive parties. The number of parties involved in the coalition has since decreased to nine. Approximately 15,000 people attended the coalition's first meeting in Tunis. The Tunisian Revolution in 2011 saw the departure of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the dissolution of his party, the Democratic Constitutional Rally, and the holding of fresh elections for the creation of a new constitution. This saw the Tunisian political scene dominated by the Islamist Ennahda Movement, and its allies the Democratic Forum for", "id": "8081870" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Gibraltar)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was a liberal conservative political party from Gibraltar. The party was the third political party and the only party to sit on the centre-right in Gibraltar. Despite poor election results, it garnered growing support from the public and was seen as the 'alternative opposition'. The PDP was the only party campaigning for \"a Gibraltar freely associated to the United Kingdom\" and envisaged \"a journey through the recognition of our right to independence\". The party was also the only political party", "id": "16416540" }, { "contents": "Democratic Party of Progress\n\n\nThe Democratic Party of Progress (, PDP) is a political party in Guinea-Bissau. The PDP was established on 10 February 1992 by Amin Michel Saad. It joined the Union for Change (UM) alliance prior to the 1994 general elections, and Saad became the UM's leader. The UM won six seats in the National People's Assembly, of which the PDP (though Saad) took one. The UM was reduced to three seats in the 1999–2000 general elections, and lost them all in the 2004 parliamentary", "id": "17399816" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nHe was the Ettajdid Movement's candidate for President of Tunisia in the 2009 presidential election. Brahim was in favor of the emergence of a \"democratic modern and \"secular\" [laicist] state\" not connected with Islamists. According to Brahim, this would require \"radical\" reform of the electoral system, which would improve the political climate in guaranteeing freedom of assembly and a large scale independent press, as well as repealing a law that regulated public discourse of electoral candidates. In 1983, the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP", "id": "5642551" }, { "contents": "Sarawak State Legislative Assembly\n\n\ngovernment with a majority of 72 seats out of 82. There were several candidates from breakaway parties such as TERAS and UPP that had their members contest seats under the Barisan banner as direct election candidates under a deal by Adenan Satem after their parties were prevented from joining Barisan after opposition from parties such as PDP and SUPP. On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties including Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party", "id": "17954676" }, { "contents": "2015 Nigerian general election\n\n\nPeople's Democratic Party (PDP) primaries on 10 December 2014, receiving the nomination of the party. However, this was against an unwritten rule that the PDP's presidential candidacy should alternate between Muslim northerners and Christian southerners, and opposition to Jonathan's candidacy had led to the defection of dozens of PDP MPs in the House of Representatives. Prior to the elections, the All Progressives Congress was formed as an alliance of four opposition parties, the Action Congress of Nigeria, the Congress for Progressive Change, the All Nigeria Peoples", "id": "18172183" }, { "contents": "Civic Democratic Party (Hungary)\n\n\nThe Civic Democratic Party (, PDP) was a liberal political party in Hungary in the period following World War II The party was established towards the end of 1944 as a successor to the Civic Freedom Party. Part of a group of members who had belonged to now-defunct conservative parties before the war, Géza Teleki was elected as the party's first leader. The PDP won 21 seats in the National Interim Assembly elections in November 1944. However, Communist opposition to Teleki led to him losing his place in the Cabinet", "id": "16990101" }, { "contents": "Afek Tounes\n\n\nAfek Tounes won 4 seats for the constitutive assembly. The party was rattled on 3 November 2011 though by the resignation of several key founding members such as its spokesperson Emna Mnif, its general secretary Mustapha Mezghani, Sami Zaoui, Hela Hababou and another 13 members. After underperforming in the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, Afek Tounes joined talks with other secularist and liberal parties, especially the Progressive Democratic Party to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was completed on 9 April 2012. The new party is called", "id": "1405509" }, { "contents": "Ali Lankoandé\n\n\nAli Lankoandé (10 November 1930 – 28 May 2014) is a Burkinabé politician from Burkina Faso. He was President of the Party for Democracy and Progress/Socialist Party (PDP/PS) from 2005 to 2008. Lankoandé headed the National Social Security Fund and served as a deputy in the National Assembly of Burkina Faso, as well as Minister of National Education, during the 1970s. Lankoandé was elected to succeed Joseph Ki-Zerbo as President of the PDP/PS on 5 February 2005. Running as the PDP/", "id": "21268271" }, { "contents": "Ennahda Movement\n\n\ncollapse of the government of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the Ennahdha Movement Party was formed, and in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, (the first free election in the country's history), won a plurality of 37% of the popular vote and formed a government. Uproar in the traditionally secular country over \"Islamization\" and assassinations of two secular politicians however, led to the 2013–14 Tunisian political crisis, and the party stepped down following the implementation of a new constitution in January 2014. The party came in", "id": "10814394" }, { "contents": "1991 Sint Maarten general election\n\n\nGeneral elections were held in Sint Maarten on 12 April 1991 to elect the 9 members of the Island Council. The Sint Maarten Patriotic Alliance (SPA) led by Vance James Jr. emerged as the largest party, winning 4 of the 9 seats. The SPA and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) agreed to form a coalition government. On 28 August 1991 the SPA/PDP government collapsed. PDP political leader Millicent Acuna-Lopez-de Weever said that \"fundamental philosophical differences\" with the SPA caused the coalition \"to", "id": "12703859" }, { "contents": "Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party\n\n\nin the Rajya Sabha. It was a member of the ruling United Progressive Alliance until the 2009 general election. Sayeed headed the PDP-Indian National Congress Coalition Government between October 2002 and November 2005, and he was the party's Patron until his death on 7 January 2016. The PDP is now headed by Mehbooba Mufti, Sayeed's daughter. The PDP operates on the ideology of self-rule, as distinctly different from the issues of autonomy. It believes that self-rule as a political philosophy, as opposed to", "id": "248417" }, { "contents": "Ettajdid Movement\n\n\nThe Ettajdid Movement (\"Movement for Renewal\" ; , ' ; ), also referred to simply as Ettajdid, was a centre-left secularist political party in Tunisia, active from 1993 to 2012. Ettajdid evolved out of the old Tunisian Communist Party when it abandoned its former ideology in 1993. During the Ben Ali rule it was one of the legal, although oppressed opposition parties. After the Tunisian revolution of 2011, it became part of the Democratic Modernist Pole alliance and in 2012 it merged into the Social Democratic Path", "id": "16419620" }, { "contents": "Elections in Montserrat\n\n\n(when the Council was expanded to seven seats) and 1966. The 1970 elections saw the new Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) win all seven seats. The PDP also won the 1973 elections, but was defeated in 1978 when the People's Liberation Movement (PLM) won all seven seats. The PLM went on to win the 1983 and 1987 elections. The 1991 elections were won by the National Progressive Party, which won four of the seven seats. The 1996 elections resulted in a hung parliament, with the People", "id": "4125813" }, { "contents": "2013–14 Tunisian political crisis\n\n\nafter the elections Ben Ali jailed nearly 25,000 of its activists with Ennahda militants responding by attacking the ruling party's headquarters killing one person and splashing acid on others. Following the revolution, it described itself to be a \"moderate Islamist\" party by advocating democracy and recognizing political pluralism and dialogue with the West. Its supporters back then regarded the party as an example of how a balance can be struck between modernity and Islamism while its critics viewed it as a threat to secularism in Tunisia, which was often regarded as the most", "id": "7679782" }, { "contents": "List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2013–18)\n\n\nof 72 seats out of 82. There were several candidates from breakaway parties such as TERAS and UPP that had their members contest seats under the Barisan banner as direct election candidates under a deal by Adenan Satem after their parties were prevented from joining Barisan after opposition from parties such as PDP and SUPP. On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties including Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP) officially", "id": "21866476" }, { "contents": "Mike Onoja\n\n\nParty at the 2015 general election by the All Progressives Congress, he and other politicians of the People's Democratic Party defected to the All Progressives Congress in 2016. He returned to the People's Democratic Party in the run-up to the 2019 Benue south Senatorial election. After the PDP's Senatorial Primary election in 2018, Mike Onoja again defected from the party to the Social Democratic Party after expressing his dissatisfaction with the PDP's conduct of the primary election. Mike Onoja is the Chairman/CEO of Moonsons Resources Investment International", "id": "10879880" }, { "contents": "History of modern Tunisia\n\n\n, several Islamist activists were released from prison. He also forged a national pact with the Tunisian party Harakat al-Ittijah al-Islami (Islamic Tendency Movement), which had been founded in 1981; later it changed its name to Ennahda (the Renaissance Party). He also changed the ruling party's name to the Democratic Constitutional Rally. However, Ben Ali's innovative tack did not work out well. Subsequently, An-Nahda claimed to have run strongly in the 1989 elections, giving it the appearance of being", "id": "17057122" }, { "contents": "Yassine Brahim\n\n\nof the new company, which he led into the following acquisition by U.S. based SunGard. In 2010 he turned back to Tunisia, just before the Tunisian Revolution would lead to his appointment as Minister of Transport and Equipment in the short-lived second Ghannouchi cabinet and the subsequent Essebsi cabinet. He resigned on 17 June 2011 to become general secretary of the newly founded Afek Tounes party which he led into a merger with Ahmed Najib Chebbi's Progressive Democratic Party, the Republican Party \"Al Joumhouri\". On 28 August 2013,", "id": "2666991" }, { "contents": "Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties\n\n\nup his position in the transitional government. In the Constituent Assembly election on 23 October 2011, Ettakatol won 20 of the 217 seats making it the fourth force in the Assembly. Subsequently, the FDTL came to an agreement with the two major parties, the Islamist Ennahda Movement and the secular Congress for the Republic (CPR), to share the three highest positions in state. Accordingly, Ben Jafar was voted Speaker of the Assembly on 22 November. In exchange, the Forum supported the election of CPR-leader Moncef Marzouki", "id": "2468766" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Tonga)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (PDP) is a political party in Tonga. It was formed after a split in the Human Rights and Democracy Movement. The party was founded on 8 April 2005 in 'Atenisi. Teisina Fuko was the first person elected to the party presidency at a meeting on 15 April 2005. The PDP was legally registered on July 1, 2005, being the first Tongan party to do so. The party has not won any seats to the Tonga Parliament. It is currently inactive without any candidates or", "id": "19615344" }, { "contents": "2013 Gibraltar by-election\n\n\nSocial Democrats as Opposition had initially decided not to contest the by-election considering instead a \"gentleman's agreement\" as the seat had been one of the GSLP which had become vacant under tragic circumstances. The Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) which was not represented in Parliament immediately decided it would contest the by-election seeing it as an opportunity to be represented despite its poor performance at the previous two general elections. On 30 May 2013 the PDP announced its candidature of party leader Nick Cruz. At this point the GSD", "id": "8509410" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (PDP) is a major contemporary political party in Nigeria. Its policies generally lie towards the centre-right of the political spectrum. It won every Presidential election between 1999 and 2011, and was until the 2015 elections, the governing party in the Fourth Republic although in some cases, amid a few controversial electoral circumstances. Currently, PDP controls 14 states out of 36 states in Nigeria. In 1998 the PDP in its first presidential primary election held in Jos, Plateau State, North Central Nigeria", "id": "1890377" }, { "contents": "Social Democratic Union of Macedonia\n\n\nThe Social Democratic Union of Macedonia (–СДСМ, \"Socijaldemokratski Sojuz na Makedonija\"–SDSM) is a social-democratic political party, the main centre-left political party in North Macedonia. The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia was founded on 20 April 1991 at the 11th Congress of SKM-PDP (UCM – Party for Democratic Changes). Branko Crvenkovski was elected as the party's first president. Its current leader is Zoran Zaev. The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia is a member of the Progressive Alliance and an associate affiliate of", "id": "1084636" }, { "contents": "Peoples Democratic Party (Kenya)\n\n\nThe Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) is a political party in Kenya. The PDP was established in 1992. It won a single seat in the 2007 general elections, Richard Momoima Onyonka in Kitutu Chache Constituency. In 2010 Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) MP James Omingo Magara defected to the party after the ODM did not nominate him as its candidate in the South Mugirango by-election, which was held after Magara's victory in the 2007 elections was annulled due to irregularities. However, Magara was defeated in the by-", "id": "19016018" }, { "contents": "Dickson Tarkighir\n\n\nat the polls in the 2015 general elections and won the seat to represent the people of Makurdi/Guma Federal Constituency in the House of Representatives, Abuja. On Tuesday, 24 July 2018, Tarkighir was among 37 members of the House of Representatives who defected from the ruling All Progressives Congress (APC) to other political parties. He defected to the People's Democratic Party (PDP), a party he had previously defected from. However, On Tuesday, 22 January 2019, Tarkighir announced his return to the All Progressives", "id": "8861699" }, { "contents": "Guillermo Irizarry\n\n\ngovernor abandoned the party that elected him, the Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico (PDP), and joined a newly founded party, the People's Party, which nominated him for an unsuccessful reelection bid. In November of that year, the PDP suffered its first defeat with the election of the New Progressive Party's Luis A. Ferré. As a result, Secretary Irizarry presided over the first transition between elected governors of different parties. From 1973 to 1977, during the administration of Governor Rafael Hernández Colón, Irizarry served again", "id": "1916365" }, { "contents": "1931 Argentine general election\n\n\nJulio Roca as his running mate; Roca, the son of the late PAN leader, Julio A. Roca, had led the Democratic Party of Córdoba. The Democratic Progressive Party (PDP), known for its anti-corruption platform, nominated Senator Lisandro de la Torre, who also earned the endorsement of the Socialist Party of Argentina, a party in search of leadership following the passing of Juan B. Justo, in 1928. The alliance alienated conservatives in the PDP, however, who instead endorsed the aging Francisco A. Barroetaveña,", "id": "14281535" }, { "contents": "Jebali Cabinet\n\n\nThe first cabinet of Tunisian Head of Government Hamadi Jebali was presented on 20 December 2011. Jebali has been appointed by interim President Moncef Marzouki, who had been elected by the National Constituent Assembly, a body constituted to draft a new constitution after the Tunisian Revolution and the fall of former President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in Spring 2011. It took office on 24 December 2011. The three parties in the \"Troika\" coalition are the Islamist Ennahda Movement, the centre-left secularist Congress for the Republic (CPR),", "id": "5725136" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Montserrat)\n\n\nwere the first occasion on which the MLP had faced serious opposition, and saw the PDP win all seven seats, leaving the MLP without parliamentary representation. Percival Austin Bramble became Chief Minister. The PDP subsequently won five of the seven seats in the 1973 elections, but were defeated in the 1978 elections, when the People's Liberation Movement formed by former PDP minister John Osborne won all seven seats. The PDP contested the 1983 elections, winning two seats in the Legislative Council. It was reduced to one seat in the 1987", "id": "6998615" }, { "contents": "1987 European Parliament election in Spain\n\n\na European-wide election was due in 1989, elected MEPs only served for the remainder of the European Parliament term. The ruling Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) designated former Foreign Affairs Minister Fernando Morán to lead their campaign. The main opposition People's Alliance party (AP), running on its own after the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and Liberal Party (PL) broke away from the People's Coalition, chose Manuel Fraga—who had resigned as party leader in December 1986—to lead the party list", "id": "7968065" }, { "contents": "2011 Gibraltar general election\n\n\ngave the GSLP an advantage of up to 9% over the governing party, the GSD, while one (that of the Spanish newspaper \"Area\", which published no details and was widely thought to be politically motivated) predicted a GSD win. Two parties, the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD) and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), and an alliance (Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)/Liberals) have presented a full slate of 10 candidates each, making a total of 30 candidates for 17 seats in the Gibraltar", "id": "19578144" }, { "contents": "Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance\n\n\nThe Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance (\"Partido Democrático para o Progresso – Aliança Nacional Angolana\") is a political party in Angola. The party was founded in Luanda, March 17, 1991. It was led by Mfulumpinga Landu Victor, a former National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) cadre and Member of Parliament for the PDP-ANA, until he was shot dead outside the party office in 2004. It is now led by Francisco Lele. In the 2008 legislative elections, it gained 0.51%", "id": "17803317" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Montserrat)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was a political party in Montserrat. The party was established in 1970 by Percival Austin Bramble, son of Chief Minister and leader of the Montserrat Labour Party (MLP) William Henry Bramble. Percival had previously been a member of the MLP and was elected to the Legislative Council as an MLP candidate in the 1966 elections. However, he subsequently broke away to form the PDP as a result of controversy over the number of holiday and retirement homes being built on the island. The 1970 elections", "id": "6998614" }, { "contents": "Party of Democratic Progress\n\n\nThe Party of Democratic Progress () is a Serbian political party in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the third-largest party in Republika Srpska. PDP was established in Banja Luka on 26 September 1999. During the founding assembly, Mladen Ivanić was elected as the president of the party, while Branko Dokić and Zoran Đerić were elected as vice presidents. The party is an observer member of the European People's Party (EPP) and International Democrat Union (IDU). In terms of bilateral cooperation with other European parties,", "id": "19626107" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (, O'zXDP or PDP) is a centre-left political party in Uzbekistan founded in 1991. The PDP was founded in October 1991 after the Communist Party of Uzbekistan voted to cut its ties with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and change its name to PDP. The party was led by President Islam Karimov since its foundation until 1996, at which point Karimov stepped down and resigned his membership. Karimov created the Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party in 2003. This is supported by the fact", "id": "19132598" }, { "contents": "Ademola Rasaq Seriki\n\n\nwas appointed a National Fund Raising Committee member in the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) for the 1999 National elections. The PDP also appointed him as a member of the Candidate and Party Relations Committee for Obasanjo/Atiku Presidential Election. From 2000 to 2002 Demola Seriki emerged as the PDP Party Chairman of Lagos Island Local Government Area in Lagos State and later in 2003 as the party's flag bearer to the House of Assembly representing Lagos Island Federal Constituency. In 2005 he cut his political tooth further by serving as Secretary of the", "id": "5752584" }, { "contents": "Omuma\n\n\nin the council premises and he won the House of Assembly election in 2011. He was re-elected in 2015 election to represent Omuma for the second time in Rivers State House of Assembly under the PDP. Several other political parties have sprung up within this period as alphabetically arranged below and Omuma has been actively involved in them: • Advanced Congress of Democrats (ACD) • Alliance for Democracy (AD) • Action Democratic Party (ADP) • All Democratic Peoples Movement (ADPM) • All Progressives Congress (APC)", "id": "2613408" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Spain)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (, PDP), renamed as Christian Democracy (, DC) from March 1988 until it merged into the People's Party in June 1989, was a Christian-democratic political party in Spain. In August 1982, 13 deputies under the leadership of Óscar Alzaga split from the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) and founded the PDP, entering into alliance with the People's Alliance (AP), which received the second largest number of votes in the 1982 and 1986 general elections. The", "id": "19996228" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Malaysia)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (Malay: Parti Demokratik Progresif, Abbreviation: PDP), formerly known as Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party (SPDP) is a Sarawak based political party in Malaysia founded in 2002. The party was founded in the wake of the de-registration of the Sarawak National Party (SNAP) in November 2002 by a faction aligned to the Chief Minister of Sarawak, Abdul Taib Mahmud, led by William Mawan Ikom. The party has rebrand that using a new name - Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and a", "id": "13136566" }, { "contents": "Tunisia\n\n\n, including several that existed under the former regime. During the rule of Ben Ali, only three functioned as independent opposition parties: the PDP, FDTL, and Tajdid. While some older parties are well-established and can draw on previous party structures, many of the 100-plus parties extant as of February 2012 are small. Rare for the Arab world, women held more than 20% of seats in the country's pre-revolution bicameral parliament. In the 2011 constituent assembly, women held between 24% and 31%", "id": "11279313" }, { "contents": "Liberal Party (Spain, 1976)\n\n\nThe Liberal Party (, PL) was a liberal political party in Spain. It was part of the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) until 1983, when it aligned itself with the People's Alliance (AP), the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL). On 22 December 1984 the latter merged into the Liberal Party. These three parties formed the People's Coalition for the 1986 election. In 1989 the party, along with AP and PDP, merged to form the", "id": "19996525" }, { "contents": "New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)\n\n\nto boycott that plebiscite. Main party founder, president, and former statehood Republican Party standard-bearer Luis A. Ferré categorized the New Progressive Party as one which would not be aligned to any of the two major U.S. national parties. Co-founders of the NPP alongside Luis A. Ferre were Manuel F. Alsina Capo, attorney Nelson Escalona, and Benny Frankie Cerezo. Under Luis A. Ferré, the NPP came to power in January 1969, after defeating Luis Negrón López, the gubernatorial candidate from the Popular Democratic Party (PDP)", "id": "21721596" }, { "contents": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Mali)\n\n\nThe Party for Democracy and Progress (, PDP) is a political party in Mali led by Mady Konaté. The party was established in 1991, and officially registered on 25 April that year. It party received 5.1% of the vote in the February 1992 parliamentary elections, winning two seats. In the April 1992 presidential elections it nominated Idrissa Traoré as its candidate. Traoré finished fifth out of nine candidates with 7.1%^ of the vote. The local elections in the same year saw the party win 40 of the 751 seats across", "id": "19282171" }, { "contents": "Samaila Suleiman\n\n\n-2008, Energy Commission of Nigeria in 2009-2010 and later resigned to join politics. Suleiman was first elected into the public office as a local government chairman from Kaduna North in Kaduna State under the defunct Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) in 2008. He was the only politician to have won local government election under the CPC having shared the same constituency with the then vice president of Nigeria from the then ruling party People's Democratic Party (PDP). In 2015, Suleiman was first elected into the Lower Chamber", "id": "6113494" }, { "contents": "Party for Democratic Prosperity\n\n\nFor example, the party leadership criticized the 1991 Census for allegedly underreporting the percentage of the population that was Albanian from 40% to only 21%. Also, the PDP deputies voted against adopting the constitution due to its lack of protection for minorities. From the 1998 elections onwards PDP is in opposition and since then the support for the PDP has eroded considerably. At the 2002 legislative elections, the party won 2.3% of the popular vote and 2 out of 120 seats. At the 2011 legislative elections, the party won", "id": "5710802" }, { "contents": "2008 Angolan legislative election\n\n\nDemocratic Party (PLD), Party of the Alliance of Youth, Workers and Farmers of Angola (PAJOCA), Party for Democratic Support and Progress of Angola (PADEPA), the Democratic Party for Progress - Angolan National Alliance (PDP-ANA), the Front for Democracy (FpD) and four coalitions: the Democratic Angola – Coalition (AD), New Democracy Electoral Union (ND), the Electoral Political Platform (PPE) and the Angolan Fraternal Forum Coalition (FOFAC). The Angolan Democratic Party (PDA", "id": "533048" }, { "contents": "Party for Democratic Prosperity\n\n\nThe Party for Democratic Prosperity or PDP () is an ethnic Albanian political party in North Macedonia. The party was formed in April 1990 and is currently led by Abdyladi Vejseli. From 1992 to 1998 the PDP was part of the coalition governments led by the SDSM. After the split of the radical wing from the party in February 1994, PDP was generally considered to be moderate party that could cooperate with Macedonian parties, although sometimes frictions between the PDP and the other government parties arose as a consequence of the ethnic questions.", "id": "5710801" }, { "contents": "Politics of Gibraltar\n\n\n. A new party, New Gibraltar Democracy, announced it would contest the next election. NGD claimed that the two main parties were \"Out of touch with people's expectations and make up for their lack of ideas through Orwellian style propaganda.\" At the 2007 election one candidate, Charles Gomez, stood for election for the party. It achieved under 1% of the vote and has subsequently ceased any activity. In June 2006 the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was formed and announced it would be presenting a full slate", "id": "11739411" }, { "contents": "Tunisian people\n\n\nto an end 23 years latter on January 14, 2011, in the events of the Tunisian Revolution, following nationwide demonstrations precipitated by high unemployment, food inflation, corruption, a lack of political freedoms like freedom of speech and poor living conditions. Following the overthrow of Ben Ali, Tunisians elected a Constituent Assembly to draft a new constitution, and an interim government known as the Troika because it was a coalition of three parties; the Islamist Ennahda Movement in the lead, with the centre-left Congress for the Republic and", "id": "21785336" }, { "contents": "Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle\n\n\nIn the aftermath of \"Mt. Healthy\",\" wrote Sandra Lynch for the First Circuit in 2004, \"confusion still sometimes arises about the issue of causation.\" She was writing in one of several cases it heard in the mid-2000s arising from alleged political retaliation in Puerto Rico, where members of the New Progressive Party (NPP) brought suit claiming that members of the rival Popular Democratic Party (PDP) had improperly forced them out of government jobs after the PDP defeated the incumbent NPP in the commonwealth's 2000 elections.", "id": "17963178" }, { "contents": "Great Ogboru\n\n\n2003. In the 2007 election, Great Ogboru contested for governorship under the flag of the Democracy People Party (DPP) against Emmanuel Uduaghan of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) and lost to Emmanuel Uduagha again in 2011 election though he contested under the umbrella of Labour Party In the 2015 Delta State governorship election, Great Ogboru contested for governorship under the umbrella of All Progressive Congress (APC). He was defeated by Ifeanyi Okowa of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) . In the 2019 governorship election of Delta State,", "id": "278732" }, { "contents": "1983 Murcian regional election\n\n\nelectoral alliance led by the right-wing People's Alliance (AP), which included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), became the second political force and the main opposition party, whereas the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) also entered the Assembly, obtaining 1 seat. As a result of the election, Socialist Andrés Hernández Ros, who since 1979 had been the President of the Regional Council of Murcia (the pre-autonomic regional government), became the first democratically", "id": "19967050" }, { "contents": "Emmanuel Nnamdi Uba\n\n\nEmmanuel Nnamdi Uba, or Andy Uba (born 14 December 1958), is a Nigerian politician who was elected Senator for the Anambra South constituency of Anambra State, Nigeria, in April 2011. He ran on the People's Democratic Party (PDP) platform. He defected to the ruling All Progressives Congress in February 2017; the leadership crises engulfing the former ruling party PDP may have motivated his decision. Uba was born on 14 December 1958 in Enugu, and attended the Boys High School in Awkunanaw. His parents originated from", "id": "17515892" }, { "contents": "Islam and secularism\n\n\ndictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collapsed in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian revolution, Tunisia's interim government granted the group permission to form a political party. Since then it has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, 2011, the first honest election in the country's history with a turn out of 51.1% of all eligible voters, the party won 37.04% of the popular vote and 89 (41%)", "id": "18330475" }, { "contents": "United Progressive Alliance\n\n\nthe Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party announced the withdrawal of the PDP from the UPA given that the Congress had decided to support the Omar Abdullah-led National Conference Government in Jammu & Kashmir after the 2008 state elections. On 26 March 2009, PMK declared that it would join the AIADMK led front and withdrew from the UPA and the party president declared that two union ministers of his party will resign shortly. On 12 November 2012, Barrister Asaduddin Owaisi, leader of the AIMIM announced the decision of the party's executive and", "id": "8764699" }, { "contents": "Umaru Tanko Al-Makura\n\n\nfounding member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) in Nasarawa State in 1998. Al-Makura defected from the PDP after losing the primary elections for the Nasarawa Governor competition. Al-Makura was elected Governor of Nasarawa State, Nigeria on 26 April 2011, running on the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) ticket. He defeated the incumbent governor, Aliyu Akwe-Doma of the PDP. On 14 July 2014 the Speaker of the Nasarawa State House of Assembly gave a notice of impeachment to the Clerk of the", "id": "7102114" }, { "contents": "2013 Gibraltar by-election\n\n\nThe Gibraltar by-election, 2013 was a parliamentary by-election held on 4 July 2013 for the Gibraltar Parliament. The by-election was to contest the seat left vacant by the death of Government of Gibraltar Housing Minister Charles Bruzon in April 2013. The Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP), Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and an independent contested the by-election. The Liberal Party of Gibraltar who is in alliance and in Government with the GSLP backed the GSLP's candidate", "id": "8509407" }, { "contents": "Politics of Tajikistan\n\n\nThree major opposition parties—the Democratic Party, the Islamic Renaissance Party, and the Social Democratic Party—boycotted the election. In the early 2000s, independent political parties continued to exist, but their operations were circumscribed and their influence marginal. The governing People’s Democratic Party (PDP) gained strength as some opposition party leaders joined the government and others were disqualified from participation in elections. The Communist Party of Tajikistan, a nominal opposition party that has supported President Rahmon on most issues, has lost support since 2000. The", "id": "11083170" }, { "contents": "Dapo Abiodun\n\n\nis also reportedly the founder of First Power Limited. Dapo Abiodun is a founding member of Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) in Ogun State, although he is currently a member of the All Progressive Congress (APC) defecting after the 2015 general elections. He contested the Ogun East senatorial seat on the platform of the All Progressive Congress(APC) in the 2015 Nigerian general elections which he lost to the Peoples Democratic Party(PDP) candidate . He was elected a senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria on the platform of the defunct United Nigeria", "id": "1139922" }, { "contents": "1983 Riojan regional election\n\n\n. The People's Coalition, an electoral alliance led by the People's Alliance (AP), which also included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), emerged as the second largest grouping in the General Deputation, while the newly created regionalist Progressive Riojan Party (PRP) came third. Neither the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) or the Democratic and Social Centre (CDS), the only other parties standing in the election, were able to meet the electoral threshold and failed", "id": "18176961" }, { "contents": "Trinity—Spadina\n\n\nwas expected to be a very competitive election. Additionally, Conservative David Watters, Green Anna Costa, Progressive Canadian Party Asif Hossain, Canadian Action Party Tristan Downe-Dewdney and Daniel Knezetic for the Popular Democratic Party contested the election. The Popular Democratic Party was a social democratic and populist political party formed in 2003. It did not register as a political party with Elections Canada, and closed down after the 2004 election. The PDP proposed decentralization and community involvement in the political process through the creation of community councils to which any", "id": "8027884" }, { "contents": "Galician Coalition\n\n\nin the Congreso de los Diputados since the Second Republic. In January 1987 the most nationalist and progressive sectors of CG, led by Pablo González Mariñas and Xosé Henrique Rodríguez Peña, left the party and formed the Galician Nationalist Party (which would eventually join the Galician Nationalist Bloc). To attend the 1987 municipal elections CG formed the Galician Progressive Coalition, with the Democratic Popular Party (PDP) and the Liberal Party, gaining the 11.07% of the vote and 607 councilors. Following the departure of Xosé Luís Barreiro of the", "id": "602391" }, { "contents": "2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election\n\n\nthe delay, all major parties approved of it, even the Ennahda Movement; other parties approving the new election date included the Progressive Democratic Party, Ettajdid Movement, Al Majd, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the Social Liberal Party. In September, the government of Canada declared that it would not allow Tunisia to open polling stations in its territory because it refused to be included in another country's electoral constituency. Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird called the issue \"a matter of Canadian sovereignty\". In response to Canada", "id": "14450727" }, { "contents": "Democratic Modernist Pole\n\n\nin all the 33 constituencies at home and abroad. Sixteen women and 17 men will be chief candidates. Riadh Ben Fadl and Mustapha Ben Ahmed, are the founders of the group. Ahmed Ibrahim is a leader in the bloc. The bloc won 5 of the 217 seats and 4.91% of the vote in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election. Three of the parties in the coalition: the Republican Party, the Socialist Left Party and the Social Democratic Path) became part of another coalition called the Union for Tunisia in 2013", "id": "19583402" }, { "contents": "Abdulmumin Jibrin\n\n\nof Commerce (NBCC) between 2010 – 2011. Jibrin was first elected into the Nigerian National Assembly's House of Representatives representing Kiru/Bebeji Federal constituency of Kano State under the Peoples Democratic Party - PDP in 2011 before decamping to the newly formed political party in Nigeria, the All Progressives Congress (APC) in 2014 and was later re-elected into House of Representatives in 2015. Jibrin was the Chairman House of Representatives Committee on Finance in the 7th Assembly with oversight on the Federal Ministry of Finance and its Parastatals,", "id": "18363893" }, { "contents": "Rashidi Adewolu Ladoja\n\n\n2009, a former aide testified on the way on which the share money had been divided between Ladoja's family, bodyguard, senior politicians and lawyers. Ladoja was the governorship candidate for Accord party in Oyo State during the April 2011 and 2015 elections, he lost to Senator Abiola Ajimobi. He later merged his Accord Party into PDP in 2017. Dispute in PDP made him and other allies (from Labour Party, All Progressives Congress APC etc.) to move over African Democratic Congress (ADC) in 2018. After a", "id": "21855065" }, { "contents": "Mohammed Badaru Abubakar\n\n\nAll Progressives Congress in 2015 along with PDP contender Mal. Aminu Ibrahim Ringim. The Independent National Electoral Commission on 13 April 2015 declared him the winner of that election. On 9 March 2019 Jigawa state gubernatorial election, Badaru was re-elected has governor having polled a total of 810,933 votes, the candidate of the Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, Aminu Ibrahim Ringim scored 288,356 while the candidate of the Social Democratic Party, SDP, Bashir Adamu Jumbo scored 32,894 votes, thereby making him the winner of the election. In recognition", "id": "20149723" }, { "contents": "Popular Democratic Party (France)\n\n\nthe PDP prior to the 1924 legislative election. Established by Congress on 15 and 16 November 1924, under the chairmanship of George Thibout and involving 200 delegates, the PDP supported the desire to achieve \"a task in bringing reconciliation around the idea of Republicanism\" by the definition of \"new Republican faith\" The Popular Democrats advocated that religion was not and should not be a line between right and left. However, the PDP oriented itself to the centre-right in direct competition to the Republican Federation, the party from which", "id": "22044943" }, { "contents": "Socialism in Tunisia\n\n\nthe Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties (Ettakatol or FDTL) was founded and officially recognized on 25 October 2002. Is a social democratic and secularist political party in Tunisia. Its founder and Secretary-General is the radiologist Mustapha Ben Jafar. Active from 1993 to 2012, the Ettajdid Movement (\"Movement for Renewal\") was a centre-left secularist, democratic socialist and social liberal political party in Tunisia. It was led by Ahmed Ibrahim. For the Constituent assembly election, Ettajdid formed a strongly secularist alliance called Democratic", "id": "5642583" }, { "contents": "Wafa Movement\n\n\nThe Wafa Movement (), sometimes referred to as the Independent Democratic Congress, is a political party in Tunisia. The party was founded in 2012 by a number of constituents who broke away from the Congress for the Republic (CPR). Led by the short-time CPR secretary-general Abderraouf Ayadi, the party however remained loosely allied with the governing Troika coalition of Ennahda, CPR and Ettakatol. Generally seen as a secular, left-leaning party, the Wafa Movement reached out to Islamists on the grounds of seeking", "id": "13260598" }, { "contents": "Abdulkareem Adisa\n\n\nPeople's Democratic Party (PDP) in Kwara State. One PDP group suspended the Minister of State for Women Affairs, Miss Funke Adedoyin, but another group of PDP elders, led by Adisa, voided Adedoyin’s suspension. Adisa also became vice-chairman of the Kwara Progressive Movement (KPM). Abdulkareem Adisa was leader of a movement to elect General Ibrahim Babangida as president in 2007. He published an attack on the National Democratic Coalition (NADECO) in \"The Guardian\" of 28 April 2004, warning the group", "id": "1146576" }, { "contents": "Nidaa Tounes\n\n\n\"founder\" Habib Bourguiba). In addition, the party has the support of many members of the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT) and the national employers' union, UTICA. They believe that Tunisia's secular forces have to unite to counter the dominance of the Islamist Ennahda Movement. From its foundation until July 2013, 11 members of the Constituent Assembly joined the party by defecting from various other parties. On 11 February 2013, the Republican Party joined Nidaa Tounes and four other parties in a political alliance called Union", "id": "4542216" }, { "contents": "Gibraltar\n\n\nrepresented by the Governor of Gibraltar. The governor enacts day-to-day matters on the advice of the Gibraltar Parliament, but is responsible to the British government in respect of defence, foreign policy, internal security and general good governance. Judicial and other appointments are made on behalf of the monarch in consultation with the head of the elected government. The 2011 election was contested by the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)-Gibraltar Liberal Party (GLP) Alliance and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP", "id": "7263743" }, { "contents": "Adamu Sidi Ali\n\n\nballots had not been included in the count.In turn, the PDP appealed the decision to nullify the election of their candidate, who had died two months after the election, saying the election should be a re-run due to his death. Their appeal was rejected. Later, Sidi Ali changed allegiance to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). During a PDP campaign flag-off meeting before the April 2007 elections, he advised political opponents not to use thugs to destabilize the elections. Sidi Ali became senator for", "id": "13302889" }, { "contents": "Ahmed Tijani Ahmed\n\n\nAhmed Tijani Ahmed (December 17, 1941 – June 10, 2006) was a Nigerian politician who was Senator for the Kogi Central constituency in Kogi State from 1999 to 2003 as a member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP). When Kogi State was created in 1991, Ahmed Tijani Ahmed joined a group of liberal progressive politicians in the Social Democratic Party (SDP) that created an agreement on power sharing among the different peoples of the state. However, they lost the December 1991 governorship election to the National Republican", "id": "14754363" }, { "contents": "Abdulmumin Jibrin\n\n\nthe members of the House of Representatives that led the first set of 37 Legislators that decamped from the ruling People's Democratic Party (PDP) to the main opposition party, All Progressive Party (APC). In March 2015, Abdulmumin contested and got re-elected to the House of Representatives by the people of his constituency Kiru/Bebeji Kano state, Nigeria. As Chairman Appropriation, Jibrin has oversight function over the Budget office and national budget, the appropriation of funds for execution of government programmes and projects. He also", "id": "18363903" }, { "contents": "Godswill Akpabio\n\n\nSenatorial District to represent the district in the Senate of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Running under the platform of the People’s Democratic Party (PDP), he polled 422,009 of the 439,449 to defeat Chief Inibehe Okorie of the All Progressive Congress (APC) who recorded 15, 152 votes to be declared elected by the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). Akpabio was nominated for the position of the Senate Minority Leader by the South-South caucus of the People's Democratic Party (PDP), ratified by the caucus", "id": "19678208" }, { "contents": "1970 Montserratian general election\n\n\nGeneral elections were held in Montserrat on 15 December 1970. The result was a victory for the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), which won all seven seats in the Legislative Council, whilst the Montserrat Labour Party (MLP), which had won every election since the introduction of universal suffrage in 1951, lost all four of its seats. PDP leader Percival Austin Bramble became Chief Minister, replacing his father and MLP leader, William Henry Bramble. Universal suffrage was introduced in Montserrat in 1951, and the first elections under it", "id": "6935944" }, { "contents": "Atiku Abubakar\n\n\nProgressives Congress (APC), a party he helped to form. On 3 December 2017, via a Facebook Live broadcast, Abubakar announced his return to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). The announcement followed consultations the former Vice President had with party leaders and stakeholders from across the country. He said he decided to 'return home' to the PDP now that the issues which made him leave the party had been resolved. Abubakar declared his candidacy for the presidential nomination of the PDP mid 2018 and won the nomination at", "id": "10683389" }, { "contents": "Luis A. Ferré\n\n\nProgressive Party (a.k.a., PNP). In the following general election in 1968, Ferré ran for Governor and defeated Luis Negrón López, the candidate of the Popular Democratic Party (PPD) by a slight margin. The ruling party had split with the creation of the People's Party, which ran incumbent PDP-elected Governor Roberto Sánchez Vilella as its gubernatorial candidate, ending Luis Muñoz Marín's PPD's hold on the governor's seat, which had lasted 20 years. During Ferré's administration, Puerto Rico was in", "id": "11079059" }, { "contents": "1994–1995 Uzbek parliamentary election\n\n\nParliamentary elections were held in Uzbekistan on 25 December 1994, with a second round held in 39 constituencies on 8 January 1995 and seven constituencies on 22 January. The election was contested by 634 candidates, 250 nominated by local councils, 243 members of the People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan, and 141 Progress Party of the Fatherland members. The majority of seats were won by local council nominees (around 120 of which were PDP members), whilst the People's Democratic Party emerged as the largest party. Voter turnout was 93.6", "id": "15227647" }, { "contents": "1983 Madrilenian regional election\n\n\nthe PSOE won 51 seats. The People's Coalition, an electoral alliance led by the People's Alliance (AP), which also included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), emerged as the second largest grouping in the Assembly. The Communist Party of Spain was the only other party to win seats in the Assembly. In 1986, the party joined with other left-wing movements to form the current United Left. The Assembly of Madrid was the devolved, unicameral legislature of", "id": "3098844" } ]

[ { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nby Ahmed Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi. On 9 April 2012, it merged into the Republican Party. The Progressive Democratic Party had a newspaper, \"Al-Mawqif\". In its beginnings, the Progressive Socialist Rally (now PDP) gathered a broad range of currents from Marxists and pro-democracy activists to progressive Muslims. During the Ben Ali rule, Najib Chebbi and the PDP were harassed by the police for years, and verbally attacked by state-run media. After unsuccessfully participating in elections from 1989 to 1999", "id": "16419721" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\n, the party decided to boycott the elections of 2004 and 2009. Therefore, it was unrepresented in the Tunisian parliament. After the Ben Ali administration announced to force the party to move their headquarters from Tunis, its leaders Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi engaged in a 20-days hunger strike, which earned the party attention and prompted the administration to revoke their decision. Following the 2010–2011 Tunisian protests, shootings outside PDP's headquarters were reported on 16 January 2011. The next day, on 17 January, party leader Najib Chebbi, was", "id": "16419722" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nnamed Regional Development Minister in the interim government. Ahead of the Constituent Assembly election, the PDP evolved into a main exponent of the centre-left secular camp and rival of the Islamist Ennahda Movement. In the run-up to the elections, the Progressive Democrats have received quite an amount of financial support which enabled the party for a lavish campaign. Critics claim that an important part of the funding came from businesspeople close to the old Ben Ali power elite. In the election for a constituent assembly, the PDP won 3.9", "id": "16419723" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\n) was founded under the name of \"Progressive Socialist Rally\", and gained legal recognition on 12 September 1988. It was secular and liberal party. The party was renamed as Progressive Democratic Party in 2001. Under the rule of Ben Ali it was a legal opposition party, but subjected to political repression. After the Tunisian revolution it was one of the major left-leaning secular political forces. It was led by Ahmed Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi. On 9 April 2012, it merged into the Republican Party. Maya", "id": "5642552" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\n% of the popular vote and 16 of 217 seats in the National Constituent Assembly, putting it at the fifth place. As the party had categorically ruled out any collaboration with the victorious Islamist Ennahda Movement, the Progressive Democrats went into opposition and belong to the outspoken critics of the governing coalition of the Islamists with the secular CPR and Ettakatol parties. After the electoral defeat, the PDP launched talks with other secularist and liberal parties to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was realised on the PDP's", "id": "16419724" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (, \"; ), also referred to by its acronym PDP, was a secular liberal political party in Tunisia. The Progressive Democratic Party was founded under the name of \"Progressive Socialist Rally\" in 1983, gained legal recognition on 12 September 1988 and was renamed Progressive Democratic Party in 2001. Under the rule of Ben Ali it was a legal opposition party, but subjected to political repression. After the Tunisian revolution it was one of the major left-leaning secular political forces. It was led", "id": "16419720" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nSecretary-General of the PDP. She has been the first woman to lead a political party in Tunisia. From 1 to 20 October 2007, Jribi, along with Najib Chebbi, engaged in a hunger strike to protest against the forced move of the party's headquarters from Tunis, which caused serious health implications for her. Jribi headed the PDP’s electoral list in Ben Arous for the Constituent Assembly Elections in October 2011. The PDP list received one seat in Ben Arous according to preliminary election results. On 9 April 2012", "id": "632088" }, { "contents": "Republican Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nThe Republican Party ( \"\", ) is a centrist liberal party in Tunisia. It was formed on 9 April 2012 as a merger of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Afek Tounes and the Tunisian Republican Party, several minor parties and independents. The party is led by Maya Jribi who was previously the secretary-general of the PDP. The party held 11 out of 217 seats and was the largest oppositional party in the National Constituent Assembly of Tunisia. The party withdrew from the Union for Tunisia coalition, though", "id": "15161288" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nDuring that period, she became involved and an active member of the student union, known as UGET, and the Tunisian League of Human Rights. She wrote for the independent weekly Erraï and later for the PDP-newspaper Al Mawkif. Together with Ahmed Najib Chebbi, Maya Jribi co-founded the \"Progressive Socialist Rally\", established in 1983, which was later renamed into Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). Since 1986 she has been a member of the party's executive. On 25 December 2006, Jribi was appointed", "id": "632087" }, { "contents": "Ahmed Najib Chebbi\n\n\nAhmed Najib Chebbi (, ) or simply Najib Chebbi (born 30 July 1944) is a Tunisian attorney and politician. Chebbi is a prominent figure of the Tunisian opposition movement; in 1983, he founded the Democratic Progressive Party, which gained legal recognition in 1988. He is currently the leader of the Democratic Progressive Party. In 2006, Maya Jribi became the party's secretary-general, the first woman to hold such office in Tunisia. In 2009 Chebbi attempted to run as a candidate for President of Tunisia but was", "id": "1109530" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nof investigative journalism, unconditional and free access to information, open government, anti-censorship of all kinds, among others. On 9 April 2012, the Republican Party was formed as a merger of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Afek Tounes and the Tunisian Republican Party, several minor parties and independents. The party is centrist and liberal, it's led by Maya Jribi who was previously the secretary-general of the PDP. The party held 11 out of 217 seats and was the largest oppositional party in the", "id": "5642564" }, { "contents": "Tunisian Revolution\n\n\nand Ahmed Najib Chebbi of the PDP), three representatives from the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT), and representatives of civil society (including prominent blogger Slim Amamou). Three notable movements not included in the national unity government were the banned Ennahda Movement, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the secular reformist Congress for the Republic. The following day, the three members of the UGTT and Ben Jafaar resigned, saying that they had \"no confidence\" in a government featuring members of the RCD. There were daily", "id": "18746070" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nparty in Tunisia. Its program is liberal, focusing on secularism and civil liberties. The party mainly appealed to intellectuals and the upper class. After underperforming in the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, Afek Tounes joined talks with other secularist and liberal parties, especially the Progressive Democratic Party to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was completed on 9 April 2012. The new party is called the Republican Party. In August 2013, Yassine Brahim, current leader of the party, and other former party members left", "id": "5642562" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nMaya Jribi (January 29, 1960 – May 19, 2018) was a Tunisian politician. From 2006 to 2012, she was the leader of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). From PDP's merger into the Republican Party in April 2012, until her resignation in 2017, she was the Secretary-General of the centrist party. Her father is from Tatouine, while her mother is from Algeria. She followed her studies in Radès Tunisia, before studying biology at the University of Sfax, from 1979 to 1983.", "id": "632086" }, { "contents": "Secularism in Tunisia\n\n\nTunisian Constitution of 2014 following a considerable debate between Islamic and secular political groups and movements. On 1 March 2011, after the secularist dictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collapsed in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian revolution, Tunisia's interim government granted the \"Ennahda\", a moderate Islamist movement in Tunisia, permission to form a political party. Since then, the Ennahda Islamic Party has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election", "id": "19596325" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nNational Constituent Assembly of Tunisia. The party withdrew from the Union for Tunisia coalition, though it is still part of the National Salvation Front. After the founding congress, nine assemblymen elected for the PDP contested the leadership vote and temporarily suspended their party membership. Those 9 members became part of the Democratic Alliance Party. After being founded in 2012, Nidaa Tounes (Call of Tunisia) won a plurality of seats in the October 2014 parliamentary election. It's a big tent secularist political party in Tunisia. The party's founding", "id": "5642565" }, { "contents": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Burkina Faso)\n\n\nThe Party for Democracy and Progress () was a political party in Burkina Faso (former Upper Volta. It was founded in April 1994 after a split in the National Convention of Progressive Patriots–Social Democratic Party in May 1993. It merged in February 1996 with the Union of the Democratic Left and the Party of Social Progress. After merger with the Burkinabè Socialist Party the PDP became the Party for Democracy and Progress / Socialist Party. At the legislative elections in 1997 the party won 10.1% of the popular vote and 6", "id": "19404846" }, { "contents": "Popular Front (Tunisia)\n\n\nof the Iraqi branch of Ba'ath Party, and other progressive parties. The number of parties involved in the coalition has since decreased to nine. Approximately 15,000 people attended the coalition's first meeting in Tunis. The Tunisian Revolution in 2011 saw the departure of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the dissolution of his party, the Democratic Constitutional Rally, and the holding of fresh elections for the creation of a new constitution. This saw the Tunisian political scene dominated by the Islamist Ennahda Movement, and its allies the Democratic Forum for", "id": "8081870" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Gibraltar)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was a liberal conservative political party from Gibraltar. The party was the third political party and the only party to sit on the centre-right in Gibraltar. Despite poor election results, it garnered growing support from the public and was seen as the 'alternative opposition'. The PDP was the only party campaigning for \"a Gibraltar freely associated to the United Kingdom\" and envisaged \"a journey through the recognition of our right to independence\". The party was also the only political party", "id": "16416540" }, { "contents": "Democratic Party of Progress\n\n\nThe Democratic Party of Progress (, PDP) is a political party in Guinea-Bissau. The PDP was established on 10 February 1992 by Amin Michel Saad. It joined the Union for Change (UM) alliance prior to the 1994 general elections, and Saad became the UM's leader. The UM won six seats in the National People's Assembly, of which the PDP (though Saad) took one. The UM was reduced to three seats in the 1999–2000 general elections, and lost them all in the 2004 parliamentary", "id": "17399816" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nHe was the Ettajdid Movement's candidate for President of Tunisia in the 2009 presidential election. Brahim was in favor of the emergence of a \"democratic modern and \"secular\" [laicist] state\" not connected with Islamists. According to Brahim, this would require \"radical\" reform of the electoral system, which would improve the political climate in guaranteeing freedom of assembly and a large scale independent press, as well as repealing a law that regulated public discourse of electoral candidates. In 1983, the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP", "id": "5642551" }, { "contents": "Sarawak State Legislative Assembly\n\n\ngovernment with a majority of 72 seats out of 82. There were several candidates from breakaway parties such as TERAS and UPP that had their members contest seats under the Barisan banner as direct election candidates under a deal by Adenan Satem after their parties were prevented from joining Barisan after opposition from parties such as PDP and SUPP. On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties including Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party", "id": "17954676" }, { "contents": "2015 Nigerian general election\n\n\nPeople's Democratic Party (PDP) primaries on 10 December 2014, receiving the nomination of the party. However, this was against an unwritten rule that the PDP's presidential candidacy should alternate between Muslim northerners and Christian southerners, and opposition to Jonathan's candidacy had led to the defection of dozens of PDP MPs in the House of Representatives. Prior to the elections, the All Progressives Congress was formed as an alliance of four opposition parties, the Action Congress of Nigeria, the Congress for Progressive Change, the All Nigeria Peoples", "id": "18172183" }, { "contents": "Civic Democratic Party (Hungary)\n\n\nThe Civic Democratic Party (, PDP) was a liberal political party in Hungary in the period following World War II The party was established towards the end of 1944 as a successor to the Civic Freedom Party. Part of a group of members who had belonged to now-defunct conservative parties before the war, Géza Teleki was elected as the party's first leader. The PDP won 21 seats in the National Interim Assembly elections in November 1944. However, Communist opposition to Teleki led to him losing his place in the Cabinet", "id": "16990101" }, { "contents": "Afek Tounes\n\n\nAfek Tounes won 4 seats for the constitutive assembly. The party was rattled on 3 November 2011 though by the resignation of several key founding members such as its spokesperson Emna Mnif, its general secretary Mustapha Mezghani, Sami Zaoui, Hela Hababou and another 13 members. After underperforming in the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, Afek Tounes joined talks with other secularist and liberal parties, especially the Progressive Democratic Party to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was completed on 9 April 2012. The new party is called", "id": "1405509" }, { "contents": "Ali Lankoandé\n\n\nAli Lankoandé (10 November 1930 – 28 May 2014) is a Burkinabé politician from Burkina Faso. He was President of the Party for Democracy and Progress/Socialist Party (PDP/PS) from 2005 to 2008. Lankoandé headed the National Social Security Fund and served as a deputy in the National Assembly of Burkina Faso, as well as Minister of National Education, during the 1970s. Lankoandé was elected to succeed Joseph Ki-Zerbo as President of the PDP/PS on 5 February 2005. Running as the PDP/", "id": "21268271" }, { "contents": "Ennahda Movement\n\n\ncollapse of the government of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the Ennahdha Movement Party was formed, and in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, (the first free election in the country's history), won a plurality of 37% of the popular vote and formed a government. Uproar in the traditionally secular country over \"Islamization\" and assassinations of two secular politicians however, led to the 2013–14 Tunisian political crisis, and the party stepped down following the implementation of a new constitution in January 2014. The party came in", "id": "10814394" }, { "contents": "1991 Sint Maarten general election\n\n\nGeneral elections were held in Sint Maarten on 12 April 1991 to elect the 9 members of the Island Council. The Sint Maarten Patriotic Alliance (SPA) led by Vance James Jr. emerged as the largest party, winning 4 of the 9 seats. The SPA and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) agreed to form a coalition government. On 28 August 1991 the SPA/PDP government collapsed. PDP political leader Millicent Acuna-Lopez-de Weever said that \"fundamental philosophical differences\" with the SPA caused the coalition \"to", "id": "12703859" }, { "contents": "Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party\n\n\nin the Rajya Sabha. It was a member of the ruling United Progressive Alliance until the 2009 general election. Sayeed headed the PDP-Indian National Congress Coalition Government between October 2002 and November 2005, and he was the party's Patron until his death on 7 January 2016. The PDP is now headed by Mehbooba Mufti, Sayeed's daughter. The PDP operates on the ideology of self-rule, as distinctly different from the issues of autonomy. It believes that self-rule as a political philosophy, as opposed to", "id": "248417" }, { "contents": "Ettajdid Movement\n\n\nThe Ettajdid Movement (\"Movement for Renewal\" ; , ' ; ), also referred to simply as Ettajdid, was a centre-left secularist political party in Tunisia, active from 1993 to 2012. Ettajdid evolved out of the old Tunisian Communist Party when it abandoned its former ideology in 1993. During the Ben Ali rule it was one of the legal, although oppressed opposition parties. After the Tunisian revolution of 2011, it became part of the Democratic Modernist Pole alliance and in 2012 it merged into the Social Democratic Path", "id": "16419620" }, { "contents": "Elections in Montserrat\n\n\n(when the Council was expanded to seven seats) and 1966. The 1970 elections saw the new Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) win all seven seats. The PDP also won the 1973 elections, but was defeated in 1978 when the People's Liberation Movement (PLM) won all seven seats. The PLM went on to win the 1983 and 1987 elections. The 1991 elections were won by the National Progressive Party, which won four of the seven seats. The 1996 elections resulted in a hung parliament, with the People", "id": "4125813" }, { "contents": "2013–14 Tunisian political crisis\n\n\nafter the elections Ben Ali jailed nearly 25,000 of its activists with Ennahda militants responding by attacking the ruling party's headquarters killing one person and splashing acid on others. Following the revolution, it described itself to be a \"moderate Islamist\" party by advocating democracy and recognizing political pluralism and dialogue with the West. Its supporters back then regarded the party as an example of how a balance can be struck between modernity and Islamism while its critics viewed it as a threat to secularism in Tunisia, which was often regarded as the most", "id": "7679782" }, { "contents": "List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2013–18)\n\n\nof 72 seats out of 82. There were several candidates from breakaway parties such as TERAS and UPP that had their members contest seats under the Barisan banner as direct election candidates under a deal by Adenan Satem after their parties were prevented from joining Barisan after opposition from parties such as PDP and SUPP. On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties including Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP) officially", "id": "21866476" }, { "contents": "Mike Onoja\n\n\nParty at the 2015 general election by the All Progressives Congress, he and other politicians of the People's Democratic Party defected to the All Progressives Congress in 2016. He returned to the People's Democratic Party in the run-up to the 2019 Benue south Senatorial election. After the PDP's Senatorial Primary election in 2018, Mike Onoja again defected from the party to the Social Democratic Party after expressing his dissatisfaction with the PDP's conduct of the primary election. Mike Onoja is the Chairman/CEO of Moonsons Resources Investment International", "id": "10879880" }, { "contents": "History of modern Tunisia\n\n\n, several Islamist activists were released from prison. He also forged a national pact with the Tunisian party Harakat al-Ittijah al-Islami (Islamic Tendency Movement), which had been founded in 1981; later it changed its name to Ennahda (the Renaissance Party). He also changed the ruling party's name to the Democratic Constitutional Rally. However, Ben Ali's innovative tack did not work out well. Subsequently, An-Nahda claimed to have run strongly in the 1989 elections, giving it the appearance of being", "id": "17057122" }, { "contents": "Yassine Brahim\n\n\nof the new company, which he led into the following acquisition by U.S. based SunGard. In 2010 he turned back to Tunisia, just before the Tunisian Revolution would lead to his appointment as Minister of Transport and Equipment in the short-lived second Ghannouchi cabinet and the subsequent Essebsi cabinet. He resigned on 17 June 2011 to become general secretary of the newly founded Afek Tounes party which he led into a merger with Ahmed Najib Chebbi's Progressive Democratic Party, the Republican Party \"Al Joumhouri\". On 28 August 2013,", "id": "2666991" }, { "contents": "Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties\n\n\nup his position in the transitional government. In the Constituent Assembly election on 23 October 2011, Ettakatol won 20 of the 217 seats making it the fourth force in the Assembly. Subsequently, the FDTL came to an agreement with the two major parties, the Islamist Ennahda Movement and the secular Congress for the Republic (CPR), to share the three highest positions in state. Accordingly, Ben Jafar was voted Speaker of the Assembly on 22 November. In exchange, the Forum supported the election of CPR-leader Moncef Marzouki", "id": "2468766" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Tonga)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (PDP) is a political party in Tonga. It was formed after a split in the Human Rights and Democracy Movement. The party was founded on 8 April 2005 in 'Atenisi. Teisina Fuko was the first person elected to the party presidency at a meeting on 15 April 2005. The PDP was legally registered on July 1, 2005, being the first Tongan party to do so. The party has not won any seats to the Tonga Parliament. It is currently inactive without any candidates or", "id": "19615344" }, { "contents": "2013 Gibraltar by-election\n\n\nSocial Democrats as Opposition had initially decided not to contest the by-election considering instead a \"gentleman's agreement\" as the seat had been one of the GSLP which had become vacant under tragic circumstances. The Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) which was not represented in Parliament immediately decided it would contest the by-election seeing it as an opportunity to be represented despite its poor performance at the previous two general elections. On 30 May 2013 the PDP announced its candidature of party leader Nick Cruz. At this point the GSD", "id": "8509410" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (PDP) is a major contemporary political party in Nigeria. Its policies generally lie towards the centre-right of the political spectrum. It won every Presidential election between 1999 and 2011, and was until the 2015 elections, the governing party in the Fourth Republic although in some cases, amid a few controversial electoral circumstances. Currently, PDP controls 14 states out of 36 states in Nigeria. In 1998 the PDP in its first presidential primary election held in Jos, Plateau State, North Central Nigeria", "id": "1890377" }, { "contents": "Social Democratic Union of Macedonia\n\n\nThe Social Democratic Union of Macedonia (–СДСМ, \"Socijaldemokratski Sojuz na Makedonija\"–SDSM) is a social-democratic political party, the main centre-left political party in North Macedonia. The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia was founded on 20 April 1991 at the 11th Congress of SKM-PDP (UCM – Party for Democratic Changes). Branko Crvenkovski was elected as the party's first president. Its current leader is Zoran Zaev. The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia is a member of the Progressive Alliance and an associate affiliate of", "id": "1084636" }, { "contents": "Peoples Democratic Party (Kenya)\n\n\nThe Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) is a political party in Kenya. The PDP was established in 1992. It won a single seat in the 2007 general elections, Richard Momoima Onyonka in Kitutu Chache Constituency. In 2010 Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) MP James Omingo Magara defected to the party after the ODM did not nominate him as its candidate in the South Mugirango by-election, which was held after Magara's victory in the 2007 elections was annulled due to irregularities. However, Magara was defeated in the by-", "id": "19016018" }, { "contents": "Dickson Tarkighir\n\n\nat the polls in the 2015 general elections and won the seat to represent the people of Makurdi/Guma Federal Constituency in the House of Representatives, Abuja. On Tuesday, 24 July 2018, Tarkighir was among 37 members of the House of Representatives who defected from the ruling All Progressives Congress (APC) to other political parties. He defected to the People's Democratic Party (PDP), a party he had previously defected from. However, On Tuesday, 22 January 2019, Tarkighir announced his return to the All Progressives", "id": "8861699" }, { "contents": "Guillermo Irizarry\n\n\ngovernor abandoned the party that elected him, the Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico (PDP), and joined a newly founded party, the People's Party, which nominated him for an unsuccessful reelection bid. In November of that year, the PDP suffered its first defeat with the election of the New Progressive Party's Luis A. Ferré. As a result, Secretary Irizarry presided over the first transition between elected governors of different parties. From 1973 to 1977, during the administration of Governor Rafael Hernández Colón, Irizarry served again", "id": "1916365" }, { "contents": "1931 Argentine general election\n\n\nJulio Roca as his running mate; Roca, the son of the late PAN leader, Julio A. Roca, had led the Democratic Party of Córdoba. The Democratic Progressive Party (PDP), known for its anti-corruption platform, nominated Senator Lisandro de la Torre, who also earned the endorsement of the Socialist Party of Argentina, a party in search of leadership following the passing of Juan B. Justo, in 1928. The alliance alienated conservatives in the PDP, however, who instead endorsed the aging Francisco A. Barroetaveña,", "id": "14281535" }, { "contents": "Jebali Cabinet\n\n\nThe first cabinet of Tunisian Head of Government Hamadi Jebali was presented on 20 December 2011. Jebali has been appointed by interim President Moncef Marzouki, who had been elected by the National Constituent Assembly, a body constituted to draft a new constitution after the Tunisian Revolution and the fall of former President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in Spring 2011. It took office on 24 December 2011. The three parties in the \"Troika\" coalition are the Islamist Ennahda Movement, the centre-left secularist Congress for the Republic (CPR),", "id": "5725136" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Montserrat)\n\n\nwere the first occasion on which the MLP had faced serious opposition, and saw the PDP win all seven seats, leaving the MLP without parliamentary representation. Percival Austin Bramble became Chief Minister. The PDP subsequently won five of the seven seats in the 1973 elections, but were defeated in the 1978 elections, when the People's Liberation Movement formed by former PDP minister John Osborne won all seven seats. The PDP contested the 1983 elections, winning two seats in the Legislative Council. It was reduced to one seat in the 1987", "id": "6998615" }, { "contents": "1987 European Parliament election in Spain\n\n\na European-wide election was due in 1989, elected MEPs only served for the remainder of the European Parliament term. The ruling Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) designated former Foreign Affairs Minister Fernando Morán to lead their campaign. The main opposition People's Alliance party (AP), running on its own after the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and Liberal Party (PL) broke away from the People's Coalition, chose Manuel Fraga—who had resigned as party leader in December 1986—to lead the party list", "id": "7968065" }, { "contents": "2011 Gibraltar general election\n\n\ngave the GSLP an advantage of up to 9% over the governing party, the GSD, while one (that of the Spanish newspaper \"Area\", which published no details and was widely thought to be politically motivated) predicted a GSD win. Two parties, the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD) and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), and an alliance (Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)/Liberals) have presented a full slate of 10 candidates each, making a total of 30 candidates for 17 seats in the Gibraltar", "id": "19578144" }, { "contents": "Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance\n\n\nThe Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance (\"Partido Democrático para o Progresso – Aliança Nacional Angolana\") is a political party in Angola. The party was founded in Luanda, March 17, 1991. It was led by Mfulumpinga Landu Victor, a former National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) cadre and Member of Parliament for the PDP-ANA, until he was shot dead outside the party office in 2004. It is now led by Francisco Lele. In the 2008 legislative elections, it gained 0.51%", "id": "17803317" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Montserrat)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was a political party in Montserrat. The party was established in 1970 by Percival Austin Bramble, son of Chief Minister and leader of the Montserrat Labour Party (MLP) William Henry Bramble. Percival had previously been a member of the MLP and was elected to the Legislative Council as an MLP candidate in the 1966 elections. However, he subsequently broke away to form the PDP as a result of controversy over the number of holiday and retirement homes being built on the island. The 1970 elections", "id": "6998614" }, { "contents": "Party of Democratic Progress\n\n\nThe Party of Democratic Progress () is a Serbian political party in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the third-largest party in Republika Srpska. PDP was established in Banja Luka on 26 September 1999. During the founding assembly, Mladen Ivanić was elected as the president of the party, while Branko Dokić and Zoran Đerić were elected as vice presidents. The party is an observer member of the European People's Party (EPP) and International Democrat Union (IDU). In terms of bilateral cooperation with other European parties,", "id": "19626107" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (, O'zXDP or PDP) is a centre-left political party in Uzbekistan founded in 1991. The PDP was founded in October 1991 after the Communist Party of Uzbekistan voted to cut its ties with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and change its name to PDP. The party was led by President Islam Karimov since its foundation until 1996, at which point Karimov stepped down and resigned his membership. Karimov created the Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party in 2003. This is supported by the fact", "id": "19132598" }, { "contents": "Ademola Rasaq Seriki\n\n\nwas appointed a National Fund Raising Committee member in the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) for the 1999 National elections. The PDP also appointed him as a member of the Candidate and Party Relations Committee for Obasanjo/Atiku Presidential Election. From 2000 to 2002 Demola Seriki emerged as the PDP Party Chairman of Lagos Island Local Government Area in Lagos State and later in 2003 as the party's flag bearer to the House of Assembly representing Lagos Island Federal Constituency. In 2005 he cut his political tooth further by serving as Secretary of the", "id": "5752584" }, { "contents": "Omuma\n\n\nin the council premises and he won the House of Assembly election in 2011. He was re-elected in 2015 election to represent Omuma for the second time in Rivers State House of Assembly under the PDP. Several other political parties have sprung up within this period as alphabetically arranged below and Omuma has been actively involved in them: • Advanced Congress of Democrats (ACD) • Alliance for Democracy (AD) • Action Democratic Party (ADP) • All Democratic Peoples Movement (ADPM) • All Progressives Congress (APC)", "id": "2613408" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Spain)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (, PDP), renamed as Christian Democracy (, DC) from March 1988 until it merged into the People's Party in June 1989, was a Christian-democratic political party in Spain. In August 1982, 13 deputies under the leadership of Óscar Alzaga split from the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) and founded the PDP, entering into alliance with the People's Alliance (AP), which received the second largest number of votes in the 1982 and 1986 general elections. The", "id": "19996228" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Malaysia)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (Malay: Parti Demokratik Progresif, Abbreviation: PDP), formerly known as Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party (SPDP) is a Sarawak based political party in Malaysia founded in 2002. The party was founded in the wake of the de-registration of the Sarawak National Party (SNAP) in November 2002 by a faction aligned to the Chief Minister of Sarawak, Abdul Taib Mahmud, led by William Mawan Ikom. The party has rebrand that using a new name - Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and a", "id": "13136566" }, { "contents": "Tunisia\n\n\n, including several that existed under the former regime. During the rule of Ben Ali, only three functioned as independent opposition parties: the PDP, FDTL, and Tajdid. While some older parties are well-established and can draw on previous party structures, many of the 100-plus parties extant as of February 2012 are small. Rare for the Arab world, women held more than 20% of seats in the country's pre-revolution bicameral parliament. In the 2011 constituent assembly, women held between 24% and 31%", "id": "11279313" }, { "contents": "Liberal Party (Spain, 1976)\n\n\nThe Liberal Party (, PL) was a liberal political party in Spain. It was part of the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) until 1983, when it aligned itself with the People's Alliance (AP), the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL). On 22 December 1984 the latter merged into the Liberal Party. These three parties formed the People's Coalition for the 1986 election. In 1989 the party, along with AP and PDP, merged to form the", "id": "19996525" }, { "contents": "New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)\n\n\nto boycott that plebiscite. Main party founder, president, and former statehood Republican Party standard-bearer Luis A. Ferré categorized the New Progressive Party as one which would not be aligned to any of the two major U.S. national parties. Co-founders of the NPP alongside Luis A. Ferre were Manuel F. Alsina Capo, attorney Nelson Escalona, and Benny Frankie Cerezo. Under Luis A. Ferré, the NPP came to power in January 1969, after defeating Luis Negrón López, the gubernatorial candidate from the Popular Democratic Party (PDP)", "id": "21721596" }, { "contents": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Mali)\n\n\nThe Party for Democracy and Progress (, PDP) is a political party in Mali led by Mady Konaté. The party was established in 1991, and officially registered on 25 April that year. It party received 5.1% of the vote in the February 1992 parliamentary elections, winning two seats. In the April 1992 presidential elections it nominated Idrissa Traoré as its candidate. Traoré finished fifth out of nine candidates with 7.1%^ of the vote. The local elections in the same year saw the party win 40 of the 751 seats across", "id": "19282171" }, { "contents": "Samaila Suleiman\n\n\n-2008, Energy Commission of Nigeria in 2009-2010 and later resigned to join politics. Suleiman was first elected into the public office as a local government chairman from Kaduna North in Kaduna State under the defunct Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) in 2008. He was the only politician to have won local government election under the CPC having shared the same constituency with the then vice president of Nigeria from the then ruling party People's Democratic Party (PDP). In 2015, Suleiman was first elected into the Lower Chamber", "id": "6113494" }, { "contents": "Party for Democratic Prosperity\n\n\nFor example, the party leadership criticized the 1991 Census for allegedly underreporting the percentage of the population that was Albanian from 40% to only 21%. Also, the PDP deputies voted against adopting the constitution due to its lack of protection for minorities. From the 1998 elections onwards PDP is in opposition and since then the support for the PDP has eroded considerably. At the 2002 legislative elections, the party won 2.3% of the popular vote and 2 out of 120 seats. At the 2011 legislative elections, the party won", "id": "5710802" }, { "contents": "2008 Angolan legislative election\n\n\nDemocratic Party (PLD), Party of the Alliance of Youth, Workers and Farmers of Angola (PAJOCA), Party for Democratic Support and Progress of Angola (PADEPA), the Democratic Party for Progress - Angolan National Alliance (PDP-ANA), the Front for Democracy (FpD) and four coalitions: the Democratic Angola – Coalition (AD), New Democracy Electoral Union (ND), the Electoral Political Platform (PPE) and the Angolan Fraternal Forum Coalition (FOFAC). The Angolan Democratic Party (PDA", "id": "533048" }, { "contents": "Party for Democratic Prosperity\n\n\nThe Party for Democratic Prosperity or PDP () is an ethnic Albanian political party in North Macedonia. The party was formed in April 1990 and is currently led by Abdyladi Vejseli. From 1992 to 1998 the PDP was part of the coalition governments led by the SDSM. After the split of the radical wing from the party in February 1994, PDP was generally considered to be moderate party that could cooperate with Macedonian parties, although sometimes frictions between the PDP and the other government parties arose as a consequence of the ethnic questions.", "id": "5710801" }, { "contents": "Politics of Gibraltar\n\n\n. A new party, New Gibraltar Democracy, announced it would contest the next election. NGD claimed that the two main parties were \"Out of touch with people's expectations and make up for their lack of ideas through Orwellian style propaganda.\" At the 2007 election one candidate, Charles Gomez, stood for election for the party. It achieved under 1% of the vote and has subsequently ceased any activity. In June 2006 the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was formed and announced it would be presenting a full slate", "id": "11739411" }, { "contents": "Tunisian people\n\n\nto an end 23 years latter on January 14, 2011, in the events of the Tunisian Revolution, following nationwide demonstrations precipitated by high unemployment, food inflation, corruption, a lack of political freedoms like freedom of speech and poor living conditions. Following the overthrow of Ben Ali, Tunisians elected a Constituent Assembly to draft a new constitution, and an interim government known as the Troika because it was a coalition of three parties; the Islamist Ennahda Movement in the lead, with the centre-left Congress for the Republic and", "id": "21785336" }, { "contents": "Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle\n\n\nIn the aftermath of \"Mt. Healthy\",\" wrote Sandra Lynch for the First Circuit in 2004, \"confusion still sometimes arises about the issue of causation.\" She was writing in one of several cases it heard in the mid-2000s arising from alleged political retaliation in Puerto Rico, where members of the New Progressive Party (NPP) brought suit claiming that members of the rival Popular Democratic Party (PDP) had improperly forced them out of government jobs after the PDP defeated the incumbent NPP in the commonwealth's 2000 elections.", "id": "17963178" }, { "contents": "Great Ogboru\n\n\n2003. In the 2007 election, Great Ogboru contested for governorship under the flag of the Democracy People Party (DPP) against Emmanuel Uduaghan of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) and lost to Emmanuel Uduagha again in 2011 election though he contested under the umbrella of Labour Party In the 2015 Delta State governorship election, Great Ogboru contested for governorship under the umbrella of All Progressive Congress (APC). He was defeated by Ifeanyi Okowa of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) . In the 2019 governorship election of Delta State,", "id": "278732" }, { "contents": "1983 Murcian regional election\n\n\nelectoral alliance led by the right-wing People's Alliance (AP), which included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), became the second political force and the main opposition party, whereas the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) also entered the Assembly, obtaining 1 seat. As a result of the election, Socialist Andrés Hernández Ros, who since 1979 had been the President of the Regional Council of Murcia (the pre-autonomic regional government), became the first democratically", "id": "19967050" }, { "contents": "Emmanuel Nnamdi Uba\n\n\nEmmanuel Nnamdi Uba, or Andy Uba (born 14 December 1958), is a Nigerian politician who was elected Senator for the Anambra South constituency of Anambra State, Nigeria, in April 2011. He ran on the People's Democratic Party (PDP) platform. He defected to the ruling All Progressives Congress in February 2017; the leadership crises engulfing the former ruling party PDP may have motivated his decision. Uba was born on 14 December 1958 in Enugu, and attended the Boys High School in Awkunanaw. His parents originated from", "id": "17515892" }, { "contents": "Islam and secularism\n\n\ndictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collapsed in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian revolution, Tunisia's interim government granted the group permission to form a political party. Since then it has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, 2011, the first honest election in the country's history with a turn out of 51.1% of all eligible voters, the party won 37.04% of the popular vote and 89 (41%)", "id": "18330475" }, { "contents": "United Progressive Alliance\n\n\nthe Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party announced the withdrawal of the PDP from the UPA given that the Congress had decided to support the Omar Abdullah-led National Conference Government in Jammu & Kashmir after the 2008 state elections. On 26 March 2009, PMK declared that it would join the AIADMK led front and withdrew from the UPA and the party president declared that two union ministers of his party will resign shortly. On 12 November 2012, Barrister Asaduddin Owaisi, leader of the AIMIM announced the decision of the party's executive and", "id": "8764699" }, { "contents": "Umaru Tanko Al-Makura\n\n\nfounding member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) in Nasarawa State in 1998. Al-Makura defected from the PDP after losing the primary elections for the Nasarawa Governor competition. Al-Makura was elected Governor of Nasarawa State, Nigeria on 26 April 2011, running on the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) ticket. He defeated the incumbent governor, Aliyu Akwe-Doma of the PDP. On 14 July 2014 the Speaker of the Nasarawa State House of Assembly gave a notice of impeachment to the Clerk of the", "id": "7102114" }, { "contents": "2013 Gibraltar by-election\n\n\nThe Gibraltar by-election, 2013 was a parliamentary by-election held on 4 July 2013 for the Gibraltar Parliament. The by-election was to contest the seat left vacant by the death of Government of Gibraltar Housing Minister Charles Bruzon in April 2013. The Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP), Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and an independent contested the by-election. The Liberal Party of Gibraltar who is in alliance and in Government with the GSLP backed the GSLP's candidate", "id": "8509407" }, { "contents": "Politics of Tajikistan\n\n\nThree major opposition parties—the Democratic Party, the Islamic Renaissance Party, and the Social Democratic Party—boycotted the election. In the early 2000s, independent political parties continued to exist, but their operations were circumscribed and their influence marginal. The governing People’s Democratic Party (PDP) gained strength as some opposition party leaders joined the government and others were disqualified from participation in elections. The Communist Party of Tajikistan, a nominal opposition party that has supported President Rahmon on most issues, has lost support since 2000. The", "id": "11083170" }, { "contents": "Dapo Abiodun\n\n\nis also reportedly the founder of First Power Limited. Dapo Abiodun is a founding member of Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) in Ogun State, although he is currently a member of the All Progressive Congress (APC) defecting after the 2015 general elections. He contested the Ogun East senatorial seat on the platform of the All Progressive Congress(APC) in the 2015 Nigerian general elections which he lost to the Peoples Democratic Party(PDP) candidate . He was elected a senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria on the platform of the defunct United Nigeria", "id": "1139922" }, { "contents": "1983 Riojan regional election\n\n\n. The People's Coalition, an electoral alliance led by the People's Alliance (AP), which also included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), emerged as the second largest grouping in the General Deputation, while the newly created regionalist Progressive Riojan Party (PRP) came third. Neither the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) or the Democratic and Social Centre (CDS), the only other parties standing in the election, were able to meet the electoral threshold and failed", "id": "18176961" }, { "contents": "Trinity—Spadina\n\n\nwas expected to be a very competitive election. Additionally, Conservative David Watters, Green Anna Costa, Progressive Canadian Party Asif Hossain, Canadian Action Party Tristan Downe-Dewdney and Daniel Knezetic for the Popular Democratic Party contested the election. The Popular Democratic Party was a social democratic and populist political party formed in 2003. It did not register as a political party with Elections Canada, and closed down after the 2004 election. The PDP proposed decentralization and community involvement in the political process through the creation of community councils to which any", "id": "8027884" }, { "contents": "Galician Coalition\n\n\nin the Congreso de los Diputados since the Second Republic. In January 1987 the most nationalist and progressive sectors of CG, led by Pablo González Mariñas and Xosé Henrique Rodríguez Peña, left the party and formed the Galician Nationalist Party (which would eventually join the Galician Nationalist Bloc). To attend the 1987 municipal elections CG formed the Galician Progressive Coalition, with the Democratic Popular Party (PDP) and the Liberal Party, gaining the 11.07% of the vote and 607 councilors. Following the departure of Xosé Luís Barreiro of the", "id": "602391" }, { "contents": "2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election\n\n\nthe delay, all major parties approved of it, even the Ennahda Movement; other parties approving the new election date included the Progressive Democratic Party, Ettajdid Movement, Al Majd, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the Social Liberal Party. In September, the government of Canada declared that it would not allow Tunisia to open polling stations in its territory because it refused to be included in another country's electoral constituency. Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird called the issue \"a matter of Canadian sovereignty\". In response to Canada", "id": "14450727" }, { "contents": "Democratic Modernist Pole\n\n\nin all the 33 constituencies at home and abroad. Sixteen women and 17 men will be chief candidates. Riadh Ben Fadl and Mustapha Ben Ahmed, are the founders of the group. Ahmed Ibrahim is a leader in the bloc. The bloc won 5 of the 217 seats and 4.91% of the vote in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election. Three of the parties in the coalition: the Republican Party, the Socialist Left Party and the Social Democratic Path) became part of another coalition called the Union for Tunisia in 2013", "id": "19583402" }, { "contents": "Abdulmumin Jibrin\n\n\nof Commerce (NBCC) between 2010 – 2011. Jibrin was first elected into the Nigerian National Assembly's House of Representatives representing Kiru/Bebeji Federal constituency of Kano State under the Peoples Democratic Party - PDP in 2011 before decamping to the newly formed political party in Nigeria, the All Progressives Congress (APC) in 2014 and was later re-elected into House of Representatives in 2015. Jibrin was the Chairman House of Representatives Committee on Finance in the 7th Assembly with oversight on the Federal Ministry of Finance and its Parastatals,", "id": "18363893" }, { "contents": "Rashidi Adewolu Ladoja\n\n\n2009, a former aide testified on the way on which the share money had been divided between Ladoja's family, bodyguard, senior politicians and lawyers. Ladoja was the governorship candidate for Accord party in Oyo State during the April 2011 and 2015 elections, he lost to Senator Abiola Ajimobi. He later merged his Accord Party into PDP in 2017. Dispute in PDP made him and other allies (from Labour Party, All Progressives Congress APC etc.) to move over African Democratic Congress (ADC) in 2018. After a", "id": "21855065" }, { "contents": "Mohammed Badaru Abubakar\n\n\nAll Progressives Congress in 2015 along with PDP contender Mal. Aminu Ibrahim Ringim. The Independent National Electoral Commission on 13 April 2015 declared him the winner of that election. On 9 March 2019 Jigawa state gubernatorial election, Badaru was re-elected has governor having polled a total of 810,933 votes, the candidate of the Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, Aminu Ibrahim Ringim scored 288,356 while the candidate of the Social Democratic Party, SDP, Bashir Adamu Jumbo scored 32,894 votes, thereby making him the winner of the election. In recognition", "id": "20149723" }, { "contents": "Popular Democratic Party (France)\n\n\nthe PDP prior to the 1924 legislative election. Established by Congress on 15 and 16 November 1924, under the chairmanship of George Thibout and involving 200 delegates, the PDP supported the desire to achieve \"a task in bringing reconciliation around the idea of Republicanism\" by the definition of \"new Republican faith\" The Popular Democrats advocated that religion was not and should not be a line between right and left. However, the PDP oriented itself to the centre-right in direct competition to the Republican Federation, the party from which", "id": "22044943" }, { "contents": "Socialism in Tunisia\n\n\nthe Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties (Ettakatol or FDTL) was founded and officially recognized on 25 October 2002. Is a social democratic and secularist political party in Tunisia. Its founder and Secretary-General is the radiologist Mustapha Ben Jafar. Active from 1993 to 2012, the Ettajdid Movement (\"Movement for Renewal\") was a centre-left secularist, democratic socialist and social liberal political party in Tunisia. It was led by Ahmed Ibrahim. For the Constituent assembly election, Ettajdid formed a strongly secularist alliance called Democratic", "id": "5642583" }, { "contents": "Wafa Movement\n\n\nThe Wafa Movement (), sometimes referred to as the Independent Democratic Congress, is a political party in Tunisia. The party was founded in 2012 by a number of constituents who broke away from the Congress for the Republic (CPR). Led by the short-time CPR secretary-general Abderraouf Ayadi, the party however remained loosely allied with the governing Troika coalition of Ennahda, CPR and Ettakatol. Generally seen as a secular, left-leaning party, the Wafa Movement reached out to Islamists on the grounds of seeking", "id": "13260598" }, { "contents": "Abdulkareem Adisa\n\n\nPeople's Democratic Party (PDP) in Kwara State. One PDP group suspended the Minister of State for Women Affairs, Miss Funke Adedoyin, but another group of PDP elders, led by Adisa, voided Adedoyin’s suspension. Adisa also became vice-chairman of the Kwara Progressive Movement (KPM). Abdulkareem Adisa was leader of a movement to elect General Ibrahim Babangida as president in 2007. He published an attack on the National Democratic Coalition (NADECO) in \"The Guardian\" of 28 April 2004, warning the group", "id": "1146576" }, { "contents": "Nidaa Tounes\n\n\n\"founder\" Habib Bourguiba). In addition, the party has the support of many members of the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT) and the national employers' union, UTICA. They believe that Tunisia's secular forces have to unite to counter the dominance of the Islamist Ennahda Movement. From its foundation until July 2013, 11 members of the Constituent Assembly joined the party by defecting from various other parties. On 11 February 2013, the Republican Party joined Nidaa Tounes and four other parties in a political alliance called Union", "id": "4542216" }, { "contents": "Gibraltar\n\n\nrepresented by the Governor of Gibraltar. The governor enacts day-to-day matters on the advice of the Gibraltar Parliament, but is responsible to the British government in respect of defence, foreign policy, internal security and general good governance. Judicial and other appointments are made on behalf of the monarch in consultation with the head of the elected government. The 2011 election was contested by the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)-Gibraltar Liberal Party (GLP) Alliance and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP", "id": "7263743" }, { "contents": "Adamu Sidi Ali\n\n\nballots had not been included in the count.In turn, the PDP appealed the decision to nullify the election of their candidate, who had died two months after the election, saying the election should be a re-run due to his death. Their appeal was rejected. Later, Sidi Ali changed allegiance to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). During a PDP campaign flag-off meeting before the April 2007 elections, he advised political opponents not to use thugs to destabilize the elections. Sidi Ali became senator for", "id": "13302889" }, { "contents": "Ahmed Tijani Ahmed\n\n\nAhmed Tijani Ahmed (December 17, 1941 – June 10, 2006) was a Nigerian politician who was Senator for the Kogi Central constituency in Kogi State from 1999 to 2003 as a member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP). When Kogi State was created in 1991, Ahmed Tijani Ahmed joined a group of liberal progressive politicians in the Social Democratic Party (SDP) that created an agreement on power sharing among the different peoples of the state. However, they lost the December 1991 governorship election to the National Republican", "id": "14754363" }, { "contents": "Abdulmumin Jibrin\n\n\nthe members of the House of Representatives that led the first set of 37 Legislators that decamped from the ruling People's Democratic Party (PDP) to the main opposition party, All Progressive Party (APC). In March 2015, Abdulmumin contested and got re-elected to the House of Representatives by the people of his constituency Kiru/Bebeji Kano state, Nigeria. As Chairman Appropriation, Jibrin has oversight function over the Budget office and national budget, the appropriation of funds for execution of government programmes and projects. He also", "id": "18363903" }, { "contents": "Godswill Akpabio\n\n\nSenatorial District to represent the district in the Senate of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Running under the platform of the People’s Democratic Party (PDP), he polled 422,009 of the 439,449 to defeat Chief Inibehe Okorie of the All Progressive Congress (APC) who recorded 15, 152 votes to be declared elected by the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). Akpabio was nominated for the position of the Senate Minority Leader by the South-South caucus of the People's Democratic Party (PDP), ratified by the caucus", "id": "19678208" }, { "contents": "1970 Montserratian general election\n\n\nGeneral elections were held in Montserrat on 15 December 1970. The result was a victory for the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), which won all seven seats in the Legislative Council, whilst the Montserrat Labour Party (MLP), which had won every election since the introduction of universal suffrage in 1951, lost all four of its seats. PDP leader Percival Austin Bramble became Chief Minister, replacing his father and MLP leader, William Henry Bramble. Universal suffrage was introduced in Montserrat in 1951, and the first elections under it", "id": "6935944" }, { "contents": "Atiku Abubakar\n\n\nProgressives Congress (APC), a party he helped to form. On 3 December 2017, via a Facebook Live broadcast, Abubakar announced his return to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). The announcement followed consultations the former Vice President had with party leaders and stakeholders from across the country. He said he decided to 'return home' to the PDP now that the issues which made him leave the party had been resolved. Abubakar declared his candidacy for the presidential nomination of the PDP mid 2018 and won the nomination at", "id": "10683389" }, { "contents": "Luis A. Ferré\n\n\nProgressive Party (a.k.a., PNP). In the following general election in 1968, Ferré ran for Governor and defeated Luis Negrón López, the candidate of the Popular Democratic Party (PPD) by a slight margin. The ruling party had split with the creation of the People's Party, which ran incumbent PDP-elected Governor Roberto Sánchez Vilella as its gubernatorial candidate, ending Luis Muñoz Marín's PPD's hold on the governor's seat, which had lasted 20 years. During Ferré's administration, Puerto Rico was in", "id": "11079059" }, { "contents": "1994–1995 Uzbek parliamentary election\n\n\nParliamentary elections were held in Uzbekistan on 25 December 1994, with a second round held in 39 constituencies on 8 January 1995 and seven constituencies on 22 January. The election was contested by 634 candidates, 250 nominated by local councils, 243 members of the People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan, and 141 Progress Party of the Fatherland members. The majority of seats were won by local council nominees (around 120 of which were PDP members), whilst the People's Democratic Party emerged as the largest party. Voter turnout was 93.6", "id": "15227647" }, { "contents": "1983 Madrilenian regional election\n\n\nthe PSOE won 51 seats. The People's Coalition, an electoral alliance led by the People's Alliance (AP), which also included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), emerged as the second largest grouping in the Assembly. The Communist Party of Spain was the only other party to win seats in the Assembly. In 1986, the party joined with other left-wing movements to form the current United Left. The Assembly of Madrid was the devolved, unicameral legislature of", "id": "3098844" } ]

[ { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nby Ahmed Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi. On 9 April 2012, it merged into the Republican Party. The Progressive Democratic Party had a newspaper, \"Al-Mawqif\". In its beginnings, the Progressive Socialist Rally (now PDP) gathered a broad range of currents from Marxists and pro-democracy activists to progressive Muslims. During the Ben Ali rule, Najib Chebbi and the PDP were harassed by the police for years, and verbally attacked by state-run media. After unsuccessfully participating in elections from 1989 to 1999", "id": "16419721" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\n, the party decided to boycott the elections of 2004 and 2009. Therefore, it was unrepresented in the Tunisian parliament. After the Ben Ali administration announced to force the party to move their headquarters from Tunis, its leaders Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi engaged in a 20-days hunger strike, which earned the party attention and prompted the administration to revoke their decision. Following the 2010–2011 Tunisian protests, shootings outside PDP's headquarters were reported on 16 January 2011. The next day, on 17 January, party leader Najib Chebbi, was", "id": "16419722" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nnamed Regional Development Minister in the interim government. Ahead of the Constituent Assembly election, the PDP evolved into a main exponent of the centre-left secular camp and rival of the Islamist Ennahda Movement. In the run-up to the elections, the Progressive Democrats have received quite an amount of financial support which enabled the party for a lavish campaign. Critics claim that an important part of the funding came from businesspeople close to the old Ben Ali power elite. In the election for a constituent assembly, the PDP won 3.9", "id": "16419723" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\n) was founded under the name of \"Progressive Socialist Rally\", and gained legal recognition on 12 September 1988. It was secular and liberal party. The party was renamed as Progressive Democratic Party in 2001. Under the rule of Ben Ali it was a legal opposition party, but subjected to political repression. After the Tunisian revolution it was one of the major left-leaning secular political forces. It was led by Ahmed Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi. On 9 April 2012, it merged into the Republican Party. Maya", "id": "5642552" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\n% of the popular vote and 16 of 217 seats in the National Constituent Assembly, putting it at the fifth place. As the party had categorically ruled out any collaboration with the victorious Islamist Ennahda Movement, the Progressive Democrats went into opposition and belong to the outspoken critics of the governing coalition of the Islamists with the secular CPR and Ettakatol parties. After the electoral defeat, the PDP launched talks with other secularist and liberal parties to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was realised on the PDP's", "id": "16419724" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (, \"; ), also referred to by its acronym PDP, was a secular liberal political party in Tunisia. The Progressive Democratic Party was founded under the name of \"Progressive Socialist Rally\" in 1983, gained legal recognition on 12 September 1988 and was renamed Progressive Democratic Party in 2001. Under the rule of Ben Ali it was a legal opposition party, but subjected to political repression. After the Tunisian revolution it was one of the major left-leaning secular political forces. It was led", "id": "16419720" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nSecretary-General of the PDP. She has been the first woman to lead a political party in Tunisia. From 1 to 20 October 2007, Jribi, along with Najib Chebbi, engaged in a hunger strike to protest against the forced move of the party's headquarters from Tunis, which caused serious health implications for her. Jribi headed the PDP’s electoral list in Ben Arous for the Constituent Assembly Elections in October 2011. The PDP list received one seat in Ben Arous according to preliminary election results. On 9 April 2012", "id": "632088" }, { "contents": "Republican Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nThe Republican Party ( \"\", ) is a centrist liberal party in Tunisia. It was formed on 9 April 2012 as a merger of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Afek Tounes and the Tunisian Republican Party, several minor parties and independents. The party is led by Maya Jribi who was previously the secretary-general of the PDP. The party held 11 out of 217 seats and was the largest oppositional party in the National Constituent Assembly of Tunisia. The party withdrew from the Union for Tunisia coalition, though", "id": "15161288" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nDuring that period, she became involved and an active member of the student union, known as UGET, and the Tunisian League of Human Rights. She wrote for the independent weekly Erraï and later for the PDP-newspaper Al Mawkif. Together with Ahmed Najib Chebbi, Maya Jribi co-founded the \"Progressive Socialist Rally\", established in 1983, which was later renamed into Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). Since 1986 she has been a member of the party's executive. On 25 December 2006, Jribi was appointed", "id": "632087" }, { "contents": "Ahmed Najib Chebbi\n\n\nAhmed Najib Chebbi (, ) or simply Najib Chebbi (born 30 July 1944) is a Tunisian attorney and politician. Chebbi is a prominent figure of the Tunisian opposition movement; in 1983, he founded the Democratic Progressive Party, which gained legal recognition in 1988. He is currently the leader of the Democratic Progressive Party. In 2006, Maya Jribi became the party's secretary-general, the first woman to hold such office in Tunisia. In 2009 Chebbi attempted to run as a candidate for President of Tunisia but was", "id": "1109530" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nof investigative journalism, unconditional and free access to information, open government, anti-censorship of all kinds, among others. On 9 April 2012, the Republican Party was formed as a merger of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Afek Tounes and the Tunisian Republican Party, several minor parties and independents. The party is centrist and liberal, it's led by Maya Jribi who was previously the secretary-general of the PDP. The party held 11 out of 217 seats and was the largest oppositional party in the", "id": "5642564" }, { "contents": "Tunisian Revolution\n\n\nand Ahmed Najib Chebbi of the PDP), three representatives from the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT), and representatives of civil society (including prominent blogger Slim Amamou). Three notable movements not included in the national unity government were the banned Ennahda Movement, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the secular reformist Congress for the Republic. The following day, the three members of the UGTT and Ben Jafaar resigned, saying that they had \"no confidence\" in a government featuring members of the RCD. There were daily", "id": "18746070" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nparty in Tunisia. Its program is liberal, focusing on secularism and civil liberties. The party mainly appealed to intellectuals and the upper class. After underperforming in the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, Afek Tounes joined talks with other secularist and liberal parties, especially the Progressive Democratic Party to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was completed on 9 April 2012. The new party is called the Republican Party. In August 2013, Yassine Brahim, current leader of the party, and other former party members left", "id": "5642562" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nMaya Jribi (January 29, 1960 – May 19, 2018) was a Tunisian politician. From 2006 to 2012, she was the leader of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). From PDP's merger into the Republican Party in April 2012, until her resignation in 2017, she was the Secretary-General of the centrist party. Her father is from Tatouine, while her mother is from Algeria. She followed her studies in Radès Tunisia, before studying biology at the University of Sfax, from 1979 to 1983.", "id": "632086" }, { "contents": "Secularism in Tunisia\n\n\nTunisian Constitution of 2014 following a considerable debate between Islamic and secular political groups and movements. On 1 March 2011, after the secularist dictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collapsed in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian revolution, Tunisia's interim government granted the \"Ennahda\", a moderate Islamist movement in Tunisia, permission to form a political party. Since then, the Ennahda Islamic Party has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election", "id": "19596325" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nNational Constituent Assembly of Tunisia. The party withdrew from the Union for Tunisia coalition, though it is still part of the National Salvation Front. After the founding congress, nine assemblymen elected for the PDP contested the leadership vote and temporarily suspended their party membership. Those 9 members became part of the Democratic Alliance Party. After being founded in 2012, Nidaa Tounes (Call of Tunisia) won a plurality of seats in the October 2014 parliamentary election. It's a big tent secularist political party in Tunisia. The party's founding", "id": "5642565" }, { "contents": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Burkina Faso)\n\n\nThe Party for Democracy and Progress () was a political party in Burkina Faso (former Upper Volta. It was founded in April 1994 after a split in the National Convention of Progressive Patriots–Social Democratic Party in May 1993. It merged in February 1996 with the Union of the Democratic Left and the Party of Social Progress. After merger with the Burkinabè Socialist Party the PDP became the Party for Democracy and Progress / Socialist Party. At the legislative elections in 1997 the party won 10.1% of the popular vote and 6", "id": "19404846" }, { "contents": "Popular Front (Tunisia)\n\n\nof the Iraqi branch of Ba'ath Party, and other progressive parties. The number of parties involved in the coalition has since decreased to nine. Approximately 15,000 people attended the coalition's first meeting in Tunis. The Tunisian Revolution in 2011 saw the departure of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the dissolution of his party, the Democratic Constitutional Rally, and the holding of fresh elections for the creation of a new constitution. This saw the Tunisian political scene dominated by the Islamist Ennahda Movement, and its allies the Democratic Forum for", "id": "8081870" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Gibraltar)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was a liberal conservative political party from Gibraltar. The party was the third political party and the only party to sit on the centre-right in Gibraltar. Despite poor election results, it garnered growing support from the public and was seen as the 'alternative opposition'. The PDP was the only party campaigning for \"a Gibraltar freely associated to the United Kingdom\" and envisaged \"a journey through the recognition of our right to independence\". The party was also the only political party", "id": "16416540" }, { "contents": "Democratic Party of Progress\n\n\nThe Democratic Party of Progress (, PDP) is a political party in Guinea-Bissau. The PDP was established on 10 February 1992 by Amin Michel Saad. It joined the Union for Change (UM) alliance prior to the 1994 general elections, and Saad became the UM's leader. The UM won six seats in the National People's Assembly, of which the PDP (though Saad) took one. The UM was reduced to three seats in the 1999–2000 general elections, and lost them all in the 2004 parliamentary", "id": "17399816" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nHe was the Ettajdid Movement's candidate for President of Tunisia in the 2009 presidential election. Brahim was in favor of the emergence of a \"democratic modern and \"secular\" [laicist] state\" not connected with Islamists. According to Brahim, this would require \"radical\" reform of the electoral system, which would improve the political climate in guaranteeing freedom of assembly and a large scale independent press, as well as repealing a law that regulated public discourse of electoral candidates. In 1983, the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP", "id": "5642551" }, { "contents": "Sarawak State Legislative Assembly\n\n\ngovernment with a majority of 72 seats out of 82. There were several candidates from breakaway parties such as TERAS and UPP that had their members contest seats under the Barisan banner as direct election candidates under a deal by Adenan Satem after their parties were prevented from joining Barisan after opposition from parties such as PDP and SUPP. On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties including Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party", "id": "17954676" }, { "contents": "2015 Nigerian general election\n\n\nPeople's Democratic Party (PDP) primaries on 10 December 2014, receiving the nomination of the party. However, this was against an unwritten rule that the PDP's presidential candidacy should alternate between Muslim northerners and Christian southerners, and opposition to Jonathan's candidacy had led to the defection of dozens of PDP MPs in the House of Representatives. Prior to the elections, the All Progressives Congress was formed as an alliance of four opposition parties, the Action Congress of Nigeria, the Congress for Progressive Change, the All Nigeria Peoples", "id": "18172183" }, { "contents": "Civic Democratic Party (Hungary)\n\n\nThe Civic Democratic Party (, PDP) was a liberal political party in Hungary in the period following World War II The party was established towards the end of 1944 as a successor to the Civic Freedom Party. Part of a group of members who had belonged to now-defunct conservative parties before the war, Géza Teleki was elected as the party's first leader. The PDP won 21 seats in the National Interim Assembly elections in November 1944. However, Communist opposition to Teleki led to him losing his place in the Cabinet", "id": "16990101" }, { "contents": "Afek Tounes\n\n\nAfek Tounes won 4 seats for the constitutive assembly. The party was rattled on 3 November 2011 though by the resignation of several key founding members such as its spokesperson Emna Mnif, its general secretary Mustapha Mezghani, Sami Zaoui, Hela Hababou and another 13 members. After underperforming in the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, Afek Tounes joined talks with other secularist and liberal parties, especially the Progressive Democratic Party to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was completed on 9 April 2012. The new party is called", "id": "1405509" }, { "contents": "Ali Lankoandé\n\n\nAli Lankoandé (10 November 1930 – 28 May 2014) is a Burkinabé politician from Burkina Faso. He was President of the Party for Democracy and Progress/Socialist Party (PDP/PS) from 2005 to 2008. Lankoandé headed the National Social Security Fund and served as a deputy in the National Assembly of Burkina Faso, as well as Minister of National Education, during the 1970s. Lankoandé was elected to succeed Joseph Ki-Zerbo as President of the PDP/PS on 5 February 2005. Running as the PDP/", "id": "21268271" }, { "contents": "Ennahda Movement\n\n\ncollapse of the government of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the Ennahdha Movement Party was formed, and in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, (the first free election in the country's history), won a plurality of 37% of the popular vote and formed a government. Uproar in the traditionally secular country over \"Islamization\" and assassinations of two secular politicians however, led to the 2013–14 Tunisian political crisis, and the party stepped down following the implementation of a new constitution in January 2014. The party came in", "id": "10814394" }, { "contents": "1991 Sint Maarten general election\n\n\nGeneral elections were held in Sint Maarten on 12 April 1991 to elect the 9 members of the Island Council. The Sint Maarten Patriotic Alliance (SPA) led by Vance James Jr. emerged as the largest party, winning 4 of the 9 seats. The SPA and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) agreed to form a coalition government. On 28 August 1991 the SPA/PDP government collapsed. PDP political leader Millicent Acuna-Lopez-de Weever said that \"fundamental philosophical differences\" with the SPA caused the coalition \"to", "id": "12703859" }, { "contents": "Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party\n\n\nin the Rajya Sabha. It was a member of the ruling United Progressive Alliance until the 2009 general election. Sayeed headed the PDP-Indian National Congress Coalition Government between October 2002 and November 2005, and he was the party's Patron until his death on 7 January 2016. The PDP is now headed by Mehbooba Mufti, Sayeed's daughter. The PDP operates on the ideology of self-rule, as distinctly different from the issues of autonomy. It believes that self-rule as a political philosophy, as opposed to", "id": "248417" }, { "contents": "Ettajdid Movement\n\n\nThe Ettajdid Movement (\"Movement for Renewal\" ; , ' ; ), also referred to simply as Ettajdid, was a centre-left secularist political party in Tunisia, active from 1993 to 2012. Ettajdid evolved out of the old Tunisian Communist Party when it abandoned its former ideology in 1993. During the Ben Ali rule it was one of the legal, although oppressed opposition parties. After the Tunisian revolution of 2011, it became part of the Democratic Modernist Pole alliance and in 2012 it merged into the Social Democratic Path", "id": "16419620" }, { "contents": "Elections in Montserrat\n\n\n(when the Council was expanded to seven seats) and 1966. The 1970 elections saw the new Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) win all seven seats. The PDP also won the 1973 elections, but was defeated in 1978 when the People's Liberation Movement (PLM) won all seven seats. The PLM went on to win the 1983 and 1987 elections. The 1991 elections were won by the National Progressive Party, which won four of the seven seats. The 1996 elections resulted in a hung parliament, with the People", "id": "4125813" }, { "contents": "2013–14 Tunisian political crisis\n\n\nafter the elections Ben Ali jailed nearly 25,000 of its activists with Ennahda militants responding by attacking the ruling party's headquarters killing one person and splashing acid on others. Following the revolution, it described itself to be a \"moderate Islamist\" party by advocating democracy and recognizing political pluralism and dialogue with the West. Its supporters back then regarded the party as an example of how a balance can be struck between modernity and Islamism while its critics viewed it as a threat to secularism in Tunisia, which was often regarded as the most", "id": "7679782" }, { "contents": "List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2013–18)\n\n\nof 72 seats out of 82. There were several candidates from breakaway parties such as TERAS and UPP that had their members contest seats under the Barisan banner as direct election candidates under a deal by Adenan Satem after their parties were prevented from joining Barisan after opposition from parties such as PDP and SUPP. On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties including Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP) officially", "id": "21866476" }, { "contents": "Mike Onoja\n\n\nParty at the 2015 general election by the All Progressives Congress, he and other politicians of the People's Democratic Party defected to the All Progressives Congress in 2016. He returned to the People's Democratic Party in the run-up to the 2019 Benue south Senatorial election. After the PDP's Senatorial Primary election in 2018, Mike Onoja again defected from the party to the Social Democratic Party after expressing his dissatisfaction with the PDP's conduct of the primary election. Mike Onoja is the Chairman/CEO of Moonsons Resources Investment International", "id": "10879880" }, { "contents": "History of modern Tunisia\n\n\n, several Islamist activists were released from prison. He also forged a national pact with the Tunisian party Harakat al-Ittijah al-Islami (Islamic Tendency Movement), which had been founded in 1981; later it changed its name to Ennahda (the Renaissance Party). He also changed the ruling party's name to the Democratic Constitutional Rally. However, Ben Ali's innovative tack did not work out well. Subsequently, An-Nahda claimed to have run strongly in the 1989 elections, giving it the appearance of being", "id": "17057122" }, { "contents": "Yassine Brahim\n\n\nof the new company, which he led into the following acquisition by U.S. based SunGard. In 2010 he turned back to Tunisia, just before the Tunisian Revolution would lead to his appointment as Minister of Transport and Equipment in the short-lived second Ghannouchi cabinet and the subsequent Essebsi cabinet. He resigned on 17 June 2011 to become general secretary of the newly founded Afek Tounes party which he led into a merger with Ahmed Najib Chebbi's Progressive Democratic Party, the Republican Party \"Al Joumhouri\". On 28 August 2013,", "id": "2666991" }, { "contents": "Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties\n\n\nup his position in the transitional government. In the Constituent Assembly election on 23 October 2011, Ettakatol won 20 of the 217 seats making it the fourth force in the Assembly. Subsequently, the FDTL came to an agreement with the two major parties, the Islamist Ennahda Movement and the secular Congress for the Republic (CPR), to share the three highest positions in state. Accordingly, Ben Jafar was voted Speaker of the Assembly on 22 November. In exchange, the Forum supported the election of CPR-leader Moncef Marzouki", "id": "2468766" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Tonga)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (PDP) is a political party in Tonga. It was formed after a split in the Human Rights and Democracy Movement. The party was founded on 8 April 2005 in 'Atenisi. Teisina Fuko was the first person elected to the party presidency at a meeting on 15 April 2005. The PDP was legally registered on July 1, 2005, being the first Tongan party to do so. The party has not won any seats to the Tonga Parliament. It is currently inactive without any candidates or", "id": "19615344" }, { "contents": "2013 Gibraltar by-election\n\n\nSocial Democrats as Opposition had initially decided not to contest the by-election considering instead a \"gentleman's agreement\" as the seat had been one of the GSLP which had become vacant under tragic circumstances. The Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) which was not represented in Parliament immediately decided it would contest the by-election seeing it as an opportunity to be represented despite its poor performance at the previous two general elections. On 30 May 2013 the PDP announced its candidature of party leader Nick Cruz. At this point the GSD", "id": "8509410" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (PDP) is a major contemporary political party in Nigeria. Its policies generally lie towards the centre-right of the political spectrum. It won every Presidential election between 1999 and 2011, and was until the 2015 elections, the governing party in the Fourth Republic although in some cases, amid a few controversial electoral circumstances. Currently, PDP controls 14 states out of 36 states in Nigeria. In 1998 the PDP in its first presidential primary election held in Jos, Plateau State, North Central Nigeria", "id": "1890377" }, { "contents": "Social Democratic Union of Macedonia\n\n\nThe Social Democratic Union of Macedonia (–СДСМ, \"Socijaldemokratski Sojuz na Makedonija\"–SDSM) is a social-democratic political party, the main centre-left political party in North Macedonia. The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia was founded on 20 April 1991 at the 11th Congress of SKM-PDP (UCM – Party for Democratic Changes). Branko Crvenkovski was elected as the party's first president. Its current leader is Zoran Zaev. The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia is a member of the Progressive Alliance and an associate affiliate of", "id": "1084636" }, { "contents": "Peoples Democratic Party (Kenya)\n\n\nThe Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) is a political party in Kenya. The PDP was established in 1992. It won a single seat in the 2007 general elections, Richard Momoima Onyonka in Kitutu Chache Constituency. In 2010 Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) MP James Omingo Magara defected to the party after the ODM did not nominate him as its candidate in the South Mugirango by-election, which was held after Magara's victory in the 2007 elections was annulled due to irregularities. However, Magara was defeated in the by-", "id": "19016018" }, { "contents": "Dickson Tarkighir\n\n\nat the polls in the 2015 general elections and won the seat to represent the people of Makurdi/Guma Federal Constituency in the House of Representatives, Abuja. On Tuesday, 24 July 2018, Tarkighir was among 37 members of the House of Representatives who defected from the ruling All Progressives Congress (APC) to other political parties. He defected to the People's Democratic Party (PDP), a party he had previously defected from. However, On Tuesday, 22 January 2019, Tarkighir announced his return to the All Progressives", "id": "8861699" }, { "contents": "Guillermo Irizarry\n\n\ngovernor abandoned the party that elected him, the Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico (PDP), and joined a newly founded party, the People's Party, which nominated him for an unsuccessful reelection bid. In November of that year, the PDP suffered its first defeat with the election of the New Progressive Party's Luis A. Ferré. As a result, Secretary Irizarry presided over the first transition between elected governors of different parties. From 1973 to 1977, during the administration of Governor Rafael Hernández Colón, Irizarry served again", "id": "1916365" }, { "contents": "1931 Argentine general election\n\n\nJulio Roca as his running mate; Roca, the son of the late PAN leader, Julio A. Roca, had led the Democratic Party of Córdoba. The Democratic Progressive Party (PDP), known for its anti-corruption platform, nominated Senator Lisandro de la Torre, who also earned the endorsement of the Socialist Party of Argentina, a party in search of leadership following the passing of Juan B. Justo, in 1928. The alliance alienated conservatives in the PDP, however, who instead endorsed the aging Francisco A. Barroetaveña,", "id": "14281535" }, { "contents": "Jebali Cabinet\n\n\nThe first cabinet of Tunisian Head of Government Hamadi Jebali was presented on 20 December 2011. Jebali has been appointed by interim President Moncef Marzouki, who had been elected by the National Constituent Assembly, a body constituted to draft a new constitution after the Tunisian Revolution and the fall of former President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in Spring 2011. It took office on 24 December 2011. The three parties in the \"Troika\" coalition are the Islamist Ennahda Movement, the centre-left secularist Congress for the Republic (CPR),", "id": "5725136" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Montserrat)\n\n\nwere the first occasion on which the MLP had faced serious opposition, and saw the PDP win all seven seats, leaving the MLP without parliamentary representation. Percival Austin Bramble became Chief Minister. The PDP subsequently won five of the seven seats in the 1973 elections, but were defeated in the 1978 elections, when the People's Liberation Movement formed by former PDP minister John Osborne won all seven seats. The PDP contested the 1983 elections, winning two seats in the Legislative Council. It was reduced to one seat in the 1987", "id": "6998615" }, { "contents": "1987 European Parliament election in Spain\n\n\na European-wide election was due in 1989, elected MEPs only served for the remainder of the European Parliament term. The ruling Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) designated former Foreign Affairs Minister Fernando Morán to lead their campaign. The main opposition People's Alliance party (AP), running on its own after the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and Liberal Party (PL) broke away from the People's Coalition, chose Manuel Fraga—who had resigned as party leader in December 1986—to lead the party list", "id": "7968065" }, { "contents": "2011 Gibraltar general election\n\n\ngave the GSLP an advantage of up to 9% over the governing party, the GSD, while one (that of the Spanish newspaper \"Area\", which published no details and was widely thought to be politically motivated) predicted a GSD win. Two parties, the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD) and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), and an alliance (Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)/Liberals) have presented a full slate of 10 candidates each, making a total of 30 candidates for 17 seats in the Gibraltar", "id": "19578144" }, { "contents": "Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance\n\n\nThe Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance (\"Partido Democrático para o Progresso – Aliança Nacional Angolana\") is a political party in Angola. The party was founded in Luanda, March 17, 1991. It was led by Mfulumpinga Landu Victor, a former National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) cadre and Member of Parliament for the PDP-ANA, until he was shot dead outside the party office in 2004. It is now led by Francisco Lele. In the 2008 legislative elections, it gained 0.51%", "id": "17803317" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Montserrat)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was a political party in Montserrat. The party was established in 1970 by Percival Austin Bramble, son of Chief Minister and leader of the Montserrat Labour Party (MLP) William Henry Bramble. Percival had previously been a member of the MLP and was elected to the Legislative Council as an MLP candidate in the 1966 elections. However, he subsequently broke away to form the PDP as a result of controversy over the number of holiday and retirement homes being built on the island. The 1970 elections", "id": "6998614" }, { "contents": "Party of Democratic Progress\n\n\nThe Party of Democratic Progress () is a Serbian political party in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the third-largest party in Republika Srpska. PDP was established in Banja Luka on 26 September 1999. During the founding assembly, Mladen Ivanić was elected as the president of the party, while Branko Dokić and Zoran Đerić were elected as vice presidents. The party is an observer member of the European People's Party (EPP) and International Democrat Union (IDU). In terms of bilateral cooperation with other European parties,", "id": "19626107" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (, O'zXDP or PDP) is a centre-left political party in Uzbekistan founded in 1991. The PDP was founded in October 1991 after the Communist Party of Uzbekistan voted to cut its ties with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and change its name to PDP. The party was led by President Islam Karimov since its foundation until 1996, at which point Karimov stepped down and resigned his membership. Karimov created the Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party in 2003. This is supported by the fact", "id": "19132598" }, { "contents": "Ademola Rasaq Seriki\n\n\nwas appointed a National Fund Raising Committee member in the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) for the 1999 National elections. The PDP also appointed him as a member of the Candidate and Party Relations Committee for Obasanjo/Atiku Presidential Election. From 2000 to 2002 Demola Seriki emerged as the PDP Party Chairman of Lagos Island Local Government Area in Lagos State and later in 2003 as the party's flag bearer to the House of Assembly representing Lagos Island Federal Constituency. In 2005 he cut his political tooth further by serving as Secretary of the", "id": "5752584" }, { "contents": "Omuma\n\n\nin the council premises and he won the House of Assembly election in 2011. He was re-elected in 2015 election to represent Omuma for the second time in Rivers State House of Assembly under the PDP. Several other political parties have sprung up within this period as alphabetically arranged below and Omuma has been actively involved in them: • Advanced Congress of Democrats (ACD) • Alliance for Democracy (AD) • Action Democratic Party (ADP) • All Democratic Peoples Movement (ADPM) • All Progressives Congress (APC)", "id": "2613408" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Spain)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (, PDP), renamed as Christian Democracy (, DC) from March 1988 until it merged into the People's Party in June 1989, was a Christian-democratic political party in Spain. In August 1982, 13 deputies under the leadership of Óscar Alzaga split from the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) and founded the PDP, entering into alliance with the People's Alliance (AP), which received the second largest number of votes in the 1982 and 1986 general elections. The", "id": "19996228" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Malaysia)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (Malay: Parti Demokratik Progresif, Abbreviation: PDP), formerly known as Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party (SPDP) is a Sarawak based political party in Malaysia founded in 2002. The party was founded in the wake of the de-registration of the Sarawak National Party (SNAP) in November 2002 by a faction aligned to the Chief Minister of Sarawak, Abdul Taib Mahmud, led by William Mawan Ikom. The party has rebrand that using a new name - Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and a", "id": "13136566" }, { "contents": "Tunisia\n\n\n, including several that existed under the former regime. During the rule of Ben Ali, only three functioned as independent opposition parties: the PDP, FDTL, and Tajdid. While some older parties are well-established and can draw on previous party structures, many of the 100-plus parties extant as of February 2012 are small. Rare for the Arab world, women held more than 20% of seats in the country's pre-revolution bicameral parliament. In the 2011 constituent assembly, women held between 24% and 31%", "id": "11279313" }, { "contents": "Liberal Party (Spain, 1976)\n\n\nThe Liberal Party (, PL) was a liberal political party in Spain. It was part of the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) until 1983, when it aligned itself with the People's Alliance (AP), the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL). On 22 December 1984 the latter merged into the Liberal Party. These three parties formed the People's Coalition for the 1986 election. In 1989 the party, along with AP and PDP, merged to form the", "id": "19996525" }, { "contents": "New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)\n\n\nto boycott that plebiscite. Main party founder, president, and former statehood Republican Party standard-bearer Luis A. Ferré categorized the New Progressive Party as one which would not be aligned to any of the two major U.S. national parties. Co-founders of the NPP alongside Luis A. Ferre were Manuel F. Alsina Capo, attorney Nelson Escalona, and Benny Frankie Cerezo. Under Luis A. Ferré, the NPP came to power in January 1969, after defeating Luis Negrón López, the gubernatorial candidate from the Popular Democratic Party (PDP)", "id": "21721596" }, { "contents": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Mali)\n\n\nThe Party for Democracy and Progress (, PDP) is a political party in Mali led by Mady Konaté. The party was established in 1991, and officially registered on 25 April that year. It party received 5.1% of the vote in the February 1992 parliamentary elections, winning two seats. In the April 1992 presidential elections it nominated Idrissa Traoré as its candidate. Traoré finished fifth out of nine candidates with 7.1%^ of the vote. The local elections in the same year saw the party win 40 of the 751 seats across", "id": "19282171" }, { "contents": "Samaila Suleiman\n\n\n-2008, Energy Commission of Nigeria in 2009-2010 and later resigned to join politics. Suleiman was first elected into the public office as a local government chairman from Kaduna North in Kaduna State under the defunct Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) in 2008. He was the only politician to have won local government election under the CPC having shared the same constituency with the then vice president of Nigeria from the then ruling party People's Democratic Party (PDP). In 2015, Suleiman was first elected into the Lower Chamber", "id": "6113494" }, { "contents": "Party for Democratic Prosperity\n\n\nFor example, the party leadership criticized the 1991 Census for allegedly underreporting the percentage of the population that was Albanian from 40% to only 21%. Also, the PDP deputies voted against adopting the constitution due to its lack of protection for minorities. From the 1998 elections onwards PDP is in opposition and since then the support for the PDP has eroded considerably. At the 2002 legislative elections, the party won 2.3% of the popular vote and 2 out of 120 seats. At the 2011 legislative elections, the party won", "id": "5710802" }, { "contents": "2008 Angolan legislative election\n\n\nDemocratic Party (PLD), Party of the Alliance of Youth, Workers and Farmers of Angola (PAJOCA), Party for Democratic Support and Progress of Angola (PADEPA), the Democratic Party for Progress - Angolan National Alliance (PDP-ANA), the Front for Democracy (FpD) and four coalitions: the Democratic Angola – Coalition (AD), New Democracy Electoral Union (ND), the Electoral Political Platform (PPE) and the Angolan Fraternal Forum Coalition (FOFAC). The Angolan Democratic Party (PDA", "id": "533048" }, { "contents": "Party for Democratic Prosperity\n\n\nThe Party for Democratic Prosperity or PDP () is an ethnic Albanian political party in North Macedonia. The party was formed in April 1990 and is currently led by Abdyladi Vejseli. From 1992 to 1998 the PDP was part of the coalition governments led by the SDSM. After the split of the radical wing from the party in February 1994, PDP was generally considered to be moderate party that could cooperate with Macedonian parties, although sometimes frictions between the PDP and the other government parties arose as a consequence of the ethnic questions.", "id": "5710801" }, { "contents": "Politics of Gibraltar\n\n\n. A new party, New Gibraltar Democracy, announced it would contest the next election. NGD claimed that the two main parties were \"Out of touch with people's expectations and make up for their lack of ideas through Orwellian style propaganda.\" At the 2007 election one candidate, Charles Gomez, stood for election for the party. It achieved under 1% of the vote and has subsequently ceased any activity. In June 2006 the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was formed and announced it would be presenting a full slate", "id": "11739411" }, { "contents": "Tunisian people\n\n\nto an end 23 years latter on January 14, 2011, in the events of the Tunisian Revolution, following nationwide demonstrations precipitated by high unemployment, food inflation, corruption, a lack of political freedoms like freedom of speech and poor living conditions. Following the overthrow of Ben Ali, Tunisians elected a Constituent Assembly to draft a new constitution, and an interim government known as the Troika because it was a coalition of three parties; the Islamist Ennahda Movement in the lead, with the centre-left Congress for the Republic and", "id": "21785336" }, { "contents": "Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle\n\n\nIn the aftermath of \"Mt. Healthy\",\" wrote Sandra Lynch for the First Circuit in 2004, \"confusion still sometimes arises about the issue of causation.\" She was writing in one of several cases it heard in the mid-2000s arising from alleged political retaliation in Puerto Rico, where members of the New Progressive Party (NPP) brought suit claiming that members of the rival Popular Democratic Party (PDP) had improperly forced them out of government jobs after the PDP defeated the incumbent NPP in the commonwealth's 2000 elections.", "id": "17963178" }, { "contents": "Great Ogboru\n\n\n2003. In the 2007 election, Great Ogboru contested for governorship under the flag of the Democracy People Party (DPP) against Emmanuel Uduaghan of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) and lost to Emmanuel Uduagha again in 2011 election though he contested under the umbrella of Labour Party In the 2015 Delta State governorship election, Great Ogboru contested for governorship under the umbrella of All Progressive Congress (APC). He was defeated by Ifeanyi Okowa of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) . In the 2019 governorship election of Delta State,", "id": "278732" }, { "contents": "1983 Murcian regional election\n\n\nelectoral alliance led by the right-wing People's Alliance (AP), which included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), became the second political force and the main opposition party, whereas the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) also entered the Assembly, obtaining 1 seat. As a result of the election, Socialist Andrés Hernández Ros, who since 1979 had been the President of the Regional Council of Murcia (the pre-autonomic regional government), became the first democratically", "id": "19967050" }, { "contents": "Emmanuel Nnamdi Uba\n\n\nEmmanuel Nnamdi Uba, or Andy Uba (born 14 December 1958), is a Nigerian politician who was elected Senator for the Anambra South constituency of Anambra State, Nigeria, in April 2011. He ran on the People's Democratic Party (PDP) platform. He defected to the ruling All Progressives Congress in February 2017; the leadership crises engulfing the former ruling party PDP may have motivated his decision. Uba was born on 14 December 1958 in Enugu, and attended the Boys High School in Awkunanaw. His parents originated from", "id": "17515892" }, { "contents": "Islam and secularism\n\n\ndictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collapsed in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian revolution, Tunisia's interim government granted the group permission to form a political party. Since then it has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, 2011, the first honest election in the country's history with a turn out of 51.1% of all eligible voters, the party won 37.04% of the popular vote and 89 (41%)", "id": "18330475" }, { "contents": "United Progressive Alliance\n\n\nthe Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party announced the withdrawal of the PDP from the UPA given that the Congress had decided to support the Omar Abdullah-led National Conference Government in Jammu & Kashmir after the 2008 state elections. On 26 March 2009, PMK declared that it would join the AIADMK led front and withdrew from the UPA and the party president declared that two union ministers of his party will resign shortly. On 12 November 2012, Barrister Asaduddin Owaisi, leader of the AIMIM announced the decision of the party's executive and", "id": "8764699" }, { "contents": "Umaru Tanko Al-Makura\n\n\nfounding member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) in Nasarawa State in 1998. Al-Makura defected from the PDP after losing the primary elections for the Nasarawa Governor competition. Al-Makura was elected Governor of Nasarawa State, Nigeria on 26 April 2011, running on the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) ticket. He defeated the incumbent governor, Aliyu Akwe-Doma of the PDP. On 14 July 2014 the Speaker of the Nasarawa State House of Assembly gave a notice of impeachment to the Clerk of the", "id": "7102114" }, { "contents": "2013 Gibraltar by-election\n\n\nThe Gibraltar by-election, 2013 was a parliamentary by-election held on 4 July 2013 for the Gibraltar Parliament. The by-election was to contest the seat left vacant by the death of Government of Gibraltar Housing Minister Charles Bruzon in April 2013. The Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP), Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and an independent contested the by-election. The Liberal Party of Gibraltar who is in alliance and in Government with the GSLP backed the GSLP's candidate", "id": "8509407" }, { "contents": "Politics of Tajikistan\n\n\nThree major opposition parties—the Democratic Party, the Islamic Renaissance Party, and the Social Democratic Party—boycotted the election. In the early 2000s, independent political parties continued to exist, but their operations were circumscribed and their influence marginal. The governing People’s Democratic Party (PDP) gained strength as some opposition party leaders joined the government and others were disqualified from participation in elections. The Communist Party of Tajikistan, a nominal opposition party that has supported President Rahmon on most issues, has lost support since 2000. The", "id": "11083170" }, { "contents": "Dapo Abiodun\n\n\nis also reportedly the founder of First Power Limited. Dapo Abiodun is a founding member of Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) in Ogun State, although he is currently a member of the All Progressive Congress (APC) defecting after the 2015 general elections. He contested the Ogun East senatorial seat on the platform of the All Progressive Congress(APC) in the 2015 Nigerian general elections which he lost to the Peoples Democratic Party(PDP) candidate . He was elected a senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria on the platform of the defunct United Nigeria", "id": "1139922" }, { "contents": "1983 Riojan regional election\n\n\n. The People's Coalition, an electoral alliance led by the People's Alliance (AP), which also included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), emerged as the second largest grouping in the General Deputation, while the newly created regionalist Progressive Riojan Party (PRP) came third. Neither the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) or the Democratic and Social Centre (CDS), the only other parties standing in the election, were able to meet the electoral threshold and failed", "id": "18176961" }, { "contents": "Trinity—Spadina\n\n\nwas expected to be a very competitive election. Additionally, Conservative David Watters, Green Anna Costa, Progressive Canadian Party Asif Hossain, Canadian Action Party Tristan Downe-Dewdney and Daniel Knezetic for the Popular Democratic Party contested the election. The Popular Democratic Party was a social democratic and populist political party formed in 2003. It did not register as a political party with Elections Canada, and closed down after the 2004 election. The PDP proposed decentralization and community involvement in the political process through the creation of community councils to which any", "id": "8027884" }, { "contents": "Galician Coalition\n\n\nin the Congreso de los Diputados since the Second Republic. In January 1987 the most nationalist and progressive sectors of CG, led by Pablo González Mariñas and Xosé Henrique Rodríguez Peña, left the party and formed the Galician Nationalist Party (which would eventually join the Galician Nationalist Bloc). To attend the 1987 municipal elections CG formed the Galician Progressive Coalition, with the Democratic Popular Party (PDP) and the Liberal Party, gaining the 11.07% of the vote and 607 councilors. Following the departure of Xosé Luís Barreiro of the", "id": "602391" }, { "contents": "2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election\n\n\nthe delay, all major parties approved of it, even the Ennahda Movement; other parties approving the new election date included the Progressive Democratic Party, Ettajdid Movement, Al Majd, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the Social Liberal Party. In September, the government of Canada declared that it would not allow Tunisia to open polling stations in its territory because it refused to be included in another country's electoral constituency. Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird called the issue \"a matter of Canadian sovereignty\". In response to Canada", "id": "14450727" }, { "contents": "Democratic Modernist Pole\n\n\nin all the 33 constituencies at home and abroad. Sixteen women and 17 men will be chief candidates. Riadh Ben Fadl and Mustapha Ben Ahmed, are the founders of the group. Ahmed Ibrahim is a leader in the bloc. The bloc won 5 of the 217 seats and 4.91% of the vote in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election. Three of the parties in the coalition: the Republican Party, the Socialist Left Party and the Social Democratic Path) became part of another coalition called the Union for Tunisia in 2013", "id": "19583402" }, { "contents": "Abdulmumin Jibrin\n\n\nof Commerce (NBCC) between 2010 – 2011. Jibrin was first elected into the Nigerian National Assembly's House of Representatives representing Kiru/Bebeji Federal constituency of Kano State under the Peoples Democratic Party - PDP in 2011 before decamping to the newly formed political party in Nigeria, the All Progressives Congress (APC) in 2014 and was later re-elected into House of Representatives in 2015. Jibrin was the Chairman House of Representatives Committee on Finance in the 7th Assembly with oversight on the Federal Ministry of Finance and its Parastatals,", "id": "18363893" }, { "contents": "Rashidi Adewolu Ladoja\n\n\n2009, a former aide testified on the way on which the share money had been divided between Ladoja's family, bodyguard, senior politicians and lawyers. Ladoja was the governorship candidate for Accord party in Oyo State during the April 2011 and 2015 elections, he lost to Senator Abiola Ajimobi. He later merged his Accord Party into PDP in 2017. Dispute in PDP made him and other allies (from Labour Party, All Progressives Congress APC etc.) to move over African Democratic Congress (ADC) in 2018. After a", "id": "21855065" }, { "contents": "Mohammed Badaru Abubakar\n\n\nAll Progressives Congress in 2015 along with PDP contender Mal. Aminu Ibrahim Ringim. The Independent National Electoral Commission on 13 April 2015 declared him the winner of that election. On 9 March 2019 Jigawa state gubernatorial election, Badaru was re-elected has governor having polled a total of 810,933 votes, the candidate of the Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, Aminu Ibrahim Ringim scored 288,356 while the candidate of the Social Democratic Party, SDP, Bashir Adamu Jumbo scored 32,894 votes, thereby making him the winner of the election. In recognition", "id": "20149723" }, { "contents": "Popular Democratic Party (France)\n\n\nthe PDP prior to the 1924 legislative election. Established by Congress on 15 and 16 November 1924, under the chairmanship of George Thibout and involving 200 delegates, the PDP supported the desire to achieve \"a task in bringing reconciliation around the idea of Republicanism\" by the definition of \"new Republican faith\" The Popular Democrats advocated that religion was not and should not be a line between right and left. However, the PDP oriented itself to the centre-right in direct competition to the Republican Federation, the party from which", "id": "22044943" }, { "contents": "Socialism in Tunisia\n\n\nthe Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties (Ettakatol or FDTL) was founded and officially recognized on 25 October 2002. Is a social democratic and secularist political party in Tunisia. Its founder and Secretary-General is the radiologist Mustapha Ben Jafar. Active from 1993 to 2012, the Ettajdid Movement (\"Movement for Renewal\") was a centre-left secularist, democratic socialist and social liberal political party in Tunisia. It was led by Ahmed Ibrahim. For the Constituent assembly election, Ettajdid formed a strongly secularist alliance called Democratic", "id": "5642583" }, { "contents": "Wafa Movement\n\n\nThe Wafa Movement (), sometimes referred to as the Independent Democratic Congress, is a political party in Tunisia. The party was founded in 2012 by a number of constituents who broke away from the Congress for the Republic (CPR). Led by the short-time CPR secretary-general Abderraouf Ayadi, the party however remained loosely allied with the governing Troika coalition of Ennahda, CPR and Ettakatol. Generally seen as a secular, left-leaning party, the Wafa Movement reached out to Islamists on the grounds of seeking", "id": "13260598" }, { "contents": "Abdulkareem Adisa\n\n\nPeople's Democratic Party (PDP) in Kwara State. One PDP group suspended the Minister of State for Women Affairs, Miss Funke Adedoyin, but another group of PDP elders, led by Adisa, voided Adedoyin’s suspension. Adisa also became vice-chairman of the Kwara Progressive Movement (KPM). Abdulkareem Adisa was leader of a movement to elect General Ibrahim Babangida as president in 2007. He published an attack on the National Democratic Coalition (NADECO) in \"The Guardian\" of 28 April 2004, warning the group", "id": "1146576" }, { "contents": "Nidaa Tounes\n\n\n\"founder\" Habib Bourguiba). In addition, the party has the support of many members of the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT) and the national employers' union, UTICA. They believe that Tunisia's secular forces have to unite to counter the dominance of the Islamist Ennahda Movement. From its foundation until July 2013, 11 members of the Constituent Assembly joined the party by defecting from various other parties. On 11 February 2013, the Republican Party joined Nidaa Tounes and four other parties in a political alliance called Union", "id": "4542216" }, { "contents": "Gibraltar\n\n\nrepresented by the Governor of Gibraltar. The governor enacts day-to-day matters on the advice of the Gibraltar Parliament, but is responsible to the British government in respect of defence, foreign policy, internal security and general good governance. Judicial and other appointments are made on behalf of the monarch in consultation with the head of the elected government. The 2011 election was contested by the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)-Gibraltar Liberal Party (GLP) Alliance and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP", "id": "7263743" }, { "contents": "Adamu Sidi Ali\n\n\nballots had not been included in the count.In turn, the PDP appealed the decision to nullify the election of their candidate, who had died two months after the election, saying the election should be a re-run due to his death. Their appeal was rejected. Later, Sidi Ali changed allegiance to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). During a PDP campaign flag-off meeting before the April 2007 elections, he advised political opponents not to use thugs to destabilize the elections. Sidi Ali became senator for", "id": "13302889" }, { "contents": "Ahmed Tijani Ahmed\n\n\nAhmed Tijani Ahmed (December 17, 1941 – June 10, 2006) was a Nigerian politician who was Senator for the Kogi Central constituency in Kogi State from 1999 to 2003 as a member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP). When Kogi State was created in 1991, Ahmed Tijani Ahmed joined a group of liberal progressive politicians in the Social Democratic Party (SDP) that created an agreement on power sharing among the different peoples of the state. However, they lost the December 1991 governorship election to the National Republican", "id": "14754363" }, { "contents": "Abdulmumin Jibrin\n\n\nthe members of the House of Representatives that led the first set of 37 Legislators that decamped from the ruling People's Democratic Party (PDP) to the main opposition party, All Progressive Party (APC). In March 2015, Abdulmumin contested and got re-elected to the House of Representatives by the people of his constituency Kiru/Bebeji Kano state, Nigeria. As Chairman Appropriation, Jibrin has oversight function over the Budget office and national budget, the appropriation of funds for execution of government programmes and projects. He also", "id": "18363903" }, { "contents": "Godswill Akpabio\n\n\nSenatorial District to represent the district in the Senate of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Running under the platform of the People’s Democratic Party (PDP), he polled 422,009 of the 439,449 to defeat Chief Inibehe Okorie of the All Progressive Congress (APC) who recorded 15, 152 votes to be declared elected by the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). Akpabio was nominated for the position of the Senate Minority Leader by the South-South caucus of the People's Democratic Party (PDP), ratified by the caucus", "id": "19678208" }, { "contents": "1970 Montserratian general election\n\n\nGeneral elections were held in Montserrat on 15 December 1970. The result was a victory for the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), which won all seven seats in the Legislative Council, whilst the Montserrat Labour Party (MLP), which had won every election since the introduction of universal suffrage in 1951, lost all four of its seats. PDP leader Percival Austin Bramble became Chief Minister, replacing his father and MLP leader, William Henry Bramble. Universal suffrage was introduced in Montserrat in 1951, and the first elections under it", "id": "6935944" }, { "contents": "Atiku Abubakar\n\n\nProgressives Congress (APC), a party he helped to form. On 3 December 2017, via a Facebook Live broadcast, Abubakar announced his return to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). The announcement followed consultations the former Vice President had with party leaders and stakeholders from across the country. He said he decided to 'return home' to the PDP now that the issues which made him leave the party had been resolved. Abubakar declared his candidacy for the presidential nomination of the PDP mid 2018 and won the nomination at", "id": "10683389" }, { "contents": "Luis A. Ferré\n\n\nProgressive Party (a.k.a., PNP). In the following general election in 1968, Ferré ran for Governor and defeated Luis Negrón López, the candidate of the Popular Democratic Party (PPD) by a slight margin. The ruling party had split with the creation of the People's Party, which ran incumbent PDP-elected Governor Roberto Sánchez Vilella as its gubernatorial candidate, ending Luis Muñoz Marín's PPD's hold on the governor's seat, which had lasted 20 years. During Ferré's administration, Puerto Rico was in", "id": "11079059" }, { "contents": "1994–1995 Uzbek parliamentary election\n\n\nParliamentary elections were held in Uzbekistan on 25 December 1994, with a second round held in 39 constituencies on 8 January 1995 and seven constituencies on 22 January. The election was contested by 634 candidates, 250 nominated by local councils, 243 members of the People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan, and 141 Progress Party of the Fatherland members. The majority of seats were won by local council nominees (around 120 of which were PDP members), whilst the People's Democratic Party emerged as the largest party. Voter turnout was 93.6", "id": "15227647" }, { "contents": "1983 Madrilenian regional election\n\n\nthe PSOE won 51 seats. The People's Coalition, an electoral alliance led by the People's Alliance (AP), which also included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), emerged as the second largest grouping in the Assembly. The Communist Party of Spain was the only other party to win seats in the Assembly. In 1986, the party joined with other left-wing movements to form the current United Left. The Assembly of Madrid was the devolved, unicameral legislature of", "id": "3098844" } ]

[ { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nby Ahmed Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi. On 9 April 2012, it merged into the Republican Party. The Progressive Democratic Party had a newspaper, \"Al-Mawqif\". In its beginnings, the Progressive Socialist Rally (now PDP) gathered a broad range of currents from Marxists and pro-democracy activists to progressive Muslims. During the Ben Ali rule, Najib Chebbi and the PDP were harassed by the police for years, and verbally attacked by state-run media. After unsuccessfully participating in elections from 1989 to 1999", "id": "16419721" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\n, the party decided to boycott the elections of 2004 and 2009. Therefore, it was unrepresented in the Tunisian parliament. After the Ben Ali administration announced to force the party to move their headquarters from Tunis, its leaders Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi engaged in a 20-days hunger strike, which earned the party attention and prompted the administration to revoke their decision. Following the 2010–2011 Tunisian protests, shootings outside PDP's headquarters were reported on 16 January 2011. The next day, on 17 January, party leader Najib Chebbi, was", "id": "16419722" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nnamed Regional Development Minister in the interim government. Ahead of the Constituent Assembly election, the PDP evolved into a main exponent of the centre-left secular camp and rival of the Islamist Ennahda Movement. In the run-up to the elections, the Progressive Democrats have received quite an amount of financial support which enabled the party for a lavish campaign. Critics claim that an important part of the funding came from businesspeople close to the old Ben Ali power elite. In the election for a constituent assembly, the PDP won 3.9", "id": "16419723" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\n) was founded under the name of \"Progressive Socialist Rally\", and gained legal recognition on 12 September 1988. It was secular and liberal party. The party was renamed as Progressive Democratic Party in 2001. Under the rule of Ben Ali it was a legal opposition party, but subjected to political repression. After the Tunisian revolution it was one of the major left-leaning secular political forces. It was led by Ahmed Najib Chebbi and Maya Jribi. On 9 April 2012, it merged into the Republican Party. Maya", "id": "5642552" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\n% of the popular vote and 16 of 217 seats in the National Constituent Assembly, putting it at the fifth place. As the party had categorically ruled out any collaboration with the victorious Islamist Ennahda Movement, the Progressive Democrats went into opposition and belong to the outspoken critics of the governing coalition of the Islamists with the secular CPR and Ettakatol parties. After the electoral defeat, the PDP launched talks with other secularist and liberal parties to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was realised on the PDP's", "id": "16419724" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (, \"; ), also referred to by its acronym PDP, was a secular liberal political party in Tunisia. The Progressive Democratic Party was founded under the name of \"Progressive Socialist Rally\" in 1983, gained legal recognition on 12 September 1988 and was renamed Progressive Democratic Party in 2001. Under the rule of Ben Ali it was a legal opposition party, but subjected to political repression. After the Tunisian revolution it was one of the major left-leaning secular political forces. It was led", "id": "16419720" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nSecretary-General of the PDP. She has been the first woman to lead a political party in Tunisia. From 1 to 20 October 2007, Jribi, along with Najib Chebbi, engaged in a hunger strike to protest against the forced move of the party's headquarters from Tunis, which caused serious health implications for her. Jribi headed the PDP’s electoral list in Ben Arous for the Constituent Assembly Elections in October 2011. The PDP list received one seat in Ben Arous according to preliminary election results. On 9 April 2012", "id": "632088" }, { "contents": "Republican Party (Tunisia)\n\n\nThe Republican Party ( \"\", ) is a centrist liberal party in Tunisia. It was formed on 9 April 2012 as a merger of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Afek Tounes and the Tunisian Republican Party, several minor parties and independents. The party is led by Maya Jribi who was previously the secretary-general of the PDP. The party held 11 out of 217 seats and was the largest oppositional party in the National Constituent Assembly of Tunisia. The party withdrew from the Union for Tunisia coalition, though", "id": "15161288" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nDuring that period, she became involved and an active member of the student union, known as UGET, and the Tunisian League of Human Rights. She wrote for the independent weekly Erraï and later for the PDP-newspaper Al Mawkif. Together with Ahmed Najib Chebbi, Maya Jribi co-founded the \"Progressive Socialist Rally\", established in 1983, which was later renamed into Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). Since 1986 she has been a member of the party's executive. On 25 December 2006, Jribi was appointed", "id": "632087" }, { "contents": "Ahmed Najib Chebbi\n\n\nAhmed Najib Chebbi (, ) or simply Najib Chebbi (born 30 July 1944) is a Tunisian attorney and politician. Chebbi is a prominent figure of the Tunisian opposition movement; in 1983, he founded the Democratic Progressive Party, which gained legal recognition in 1988. He is currently the leader of the Democratic Progressive Party. In 2006, Maya Jribi became the party's secretary-general, the first woman to hold such office in Tunisia. In 2009 Chebbi attempted to run as a candidate for President of Tunisia but was", "id": "1109530" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nof investigative journalism, unconditional and free access to information, open government, anti-censorship of all kinds, among others. On 9 April 2012, the Republican Party was formed as a merger of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Afek Tounes and the Tunisian Republican Party, several minor parties and independents. The party is centrist and liberal, it's led by Maya Jribi who was previously the secretary-general of the PDP. The party held 11 out of 217 seats and was the largest oppositional party in the", "id": "5642564" }, { "contents": "Tunisian Revolution\n\n\nand Ahmed Najib Chebbi of the PDP), three representatives from the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT), and representatives of civil society (including prominent blogger Slim Amamou). Three notable movements not included in the national unity government were the banned Ennahda Movement, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the secular reformist Congress for the Republic. The following day, the three members of the UGTT and Ben Jafaar resigned, saying that they had \"no confidence\" in a government featuring members of the RCD. There were daily", "id": "18746070" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nparty in Tunisia. Its program is liberal, focusing on secularism and civil liberties. The party mainly appealed to intellectuals and the upper class. After underperforming in the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, Afek Tounes joined talks with other secularist and liberal parties, especially the Progressive Democratic Party to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was completed on 9 April 2012. The new party is called the Republican Party. In August 2013, Yassine Brahim, current leader of the party, and other former party members left", "id": "5642562" }, { "contents": "Maya Jribi\n\n\nMaya Jribi (January 29, 1960 – May 19, 2018) was a Tunisian politician. From 2006 to 2012, she was the leader of the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP). From PDP's merger into the Republican Party in April 2012, until her resignation in 2017, she was the Secretary-General of the centrist party. Her father is from Tatouine, while her mother is from Algeria. She followed her studies in Radès Tunisia, before studying biology at the University of Sfax, from 1979 to 1983.", "id": "632086" }, { "contents": "Secularism in Tunisia\n\n\nTunisian Constitution of 2014 following a considerable debate between Islamic and secular political groups and movements. On 1 March 2011, after the secularist dictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collapsed in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian revolution, Tunisia's interim government granted the \"Ennahda\", a moderate Islamist movement in Tunisia, permission to form a political party. Since then, the Ennahda Islamic Party has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election", "id": "19596325" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nNational Constituent Assembly of Tunisia. The party withdrew from the Union for Tunisia coalition, though it is still part of the National Salvation Front. After the founding congress, nine assemblymen elected for the PDP contested the leadership vote and temporarily suspended their party membership. Those 9 members became part of the Democratic Alliance Party. After being founded in 2012, Nidaa Tounes (Call of Tunisia) won a plurality of seats in the October 2014 parliamentary election. It's a big tent secularist political party in Tunisia. The party's founding", "id": "5642565" }, { "contents": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Burkina Faso)\n\n\nThe Party for Democracy and Progress () was a political party in Burkina Faso (former Upper Volta. It was founded in April 1994 after a split in the National Convention of Progressive Patriots–Social Democratic Party in May 1993. It merged in February 1996 with the Union of the Democratic Left and the Party of Social Progress. After merger with the Burkinabè Socialist Party the PDP became the Party for Democracy and Progress / Socialist Party. At the legislative elections in 1997 the party won 10.1% of the popular vote and 6", "id": "19404846" }, { "contents": "Popular Front (Tunisia)\n\n\nof the Iraqi branch of Ba'ath Party, and other progressive parties. The number of parties involved in the coalition has since decreased to nine. Approximately 15,000 people attended the coalition's first meeting in Tunis. The Tunisian Revolution in 2011 saw the departure of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the dissolution of his party, the Democratic Constitutional Rally, and the holding of fresh elections for the creation of a new constitution. This saw the Tunisian political scene dominated by the Islamist Ennahda Movement, and its allies the Democratic Forum for", "id": "8081870" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Gibraltar)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was a liberal conservative political party from Gibraltar. The party was the third political party and the only party to sit on the centre-right in Gibraltar. Despite poor election results, it garnered growing support from the public and was seen as the 'alternative opposition'. The PDP was the only party campaigning for \"a Gibraltar freely associated to the United Kingdom\" and envisaged \"a journey through the recognition of our right to independence\". The party was also the only political party", "id": "16416540" }, { "contents": "Democratic Party of Progress\n\n\nThe Democratic Party of Progress (, PDP) is a political party in Guinea-Bissau. The PDP was established on 10 February 1992 by Amin Michel Saad. It joined the Union for Change (UM) alliance prior to the 1994 general elections, and Saad became the UM's leader. The UM won six seats in the National People's Assembly, of which the PDP (though Saad) took one. The UM was reduced to three seats in the 1999–2000 general elections, and lost them all in the 2004 parliamentary", "id": "17399816" }, { "contents": "Liberalism in Tunisia\n\n\nHe was the Ettajdid Movement's candidate for President of Tunisia in the 2009 presidential election. Brahim was in favor of the emergence of a \"democratic modern and \"secular\" [laicist] state\" not connected with Islamists. According to Brahim, this would require \"radical\" reform of the electoral system, which would improve the political climate in guaranteeing freedom of assembly and a large scale independent press, as well as repealing a law that regulated public discourse of electoral candidates. In 1983, the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP", "id": "5642551" }, { "contents": "Sarawak State Legislative Assembly\n\n\ngovernment with a majority of 72 seats out of 82. There were several candidates from breakaway parties such as TERAS and UPP that had their members contest seats under the Barisan banner as direct election candidates under a deal by Adenan Satem after their parties were prevented from joining Barisan after opposition from parties such as PDP and SUPP. On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties including Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party", "id": "17954676" }, { "contents": "2015 Nigerian general election\n\n\nPeople's Democratic Party (PDP) primaries on 10 December 2014, receiving the nomination of the party. However, this was against an unwritten rule that the PDP's presidential candidacy should alternate between Muslim northerners and Christian southerners, and opposition to Jonathan's candidacy had led to the defection of dozens of PDP MPs in the House of Representatives. Prior to the elections, the All Progressives Congress was formed as an alliance of four opposition parties, the Action Congress of Nigeria, the Congress for Progressive Change, the All Nigeria Peoples", "id": "18172183" }, { "contents": "Civic Democratic Party (Hungary)\n\n\nThe Civic Democratic Party (, PDP) was a liberal political party in Hungary in the period following World War II The party was established towards the end of 1944 as a successor to the Civic Freedom Party. Part of a group of members who had belonged to now-defunct conservative parties before the war, Géza Teleki was elected as the party's first leader. The PDP won 21 seats in the National Interim Assembly elections in November 1944. However, Communist opposition to Teleki led to him losing his place in the Cabinet", "id": "16990101" }, { "contents": "Afek Tounes\n\n\nAfek Tounes won 4 seats for the constitutive assembly. The party was rattled on 3 November 2011 though by the resignation of several key founding members such as its spokesperson Emna Mnif, its general secretary Mustapha Mezghani, Sami Zaoui, Hela Hababou and another 13 members. After underperforming in the 2011 Constituent Assembly election, Afek Tounes joined talks with other secularist and liberal parties, especially the Progressive Democratic Party to form a \"big party of the centre\". The merger was completed on 9 April 2012. The new party is called", "id": "1405509" }, { "contents": "Ali Lankoandé\n\n\nAli Lankoandé (10 November 1930 – 28 May 2014) is a Burkinabé politician from Burkina Faso. He was President of the Party for Democracy and Progress/Socialist Party (PDP/PS) from 2005 to 2008. Lankoandé headed the National Social Security Fund and served as a deputy in the National Assembly of Burkina Faso, as well as Minister of National Education, during the 1970s. Lankoandé was elected to succeed Joseph Ki-Zerbo as President of the PDP/PS on 5 February 2005. Running as the PDP/", "id": "21268271" }, { "contents": "Ennahda Movement\n\n\ncollapse of the government of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the Ennahdha Movement Party was formed, and in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, (the first free election in the country's history), won a plurality of 37% of the popular vote and formed a government. Uproar in the traditionally secular country over \"Islamization\" and assassinations of two secular politicians however, led to the 2013–14 Tunisian political crisis, and the party stepped down following the implementation of a new constitution in January 2014. The party came in", "id": "10814394" }, { "contents": "1991 Sint Maarten general election\n\n\nGeneral elections were held in Sint Maarten on 12 April 1991 to elect the 9 members of the Island Council. The Sint Maarten Patriotic Alliance (SPA) led by Vance James Jr. emerged as the largest party, winning 4 of the 9 seats. The SPA and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) agreed to form a coalition government. On 28 August 1991 the SPA/PDP government collapsed. PDP political leader Millicent Acuna-Lopez-de Weever said that \"fundamental philosophical differences\" with the SPA caused the coalition \"to", "id": "12703859" }, { "contents": "Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party\n\n\nin the Rajya Sabha. It was a member of the ruling United Progressive Alliance until the 2009 general election. Sayeed headed the PDP-Indian National Congress Coalition Government between October 2002 and November 2005, and he was the party's Patron until his death on 7 January 2016. The PDP is now headed by Mehbooba Mufti, Sayeed's daughter. The PDP operates on the ideology of self-rule, as distinctly different from the issues of autonomy. It believes that self-rule as a political philosophy, as opposed to", "id": "248417" }, { "contents": "Ettajdid Movement\n\n\nThe Ettajdid Movement (\"Movement for Renewal\" ; , ' ; ), also referred to simply as Ettajdid, was a centre-left secularist political party in Tunisia, active from 1993 to 2012. Ettajdid evolved out of the old Tunisian Communist Party when it abandoned its former ideology in 1993. During the Ben Ali rule it was one of the legal, although oppressed opposition parties. After the Tunisian revolution of 2011, it became part of the Democratic Modernist Pole alliance and in 2012 it merged into the Social Democratic Path", "id": "16419620" }, { "contents": "Elections in Montserrat\n\n\n(when the Council was expanded to seven seats) and 1966. The 1970 elections saw the new Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) win all seven seats. The PDP also won the 1973 elections, but was defeated in 1978 when the People's Liberation Movement (PLM) won all seven seats. The PLM went on to win the 1983 and 1987 elections. The 1991 elections were won by the National Progressive Party, which won four of the seven seats. The 1996 elections resulted in a hung parliament, with the People", "id": "4125813" }, { "contents": "2013–14 Tunisian political crisis\n\n\nafter the elections Ben Ali jailed nearly 25,000 of its activists with Ennahda militants responding by attacking the ruling party's headquarters killing one person and splashing acid on others. Following the revolution, it described itself to be a \"moderate Islamist\" party by advocating democracy and recognizing political pluralism and dialogue with the West. Its supporters back then regarded the party as an example of how a balance can be struck between modernity and Islamism while its critics viewed it as a threat to secularism in Tunisia, which was often regarded as the most", "id": "7679782" }, { "contents": "List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2013–18)\n\n\nof 72 seats out of 82. There were several candidates from breakaway parties such as TERAS and UPP that had their members contest seats under the Barisan banner as direct election candidates under a deal by Adenan Satem after their parties were prevented from joining Barisan after opposition from parties such as PDP and SUPP. On 12 June 2018, all Sarawak-based BN parties including Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB), Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and Sarawak United People's Party (SUPP) officially", "id": "21866476" }, { "contents": "Mike Onoja\n\n\nParty at the 2015 general election by the All Progressives Congress, he and other politicians of the People's Democratic Party defected to the All Progressives Congress in 2016. He returned to the People's Democratic Party in the run-up to the 2019 Benue south Senatorial election. After the PDP's Senatorial Primary election in 2018, Mike Onoja again defected from the party to the Social Democratic Party after expressing his dissatisfaction with the PDP's conduct of the primary election. Mike Onoja is the Chairman/CEO of Moonsons Resources Investment International", "id": "10879880" }, { "contents": "History of modern Tunisia\n\n\n, several Islamist activists were released from prison. He also forged a national pact with the Tunisian party Harakat al-Ittijah al-Islami (Islamic Tendency Movement), which had been founded in 1981; later it changed its name to Ennahda (the Renaissance Party). He also changed the ruling party's name to the Democratic Constitutional Rally. However, Ben Ali's innovative tack did not work out well. Subsequently, An-Nahda claimed to have run strongly in the 1989 elections, giving it the appearance of being", "id": "17057122" }, { "contents": "Yassine Brahim\n\n\nof the new company, which he led into the following acquisition by U.S. based SunGard. In 2010 he turned back to Tunisia, just before the Tunisian Revolution would lead to his appointment as Minister of Transport and Equipment in the short-lived second Ghannouchi cabinet and the subsequent Essebsi cabinet. He resigned on 17 June 2011 to become general secretary of the newly founded Afek Tounes party which he led into a merger with Ahmed Najib Chebbi's Progressive Democratic Party, the Republican Party \"Al Joumhouri\". On 28 August 2013,", "id": "2666991" }, { "contents": "Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties\n\n\nup his position in the transitional government. In the Constituent Assembly election on 23 October 2011, Ettakatol won 20 of the 217 seats making it the fourth force in the Assembly. Subsequently, the FDTL came to an agreement with the two major parties, the Islamist Ennahda Movement and the secular Congress for the Republic (CPR), to share the three highest positions in state. Accordingly, Ben Jafar was voted Speaker of the Assembly on 22 November. In exchange, the Forum supported the election of CPR-leader Moncef Marzouki", "id": "2468766" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Tonga)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (PDP) is a political party in Tonga. It was formed after a split in the Human Rights and Democracy Movement. The party was founded on 8 April 2005 in 'Atenisi. Teisina Fuko was the first person elected to the party presidency at a meeting on 15 April 2005. The PDP was legally registered on July 1, 2005, being the first Tongan party to do so. The party has not won any seats to the Tonga Parliament. It is currently inactive without any candidates or", "id": "19615344" }, { "contents": "2013 Gibraltar by-election\n\n\nSocial Democrats as Opposition had initially decided not to contest the by-election considering instead a \"gentleman's agreement\" as the seat had been one of the GSLP which had become vacant under tragic circumstances. The Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) which was not represented in Parliament immediately decided it would contest the by-election seeing it as an opportunity to be represented despite its poor performance at the previous two general elections. On 30 May 2013 the PDP announced its candidature of party leader Nick Cruz. At this point the GSD", "id": "8509410" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (PDP) is a major contemporary political party in Nigeria. Its policies generally lie towards the centre-right of the political spectrum. It won every Presidential election between 1999 and 2011, and was until the 2015 elections, the governing party in the Fourth Republic although in some cases, amid a few controversial electoral circumstances. Currently, PDP controls 14 states out of 36 states in Nigeria. In 1998 the PDP in its first presidential primary election held in Jos, Plateau State, North Central Nigeria", "id": "1890377" }, { "contents": "Social Democratic Union of Macedonia\n\n\nThe Social Democratic Union of Macedonia (–СДСМ, \"Socijaldemokratski Sojuz na Makedonija\"–SDSM) is a social-democratic political party, the main centre-left political party in North Macedonia. The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia was founded on 20 April 1991 at the 11th Congress of SKM-PDP (UCM – Party for Democratic Changes). Branko Crvenkovski was elected as the party's first president. Its current leader is Zoran Zaev. The Social Democratic Union of Macedonia is a member of the Progressive Alliance and an associate affiliate of", "id": "1084636" }, { "contents": "Peoples Democratic Party (Kenya)\n\n\nThe Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) is a political party in Kenya. The PDP was established in 1992. It won a single seat in the 2007 general elections, Richard Momoima Onyonka in Kitutu Chache Constituency. In 2010 Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) MP James Omingo Magara defected to the party after the ODM did not nominate him as its candidate in the South Mugirango by-election, which was held after Magara's victory in the 2007 elections was annulled due to irregularities. However, Magara was defeated in the by-", "id": "19016018" }, { "contents": "Dickson Tarkighir\n\n\nat the polls in the 2015 general elections and won the seat to represent the people of Makurdi/Guma Federal Constituency in the House of Representatives, Abuja. On Tuesday, 24 July 2018, Tarkighir was among 37 members of the House of Representatives who defected from the ruling All Progressives Congress (APC) to other political parties. He defected to the People's Democratic Party (PDP), a party he had previously defected from. However, On Tuesday, 22 January 2019, Tarkighir announced his return to the All Progressives", "id": "8861699" }, { "contents": "Guillermo Irizarry\n\n\ngovernor abandoned the party that elected him, the Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico (PDP), and joined a newly founded party, the People's Party, which nominated him for an unsuccessful reelection bid. In November of that year, the PDP suffered its first defeat with the election of the New Progressive Party's Luis A. Ferré. As a result, Secretary Irizarry presided over the first transition between elected governors of different parties. From 1973 to 1977, during the administration of Governor Rafael Hernández Colón, Irizarry served again", "id": "1916365" }, { "contents": "1931 Argentine general election\n\n\nJulio Roca as his running mate; Roca, the son of the late PAN leader, Julio A. Roca, had led the Democratic Party of Córdoba. The Democratic Progressive Party (PDP), known for its anti-corruption platform, nominated Senator Lisandro de la Torre, who also earned the endorsement of the Socialist Party of Argentina, a party in search of leadership following the passing of Juan B. Justo, in 1928. The alliance alienated conservatives in the PDP, however, who instead endorsed the aging Francisco A. Barroetaveña,", "id": "14281535" }, { "contents": "Jebali Cabinet\n\n\nThe first cabinet of Tunisian Head of Government Hamadi Jebali was presented on 20 December 2011. Jebali has been appointed by interim President Moncef Marzouki, who had been elected by the National Constituent Assembly, a body constituted to draft a new constitution after the Tunisian Revolution and the fall of former President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in Spring 2011. It took office on 24 December 2011. The three parties in the \"Troika\" coalition are the Islamist Ennahda Movement, the centre-left secularist Congress for the Republic (CPR),", "id": "5725136" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Montserrat)\n\n\nwere the first occasion on which the MLP had faced serious opposition, and saw the PDP win all seven seats, leaving the MLP without parliamentary representation. Percival Austin Bramble became Chief Minister. The PDP subsequently won five of the seven seats in the 1973 elections, but were defeated in the 1978 elections, when the People's Liberation Movement formed by former PDP minister John Osborne won all seven seats. The PDP contested the 1983 elections, winning two seats in the Legislative Council. It was reduced to one seat in the 1987", "id": "6998615" }, { "contents": "1987 European Parliament election in Spain\n\n\na European-wide election was due in 1989, elected MEPs only served for the remainder of the European Parliament term. The ruling Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) designated former Foreign Affairs Minister Fernando Morán to lead their campaign. The main opposition People's Alliance party (AP), running on its own after the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and Liberal Party (PL) broke away from the People's Coalition, chose Manuel Fraga—who had resigned as party leader in December 1986—to lead the party list", "id": "7968065" }, { "contents": "2011 Gibraltar general election\n\n\ngave the GSLP an advantage of up to 9% over the governing party, the GSD, while one (that of the Spanish newspaper \"Area\", which published no details and was widely thought to be politically motivated) predicted a GSD win. Two parties, the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD) and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), and an alliance (Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)/Liberals) have presented a full slate of 10 candidates each, making a total of 30 candidates for 17 seats in the Gibraltar", "id": "19578144" }, { "contents": "Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance\n\n\nThe Democratic Party for Progress – Angolan National Alliance (\"Partido Democrático para o Progresso – Aliança Nacional Angolana\") is a political party in Angola. The party was founded in Luanda, March 17, 1991. It was led by Mfulumpinga Landu Victor, a former National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) cadre and Member of Parliament for the PDP-ANA, until he was shot dead outside the party office in 2004. It is now led by Francisco Lele. In the 2008 legislative elections, it gained 0.51%", "id": "17803317" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Montserrat)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was a political party in Montserrat. The party was established in 1970 by Percival Austin Bramble, son of Chief Minister and leader of the Montserrat Labour Party (MLP) William Henry Bramble. Percival had previously been a member of the MLP and was elected to the Legislative Council as an MLP candidate in the 1966 elections. However, he subsequently broke away to form the PDP as a result of controversy over the number of holiday and retirement homes being built on the island. The 1970 elections", "id": "6998614" }, { "contents": "Party of Democratic Progress\n\n\nThe Party of Democratic Progress () is a Serbian political party in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the third-largest party in Republika Srpska. PDP was established in Banja Luka on 26 September 1999. During the founding assembly, Mladen Ivanić was elected as the president of the party, while Branko Dokić and Zoran Đerić were elected as vice presidents. The party is an observer member of the European People's Party (EPP) and International Democrat Union (IDU). In terms of bilateral cooperation with other European parties,", "id": "19626107" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan (, O'zXDP or PDP) is a centre-left political party in Uzbekistan founded in 1991. The PDP was founded in October 1991 after the Communist Party of Uzbekistan voted to cut its ties with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and change its name to PDP. The party was led by President Islam Karimov since its foundation until 1996, at which point Karimov stepped down and resigned his membership. Karimov created the Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party in 2003. This is supported by the fact", "id": "19132598" }, { "contents": "Ademola Rasaq Seriki\n\n\nwas appointed a National Fund Raising Committee member in the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) for the 1999 National elections. The PDP also appointed him as a member of the Candidate and Party Relations Committee for Obasanjo/Atiku Presidential Election. From 2000 to 2002 Demola Seriki emerged as the PDP Party Chairman of Lagos Island Local Government Area in Lagos State and later in 2003 as the party's flag bearer to the House of Assembly representing Lagos Island Federal Constituency. In 2005 he cut his political tooth further by serving as Secretary of the", "id": "5752584" }, { "contents": "Omuma\n\n\nin the council premises and he won the House of Assembly election in 2011. He was re-elected in 2015 election to represent Omuma for the second time in Rivers State House of Assembly under the PDP. Several other political parties have sprung up within this period as alphabetically arranged below and Omuma has been actively involved in them: • Advanced Congress of Democrats (ACD) • Alliance for Democracy (AD) • Action Democratic Party (ADP) • All Democratic Peoples Movement (ADPM) • All Progressives Congress (APC)", "id": "2613408" }, { "contents": "People's Democratic Party (Spain)\n\n\nThe People's Democratic Party (, PDP), renamed as Christian Democracy (, DC) from March 1988 until it merged into the People's Party in June 1989, was a Christian-democratic political party in Spain. In August 1982, 13 deputies under the leadership of Óscar Alzaga split from the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) and founded the PDP, entering into alliance with the People's Alliance (AP), which received the second largest number of votes in the 1982 and 1986 general elections. The", "id": "19996228" }, { "contents": "Progressive Democratic Party (Malaysia)\n\n\nThe Progressive Democratic Party (Malay: Parti Demokratik Progresif, Abbreviation: PDP), formerly known as Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party (SPDP) is a Sarawak based political party in Malaysia founded in 2002. The party was founded in the wake of the de-registration of the Sarawak National Party (SNAP) in November 2002 by a faction aligned to the Chief Minister of Sarawak, Abdul Taib Mahmud, led by William Mawan Ikom. The party has rebrand that using a new name - Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and a", "id": "13136566" }, { "contents": "Tunisia\n\n\n, including several that existed under the former regime. During the rule of Ben Ali, only three functioned as independent opposition parties: the PDP, FDTL, and Tajdid. While some older parties are well-established and can draw on previous party structures, many of the 100-plus parties extant as of February 2012 are small. Rare for the Arab world, women held more than 20% of seats in the country's pre-revolution bicameral parliament. In the 2011 constituent assembly, women held between 24% and 31%", "id": "11279313" }, { "contents": "Liberal Party (Spain, 1976)\n\n\nThe Liberal Party (, PL) was a liberal political party in Spain. It was part of the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) until 1983, when it aligned itself with the People's Alliance (AP), the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL). On 22 December 1984 the latter merged into the Liberal Party. These three parties formed the People's Coalition for the 1986 election. In 1989 the party, along with AP and PDP, merged to form the", "id": "19996525" }, { "contents": "New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)\n\n\nto boycott that plebiscite. Main party founder, president, and former statehood Republican Party standard-bearer Luis A. Ferré categorized the New Progressive Party as one which would not be aligned to any of the two major U.S. national parties. Co-founders of the NPP alongside Luis A. Ferre were Manuel F. Alsina Capo, attorney Nelson Escalona, and Benny Frankie Cerezo. Under Luis A. Ferré, the NPP came to power in January 1969, after defeating Luis Negrón López, the gubernatorial candidate from the Popular Democratic Party (PDP)", "id": "21721596" }, { "contents": "Party for Democracy and Progress (Mali)\n\n\nThe Party for Democracy and Progress (, PDP) is a political party in Mali led by Mady Konaté. The party was established in 1991, and officially registered on 25 April that year. It party received 5.1% of the vote in the February 1992 parliamentary elections, winning two seats. In the April 1992 presidential elections it nominated Idrissa Traoré as its candidate. Traoré finished fifth out of nine candidates with 7.1%^ of the vote. The local elections in the same year saw the party win 40 of the 751 seats across", "id": "19282171" }, { "contents": "Samaila Suleiman\n\n\n-2008, Energy Commission of Nigeria in 2009-2010 and later resigned to join politics. Suleiman was first elected into the public office as a local government chairman from Kaduna North in Kaduna State under the defunct Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) in 2008. He was the only politician to have won local government election under the CPC having shared the same constituency with the then vice president of Nigeria from the then ruling party People's Democratic Party (PDP). In 2015, Suleiman was first elected into the Lower Chamber", "id": "6113494" }, { "contents": "Party for Democratic Prosperity\n\n\nFor example, the party leadership criticized the 1991 Census for allegedly underreporting the percentage of the population that was Albanian from 40% to only 21%. Also, the PDP deputies voted against adopting the constitution due to its lack of protection for minorities. From the 1998 elections onwards PDP is in opposition and since then the support for the PDP has eroded considerably. At the 2002 legislative elections, the party won 2.3% of the popular vote and 2 out of 120 seats. At the 2011 legislative elections, the party won", "id": "5710802" }, { "contents": "2008 Angolan legislative election\n\n\nDemocratic Party (PLD), Party of the Alliance of Youth, Workers and Farmers of Angola (PAJOCA), Party for Democratic Support and Progress of Angola (PADEPA), the Democratic Party for Progress - Angolan National Alliance (PDP-ANA), the Front for Democracy (FpD) and four coalitions: the Democratic Angola – Coalition (AD), New Democracy Electoral Union (ND), the Electoral Political Platform (PPE) and the Angolan Fraternal Forum Coalition (FOFAC). The Angolan Democratic Party (PDA", "id": "533048" }, { "contents": "Party for Democratic Prosperity\n\n\nThe Party for Democratic Prosperity or PDP () is an ethnic Albanian political party in North Macedonia. The party was formed in April 1990 and is currently led by Abdyladi Vejseli. From 1992 to 1998 the PDP was part of the coalition governments led by the SDSM. After the split of the radical wing from the party in February 1994, PDP was generally considered to be moderate party that could cooperate with Macedonian parties, although sometimes frictions between the PDP and the other government parties arose as a consequence of the ethnic questions.", "id": "5710801" }, { "contents": "Politics of Gibraltar\n\n\n. A new party, New Gibraltar Democracy, announced it would contest the next election. NGD claimed that the two main parties were \"Out of touch with people's expectations and make up for their lack of ideas through Orwellian style propaganda.\" At the 2007 election one candidate, Charles Gomez, stood for election for the party. It achieved under 1% of the vote and has subsequently ceased any activity. In June 2006 the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) was formed and announced it would be presenting a full slate", "id": "11739411" }, { "contents": "Tunisian people\n\n\nto an end 23 years latter on January 14, 2011, in the events of the Tunisian Revolution, following nationwide demonstrations precipitated by high unemployment, food inflation, corruption, a lack of political freedoms like freedom of speech and poor living conditions. Following the overthrow of Ben Ali, Tunisians elected a Constituent Assembly to draft a new constitution, and an interim government known as the Troika because it was a coalition of three parties; the Islamist Ennahda Movement in the lead, with the centre-left Congress for the Republic and", "id": "21785336" }, { "contents": "Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle\n\n\nIn the aftermath of \"Mt. Healthy\",\" wrote Sandra Lynch for the First Circuit in 2004, \"confusion still sometimes arises about the issue of causation.\" She was writing in one of several cases it heard in the mid-2000s arising from alleged political retaliation in Puerto Rico, where members of the New Progressive Party (NPP) brought suit claiming that members of the rival Popular Democratic Party (PDP) had improperly forced them out of government jobs after the PDP defeated the incumbent NPP in the commonwealth's 2000 elections.", "id": "17963178" }, { "contents": "Great Ogboru\n\n\n2003. In the 2007 election, Great Ogboru contested for governorship under the flag of the Democracy People Party (DPP) against Emmanuel Uduaghan of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) and lost to Emmanuel Uduagha again in 2011 election though he contested under the umbrella of Labour Party In the 2015 Delta State governorship election, Great Ogboru contested for governorship under the umbrella of All Progressive Congress (APC). He was defeated by Ifeanyi Okowa of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) . In the 2019 governorship election of Delta State,", "id": "278732" }, { "contents": "1983 Murcian regional election\n\n\nelectoral alliance led by the right-wing People's Alliance (AP), which included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), became the second political force and the main opposition party, whereas the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) also entered the Assembly, obtaining 1 seat. As a result of the election, Socialist Andrés Hernández Ros, who since 1979 had been the President of the Regional Council of Murcia (the pre-autonomic regional government), became the first democratically", "id": "19967050" }, { "contents": "Emmanuel Nnamdi Uba\n\n\nEmmanuel Nnamdi Uba, or Andy Uba (born 14 December 1958), is a Nigerian politician who was elected Senator for the Anambra South constituency of Anambra State, Nigeria, in April 2011. He ran on the People's Democratic Party (PDP) platform. He defected to the ruling All Progressives Congress in February 2017; the leadership crises engulfing the former ruling party PDP may have motivated his decision. Uba was born on 14 December 1958 in Enugu, and attended the Boys High School in Awkunanaw. His parents originated from", "id": "17515892" }, { "contents": "Islam and secularism\n\n\ndictatorship of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali collapsed in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian revolution, Tunisia's interim government granted the group permission to form a political party. Since then it has become the biggest and most well-organized party in Tunisia, so far outdistancing its more secular competitors. In the Tunisian Constituent Assembly election, 2011, the first honest election in the country's history with a turn out of 51.1% of all eligible voters, the party won 37.04% of the popular vote and 89 (41%)", "id": "18330475" }, { "contents": "United Progressive Alliance\n\n\nthe Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party announced the withdrawal of the PDP from the UPA given that the Congress had decided to support the Omar Abdullah-led National Conference Government in Jammu & Kashmir after the 2008 state elections. On 26 March 2009, PMK declared that it would join the AIADMK led front and withdrew from the UPA and the party president declared that two union ministers of his party will resign shortly. On 12 November 2012, Barrister Asaduddin Owaisi, leader of the AIMIM announced the decision of the party's executive and", "id": "8764699" }, { "contents": "Umaru Tanko Al-Makura\n\n\nfounding member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) in Nasarawa State in 1998. Al-Makura defected from the PDP after losing the primary elections for the Nasarawa Governor competition. Al-Makura was elected Governor of Nasarawa State, Nigeria on 26 April 2011, running on the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) ticket. He defeated the incumbent governor, Aliyu Akwe-Doma of the PDP. On 14 July 2014 the Speaker of the Nasarawa State House of Assembly gave a notice of impeachment to the Clerk of the", "id": "7102114" }, { "contents": "2013 Gibraltar by-election\n\n\nThe Gibraltar by-election, 2013 was a parliamentary by-election held on 4 July 2013 for the Gibraltar Parliament. The by-election was to contest the seat left vacant by the death of Government of Gibraltar Housing Minister Charles Bruzon in April 2013. The Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP), Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Progressive Democratic Party (PDP) and an independent contested the by-election. The Liberal Party of Gibraltar who is in alliance and in Government with the GSLP backed the GSLP's candidate", "id": "8509407" }, { "contents": "Politics of Tajikistan\n\n\nThree major opposition parties—the Democratic Party, the Islamic Renaissance Party, and the Social Democratic Party—boycotted the election. In the early 2000s, independent political parties continued to exist, but their operations were circumscribed and their influence marginal. The governing People’s Democratic Party (PDP) gained strength as some opposition party leaders joined the government and others were disqualified from participation in elections. The Communist Party of Tajikistan, a nominal opposition party that has supported President Rahmon on most issues, has lost support since 2000. The", "id": "11083170" }, { "contents": "Dapo Abiodun\n\n\nis also reportedly the founder of First Power Limited. Dapo Abiodun is a founding member of Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) in Ogun State, although he is currently a member of the All Progressive Congress (APC) defecting after the 2015 general elections. He contested the Ogun East senatorial seat on the platform of the All Progressive Congress(APC) in the 2015 Nigerian general elections which he lost to the Peoples Democratic Party(PDP) candidate . He was elected a senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria on the platform of the defunct United Nigeria", "id": "1139922" }, { "contents": "1983 Riojan regional election\n\n\n. The People's Coalition, an electoral alliance led by the People's Alliance (AP), which also included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), emerged as the second largest grouping in the General Deputation, while the newly created regionalist Progressive Riojan Party (PRP) came third. Neither the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) or the Democratic and Social Centre (CDS), the only other parties standing in the election, were able to meet the electoral threshold and failed", "id": "18176961" }, { "contents": "Trinity—Spadina\n\n\nwas expected to be a very competitive election. Additionally, Conservative David Watters, Green Anna Costa, Progressive Canadian Party Asif Hossain, Canadian Action Party Tristan Downe-Dewdney and Daniel Knezetic for the Popular Democratic Party contested the election. The Popular Democratic Party was a social democratic and populist political party formed in 2003. It did not register as a political party with Elections Canada, and closed down after the 2004 election. The PDP proposed decentralization and community involvement in the political process through the creation of community councils to which any", "id": "8027884" }, { "contents": "Galician Coalition\n\n\nin the Congreso de los Diputados since the Second Republic. In January 1987 the most nationalist and progressive sectors of CG, led by Pablo González Mariñas and Xosé Henrique Rodríguez Peña, left the party and formed the Galician Nationalist Party (which would eventually join the Galician Nationalist Bloc). To attend the 1987 municipal elections CG formed the Galician Progressive Coalition, with the Democratic Popular Party (PDP) and the Liberal Party, gaining the 11.07% of the vote and 607 councilors. Following the departure of Xosé Luís Barreiro of the", "id": "602391" }, { "contents": "2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election\n\n\nthe delay, all major parties approved of it, even the Ennahda Movement; other parties approving the new election date included the Progressive Democratic Party, Ettajdid Movement, Al Majd, the Tunisian Workers' Communist Party and the Social Liberal Party. In September, the government of Canada declared that it would not allow Tunisia to open polling stations in its territory because it refused to be included in another country's electoral constituency. Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird called the issue \"a matter of Canadian sovereignty\". In response to Canada", "id": "14450727" }, { "contents": "Democratic Modernist Pole\n\n\nin all the 33 constituencies at home and abroad. Sixteen women and 17 men will be chief candidates. Riadh Ben Fadl and Mustapha Ben Ahmed, are the founders of the group. Ahmed Ibrahim is a leader in the bloc. The bloc won 5 of the 217 seats and 4.91% of the vote in the 2011 Tunisian Constituent Assembly election. Three of the parties in the coalition: the Republican Party, the Socialist Left Party and the Social Democratic Path) became part of another coalition called the Union for Tunisia in 2013", "id": "19583402" }, { "contents": "Abdulmumin Jibrin\n\n\nof Commerce (NBCC) between 2010 – 2011. Jibrin was first elected into the Nigerian National Assembly's House of Representatives representing Kiru/Bebeji Federal constituency of Kano State under the Peoples Democratic Party - PDP in 2011 before decamping to the newly formed political party in Nigeria, the All Progressives Congress (APC) in 2014 and was later re-elected into House of Representatives in 2015. Jibrin was the Chairman House of Representatives Committee on Finance in the 7th Assembly with oversight on the Federal Ministry of Finance and its Parastatals,", "id": "18363893" }, { "contents": "Rashidi Adewolu Ladoja\n\n\n2009, a former aide testified on the way on which the share money had been divided between Ladoja's family, bodyguard, senior politicians and lawyers. Ladoja was the governorship candidate for Accord party in Oyo State during the April 2011 and 2015 elections, he lost to Senator Abiola Ajimobi. He later merged his Accord Party into PDP in 2017. Dispute in PDP made him and other allies (from Labour Party, All Progressives Congress APC etc.) to move over African Democratic Congress (ADC) in 2018. After a", "id": "21855065" }, { "contents": "Mohammed Badaru Abubakar\n\n\nAll Progressives Congress in 2015 along with PDP contender Mal. Aminu Ibrahim Ringim. The Independent National Electoral Commission on 13 April 2015 declared him the winner of that election. On 9 March 2019 Jigawa state gubernatorial election, Badaru was re-elected has governor having polled a total of 810,933 votes, the candidate of the Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, Aminu Ibrahim Ringim scored 288,356 while the candidate of the Social Democratic Party, SDP, Bashir Adamu Jumbo scored 32,894 votes, thereby making him the winner of the election. In recognition", "id": "20149723" }, { "contents": "Popular Democratic Party (France)\n\n\nthe PDP prior to the 1924 legislative election. Established by Congress on 15 and 16 November 1924, under the chairmanship of George Thibout and involving 200 delegates, the PDP supported the desire to achieve \"a task in bringing reconciliation around the idea of Republicanism\" by the definition of \"new Republican faith\" The Popular Democrats advocated that religion was not and should not be a line between right and left. However, the PDP oriented itself to the centre-right in direct competition to the Republican Federation, the party from which", "id": "22044943" }, { "contents": "Socialism in Tunisia\n\n\nthe Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties (Ettakatol or FDTL) was founded and officially recognized on 25 October 2002. Is a social democratic and secularist political party in Tunisia. Its founder and Secretary-General is the radiologist Mustapha Ben Jafar. Active from 1993 to 2012, the Ettajdid Movement (\"Movement for Renewal\") was a centre-left secularist, democratic socialist and social liberal political party in Tunisia. It was led by Ahmed Ibrahim. For the Constituent assembly election, Ettajdid formed a strongly secularist alliance called Democratic", "id": "5642583" }, { "contents": "Wafa Movement\n\n\nThe Wafa Movement (), sometimes referred to as the Independent Democratic Congress, is a political party in Tunisia. The party was founded in 2012 by a number of constituents who broke away from the Congress for the Republic (CPR). Led by the short-time CPR secretary-general Abderraouf Ayadi, the party however remained loosely allied with the governing Troika coalition of Ennahda, CPR and Ettakatol. Generally seen as a secular, left-leaning party, the Wafa Movement reached out to Islamists on the grounds of seeking", "id": "13260598" }, { "contents": "Abdulkareem Adisa\n\n\nPeople's Democratic Party (PDP) in Kwara State. One PDP group suspended the Minister of State for Women Affairs, Miss Funke Adedoyin, but another group of PDP elders, led by Adisa, voided Adedoyin’s suspension. Adisa also became vice-chairman of the Kwara Progressive Movement (KPM). Abdulkareem Adisa was leader of a movement to elect General Ibrahim Babangida as president in 2007. He published an attack on the National Democratic Coalition (NADECO) in \"The Guardian\" of 28 April 2004, warning the group", "id": "1146576" }, { "contents": "Nidaa Tounes\n\n\n\"founder\" Habib Bourguiba). In addition, the party has the support of many members of the Tunisian General Labour Union (UGTT) and the national employers' union, UTICA. They believe that Tunisia's secular forces have to unite to counter the dominance of the Islamist Ennahda Movement. From its foundation until July 2013, 11 members of the Constituent Assembly joined the party by defecting from various other parties. On 11 February 2013, the Republican Party joined Nidaa Tounes and four other parties in a political alliance called Union", "id": "4542216" }, { "contents": "Gibraltar\n\n\nrepresented by the Governor of Gibraltar. The governor enacts day-to-day matters on the advice of the Gibraltar Parliament, but is responsible to the British government in respect of defence, foreign policy, internal security and general good governance. Judicial and other appointments are made on behalf of the monarch in consultation with the head of the elected government. The 2011 election was contested by the Gibraltar Social Democrats (GSD), Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party (GSLP)-Gibraltar Liberal Party (GLP) Alliance and the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP", "id": "7263743" }, { "contents": "Adamu Sidi Ali\n\n\nballots had not been included in the count.In turn, the PDP appealed the decision to nullify the election of their candidate, who had died two months after the election, saying the election should be a re-run due to his death. Their appeal was rejected. Later, Sidi Ali changed allegiance to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). During a PDP campaign flag-off meeting before the April 2007 elections, he advised political opponents not to use thugs to destabilize the elections. Sidi Ali became senator for", "id": "13302889" }, { "contents": "Ahmed Tijani Ahmed\n\n\nAhmed Tijani Ahmed (December 17, 1941 – June 10, 2006) was a Nigerian politician who was Senator for the Kogi Central constituency in Kogi State from 1999 to 2003 as a member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP). When Kogi State was created in 1991, Ahmed Tijani Ahmed joined a group of liberal progressive politicians in the Social Democratic Party (SDP) that created an agreement on power sharing among the different peoples of the state. However, they lost the December 1991 governorship election to the National Republican", "id": "14754363" }, { "contents": "Abdulmumin Jibrin\n\n\nthe members of the House of Representatives that led the first set of 37 Legislators that decamped from the ruling People's Democratic Party (PDP) to the main opposition party, All Progressive Party (APC). In March 2015, Abdulmumin contested and got re-elected to the House of Representatives by the people of his constituency Kiru/Bebeji Kano state, Nigeria. As Chairman Appropriation, Jibrin has oversight function over the Budget office and national budget, the appropriation of funds for execution of government programmes and projects. He also", "id": "18363903" }, { "contents": "Godswill Akpabio\n\n\nSenatorial District to represent the district in the Senate of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Running under the platform of the People’s Democratic Party (PDP), he polled 422,009 of the 439,449 to defeat Chief Inibehe Okorie of the All Progressive Congress (APC) who recorded 15, 152 votes to be declared elected by the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). Akpabio was nominated for the position of the Senate Minority Leader by the South-South caucus of the People's Democratic Party (PDP), ratified by the caucus", "id": "19678208" }, { "contents": "1970 Montserratian general election\n\n\nGeneral elections were held in Montserrat on 15 December 1970. The result was a victory for the Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), which won all seven seats in the Legislative Council, whilst the Montserrat Labour Party (MLP), which had won every election since the introduction of universal suffrage in 1951, lost all four of its seats. PDP leader Percival Austin Bramble became Chief Minister, replacing his father and MLP leader, William Henry Bramble. Universal suffrage was introduced in Montserrat in 1951, and the first elections under it", "id": "6935944" }, { "contents": "Atiku Abubakar\n\n\nProgressives Congress (APC), a party he helped to form. On 3 December 2017, via a Facebook Live broadcast, Abubakar announced his return to the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). The announcement followed consultations the former Vice President had with party leaders and stakeholders from across the country. He said he decided to 'return home' to the PDP now that the issues which made him leave the party had been resolved. Abubakar declared his candidacy for the presidential nomination of the PDP mid 2018 and won the nomination at", "id": "10683389" }, { "contents": "Luis A. Ferré\n\n\nProgressive Party (a.k.a., PNP). In the following general election in 1968, Ferré ran for Governor and defeated Luis Negrón López, the candidate of the Popular Democratic Party (PPD) by a slight margin. The ruling party had split with the creation of the People's Party, which ran incumbent PDP-elected Governor Roberto Sánchez Vilella as its gubernatorial candidate, ending Luis Muñoz Marín's PPD's hold on the governor's seat, which had lasted 20 years. During Ferré's administration, Puerto Rico was in", "id": "11079059" }, { "contents": "1994–1995 Uzbek parliamentary election\n\n\nParliamentary elections were held in Uzbekistan on 25 December 1994, with a second round held in 39 constituencies on 8 January 1995 and seven constituencies on 22 January. The election was contested by 634 candidates, 250 nominated by local councils, 243 members of the People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan, and 141 Progress Party of the Fatherland members. The majority of seats were won by local council nominees (around 120 of which were PDP members), whilst the People's Democratic Party emerged as the largest party. Voter turnout was 93.6", "id": "15227647" }, { "contents": "1983 Madrilenian regional election\n\n\nthe PSOE won 51 seats. The People's Coalition, an electoral alliance led by the People's Alliance (AP), which also included the People's Democratic Party (PDP) and the Liberal Union (UL), emerged as the second largest grouping in the Assembly. The Communist Party of Spain was the only other party to win seats in the Assembly. In 1986, the party joined with other left-wing movements to form the current United Left. The Assembly of Madrid was the devolved, unicameral legislature of", "id": "3098844" } ]

[ { "contents": "Jacob de Jager\n\n\nJacob de Jager (16 January 1923 – 25 February 2004) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was the first Dutch person to serve as a general authority. De Jager was born in the Netherlands and joined the church while living in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. His work took him to Australia, Indonesia, Mexico and Canada. His first calling in the church was hymnal coordinator which he filled honorably. He also served as elders quorum president,", "id": "12693727" }, { "contents": "Jacob de Jager\n\n\nbranch president, counselor to mission president and regional representative before his call to the First Quorum of the Seventy. In 1993, de Jager was designated an emeritus general authority and he later served as bishop of a ward in central Salt Lake City. He is one of few people to serve as a ward bishop after serving as a general authority. He died in 2004 of causes incident to age. He married Bea Lim and they had two children. They were married in Indonesia and later, after joining the LDS Church,", "id": "12693728" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nin policy or practice was announced, at the church's general conference in October 2015, those released from the Second Quorum of the Seventy were designated as emeritus general authorities for the first time. They remain general authorities until their deaths, but an emeritus general authority is not a member of a seventies quorum. John K. Carmack, the former head of the Perpetual Education Fund and W. Rolfe Kerr, a former Church Commissioner of Education, are both emeritus general authorities. Jacob de Jager served as a bishop after he was given", "id": "9800095" }, { "contents": "Glenn L. Pace\n\n\nGlenn Leroy Pace ( – ) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1985 until his death. As a general authority, he served as a counselor in the presiding bishopric and also in the First Quorum of Seventy. In 2010, he was designated an emeritus general authority. Pace was born to Kenneth LeRoy Pace and his wife, the former Elizabeth Anna Wilde, in Provo, Utah, where he was also raised. In the early 1960s, he served", "id": "21590104" }, { "contents": "J. Richard Clarke\n\n\nJohn Richard Clarke (born April 4, 1927) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1976. He has been a member of the church's presiding bishopric and a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. Clarke was born in Rexburg, Idaho. As a young man he served as an LDS Church missionary in South Africa. Prior to his call as a general authority, he served as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative in Idaho", "id": "8108720" }, { "contents": "W. Craig Zwick\n\n\nWilliam Craig Zwick (born June 10, 1947) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1995. Zwick was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He served as a missionary for the LDS Church in Argentina. Richard G. Scott of the Quorum of the Twelve was one of Zwick's mission presidents. While serving on this mission he worked on his first LDS Church chapel construction project. Prior to his call as a general authority, Zwick served as", "id": "8104324" }, { "contents": "H. Burke Peterson\n\n\nHarold Burke Peterson (September 19, 1923 – April 14, 2013) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1972 until his death. He was a counselor to the presiding bishop and a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. He became an emeritus general authority in 1993. Peterson was born in Salt Lake City, Utah and was raised in Phoenix, Arizona, where he became an Eagle Scout. Beginning in 1940, Peterson attended Phoenix College,", "id": "21001102" }, { "contents": "Orrin P. Miller\n\n\nOrrin Porter Miller (September 11, 1858 – July 7, 1918) was a member of the presiding bishopric of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1901 to his death. Born in Millcreek, Utah Territory, Miller was a local leader in the church prior to his call as a general authority. He became the bishop of the newly created Riverton Ward in Salt Lake City in 1886. Prior to serving as a bishop, he had been an elder and a seventy in the", "id": "11180481" }, { "contents": "Gerrit W. Gong\n\n\nGerrit Walter Gong (born December 23, 1953) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority since 2010 and served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from October 2015 until his calling to the Quorum of the Twelve in March 2018. He is the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saint's first apostle of Asian descent. Prior to becoming a general authority, he", "id": "144653" }, { "contents": "Richard C. Edgley\n\n\nRichard Crockett Edgley (born February 6, 1936) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since October 1992. He was first counselor in the church's presiding bishopric from 1995 to 2012 and as second counselor from 1992 to 1995. He was designated as an emeritus general authority in March 2012. Born in Preston, Idaho, Edgley was called as second counselor to Presiding Bishop Robert D. Hales in 1992. In 1994, Merrill J. Bateman replaced Hales and Edgley", "id": "13615760" }, { "contents": "Gérald Caussé\n\n\nGérald Jean Caussé (born 20 May 1963) has been the Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 9 October 2015. He is the fifteenth man to serve in this position. He has been a general authority of the LDS Church since 2008 and was the first person from France appointed as a general authority. Caussé, who was born in Bordeaux, was raised as a Latter-day Saint: his parents joined the church when he was six months old, having", "id": "17565213" }, { "contents": "Tad R. Callister\n\n\nToronto East Mission. While still serving in Canada, he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in 2008. He later served first as a counselor and then as president of the Pacific Area, residing in Auckland and overseeing the operations of the LDS Church in New Zealand, Australia, and the islands of the Pacific. In 2011 he was appointed as a member of the church's seven-man Presidency of the Seventy, replacing Claudio R. M. Costa. At the church's April", "id": "18106566" }, { "contents": "Spencer J. Condie\n\n\nSpencer Joel Condie (born August 27, 1940) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. Condie previously worked as a professor at Brigham Young University (BYU) and also served as a mission president for the LDS Church in Eastern Europe. In 2010, he was designated as an emeritus general authority. Condie was born in Preston, Idaho. His family lived there until he was fifteen when they moved to Pocatello, Idaho. From 1960 to", "id": "22107545" }, { "contents": "David S. Baxter\n\n\nCouncil, and as Deputy Chairman of the East Anglian Ambulance NHS Trust. Baxter became an LDS bishop at age 25. He also served as a counselor in a stake presidency, as president of the Ipswich England Stake and as a counselor in the presidency of the England London Mission. From 2002 to 2006 he was an area seventy, which included serving as a counselor in the presidency of the church's Europe West Area from 2004 to 2006. After his call as general authority, Baxter served as a counselor in the church", "id": "19881068" }, { "contents": "Charles H. Hart\n\n\nCharles Henry Hart (July 5, 1866 – September 29, 1934) was a general authority and a member of the First Council of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Hart also served as president of the Canadian Mission of the LDS Church from 1927 to 1930. Hart was born at Bloomington, Bear Lake County, Idaho Territory. When he was called as a member of the First Council of the Seventy in April 1906 he became the first general authority born in Idaho. He died", "id": "17854573" }, { "contents": "Jay E. Jensen\n\n\nJay Edwin Jensen (born February 5, 1942) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1992. He served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from 2008 to 2012. Jensen was designated an emeritus general authority in the October 2012 general conference. Jensen was born in Payson, Utah, and raised in Mapleton, Utah. From 1961 to 1963, Jensen served as a missionary in the Spanish-American mission, concentrating on teaching", "id": "19396644" }, { "contents": "Ben B. Banks\n\n\nBenjamin Berry Banks (born April 4, 1932) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy from 1999 to 2002 and has also been president of the church's Jordan River Utah Temple. Banks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. Before becoming a general authority, Banks served in the church as a stake president and bishop. From 1987 to 1989 he was president of", "id": "5941447" }, { "contents": "Neil L. Andersen\n\n\nNeil Linden Andersen (born August 9, 1951) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was sustained by church membership as an apostle on April 4, 2009, during the church's General Conference. At the time of his call to the Twelve, Andersen had been serving as an LDS general authority since 1993, including service in the Presidency of the Seventy from 2005 to 2009. Currently, he is tenth apostle in", "id": "3244056" }, { "contents": "Ulisses Soares\n\n\nUlisses Soares (born 2 October 1958) is a Brazilian businessman and is the junior member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority since 2005 and served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from January 2013 until his calling to the Quorum of the Twelve in March 2018. He is the LDS Church's first apostle from South America, being from Brazil. As a member of the Quorum of", "id": "966446" }, { "contents": "Helio R. Camargo\n\n\nHelio da Rocha Camargo (born 1 February 1926) was the first Brazilian general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was called to the First Quorum of the Seventy in 1985 and served there for four years. In 1989, he was transferred, along with other limited-term members of the First Quorum of the Seventy to the newly created Second Quorum of the Seventy. Camargo was released as a general authority in 1990. Camargo was born in Rio de Janeiro.", "id": "148646" }, { "contents": "Presiding Bishop (LDS Church)\n\n\nThe Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) is a priesthood calling with church-wide authority. The Presiding Bishop is the highest leadership position within the church's Aaronic priesthood. Upon the Presiding Bishop's recommendation, the First Presidency calls two other men to assist the Presiding Bishop as his counselors; together these three compose the church's Presiding Bishopric. As well as being ordained to the Aaronic priesthood office of bishop, the members of the Presiding Bishopric are general authorities of the", "id": "9941304" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nLeGrand Raine Curtis, Sr. (May 22, 1924 – December 19, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 to 1995. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy; he also served as a counselor in the Young Men general presidency from 1990 to 1991 and from 1972 to 1974. Curtis was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was named after LeGrand Richards, who was bishop of the Sugar House Ward", "id": "18322018" }, { "contents": "Salomón Jaar\n\n\nHe later worked as a coordinator for the Church Educational System. Jaar was the first president of the LDS Church's Valle de Sula Honduras Stake. He later served as an area seventy and as president of the Honduras Tegucigalpa Mission of the church. He had also served as a bishop in the LDS Church. Jaar was mission president from 1993 to 1996 and an area seventy from 1996 to 2000. At the time of his death he was the bishop of the Tamarindo Ward in the Choluteca Honduras Stake. Jaar wrote the book", "id": "3544500" }, { "contents": "Horacio A. Tenorio\n\n\nHoracio Antonio Tenorio (born 6 March 1935) was the first general authority in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) of Mexican ancestry. Tenorio was born in Mexico City, Mexico. He was trained in business with graduate training in purchasing. He and his wife, Maria, were married in 1957 and are the parents of three children. In 1969, Tenorio joined the LDS Church. He began service as a stake president in 1975. He later served as a Regional representative and president", "id": "2626856" }, { "contents": "Juan A. Uceda\n\n\nJuan Alberto Uceda Andrade (born 10 July 1953) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2010. He was a member of the Presidency of the Seventy from August 2017 to August 2018. Uceda was born in Lima, Peru. He holds a degree in public relations from San Luis Gonzaga National University. Uceda converted to the LDS Church in 1972. He served as a Mormon missionary in Peru and as a stake Sunday School president, bishop, counselor", "id": "757656" }, { "contents": "W. Rolfe Kerr\n\n\nas president of the church's Texas Dallas Mission in 1993. He had been in that position since 1985. Kerr also served in the LDS Church as a stake president, bishop's counselor, high councilor, and on the Sunday School General Board. For two years in the 1960s, he was involved in helping organize the LDS Student Association. While still serving in Dallas, Kerr was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy on April 6, 1996, and was transferred to the First", "id": "7684948" }, { "contents": "Helvécio Martins\n\n\nthe announcement that the LDS Church was lifting the priesthood ban. After Martins received the priesthood and his temple ordinances, he served in the church as a bishop, counselor to a stake president, and as president of the Brazil Fortaleza Mission. In April 1990, church president Ezra Taft Benson called Martins as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. Martins became the first black general authority in the LDS Church. After serving a standard five-year term as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy, Martins", "id": "463547" }, { "contents": "Edward Stevenson\n\n\nEdward Stevenson (May 1, 1820 – January 27, 1897) was a prominent Mormon missionary of the 19th century. He also served as a general authority in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as one of the seven presidents of the Seventy. Stevenson was born in Gibraltar to British parents. His family moved to the United States when he was young. As a young man, he was living in Pontiac, Michigan when he was contacted by a group of Latter Day Saint missionaries", "id": "10615780" }, { "contents": "Eldred G. Smith\n\n\nEldred Gee Smith (January 9, 1907 – April 4, 2013) was the patriarch emeritus of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and held the calling of Patriarch to the Church from 1947 to 1979, the last to hold the office. He was the oldest and longest-serving general authority of the church at his death, although he had not been active in that capacity for many years. Smith's father was Hyrum G. Smith, the Presiding Patriarch of the LDS Church from", "id": "19636038" }, { "contents": "Jay E. Jensen\n\n\n. He was the director of scripture coordination for the church's Curriculum Department at the time of his call as a general authority. He previously worked for the Church Educational System as a seminary teacher and director of curriculum. Jensen was also the director of training for the church's Missionary Department for a period of time. Jensen has served in the LDS Church as a bishop, branch president, counselor in the Missionary Training Center presidency, and was president of the church's Colombia Cali Mission from 1975 to 1978. Jensen was", "id": "19396646" }, { "contents": "David F. Evans\n\n\nDavid Frewin Evans (born August 11, 1951) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2005. Evans was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He grew up in Los Angeles, California, where his father David C. Evans worked for Bendix Corporation. His mother, Joy F. Evans, served as a counselor to Barbara W. Winder in the Relief Society General Presidency from 1984 to 1990. Evans served as a missionary in the church's Japan Mission", "id": "21504391" }, { "contents": "Octaviano Tenorio\n\n\nthe Mexico City Temple. He was serving in this position at the time of his call as a general authority. Tenorio has served in the LDS Church as a branch president, stake clerk, stake mission president, counselor in a [[stake presidency]], [[stake president]] and twice as a regional representative (one time beginning in 1993). He was a sealer in the Mexico City Temple when it opened. He also served as [[Mission president|president]] of the Mexico [[Tuxtla", "id": "20053600" }, { "contents": "Merrill J. Bateman\n\n\nMerrill Joseph Bateman (born June 19, 1936) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1992, originally as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. He is currently an emeritus general authority. From 2003 to 2007, Bateman was a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy. He was president of Brigham Young University (BYU) from January 1, 1996, until May 1, 2003, and was the church's twelfth presiding", "id": "4817384" }, { "contents": "William Grant Bangerter\n\n\nWilliam Grant Bangerter (June 8, 1918 – April 18, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1975 until his death. Bangerter was born in Granger, Utah. From 1939 to 1941, he served as a Mormon missionary in Brazil. After his mission he graduated from the University of Utah and became a building contractor. In the LDS Church, Bangerter served as a bishop in Granger and was later president of the church's North Jordan Stake", "id": "8315713" }, { "contents": "Robert E. Sackley\n\n\nRobert Edward Sackley (17 December 1922 – 22 February 1993) was an educational administrator in Canada and was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1989 until his death. Sackley was the first native Australian to serve as an LDS Church general authority. Born in Lismore, New South Wales, Australia, Sackley was a member of the Northern New Guinea 5th Commando Squadron of the Australian Defence Force during the Second World War. On 25 December 1944, Sackley was severely", "id": "564713" }, { "contents": "David E. Sorensen\n\n\nDavid Eugene Sorensen (June 29, 1933 – August 26, 2014) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1992 until his death. He served in the First and Second Quorums of the Seventy and as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. He was the executive director of the church's Temple Department during the temple building boom of the late 1990s and early 2000s. Sorensen was born in Aurora, Utah. He grew up working on the family", "id": "1861260" }, { "contents": "Ronald E. Poelman\n\n\nRonald Eugene Poelman (May 10, 1928 – November 19, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1978 until his death. In 1984, he delivered a controversial sermon in the LDS Church's general conference which the church redacted before publishing. Poelman was born in Salt Lake City, Utah to a Latter-day Saint family. As a young man, he served as a Mormon missionary in the LDS Church's Netherlands Mission. He began his", "id": "4765396" }, { "contents": "Merlin R. Lybbert\n\n\nMerlin Rex Lybbert (31 January 1926 – 6 July 2001) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1989 to 1994. From 1992 to 1994, Lybbert was the thirteenth general president of the LDS Church's Sunday School. Lybbert was born in Cardston, Alberta, Canada. After a short period of service in the Canadian Army near the end of World War II, Lybbert served as a missionary in the church's Eastern States Mission. After his mission,", "id": "4321885" }, { "contents": "David E. Sorensen\n\n\nwork full time to overcome debt associated with the family ranch before receiving a degree. Sorensen spent his career as a business owner, operating a healthcare services company while living in California.. He previously served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and as president of the Canada Halifax Mission. He also served as vice chair of the Nevada Community Bank in Las Vegas, Nevada. Sorensen was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in June 1992. He was transferred to the", "id": "1861262" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nThe following individuals are the current general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Included are the individuals' hierarchical position and some of their current specialized assignments in the church, if any. Note: On April 5, 2018, the First Presidency announced that area presidencies were being reinstated for those 10 areas within the United States and Canada, and that the members of the Presidency of the Seventy would be relieved of responsibility for those areas, to enable them to assist the apostles", "id": "311521" }, { "contents": "A. Laurence Lyon\n\n\nA. Laurence Lyon (1934–2006) was a composer of music, usually sacred music with a Latter-day Saint theme. He also served for 30 years as a professor at Western Oregon University. Lyon was born in Rotterdam, Netherlands where his father, T. Edgar Lyon was serving as president of the Netherlands Mission of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Lyon created his first composition at 12. He was first called as an organist for a congregation of the LDS Church when he was", "id": "11731771" }, { "contents": "H. David Burton\n\n\nHarold David Burton (born April 25, 1938) was the thirteenth Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1995 to 2012. He has been a general authority of the LDS Church since October 1992. Born in Salt Lake City, Utah to Latter-day Saint parents, Burton graduated from South High School in 1956 and then served as a missionary for the LDS Church in southern Australia in the late 1950s. He graduated from the University of Utah with a bachelor's", "id": "13615748" }, { "contents": "J. Richard Clarke\n\n\n. He also returned to South Africa as the president of the church's South Africa Cape Town Mission. In 1976, Clarke became the second counselor to presiding bishop Victor L. Brown. He served in this capacity until Brown was released in 1985. Clarke was retained as a general authority and became a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. He became a member of the Presidency of the Seventy in 1988, and served in that capacity until 1997, when he was released and given general authority emeritus status. From 1998", "id": "8108721" }, { "contents": "Alan C. Ashton\n\n\nThe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a grandson of former church president David O. McKay. He served as a missionary in Central Germany as a young man. Ashton later married Karen Jackman Ashton; they are the parents of 11 children. He has served in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as a bishop, stake president, and as president of the Canada Toronto West Mission from 2004 to 2007. From 2013 to 2016, Ashton and his wife served as the president and matron of", "id": "3127903" }, { "contents": "Paul K. Sybrowsky\n\n\nfrom 1964 to 1966. He later served as a bishop (of the Hyde Park Ward in London, England), as a member of a stake high council, and as a counselor in a stake presidency. Sybrowsky was president of the BYU 9th Stake from 1996 until 2001, when he was succeeded by Thomas B. Griffith. From 2001 to 2004, Sybrowsky was president of the church's Canada Toronto West Mission. Sybrowsky was an LDS general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy from 2005 to 2011.", "id": "6640442" }, { "contents": "Glen L. Rudd\n\n\nGlen Larkin Rudd (May 18, 1918 – December 30, 2016) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1987 to 1992. Rudd was born and raised in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in New Zealand, where his mission president was Matthew Cowley. For part of his mission he served as secretary to, and traveling companion of, Cowley. After he returned from his mission", "id": "18942120" }, { "contents": "Thomas B. Griffith\n\n\nhis father was stationed there with the U.S. Army. He joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as a junior at Langley High School in McLean, Virginia. He served as student body president at the high school his senior year and later served a mission for the LDS Church in South Africa. He attended BYU and later became the university's General Counsel from 2000 to 2005, where he also served as president of the church's BYU 9th Stake. He previously served as bishop of", "id": "19816869" }, { "contents": "David S. Baxter\n\n\nDavid Steward Baxter (born 7 February 1955) has been a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2006. A native of Scotland, and a resident of England at the time of his call, he is only the third general authority who was native to the United Kingdom and also living there at the time of his call. Baxter joined the LDS Church along with his mother and siblings when he was twelve. Shortly after this,", "id": "19881065" }, { "contents": "Hugh W. Pinnock\n\n\nHugh Wallace Pinnock (January 15, 1934 – December 16, 2000) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1977 until his death. Pinnock was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Western States Mission. Pinnock graduated from University of Utah in 1958, where he became a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity and Owl and Key. Prior to his call to the First", "id": "8519001" }, { "contents": "Lowell M. Snow\n\n\nLowell Miller Snow (born January 2, 1944) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2005 to 2011. Snow was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and in 2006 became the president of the Africa West Area of the church. Snow is a descendant of Erastus Snow and grew up in St. George, Utah. He served as a LDS Church missionary in Germany and then attended Brigham Young University, where he met his wife Tamara. Snow", "id": "12412841" }, { "contents": "Tad R. Callister\n\n\nTad Richards Callister (born December 17, 1945) was the 21st Sunday School General President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from April 2014 to April 2019. He served previously in the church as a general authority from 2008 to 2014, including as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy from August 2011 to April 2014. Callister was born in Glendale, California to Effie Norine Richards and Reed Eddington Callister. His parents were both natives of Salt Lake City. Reed Callister served", "id": "18106563" }, { "contents": "L. Whitney Clayton\n\n\nLyndon Whitney Clayton III (born February 24, 1950) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He has been a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy since 2008 and its senior president since 2015. Clayton was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and attended the University of Utah. He served as a full-time missionary of the LDS Church in Peru. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in finance and earned a", "id": "17564673" }, { "contents": "Henry D. Taylor\n\n\nHenry Dixon Taylor (November 22, 1903 – February 24, 1987) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1958 until his death. Taylor was born in Provo, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Eastern States Mission. During his mission, Taylor was the president of the church's Connecticut District. Taylor received a bachelor's degree from Brigham Young University (BYU) and a master's degree", "id": "2477100" }, { "contents": "Gilbert W. Scharffs\n\n\nGilbert Woodrow Scharffs (June 27, 1930 - February 26, 2015) was a Latter-day Saint religious educator and author. Scharffs was born to Fritz and Louise Scharffs and raised in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He served as a missionary in the East German Mission of the LDS Church in the late 1950s, where he served as editor for publications and later second counselor to the Mission President. In 1959 he was married in the Salt Lake Temple to Laura Virginia Smith", "id": "7526873" }, { "contents": "Donald L. Hallstrom\n\n\nDonald Larry Hallstrom (born July 27, 1949) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2000. From 2009 to 2017, he served as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. Hallstrom was born to James Emerson Hallstrom and Betty Jo (née Lambert) in and grew up in Honolulu. As a young man he enjoyed several sports, including basketball and surfing. He served as a missionary of the LDS Church in the England Central Mission from", "id": "13616701" }, { "contents": "Steven E. Snow\n\n\nSteven Erastus Snow (born November 23, 1949) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He currently serves as the Church Historian and Recorder, as well as executive director of the Church History Department. Snow was born in St. George, Utah into a Latter-day Saint family. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in West Germany. Prior to his call as a general authority, Snow was a", "id": "8979711" }, { "contents": "Richard P. Lindsay\n\n\nBrigham Young University (BYU). From 1978 to 1989 Lindsay served as managing director of Public Affairs for the LDS Church. Among other church positions, Lindsay served as a bishop and stake president. In 1989, Lindsay was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. As a member of the Seventy, he served as the first president of the church's Africa Area. After his release as a general authority in 1994, Lindsay was the LDS Church's representative in various anti-pornography", "id": "9864996" }, { "contents": "Gary E. Stevenson\n\n\n& Fitness. He has also served on the Marriott School of Management National Advisory Council and the Utah State University Foundation Board. In the LDS Church, Stevenson has served as a bishop and a counselor in a stake presidency. He served as president of the Japan Nagoya Mission from 2004 to 2007. Stevenson became a member of the LDS Church's First Quorum of the Seventy at the April 2008 general conference. During his time in the Seventy, Stevenson served both as a counselor and as president of the church's Asia North", "id": "5851945" }, { "contents": "Rey Pratt\n\n\nRey Lucero Pratt (October 11, 1878 – April 14, 1931) served The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints for 23 years as president of its Mexican Mission and for six years as a general authority. Pratt helped establish the church in Mexico and among Spanish-speaking populations in the United States and Argentina. He also translated LDS Church materials into Spanish, wrote magazine articles and spoke regularly at general conference. Pratt has at times been called the father of the Mexican mission. Pratt was born in Salt", "id": "14018370" }, { "contents": "Virginia H. Pearce\n\n\nVirginia Hinckley Pearce (born February 8, 1945) is an author and was a member of the Young Women General Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1992 to 1997. Pearce is the daughter of the church's fifteenth president, Gordon B. Hinckley. At the church's April 1992 general conference, Pearce was sustained as first counselor to Young Women general president Janette C. Hales. Pearce served in this capacity until 1997, when Hales was released and replaced by Margaret D. Nadauld", "id": "22185174" }, { "contents": "Clinton L. Cutler\n\n\nClinton Louis Cutler (December 27, 1929 – April 9, 1994) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 until his death. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and was a counselor in the church's Sunday School General Presidency. Cutler was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and received his college education at Utah State University and the University of Utah. He then worked for many years for the company that became US", "id": "6647132" }, { "contents": "Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles\n\n\nActing President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is a priesthood calling in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). In general, the position of Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is only filled when the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is called as a counselor in the First Presidency of the church. In such instances, the man who holds this calling is the most senior apostle who is \"not\" serving in the First Presidency. Additionally, a person", "id": "11037283" }, { "contents": "Ángel Abrea\n\n\nÁngel Abrea (born 13 September 1933) was the first resident of Latin America to become a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Abrea was baptized into the LDS Church in 1943, at the age of ten. He graduated from the University of Buenos Aires, and worked as an accountant at Deloitte Haskins & Sells. Prior to his call as a general authority, Abrea was the first stake president in Argentina (1966–71; 1976–78", "id": "1574870" }, { "contents": "O. Vincent Haleck\n\n\nLDS Church, Haleck has served as a bishop, high councilor, stake patriarch, and stake president. He served as president of the Samoa Apia Mission from 2008 to 2011 and was in that capacity when he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in April 2011. After becoming a general authority, Haleck moved from Pago Pago, American Samoa to Salt Lake City, Utah. From the time of his call to August 2013, he filled assignments at church headquarters. From August 2013", "id": "2350277" }, { "contents": "John R. Winder\n\n\nJohn Rex Winder (; December 11, 1821 – March 27, 1910) was a leader and general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was Second Counselor in the Presiding Bishopric from 1887 to 1901, and First Counselor in the First Presidency to church president Joseph F. Smith from 1901 until his death. He was well known for his business abilities, and influenced Heber J. Grant. He was also active in politics and the militia, participating in the Utah War and the", "id": "1621863" }, { "contents": "Howard W. Hunter\n\n\nHoward William Hunter (November 14, 1907 – March 3, 1995) was an American lawyer and was the 14th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1994 to 1995. His nine-month presidential tenure is the shortest in the church's history. Hunter was the first president of the LDS Church born in the 20th century and the last to die in it. He was sustained as an LDS apostle at the age of 51, and served as a general authority for", "id": "21828472" }, { "contents": "Thomas J. Parmley\n\n\n, he worked as a chemist for the U.S. Smeltering Company. In 1923 he married LaVern W. Parmley who served as general president of the Primary of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He then earned his Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1927. Prior to joining the faculty of the University of Utah, Parmley was involved in cyclotron research at the University of California, Berkeley. While there he was the lead author of the paper \"The Radioactives of some high-mass isotopes of Cobalt", "id": "8525048" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\n. When the first General Authorities were given emeritus status, N. Eldon Tanner of the First Presidency provided the following explanation: \"The very rapid growth of the Church across the world, with the attendant increase in travel and responsibility, has made it necessary to consider a change in the status for some of the Brethren of the General Authorities. Some of our associates have served for many years with complete and unselfish dedication, and they deserve every honor and recognition for such devoted service. It is felt advisable at this time to", "id": "311523" }, { "contents": "Nicholas G. Smith\n\n\nNicholas Groesbeck Smith (June 20, 1881 – October 27, 1945) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, Smith was the son of LDS Church apostle John Henry Smith and Josephine Groesbeck. At age three, he went to England with his parents, where his father was serving as a church mission president. Smith was baptized by his father on his eighth birthday. From 1902 to 1905, Smith served as", "id": "463034" }, { "contents": "Keith B. McMullin\n\n\nKeith Brigham McMullin (born August 18, 1941) has been the CEO of Deseret Management Corporation since April 2012 and has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1995. He was the second counselor in the presiding bishopric of the LDS Church from 1995 to 2012, at which time he was designated an emeritus general authority of the church. Born in St. George, Utah, McMullin married Carolyn Jean Gibbs in 1964 and they are the parents of eight children and", "id": "13615804" }, { "contents": "James Rasband\n\n\nJames R. Rasband (born March 20, 1963) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since April 2019. Due to his call as a general authority, his service as Academic Vice President at Brigham Young University (BYU) ended in June 2019, a position he had held since June 2017. He previously served as dean of the J. Reuben Clark Law School (JRCLS). He has also been the Hugh W. Colton Professor of Law. Rasband received", "id": "19949796" }, { "contents": "Marion D. Hanks\n\n\nMarion Duff Hanks (October 13, 1921 – August 5, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1953 until his death. Hanks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man he served in the Northern States Mission of the LDS Church, which was headquartered in Chicago. He was in the United States Navy during World War II and received a J.D. from the University of Utah. Prior to his call as a general authority", "id": "6558935" }, { "contents": "Joseph W. McMurrin\n\n\nJoseph William McMurrin (September 5, 1858 – October 24, 1932) was a general authority and a member of the First Council of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He served as president of the California Mission of the LDS Church from 1919 until 1932. Joseph W. McMurrin was married to Mary Ellen Hunter on April 1, 1880 and had seven children. McMurrin was born in Tooele, Utah Territory. He was sustained one of the First Council of the Seventy on October 5,", "id": "17854595" }, { "contents": "W. Rolfe Kerr\n\n\nWilliam Rolfe Kerr (born June 29, 1935) is an emeritus general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He served previously as the fifteenth Commissioner of Church Education and as president of the Logan Utah Temple. Kerr was born in Tremonton, Utah, and grew up on a farm. He earned a bachelor’s degree in agriculture from Utah State University (USU), where he was also the quarterback on the football team. intending to spend his life farming, until", "id": "7684945" }, { "contents": "Hartman Rector Jr.\n\n\nHartman Rector Jr. (August 20, 1924 – November 6, 2018) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1968 until his death. He was one of the first adult converts to the LDS Church to become a general authority during the second half of the 20th century. Rector served as a member of the First Council of the Seventy from 1968 to 1976 and as a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy from 1976 to 1994. Rector was born", "id": "11492764" }, { "contents": "Gerald N. Lund\n\n\n-fiction works for Latter-Day Saints, including, \"Hearing the Voice of the Lord: Principles and Patterns of Personal Revelation\" (2008) and \"The Coming of the Lord\" (reprint 2005). Lund and his wife, Lynn, are the parents of seven children. Lund has also written poems that his wife has set to music. Before becoming a general authority, he worked in the LDS Church Educational System. He served in the church as a stake president, bishop and branch president at the", "id": "20477214" }, { "contents": "F. Melvin Hammond\n\n\nFloyd Melvin (\"Mel\") Hammond (born December 19, 1933) was an Idaho politician and has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was the nineteenth general president of the church's Young Men organization from 2001 to 2004. Hammond was born in Blackfoot, Idaho. He served as an LDS Church missionary in the Spanish–American Mission from 1954 to 1956. Hammond attended Ricks College and Brigham Young University (BYU). After", "id": "7773158" }, { "contents": "Thomas S. Monson\n\n\nspeaking proselytizing efforts in Quebec. He directed increased missionary work to immigrants from the Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Italy, Soviet Union and Hungary. Jacob de Jager, a future LDS general authority, was among the immigrant converts. Monson encouraged members to remain in eastern Canada, instead of migrating to Utah or Alberta as many members had done before, to help build the church's presence. To help encourage members to stay in Canada, increase the perception of permanence, and better reach potential converts, he started a major", "id": "17014153" }, { "contents": "James E. Faust\n\n\nJames Esdras Faust (July 31, 1920 – August 10, 2007) was an American religious leader, lawyer, and politician. Faust was Second Counselor in the First Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1995 until his death, an LDS Church apostle for 29 years, and a general authority of the church for 35 years. Faust was born to George A. Faust and Amy Finlinson in Delta, Utah. As a child, he lived in this area. His family", "id": "19825253" }, { "contents": "G. Homer Durham\n\n\nGeorge Homer Durham (February 4, 1911 – January 10, 1985) was an American academic administrator and was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1977 until his death. Durham was born in Parowan, Utah, and was raised in Salt Lake City. As a boy in grade school, he met and became lifelong friends with future LDS Church president Gordon B. Hinckley. As a young man, Durham served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the British", "id": "21588256" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nChurch in the Kansas City area. He then returned to the military, serving in the United States Navy. Among other positions, Curtis served in the LDS Church as a branch president, bishop, stake president, regional representative, stake patriarch and as president of the Florida Tallahassee Mission. After being released as a general authority, Curtis served as president of the Jordan River Utah Temple from 1996 to 1999. His son, LeGrand R. Curtis, Jr., was called as a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in", "id": "18322021" }, { "contents": "Glenn L. Pace\n\n\nfrom the Presiding Bishopric and became a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. That same year he served as the first president of the church's Australia Sydney North Mission, while also serving in the First Quorum of Seventy. In 1997 and 1998, he was a member of the general presidency of the church's Sunday School and from 2001 to 2003 he was in the general presidency of the Young Men organization. Pace was released and designated an emeritus general authority at the church's October 2010 general conference. Pace married", "id": "21590107" }, { "contents": "Marlin K. Jensen\n\n\nMarlin Keith Jensen (born May 18, 1942) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He served as the official Church Historian and Recorder of the church from 2005 to 2012. He was the 19th man to hold that calling since it was established in 1830. Jensen was made an emeritus general authority in the October 2012 general conference. Jensen was born in Huntsville, Utah. As a 19-year-old, he served as a missionary for", "id": "21271513" }, { "contents": "H. Verlan Andersen\n\n\nHans Verlan Andersen (November 6, 1914 – July 16, 1992) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and a professor at Brigham Young University (BYU). Andersen was called to the LDS Church's First Quorum of the Seventy in April 1986. On April 1, 1989 he was transferred to the newly created Second Quorum of the Seventy. On October 5, 1991, he was released from his service as a general authority. He died of cancer", "id": "20615381" }, { "contents": "Victor L. Brown\n\n\nVictor Lee Brown (31 July 1914 – 26 March 1996) was the tenth Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1972 to 1985. He was an LDS Church general authority from 1961 until his death. Brown was born in Cardston, Alberta, Canada, the son of Gerald Stephen Brown and Maggie Calder Lee. Brown received his education from the University of Utah, LDS Business College and the University of California, Berkeley. He worked in various ground operations management positions", "id": "13837425" }, { "contents": "Jack H. Goaslind\n\n\nJack H. Goaslind Jr. (April 18, 1928 – April 27, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1978 until his death. He was the seventeenth general president of the church's Young Men organization from 1990 to 1998. Goaslind was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Jack, Sr. and Anita Jane Jack. As a young man, Goaslind served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Western Canadian Mission. Goaslind had", "id": "7773235" }, { "contents": "D. Todd Christofferson\n\n\nMay 28, 1968. They are the parents of five children. Prior to becoming a general authority, Christofferson served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. At the church's April 1993 general conference, Christofferson was called as a general authority and member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. In August 1998, Christofferson became a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. As a seventy, Christofferson served as the executive director of the church's Family and Church History Department. While in", "id": "6657200" }, { "contents": "Devin Durrant\n\n\nserved in various roles in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), including president of the Texas Dallas Mission and first counselor in the church's Sunday School general presidency. Born in Brigham City, Utah, Durrant was named a McDonald's All-American in 1978 during his senior year of high school. He was captain of the Provo High School team that won a state basketball championship. Durrant attended Brigham Young University (BYU) where he played basketball and started every game of his collegiate", "id": "15721443" }, { "contents": "F. Melvin Hammond\n\n\ngraduating from BYU, Hammond became a professor of religion at Ricks College in 1966. He was a member of the Idaho House of Representatives from 1969 to 1984 and served as House Minority Leader for three terms. Before his call as a general authority, Hammond served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. In 1984, Hammond became president of the church's Bolivia Cochabamba Mission. In 1989, he became a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. In 1993, he was transferred", "id": "7773159" }, { "contents": "George P. Lee\n\n\nthe LDS Church to the Navajo Nation, known then as the \"Southwest Indian Mission\". Prior to his call as an LDS general authority, Lee held a number of priesthood leadership callings, including elders quorum president, branch president, district president, and president of the Arizona Holbrook Mission. On October 3, 1975, LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball called the 32-year-old Lee to be a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy, a position with church-wide responsibilities. He was the first Native American", "id": "10605106" }, { "contents": "Boyd K. Packer\n\n\nBoyd Kenneth Packer (September 10, 1924 – July 3, 2015) was an American religious leader and former educator, who served as president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2008 until his death. He also served as the quorum's acting president from 1994 to 2008, and was an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve from 1970 until his death. He served as a general authority of the church from 1961 until his", "id": "14808651" }, { "contents": "Elder (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\n. A quorum president, along with two counselors, is called and set apart under the direction of the stake presidency, and generally serves for a number of years. A secretary is also called to assist the president and his counselors. All adult men in the ward who are not presently serving in callings that require the ordination of high priest are assigned to the elders quorum. The title \"Elder\" is not normally used as a personal title (e.g., Elder Evans, Elder Johnson), except by the LDS Church", "id": "7053205" }, { "contents": "James O. Mason\n\n\nlater served as the American delegate to the World Health Organization. In 1994, Mason was appointed as a general authority by the LDS Church, serving in the Second Quorum of the Seventy until 2000. From 2000 to 2003, Mason was president of the church's Bountiful Utah Temple. As a young man, Mason served an LDS Church mission to Denmark. Before his appointment as a general authority, Mason served in the church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. In 1974, while serving as Church Commissioner", "id": "6162441" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nor senior president of the seventy. As of August 2018, the current Presidency of the Seventy and their areas of responsibilities are: The First Quorum of the Seventy are general authorities, meaning they have authority throughout the church. They usually serve until their 70th birthday or until their health fails them, at which time they are given emeritus status and released from active service as a general authority. Members of the First Quorum of the Seventy serve under the direction of the Quorum of the Twelve and the Presidency of the Seventy.", "id": "9800089" }, { "contents": "Robert C. Oaks\n\n\nand Chief of U.S. Air Forces Europe and NATO Central Europe in 1994 after serving 34 years. Following his retirement, Oaks was employed at U.S. Airways as Senior Vice President. In 2000, Oaks resigned from this position when he was called to serve as a general authority and member of the LDS Church's Second Quorum of the Seventy. In this capacity, Oaks served as president of the church's Africa East Area. In 2004, he was called to Presidency of the Seventy, filling a vacancy created when Dieter F. Uchtdorf", "id": "18638342" }, { "contents": "Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\narea authorities\" and \"local authorities\" and include all other Quorums of the Seventy, mission presidents, temple presidents, stake presidents, bishops, and other priesthood quorum presidents. The church has no salaried ministry; however, some general authorities receive stipends from the church, as needed, using income from church-owned investments. All local and area authorities are unpaid and continue in their normal occupations while serving in leadership positions. Although the church had a paid local clergy in the 1800s, local and regional priesthood leaders currently", "id": "17900603" }, { "contents": "Clifford E. Young\n\n\nClifford Earle Young (December 7, 1883 – August 21, 1958) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1941 until his death. Young was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of LDS Church leader Seymour B. Young. From 1905 to 1908, he served as a Mormon missionary in England and Germany. In 1928, Young became the president of the Alpine Stake of the LDS Church in Utah. In 1934, he joined the", "id": "8315768" }, { "contents": "Julie B. Beck\n\n\nJulie Bangerter Beck (born September 29, 1954) was the fifteenth general president of the Relief Society of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2007 to 2012. Born in Granger, Utah, to William Grant Bangerter and Geraldine Hamblin, Beck grew up in Utah and in São Paulo, Brazil, where her father served as a mission president for the LDS Church for five years. Beck's father would later serve as an LDS Church general authority. Beck is also the niece of", "id": "21096729" }, { "contents": "Lance B. Wickman\n\n\nLance Bradley Wickman (born November 11, 1940) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1994 and is the current general counsel of the LDS Church. In 2010, he became an emeritus general authority. Wickman was born in Seattle, Washington. He was raised in New Jersey and Glendale, California. From 1961 to 1963, Wickman was a LDS Church missionary in the church's Central British Mission. After his mission, he married Patricia Farr in", "id": "18078808" }, { "contents": "Keith K. Hilbig\n\n\nKeith Karlton Hilbig (March 12, 1942 – August 22, 2015) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2001 until his death. Prior to becoming a general authority, he was general counsel for the LDS Church in Europe. Hilbig was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. His father, Karl Herbert Hilbig, was from Zwickau, Germany who joined the LDS Church before immigrating to the United States. As a young man, Hilbig served as a missionary in", "id": "12290497" } ]

[ { "contents": "Jacob de Jager\n\n\nJacob de Jager (16 January 1923 – 25 February 2004) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was the first Dutch person to serve as a general authority. De Jager was born in the Netherlands and joined the church while living in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. His work took him to Australia, Indonesia, Mexico and Canada. His first calling in the church was hymnal coordinator which he filled honorably. He also served as elders quorum president,", "id": "12693727" }, { "contents": "Jacob de Jager\n\n\nbranch president, counselor to mission president and regional representative before his call to the First Quorum of the Seventy. In 1993, de Jager was designated an emeritus general authority and he later served as bishop of a ward in central Salt Lake City. He is one of few people to serve as a ward bishop after serving as a general authority. He died in 2004 of causes incident to age. He married Bea Lim and they had two children. They were married in Indonesia and later, after joining the LDS Church,", "id": "12693728" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nin policy or practice was announced, at the church's general conference in October 2015, those released from the Second Quorum of the Seventy were designated as emeritus general authorities for the first time. They remain general authorities until their deaths, but an emeritus general authority is not a member of a seventies quorum. John K. Carmack, the former head of the Perpetual Education Fund and W. Rolfe Kerr, a former Church Commissioner of Education, are both emeritus general authorities. Jacob de Jager served as a bishop after he was given", "id": "9800095" }, { "contents": "Glenn L. Pace\n\n\nGlenn Leroy Pace ( – ) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1985 until his death. As a general authority, he served as a counselor in the presiding bishopric and also in the First Quorum of Seventy. In 2010, he was designated an emeritus general authority. Pace was born to Kenneth LeRoy Pace and his wife, the former Elizabeth Anna Wilde, in Provo, Utah, where he was also raised. In the early 1960s, he served", "id": "21590104" }, { "contents": "J. Richard Clarke\n\n\nJohn Richard Clarke (born April 4, 1927) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1976. He has been a member of the church's presiding bishopric and a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. Clarke was born in Rexburg, Idaho. As a young man he served as an LDS Church missionary in South Africa. Prior to his call as a general authority, he served as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative in Idaho", "id": "8108720" }, { "contents": "W. Craig Zwick\n\n\nWilliam Craig Zwick (born June 10, 1947) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1995. Zwick was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He served as a missionary for the LDS Church in Argentina. Richard G. Scott of the Quorum of the Twelve was one of Zwick's mission presidents. While serving on this mission he worked on his first LDS Church chapel construction project. Prior to his call as a general authority, Zwick served as", "id": "8104324" }, { "contents": "H. Burke Peterson\n\n\nHarold Burke Peterson (September 19, 1923 – April 14, 2013) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1972 until his death. He was a counselor to the presiding bishop and a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. He became an emeritus general authority in 1993. Peterson was born in Salt Lake City, Utah and was raised in Phoenix, Arizona, where he became an Eagle Scout. Beginning in 1940, Peterson attended Phoenix College,", "id": "21001102" }, { "contents": "Orrin P. Miller\n\n\nOrrin Porter Miller (September 11, 1858 – July 7, 1918) was a member of the presiding bishopric of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1901 to his death. Born in Millcreek, Utah Territory, Miller was a local leader in the church prior to his call as a general authority. He became the bishop of the newly created Riverton Ward in Salt Lake City in 1886. Prior to serving as a bishop, he had been an elder and a seventy in the", "id": "11180481" }, { "contents": "Gerrit W. Gong\n\n\nGerrit Walter Gong (born December 23, 1953) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority since 2010 and served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from October 2015 until his calling to the Quorum of the Twelve in March 2018. He is the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saint's first apostle of Asian descent. Prior to becoming a general authority, he", "id": "144653" }, { "contents": "Richard C. Edgley\n\n\nRichard Crockett Edgley (born February 6, 1936) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since October 1992. He was first counselor in the church's presiding bishopric from 1995 to 2012 and as second counselor from 1992 to 1995. He was designated as an emeritus general authority in March 2012. Born in Preston, Idaho, Edgley was called as second counselor to Presiding Bishop Robert D. Hales in 1992. In 1994, Merrill J. Bateman replaced Hales and Edgley", "id": "13615760" }, { "contents": "Gérald Caussé\n\n\nGérald Jean Caussé (born 20 May 1963) has been the Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 9 October 2015. He is the fifteenth man to serve in this position. He has been a general authority of the LDS Church since 2008 and was the first person from France appointed as a general authority. Caussé, who was born in Bordeaux, was raised as a Latter-day Saint: his parents joined the church when he was six months old, having", "id": "17565213" }, { "contents": "Tad R. Callister\n\n\nToronto East Mission. While still serving in Canada, he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in 2008. He later served first as a counselor and then as president of the Pacific Area, residing in Auckland and overseeing the operations of the LDS Church in New Zealand, Australia, and the islands of the Pacific. In 2011 he was appointed as a member of the church's seven-man Presidency of the Seventy, replacing Claudio R. M. Costa. At the church's April", "id": "18106566" }, { "contents": "Spencer J. Condie\n\n\nSpencer Joel Condie (born August 27, 1940) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. Condie previously worked as a professor at Brigham Young University (BYU) and also served as a mission president for the LDS Church in Eastern Europe. In 2010, he was designated as an emeritus general authority. Condie was born in Preston, Idaho. His family lived there until he was fifteen when they moved to Pocatello, Idaho. From 1960 to", "id": "22107545" }, { "contents": "David S. Baxter\n\n\nCouncil, and as Deputy Chairman of the East Anglian Ambulance NHS Trust. Baxter became an LDS bishop at age 25. He also served as a counselor in a stake presidency, as president of the Ipswich England Stake and as a counselor in the presidency of the England London Mission. From 2002 to 2006 he was an area seventy, which included serving as a counselor in the presidency of the church's Europe West Area from 2004 to 2006. After his call as general authority, Baxter served as a counselor in the church", "id": "19881068" }, { "contents": "Charles H. Hart\n\n\nCharles Henry Hart (July 5, 1866 – September 29, 1934) was a general authority and a member of the First Council of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Hart also served as president of the Canadian Mission of the LDS Church from 1927 to 1930. Hart was born at Bloomington, Bear Lake County, Idaho Territory. When he was called as a member of the First Council of the Seventy in April 1906 he became the first general authority born in Idaho. He died", "id": "17854573" }, { "contents": "Jay E. Jensen\n\n\nJay Edwin Jensen (born February 5, 1942) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1992. He served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from 2008 to 2012. Jensen was designated an emeritus general authority in the October 2012 general conference. Jensen was born in Payson, Utah, and raised in Mapleton, Utah. From 1961 to 1963, Jensen served as a missionary in the Spanish-American mission, concentrating on teaching", "id": "19396644" }, { "contents": "Ben B. Banks\n\n\nBenjamin Berry Banks (born April 4, 1932) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy from 1999 to 2002 and has also been president of the church's Jordan River Utah Temple. Banks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. Before becoming a general authority, Banks served in the church as a stake president and bishop. From 1987 to 1989 he was president of", "id": "5941447" }, { "contents": "Neil L. Andersen\n\n\nNeil Linden Andersen (born August 9, 1951) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was sustained by church membership as an apostle on April 4, 2009, during the church's General Conference. At the time of his call to the Twelve, Andersen had been serving as an LDS general authority since 1993, including service in the Presidency of the Seventy from 2005 to 2009. Currently, he is tenth apostle in", "id": "3244056" }, { "contents": "Ulisses Soares\n\n\nUlisses Soares (born 2 October 1958) is a Brazilian businessman and is the junior member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority since 2005 and served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from January 2013 until his calling to the Quorum of the Twelve in March 2018. He is the LDS Church's first apostle from South America, being from Brazil. As a member of the Quorum of", "id": "966446" }, { "contents": "Helio R. Camargo\n\n\nHelio da Rocha Camargo (born 1 February 1926) was the first Brazilian general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was called to the First Quorum of the Seventy in 1985 and served there for four years. In 1989, he was transferred, along with other limited-term members of the First Quorum of the Seventy to the newly created Second Quorum of the Seventy. Camargo was released as a general authority in 1990. Camargo was born in Rio de Janeiro.", "id": "148646" }, { "contents": "Presiding Bishop (LDS Church)\n\n\nThe Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) is a priesthood calling with church-wide authority. The Presiding Bishop is the highest leadership position within the church's Aaronic priesthood. Upon the Presiding Bishop's recommendation, the First Presidency calls two other men to assist the Presiding Bishop as his counselors; together these three compose the church's Presiding Bishopric. As well as being ordained to the Aaronic priesthood office of bishop, the members of the Presiding Bishopric are general authorities of the", "id": "9941304" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nLeGrand Raine Curtis, Sr. (May 22, 1924 – December 19, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 to 1995. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy; he also served as a counselor in the Young Men general presidency from 1990 to 1991 and from 1972 to 1974. Curtis was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was named after LeGrand Richards, who was bishop of the Sugar House Ward", "id": "18322018" }, { "contents": "Salomón Jaar\n\n\nHe later worked as a coordinator for the Church Educational System. Jaar was the first president of the LDS Church's Valle de Sula Honduras Stake. He later served as an area seventy and as president of the Honduras Tegucigalpa Mission of the church. He had also served as a bishop in the LDS Church. Jaar was mission president from 1993 to 1996 and an area seventy from 1996 to 2000. At the time of his death he was the bishop of the Tamarindo Ward in the Choluteca Honduras Stake. Jaar wrote the book", "id": "3544500" }, { "contents": "Horacio A. Tenorio\n\n\nHoracio Antonio Tenorio (born 6 March 1935) was the first general authority in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) of Mexican ancestry. Tenorio was born in Mexico City, Mexico. He was trained in business with graduate training in purchasing. He and his wife, Maria, were married in 1957 and are the parents of three children. In 1969, Tenorio joined the LDS Church. He began service as a stake president in 1975. He later served as a Regional representative and president", "id": "2626856" }, { "contents": "Juan A. Uceda\n\n\nJuan Alberto Uceda Andrade (born 10 July 1953) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2010. He was a member of the Presidency of the Seventy from August 2017 to August 2018. Uceda was born in Lima, Peru. He holds a degree in public relations from San Luis Gonzaga National University. Uceda converted to the LDS Church in 1972. He served as a Mormon missionary in Peru and as a stake Sunday School president, bishop, counselor", "id": "757656" }, { "contents": "W. Rolfe Kerr\n\n\nas president of the church's Texas Dallas Mission in 1993. He had been in that position since 1985. Kerr also served in the LDS Church as a stake president, bishop's counselor, high councilor, and on the Sunday School General Board. For two years in the 1960s, he was involved in helping organize the LDS Student Association. While still serving in Dallas, Kerr was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy on April 6, 1996, and was transferred to the First", "id": "7684948" }, { "contents": "Helvécio Martins\n\n\nthe announcement that the LDS Church was lifting the priesthood ban. After Martins received the priesthood and his temple ordinances, he served in the church as a bishop, counselor to a stake president, and as president of the Brazil Fortaleza Mission. In April 1990, church president Ezra Taft Benson called Martins as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. Martins became the first black general authority in the LDS Church. After serving a standard five-year term as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy, Martins", "id": "463547" }, { "contents": "Edward Stevenson\n\n\nEdward Stevenson (May 1, 1820 – January 27, 1897) was a prominent Mormon missionary of the 19th century. He also served as a general authority in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as one of the seven presidents of the Seventy. Stevenson was born in Gibraltar to British parents. His family moved to the United States when he was young. As a young man, he was living in Pontiac, Michigan when he was contacted by a group of Latter Day Saint missionaries", "id": "10615780" }, { "contents": "Eldred G. Smith\n\n\nEldred Gee Smith (January 9, 1907 – April 4, 2013) was the patriarch emeritus of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and held the calling of Patriarch to the Church from 1947 to 1979, the last to hold the office. He was the oldest and longest-serving general authority of the church at his death, although he had not been active in that capacity for many years. Smith's father was Hyrum G. Smith, the Presiding Patriarch of the LDS Church from", "id": "19636038" }, { "contents": "Jay E. Jensen\n\n\n. He was the director of scripture coordination for the church's Curriculum Department at the time of his call as a general authority. He previously worked for the Church Educational System as a seminary teacher and director of curriculum. Jensen was also the director of training for the church's Missionary Department for a period of time. Jensen has served in the LDS Church as a bishop, branch president, counselor in the Missionary Training Center presidency, and was president of the church's Colombia Cali Mission from 1975 to 1978. Jensen was", "id": "19396646" }, { "contents": "David F. Evans\n\n\nDavid Frewin Evans (born August 11, 1951) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2005. Evans was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He grew up in Los Angeles, California, where his father David C. Evans worked for Bendix Corporation. His mother, Joy F. Evans, served as a counselor to Barbara W. Winder in the Relief Society General Presidency from 1984 to 1990. Evans served as a missionary in the church's Japan Mission", "id": "21504391" }, { "contents": "Octaviano Tenorio\n\n\nthe Mexico City Temple. He was serving in this position at the time of his call as a general authority. Tenorio has served in the LDS Church as a branch president, stake clerk, stake mission president, counselor in a [[stake presidency]], [[stake president]] and twice as a regional representative (one time beginning in 1993). He was a sealer in the Mexico City Temple when it opened. He also served as [[Mission president|president]] of the Mexico [[Tuxtla", "id": "20053600" }, { "contents": "Merrill J. Bateman\n\n\nMerrill Joseph Bateman (born June 19, 1936) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1992, originally as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. He is currently an emeritus general authority. From 2003 to 2007, Bateman was a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy. He was president of Brigham Young University (BYU) from January 1, 1996, until May 1, 2003, and was the church's twelfth presiding", "id": "4817384" }, { "contents": "William Grant Bangerter\n\n\nWilliam Grant Bangerter (June 8, 1918 – April 18, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1975 until his death. Bangerter was born in Granger, Utah. From 1939 to 1941, he served as a Mormon missionary in Brazil. After his mission he graduated from the University of Utah and became a building contractor. In the LDS Church, Bangerter served as a bishop in Granger and was later president of the church's North Jordan Stake", "id": "8315713" }, { "contents": "Robert E. Sackley\n\n\nRobert Edward Sackley (17 December 1922 – 22 February 1993) was an educational administrator in Canada and was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1989 until his death. Sackley was the first native Australian to serve as an LDS Church general authority. Born in Lismore, New South Wales, Australia, Sackley was a member of the Northern New Guinea 5th Commando Squadron of the Australian Defence Force during the Second World War. On 25 December 1944, Sackley was severely", "id": "564713" }, { "contents": "David E. Sorensen\n\n\nDavid Eugene Sorensen (June 29, 1933 – August 26, 2014) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1992 until his death. He served in the First and Second Quorums of the Seventy and as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. He was the executive director of the church's Temple Department during the temple building boom of the late 1990s and early 2000s. Sorensen was born in Aurora, Utah. He grew up working on the family", "id": "1861260" }, { "contents": "Ronald E. Poelman\n\n\nRonald Eugene Poelman (May 10, 1928 – November 19, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1978 until his death. In 1984, he delivered a controversial sermon in the LDS Church's general conference which the church redacted before publishing. Poelman was born in Salt Lake City, Utah to a Latter-day Saint family. As a young man, he served as a Mormon missionary in the LDS Church's Netherlands Mission. He began his", "id": "4765396" }, { "contents": "Merlin R. Lybbert\n\n\nMerlin Rex Lybbert (31 January 1926 – 6 July 2001) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1989 to 1994. From 1992 to 1994, Lybbert was the thirteenth general president of the LDS Church's Sunday School. Lybbert was born in Cardston, Alberta, Canada. After a short period of service in the Canadian Army near the end of World War II, Lybbert served as a missionary in the church's Eastern States Mission. After his mission,", "id": "4321885" }, { "contents": "David E. Sorensen\n\n\nwork full time to overcome debt associated with the family ranch before receiving a degree. Sorensen spent his career as a business owner, operating a healthcare services company while living in California.. He previously served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and as president of the Canada Halifax Mission. He also served as vice chair of the Nevada Community Bank in Las Vegas, Nevada. Sorensen was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in June 1992. He was transferred to the", "id": "1861262" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nThe following individuals are the current general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Included are the individuals' hierarchical position and some of their current specialized assignments in the church, if any. Note: On April 5, 2018, the First Presidency announced that area presidencies were being reinstated for those 10 areas within the United States and Canada, and that the members of the Presidency of the Seventy would be relieved of responsibility for those areas, to enable them to assist the apostles", "id": "311521" }, { "contents": "A. Laurence Lyon\n\n\nA. Laurence Lyon (1934–2006) was a composer of music, usually sacred music with a Latter-day Saint theme. He also served for 30 years as a professor at Western Oregon University. Lyon was born in Rotterdam, Netherlands where his father, T. Edgar Lyon was serving as president of the Netherlands Mission of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Lyon created his first composition at 12. He was first called as an organist for a congregation of the LDS Church when he was", "id": "11731771" }, { "contents": "H. David Burton\n\n\nHarold David Burton (born April 25, 1938) was the thirteenth Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1995 to 2012. He has been a general authority of the LDS Church since October 1992. Born in Salt Lake City, Utah to Latter-day Saint parents, Burton graduated from South High School in 1956 and then served as a missionary for the LDS Church in southern Australia in the late 1950s. He graduated from the University of Utah with a bachelor's", "id": "13615748" }, { "contents": "J. Richard Clarke\n\n\n. He also returned to South Africa as the president of the church's South Africa Cape Town Mission. In 1976, Clarke became the second counselor to presiding bishop Victor L. Brown. He served in this capacity until Brown was released in 1985. Clarke was retained as a general authority and became a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. He became a member of the Presidency of the Seventy in 1988, and served in that capacity until 1997, when he was released and given general authority emeritus status. From 1998", "id": "8108721" }, { "contents": "Alan C. Ashton\n\n\nThe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a grandson of former church president David O. McKay. He served as a missionary in Central Germany as a young man. Ashton later married Karen Jackman Ashton; they are the parents of 11 children. He has served in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as a bishop, stake president, and as president of the Canada Toronto West Mission from 2004 to 2007. From 2013 to 2016, Ashton and his wife served as the president and matron of", "id": "3127903" }, { "contents": "Paul K. Sybrowsky\n\n\nfrom 1964 to 1966. He later served as a bishop (of the Hyde Park Ward in London, England), as a member of a stake high council, and as a counselor in a stake presidency. Sybrowsky was president of the BYU 9th Stake from 1996 until 2001, when he was succeeded by Thomas B. Griffith. From 2001 to 2004, Sybrowsky was president of the church's Canada Toronto West Mission. Sybrowsky was an LDS general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy from 2005 to 2011.", "id": "6640442" }, { "contents": "Glen L. Rudd\n\n\nGlen Larkin Rudd (May 18, 1918 – December 30, 2016) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1987 to 1992. Rudd was born and raised in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in New Zealand, where his mission president was Matthew Cowley. For part of his mission he served as secretary to, and traveling companion of, Cowley. After he returned from his mission", "id": "18942120" }, { "contents": "Thomas B. Griffith\n\n\nhis father was stationed there with the U.S. Army. He joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as a junior at Langley High School in McLean, Virginia. He served as student body president at the high school his senior year and later served a mission for the LDS Church in South Africa. He attended BYU and later became the university's General Counsel from 2000 to 2005, where he also served as president of the church's BYU 9th Stake. He previously served as bishop of", "id": "19816869" }, { "contents": "David S. Baxter\n\n\nDavid Steward Baxter (born 7 February 1955) has been a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2006. A native of Scotland, and a resident of England at the time of his call, he is only the third general authority who was native to the United Kingdom and also living there at the time of his call. Baxter joined the LDS Church along with his mother and siblings when he was twelve. Shortly after this,", "id": "19881065" }, { "contents": "Hugh W. Pinnock\n\n\nHugh Wallace Pinnock (January 15, 1934 – December 16, 2000) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1977 until his death. Pinnock was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Western States Mission. Pinnock graduated from University of Utah in 1958, where he became a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity and Owl and Key. Prior to his call to the First", "id": "8519001" }, { "contents": "Lowell M. Snow\n\n\nLowell Miller Snow (born January 2, 1944) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2005 to 2011. Snow was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and in 2006 became the president of the Africa West Area of the church. Snow is a descendant of Erastus Snow and grew up in St. George, Utah. He served as a LDS Church missionary in Germany and then attended Brigham Young University, where he met his wife Tamara. Snow", "id": "12412841" }, { "contents": "Tad R. Callister\n\n\nTad Richards Callister (born December 17, 1945) was the 21st Sunday School General President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from April 2014 to April 2019. He served previously in the church as a general authority from 2008 to 2014, including as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy from August 2011 to April 2014. Callister was born in Glendale, California to Effie Norine Richards and Reed Eddington Callister. His parents were both natives of Salt Lake City. Reed Callister served", "id": "18106563" }, { "contents": "L. Whitney Clayton\n\n\nLyndon Whitney Clayton III (born February 24, 1950) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He has been a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy since 2008 and its senior president since 2015. Clayton was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and attended the University of Utah. He served as a full-time missionary of the LDS Church in Peru. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in finance and earned a", "id": "17564673" }, { "contents": "Henry D. Taylor\n\n\nHenry Dixon Taylor (November 22, 1903 – February 24, 1987) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1958 until his death. Taylor was born in Provo, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Eastern States Mission. During his mission, Taylor was the president of the church's Connecticut District. Taylor received a bachelor's degree from Brigham Young University (BYU) and a master's degree", "id": "2477100" }, { "contents": "Gilbert W. Scharffs\n\n\nGilbert Woodrow Scharffs (June 27, 1930 - February 26, 2015) was a Latter-day Saint religious educator and author. Scharffs was born to Fritz and Louise Scharffs and raised in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He served as a missionary in the East German Mission of the LDS Church in the late 1950s, where he served as editor for publications and later second counselor to the Mission President. In 1959 he was married in the Salt Lake Temple to Laura Virginia Smith", "id": "7526873" }, { "contents": "Donald L. Hallstrom\n\n\nDonald Larry Hallstrom (born July 27, 1949) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2000. From 2009 to 2017, he served as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. Hallstrom was born to James Emerson Hallstrom and Betty Jo (née Lambert) in and grew up in Honolulu. As a young man he enjoyed several sports, including basketball and surfing. He served as a missionary of the LDS Church in the England Central Mission from", "id": "13616701" }, { "contents": "Steven E. Snow\n\n\nSteven Erastus Snow (born November 23, 1949) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He currently serves as the Church Historian and Recorder, as well as executive director of the Church History Department. Snow was born in St. George, Utah into a Latter-day Saint family. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in West Germany. Prior to his call as a general authority, Snow was a", "id": "8979711" }, { "contents": "Richard P. Lindsay\n\n\nBrigham Young University (BYU). From 1978 to 1989 Lindsay served as managing director of Public Affairs for the LDS Church. Among other church positions, Lindsay served as a bishop and stake president. In 1989, Lindsay was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. As a member of the Seventy, he served as the first president of the church's Africa Area. After his release as a general authority in 1994, Lindsay was the LDS Church's representative in various anti-pornography", "id": "9864996" }, { "contents": "Gary E. Stevenson\n\n\n& Fitness. He has also served on the Marriott School of Management National Advisory Council and the Utah State University Foundation Board. In the LDS Church, Stevenson has served as a bishop and a counselor in a stake presidency. He served as president of the Japan Nagoya Mission from 2004 to 2007. Stevenson became a member of the LDS Church's First Quorum of the Seventy at the April 2008 general conference. During his time in the Seventy, Stevenson served both as a counselor and as president of the church's Asia North", "id": "5851945" }, { "contents": "Rey Pratt\n\n\nRey Lucero Pratt (October 11, 1878 – April 14, 1931) served The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints for 23 years as president of its Mexican Mission and for six years as a general authority. Pratt helped establish the church in Mexico and among Spanish-speaking populations in the United States and Argentina. He also translated LDS Church materials into Spanish, wrote magazine articles and spoke regularly at general conference. Pratt has at times been called the father of the Mexican mission. Pratt was born in Salt", "id": "14018370" }, { "contents": "Virginia H. Pearce\n\n\nVirginia Hinckley Pearce (born February 8, 1945) is an author and was a member of the Young Women General Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1992 to 1997. Pearce is the daughter of the church's fifteenth president, Gordon B. Hinckley. At the church's April 1992 general conference, Pearce was sustained as first counselor to Young Women general president Janette C. Hales. Pearce served in this capacity until 1997, when Hales was released and replaced by Margaret D. Nadauld", "id": "22185174" }, { "contents": "Clinton L. Cutler\n\n\nClinton Louis Cutler (December 27, 1929 – April 9, 1994) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 until his death. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and was a counselor in the church's Sunday School General Presidency. Cutler was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and received his college education at Utah State University and the University of Utah. He then worked for many years for the company that became US", "id": "6647132" }, { "contents": "Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles\n\n\nActing President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is a priesthood calling in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). In general, the position of Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is only filled when the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is called as a counselor in the First Presidency of the church. In such instances, the man who holds this calling is the most senior apostle who is \"not\" serving in the First Presidency. Additionally, a person", "id": "11037283" }, { "contents": "Ángel Abrea\n\n\nÁngel Abrea (born 13 September 1933) was the first resident of Latin America to become a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Abrea was baptized into the LDS Church in 1943, at the age of ten. He graduated from the University of Buenos Aires, and worked as an accountant at Deloitte Haskins & Sells. Prior to his call as a general authority, Abrea was the first stake president in Argentina (1966–71; 1976–78", "id": "1574870" }, { "contents": "O. Vincent Haleck\n\n\nLDS Church, Haleck has served as a bishop, high councilor, stake patriarch, and stake president. He served as president of the Samoa Apia Mission from 2008 to 2011 and was in that capacity when he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in April 2011. After becoming a general authority, Haleck moved from Pago Pago, American Samoa to Salt Lake City, Utah. From the time of his call to August 2013, he filled assignments at church headquarters. From August 2013", "id": "2350277" }, { "contents": "John R. Winder\n\n\nJohn Rex Winder (; December 11, 1821 – March 27, 1910) was a leader and general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was Second Counselor in the Presiding Bishopric from 1887 to 1901, and First Counselor in the First Presidency to church president Joseph F. Smith from 1901 until his death. He was well known for his business abilities, and influenced Heber J. Grant. He was also active in politics and the militia, participating in the Utah War and the", "id": "1621863" }, { "contents": "Howard W. Hunter\n\n\nHoward William Hunter (November 14, 1907 – March 3, 1995) was an American lawyer and was the 14th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1994 to 1995. His nine-month presidential tenure is the shortest in the church's history. Hunter was the first president of the LDS Church born in the 20th century and the last to die in it. He was sustained as an LDS apostle at the age of 51, and served as a general authority for", "id": "21828472" }, { "contents": "Thomas J. Parmley\n\n\n, he worked as a chemist for the U.S. Smeltering Company. In 1923 he married LaVern W. Parmley who served as general president of the Primary of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He then earned his Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1927. Prior to joining the faculty of the University of Utah, Parmley was involved in cyclotron research at the University of California, Berkeley. While there he was the lead author of the paper \"The Radioactives of some high-mass isotopes of Cobalt", "id": "8525048" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\n. When the first General Authorities were given emeritus status, N. Eldon Tanner of the First Presidency provided the following explanation: \"The very rapid growth of the Church across the world, with the attendant increase in travel and responsibility, has made it necessary to consider a change in the status for some of the Brethren of the General Authorities. Some of our associates have served for many years with complete and unselfish dedication, and they deserve every honor and recognition for such devoted service. It is felt advisable at this time to", "id": "311523" }, { "contents": "Nicholas G. Smith\n\n\nNicholas Groesbeck Smith (June 20, 1881 – October 27, 1945) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, Smith was the son of LDS Church apostle John Henry Smith and Josephine Groesbeck. At age three, he went to England with his parents, where his father was serving as a church mission president. Smith was baptized by his father on his eighth birthday. From 1902 to 1905, Smith served as", "id": "463034" }, { "contents": "Keith B. McMullin\n\n\nKeith Brigham McMullin (born August 18, 1941) has been the CEO of Deseret Management Corporation since April 2012 and has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1995. He was the second counselor in the presiding bishopric of the LDS Church from 1995 to 2012, at which time he was designated an emeritus general authority of the church. Born in St. George, Utah, McMullin married Carolyn Jean Gibbs in 1964 and they are the parents of eight children and", "id": "13615804" }, { "contents": "James Rasband\n\n\nJames R. Rasband (born March 20, 1963) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since April 2019. Due to his call as a general authority, his service as Academic Vice President at Brigham Young University (BYU) ended in June 2019, a position he had held since June 2017. He previously served as dean of the J. Reuben Clark Law School (JRCLS). He has also been the Hugh W. Colton Professor of Law. Rasband received", "id": "19949796" }, { "contents": "Marion D. Hanks\n\n\nMarion Duff Hanks (October 13, 1921 – August 5, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1953 until his death. Hanks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man he served in the Northern States Mission of the LDS Church, which was headquartered in Chicago. He was in the United States Navy during World War II and received a J.D. from the University of Utah. Prior to his call as a general authority", "id": "6558935" }, { "contents": "Joseph W. McMurrin\n\n\nJoseph William McMurrin (September 5, 1858 – October 24, 1932) was a general authority and a member of the First Council of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He served as president of the California Mission of the LDS Church from 1919 until 1932. Joseph W. McMurrin was married to Mary Ellen Hunter on April 1, 1880 and had seven children. McMurrin was born in Tooele, Utah Territory. He was sustained one of the First Council of the Seventy on October 5,", "id": "17854595" }, { "contents": "W. Rolfe Kerr\n\n\nWilliam Rolfe Kerr (born June 29, 1935) is an emeritus general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He served previously as the fifteenth Commissioner of Church Education and as president of the Logan Utah Temple. Kerr was born in Tremonton, Utah, and grew up on a farm. He earned a bachelor’s degree in agriculture from Utah State University (USU), where he was also the quarterback on the football team. intending to spend his life farming, until", "id": "7684945" }, { "contents": "Hartman Rector Jr.\n\n\nHartman Rector Jr. (August 20, 1924 – November 6, 2018) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1968 until his death. He was one of the first adult converts to the LDS Church to become a general authority during the second half of the 20th century. Rector served as a member of the First Council of the Seventy from 1968 to 1976 and as a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy from 1976 to 1994. Rector was born", "id": "11492764" }, { "contents": "Gerald N. Lund\n\n\n-fiction works for Latter-Day Saints, including, \"Hearing the Voice of the Lord: Principles and Patterns of Personal Revelation\" (2008) and \"The Coming of the Lord\" (reprint 2005). Lund and his wife, Lynn, are the parents of seven children. Lund has also written poems that his wife has set to music. Before becoming a general authority, he worked in the LDS Church Educational System. He served in the church as a stake president, bishop and branch president at the", "id": "20477214" }, { "contents": "F. Melvin Hammond\n\n\nFloyd Melvin (\"Mel\") Hammond (born December 19, 1933) was an Idaho politician and has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was the nineteenth general president of the church's Young Men organization from 2001 to 2004. Hammond was born in Blackfoot, Idaho. He served as an LDS Church missionary in the Spanish–American Mission from 1954 to 1956. Hammond attended Ricks College and Brigham Young University (BYU). After", "id": "7773158" }, { "contents": "Thomas S. Monson\n\n\nspeaking proselytizing efforts in Quebec. He directed increased missionary work to immigrants from the Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Italy, Soviet Union and Hungary. Jacob de Jager, a future LDS general authority, was among the immigrant converts. Monson encouraged members to remain in eastern Canada, instead of migrating to Utah or Alberta as many members had done before, to help build the church's presence. To help encourage members to stay in Canada, increase the perception of permanence, and better reach potential converts, he started a major", "id": "17014153" }, { "contents": "James E. Faust\n\n\nJames Esdras Faust (July 31, 1920 – August 10, 2007) was an American religious leader, lawyer, and politician. Faust was Second Counselor in the First Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1995 until his death, an LDS Church apostle for 29 years, and a general authority of the church for 35 years. Faust was born to George A. Faust and Amy Finlinson in Delta, Utah. As a child, he lived in this area. His family", "id": "19825253" }, { "contents": "G. Homer Durham\n\n\nGeorge Homer Durham (February 4, 1911 – January 10, 1985) was an American academic administrator and was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1977 until his death. Durham was born in Parowan, Utah, and was raised in Salt Lake City. As a boy in grade school, he met and became lifelong friends with future LDS Church president Gordon B. Hinckley. As a young man, Durham served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the British", "id": "21588256" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nChurch in the Kansas City area. He then returned to the military, serving in the United States Navy. Among other positions, Curtis served in the LDS Church as a branch president, bishop, stake president, regional representative, stake patriarch and as president of the Florida Tallahassee Mission. After being released as a general authority, Curtis served as president of the Jordan River Utah Temple from 1996 to 1999. His son, LeGrand R. Curtis, Jr., was called as a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in", "id": "18322021" }, { "contents": "Glenn L. Pace\n\n\nfrom the Presiding Bishopric and became a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. That same year he served as the first president of the church's Australia Sydney North Mission, while also serving in the First Quorum of Seventy. In 1997 and 1998, he was a member of the general presidency of the church's Sunday School and from 2001 to 2003 he was in the general presidency of the Young Men organization. Pace was released and designated an emeritus general authority at the church's October 2010 general conference. Pace married", "id": "21590107" }, { "contents": "Marlin K. Jensen\n\n\nMarlin Keith Jensen (born May 18, 1942) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He served as the official Church Historian and Recorder of the church from 2005 to 2012. He was the 19th man to hold that calling since it was established in 1830. Jensen was made an emeritus general authority in the October 2012 general conference. Jensen was born in Huntsville, Utah. As a 19-year-old, he served as a missionary for", "id": "21271513" }, { "contents": "H. Verlan Andersen\n\n\nHans Verlan Andersen (November 6, 1914 – July 16, 1992) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and a professor at Brigham Young University (BYU). Andersen was called to the LDS Church's First Quorum of the Seventy in April 1986. On April 1, 1989 he was transferred to the newly created Second Quorum of the Seventy. On October 5, 1991, he was released from his service as a general authority. He died of cancer", "id": "20615381" }, { "contents": "Victor L. Brown\n\n\nVictor Lee Brown (31 July 1914 – 26 March 1996) was the tenth Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1972 to 1985. He was an LDS Church general authority from 1961 until his death. Brown was born in Cardston, Alberta, Canada, the son of Gerald Stephen Brown and Maggie Calder Lee. Brown received his education from the University of Utah, LDS Business College and the University of California, Berkeley. He worked in various ground operations management positions", "id": "13837425" }, { "contents": "Jack H. Goaslind\n\n\nJack H. Goaslind Jr. (April 18, 1928 – April 27, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1978 until his death. He was the seventeenth general president of the church's Young Men organization from 1990 to 1998. Goaslind was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Jack, Sr. and Anita Jane Jack. As a young man, Goaslind served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Western Canadian Mission. Goaslind had", "id": "7773235" }, { "contents": "D. Todd Christofferson\n\n\nMay 28, 1968. They are the parents of five children. Prior to becoming a general authority, Christofferson served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. At the church's April 1993 general conference, Christofferson was called as a general authority and member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. In August 1998, Christofferson became a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. As a seventy, Christofferson served as the executive director of the church's Family and Church History Department. While in", "id": "6657200" }, { "contents": "Devin Durrant\n\n\nserved in various roles in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), including president of the Texas Dallas Mission and first counselor in the church's Sunday School general presidency. Born in Brigham City, Utah, Durrant was named a McDonald's All-American in 1978 during his senior year of high school. He was captain of the Provo High School team that won a state basketball championship. Durrant attended Brigham Young University (BYU) where he played basketball and started every game of his collegiate", "id": "15721443" }, { "contents": "F. Melvin Hammond\n\n\ngraduating from BYU, Hammond became a professor of religion at Ricks College in 1966. He was a member of the Idaho House of Representatives from 1969 to 1984 and served as House Minority Leader for three terms. Before his call as a general authority, Hammond served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. In 1984, Hammond became president of the church's Bolivia Cochabamba Mission. In 1989, he became a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. In 1993, he was transferred", "id": "7773159" }, { "contents": "George P. Lee\n\n\nthe LDS Church to the Navajo Nation, known then as the \"Southwest Indian Mission\". Prior to his call as an LDS general authority, Lee held a number of priesthood leadership callings, including elders quorum president, branch president, district president, and president of the Arizona Holbrook Mission. On October 3, 1975, LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball called the 32-year-old Lee to be a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy, a position with church-wide responsibilities. He was the first Native American", "id": "10605106" }, { "contents": "Boyd K. Packer\n\n\nBoyd Kenneth Packer (September 10, 1924 – July 3, 2015) was an American religious leader and former educator, who served as president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2008 until his death. He also served as the quorum's acting president from 1994 to 2008, and was an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve from 1970 until his death. He served as a general authority of the church from 1961 until his", "id": "14808651" }, { "contents": "Elder (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\n. A quorum president, along with two counselors, is called and set apart under the direction of the stake presidency, and generally serves for a number of years. A secretary is also called to assist the president and his counselors. All adult men in the ward who are not presently serving in callings that require the ordination of high priest are assigned to the elders quorum. The title \"Elder\" is not normally used as a personal title (e.g., Elder Evans, Elder Johnson), except by the LDS Church", "id": "7053205" }, { "contents": "James O. Mason\n\n\nlater served as the American delegate to the World Health Organization. In 1994, Mason was appointed as a general authority by the LDS Church, serving in the Second Quorum of the Seventy until 2000. From 2000 to 2003, Mason was president of the church's Bountiful Utah Temple. As a young man, Mason served an LDS Church mission to Denmark. Before his appointment as a general authority, Mason served in the church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. In 1974, while serving as Church Commissioner", "id": "6162441" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nor senior president of the seventy. As of August 2018, the current Presidency of the Seventy and their areas of responsibilities are: The First Quorum of the Seventy are general authorities, meaning they have authority throughout the church. They usually serve until their 70th birthday or until their health fails them, at which time they are given emeritus status and released from active service as a general authority. Members of the First Quorum of the Seventy serve under the direction of the Quorum of the Twelve and the Presidency of the Seventy.", "id": "9800089" }, { "contents": "Robert C. Oaks\n\n\nand Chief of U.S. Air Forces Europe and NATO Central Europe in 1994 after serving 34 years. Following his retirement, Oaks was employed at U.S. Airways as Senior Vice President. In 2000, Oaks resigned from this position when he was called to serve as a general authority and member of the LDS Church's Second Quorum of the Seventy. In this capacity, Oaks served as president of the church's Africa East Area. In 2004, he was called to Presidency of the Seventy, filling a vacancy created when Dieter F. Uchtdorf", "id": "18638342" }, { "contents": "Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\narea authorities\" and \"local authorities\" and include all other Quorums of the Seventy, mission presidents, temple presidents, stake presidents, bishops, and other priesthood quorum presidents. The church has no salaried ministry; however, some general authorities receive stipends from the church, as needed, using income from church-owned investments. All local and area authorities are unpaid and continue in their normal occupations while serving in leadership positions. Although the church had a paid local clergy in the 1800s, local and regional priesthood leaders currently", "id": "17900603" }, { "contents": "Clifford E. Young\n\n\nClifford Earle Young (December 7, 1883 – August 21, 1958) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1941 until his death. Young was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of LDS Church leader Seymour B. Young. From 1905 to 1908, he served as a Mormon missionary in England and Germany. In 1928, Young became the president of the Alpine Stake of the LDS Church in Utah. In 1934, he joined the", "id": "8315768" }, { "contents": "Julie B. Beck\n\n\nJulie Bangerter Beck (born September 29, 1954) was the fifteenth general president of the Relief Society of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2007 to 2012. Born in Granger, Utah, to William Grant Bangerter and Geraldine Hamblin, Beck grew up in Utah and in São Paulo, Brazil, where her father served as a mission president for the LDS Church for five years. Beck's father would later serve as an LDS Church general authority. Beck is also the niece of", "id": "21096729" }, { "contents": "Lance B. Wickman\n\n\nLance Bradley Wickman (born November 11, 1940) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1994 and is the current general counsel of the LDS Church. In 2010, he became an emeritus general authority. Wickman was born in Seattle, Washington. He was raised in New Jersey and Glendale, California. From 1961 to 1963, Wickman was a LDS Church missionary in the church's Central British Mission. After his mission, he married Patricia Farr in", "id": "18078808" }, { "contents": "Keith K. Hilbig\n\n\nKeith Karlton Hilbig (March 12, 1942 – August 22, 2015) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2001 until his death. Prior to becoming a general authority, he was general counsel for the LDS Church in Europe. Hilbig was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. His father, Karl Herbert Hilbig, was from Zwickau, Germany who joined the LDS Church before immigrating to the United States. As a young man, Hilbig served as a missionary in", "id": "12290497" } ]

[ { "contents": "Jacob de Jager\n\n\nJacob de Jager (16 January 1923 – 25 February 2004) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was the first Dutch person to serve as a general authority. De Jager was born in the Netherlands and joined the church while living in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. His work took him to Australia, Indonesia, Mexico and Canada. His first calling in the church was hymnal coordinator which he filled honorably. He also served as elders quorum president,", "id": "12693727" }, { "contents": "Jacob de Jager\n\n\nbranch president, counselor to mission president and regional representative before his call to the First Quorum of the Seventy. In 1993, de Jager was designated an emeritus general authority and he later served as bishop of a ward in central Salt Lake City. He is one of few people to serve as a ward bishop after serving as a general authority. He died in 2004 of causes incident to age. He married Bea Lim and they had two children. They were married in Indonesia and later, after joining the LDS Church,", "id": "12693728" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nin policy or practice was announced, at the church's general conference in October 2015, those released from the Second Quorum of the Seventy were designated as emeritus general authorities for the first time. They remain general authorities until their deaths, but an emeritus general authority is not a member of a seventies quorum. John K. Carmack, the former head of the Perpetual Education Fund and W. Rolfe Kerr, a former Church Commissioner of Education, are both emeritus general authorities. Jacob de Jager served as a bishop after he was given", "id": "9800095" }, { "contents": "Glenn L. Pace\n\n\nGlenn Leroy Pace ( – ) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1985 until his death. As a general authority, he served as a counselor in the presiding bishopric and also in the First Quorum of Seventy. In 2010, he was designated an emeritus general authority. Pace was born to Kenneth LeRoy Pace and his wife, the former Elizabeth Anna Wilde, in Provo, Utah, where he was also raised. In the early 1960s, he served", "id": "21590104" }, { "contents": "J. Richard Clarke\n\n\nJohn Richard Clarke (born April 4, 1927) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1976. He has been a member of the church's presiding bishopric and a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. Clarke was born in Rexburg, Idaho. As a young man he served as an LDS Church missionary in South Africa. Prior to his call as a general authority, he served as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative in Idaho", "id": "8108720" }, { "contents": "W. Craig Zwick\n\n\nWilliam Craig Zwick (born June 10, 1947) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1995. Zwick was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He served as a missionary for the LDS Church in Argentina. Richard G. Scott of the Quorum of the Twelve was one of Zwick's mission presidents. While serving on this mission he worked on his first LDS Church chapel construction project. Prior to his call as a general authority, Zwick served as", "id": "8104324" }, { "contents": "H. Burke Peterson\n\n\nHarold Burke Peterson (September 19, 1923 – April 14, 2013) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1972 until his death. He was a counselor to the presiding bishop and a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. He became an emeritus general authority in 1993. Peterson was born in Salt Lake City, Utah and was raised in Phoenix, Arizona, where he became an Eagle Scout. Beginning in 1940, Peterson attended Phoenix College,", "id": "21001102" }, { "contents": "Orrin P. Miller\n\n\nOrrin Porter Miller (September 11, 1858 – July 7, 1918) was a member of the presiding bishopric of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1901 to his death. Born in Millcreek, Utah Territory, Miller was a local leader in the church prior to his call as a general authority. He became the bishop of the newly created Riverton Ward in Salt Lake City in 1886. Prior to serving as a bishop, he had been an elder and a seventy in the", "id": "11180481" }, { "contents": "Gerrit W. Gong\n\n\nGerrit Walter Gong (born December 23, 1953) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority since 2010 and served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from October 2015 until his calling to the Quorum of the Twelve in March 2018. He is the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saint's first apostle of Asian descent. Prior to becoming a general authority, he", "id": "144653" }, { "contents": "Richard C. Edgley\n\n\nRichard Crockett Edgley (born February 6, 1936) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since October 1992. He was first counselor in the church's presiding bishopric from 1995 to 2012 and as second counselor from 1992 to 1995. He was designated as an emeritus general authority in March 2012. Born in Preston, Idaho, Edgley was called as second counselor to Presiding Bishop Robert D. Hales in 1992. In 1994, Merrill J. Bateman replaced Hales and Edgley", "id": "13615760" }, { "contents": "Gérald Caussé\n\n\nGérald Jean Caussé (born 20 May 1963) has been the Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 9 October 2015. He is the fifteenth man to serve in this position. He has been a general authority of the LDS Church since 2008 and was the first person from France appointed as a general authority. Caussé, who was born in Bordeaux, was raised as a Latter-day Saint: his parents joined the church when he was six months old, having", "id": "17565213" }, { "contents": "Tad R. Callister\n\n\nToronto East Mission. While still serving in Canada, he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in 2008. He later served first as a counselor and then as president of the Pacific Area, residing in Auckland and overseeing the operations of the LDS Church in New Zealand, Australia, and the islands of the Pacific. In 2011 he was appointed as a member of the church's seven-man Presidency of the Seventy, replacing Claudio R. M. Costa. At the church's April", "id": "18106566" }, { "contents": "Spencer J. Condie\n\n\nSpencer Joel Condie (born August 27, 1940) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. Condie previously worked as a professor at Brigham Young University (BYU) and also served as a mission president for the LDS Church in Eastern Europe. In 2010, he was designated as an emeritus general authority. Condie was born in Preston, Idaho. His family lived there until he was fifteen when they moved to Pocatello, Idaho. From 1960 to", "id": "22107545" }, { "contents": "David S. Baxter\n\n\nCouncil, and as Deputy Chairman of the East Anglian Ambulance NHS Trust. Baxter became an LDS bishop at age 25. He also served as a counselor in a stake presidency, as president of the Ipswich England Stake and as a counselor in the presidency of the England London Mission. From 2002 to 2006 he was an area seventy, which included serving as a counselor in the presidency of the church's Europe West Area from 2004 to 2006. After his call as general authority, Baxter served as a counselor in the church", "id": "19881068" }, { "contents": "Charles H. Hart\n\n\nCharles Henry Hart (July 5, 1866 – September 29, 1934) was a general authority and a member of the First Council of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Hart also served as president of the Canadian Mission of the LDS Church from 1927 to 1930. Hart was born at Bloomington, Bear Lake County, Idaho Territory. When he was called as a member of the First Council of the Seventy in April 1906 he became the first general authority born in Idaho. He died", "id": "17854573" }, { "contents": "Jay E. Jensen\n\n\nJay Edwin Jensen (born February 5, 1942) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1992. He served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from 2008 to 2012. Jensen was designated an emeritus general authority in the October 2012 general conference. Jensen was born in Payson, Utah, and raised in Mapleton, Utah. From 1961 to 1963, Jensen served as a missionary in the Spanish-American mission, concentrating on teaching", "id": "19396644" }, { "contents": "Ben B. Banks\n\n\nBenjamin Berry Banks (born April 4, 1932) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy from 1999 to 2002 and has also been president of the church's Jordan River Utah Temple. Banks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. Before becoming a general authority, Banks served in the church as a stake president and bishop. From 1987 to 1989 he was president of", "id": "5941447" }, { "contents": "Neil L. Andersen\n\n\nNeil Linden Andersen (born August 9, 1951) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was sustained by church membership as an apostle on April 4, 2009, during the church's General Conference. At the time of his call to the Twelve, Andersen had been serving as an LDS general authority since 1993, including service in the Presidency of the Seventy from 2005 to 2009. Currently, he is tenth apostle in", "id": "3244056" }, { "contents": "Ulisses Soares\n\n\nUlisses Soares (born 2 October 1958) is a Brazilian businessman and is the junior member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority since 2005 and served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from January 2013 until his calling to the Quorum of the Twelve in March 2018. He is the LDS Church's first apostle from South America, being from Brazil. As a member of the Quorum of", "id": "966446" }, { "contents": "Helio R. Camargo\n\n\nHelio da Rocha Camargo (born 1 February 1926) was the first Brazilian general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was called to the First Quorum of the Seventy in 1985 and served there for four years. In 1989, he was transferred, along with other limited-term members of the First Quorum of the Seventy to the newly created Second Quorum of the Seventy. Camargo was released as a general authority in 1990. Camargo was born in Rio de Janeiro.", "id": "148646" }, { "contents": "Presiding Bishop (LDS Church)\n\n\nThe Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) is a priesthood calling with church-wide authority. The Presiding Bishop is the highest leadership position within the church's Aaronic priesthood. Upon the Presiding Bishop's recommendation, the First Presidency calls two other men to assist the Presiding Bishop as his counselors; together these three compose the church's Presiding Bishopric. As well as being ordained to the Aaronic priesthood office of bishop, the members of the Presiding Bishopric are general authorities of the", "id": "9941304" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nLeGrand Raine Curtis, Sr. (May 22, 1924 – December 19, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 to 1995. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy; he also served as a counselor in the Young Men general presidency from 1990 to 1991 and from 1972 to 1974. Curtis was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was named after LeGrand Richards, who was bishop of the Sugar House Ward", "id": "18322018" }, { "contents": "Salomón Jaar\n\n\nHe later worked as a coordinator for the Church Educational System. Jaar was the first president of the LDS Church's Valle de Sula Honduras Stake. He later served as an area seventy and as president of the Honduras Tegucigalpa Mission of the church. He had also served as a bishop in the LDS Church. Jaar was mission president from 1993 to 1996 and an area seventy from 1996 to 2000. At the time of his death he was the bishop of the Tamarindo Ward in the Choluteca Honduras Stake. Jaar wrote the book", "id": "3544500" }, { "contents": "Horacio A. Tenorio\n\n\nHoracio Antonio Tenorio (born 6 March 1935) was the first general authority in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) of Mexican ancestry. Tenorio was born in Mexico City, Mexico. He was trained in business with graduate training in purchasing. He and his wife, Maria, were married in 1957 and are the parents of three children. In 1969, Tenorio joined the LDS Church. He began service as a stake president in 1975. He later served as a Regional representative and president", "id": "2626856" }, { "contents": "Juan A. Uceda\n\n\nJuan Alberto Uceda Andrade (born 10 July 1953) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2010. He was a member of the Presidency of the Seventy from August 2017 to August 2018. Uceda was born in Lima, Peru. He holds a degree in public relations from San Luis Gonzaga National University. Uceda converted to the LDS Church in 1972. He served as a Mormon missionary in Peru and as a stake Sunday School president, bishop, counselor", "id": "757656" }, { "contents": "W. Rolfe Kerr\n\n\nas president of the church's Texas Dallas Mission in 1993. He had been in that position since 1985. Kerr also served in the LDS Church as a stake president, bishop's counselor, high councilor, and on the Sunday School General Board. For two years in the 1960s, he was involved in helping organize the LDS Student Association. While still serving in Dallas, Kerr was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy on April 6, 1996, and was transferred to the First", "id": "7684948" }, { "contents": "Helvécio Martins\n\n\nthe announcement that the LDS Church was lifting the priesthood ban. After Martins received the priesthood and his temple ordinances, he served in the church as a bishop, counselor to a stake president, and as president of the Brazil Fortaleza Mission. In April 1990, church president Ezra Taft Benson called Martins as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. Martins became the first black general authority in the LDS Church. After serving a standard five-year term as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy, Martins", "id": "463547" }, { "contents": "Edward Stevenson\n\n\nEdward Stevenson (May 1, 1820 – January 27, 1897) was a prominent Mormon missionary of the 19th century. He also served as a general authority in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as one of the seven presidents of the Seventy. Stevenson was born in Gibraltar to British parents. His family moved to the United States when he was young. As a young man, he was living in Pontiac, Michigan when he was contacted by a group of Latter Day Saint missionaries", "id": "10615780" }, { "contents": "Eldred G. Smith\n\n\nEldred Gee Smith (January 9, 1907 – April 4, 2013) was the patriarch emeritus of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and held the calling of Patriarch to the Church from 1947 to 1979, the last to hold the office. He was the oldest and longest-serving general authority of the church at his death, although he had not been active in that capacity for many years. Smith's father was Hyrum G. Smith, the Presiding Patriarch of the LDS Church from", "id": "19636038" }, { "contents": "Jay E. Jensen\n\n\n. He was the director of scripture coordination for the church's Curriculum Department at the time of his call as a general authority. He previously worked for the Church Educational System as a seminary teacher and director of curriculum. Jensen was also the director of training for the church's Missionary Department for a period of time. Jensen has served in the LDS Church as a bishop, branch president, counselor in the Missionary Training Center presidency, and was president of the church's Colombia Cali Mission from 1975 to 1978. Jensen was", "id": "19396646" }, { "contents": "David F. Evans\n\n\nDavid Frewin Evans (born August 11, 1951) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2005. Evans was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He grew up in Los Angeles, California, where his father David C. Evans worked for Bendix Corporation. His mother, Joy F. Evans, served as a counselor to Barbara W. Winder in the Relief Society General Presidency from 1984 to 1990. Evans served as a missionary in the church's Japan Mission", "id": "21504391" }, { "contents": "Octaviano Tenorio\n\n\nthe Mexico City Temple. He was serving in this position at the time of his call as a general authority. Tenorio has served in the LDS Church as a branch president, stake clerk, stake mission president, counselor in a [[stake presidency]], [[stake president]] and twice as a regional representative (one time beginning in 1993). He was a sealer in the Mexico City Temple when it opened. He also served as [[Mission president|president]] of the Mexico [[Tuxtla", "id": "20053600" }, { "contents": "Merrill J. Bateman\n\n\nMerrill Joseph Bateman (born June 19, 1936) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1992, originally as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. He is currently an emeritus general authority. From 2003 to 2007, Bateman was a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy. He was president of Brigham Young University (BYU) from January 1, 1996, until May 1, 2003, and was the church's twelfth presiding", "id": "4817384" }, { "contents": "William Grant Bangerter\n\n\nWilliam Grant Bangerter (June 8, 1918 – April 18, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1975 until his death. Bangerter was born in Granger, Utah. From 1939 to 1941, he served as a Mormon missionary in Brazil. After his mission he graduated from the University of Utah and became a building contractor. In the LDS Church, Bangerter served as a bishop in Granger and was later president of the church's North Jordan Stake", "id": "8315713" }, { "contents": "Robert E. Sackley\n\n\nRobert Edward Sackley (17 December 1922 – 22 February 1993) was an educational administrator in Canada and was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1989 until his death. Sackley was the first native Australian to serve as an LDS Church general authority. Born in Lismore, New South Wales, Australia, Sackley was a member of the Northern New Guinea 5th Commando Squadron of the Australian Defence Force during the Second World War. On 25 December 1944, Sackley was severely", "id": "564713" }, { "contents": "David E. Sorensen\n\n\nDavid Eugene Sorensen (June 29, 1933 – August 26, 2014) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1992 until his death. He served in the First and Second Quorums of the Seventy and as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. He was the executive director of the church's Temple Department during the temple building boom of the late 1990s and early 2000s. Sorensen was born in Aurora, Utah. He grew up working on the family", "id": "1861260" }, { "contents": "Ronald E. Poelman\n\n\nRonald Eugene Poelman (May 10, 1928 – November 19, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1978 until his death. In 1984, he delivered a controversial sermon in the LDS Church's general conference which the church redacted before publishing. Poelman was born in Salt Lake City, Utah to a Latter-day Saint family. As a young man, he served as a Mormon missionary in the LDS Church's Netherlands Mission. He began his", "id": "4765396" }, { "contents": "Merlin R. Lybbert\n\n\nMerlin Rex Lybbert (31 January 1926 – 6 July 2001) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1989 to 1994. From 1992 to 1994, Lybbert was the thirteenth general president of the LDS Church's Sunday School. Lybbert was born in Cardston, Alberta, Canada. After a short period of service in the Canadian Army near the end of World War II, Lybbert served as a missionary in the church's Eastern States Mission. After his mission,", "id": "4321885" }, { "contents": "David E. Sorensen\n\n\nwork full time to overcome debt associated with the family ranch before receiving a degree. Sorensen spent his career as a business owner, operating a healthcare services company while living in California.. He previously served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and as president of the Canada Halifax Mission. He also served as vice chair of the Nevada Community Bank in Las Vegas, Nevada. Sorensen was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in June 1992. He was transferred to the", "id": "1861262" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nThe following individuals are the current general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Included are the individuals' hierarchical position and some of their current specialized assignments in the church, if any. Note: On April 5, 2018, the First Presidency announced that area presidencies were being reinstated for those 10 areas within the United States and Canada, and that the members of the Presidency of the Seventy would be relieved of responsibility for those areas, to enable them to assist the apostles", "id": "311521" }, { "contents": "A. Laurence Lyon\n\n\nA. Laurence Lyon (1934–2006) was a composer of music, usually sacred music with a Latter-day Saint theme. He also served for 30 years as a professor at Western Oregon University. Lyon was born in Rotterdam, Netherlands where his father, T. Edgar Lyon was serving as president of the Netherlands Mission of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Lyon created his first composition at 12. He was first called as an organist for a congregation of the LDS Church when he was", "id": "11731771" }, { "contents": "H. David Burton\n\n\nHarold David Burton (born April 25, 1938) was the thirteenth Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1995 to 2012. He has been a general authority of the LDS Church since October 1992. Born in Salt Lake City, Utah to Latter-day Saint parents, Burton graduated from South High School in 1956 and then served as a missionary for the LDS Church in southern Australia in the late 1950s. He graduated from the University of Utah with a bachelor's", "id": "13615748" }, { "contents": "J. Richard Clarke\n\n\n. He also returned to South Africa as the president of the church's South Africa Cape Town Mission. In 1976, Clarke became the second counselor to presiding bishop Victor L. Brown. He served in this capacity until Brown was released in 1985. Clarke was retained as a general authority and became a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. He became a member of the Presidency of the Seventy in 1988, and served in that capacity until 1997, when he was released and given general authority emeritus status. From 1998", "id": "8108721" }, { "contents": "Alan C. Ashton\n\n\nThe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a grandson of former church president David O. McKay. He served as a missionary in Central Germany as a young man. Ashton later married Karen Jackman Ashton; they are the parents of 11 children. He has served in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as a bishop, stake president, and as president of the Canada Toronto West Mission from 2004 to 2007. From 2013 to 2016, Ashton and his wife served as the president and matron of", "id": "3127903" }, { "contents": "Paul K. Sybrowsky\n\n\nfrom 1964 to 1966. He later served as a bishop (of the Hyde Park Ward in London, England), as a member of a stake high council, and as a counselor in a stake presidency. Sybrowsky was president of the BYU 9th Stake from 1996 until 2001, when he was succeeded by Thomas B. Griffith. From 2001 to 2004, Sybrowsky was president of the church's Canada Toronto West Mission. Sybrowsky was an LDS general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy from 2005 to 2011.", "id": "6640442" }, { "contents": "Glen L. Rudd\n\n\nGlen Larkin Rudd (May 18, 1918 – December 30, 2016) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1987 to 1992. Rudd was born and raised in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in New Zealand, where his mission president was Matthew Cowley. For part of his mission he served as secretary to, and traveling companion of, Cowley. After he returned from his mission", "id": "18942120" }, { "contents": "Thomas B. Griffith\n\n\nhis father was stationed there with the U.S. Army. He joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as a junior at Langley High School in McLean, Virginia. He served as student body president at the high school his senior year and later served a mission for the LDS Church in South Africa. He attended BYU and later became the university's General Counsel from 2000 to 2005, where he also served as president of the church's BYU 9th Stake. He previously served as bishop of", "id": "19816869" }, { "contents": "David S. Baxter\n\n\nDavid Steward Baxter (born 7 February 1955) has been a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2006. A native of Scotland, and a resident of England at the time of his call, he is only the third general authority who was native to the United Kingdom and also living there at the time of his call. Baxter joined the LDS Church along with his mother and siblings when he was twelve. Shortly after this,", "id": "19881065" }, { "contents": "Hugh W. Pinnock\n\n\nHugh Wallace Pinnock (January 15, 1934 – December 16, 2000) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1977 until his death. Pinnock was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Western States Mission. Pinnock graduated from University of Utah in 1958, where he became a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity and Owl and Key. Prior to his call to the First", "id": "8519001" }, { "contents": "Lowell M. Snow\n\n\nLowell Miller Snow (born January 2, 1944) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2005 to 2011. Snow was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and in 2006 became the president of the Africa West Area of the church. Snow is a descendant of Erastus Snow and grew up in St. George, Utah. He served as a LDS Church missionary in Germany and then attended Brigham Young University, where he met his wife Tamara. Snow", "id": "12412841" }, { "contents": "Tad R. Callister\n\n\nTad Richards Callister (born December 17, 1945) was the 21st Sunday School General President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from April 2014 to April 2019. He served previously in the church as a general authority from 2008 to 2014, including as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy from August 2011 to April 2014. Callister was born in Glendale, California to Effie Norine Richards and Reed Eddington Callister. His parents were both natives of Salt Lake City. Reed Callister served", "id": "18106563" }, { "contents": "L. Whitney Clayton\n\n\nLyndon Whitney Clayton III (born February 24, 1950) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He has been a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy since 2008 and its senior president since 2015. Clayton was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and attended the University of Utah. He served as a full-time missionary of the LDS Church in Peru. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in finance and earned a", "id": "17564673" }, { "contents": "Henry D. Taylor\n\n\nHenry Dixon Taylor (November 22, 1903 – February 24, 1987) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1958 until his death. Taylor was born in Provo, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Eastern States Mission. During his mission, Taylor was the president of the church's Connecticut District. Taylor received a bachelor's degree from Brigham Young University (BYU) and a master's degree", "id": "2477100" }, { "contents": "Gilbert W. Scharffs\n\n\nGilbert Woodrow Scharffs (June 27, 1930 - February 26, 2015) was a Latter-day Saint religious educator and author. Scharffs was born to Fritz and Louise Scharffs and raised in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He served as a missionary in the East German Mission of the LDS Church in the late 1950s, where he served as editor for publications and later second counselor to the Mission President. In 1959 he was married in the Salt Lake Temple to Laura Virginia Smith", "id": "7526873" }, { "contents": "Donald L. Hallstrom\n\n\nDonald Larry Hallstrom (born July 27, 1949) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2000. From 2009 to 2017, he served as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. Hallstrom was born to James Emerson Hallstrom and Betty Jo (née Lambert) in and grew up in Honolulu. As a young man he enjoyed several sports, including basketball and surfing. He served as a missionary of the LDS Church in the England Central Mission from", "id": "13616701" }, { "contents": "Steven E. Snow\n\n\nSteven Erastus Snow (born November 23, 1949) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He currently serves as the Church Historian and Recorder, as well as executive director of the Church History Department. Snow was born in St. George, Utah into a Latter-day Saint family. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in West Germany. Prior to his call as a general authority, Snow was a", "id": "8979711" }, { "contents": "Richard P. Lindsay\n\n\nBrigham Young University (BYU). From 1978 to 1989 Lindsay served as managing director of Public Affairs for the LDS Church. Among other church positions, Lindsay served as a bishop and stake president. In 1989, Lindsay was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. As a member of the Seventy, he served as the first president of the church's Africa Area. After his release as a general authority in 1994, Lindsay was the LDS Church's representative in various anti-pornography", "id": "9864996" }, { "contents": "Gary E. Stevenson\n\n\n& Fitness. He has also served on the Marriott School of Management National Advisory Council and the Utah State University Foundation Board. In the LDS Church, Stevenson has served as a bishop and a counselor in a stake presidency. He served as president of the Japan Nagoya Mission from 2004 to 2007. Stevenson became a member of the LDS Church's First Quorum of the Seventy at the April 2008 general conference. During his time in the Seventy, Stevenson served both as a counselor and as president of the church's Asia North", "id": "5851945" }, { "contents": "Rey Pratt\n\n\nRey Lucero Pratt (October 11, 1878 – April 14, 1931) served The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints for 23 years as president of its Mexican Mission and for six years as a general authority. Pratt helped establish the church in Mexico and among Spanish-speaking populations in the United States and Argentina. He also translated LDS Church materials into Spanish, wrote magazine articles and spoke regularly at general conference. Pratt has at times been called the father of the Mexican mission. Pratt was born in Salt", "id": "14018370" }, { "contents": "Virginia H. Pearce\n\n\nVirginia Hinckley Pearce (born February 8, 1945) is an author and was a member of the Young Women General Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1992 to 1997. Pearce is the daughter of the church's fifteenth president, Gordon B. Hinckley. At the church's April 1992 general conference, Pearce was sustained as first counselor to Young Women general president Janette C. Hales. Pearce served in this capacity until 1997, when Hales was released and replaced by Margaret D. Nadauld", "id": "22185174" }, { "contents": "Clinton L. Cutler\n\n\nClinton Louis Cutler (December 27, 1929 – April 9, 1994) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 until his death. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and was a counselor in the church's Sunday School General Presidency. Cutler was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and received his college education at Utah State University and the University of Utah. He then worked for many years for the company that became US", "id": "6647132" }, { "contents": "Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles\n\n\nActing President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is a priesthood calling in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). In general, the position of Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is only filled when the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is called as a counselor in the First Presidency of the church. In such instances, the man who holds this calling is the most senior apostle who is \"not\" serving in the First Presidency. Additionally, a person", "id": "11037283" }, { "contents": "Ángel Abrea\n\n\nÁngel Abrea (born 13 September 1933) was the first resident of Latin America to become a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Abrea was baptized into the LDS Church in 1943, at the age of ten. He graduated from the University of Buenos Aires, and worked as an accountant at Deloitte Haskins & Sells. Prior to his call as a general authority, Abrea was the first stake president in Argentina (1966–71; 1976–78", "id": "1574870" }, { "contents": "O. Vincent Haleck\n\n\nLDS Church, Haleck has served as a bishop, high councilor, stake patriarch, and stake president. He served as president of the Samoa Apia Mission from 2008 to 2011 and was in that capacity when he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in April 2011. After becoming a general authority, Haleck moved from Pago Pago, American Samoa to Salt Lake City, Utah. From the time of his call to August 2013, he filled assignments at church headquarters. From August 2013", "id": "2350277" }, { "contents": "John R. Winder\n\n\nJohn Rex Winder (; December 11, 1821 – March 27, 1910) was a leader and general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was Second Counselor in the Presiding Bishopric from 1887 to 1901, and First Counselor in the First Presidency to church president Joseph F. Smith from 1901 until his death. He was well known for his business abilities, and influenced Heber J. Grant. He was also active in politics and the militia, participating in the Utah War and the", "id": "1621863" }, { "contents": "Howard W. Hunter\n\n\nHoward William Hunter (November 14, 1907 – March 3, 1995) was an American lawyer and was the 14th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1994 to 1995. His nine-month presidential tenure is the shortest in the church's history. Hunter was the first president of the LDS Church born in the 20th century and the last to die in it. He was sustained as an LDS apostle at the age of 51, and served as a general authority for", "id": "21828472" }, { "contents": "Thomas J. Parmley\n\n\n, he worked as a chemist for the U.S. Smeltering Company. In 1923 he married LaVern W. Parmley who served as general president of the Primary of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He then earned his Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1927. Prior to joining the faculty of the University of Utah, Parmley was involved in cyclotron research at the University of California, Berkeley. While there he was the lead author of the paper \"The Radioactives of some high-mass isotopes of Cobalt", "id": "8525048" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\n. When the first General Authorities were given emeritus status, N. Eldon Tanner of the First Presidency provided the following explanation: \"The very rapid growth of the Church across the world, with the attendant increase in travel and responsibility, has made it necessary to consider a change in the status for some of the Brethren of the General Authorities. Some of our associates have served for many years with complete and unselfish dedication, and they deserve every honor and recognition for such devoted service. It is felt advisable at this time to", "id": "311523" }, { "contents": "Nicholas G. Smith\n\n\nNicholas Groesbeck Smith (June 20, 1881 – October 27, 1945) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, Smith was the son of LDS Church apostle John Henry Smith and Josephine Groesbeck. At age three, he went to England with his parents, where his father was serving as a church mission president. Smith was baptized by his father on his eighth birthday. From 1902 to 1905, Smith served as", "id": "463034" }, { "contents": "Keith B. McMullin\n\n\nKeith Brigham McMullin (born August 18, 1941) has been the CEO of Deseret Management Corporation since April 2012 and has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1995. He was the second counselor in the presiding bishopric of the LDS Church from 1995 to 2012, at which time he was designated an emeritus general authority of the church. Born in St. George, Utah, McMullin married Carolyn Jean Gibbs in 1964 and they are the parents of eight children and", "id": "13615804" }, { "contents": "James Rasband\n\n\nJames R. Rasband (born March 20, 1963) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since April 2019. Due to his call as a general authority, his service as Academic Vice President at Brigham Young University (BYU) ended in June 2019, a position he had held since June 2017. He previously served as dean of the J. Reuben Clark Law School (JRCLS). He has also been the Hugh W. Colton Professor of Law. Rasband received", "id": "19949796" }, { "contents": "Marion D. Hanks\n\n\nMarion Duff Hanks (October 13, 1921 – August 5, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1953 until his death. Hanks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man he served in the Northern States Mission of the LDS Church, which was headquartered in Chicago. He was in the United States Navy during World War II and received a J.D. from the University of Utah. Prior to his call as a general authority", "id": "6558935" }, { "contents": "Joseph W. McMurrin\n\n\nJoseph William McMurrin (September 5, 1858 – October 24, 1932) was a general authority and a member of the First Council of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He served as president of the California Mission of the LDS Church from 1919 until 1932. Joseph W. McMurrin was married to Mary Ellen Hunter on April 1, 1880 and had seven children. McMurrin was born in Tooele, Utah Territory. He was sustained one of the First Council of the Seventy on October 5,", "id": "17854595" }, { "contents": "W. Rolfe Kerr\n\n\nWilliam Rolfe Kerr (born June 29, 1935) is an emeritus general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He served previously as the fifteenth Commissioner of Church Education and as president of the Logan Utah Temple. Kerr was born in Tremonton, Utah, and grew up on a farm. He earned a bachelor’s degree in agriculture from Utah State University (USU), where he was also the quarterback on the football team. intending to spend his life farming, until", "id": "7684945" }, { "contents": "Hartman Rector Jr.\n\n\nHartman Rector Jr. (August 20, 1924 – November 6, 2018) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1968 until his death. He was one of the first adult converts to the LDS Church to become a general authority during the second half of the 20th century. Rector served as a member of the First Council of the Seventy from 1968 to 1976 and as a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy from 1976 to 1994. Rector was born", "id": "11492764" }, { "contents": "Gerald N. Lund\n\n\n-fiction works for Latter-Day Saints, including, \"Hearing the Voice of the Lord: Principles and Patterns of Personal Revelation\" (2008) and \"The Coming of the Lord\" (reprint 2005). Lund and his wife, Lynn, are the parents of seven children. Lund has also written poems that his wife has set to music. Before becoming a general authority, he worked in the LDS Church Educational System. He served in the church as a stake president, bishop and branch president at the", "id": "20477214" }, { "contents": "F. Melvin Hammond\n\n\nFloyd Melvin (\"Mel\") Hammond (born December 19, 1933) was an Idaho politician and has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was the nineteenth general president of the church's Young Men organization from 2001 to 2004. Hammond was born in Blackfoot, Idaho. He served as an LDS Church missionary in the Spanish–American Mission from 1954 to 1956. Hammond attended Ricks College and Brigham Young University (BYU). After", "id": "7773158" }, { "contents": "Thomas S. Monson\n\n\nspeaking proselytizing efforts in Quebec. He directed increased missionary work to immigrants from the Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Italy, Soviet Union and Hungary. Jacob de Jager, a future LDS general authority, was among the immigrant converts. Monson encouraged members to remain in eastern Canada, instead of migrating to Utah or Alberta as many members had done before, to help build the church's presence. To help encourage members to stay in Canada, increase the perception of permanence, and better reach potential converts, he started a major", "id": "17014153" }, { "contents": "James E. Faust\n\n\nJames Esdras Faust (July 31, 1920 – August 10, 2007) was an American religious leader, lawyer, and politician. Faust was Second Counselor in the First Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1995 until his death, an LDS Church apostle for 29 years, and a general authority of the church for 35 years. Faust was born to George A. Faust and Amy Finlinson in Delta, Utah. As a child, he lived in this area. His family", "id": "19825253" }, { "contents": "G. Homer Durham\n\n\nGeorge Homer Durham (February 4, 1911 – January 10, 1985) was an American academic administrator and was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1977 until his death. Durham was born in Parowan, Utah, and was raised in Salt Lake City. As a boy in grade school, he met and became lifelong friends with future LDS Church president Gordon B. Hinckley. As a young man, Durham served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the British", "id": "21588256" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nChurch in the Kansas City area. He then returned to the military, serving in the United States Navy. Among other positions, Curtis served in the LDS Church as a branch president, bishop, stake president, regional representative, stake patriarch and as president of the Florida Tallahassee Mission. After being released as a general authority, Curtis served as president of the Jordan River Utah Temple from 1996 to 1999. His son, LeGrand R. Curtis, Jr., was called as a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in", "id": "18322021" }, { "contents": "Glenn L. Pace\n\n\nfrom the Presiding Bishopric and became a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. That same year he served as the first president of the church's Australia Sydney North Mission, while also serving in the First Quorum of Seventy. In 1997 and 1998, he was a member of the general presidency of the church's Sunday School and from 2001 to 2003 he was in the general presidency of the Young Men organization. Pace was released and designated an emeritus general authority at the church's October 2010 general conference. Pace married", "id": "21590107" }, { "contents": "Marlin K. Jensen\n\n\nMarlin Keith Jensen (born May 18, 1942) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He served as the official Church Historian and Recorder of the church from 2005 to 2012. He was the 19th man to hold that calling since it was established in 1830. Jensen was made an emeritus general authority in the October 2012 general conference. Jensen was born in Huntsville, Utah. As a 19-year-old, he served as a missionary for", "id": "21271513" }, { "contents": "H. Verlan Andersen\n\n\nHans Verlan Andersen (November 6, 1914 – July 16, 1992) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and a professor at Brigham Young University (BYU). Andersen was called to the LDS Church's First Quorum of the Seventy in April 1986. On April 1, 1989 he was transferred to the newly created Second Quorum of the Seventy. On October 5, 1991, he was released from his service as a general authority. He died of cancer", "id": "20615381" }, { "contents": "Victor L. Brown\n\n\nVictor Lee Brown (31 July 1914 – 26 March 1996) was the tenth Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1972 to 1985. He was an LDS Church general authority from 1961 until his death. Brown was born in Cardston, Alberta, Canada, the son of Gerald Stephen Brown and Maggie Calder Lee. Brown received his education from the University of Utah, LDS Business College and the University of California, Berkeley. He worked in various ground operations management positions", "id": "13837425" }, { "contents": "Jack H. Goaslind\n\n\nJack H. Goaslind Jr. (April 18, 1928 – April 27, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1978 until his death. He was the seventeenth general president of the church's Young Men organization from 1990 to 1998. Goaslind was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Jack, Sr. and Anita Jane Jack. As a young man, Goaslind served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Western Canadian Mission. Goaslind had", "id": "7773235" }, { "contents": "D. Todd Christofferson\n\n\nMay 28, 1968. They are the parents of five children. Prior to becoming a general authority, Christofferson served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. At the church's April 1993 general conference, Christofferson was called as a general authority and member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. In August 1998, Christofferson became a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. As a seventy, Christofferson served as the executive director of the church's Family and Church History Department. While in", "id": "6657200" }, { "contents": "Devin Durrant\n\n\nserved in various roles in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), including president of the Texas Dallas Mission and first counselor in the church's Sunday School general presidency. Born in Brigham City, Utah, Durrant was named a McDonald's All-American in 1978 during his senior year of high school. He was captain of the Provo High School team that won a state basketball championship. Durrant attended Brigham Young University (BYU) where he played basketball and started every game of his collegiate", "id": "15721443" }, { "contents": "F. Melvin Hammond\n\n\ngraduating from BYU, Hammond became a professor of religion at Ricks College in 1966. He was a member of the Idaho House of Representatives from 1969 to 1984 and served as House Minority Leader for three terms. Before his call as a general authority, Hammond served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. In 1984, Hammond became president of the church's Bolivia Cochabamba Mission. In 1989, he became a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. In 1993, he was transferred", "id": "7773159" }, { "contents": "George P. Lee\n\n\nthe LDS Church to the Navajo Nation, known then as the \"Southwest Indian Mission\". Prior to his call as an LDS general authority, Lee held a number of priesthood leadership callings, including elders quorum president, branch president, district president, and president of the Arizona Holbrook Mission. On October 3, 1975, LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball called the 32-year-old Lee to be a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy, a position with church-wide responsibilities. He was the first Native American", "id": "10605106" }, { "contents": "Boyd K. Packer\n\n\nBoyd Kenneth Packer (September 10, 1924 – July 3, 2015) was an American religious leader and former educator, who served as president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2008 until his death. He also served as the quorum's acting president from 1994 to 2008, and was an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve from 1970 until his death. He served as a general authority of the church from 1961 until his", "id": "14808651" }, { "contents": "Elder (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\n. A quorum president, along with two counselors, is called and set apart under the direction of the stake presidency, and generally serves for a number of years. A secretary is also called to assist the president and his counselors. All adult men in the ward who are not presently serving in callings that require the ordination of high priest are assigned to the elders quorum. The title \"Elder\" is not normally used as a personal title (e.g., Elder Evans, Elder Johnson), except by the LDS Church", "id": "7053205" }, { "contents": "James O. Mason\n\n\nlater served as the American delegate to the World Health Organization. In 1994, Mason was appointed as a general authority by the LDS Church, serving in the Second Quorum of the Seventy until 2000. From 2000 to 2003, Mason was president of the church's Bountiful Utah Temple. As a young man, Mason served an LDS Church mission to Denmark. Before his appointment as a general authority, Mason served in the church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. In 1974, while serving as Church Commissioner", "id": "6162441" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nor senior president of the seventy. As of August 2018, the current Presidency of the Seventy and their areas of responsibilities are: The First Quorum of the Seventy are general authorities, meaning they have authority throughout the church. They usually serve until their 70th birthday or until their health fails them, at which time they are given emeritus status and released from active service as a general authority. Members of the First Quorum of the Seventy serve under the direction of the Quorum of the Twelve and the Presidency of the Seventy.", "id": "9800089" }, { "contents": "Robert C. Oaks\n\n\nand Chief of U.S. Air Forces Europe and NATO Central Europe in 1994 after serving 34 years. Following his retirement, Oaks was employed at U.S. Airways as Senior Vice President. In 2000, Oaks resigned from this position when he was called to serve as a general authority and member of the LDS Church's Second Quorum of the Seventy. In this capacity, Oaks served as president of the church's Africa East Area. In 2004, he was called to Presidency of the Seventy, filling a vacancy created when Dieter F. Uchtdorf", "id": "18638342" }, { "contents": "Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\narea authorities\" and \"local authorities\" and include all other Quorums of the Seventy, mission presidents, temple presidents, stake presidents, bishops, and other priesthood quorum presidents. The church has no salaried ministry; however, some general authorities receive stipends from the church, as needed, using income from church-owned investments. All local and area authorities are unpaid and continue in their normal occupations while serving in leadership positions. Although the church had a paid local clergy in the 1800s, local and regional priesthood leaders currently", "id": "17900603" }, { "contents": "Clifford E. Young\n\n\nClifford Earle Young (December 7, 1883 – August 21, 1958) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1941 until his death. Young was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of LDS Church leader Seymour B. Young. From 1905 to 1908, he served as a Mormon missionary in England and Germany. In 1928, Young became the president of the Alpine Stake of the LDS Church in Utah. In 1934, he joined the", "id": "8315768" }, { "contents": "Julie B. Beck\n\n\nJulie Bangerter Beck (born September 29, 1954) was the fifteenth general president of the Relief Society of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2007 to 2012. Born in Granger, Utah, to William Grant Bangerter and Geraldine Hamblin, Beck grew up in Utah and in São Paulo, Brazil, where her father served as a mission president for the LDS Church for five years. Beck's father would later serve as an LDS Church general authority. Beck is also the niece of", "id": "21096729" }, { "contents": "Lance B. Wickman\n\n\nLance Bradley Wickman (born November 11, 1940) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1994 and is the current general counsel of the LDS Church. In 2010, he became an emeritus general authority. Wickman was born in Seattle, Washington. He was raised in New Jersey and Glendale, California. From 1961 to 1963, Wickman was a LDS Church missionary in the church's Central British Mission. After his mission, he married Patricia Farr in", "id": "18078808" }, { "contents": "Keith K. Hilbig\n\n\nKeith Karlton Hilbig (March 12, 1942 – August 22, 2015) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2001 until his death. Prior to becoming a general authority, he was general counsel for the LDS Church in Europe. Hilbig was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. His father, Karl Herbert Hilbig, was from Zwickau, Germany who joined the LDS Church before immigrating to the United States. As a young man, Hilbig served as a missionary in", "id": "12290497" } ]

[ { "contents": "Jacob de Jager\n\n\nJacob de Jager (16 January 1923 – 25 February 2004) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was the first Dutch person to serve as a general authority. De Jager was born in the Netherlands and joined the church while living in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. His work took him to Australia, Indonesia, Mexico and Canada. His first calling in the church was hymnal coordinator which he filled honorably. He also served as elders quorum president,", "id": "12693727" }, { "contents": "Jacob de Jager\n\n\nbranch president, counselor to mission president and regional representative before his call to the First Quorum of the Seventy. In 1993, de Jager was designated an emeritus general authority and he later served as bishop of a ward in central Salt Lake City. He is one of few people to serve as a ward bishop after serving as a general authority. He died in 2004 of causes incident to age. He married Bea Lim and they had two children. They were married in Indonesia and later, after joining the LDS Church,", "id": "12693728" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nin policy or practice was announced, at the church's general conference in October 2015, those released from the Second Quorum of the Seventy were designated as emeritus general authorities for the first time. They remain general authorities until their deaths, but an emeritus general authority is not a member of a seventies quorum. John K. Carmack, the former head of the Perpetual Education Fund and W. Rolfe Kerr, a former Church Commissioner of Education, are both emeritus general authorities. Jacob de Jager served as a bishop after he was given", "id": "9800095" }, { "contents": "Glenn L. Pace\n\n\nGlenn Leroy Pace ( – ) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1985 until his death. As a general authority, he served as a counselor in the presiding bishopric and also in the First Quorum of Seventy. In 2010, he was designated an emeritus general authority. Pace was born to Kenneth LeRoy Pace and his wife, the former Elizabeth Anna Wilde, in Provo, Utah, where he was also raised. In the early 1960s, he served", "id": "21590104" }, { "contents": "J. Richard Clarke\n\n\nJohn Richard Clarke (born April 4, 1927) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1976. He has been a member of the church's presiding bishopric and a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. Clarke was born in Rexburg, Idaho. As a young man he served as an LDS Church missionary in South Africa. Prior to his call as a general authority, he served as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative in Idaho", "id": "8108720" }, { "contents": "W. Craig Zwick\n\n\nWilliam Craig Zwick (born June 10, 1947) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1995. Zwick was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He served as a missionary for the LDS Church in Argentina. Richard G. Scott of the Quorum of the Twelve was one of Zwick's mission presidents. While serving on this mission he worked on his first LDS Church chapel construction project. Prior to his call as a general authority, Zwick served as", "id": "8104324" }, { "contents": "H. Burke Peterson\n\n\nHarold Burke Peterson (September 19, 1923 – April 14, 2013) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1972 until his death. He was a counselor to the presiding bishop and a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. He became an emeritus general authority in 1993. Peterson was born in Salt Lake City, Utah and was raised in Phoenix, Arizona, where he became an Eagle Scout. Beginning in 1940, Peterson attended Phoenix College,", "id": "21001102" }, { "contents": "Orrin P. Miller\n\n\nOrrin Porter Miller (September 11, 1858 – July 7, 1918) was a member of the presiding bishopric of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1901 to his death. Born in Millcreek, Utah Territory, Miller was a local leader in the church prior to his call as a general authority. He became the bishop of the newly created Riverton Ward in Salt Lake City in 1886. Prior to serving as a bishop, he had been an elder and a seventy in the", "id": "11180481" }, { "contents": "Gerrit W. Gong\n\n\nGerrit Walter Gong (born December 23, 1953) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority since 2010 and served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from October 2015 until his calling to the Quorum of the Twelve in March 2018. He is the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saint's first apostle of Asian descent. Prior to becoming a general authority, he", "id": "144653" }, { "contents": "Richard C. Edgley\n\n\nRichard Crockett Edgley (born February 6, 1936) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since October 1992. He was first counselor in the church's presiding bishopric from 1995 to 2012 and as second counselor from 1992 to 1995. He was designated as an emeritus general authority in March 2012. Born in Preston, Idaho, Edgley was called as second counselor to Presiding Bishop Robert D. Hales in 1992. In 1994, Merrill J. Bateman replaced Hales and Edgley", "id": "13615760" }, { "contents": "Gérald Caussé\n\n\nGérald Jean Caussé (born 20 May 1963) has been the Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 9 October 2015. He is the fifteenth man to serve in this position. He has been a general authority of the LDS Church since 2008 and was the first person from France appointed as a general authority. Caussé, who was born in Bordeaux, was raised as a Latter-day Saint: his parents joined the church when he was six months old, having", "id": "17565213" }, { "contents": "Tad R. Callister\n\n\nToronto East Mission. While still serving in Canada, he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in 2008. He later served first as a counselor and then as president of the Pacific Area, residing in Auckland and overseeing the operations of the LDS Church in New Zealand, Australia, and the islands of the Pacific. In 2011 he was appointed as a member of the church's seven-man Presidency of the Seventy, replacing Claudio R. M. Costa. At the church's April", "id": "18106566" }, { "contents": "Spencer J. Condie\n\n\nSpencer Joel Condie (born August 27, 1940) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. Condie previously worked as a professor at Brigham Young University (BYU) and also served as a mission president for the LDS Church in Eastern Europe. In 2010, he was designated as an emeritus general authority. Condie was born in Preston, Idaho. His family lived there until he was fifteen when they moved to Pocatello, Idaho. From 1960 to", "id": "22107545" }, { "contents": "David S. Baxter\n\n\nCouncil, and as Deputy Chairman of the East Anglian Ambulance NHS Trust. Baxter became an LDS bishop at age 25. He also served as a counselor in a stake presidency, as president of the Ipswich England Stake and as a counselor in the presidency of the England London Mission. From 2002 to 2006 he was an area seventy, which included serving as a counselor in the presidency of the church's Europe West Area from 2004 to 2006. After his call as general authority, Baxter served as a counselor in the church", "id": "19881068" }, { "contents": "Charles H. Hart\n\n\nCharles Henry Hart (July 5, 1866 – September 29, 1934) was a general authority and a member of the First Council of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Hart also served as president of the Canadian Mission of the LDS Church from 1927 to 1930. Hart was born at Bloomington, Bear Lake County, Idaho Territory. When he was called as a member of the First Council of the Seventy in April 1906 he became the first general authority born in Idaho. He died", "id": "17854573" }, { "contents": "Jay E. Jensen\n\n\nJay Edwin Jensen (born February 5, 1942) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1992. He served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from 2008 to 2012. Jensen was designated an emeritus general authority in the October 2012 general conference. Jensen was born in Payson, Utah, and raised in Mapleton, Utah. From 1961 to 1963, Jensen served as a missionary in the Spanish-American mission, concentrating on teaching", "id": "19396644" }, { "contents": "Ben B. Banks\n\n\nBenjamin Berry Banks (born April 4, 1932) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy from 1999 to 2002 and has also been president of the church's Jordan River Utah Temple. Banks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. Before becoming a general authority, Banks served in the church as a stake president and bishop. From 1987 to 1989 he was president of", "id": "5941447" }, { "contents": "Neil L. Andersen\n\n\nNeil Linden Andersen (born August 9, 1951) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was sustained by church membership as an apostle on April 4, 2009, during the church's General Conference. At the time of his call to the Twelve, Andersen had been serving as an LDS general authority since 1993, including service in the Presidency of the Seventy from 2005 to 2009. Currently, he is tenth apostle in", "id": "3244056" }, { "contents": "Ulisses Soares\n\n\nUlisses Soares (born 2 October 1958) is a Brazilian businessman and is the junior member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority since 2005 and served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from January 2013 until his calling to the Quorum of the Twelve in March 2018. He is the LDS Church's first apostle from South America, being from Brazil. As a member of the Quorum of", "id": "966446" }, { "contents": "Helio R. Camargo\n\n\nHelio da Rocha Camargo (born 1 February 1926) was the first Brazilian general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was called to the First Quorum of the Seventy in 1985 and served there for four years. In 1989, he was transferred, along with other limited-term members of the First Quorum of the Seventy to the newly created Second Quorum of the Seventy. Camargo was released as a general authority in 1990. Camargo was born in Rio de Janeiro.", "id": "148646" }, { "contents": "Presiding Bishop (LDS Church)\n\n\nThe Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) is a priesthood calling with church-wide authority. The Presiding Bishop is the highest leadership position within the church's Aaronic priesthood. Upon the Presiding Bishop's recommendation, the First Presidency calls two other men to assist the Presiding Bishop as his counselors; together these three compose the church's Presiding Bishopric. As well as being ordained to the Aaronic priesthood office of bishop, the members of the Presiding Bishopric are general authorities of the", "id": "9941304" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nLeGrand Raine Curtis, Sr. (May 22, 1924 – December 19, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 to 1995. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy; he also served as a counselor in the Young Men general presidency from 1990 to 1991 and from 1972 to 1974. Curtis was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was named after LeGrand Richards, who was bishop of the Sugar House Ward", "id": "18322018" }, { "contents": "Salomón Jaar\n\n\nHe later worked as a coordinator for the Church Educational System. Jaar was the first president of the LDS Church's Valle de Sula Honduras Stake. He later served as an area seventy and as president of the Honduras Tegucigalpa Mission of the church. He had also served as a bishop in the LDS Church. Jaar was mission president from 1993 to 1996 and an area seventy from 1996 to 2000. At the time of his death he was the bishop of the Tamarindo Ward in the Choluteca Honduras Stake. Jaar wrote the book", "id": "3544500" }, { "contents": "Horacio A. Tenorio\n\n\nHoracio Antonio Tenorio (born 6 March 1935) was the first general authority in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) of Mexican ancestry. Tenorio was born in Mexico City, Mexico. He was trained in business with graduate training in purchasing. He and his wife, Maria, were married in 1957 and are the parents of three children. In 1969, Tenorio joined the LDS Church. He began service as a stake president in 1975. He later served as a Regional representative and president", "id": "2626856" }, { "contents": "Juan A. Uceda\n\n\nJuan Alberto Uceda Andrade (born 10 July 1953) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2010. He was a member of the Presidency of the Seventy from August 2017 to August 2018. Uceda was born in Lima, Peru. He holds a degree in public relations from San Luis Gonzaga National University. Uceda converted to the LDS Church in 1972. He served as a Mormon missionary in Peru and as a stake Sunday School president, bishop, counselor", "id": "757656" }, { "contents": "W. Rolfe Kerr\n\n\nas president of the church's Texas Dallas Mission in 1993. He had been in that position since 1985. Kerr also served in the LDS Church as a stake president, bishop's counselor, high councilor, and on the Sunday School General Board. For two years in the 1960s, he was involved in helping organize the LDS Student Association. While still serving in Dallas, Kerr was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy on April 6, 1996, and was transferred to the First", "id": "7684948" }, { "contents": "Helvécio Martins\n\n\nthe announcement that the LDS Church was lifting the priesthood ban. After Martins received the priesthood and his temple ordinances, he served in the church as a bishop, counselor to a stake president, and as president of the Brazil Fortaleza Mission. In April 1990, church president Ezra Taft Benson called Martins as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. Martins became the first black general authority in the LDS Church. After serving a standard five-year term as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy, Martins", "id": "463547" }, { "contents": "Edward Stevenson\n\n\nEdward Stevenson (May 1, 1820 – January 27, 1897) was a prominent Mormon missionary of the 19th century. He also served as a general authority in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as one of the seven presidents of the Seventy. Stevenson was born in Gibraltar to British parents. His family moved to the United States when he was young. As a young man, he was living in Pontiac, Michigan when he was contacted by a group of Latter Day Saint missionaries", "id": "10615780" }, { "contents": "Eldred G. Smith\n\n\nEldred Gee Smith (January 9, 1907 – April 4, 2013) was the patriarch emeritus of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and held the calling of Patriarch to the Church from 1947 to 1979, the last to hold the office. He was the oldest and longest-serving general authority of the church at his death, although he had not been active in that capacity for many years. Smith's father was Hyrum G. Smith, the Presiding Patriarch of the LDS Church from", "id": "19636038" }, { "contents": "Jay E. Jensen\n\n\n. He was the director of scripture coordination for the church's Curriculum Department at the time of his call as a general authority. He previously worked for the Church Educational System as a seminary teacher and director of curriculum. Jensen was also the director of training for the church's Missionary Department for a period of time. Jensen has served in the LDS Church as a bishop, branch president, counselor in the Missionary Training Center presidency, and was president of the church's Colombia Cali Mission from 1975 to 1978. Jensen was", "id": "19396646" }, { "contents": "David F. Evans\n\n\nDavid Frewin Evans (born August 11, 1951) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2005. Evans was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He grew up in Los Angeles, California, where his father David C. Evans worked for Bendix Corporation. His mother, Joy F. Evans, served as a counselor to Barbara W. Winder in the Relief Society General Presidency from 1984 to 1990. Evans served as a missionary in the church's Japan Mission", "id": "21504391" }, { "contents": "Octaviano Tenorio\n\n\nthe Mexico City Temple. He was serving in this position at the time of his call as a general authority. Tenorio has served in the LDS Church as a branch president, stake clerk, stake mission president, counselor in a [[stake presidency]], [[stake president]] and twice as a regional representative (one time beginning in 1993). He was a sealer in the Mexico City Temple when it opened. He also served as [[Mission president|president]] of the Mexico [[Tuxtla", "id": "20053600" }, { "contents": "Merrill J. Bateman\n\n\nMerrill Joseph Bateman (born June 19, 1936) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1992, originally as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. He is currently an emeritus general authority. From 2003 to 2007, Bateman was a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy. He was president of Brigham Young University (BYU) from January 1, 1996, until May 1, 2003, and was the church's twelfth presiding", "id": "4817384" }, { "contents": "William Grant Bangerter\n\n\nWilliam Grant Bangerter (June 8, 1918 – April 18, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1975 until his death. Bangerter was born in Granger, Utah. From 1939 to 1941, he served as a Mormon missionary in Brazil. After his mission he graduated from the University of Utah and became a building contractor. In the LDS Church, Bangerter served as a bishop in Granger and was later president of the church's North Jordan Stake", "id": "8315713" }, { "contents": "Robert E. Sackley\n\n\nRobert Edward Sackley (17 December 1922 – 22 February 1993) was an educational administrator in Canada and was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1989 until his death. Sackley was the first native Australian to serve as an LDS Church general authority. Born in Lismore, New South Wales, Australia, Sackley was a member of the Northern New Guinea 5th Commando Squadron of the Australian Defence Force during the Second World War. On 25 December 1944, Sackley was severely", "id": "564713" }, { "contents": "David E. Sorensen\n\n\nDavid Eugene Sorensen (June 29, 1933 – August 26, 2014) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1992 until his death. He served in the First and Second Quorums of the Seventy and as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. He was the executive director of the church's Temple Department during the temple building boom of the late 1990s and early 2000s. Sorensen was born in Aurora, Utah. He grew up working on the family", "id": "1861260" }, { "contents": "Ronald E. Poelman\n\n\nRonald Eugene Poelman (May 10, 1928 – November 19, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1978 until his death. In 1984, he delivered a controversial sermon in the LDS Church's general conference which the church redacted before publishing. Poelman was born in Salt Lake City, Utah to a Latter-day Saint family. As a young man, he served as a Mormon missionary in the LDS Church's Netherlands Mission. He began his", "id": "4765396" }, { "contents": "Merlin R. Lybbert\n\n\nMerlin Rex Lybbert (31 January 1926 – 6 July 2001) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1989 to 1994. From 1992 to 1994, Lybbert was the thirteenth general president of the LDS Church's Sunday School. Lybbert was born in Cardston, Alberta, Canada. After a short period of service in the Canadian Army near the end of World War II, Lybbert served as a missionary in the church's Eastern States Mission. After his mission,", "id": "4321885" }, { "contents": "David E. Sorensen\n\n\nwork full time to overcome debt associated with the family ranch before receiving a degree. Sorensen spent his career as a business owner, operating a healthcare services company while living in California.. He previously served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and as president of the Canada Halifax Mission. He also served as vice chair of the Nevada Community Bank in Las Vegas, Nevada. Sorensen was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in June 1992. He was transferred to the", "id": "1861262" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nThe following individuals are the current general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Included are the individuals' hierarchical position and some of their current specialized assignments in the church, if any. Note: On April 5, 2018, the First Presidency announced that area presidencies were being reinstated for those 10 areas within the United States and Canada, and that the members of the Presidency of the Seventy would be relieved of responsibility for those areas, to enable them to assist the apostles", "id": "311521" }, { "contents": "A. Laurence Lyon\n\n\nA. Laurence Lyon (1934–2006) was a composer of music, usually sacred music with a Latter-day Saint theme. He also served for 30 years as a professor at Western Oregon University. Lyon was born in Rotterdam, Netherlands where his father, T. Edgar Lyon was serving as president of the Netherlands Mission of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Lyon created his first composition at 12. He was first called as an organist for a congregation of the LDS Church when he was", "id": "11731771" }, { "contents": "H. David Burton\n\n\nHarold David Burton (born April 25, 1938) was the thirteenth Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1995 to 2012. He has been a general authority of the LDS Church since October 1992. Born in Salt Lake City, Utah to Latter-day Saint parents, Burton graduated from South High School in 1956 and then served as a missionary for the LDS Church in southern Australia in the late 1950s. He graduated from the University of Utah with a bachelor's", "id": "13615748" }, { "contents": "J. Richard Clarke\n\n\n. He also returned to South Africa as the president of the church's South Africa Cape Town Mission. In 1976, Clarke became the second counselor to presiding bishop Victor L. Brown. He served in this capacity until Brown was released in 1985. Clarke was retained as a general authority and became a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. He became a member of the Presidency of the Seventy in 1988, and served in that capacity until 1997, when he was released and given general authority emeritus status. From 1998", "id": "8108721" }, { "contents": "Alan C. Ashton\n\n\nThe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a grandson of former church president David O. McKay. He served as a missionary in Central Germany as a young man. Ashton later married Karen Jackman Ashton; they are the parents of 11 children. He has served in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as a bishop, stake president, and as president of the Canada Toronto West Mission from 2004 to 2007. From 2013 to 2016, Ashton and his wife served as the president and matron of", "id": "3127903" }, { "contents": "Paul K. Sybrowsky\n\n\nfrom 1964 to 1966. He later served as a bishop (of the Hyde Park Ward in London, England), as a member of a stake high council, and as a counselor in a stake presidency. Sybrowsky was president of the BYU 9th Stake from 1996 until 2001, when he was succeeded by Thomas B. Griffith. From 2001 to 2004, Sybrowsky was president of the church's Canada Toronto West Mission. Sybrowsky was an LDS general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy from 2005 to 2011.", "id": "6640442" }, { "contents": "Glen L. Rudd\n\n\nGlen Larkin Rudd (May 18, 1918 – December 30, 2016) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1987 to 1992. Rudd was born and raised in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in New Zealand, where his mission president was Matthew Cowley. For part of his mission he served as secretary to, and traveling companion of, Cowley. After he returned from his mission", "id": "18942120" }, { "contents": "Thomas B. Griffith\n\n\nhis father was stationed there with the U.S. Army. He joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as a junior at Langley High School in McLean, Virginia. He served as student body president at the high school his senior year and later served a mission for the LDS Church in South Africa. He attended BYU and later became the university's General Counsel from 2000 to 2005, where he also served as president of the church's BYU 9th Stake. He previously served as bishop of", "id": "19816869" }, { "contents": "David S. Baxter\n\n\nDavid Steward Baxter (born 7 February 1955) has been a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2006. A native of Scotland, and a resident of England at the time of his call, he is only the third general authority who was native to the United Kingdom and also living there at the time of his call. Baxter joined the LDS Church along with his mother and siblings when he was twelve. Shortly after this,", "id": "19881065" }, { "contents": "Hugh W. Pinnock\n\n\nHugh Wallace Pinnock (January 15, 1934 – December 16, 2000) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1977 until his death. Pinnock was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Western States Mission. Pinnock graduated from University of Utah in 1958, where he became a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity and Owl and Key. Prior to his call to the First", "id": "8519001" }, { "contents": "Lowell M. Snow\n\n\nLowell Miller Snow (born January 2, 1944) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2005 to 2011. Snow was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and in 2006 became the president of the Africa West Area of the church. Snow is a descendant of Erastus Snow and grew up in St. George, Utah. He served as a LDS Church missionary in Germany and then attended Brigham Young University, where he met his wife Tamara. Snow", "id": "12412841" }, { "contents": "Tad R. Callister\n\n\nTad Richards Callister (born December 17, 1945) was the 21st Sunday School General President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from April 2014 to April 2019. He served previously in the church as a general authority from 2008 to 2014, including as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy from August 2011 to April 2014. Callister was born in Glendale, California to Effie Norine Richards and Reed Eddington Callister. His parents were both natives of Salt Lake City. Reed Callister served", "id": "18106563" }, { "contents": "L. Whitney Clayton\n\n\nLyndon Whitney Clayton III (born February 24, 1950) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He has been a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy since 2008 and its senior president since 2015. Clayton was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and attended the University of Utah. He served as a full-time missionary of the LDS Church in Peru. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in finance and earned a", "id": "17564673" }, { "contents": "Henry D. Taylor\n\n\nHenry Dixon Taylor (November 22, 1903 – February 24, 1987) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1958 until his death. Taylor was born in Provo, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Eastern States Mission. During his mission, Taylor was the president of the church's Connecticut District. Taylor received a bachelor's degree from Brigham Young University (BYU) and a master's degree", "id": "2477100" }, { "contents": "Gilbert W. Scharffs\n\n\nGilbert Woodrow Scharffs (June 27, 1930 - February 26, 2015) was a Latter-day Saint religious educator and author. Scharffs was born to Fritz and Louise Scharffs and raised in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He served as a missionary in the East German Mission of the LDS Church in the late 1950s, where he served as editor for publications and later second counselor to the Mission President. In 1959 he was married in the Salt Lake Temple to Laura Virginia Smith", "id": "7526873" }, { "contents": "Donald L. Hallstrom\n\n\nDonald Larry Hallstrom (born July 27, 1949) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2000. From 2009 to 2017, he served as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. Hallstrom was born to James Emerson Hallstrom and Betty Jo (née Lambert) in and grew up in Honolulu. As a young man he enjoyed several sports, including basketball and surfing. He served as a missionary of the LDS Church in the England Central Mission from", "id": "13616701" }, { "contents": "Steven E. Snow\n\n\nSteven Erastus Snow (born November 23, 1949) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He currently serves as the Church Historian and Recorder, as well as executive director of the Church History Department. Snow was born in St. George, Utah into a Latter-day Saint family. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in West Germany. Prior to his call as a general authority, Snow was a", "id": "8979711" }, { "contents": "Richard P. Lindsay\n\n\nBrigham Young University (BYU). From 1978 to 1989 Lindsay served as managing director of Public Affairs for the LDS Church. Among other church positions, Lindsay served as a bishop and stake president. In 1989, Lindsay was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. As a member of the Seventy, he served as the first president of the church's Africa Area. After his release as a general authority in 1994, Lindsay was the LDS Church's representative in various anti-pornography", "id": "9864996" }, { "contents": "Gary E. Stevenson\n\n\n& Fitness. He has also served on the Marriott School of Management National Advisory Council and the Utah State University Foundation Board. In the LDS Church, Stevenson has served as a bishop and a counselor in a stake presidency. He served as president of the Japan Nagoya Mission from 2004 to 2007. Stevenson became a member of the LDS Church's First Quorum of the Seventy at the April 2008 general conference. During his time in the Seventy, Stevenson served both as a counselor and as president of the church's Asia North", "id": "5851945" }, { "contents": "Rey Pratt\n\n\nRey Lucero Pratt (October 11, 1878 – April 14, 1931) served The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints for 23 years as president of its Mexican Mission and for six years as a general authority. Pratt helped establish the church in Mexico and among Spanish-speaking populations in the United States and Argentina. He also translated LDS Church materials into Spanish, wrote magazine articles and spoke regularly at general conference. Pratt has at times been called the father of the Mexican mission. Pratt was born in Salt", "id": "14018370" }, { "contents": "Virginia H. Pearce\n\n\nVirginia Hinckley Pearce (born February 8, 1945) is an author and was a member of the Young Women General Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1992 to 1997. Pearce is the daughter of the church's fifteenth president, Gordon B. Hinckley. At the church's April 1992 general conference, Pearce was sustained as first counselor to Young Women general president Janette C. Hales. Pearce served in this capacity until 1997, when Hales was released and replaced by Margaret D. Nadauld", "id": "22185174" }, { "contents": "Clinton L. Cutler\n\n\nClinton Louis Cutler (December 27, 1929 – April 9, 1994) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 until his death. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and was a counselor in the church's Sunday School General Presidency. Cutler was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and received his college education at Utah State University and the University of Utah. He then worked for many years for the company that became US", "id": "6647132" }, { "contents": "Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles\n\n\nActing President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is a priesthood calling in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). In general, the position of Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is only filled when the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is called as a counselor in the First Presidency of the church. In such instances, the man who holds this calling is the most senior apostle who is \"not\" serving in the First Presidency. Additionally, a person", "id": "11037283" }, { "contents": "Ángel Abrea\n\n\nÁngel Abrea (born 13 September 1933) was the first resident of Latin America to become a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Abrea was baptized into the LDS Church in 1943, at the age of ten. He graduated from the University of Buenos Aires, and worked as an accountant at Deloitte Haskins & Sells. Prior to his call as a general authority, Abrea was the first stake president in Argentina (1966–71; 1976–78", "id": "1574870" }, { "contents": "O. Vincent Haleck\n\n\nLDS Church, Haleck has served as a bishop, high councilor, stake patriarch, and stake president. He served as president of the Samoa Apia Mission from 2008 to 2011 and was in that capacity when he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in April 2011. After becoming a general authority, Haleck moved from Pago Pago, American Samoa to Salt Lake City, Utah. From the time of his call to August 2013, he filled assignments at church headquarters. From August 2013", "id": "2350277" }, { "contents": "John R. Winder\n\n\nJohn Rex Winder (; December 11, 1821 – March 27, 1910) was a leader and general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was Second Counselor in the Presiding Bishopric from 1887 to 1901, and First Counselor in the First Presidency to church president Joseph F. Smith from 1901 until his death. He was well known for his business abilities, and influenced Heber J. Grant. He was also active in politics and the militia, participating in the Utah War and the", "id": "1621863" }, { "contents": "Howard W. Hunter\n\n\nHoward William Hunter (November 14, 1907 – March 3, 1995) was an American lawyer and was the 14th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1994 to 1995. His nine-month presidential tenure is the shortest in the church's history. Hunter was the first president of the LDS Church born in the 20th century and the last to die in it. He was sustained as an LDS apostle at the age of 51, and served as a general authority for", "id": "21828472" }, { "contents": "Thomas J. Parmley\n\n\n, he worked as a chemist for the U.S. Smeltering Company. In 1923 he married LaVern W. Parmley who served as general president of the Primary of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He then earned his Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1927. Prior to joining the faculty of the University of Utah, Parmley was involved in cyclotron research at the University of California, Berkeley. While there he was the lead author of the paper \"The Radioactives of some high-mass isotopes of Cobalt", "id": "8525048" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\n. When the first General Authorities were given emeritus status, N. Eldon Tanner of the First Presidency provided the following explanation: \"The very rapid growth of the Church across the world, with the attendant increase in travel and responsibility, has made it necessary to consider a change in the status for some of the Brethren of the General Authorities. Some of our associates have served for many years with complete and unselfish dedication, and they deserve every honor and recognition for such devoted service. It is felt advisable at this time to", "id": "311523" }, { "contents": "Nicholas G. Smith\n\n\nNicholas Groesbeck Smith (June 20, 1881 – October 27, 1945) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, Smith was the son of LDS Church apostle John Henry Smith and Josephine Groesbeck. At age three, he went to England with his parents, where his father was serving as a church mission president. Smith was baptized by his father on his eighth birthday. From 1902 to 1905, Smith served as", "id": "463034" }, { "contents": "Keith B. McMullin\n\n\nKeith Brigham McMullin (born August 18, 1941) has been the CEO of Deseret Management Corporation since April 2012 and has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1995. He was the second counselor in the presiding bishopric of the LDS Church from 1995 to 2012, at which time he was designated an emeritus general authority of the church. Born in St. George, Utah, McMullin married Carolyn Jean Gibbs in 1964 and they are the parents of eight children and", "id": "13615804" }, { "contents": "James Rasband\n\n\nJames R. Rasband (born March 20, 1963) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since April 2019. Due to his call as a general authority, his service as Academic Vice President at Brigham Young University (BYU) ended in June 2019, a position he had held since June 2017. He previously served as dean of the J. Reuben Clark Law School (JRCLS). He has also been the Hugh W. Colton Professor of Law. Rasband received", "id": "19949796" }, { "contents": "Marion D. Hanks\n\n\nMarion Duff Hanks (October 13, 1921 – August 5, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1953 until his death. Hanks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man he served in the Northern States Mission of the LDS Church, which was headquartered in Chicago. He was in the United States Navy during World War II and received a J.D. from the University of Utah. Prior to his call as a general authority", "id": "6558935" }, { "contents": "Joseph W. McMurrin\n\n\nJoseph William McMurrin (September 5, 1858 – October 24, 1932) was a general authority and a member of the First Council of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He served as president of the California Mission of the LDS Church from 1919 until 1932. Joseph W. McMurrin was married to Mary Ellen Hunter on April 1, 1880 and had seven children. McMurrin was born in Tooele, Utah Territory. He was sustained one of the First Council of the Seventy on October 5,", "id": "17854595" }, { "contents": "W. Rolfe Kerr\n\n\nWilliam Rolfe Kerr (born June 29, 1935) is an emeritus general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He served previously as the fifteenth Commissioner of Church Education and as president of the Logan Utah Temple. Kerr was born in Tremonton, Utah, and grew up on a farm. He earned a bachelor’s degree in agriculture from Utah State University (USU), where he was also the quarterback on the football team. intending to spend his life farming, until", "id": "7684945" }, { "contents": "Hartman Rector Jr.\n\n\nHartman Rector Jr. (August 20, 1924 – November 6, 2018) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1968 until his death. He was one of the first adult converts to the LDS Church to become a general authority during the second half of the 20th century. Rector served as a member of the First Council of the Seventy from 1968 to 1976 and as a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy from 1976 to 1994. Rector was born", "id": "11492764" }, { "contents": "Gerald N. Lund\n\n\n-fiction works for Latter-Day Saints, including, \"Hearing the Voice of the Lord: Principles and Patterns of Personal Revelation\" (2008) and \"The Coming of the Lord\" (reprint 2005). Lund and his wife, Lynn, are the parents of seven children. Lund has also written poems that his wife has set to music. Before becoming a general authority, he worked in the LDS Church Educational System. He served in the church as a stake president, bishop and branch president at the", "id": "20477214" }, { "contents": "F. Melvin Hammond\n\n\nFloyd Melvin (\"Mel\") Hammond (born December 19, 1933) was an Idaho politician and has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was the nineteenth general president of the church's Young Men organization from 2001 to 2004. Hammond was born in Blackfoot, Idaho. He served as an LDS Church missionary in the Spanish–American Mission from 1954 to 1956. Hammond attended Ricks College and Brigham Young University (BYU). After", "id": "7773158" }, { "contents": "Thomas S. Monson\n\n\nspeaking proselytizing efforts in Quebec. He directed increased missionary work to immigrants from the Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Italy, Soviet Union and Hungary. Jacob de Jager, a future LDS general authority, was among the immigrant converts. Monson encouraged members to remain in eastern Canada, instead of migrating to Utah or Alberta as many members had done before, to help build the church's presence. To help encourage members to stay in Canada, increase the perception of permanence, and better reach potential converts, he started a major", "id": "17014153" }, { "contents": "James E. Faust\n\n\nJames Esdras Faust (July 31, 1920 – August 10, 2007) was an American religious leader, lawyer, and politician. Faust was Second Counselor in the First Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1995 until his death, an LDS Church apostle for 29 years, and a general authority of the church for 35 years. Faust was born to George A. Faust and Amy Finlinson in Delta, Utah. As a child, he lived in this area. His family", "id": "19825253" }, { "contents": "G. Homer Durham\n\n\nGeorge Homer Durham (February 4, 1911 – January 10, 1985) was an American academic administrator and was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1977 until his death. Durham was born in Parowan, Utah, and was raised in Salt Lake City. As a boy in grade school, he met and became lifelong friends with future LDS Church president Gordon B. Hinckley. As a young man, Durham served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the British", "id": "21588256" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nChurch in the Kansas City area. He then returned to the military, serving in the United States Navy. Among other positions, Curtis served in the LDS Church as a branch president, bishop, stake president, regional representative, stake patriarch and as president of the Florida Tallahassee Mission. After being released as a general authority, Curtis served as president of the Jordan River Utah Temple from 1996 to 1999. His son, LeGrand R. Curtis, Jr., was called as a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in", "id": "18322021" }, { "contents": "Glenn L. Pace\n\n\nfrom the Presiding Bishopric and became a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. That same year he served as the first president of the church's Australia Sydney North Mission, while also serving in the First Quorum of Seventy. In 1997 and 1998, he was a member of the general presidency of the church's Sunday School and from 2001 to 2003 he was in the general presidency of the Young Men organization. Pace was released and designated an emeritus general authority at the church's October 2010 general conference. Pace married", "id": "21590107" }, { "contents": "Marlin K. Jensen\n\n\nMarlin Keith Jensen (born May 18, 1942) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He served as the official Church Historian and Recorder of the church from 2005 to 2012. He was the 19th man to hold that calling since it was established in 1830. Jensen was made an emeritus general authority in the October 2012 general conference. Jensen was born in Huntsville, Utah. As a 19-year-old, he served as a missionary for", "id": "21271513" }, { "contents": "H. Verlan Andersen\n\n\nHans Verlan Andersen (November 6, 1914 – July 16, 1992) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and a professor at Brigham Young University (BYU). Andersen was called to the LDS Church's First Quorum of the Seventy in April 1986. On April 1, 1989 he was transferred to the newly created Second Quorum of the Seventy. On October 5, 1991, he was released from his service as a general authority. He died of cancer", "id": "20615381" }, { "contents": "Victor L. Brown\n\n\nVictor Lee Brown (31 July 1914 – 26 March 1996) was the tenth Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1972 to 1985. He was an LDS Church general authority from 1961 until his death. Brown was born in Cardston, Alberta, Canada, the son of Gerald Stephen Brown and Maggie Calder Lee. Brown received his education from the University of Utah, LDS Business College and the University of California, Berkeley. He worked in various ground operations management positions", "id": "13837425" }, { "contents": "Jack H. Goaslind\n\n\nJack H. Goaslind Jr. (April 18, 1928 – April 27, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1978 until his death. He was the seventeenth general president of the church's Young Men organization from 1990 to 1998. Goaslind was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Jack, Sr. and Anita Jane Jack. As a young man, Goaslind served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Western Canadian Mission. Goaslind had", "id": "7773235" }, { "contents": "D. Todd Christofferson\n\n\nMay 28, 1968. They are the parents of five children. Prior to becoming a general authority, Christofferson served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. At the church's April 1993 general conference, Christofferson was called as a general authority and member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. In August 1998, Christofferson became a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. As a seventy, Christofferson served as the executive director of the church's Family and Church History Department. While in", "id": "6657200" }, { "contents": "Devin Durrant\n\n\nserved in various roles in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), including president of the Texas Dallas Mission and first counselor in the church's Sunday School general presidency. Born in Brigham City, Utah, Durrant was named a McDonald's All-American in 1978 during his senior year of high school. He was captain of the Provo High School team that won a state basketball championship. Durrant attended Brigham Young University (BYU) where he played basketball and started every game of his collegiate", "id": "15721443" }, { "contents": "F. Melvin Hammond\n\n\ngraduating from BYU, Hammond became a professor of religion at Ricks College in 1966. He was a member of the Idaho House of Representatives from 1969 to 1984 and served as House Minority Leader for three terms. Before his call as a general authority, Hammond served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. In 1984, Hammond became president of the church's Bolivia Cochabamba Mission. In 1989, he became a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. In 1993, he was transferred", "id": "7773159" }, { "contents": "George P. Lee\n\n\nthe LDS Church to the Navajo Nation, known then as the \"Southwest Indian Mission\". Prior to his call as an LDS general authority, Lee held a number of priesthood leadership callings, including elders quorum president, branch president, district president, and president of the Arizona Holbrook Mission. On October 3, 1975, LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball called the 32-year-old Lee to be a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy, a position with church-wide responsibilities. He was the first Native American", "id": "10605106" }, { "contents": "Boyd K. Packer\n\n\nBoyd Kenneth Packer (September 10, 1924 – July 3, 2015) was an American religious leader and former educator, who served as president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2008 until his death. He also served as the quorum's acting president from 1994 to 2008, and was an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve from 1970 until his death. He served as a general authority of the church from 1961 until his", "id": "14808651" }, { "contents": "Elder (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\n. A quorum president, along with two counselors, is called and set apart under the direction of the stake presidency, and generally serves for a number of years. A secretary is also called to assist the president and his counselors. All adult men in the ward who are not presently serving in callings that require the ordination of high priest are assigned to the elders quorum. The title \"Elder\" is not normally used as a personal title (e.g., Elder Evans, Elder Johnson), except by the LDS Church", "id": "7053205" }, { "contents": "James O. Mason\n\n\nlater served as the American delegate to the World Health Organization. In 1994, Mason was appointed as a general authority by the LDS Church, serving in the Second Quorum of the Seventy until 2000. From 2000 to 2003, Mason was president of the church's Bountiful Utah Temple. As a young man, Mason served an LDS Church mission to Denmark. Before his appointment as a general authority, Mason served in the church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. In 1974, while serving as Church Commissioner", "id": "6162441" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nor senior president of the seventy. As of August 2018, the current Presidency of the Seventy and their areas of responsibilities are: The First Quorum of the Seventy are general authorities, meaning they have authority throughout the church. They usually serve until their 70th birthday or until their health fails them, at which time they are given emeritus status and released from active service as a general authority. Members of the First Quorum of the Seventy serve under the direction of the Quorum of the Twelve and the Presidency of the Seventy.", "id": "9800089" }, { "contents": "Robert C. Oaks\n\n\nand Chief of U.S. Air Forces Europe and NATO Central Europe in 1994 after serving 34 years. Following his retirement, Oaks was employed at U.S. Airways as Senior Vice President. In 2000, Oaks resigned from this position when he was called to serve as a general authority and member of the LDS Church's Second Quorum of the Seventy. In this capacity, Oaks served as president of the church's Africa East Area. In 2004, he was called to Presidency of the Seventy, filling a vacancy created when Dieter F. Uchtdorf", "id": "18638342" }, { "contents": "Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\narea authorities\" and \"local authorities\" and include all other Quorums of the Seventy, mission presidents, temple presidents, stake presidents, bishops, and other priesthood quorum presidents. The church has no salaried ministry; however, some general authorities receive stipends from the church, as needed, using income from church-owned investments. All local and area authorities are unpaid and continue in their normal occupations while serving in leadership positions. Although the church had a paid local clergy in the 1800s, local and regional priesthood leaders currently", "id": "17900603" }, { "contents": "Clifford E. Young\n\n\nClifford Earle Young (December 7, 1883 – August 21, 1958) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1941 until his death. Young was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of LDS Church leader Seymour B. Young. From 1905 to 1908, he served as a Mormon missionary in England and Germany. In 1928, Young became the president of the Alpine Stake of the LDS Church in Utah. In 1934, he joined the", "id": "8315768" }, { "contents": "Julie B. Beck\n\n\nJulie Bangerter Beck (born September 29, 1954) was the fifteenth general president of the Relief Society of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2007 to 2012. Born in Granger, Utah, to William Grant Bangerter and Geraldine Hamblin, Beck grew up in Utah and in São Paulo, Brazil, where her father served as a mission president for the LDS Church for five years. Beck's father would later serve as an LDS Church general authority. Beck is also the niece of", "id": "21096729" }, { "contents": "Lance B. Wickman\n\n\nLance Bradley Wickman (born November 11, 1940) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1994 and is the current general counsel of the LDS Church. In 2010, he became an emeritus general authority. Wickman was born in Seattle, Washington. He was raised in New Jersey and Glendale, California. From 1961 to 1963, Wickman was a LDS Church missionary in the church's Central British Mission. After his mission, he married Patricia Farr in", "id": "18078808" }, { "contents": "Keith K. Hilbig\n\n\nKeith Karlton Hilbig (March 12, 1942 – August 22, 2015) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2001 until his death. Prior to becoming a general authority, he was general counsel for the LDS Church in Europe. Hilbig was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. His father, Karl Herbert Hilbig, was from Zwickau, Germany who joined the LDS Church before immigrating to the United States. As a young man, Hilbig served as a missionary in", "id": "12290497" } ]

[ { "contents": "Jacob de Jager\n\n\nJacob de Jager (16 January 1923 – 25 February 2004) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was the first Dutch person to serve as a general authority. De Jager was born in the Netherlands and joined the church while living in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. His work took him to Australia, Indonesia, Mexico and Canada. His first calling in the church was hymnal coordinator which he filled honorably. He also served as elders quorum president,", "id": "12693727" }, { "contents": "Jacob de Jager\n\n\nbranch president, counselor to mission president and regional representative before his call to the First Quorum of the Seventy. In 1993, de Jager was designated an emeritus general authority and he later served as bishop of a ward in central Salt Lake City. He is one of few people to serve as a ward bishop after serving as a general authority. He died in 2004 of causes incident to age. He married Bea Lim and they had two children. They were married in Indonesia and later, after joining the LDS Church,", "id": "12693728" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nin policy or practice was announced, at the church's general conference in October 2015, those released from the Second Quorum of the Seventy were designated as emeritus general authorities for the first time. They remain general authorities until their deaths, but an emeritus general authority is not a member of a seventies quorum. John K. Carmack, the former head of the Perpetual Education Fund and W. Rolfe Kerr, a former Church Commissioner of Education, are both emeritus general authorities. Jacob de Jager served as a bishop after he was given", "id": "9800095" }, { "contents": "Glenn L. Pace\n\n\nGlenn Leroy Pace ( – ) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1985 until his death. As a general authority, he served as a counselor in the presiding bishopric and also in the First Quorum of Seventy. In 2010, he was designated an emeritus general authority. Pace was born to Kenneth LeRoy Pace and his wife, the former Elizabeth Anna Wilde, in Provo, Utah, where he was also raised. In the early 1960s, he served", "id": "21590104" }, { "contents": "J. Richard Clarke\n\n\nJohn Richard Clarke (born April 4, 1927) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1976. He has been a member of the church's presiding bishopric and a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. Clarke was born in Rexburg, Idaho. As a young man he served as an LDS Church missionary in South Africa. Prior to his call as a general authority, he served as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative in Idaho", "id": "8108720" }, { "contents": "W. Craig Zwick\n\n\nWilliam Craig Zwick (born June 10, 1947) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1995. Zwick was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He served as a missionary for the LDS Church in Argentina. Richard G. Scott of the Quorum of the Twelve was one of Zwick's mission presidents. While serving on this mission he worked on his first LDS Church chapel construction project. Prior to his call as a general authority, Zwick served as", "id": "8104324" }, { "contents": "H. Burke Peterson\n\n\nHarold Burke Peterson (September 19, 1923 – April 14, 2013) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1972 until his death. He was a counselor to the presiding bishop and a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. He became an emeritus general authority in 1993. Peterson was born in Salt Lake City, Utah and was raised in Phoenix, Arizona, where he became an Eagle Scout. Beginning in 1940, Peterson attended Phoenix College,", "id": "21001102" }, { "contents": "Orrin P. Miller\n\n\nOrrin Porter Miller (September 11, 1858 – July 7, 1918) was a member of the presiding bishopric of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1901 to his death. Born in Millcreek, Utah Territory, Miller was a local leader in the church prior to his call as a general authority. He became the bishop of the newly created Riverton Ward in Salt Lake City in 1886. Prior to serving as a bishop, he had been an elder and a seventy in the", "id": "11180481" }, { "contents": "Gerrit W. Gong\n\n\nGerrit Walter Gong (born December 23, 1953) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority since 2010 and served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from October 2015 until his calling to the Quorum of the Twelve in March 2018. He is the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saint's first apostle of Asian descent. Prior to becoming a general authority, he", "id": "144653" }, { "contents": "Richard C. Edgley\n\n\nRichard Crockett Edgley (born February 6, 1936) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since October 1992. He was first counselor in the church's presiding bishopric from 1995 to 2012 and as second counselor from 1992 to 1995. He was designated as an emeritus general authority in March 2012. Born in Preston, Idaho, Edgley was called as second counselor to Presiding Bishop Robert D. Hales in 1992. In 1994, Merrill J. Bateman replaced Hales and Edgley", "id": "13615760" }, { "contents": "Gérald Caussé\n\n\nGérald Jean Caussé (born 20 May 1963) has been the Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 9 October 2015. He is the fifteenth man to serve in this position. He has been a general authority of the LDS Church since 2008 and was the first person from France appointed as a general authority. Caussé, who was born in Bordeaux, was raised as a Latter-day Saint: his parents joined the church when he was six months old, having", "id": "17565213" }, { "contents": "Tad R. Callister\n\n\nToronto East Mission. While still serving in Canada, he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in 2008. He later served first as a counselor and then as president of the Pacific Area, residing in Auckland and overseeing the operations of the LDS Church in New Zealand, Australia, and the islands of the Pacific. In 2011 he was appointed as a member of the church's seven-man Presidency of the Seventy, replacing Claudio R. M. Costa. At the church's April", "id": "18106566" }, { "contents": "Spencer J. Condie\n\n\nSpencer Joel Condie (born August 27, 1940) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. Condie previously worked as a professor at Brigham Young University (BYU) and also served as a mission president for the LDS Church in Eastern Europe. In 2010, he was designated as an emeritus general authority. Condie was born in Preston, Idaho. His family lived there until he was fifteen when they moved to Pocatello, Idaho. From 1960 to", "id": "22107545" }, { "contents": "David S. Baxter\n\n\nCouncil, and as Deputy Chairman of the East Anglian Ambulance NHS Trust. Baxter became an LDS bishop at age 25. He also served as a counselor in a stake presidency, as president of the Ipswich England Stake and as a counselor in the presidency of the England London Mission. From 2002 to 2006 he was an area seventy, which included serving as a counselor in the presidency of the church's Europe West Area from 2004 to 2006. After his call as general authority, Baxter served as a counselor in the church", "id": "19881068" }, { "contents": "Charles H. Hart\n\n\nCharles Henry Hart (July 5, 1866 – September 29, 1934) was a general authority and a member of the First Council of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Hart also served as president of the Canadian Mission of the LDS Church from 1927 to 1930. Hart was born at Bloomington, Bear Lake County, Idaho Territory. When he was called as a member of the First Council of the Seventy in April 1906 he became the first general authority born in Idaho. He died", "id": "17854573" }, { "contents": "Jay E. Jensen\n\n\nJay Edwin Jensen (born February 5, 1942) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1992. He served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from 2008 to 2012. Jensen was designated an emeritus general authority in the October 2012 general conference. Jensen was born in Payson, Utah, and raised in Mapleton, Utah. From 1961 to 1963, Jensen served as a missionary in the Spanish-American mission, concentrating on teaching", "id": "19396644" }, { "contents": "Ben B. Banks\n\n\nBenjamin Berry Banks (born April 4, 1932) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy from 1999 to 2002 and has also been president of the church's Jordan River Utah Temple. Banks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. Before becoming a general authority, Banks served in the church as a stake president and bishop. From 1987 to 1989 he was president of", "id": "5941447" }, { "contents": "Neil L. Andersen\n\n\nNeil Linden Andersen (born August 9, 1951) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was sustained by church membership as an apostle on April 4, 2009, during the church's General Conference. At the time of his call to the Twelve, Andersen had been serving as an LDS general authority since 1993, including service in the Presidency of the Seventy from 2005 to 2009. Currently, he is tenth apostle in", "id": "3244056" }, { "contents": "Ulisses Soares\n\n\nUlisses Soares (born 2 October 1958) is a Brazilian businessman and is the junior member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority since 2005 and served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from January 2013 until his calling to the Quorum of the Twelve in March 2018. He is the LDS Church's first apostle from South America, being from Brazil. As a member of the Quorum of", "id": "966446" }, { "contents": "Helio R. Camargo\n\n\nHelio da Rocha Camargo (born 1 February 1926) was the first Brazilian general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was called to the First Quorum of the Seventy in 1985 and served there for four years. In 1989, he was transferred, along with other limited-term members of the First Quorum of the Seventy to the newly created Second Quorum of the Seventy. Camargo was released as a general authority in 1990. Camargo was born in Rio de Janeiro.", "id": "148646" }, { "contents": "Presiding Bishop (LDS Church)\n\n\nThe Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) is a priesthood calling with church-wide authority. The Presiding Bishop is the highest leadership position within the church's Aaronic priesthood. Upon the Presiding Bishop's recommendation, the First Presidency calls two other men to assist the Presiding Bishop as his counselors; together these three compose the church's Presiding Bishopric. As well as being ordained to the Aaronic priesthood office of bishop, the members of the Presiding Bishopric are general authorities of the", "id": "9941304" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nLeGrand Raine Curtis, Sr. (May 22, 1924 – December 19, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 to 1995. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy; he also served as a counselor in the Young Men general presidency from 1990 to 1991 and from 1972 to 1974. Curtis was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was named after LeGrand Richards, who was bishop of the Sugar House Ward", "id": "18322018" }, { "contents": "Salomón Jaar\n\n\nHe later worked as a coordinator for the Church Educational System. Jaar was the first president of the LDS Church's Valle de Sula Honduras Stake. He later served as an area seventy and as president of the Honduras Tegucigalpa Mission of the church. He had also served as a bishop in the LDS Church. Jaar was mission president from 1993 to 1996 and an area seventy from 1996 to 2000. At the time of his death he was the bishop of the Tamarindo Ward in the Choluteca Honduras Stake. Jaar wrote the book", "id": "3544500" }, { "contents": "Horacio A. Tenorio\n\n\nHoracio Antonio Tenorio (born 6 March 1935) was the first general authority in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) of Mexican ancestry. Tenorio was born in Mexico City, Mexico. He was trained in business with graduate training in purchasing. He and his wife, Maria, were married in 1957 and are the parents of three children. In 1969, Tenorio joined the LDS Church. He began service as a stake president in 1975. He later served as a Regional representative and president", "id": "2626856" }, { "contents": "Juan A. Uceda\n\n\nJuan Alberto Uceda Andrade (born 10 July 1953) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2010. He was a member of the Presidency of the Seventy from August 2017 to August 2018. Uceda was born in Lima, Peru. He holds a degree in public relations from San Luis Gonzaga National University. Uceda converted to the LDS Church in 1972. He served as a Mormon missionary in Peru and as a stake Sunday School president, bishop, counselor", "id": "757656" }, { "contents": "W. Rolfe Kerr\n\n\nas president of the church's Texas Dallas Mission in 1993. He had been in that position since 1985. Kerr also served in the LDS Church as a stake president, bishop's counselor, high councilor, and on the Sunday School General Board. For two years in the 1960s, he was involved in helping organize the LDS Student Association. While still serving in Dallas, Kerr was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy on April 6, 1996, and was transferred to the First", "id": "7684948" }, { "contents": "Helvécio Martins\n\n\nthe announcement that the LDS Church was lifting the priesthood ban. After Martins received the priesthood and his temple ordinances, he served in the church as a bishop, counselor to a stake president, and as president of the Brazil Fortaleza Mission. In April 1990, church president Ezra Taft Benson called Martins as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. Martins became the first black general authority in the LDS Church. After serving a standard five-year term as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy, Martins", "id": "463547" }, { "contents": "Edward Stevenson\n\n\nEdward Stevenson (May 1, 1820 – January 27, 1897) was a prominent Mormon missionary of the 19th century. He also served as a general authority in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as one of the seven presidents of the Seventy. Stevenson was born in Gibraltar to British parents. His family moved to the United States when he was young. As a young man, he was living in Pontiac, Michigan when he was contacted by a group of Latter Day Saint missionaries", "id": "10615780" }, { "contents": "Eldred G. Smith\n\n\nEldred Gee Smith (January 9, 1907 – April 4, 2013) was the patriarch emeritus of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and held the calling of Patriarch to the Church from 1947 to 1979, the last to hold the office. He was the oldest and longest-serving general authority of the church at his death, although he had not been active in that capacity for many years. Smith's father was Hyrum G. Smith, the Presiding Patriarch of the LDS Church from", "id": "19636038" }, { "contents": "Jay E. Jensen\n\n\n. He was the director of scripture coordination for the church's Curriculum Department at the time of his call as a general authority. He previously worked for the Church Educational System as a seminary teacher and director of curriculum. Jensen was also the director of training for the church's Missionary Department for a period of time. Jensen has served in the LDS Church as a bishop, branch president, counselor in the Missionary Training Center presidency, and was president of the church's Colombia Cali Mission from 1975 to 1978. Jensen was", "id": "19396646" }, { "contents": "David F. Evans\n\n\nDavid Frewin Evans (born August 11, 1951) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2005. Evans was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He grew up in Los Angeles, California, where his father David C. Evans worked for Bendix Corporation. His mother, Joy F. Evans, served as a counselor to Barbara W. Winder in the Relief Society General Presidency from 1984 to 1990. Evans served as a missionary in the church's Japan Mission", "id": "21504391" }, { "contents": "Octaviano Tenorio\n\n\nthe Mexico City Temple. He was serving in this position at the time of his call as a general authority. Tenorio has served in the LDS Church as a branch president, stake clerk, stake mission president, counselor in a [[stake presidency]], [[stake president]] and twice as a regional representative (one time beginning in 1993). He was a sealer in the Mexico City Temple when it opened. He also served as [[Mission president|president]] of the Mexico [[Tuxtla", "id": "20053600" }, { "contents": "Merrill J. Bateman\n\n\nMerrill Joseph Bateman (born June 19, 1936) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1992, originally as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. He is currently an emeritus general authority. From 2003 to 2007, Bateman was a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy. He was president of Brigham Young University (BYU) from January 1, 1996, until May 1, 2003, and was the church's twelfth presiding", "id": "4817384" }, { "contents": "William Grant Bangerter\n\n\nWilliam Grant Bangerter (June 8, 1918 – April 18, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1975 until his death. Bangerter was born in Granger, Utah. From 1939 to 1941, he served as a Mormon missionary in Brazil. After his mission he graduated from the University of Utah and became a building contractor. In the LDS Church, Bangerter served as a bishop in Granger and was later president of the church's North Jordan Stake", "id": "8315713" }, { "contents": "Robert E. Sackley\n\n\nRobert Edward Sackley (17 December 1922 – 22 February 1993) was an educational administrator in Canada and was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1989 until his death. Sackley was the first native Australian to serve as an LDS Church general authority. Born in Lismore, New South Wales, Australia, Sackley was a member of the Northern New Guinea 5th Commando Squadron of the Australian Defence Force during the Second World War. On 25 December 1944, Sackley was severely", "id": "564713" }, { "contents": "David E. Sorensen\n\n\nDavid Eugene Sorensen (June 29, 1933 – August 26, 2014) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1992 until his death. He served in the First and Second Quorums of the Seventy and as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. He was the executive director of the church's Temple Department during the temple building boom of the late 1990s and early 2000s. Sorensen was born in Aurora, Utah. He grew up working on the family", "id": "1861260" }, { "contents": "Ronald E. Poelman\n\n\nRonald Eugene Poelman (May 10, 1928 – November 19, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1978 until his death. In 1984, he delivered a controversial sermon in the LDS Church's general conference which the church redacted before publishing. Poelman was born in Salt Lake City, Utah to a Latter-day Saint family. As a young man, he served as a Mormon missionary in the LDS Church's Netherlands Mission. He began his", "id": "4765396" }, { "contents": "Merlin R. Lybbert\n\n\nMerlin Rex Lybbert (31 January 1926 – 6 July 2001) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1989 to 1994. From 1992 to 1994, Lybbert was the thirteenth general president of the LDS Church's Sunday School. Lybbert was born in Cardston, Alberta, Canada. After a short period of service in the Canadian Army near the end of World War II, Lybbert served as a missionary in the church's Eastern States Mission. After his mission,", "id": "4321885" }, { "contents": "David E. Sorensen\n\n\nwork full time to overcome debt associated with the family ranch before receiving a degree. Sorensen spent his career as a business owner, operating a healthcare services company while living in California.. He previously served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and as president of the Canada Halifax Mission. He also served as vice chair of the Nevada Community Bank in Las Vegas, Nevada. Sorensen was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in June 1992. He was transferred to the", "id": "1861262" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nThe following individuals are the current general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Included are the individuals' hierarchical position and some of their current specialized assignments in the church, if any. Note: On April 5, 2018, the First Presidency announced that area presidencies were being reinstated for those 10 areas within the United States and Canada, and that the members of the Presidency of the Seventy would be relieved of responsibility for those areas, to enable them to assist the apostles", "id": "311521" }, { "contents": "A. Laurence Lyon\n\n\nA. Laurence Lyon (1934–2006) was a composer of music, usually sacred music with a Latter-day Saint theme. He also served for 30 years as a professor at Western Oregon University. Lyon was born in Rotterdam, Netherlands where his father, T. Edgar Lyon was serving as president of the Netherlands Mission of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Lyon created his first composition at 12. He was first called as an organist for a congregation of the LDS Church when he was", "id": "11731771" }, { "contents": "H. David Burton\n\n\nHarold David Burton (born April 25, 1938) was the thirteenth Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1995 to 2012. He has been a general authority of the LDS Church since October 1992. Born in Salt Lake City, Utah to Latter-day Saint parents, Burton graduated from South High School in 1956 and then served as a missionary for the LDS Church in southern Australia in the late 1950s. He graduated from the University of Utah with a bachelor's", "id": "13615748" }, { "contents": "J. Richard Clarke\n\n\n. He also returned to South Africa as the president of the church's South Africa Cape Town Mission. In 1976, Clarke became the second counselor to presiding bishop Victor L. Brown. He served in this capacity until Brown was released in 1985. Clarke was retained as a general authority and became a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. He became a member of the Presidency of the Seventy in 1988, and served in that capacity until 1997, when he was released and given general authority emeritus status. From 1998", "id": "8108721" }, { "contents": "Alan C. Ashton\n\n\nThe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a grandson of former church president David O. McKay. He served as a missionary in Central Germany as a young man. Ashton later married Karen Jackman Ashton; they are the parents of 11 children. He has served in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as a bishop, stake president, and as president of the Canada Toronto West Mission from 2004 to 2007. From 2013 to 2016, Ashton and his wife served as the president and matron of", "id": "3127903" }, { "contents": "Paul K. Sybrowsky\n\n\nfrom 1964 to 1966. He later served as a bishop (of the Hyde Park Ward in London, England), as a member of a stake high council, and as a counselor in a stake presidency. Sybrowsky was president of the BYU 9th Stake from 1996 until 2001, when he was succeeded by Thomas B. Griffith. From 2001 to 2004, Sybrowsky was president of the church's Canada Toronto West Mission. Sybrowsky was an LDS general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy from 2005 to 2011.", "id": "6640442" }, { "contents": "Glen L. Rudd\n\n\nGlen Larkin Rudd (May 18, 1918 – December 30, 2016) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1987 to 1992. Rudd was born and raised in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in New Zealand, where his mission president was Matthew Cowley. For part of his mission he served as secretary to, and traveling companion of, Cowley. After he returned from his mission", "id": "18942120" }, { "contents": "Thomas B. Griffith\n\n\nhis father was stationed there with the U.S. Army. He joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as a junior at Langley High School in McLean, Virginia. He served as student body president at the high school his senior year and later served a mission for the LDS Church in South Africa. He attended BYU and later became the university's General Counsel from 2000 to 2005, where he also served as president of the church's BYU 9th Stake. He previously served as bishop of", "id": "19816869" }, { "contents": "David S. Baxter\n\n\nDavid Steward Baxter (born 7 February 1955) has been a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2006. A native of Scotland, and a resident of England at the time of his call, he is only the third general authority who was native to the United Kingdom and also living there at the time of his call. Baxter joined the LDS Church along with his mother and siblings when he was twelve. Shortly after this,", "id": "19881065" }, { "contents": "Hugh W. Pinnock\n\n\nHugh Wallace Pinnock (January 15, 1934 – December 16, 2000) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1977 until his death. Pinnock was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Western States Mission. Pinnock graduated from University of Utah in 1958, where he became a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity and Owl and Key. Prior to his call to the First", "id": "8519001" }, { "contents": "Lowell M. Snow\n\n\nLowell Miller Snow (born January 2, 1944) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2005 to 2011. Snow was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and in 2006 became the president of the Africa West Area of the church. Snow is a descendant of Erastus Snow and grew up in St. George, Utah. He served as a LDS Church missionary in Germany and then attended Brigham Young University, where he met his wife Tamara. Snow", "id": "12412841" }, { "contents": "Tad R. Callister\n\n\nTad Richards Callister (born December 17, 1945) was the 21st Sunday School General President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from April 2014 to April 2019. He served previously in the church as a general authority from 2008 to 2014, including as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy from August 2011 to April 2014. Callister was born in Glendale, California to Effie Norine Richards and Reed Eddington Callister. His parents were both natives of Salt Lake City. Reed Callister served", "id": "18106563" }, { "contents": "L. Whitney Clayton\n\n\nLyndon Whitney Clayton III (born February 24, 1950) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He has been a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy since 2008 and its senior president since 2015. Clayton was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and attended the University of Utah. He served as a full-time missionary of the LDS Church in Peru. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in finance and earned a", "id": "17564673" }, { "contents": "Henry D. Taylor\n\n\nHenry Dixon Taylor (November 22, 1903 – February 24, 1987) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1958 until his death. Taylor was born in Provo, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Eastern States Mission. During his mission, Taylor was the president of the church's Connecticut District. Taylor received a bachelor's degree from Brigham Young University (BYU) and a master's degree", "id": "2477100" }, { "contents": "Gilbert W. Scharffs\n\n\nGilbert Woodrow Scharffs (June 27, 1930 - February 26, 2015) was a Latter-day Saint religious educator and author. Scharffs was born to Fritz and Louise Scharffs and raised in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He served as a missionary in the East German Mission of the LDS Church in the late 1950s, where he served as editor for publications and later second counselor to the Mission President. In 1959 he was married in the Salt Lake Temple to Laura Virginia Smith", "id": "7526873" }, { "contents": "Donald L. Hallstrom\n\n\nDonald Larry Hallstrom (born July 27, 1949) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2000. From 2009 to 2017, he served as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. Hallstrom was born to James Emerson Hallstrom and Betty Jo (née Lambert) in and grew up in Honolulu. As a young man he enjoyed several sports, including basketball and surfing. He served as a missionary of the LDS Church in the England Central Mission from", "id": "13616701" }, { "contents": "Steven E. Snow\n\n\nSteven Erastus Snow (born November 23, 1949) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He currently serves as the Church Historian and Recorder, as well as executive director of the Church History Department. Snow was born in St. George, Utah into a Latter-day Saint family. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in West Germany. Prior to his call as a general authority, Snow was a", "id": "8979711" }, { "contents": "Richard P. Lindsay\n\n\nBrigham Young University (BYU). From 1978 to 1989 Lindsay served as managing director of Public Affairs for the LDS Church. Among other church positions, Lindsay served as a bishop and stake president. In 1989, Lindsay was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. As a member of the Seventy, he served as the first president of the church's Africa Area. After his release as a general authority in 1994, Lindsay was the LDS Church's representative in various anti-pornography", "id": "9864996" }, { "contents": "Gary E. Stevenson\n\n\n& Fitness. He has also served on the Marriott School of Management National Advisory Council and the Utah State University Foundation Board. In the LDS Church, Stevenson has served as a bishop and a counselor in a stake presidency. He served as president of the Japan Nagoya Mission from 2004 to 2007. Stevenson became a member of the LDS Church's First Quorum of the Seventy at the April 2008 general conference. During his time in the Seventy, Stevenson served both as a counselor and as president of the church's Asia North", "id": "5851945" }, { "contents": "Rey Pratt\n\n\nRey Lucero Pratt (October 11, 1878 – April 14, 1931) served The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints for 23 years as president of its Mexican Mission and for six years as a general authority. Pratt helped establish the church in Mexico and among Spanish-speaking populations in the United States and Argentina. He also translated LDS Church materials into Spanish, wrote magazine articles and spoke regularly at general conference. Pratt has at times been called the father of the Mexican mission. Pratt was born in Salt", "id": "14018370" }, { "contents": "Virginia H. Pearce\n\n\nVirginia Hinckley Pearce (born February 8, 1945) is an author and was a member of the Young Women General Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1992 to 1997. Pearce is the daughter of the church's fifteenth president, Gordon B. Hinckley. At the church's April 1992 general conference, Pearce was sustained as first counselor to Young Women general president Janette C. Hales. Pearce served in this capacity until 1997, when Hales was released and replaced by Margaret D. Nadauld", "id": "22185174" }, { "contents": "Clinton L. Cutler\n\n\nClinton Louis Cutler (December 27, 1929 – April 9, 1994) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 until his death. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and was a counselor in the church's Sunday School General Presidency. Cutler was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and received his college education at Utah State University and the University of Utah. He then worked for many years for the company that became US", "id": "6647132" }, { "contents": "Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles\n\n\nActing President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is a priesthood calling in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). In general, the position of Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is only filled when the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is called as a counselor in the First Presidency of the church. In such instances, the man who holds this calling is the most senior apostle who is \"not\" serving in the First Presidency. Additionally, a person", "id": "11037283" }, { "contents": "Ángel Abrea\n\n\nÁngel Abrea (born 13 September 1933) was the first resident of Latin America to become a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Abrea was baptized into the LDS Church in 1943, at the age of ten. He graduated from the University of Buenos Aires, and worked as an accountant at Deloitte Haskins & Sells. Prior to his call as a general authority, Abrea was the first stake president in Argentina (1966–71; 1976–78", "id": "1574870" }, { "contents": "O. Vincent Haleck\n\n\nLDS Church, Haleck has served as a bishop, high councilor, stake patriarch, and stake president. He served as president of the Samoa Apia Mission from 2008 to 2011 and was in that capacity when he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in April 2011. After becoming a general authority, Haleck moved from Pago Pago, American Samoa to Salt Lake City, Utah. From the time of his call to August 2013, he filled assignments at church headquarters. From August 2013", "id": "2350277" }, { "contents": "John R. Winder\n\n\nJohn Rex Winder (; December 11, 1821 – March 27, 1910) was a leader and general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was Second Counselor in the Presiding Bishopric from 1887 to 1901, and First Counselor in the First Presidency to church president Joseph F. Smith from 1901 until his death. He was well known for his business abilities, and influenced Heber J. Grant. He was also active in politics and the militia, participating in the Utah War and the", "id": "1621863" }, { "contents": "Howard W. Hunter\n\n\nHoward William Hunter (November 14, 1907 – March 3, 1995) was an American lawyer and was the 14th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1994 to 1995. His nine-month presidential tenure is the shortest in the church's history. Hunter was the first president of the LDS Church born in the 20th century and the last to die in it. He was sustained as an LDS apostle at the age of 51, and served as a general authority for", "id": "21828472" }, { "contents": "Thomas J. Parmley\n\n\n, he worked as a chemist for the U.S. Smeltering Company. In 1923 he married LaVern W. Parmley who served as general president of the Primary of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He then earned his Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1927. Prior to joining the faculty of the University of Utah, Parmley was involved in cyclotron research at the University of California, Berkeley. While there he was the lead author of the paper \"The Radioactives of some high-mass isotopes of Cobalt", "id": "8525048" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\n. When the first General Authorities were given emeritus status, N. Eldon Tanner of the First Presidency provided the following explanation: \"The very rapid growth of the Church across the world, with the attendant increase in travel and responsibility, has made it necessary to consider a change in the status for some of the Brethren of the General Authorities. Some of our associates have served for many years with complete and unselfish dedication, and they deserve every honor and recognition for such devoted service. It is felt advisable at this time to", "id": "311523" }, { "contents": "Nicholas G. Smith\n\n\nNicholas Groesbeck Smith (June 20, 1881 – October 27, 1945) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, Smith was the son of LDS Church apostle John Henry Smith and Josephine Groesbeck. At age three, he went to England with his parents, where his father was serving as a church mission president. Smith was baptized by his father on his eighth birthday. From 1902 to 1905, Smith served as", "id": "463034" }, { "contents": "Keith B. McMullin\n\n\nKeith Brigham McMullin (born August 18, 1941) has been the CEO of Deseret Management Corporation since April 2012 and has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1995. He was the second counselor in the presiding bishopric of the LDS Church from 1995 to 2012, at which time he was designated an emeritus general authority of the church. Born in St. George, Utah, McMullin married Carolyn Jean Gibbs in 1964 and they are the parents of eight children and", "id": "13615804" }, { "contents": "James Rasband\n\n\nJames R. Rasband (born March 20, 1963) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since April 2019. Due to his call as a general authority, his service as Academic Vice President at Brigham Young University (BYU) ended in June 2019, a position he had held since June 2017. He previously served as dean of the J. Reuben Clark Law School (JRCLS). He has also been the Hugh W. Colton Professor of Law. Rasband received", "id": "19949796" }, { "contents": "Marion D. Hanks\n\n\nMarion Duff Hanks (October 13, 1921 – August 5, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1953 until his death. Hanks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man he served in the Northern States Mission of the LDS Church, which was headquartered in Chicago. He was in the United States Navy during World War II and received a J.D. from the University of Utah. Prior to his call as a general authority", "id": "6558935" }, { "contents": "Joseph W. McMurrin\n\n\nJoseph William McMurrin (September 5, 1858 – October 24, 1932) was a general authority and a member of the First Council of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He served as president of the California Mission of the LDS Church from 1919 until 1932. Joseph W. McMurrin was married to Mary Ellen Hunter on April 1, 1880 and had seven children. McMurrin was born in Tooele, Utah Territory. He was sustained one of the First Council of the Seventy on October 5,", "id": "17854595" }, { "contents": "W. Rolfe Kerr\n\n\nWilliam Rolfe Kerr (born June 29, 1935) is an emeritus general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He served previously as the fifteenth Commissioner of Church Education and as president of the Logan Utah Temple. Kerr was born in Tremonton, Utah, and grew up on a farm. He earned a bachelor’s degree in agriculture from Utah State University (USU), where he was also the quarterback on the football team. intending to spend his life farming, until", "id": "7684945" }, { "contents": "Hartman Rector Jr.\n\n\nHartman Rector Jr. (August 20, 1924 – November 6, 2018) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1968 until his death. He was one of the first adult converts to the LDS Church to become a general authority during the second half of the 20th century. Rector served as a member of the First Council of the Seventy from 1968 to 1976 and as a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy from 1976 to 1994. Rector was born", "id": "11492764" }, { "contents": "Gerald N. Lund\n\n\n-fiction works for Latter-Day Saints, including, \"Hearing the Voice of the Lord: Principles and Patterns of Personal Revelation\" (2008) and \"The Coming of the Lord\" (reprint 2005). Lund and his wife, Lynn, are the parents of seven children. Lund has also written poems that his wife has set to music. Before becoming a general authority, he worked in the LDS Church Educational System. He served in the church as a stake president, bishop and branch president at the", "id": "20477214" }, { "contents": "F. Melvin Hammond\n\n\nFloyd Melvin (\"Mel\") Hammond (born December 19, 1933) was an Idaho politician and has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was the nineteenth general president of the church's Young Men organization from 2001 to 2004. Hammond was born in Blackfoot, Idaho. He served as an LDS Church missionary in the Spanish–American Mission from 1954 to 1956. Hammond attended Ricks College and Brigham Young University (BYU). After", "id": "7773158" }, { "contents": "Thomas S. Monson\n\n\nspeaking proselytizing efforts in Quebec. He directed increased missionary work to immigrants from the Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Italy, Soviet Union and Hungary. Jacob de Jager, a future LDS general authority, was among the immigrant converts. Monson encouraged members to remain in eastern Canada, instead of migrating to Utah or Alberta as many members had done before, to help build the church's presence. To help encourage members to stay in Canada, increase the perception of permanence, and better reach potential converts, he started a major", "id": "17014153" }, { "contents": "James E. Faust\n\n\nJames Esdras Faust (July 31, 1920 – August 10, 2007) was an American religious leader, lawyer, and politician. Faust was Second Counselor in the First Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1995 until his death, an LDS Church apostle for 29 years, and a general authority of the church for 35 years. Faust was born to George A. Faust and Amy Finlinson in Delta, Utah. As a child, he lived in this area. His family", "id": "19825253" }, { "contents": "G. Homer Durham\n\n\nGeorge Homer Durham (February 4, 1911 – January 10, 1985) was an American academic administrator and was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1977 until his death. Durham was born in Parowan, Utah, and was raised in Salt Lake City. As a boy in grade school, he met and became lifelong friends with future LDS Church president Gordon B. Hinckley. As a young man, Durham served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the British", "id": "21588256" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nChurch in the Kansas City area. He then returned to the military, serving in the United States Navy. Among other positions, Curtis served in the LDS Church as a branch president, bishop, stake president, regional representative, stake patriarch and as president of the Florida Tallahassee Mission. After being released as a general authority, Curtis served as president of the Jordan River Utah Temple from 1996 to 1999. His son, LeGrand R. Curtis, Jr., was called as a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in", "id": "18322021" }, { "contents": "Glenn L. Pace\n\n\nfrom the Presiding Bishopric and became a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. That same year he served as the first president of the church's Australia Sydney North Mission, while also serving in the First Quorum of Seventy. In 1997 and 1998, he was a member of the general presidency of the church's Sunday School and from 2001 to 2003 he was in the general presidency of the Young Men organization. Pace was released and designated an emeritus general authority at the church's October 2010 general conference. Pace married", "id": "21590107" }, { "contents": "Marlin K. Jensen\n\n\nMarlin Keith Jensen (born May 18, 1942) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He served as the official Church Historian and Recorder of the church from 2005 to 2012. He was the 19th man to hold that calling since it was established in 1830. Jensen was made an emeritus general authority in the October 2012 general conference. Jensen was born in Huntsville, Utah. As a 19-year-old, he served as a missionary for", "id": "21271513" }, { "contents": "H. Verlan Andersen\n\n\nHans Verlan Andersen (November 6, 1914 – July 16, 1992) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and a professor at Brigham Young University (BYU). Andersen was called to the LDS Church's First Quorum of the Seventy in April 1986. On April 1, 1989 he was transferred to the newly created Second Quorum of the Seventy. On October 5, 1991, he was released from his service as a general authority. He died of cancer", "id": "20615381" }, { "contents": "Victor L. Brown\n\n\nVictor Lee Brown (31 July 1914 – 26 March 1996) was the tenth Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1972 to 1985. He was an LDS Church general authority from 1961 until his death. Brown was born in Cardston, Alberta, Canada, the son of Gerald Stephen Brown and Maggie Calder Lee. Brown received his education from the University of Utah, LDS Business College and the University of California, Berkeley. He worked in various ground operations management positions", "id": "13837425" }, { "contents": "Jack H. Goaslind\n\n\nJack H. Goaslind Jr. (April 18, 1928 – April 27, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1978 until his death. He was the seventeenth general president of the church's Young Men organization from 1990 to 1998. Goaslind was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Jack, Sr. and Anita Jane Jack. As a young man, Goaslind served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Western Canadian Mission. Goaslind had", "id": "7773235" }, { "contents": "D. Todd Christofferson\n\n\nMay 28, 1968. They are the parents of five children. Prior to becoming a general authority, Christofferson served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. At the church's April 1993 general conference, Christofferson was called as a general authority and member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. In August 1998, Christofferson became a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. As a seventy, Christofferson served as the executive director of the church's Family and Church History Department. While in", "id": "6657200" }, { "contents": "Devin Durrant\n\n\nserved in various roles in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), including president of the Texas Dallas Mission and first counselor in the church's Sunday School general presidency. Born in Brigham City, Utah, Durrant was named a McDonald's All-American in 1978 during his senior year of high school. He was captain of the Provo High School team that won a state basketball championship. Durrant attended Brigham Young University (BYU) where he played basketball and started every game of his collegiate", "id": "15721443" }, { "contents": "F. Melvin Hammond\n\n\ngraduating from BYU, Hammond became a professor of religion at Ricks College in 1966. He was a member of the Idaho House of Representatives from 1969 to 1984 and served as House Minority Leader for three terms. Before his call as a general authority, Hammond served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. In 1984, Hammond became president of the church's Bolivia Cochabamba Mission. In 1989, he became a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. In 1993, he was transferred", "id": "7773159" }, { "contents": "George P. Lee\n\n\nthe LDS Church to the Navajo Nation, known then as the \"Southwest Indian Mission\". Prior to his call as an LDS general authority, Lee held a number of priesthood leadership callings, including elders quorum president, branch president, district president, and president of the Arizona Holbrook Mission. On October 3, 1975, LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball called the 32-year-old Lee to be a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy, a position with church-wide responsibilities. He was the first Native American", "id": "10605106" }, { "contents": "Boyd K. Packer\n\n\nBoyd Kenneth Packer (September 10, 1924 – July 3, 2015) was an American religious leader and former educator, who served as president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2008 until his death. He also served as the quorum's acting president from 1994 to 2008, and was an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve from 1970 until his death. He served as a general authority of the church from 1961 until his", "id": "14808651" }, { "contents": "Elder (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\n. A quorum president, along with two counselors, is called and set apart under the direction of the stake presidency, and generally serves for a number of years. A secretary is also called to assist the president and his counselors. All adult men in the ward who are not presently serving in callings that require the ordination of high priest are assigned to the elders quorum. The title \"Elder\" is not normally used as a personal title (e.g., Elder Evans, Elder Johnson), except by the LDS Church", "id": "7053205" }, { "contents": "James O. Mason\n\n\nlater served as the American delegate to the World Health Organization. In 1994, Mason was appointed as a general authority by the LDS Church, serving in the Second Quorum of the Seventy until 2000. From 2000 to 2003, Mason was president of the church's Bountiful Utah Temple. As a young man, Mason served an LDS Church mission to Denmark. Before his appointment as a general authority, Mason served in the church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. In 1974, while serving as Church Commissioner", "id": "6162441" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nor senior president of the seventy. As of August 2018, the current Presidency of the Seventy and their areas of responsibilities are: The First Quorum of the Seventy are general authorities, meaning they have authority throughout the church. They usually serve until their 70th birthday or until their health fails them, at which time they are given emeritus status and released from active service as a general authority. Members of the First Quorum of the Seventy serve under the direction of the Quorum of the Twelve and the Presidency of the Seventy.", "id": "9800089" }, { "contents": "Robert C. Oaks\n\n\nand Chief of U.S. Air Forces Europe and NATO Central Europe in 1994 after serving 34 years. Following his retirement, Oaks was employed at U.S. Airways as Senior Vice President. In 2000, Oaks resigned from this position when he was called to serve as a general authority and member of the LDS Church's Second Quorum of the Seventy. In this capacity, Oaks served as president of the church's Africa East Area. In 2004, he was called to Presidency of the Seventy, filling a vacancy created when Dieter F. Uchtdorf", "id": "18638342" }, { "contents": "Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\narea authorities\" and \"local authorities\" and include all other Quorums of the Seventy, mission presidents, temple presidents, stake presidents, bishops, and other priesthood quorum presidents. The church has no salaried ministry; however, some general authorities receive stipends from the church, as needed, using income from church-owned investments. All local and area authorities are unpaid and continue in their normal occupations while serving in leadership positions. Although the church had a paid local clergy in the 1800s, local and regional priesthood leaders currently", "id": "17900603" }, { "contents": "Clifford E. Young\n\n\nClifford Earle Young (December 7, 1883 – August 21, 1958) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1941 until his death. Young was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of LDS Church leader Seymour B. Young. From 1905 to 1908, he served as a Mormon missionary in England and Germany. In 1928, Young became the president of the Alpine Stake of the LDS Church in Utah. In 1934, he joined the", "id": "8315768" }, { "contents": "Julie B. Beck\n\n\nJulie Bangerter Beck (born September 29, 1954) was the fifteenth general president of the Relief Society of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2007 to 2012. Born in Granger, Utah, to William Grant Bangerter and Geraldine Hamblin, Beck grew up in Utah and in São Paulo, Brazil, where her father served as a mission president for the LDS Church for five years. Beck's father would later serve as an LDS Church general authority. Beck is also the niece of", "id": "21096729" }, { "contents": "Lance B. Wickman\n\n\nLance Bradley Wickman (born November 11, 1940) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1994 and is the current general counsel of the LDS Church. In 2010, he became an emeritus general authority. Wickman was born in Seattle, Washington. He was raised in New Jersey and Glendale, California. From 1961 to 1963, Wickman was a LDS Church missionary in the church's Central British Mission. After his mission, he married Patricia Farr in", "id": "18078808" }, { "contents": "Keith K. Hilbig\n\n\nKeith Karlton Hilbig (March 12, 1942 – August 22, 2015) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2001 until his death. Prior to becoming a general authority, he was general counsel for the LDS Church in Europe. Hilbig was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. His father, Karl Herbert Hilbig, was from Zwickau, Germany who joined the LDS Church before immigrating to the United States. As a young man, Hilbig served as a missionary in", "id": "12290497" } ]

[ { "contents": "Jacob de Jager\n\n\nJacob de Jager (16 January 1923 – 25 February 2004) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was the first Dutch person to serve as a general authority. De Jager was born in the Netherlands and joined the church while living in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. His work took him to Australia, Indonesia, Mexico and Canada. His first calling in the church was hymnal coordinator which he filled honorably. He also served as elders quorum president,", "id": "12693727" }, { "contents": "Jacob de Jager\n\n\nbranch president, counselor to mission president and regional representative before his call to the First Quorum of the Seventy. In 1993, de Jager was designated an emeritus general authority and he later served as bishop of a ward in central Salt Lake City. He is one of few people to serve as a ward bishop after serving as a general authority. He died in 2004 of causes incident to age. He married Bea Lim and they had two children. They were married in Indonesia and later, after joining the LDS Church,", "id": "12693728" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nin policy or practice was announced, at the church's general conference in October 2015, those released from the Second Quorum of the Seventy were designated as emeritus general authorities for the first time. They remain general authorities until their deaths, but an emeritus general authority is not a member of a seventies quorum. John K. Carmack, the former head of the Perpetual Education Fund and W. Rolfe Kerr, a former Church Commissioner of Education, are both emeritus general authorities. Jacob de Jager served as a bishop after he was given", "id": "9800095" }, { "contents": "Glenn L. Pace\n\n\nGlenn Leroy Pace ( – ) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1985 until his death. As a general authority, he served as a counselor in the presiding bishopric and also in the First Quorum of Seventy. In 2010, he was designated an emeritus general authority. Pace was born to Kenneth LeRoy Pace and his wife, the former Elizabeth Anna Wilde, in Provo, Utah, where he was also raised. In the early 1960s, he served", "id": "21590104" }, { "contents": "J. Richard Clarke\n\n\nJohn Richard Clarke (born April 4, 1927) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1976. He has been a member of the church's presiding bishopric and a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. Clarke was born in Rexburg, Idaho. As a young man he served as an LDS Church missionary in South Africa. Prior to his call as a general authority, he served as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative in Idaho", "id": "8108720" }, { "contents": "W. Craig Zwick\n\n\nWilliam Craig Zwick (born June 10, 1947) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1995. Zwick was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He served as a missionary for the LDS Church in Argentina. Richard G. Scott of the Quorum of the Twelve was one of Zwick's mission presidents. While serving on this mission he worked on his first LDS Church chapel construction project. Prior to his call as a general authority, Zwick served as", "id": "8104324" }, { "contents": "H. Burke Peterson\n\n\nHarold Burke Peterson (September 19, 1923 – April 14, 2013) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1972 until his death. He was a counselor to the presiding bishop and a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. He became an emeritus general authority in 1993. Peterson was born in Salt Lake City, Utah and was raised in Phoenix, Arizona, where he became an Eagle Scout. Beginning in 1940, Peterson attended Phoenix College,", "id": "21001102" }, { "contents": "Orrin P. Miller\n\n\nOrrin Porter Miller (September 11, 1858 – July 7, 1918) was a member of the presiding bishopric of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1901 to his death. Born in Millcreek, Utah Territory, Miller was a local leader in the church prior to his call as a general authority. He became the bishop of the newly created Riverton Ward in Salt Lake City in 1886. Prior to serving as a bishop, he had been an elder and a seventy in the", "id": "11180481" }, { "contents": "Gerrit W. Gong\n\n\nGerrit Walter Gong (born December 23, 1953) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority since 2010 and served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from October 2015 until his calling to the Quorum of the Twelve in March 2018. He is the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saint's first apostle of Asian descent. Prior to becoming a general authority, he", "id": "144653" }, { "contents": "Richard C. Edgley\n\n\nRichard Crockett Edgley (born February 6, 1936) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since October 1992. He was first counselor in the church's presiding bishopric from 1995 to 2012 and as second counselor from 1992 to 1995. He was designated as an emeritus general authority in March 2012. Born in Preston, Idaho, Edgley was called as second counselor to Presiding Bishop Robert D. Hales in 1992. In 1994, Merrill J. Bateman replaced Hales and Edgley", "id": "13615760" }, { "contents": "Gérald Caussé\n\n\nGérald Jean Caussé (born 20 May 1963) has been the Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 9 October 2015. He is the fifteenth man to serve in this position. He has been a general authority of the LDS Church since 2008 and was the first person from France appointed as a general authority. Caussé, who was born in Bordeaux, was raised as a Latter-day Saint: his parents joined the church when he was six months old, having", "id": "17565213" }, { "contents": "Tad R. Callister\n\n\nToronto East Mission. While still serving in Canada, he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in 2008. He later served first as a counselor and then as president of the Pacific Area, residing in Auckland and overseeing the operations of the LDS Church in New Zealand, Australia, and the islands of the Pacific. In 2011 he was appointed as a member of the church's seven-man Presidency of the Seventy, replacing Claudio R. M. Costa. At the church's April", "id": "18106566" }, { "contents": "Spencer J. Condie\n\n\nSpencer Joel Condie (born August 27, 1940) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. Condie previously worked as a professor at Brigham Young University (BYU) and also served as a mission president for the LDS Church in Eastern Europe. In 2010, he was designated as an emeritus general authority. Condie was born in Preston, Idaho. His family lived there until he was fifteen when they moved to Pocatello, Idaho. From 1960 to", "id": "22107545" }, { "contents": "David S. Baxter\n\n\nCouncil, and as Deputy Chairman of the East Anglian Ambulance NHS Trust. Baxter became an LDS bishop at age 25. He also served as a counselor in a stake presidency, as president of the Ipswich England Stake and as a counselor in the presidency of the England London Mission. From 2002 to 2006 he was an area seventy, which included serving as a counselor in the presidency of the church's Europe West Area from 2004 to 2006. After his call as general authority, Baxter served as a counselor in the church", "id": "19881068" }, { "contents": "Charles H. Hart\n\n\nCharles Henry Hart (July 5, 1866 – September 29, 1934) was a general authority and a member of the First Council of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Hart also served as president of the Canadian Mission of the LDS Church from 1927 to 1930. Hart was born at Bloomington, Bear Lake County, Idaho Territory. When he was called as a member of the First Council of the Seventy in April 1906 he became the first general authority born in Idaho. He died", "id": "17854573" }, { "contents": "Jay E. Jensen\n\n\nJay Edwin Jensen (born February 5, 1942) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1992. He served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from 2008 to 2012. Jensen was designated an emeritus general authority in the October 2012 general conference. Jensen was born in Payson, Utah, and raised in Mapleton, Utah. From 1961 to 1963, Jensen served as a missionary in the Spanish-American mission, concentrating on teaching", "id": "19396644" }, { "contents": "Ben B. Banks\n\n\nBenjamin Berry Banks (born April 4, 1932) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy from 1999 to 2002 and has also been president of the church's Jordan River Utah Temple. Banks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. Before becoming a general authority, Banks served in the church as a stake president and bishop. From 1987 to 1989 he was president of", "id": "5941447" }, { "contents": "Neil L. Andersen\n\n\nNeil Linden Andersen (born August 9, 1951) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was sustained by church membership as an apostle on April 4, 2009, during the church's General Conference. At the time of his call to the Twelve, Andersen had been serving as an LDS general authority since 1993, including service in the Presidency of the Seventy from 2005 to 2009. Currently, he is tenth apostle in", "id": "3244056" }, { "contents": "Ulisses Soares\n\n\nUlisses Soares (born 2 October 1958) is a Brazilian businessman and is the junior member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority since 2005 and served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from January 2013 until his calling to the Quorum of the Twelve in March 2018. He is the LDS Church's first apostle from South America, being from Brazil. As a member of the Quorum of", "id": "966446" }, { "contents": "Helio R. Camargo\n\n\nHelio da Rocha Camargo (born 1 February 1926) was the first Brazilian general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was called to the First Quorum of the Seventy in 1985 and served there for four years. In 1989, he was transferred, along with other limited-term members of the First Quorum of the Seventy to the newly created Second Quorum of the Seventy. Camargo was released as a general authority in 1990. Camargo was born in Rio de Janeiro.", "id": "148646" }, { "contents": "Presiding Bishop (LDS Church)\n\n\nThe Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) is a priesthood calling with church-wide authority. The Presiding Bishop is the highest leadership position within the church's Aaronic priesthood. Upon the Presiding Bishop's recommendation, the First Presidency calls two other men to assist the Presiding Bishop as his counselors; together these three compose the church's Presiding Bishopric. As well as being ordained to the Aaronic priesthood office of bishop, the members of the Presiding Bishopric are general authorities of the", "id": "9941304" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nLeGrand Raine Curtis, Sr. (May 22, 1924 – December 19, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 to 1995. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy; he also served as a counselor in the Young Men general presidency from 1990 to 1991 and from 1972 to 1974. Curtis was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was named after LeGrand Richards, who was bishop of the Sugar House Ward", "id": "18322018" }, { "contents": "Salomón Jaar\n\n\nHe later worked as a coordinator for the Church Educational System. Jaar was the first president of the LDS Church's Valle de Sula Honduras Stake. He later served as an area seventy and as president of the Honduras Tegucigalpa Mission of the church. He had also served as a bishop in the LDS Church. Jaar was mission president from 1993 to 1996 and an area seventy from 1996 to 2000. At the time of his death he was the bishop of the Tamarindo Ward in the Choluteca Honduras Stake. Jaar wrote the book", "id": "3544500" }, { "contents": "Horacio A. Tenorio\n\n\nHoracio Antonio Tenorio (born 6 March 1935) was the first general authority in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) of Mexican ancestry. Tenorio was born in Mexico City, Mexico. He was trained in business with graduate training in purchasing. He and his wife, Maria, were married in 1957 and are the parents of three children. In 1969, Tenorio joined the LDS Church. He began service as a stake president in 1975. He later served as a Regional representative and president", "id": "2626856" }, { "contents": "Juan A. Uceda\n\n\nJuan Alberto Uceda Andrade (born 10 July 1953) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2010. He was a member of the Presidency of the Seventy from August 2017 to August 2018. Uceda was born in Lima, Peru. He holds a degree in public relations from San Luis Gonzaga National University. Uceda converted to the LDS Church in 1972. He served as a Mormon missionary in Peru and as a stake Sunday School president, bishop, counselor", "id": "757656" }, { "contents": "W. Rolfe Kerr\n\n\nas president of the church's Texas Dallas Mission in 1993. He had been in that position since 1985. Kerr also served in the LDS Church as a stake president, bishop's counselor, high councilor, and on the Sunday School General Board. For two years in the 1960s, he was involved in helping organize the LDS Student Association. While still serving in Dallas, Kerr was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy on April 6, 1996, and was transferred to the First", "id": "7684948" }, { "contents": "Helvécio Martins\n\n\nthe announcement that the LDS Church was lifting the priesthood ban. After Martins received the priesthood and his temple ordinances, he served in the church as a bishop, counselor to a stake president, and as president of the Brazil Fortaleza Mission. In April 1990, church president Ezra Taft Benson called Martins as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. Martins became the first black general authority in the LDS Church. After serving a standard five-year term as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy, Martins", "id": "463547" }, { "contents": "Edward Stevenson\n\n\nEdward Stevenson (May 1, 1820 – January 27, 1897) was a prominent Mormon missionary of the 19th century. He also served as a general authority in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as one of the seven presidents of the Seventy. Stevenson was born in Gibraltar to British parents. His family moved to the United States when he was young. As a young man, he was living in Pontiac, Michigan when he was contacted by a group of Latter Day Saint missionaries", "id": "10615780" }, { "contents": "Eldred G. Smith\n\n\nEldred Gee Smith (January 9, 1907 – April 4, 2013) was the patriarch emeritus of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and held the calling of Patriarch to the Church from 1947 to 1979, the last to hold the office. He was the oldest and longest-serving general authority of the church at his death, although he had not been active in that capacity for many years. Smith's father was Hyrum G. Smith, the Presiding Patriarch of the LDS Church from", "id": "19636038" }, { "contents": "Jay E. Jensen\n\n\n. He was the director of scripture coordination for the church's Curriculum Department at the time of his call as a general authority. He previously worked for the Church Educational System as a seminary teacher and director of curriculum. Jensen was also the director of training for the church's Missionary Department for a period of time. Jensen has served in the LDS Church as a bishop, branch president, counselor in the Missionary Training Center presidency, and was president of the church's Colombia Cali Mission from 1975 to 1978. Jensen was", "id": "19396646" }, { "contents": "David F. Evans\n\n\nDavid Frewin Evans (born August 11, 1951) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2005. Evans was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He grew up in Los Angeles, California, where his father David C. Evans worked for Bendix Corporation. His mother, Joy F. Evans, served as a counselor to Barbara W. Winder in the Relief Society General Presidency from 1984 to 1990. Evans served as a missionary in the church's Japan Mission", "id": "21504391" }, { "contents": "Octaviano Tenorio\n\n\nthe Mexico City Temple. He was serving in this position at the time of his call as a general authority. Tenorio has served in the LDS Church as a branch president, stake clerk, stake mission president, counselor in a [[stake presidency]], [[stake president]] and twice as a regional representative (one time beginning in 1993). He was a sealer in the Mexico City Temple when it opened. He also served as [[Mission president|president]] of the Mexico [[Tuxtla", "id": "20053600" }, { "contents": "Merrill J. Bateman\n\n\nMerrill Joseph Bateman (born June 19, 1936) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1992, originally as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. He is currently an emeritus general authority. From 2003 to 2007, Bateman was a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy. He was president of Brigham Young University (BYU) from January 1, 1996, until May 1, 2003, and was the church's twelfth presiding", "id": "4817384" }, { "contents": "William Grant Bangerter\n\n\nWilliam Grant Bangerter (June 8, 1918 – April 18, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1975 until his death. Bangerter was born in Granger, Utah. From 1939 to 1941, he served as a Mormon missionary in Brazil. After his mission he graduated from the University of Utah and became a building contractor. In the LDS Church, Bangerter served as a bishop in Granger and was later president of the church's North Jordan Stake", "id": "8315713" }, { "contents": "Robert E. Sackley\n\n\nRobert Edward Sackley (17 December 1922 – 22 February 1993) was an educational administrator in Canada and was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1989 until his death. Sackley was the first native Australian to serve as an LDS Church general authority. Born in Lismore, New South Wales, Australia, Sackley was a member of the Northern New Guinea 5th Commando Squadron of the Australian Defence Force during the Second World War. On 25 December 1944, Sackley was severely", "id": "564713" }, { "contents": "David E. Sorensen\n\n\nDavid Eugene Sorensen (June 29, 1933 – August 26, 2014) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1992 until his death. He served in the First and Second Quorums of the Seventy and as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. He was the executive director of the church's Temple Department during the temple building boom of the late 1990s and early 2000s. Sorensen was born in Aurora, Utah. He grew up working on the family", "id": "1861260" }, { "contents": "Ronald E. Poelman\n\n\nRonald Eugene Poelman (May 10, 1928 – November 19, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1978 until his death. In 1984, he delivered a controversial sermon in the LDS Church's general conference which the church redacted before publishing. Poelman was born in Salt Lake City, Utah to a Latter-day Saint family. As a young man, he served as a Mormon missionary in the LDS Church's Netherlands Mission. He began his", "id": "4765396" }, { "contents": "Merlin R. Lybbert\n\n\nMerlin Rex Lybbert (31 January 1926 – 6 July 2001) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1989 to 1994. From 1992 to 1994, Lybbert was the thirteenth general president of the LDS Church's Sunday School. Lybbert was born in Cardston, Alberta, Canada. After a short period of service in the Canadian Army near the end of World War II, Lybbert served as a missionary in the church's Eastern States Mission. After his mission,", "id": "4321885" }, { "contents": "David E. Sorensen\n\n\nwork full time to overcome debt associated with the family ranch before receiving a degree. Sorensen spent his career as a business owner, operating a healthcare services company while living in California.. He previously served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and as president of the Canada Halifax Mission. He also served as vice chair of the Nevada Community Bank in Las Vegas, Nevada. Sorensen was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in June 1992. He was transferred to the", "id": "1861262" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nThe following individuals are the current general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Included are the individuals' hierarchical position and some of their current specialized assignments in the church, if any. Note: On April 5, 2018, the First Presidency announced that area presidencies were being reinstated for those 10 areas within the United States and Canada, and that the members of the Presidency of the Seventy would be relieved of responsibility for those areas, to enable them to assist the apostles", "id": "311521" }, { "contents": "A. Laurence Lyon\n\n\nA. Laurence Lyon (1934–2006) was a composer of music, usually sacred music with a Latter-day Saint theme. He also served for 30 years as a professor at Western Oregon University. Lyon was born in Rotterdam, Netherlands where his father, T. Edgar Lyon was serving as president of the Netherlands Mission of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Lyon created his first composition at 12. He was first called as an organist for a congregation of the LDS Church when he was", "id": "11731771" }, { "contents": "H. David Burton\n\n\nHarold David Burton (born April 25, 1938) was the thirteenth Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1995 to 2012. He has been a general authority of the LDS Church since October 1992. Born in Salt Lake City, Utah to Latter-day Saint parents, Burton graduated from South High School in 1956 and then served as a missionary for the LDS Church in southern Australia in the late 1950s. He graduated from the University of Utah with a bachelor's", "id": "13615748" }, { "contents": "J. Richard Clarke\n\n\n. He also returned to South Africa as the president of the church's South Africa Cape Town Mission. In 1976, Clarke became the second counselor to presiding bishop Victor L. Brown. He served in this capacity until Brown was released in 1985. Clarke was retained as a general authority and became a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. He became a member of the Presidency of the Seventy in 1988, and served in that capacity until 1997, when he was released and given general authority emeritus status. From 1998", "id": "8108721" }, { "contents": "Alan C. Ashton\n\n\nThe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a grandson of former church president David O. McKay. He served as a missionary in Central Germany as a young man. Ashton later married Karen Jackman Ashton; they are the parents of 11 children. He has served in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as a bishop, stake president, and as president of the Canada Toronto West Mission from 2004 to 2007. From 2013 to 2016, Ashton and his wife served as the president and matron of", "id": "3127903" }, { "contents": "Paul K. Sybrowsky\n\n\nfrom 1964 to 1966. He later served as a bishop (of the Hyde Park Ward in London, England), as a member of a stake high council, and as a counselor in a stake presidency. Sybrowsky was president of the BYU 9th Stake from 1996 until 2001, when he was succeeded by Thomas B. Griffith. From 2001 to 2004, Sybrowsky was president of the church's Canada Toronto West Mission. Sybrowsky was an LDS general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy from 2005 to 2011.", "id": "6640442" }, { "contents": "Glen L. Rudd\n\n\nGlen Larkin Rudd (May 18, 1918 – December 30, 2016) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1987 to 1992. Rudd was born and raised in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in New Zealand, where his mission president was Matthew Cowley. For part of his mission he served as secretary to, and traveling companion of, Cowley. After he returned from his mission", "id": "18942120" }, { "contents": "Thomas B. Griffith\n\n\nhis father was stationed there with the U.S. Army. He joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as a junior at Langley High School in McLean, Virginia. He served as student body president at the high school his senior year and later served a mission for the LDS Church in South Africa. He attended BYU and later became the university's General Counsel from 2000 to 2005, where he also served as president of the church's BYU 9th Stake. He previously served as bishop of", "id": "19816869" }, { "contents": "David S. Baxter\n\n\nDavid Steward Baxter (born 7 February 1955) has been a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2006. A native of Scotland, and a resident of England at the time of his call, he is only the third general authority who was native to the United Kingdom and also living there at the time of his call. Baxter joined the LDS Church along with his mother and siblings when he was twelve. Shortly after this,", "id": "19881065" }, { "contents": "Hugh W. Pinnock\n\n\nHugh Wallace Pinnock (January 15, 1934 – December 16, 2000) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1977 until his death. Pinnock was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Western States Mission. Pinnock graduated from University of Utah in 1958, where he became a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity and Owl and Key. Prior to his call to the First", "id": "8519001" }, { "contents": "Lowell M. Snow\n\n\nLowell Miller Snow (born January 2, 1944) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2005 to 2011. Snow was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and in 2006 became the president of the Africa West Area of the church. Snow is a descendant of Erastus Snow and grew up in St. George, Utah. He served as a LDS Church missionary in Germany and then attended Brigham Young University, where he met his wife Tamara. Snow", "id": "12412841" }, { "contents": "Tad R. Callister\n\n\nTad Richards Callister (born December 17, 1945) was the 21st Sunday School General President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from April 2014 to April 2019. He served previously in the church as a general authority from 2008 to 2014, including as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy from August 2011 to April 2014. Callister was born in Glendale, California to Effie Norine Richards and Reed Eddington Callister. His parents were both natives of Salt Lake City. Reed Callister served", "id": "18106563" }, { "contents": "L. Whitney Clayton\n\n\nLyndon Whitney Clayton III (born February 24, 1950) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He has been a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy since 2008 and its senior president since 2015. Clayton was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and attended the University of Utah. He served as a full-time missionary of the LDS Church in Peru. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in finance and earned a", "id": "17564673" }, { "contents": "Henry D. Taylor\n\n\nHenry Dixon Taylor (November 22, 1903 – February 24, 1987) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1958 until his death. Taylor was born in Provo, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Eastern States Mission. During his mission, Taylor was the president of the church's Connecticut District. Taylor received a bachelor's degree from Brigham Young University (BYU) and a master's degree", "id": "2477100" }, { "contents": "Gilbert W. Scharffs\n\n\nGilbert Woodrow Scharffs (June 27, 1930 - February 26, 2015) was a Latter-day Saint religious educator and author. Scharffs was born to Fritz and Louise Scharffs and raised in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He served as a missionary in the East German Mission of the LDS Church in the late 1950s, where he served as editor for publications and later second counselor to the Mission President. In 1959 he was married in the Salt Lake Temple to Laura Virginia Smith", "id": "7526873" }, { "contents": "Donald L. Hallstrom\n\n\nDonald Larry Hallstrom (born July 27, 1949) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2000. From 2009 to 2017, he served as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. Hallstrom was born to James Emerson Hallstrom and Betty Jo (née Lambert) in and grew up in Honolulu. As a young man he enjoyed several sports, including basketball and surfing. He served as a missionary of the LDS Church in the England Central Mission from", "id": "13616701" }, { "contents": "Steven E. Snow\n\n\nSteven Erastus Snow (born November 23, 1949) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He currently serves as the Church Historian and Recorder, as well as executive director of the Church History Department. Snow was born in St. George, Utah into a Latter-day Saint family. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in West Germany. Prior to his call as a general authority, Snow was a", "id": "8979711" }, { "contents": "Richard P. Lindsay\n\n\nBrigham Young University (BYU). From 1978 to 1989 Lindsay served as managing director of Public Affairs for the LDS Church. Among other church positions, Lindsay served as a bishop and stake president. In 1989, Lindsay was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. As a member of the Seventy, he served as the first president of the church's Africa Area. After his release as a general authority in 1994, Lindsay was the LDS Church's representative in various anti-pornography", "id": "9864996" }, { "contents": "Gary E. Stevenson\n\n\n& Fitness. He has also served on the Marriott School of Management National Advisory Council and the Utah State University Foundation Board. In the LDS Church, Stevenson has served as a bishop and a counselor in a stake presidency. He served as president of the Japan Nagoya Mission from 2004 to 2007. Stevenson became a member of the LDS Church's First Quorum of the Seventy at the April 2008 general conference. During his time in the Seventy, Stevenson served both as a counselor and as president of the church's Asia North", "id": "5851945" }, { "contents": "Rey Pratt\n\n\nRey Lucero Pratt (October 11, 1878 – April 14, 1931) served The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints for 23 years as president of its Mexican Mission and for six years as a general authority. Pratt helped establish the church in Mexico and among Spanish-speaking populations in the United States and Argentina. He also translated LDS Church materials into Spanish, wrote magazine articles and spoke regularly at general conference. Pratt has at times been called the father of the Mexican mission. Pratt was born in Salt", "id": "14018370" }, { "contents": "Virginia H. Pearce\n\n\nVirginia Hinckley Pearce (born February 8, 1945) is an author and was a member of the Young Women General Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1992 to 1997. Pearce is the daughter of the church's fifteenth president, Gordon B. Hinckley. At the church's April 1992 general conference, Pearce was sustained as first counselor to Young Women general president Janette C. Hales. Pearce served in this capacity until 1997, when Hales was released and replaced by Margaret D. Nadauld", "id": "22185174" }, { "contents": "Clinton L. Cutler\n\n\nClinton Louis Cutler (December 27, 1929 – April 9, 1994) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 until his death. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and was a counselor in the church's Sunday School General Presidency. Cutler was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and received his college education at Utah State University and the University of Utah. He then worked for many years for the company that became US", "id": "6647132" }, { "contents": "Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles\n\n\nActing President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is a priesthood calling in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). In general, the position of Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is only filled when the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is called as a counselor in the First Presidency of the church. In such instances, the man who holds this calling is the most senior apostle who is \"not\" serving in the First Presidency. Additionally, a person", "id": "11037283" }, { "contents": "Ángel Abrea\n\n\nÁngel Abrea (born 13 September 1933) was the first resident of Latin America to become a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Abrea was baptized into the LDS Church in 1943, at the age of ten. He graduated from the University of Buenos Aires, and worked as an accountant at Deloitte Haskins & Sells. Prior to his call as a general authority, Abrea was the first stake president in Argentina (1966–71; 1976–78", "id": "1574870" }, { "contents": "O. Vincent Haleck\n\n\nLDS Church, Haleck has served as a bishop, high councilor, stake patriarch, and stake president. He served as president of the Samoa Apia Mission from 2008 to 2011 and was in that capacity when he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in April 2011. After becoming a general authority, Haleck moved from Pago Pago, American Samoa to Salt Lake City, Utah. From the time of his call to August 2013, he filled assignments at church headquarters. From August 2013", "id": "2350277" }, { "contents": "John R. Winder\n\n\nJohn Rex Winder (; December 11, 1821 – March 27, 1910) was a leader and general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was Second Counselor in the Presiding Bishopric from 1887 to 1901, and First Counselor in the First Presidency to church president Joseph F. Smith from 1901 until his death. He was well known for his business abilities, and influenced Heber J. Grant. He was also active in politics and the militia, participating in the Utah War and the", "id": "1621863" }, { "contents": "Howard W. Hunter\n\n\nHoward William Hunter (November 14, 1907 – March 3, 1995) was an American lawyer and was the 14th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1994 to 1995. His nine-month presidential tenure is the shortest in the church's history. Hunter was the first president of the LDS Church born in the 20th century and the last to die in it. He was sustained as an LDS apostle at the age of 51, and served as a general authority for", "id": "21828472" }, { "contents": "Thomas J. Parmley\n\n\n, he worked as a chemist for the U.S. Smeltering Company. In 1923 he married LaVern W. Parmley who served as general president of the Primary of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He then earned his Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1927. Prior to joining the faculty of the University of Utah, Parmley was involved in cyclotron research at the University of California, Berkeley. While there he was the lead author of the paper \"The Radioactives of some high-mass isotopes of Cobalt", "id": "8525048" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\n. When the first General Authorities were given emeritus status, N. Eldon Tanner of the First Presidency provided the following explanation: \"The very rapid growth of the Church across the world, with the attendant increase in travel and responsibility, has made it necessary to consider a change in the status for some of the Brethren of the General Authorities. Some of our associates have served for many years with complete and unselfish dedication, and they deserve every honor and recognition for such devoted service. It is felt advisable at this time to", "id": "311523" }, { "contents": "Nicholas G. Smith\n\n\nNicholas Groesbeck Smith (June 20, 1881 – October 27, 1945) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, Smith was the son of LDS Church apostle John Henry Smith and Josephine Groesbeck. At age three, he went to England with his parents, where his father was serving as a church mission president. Smith was baptized by his father on his eighth birthday. From 1902 to 1905, Smith served as", "id": "463034" }, { "contents": "Keith B. McMullin\n\n\nKeith Brigham McMullin (born August 18, 1941) has been the CEO of Deseret Management Corporation since April 2012 and has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1995. He was the second counselor in the presiding bishopric of the LDS Church from 1995 to 2012, at which time he was designated an emeritus general authority of the church. Born in St. George, Utah, McMullin married Carolyn Jean Gibbs in 1964 and they are the parents of eight children and", "id": "13615804" }, { "contents": "James Rasband\n\n\nJames R. Rasband (born March 20, 1963) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since April 2019. Due to his call as a general authority, his service as Academic Vice President at Brigham Young University (BYU) ended in June 2019, a position he had held since June 2017. He previously served as dean of the J. Reuben Clark Law School (JRCLS). He has also been the Hugh W. Colton Professor of Law. Rasband received", "id": "19949796" }, { "contents": "Marion D. Hanks\n\n\nMarion Duff Hanks (October 13, 1921 – August 5, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1953 until his death. Hanks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man he served in the Northern States Mission of the LDS Church, which was headquartered in Chicago. He was in the United States Navy during World War II and received a J.D. from the University of Utah. Prior to his call as a general authority", "id": "6558935" }, { "contents": "Joseph W. McMurrin\n\n\nJoseph William McMurrin (September 5, 1858 – October 24, 1932) was a general authority and a member of the First Council of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He served as president of the California Mission of the LDS Church from 1919 until 1932. Joseph W. McMurrin was married to Mary Ellen Hunter on April 1, 1880 and had seven children. McMurrin was born in Tooele, Utah Territory. He was sustained one of the First Council of the Seventy on October 5,", "id": "17854595" }, { "contents": "W. Rolfe Kerr\n\n\nWilliam Rolfe Kerr (born June 29, 1935) is an emeritus general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He served previously as the fifteenth Commissioner of Church Education and as president of the Logan Utah Temple. Kerr was born in Tremonton, Utah, and grew up on a farm. He earned a bachelor’s degree in agriculture from Utah State University (USU), where he was also the quarterback on the football team. intending to spend his life farming, until", "id": "7684945" }, { "contents": "Hartman Rector Jr.\n\n\nHartman Rector Jr. (August 20, 1924 – November 6, 2018) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1968 until his death. He was one of the first adult converts to the LDS Church to become a general authority during the second half of the 20th century. Rector served as a member of the First Council of the Seventy from 1968 to 1976 and as a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy from 1976 to 1994. Rector was born", "id": "11492764" }, { "contents": "Gerald N. Lund\n\n\n-fiction works for Latter-Day Saints, including, \"Hearing the Voice of the Lord: Principles and Patterns of Personal Revelation\" (2008) and \"The Coming of the Lord\" (reprint 2005). Lund and his wife, Lynn, are the parents of seven children. Lund has also written poems that his wife has set to music. Before becoming a general authority, he worked in the LDS Church Educational System. He served in the church as a stake president, bishop and branch president at the", "id": "20477214" }, { "contents": "F. Melvin Hammond\n\n\nFloyd Melvin (\"Mel\") Hammond (born December 19, 1933) was an Idaho politician and has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was the nineteenth general president of the church's Young Men organization from 2001 to 2004. Hammond was born in Blackfoot, Idaho. He served as an LDS Church missionary in the Spanish–American Mission from 1954 to 1956. Hammond attended Ricks College and Brigham Young University (BYU). After", "id": "7773158" }, { "contents": "Thomas S. Monson\n\n\nspeaking proselytizing efforts in Quebec. He directed increased missionary work to immigrants from the Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Italy, Soviet Union and Hungary. Jacob de Jager, a future LDS general authority, was among the immigrant converts. Monson encouraged members to remain in eastern Canada, instead of migrating to Utah or Alberta as many members had done before, to help build the church's presence. To help encourage members to stay in Canada, increase the perception of permanence, and better reach potential converts, he started a major", "id": "17014153" }, { "contents": "James E. Faust\n\n\nJames Esdras Faust (July 31, 1920 – August 10, 2007) was an American religious leader, lawyer, and politician. Faust was Second Counselor in the First Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1995 until his death, an LDS Church apostle for 29 years, and a general authority of the church for 35 years. Faust was born to George A. Faust and Amy Finlinson in Delta, Utah. As a child, he lived in this area. His family", "id": "19825253" }, { "contents": "G. Homer Durham\n\n\nGeorge Homer Durham (February 4, 1911 – January 10, 1985) was an American academic administrator and was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1977 until his death. Durham was born in Parowan, Utah, and was raised in Salt Lake City. As a boy in grade school, he met and became lifelong friends with future LDS Church president Gordon B. Hinckley. As a young man, Durham served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the British", "id": "21588256" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nChurch in the Kansas City area. He then returned to the military, serving in the United States Navy. Among other positions, Curtis served in the LDS Church as a branch president, bishop, stake president, regional representative, stake patriarch and as president of the Florida Tallahassee Mission. After being released as a general authority, Curtis served as president of the Jordan River Utah Temple from 1996 to 1999. His son, LeGrand R. Curtis, Jr., was called as a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in", "id": "18322021" }, { "contents": "Glenn L. Pace\n\n\nfrom the Presiding Bishopric and became a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. That same year he served as the first president of the church's Australia Sydney North Mission, while also serving in the First Quorum of Seventy. In 1997 and 1998, he was a member of the general presidency of the church's Sunday School and from 2001 to 2003 he was in the general presidency of the Young Men organization. Pace was released and designated an emeritus general authority at the church's October 2010 general conference. Pace married", "id": "21590107" }, { "contents": "Marlin K. Jensen\n\n\nMarlin Keith Jensen (born May 18, 1942) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He served as the official Church Historian and Recorder of the church from 2005 to 2012. He was the 19th man to hold that calling since it was established in 1830. Jensen was made an emeritus general authority in the October 2012 general conference. Jensen was born in Huntsville, Utah. As a 19-year-old, he served as a missionary for", "id": "21271513" }, { "contents": "H. Verlan Andersen\n\n\nHans Verlan Andersen (November 6, 1914 – July 16, 1992) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and a professor at Brigham Young University (BYU). Andersen was called to the LDS Church's First Quorum of the Seventy in April 1986. On April 1, 1989 he was transferred to the newly created Second Quorum of the Seventy. On October 5, 1991, he was released from his service as a general authority. He died of cancer", "id": "20615381" }, { "contents": "Victor L. Brown\n\n\nVictor Lee Brown (31 July 1914 – 26 March 1996) was the tenth Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1972 to 1985. He was an LDS Church general authority from 1961 until his death. Brown was born in Cardston, Alberta, Canada, the son of Gerald Stephen Brown and Maggie Calder Lee. Brown received his education from the University of Utah, LDS Business College and the University of California, Berkeley. He worked in various ground operations management positions", "id": "13837425" }, { "contents": "Jack H. Goaslind\n\n\nJack H. Goaslind Jr. (April 18, 1928 – April 27, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1978 until his death. He was the seventeenth general president of the church's Young Men organization from 1990 to 1998. Goaslind was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Jack, Sr. and Anita Jane Jack. As a young man, Goaslind served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Western Canadian Mission. Goaslind had", "id": "7773235" }, { "contents": "D. Todd Christofferson\n\n\nMay 28, 1968. They are the parents of five children. Prior to becoming a general authority, Christofferson served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. At the church's April 1993 general conference, Christofferson was called as a general authority and member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. In August 1998, Christofferson became a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. As a seventy, Christofferson served as the executive director of the church's Family and Church History Department. While in", "id": "6657200" }, { "contents": "Devin Durrant\n\n\nserved in various roles in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), including president of the Texas Dallas Mission and first counselor in the church's Sunday School general presidency. Born in Brigham City, Utah, Durrant was named a McDonald's All-American in 1978 during his senior year of high school. He was captain of the Provo High School team that won a state basketball championship. Durrant attended Brigham Young University (BYU) where he played basketball and started every game of his collegiate", "id": "15721443" }, { "contents": "F. Melvin Hammond\n\n\ngraduating from BYU, Hammond became a professor of religion at Ricks College in 1966. He was a member of the Idaho House of Representatives from 1969 to 1984 and served as House Minority Leader for three terms. Before his call as a general authority, Hammond served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. In 1984, Hammond became president of the church's Bolivia Cochabamba Mission. In 1989, he became a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. In 1993, he was transferred", "id": "7773159" }, { "contents": "George P. Lee\n\n\nthe LDS Church to the Navajo Nation, known then as the \"Southwest Indian Mission\". Prior to his call as an LDS general authority, Lee held a number of priesthood leadership callings, including elders quorum president, branch president, district president, and president of the Arizona Holbrook Mission. On October 3, 1975, LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball called the 32-year-old Lee to be a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy, a position with church-wide responsibilities. He was the first Native American", "id": "10605106" }, { "contents": "Boyd K. Packer\n\n\nBoyd Kenneth Packer (September 10, 1924 – July 3, 2015) was an American religious leader and former educator, who served as president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2008 until his death. He also served as the quorum's acting president from 1994 to 2008, and was an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve from 1970 until his death. He served as a general authority of the church from 1961 until his", "id": "14808651" }, { "contents": "Elder (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\n. A quorum president, along with two counselors, is called and set apart under the direction of the stake presidency, and generally serves for a number of years. A secretary is also called to assist the president and his counselors. All adult men in the ward who are not presently serving in callings that require the ordination of high priest are assigned to the elders quorum. The title \"Elder\" is not normally used as a personal title (e.g., Elder Evans, Elder Johnson), except by the LDS Church", "id": "7053205" }, { "contents": "James O. Mason\n\n\nlater served as the American delegate to the World Health Organization. In 1994, Mason was appointed as a general authority by the LDS Church, serving in the Second Quorum of the Seventy until 2000. From 2000 to 2003, Mason was president of the church's Bountiful Utah Temple. As a young man, Mason served an LDS Church mission to Denmark. Before his appointment as a general authority, Mason served in the church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. In 1974, while serving as Church Commissioner", "id": "6162441" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nor senior president of the seventy. As of August 2018, the current Presidency of the Seventy and their areas of responsibilities are: The First Quorum of the Seventy are general authorities, meaning they have authority throughout the church. They usually serve until their 70th birthday or until their health fails them, at which time they are given emeritus status and released from active service as a general authority. Members of the First Quorum of the Seventy serve under the direction of the Quorum of the Twelve and the Presidency of the Seventy.", "id": "9800089" }, { "contents": "Robert C. Oaks\n\n\nand Chief of U.S. Air Forces Europe and NATO Central Europe in 1994 after serving 34 years. Following his retirement, Oaks was employed at U.S. Airways as Senior Vice President. In 2000, Oaks resigned from this position when he was called to serve as a general authority and member of the LDS Church's Second Quorum of the Seventy. In this capacity, Oaks served as president of the church's Africa East Area. In 2004, he was called to Presidency of the Seventy, filling a vacancy created when Dieter F. Uchtdorf", "id": "18638342" }, { "contents": "Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\narea authorities\" and \"local authorities\" and include all other Quorums of the Seventy, mission presidents, temple presidents, stake presidents, bishops, and other priesthood quorum presidents. The church has no salaried ministry; however, some general authorities receive stipends from the church, as needed, using income from church-owned investments. All local and area authorities are unpaid and continue in their normal occupations while serving in leadership positions. Although the church had a paid local clergy in the 1800s, local and regional priesthood leaders currently", "id": "17900603" }, { "contents": "Clifford E. Young\n\n\nClifford Earle Young (December 7, 1883 – August 21, 1958) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1941 until his death. Young was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of LDS Church leader Seymour B. Young. From 1905 to 1908, he served as a Mormon missionary in England and Germany. In 1928, Young became the president of the Alpine Stake of the LDS Church in Utah. In 1934, he joined the", "id": "8315768" }, { "contents": "Julie B. Beck\n\n\nJulie Bangerter Beck (born September 29, 1954) was the fifteenth general president of the Relief Society of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2007 to 2012. Born in Granger, Utah, to William Grant Bangerter and Geraldine Hamblin, Beck grew up in Utah and in São Paulo, Brazil, where her father served as a mission president for the LDS Church for five years. Beck's father would later serve as an LDS Church general authority. Beck is also the niece of", "id": "21096729" }, { "contents": "Lance B. Wickman\n\n\nLance Bradley Wickman (born November 11, 1940) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1994 and is the current general counsel of the LDS Church. In 2010, he became an emeritus general authority. Wickman was born in Seattle, Washington. He was raised in New Jersey and Glendale, California. From 1961 to 1963, Wickman was a LDS Church missionary in the church's Central British Mission. After his mission, he married Patricia Farr in", "id": "18078808" }, { "contents": "Keith K. Hilbig\n\n\nKeith Karlton Hilbig (March 12, 1942 – August 22, 2015) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2001 until his death. Prior to becoming a general authority, he was general counsel for the LDS Church in Europe. Hilbig was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. His father, Karl Herbert Hilbig, was from Zwickau, Germany who joined the LDS Church before immigrating to the United States. As a young man, Hilbig served as a missionary in", "id": "12290497" } ]

[ { "contents": "Jacob de Jager\n\n\nJacob de Jager (16 January 1923 – 25 February 2004) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was the first Dutch person to serve as a general authority. De Jager was born in the Netherlands and joined the church while living in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. His work took him to Australia, Indonesia, Mexico and Canada. His first calling in the church was hymnal coordinator which he filled honorably. He also served as elders quorum president,", "id": "12693727" }, { "contents": "Jacob de Jager\n\n\nbranch president, counselor to mission president and regional representative before his call to the First Quorum of the Seventy. In 1993, de Jager was designated an emeritus general authority and he later served as bishop of a ward in central Salt Lake City. He is one of few people to serve as a ward bishop after serving as a general authority. He died in 2004 of causes incident to age. He married Bea Lim and they had two children. They were married in Indonesia and later, after joining the LDS Church,", "id": "12693728" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nin policy or practice was announced, at the church's general conference in October 2015, those released from the Second Quorum of the Seventy were designated as emeritus general authorities for the first time. They remain general authorities until their deaths, but an emeritus general authority is not a member of a seventies quorum. John K. Carmack, the former head of the Perpetual Education Fund and W. Rolfe Kerr, a former Church Commissioner of Education, are both emeritus general authorities. Jacob de Jager served as a bishop after he was given", "id": "9800095" }, { "contents": "Glenn L. Pace\n\n\nGlenn Leroy Pace ( – ) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1985 until his death. As a general authority, he served as a counselor in the presiding bishopric and also in the First Quorum of Seventy. In 2010, he was designated an emeritus general authority. Pace was born to Kenneth LeRoy Pace and his wife, the former Elizabeth Anna Wilde, in Provo, Utah, where he was also raised. In the early 1960s, he served", "id": "21590104" }, { "contents": "J. Richard Clarke\n\n\nJohn Richard Clarke (born April 4, 1927) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1976. He has been a member of the church's presiding bishopric and a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. Clarke was born in Rexburg, Idaho. As a young man he served as an LDS Church missionary in South Africa. Prior to his call as a general authority, he served as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative in Idaho", "id": "8108720" }, { "contents": "W. Craig Zwick\n\n\nWilliam Craig Zwick (born June 10, 1947) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1995. Zwick was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He served as a missionary for the LDS Church in Argentina. Richard G. Scott of the Quorum of the Twelve was one of Zwick's mission presidents. While serving on this mission he worked on his first LDS Church chapel construction project. Prior to his call as a general authority, Zwick served as", "id": "8104324" }, { "contents": "H. Burke Peterson\n\n\nHarold Burke Peterson (September 19, 1923 – April 14, 2013) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1972 until his death. He was a counselor to the presiding bishop and a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. He became an emeritus general authority in 1993. Peterson was born in Salt Lake City, Utah and was raised in Phoenix, Arizona, where he became an Eagle Scout. Beginning in 1940, Peterson attended Phoenix College,", "id": "21001102" }, { "contents": "Orrin P. Miller\n\n\nOrrin Porter Miller (September 11, 1858 – July 7, 1918) was a member of the presiding bishopric of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1901 to his death. Born in Millcreek, Utah Territory, Miller was a local leader in the church prior to his call as a general authority. He became the bishop of the newly created Riverton Ward in Salt Lake City in 1886. Prior to serving as a bishop, he had been an elder and a seventy in the", "id": "11180481" }, { "contents": "Gerrit W. Gong\n\n\nGerrit Walter Gong (born December 23, 1953) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority since 2010 and served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from October 2015 until his calling to the Quorum of the Twelve in March 2018. He is the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saint's first apostle of Asian descent. Prior to becoming a general authority, he", "id": "144653" }, { "contents": "Richard C. Edgley\n\n\nRichard Crockett Edgley (born February 6, 1936) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since October 1992. He was first counselor in the church's presiding bishopric from 1995 to 2012 and as second counselor from 1992 to 1995. He was designated as an emeritus general authority in March 2012. Born in Preston, Idaho, Edgley was called as second counselor to Presiding Bishop Robert D. Hales in 1992. In 1994, Merrill J. Bateman replaced Hales and Edgley", "id": "13615760" }, { "contents": "Gérald Caussé\n\n\nGérald Jean Caussé (born 20 May 1963) has been the Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 9 October 2015. He is the fifteenth man to serve in this position. He has been a general authority of the LDS Church since 2008 and was the first person from France appointed as a general authority. Caussé, who was born in Bordeaux, was raised as a Latter-day Saint: his parents joined the church when he was six months old, having", "id": "17565213" }, { "contents": "Tad R. Callister\n\n\nToronto East Mission. While still serving in Canada, he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in 2008. He later served first as a counselor and then as president of the Pacific Area, residing in Auckland and overseeing the operations of the LDS Church in New Zealand, Australia, and the islands of the Pacific. In 2011 he was appointed as a member of the church's seven-man Presidency of the Seventy, replacing Claudio R. M. Costa. At the church's April", "id": "18106566" }, { "contents": "Spencer J. Condie\n\n\nSpencer Joel Condie (born August 27, 1940) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. Condie previously worked as a professor at Brigham Young University (BYU) and also served as a mission president for the LDS Church in Eastern Europe. In 2010, he was designated as an emeritus general authority. Condie was born in Preston, Idaho. His family lived there until he was fifteen when they moved to Pocatello, Idaho. From 1960 to", "id": "22107545" }, { "contents": "David S. Baxter\n\n\nCouncil, and as Deputy Chairman of the East Anglian Ambulance NHS Trust. Baxter became an LDS bishop at age 25. He also served as a counselor in a stake presidency, as president of the Ipswich England Stake and as a counselor in the presidency of the England London Mission. From 2002 to 2006 he was an area seventy, which included serving as a counselor in the presidency of the church's Europe West Area from 2004 to 2006. After his call as general authority, Baxter served as a counselor in the church", "id": "19881068" }, { "contents": "Charles H. Hart\n\n\nCharles Henry Hart (July 5, 1866 – September 29, 1934) was a general authority and a member of the First Council of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Hart also served as president of the Canadian Mission of the LDS Church from 1927 to 1930. Hart was born at Bloomington, Bear Lake County, Idaho Territory. When he was called as a member of the First Council of the Seventy in April 1906 he became the first general authority born in Idaho. He died", "id": "17854573" }, { "contents": "Jay E. Jensen\n\n\nJay Edwin Jensen (born February 5, 1942) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1992. He served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from 2008 to 2012. Jensen was designated an emeritus general authority in the October 2012 general conference. Jensen was born in Payson, Utah, and raised in Mapleton, Utah. From 1961 to 1963, Jensen served as a missionary in the Spanish-American mission, concentrating on teaching", "id": "19396644" }, { "contents": "Ben B. Banks\n\n\nBenjamin Berry Banks (born April 4, 1932) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy from 1999 to 2002 and has also been president of the church's Jordan River Utah Temple. Banks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. Before becoming a general authority, Banks served in the church as a stake president and bishop. From 1987 to 1989 he was president of", "id": "5941447" }, { "contents": "Neil L. Andersen\n\n\nNeil Linden Andersen (born August 9, 1951) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was sustained by church membership as an apostle on April 4, 2009, during the church's General Conference. At the time of his call to the Twelve, Andersen had been serving as an LDS general authority since 1993, including service in the Presidency of the Seventy from 2005 to 2009. Currently, he is tenth apostle in", "id": "3244056" }, { "contents": "Ulisses Soares\n\n\nUlisses Soares (born 2 October 1958) is a Brazilian businessman and is the junior member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority since 2005 and served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from January 2013 until his calling to the Quorum of the Twelve in March 2018. He is the LDS Church's first apostle from South America, being from Brazil. As a member of the Quorum of", "id": "966446" }, { "contents": "Helio R. Camargo\n\n\nHelio da Rocha Camargo (born 1 February 1926) was the first Brazilian general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was called to the First Quorum of the Seventy in 1985 and served there for four years. In 1989, he was transferred, along with other limited-term members of the First Quorum of the Seventy to the newly created Second Quorum of the Seventy. Camargo was released as a general authority in 1990. Camargo was born in Rio de Janeiro.", "id": "148646" }, { "contents": "Presiding Bishop (LDS Church)\n\n\nThe Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) is a priesthood calling with church-wide authority. The Presiding Bishop is the highest leadership position within the church's Aaronic priesthood. Upon the Presiding Bishop's recommendation, the First Presidency calls two other men to assist the Presiding Bishop as his counselors; together these three compose the church's Presiding Bishopric. As well as being ordained to the Aaronic priesthood office of bishop, the members of the Presiding Bishopric are general authorities of the", "id": "9941304" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nLeGrand Raine Curtis, Sr. (May 22, 1924 – December 19, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 to 1995. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy; he also served as a counselor in the Young Men general presidency from 1990 to 1991 and from 1972 to 1974. Curtis was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was named after LeGrand Richards, who was bishop of the Sugar House Ward", "id": "18322018" }, { "contents": "Salomón Jaar\n\n\nHe later worked as a coordinator for the Church Educational System. Jaar was the first president of the LDS Church's Valle de Sula Honduras Stake. He later served as an area seventy and as president of the Honduras Tegucigalpa Mission of the church. He had also served as a bishop in the LDS Church. Jaar was mission president from 1993 to 1996 and an area seventy from 1996 to 2000. At the time of his death he was the bishop of the Tamarindo Ward in the Choluteca Honduras Stake. Jaar wrote the book", "id": "3544500" }, { "contents": "Horacio A. Tenorio\n\n\nHoracio Antonio Tenorio (born 6 March 1935) was the first general authority in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) of Mexican ancestry. Tenorio was born in Mexico City, Mexico. He was trained in business with graduate training in purchasing. He and his wife, Maria, were married in 1957 and are the parents of three children. In 1969, Tenorio joined the LDS Church. He began service as a stake president in 1975. He later served as a Regional representative and president", "id": "2626856" }, { "contents": "Juan A. Uceda\n\n\nJuan Alberto Uceda Andrade (born 10 July 1953) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2010. He was a member of the Presidency of the Seventy from August 2017 to August 2018. Uceda was born in Lima, Peru. He holds a degree in public relations from San Luis Gonzaga National University. Uceda converted to the LDS Church in 1972. He served as a Mormon missionary in Peru and as a stake Sunday School president, bishop, counselor", "id": "757656" }, { "contents": "W. Rolfe Kerr\n\n\nas president of the church's Texas Dallas Mission in 1993. He had been in that position since 1985. Kerr also served in the LDS Church as a stake president, bishop's counselor, high councilor, and on the Sunday School General Board. For two years in the 1960s, he was involved in helping organize the LDS Student Association. While still serving in Dallas, Kerr was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy on April 6, 1996, and was transferred to the First", "id": "7684948" }, { "contents": "Helvécio Martins\n\n\nthe announcement that the LDS Church was lifting the priesthood ban. After Martins received the priesthood and his temple ordinances, he served in the church as a bishop, counselor to a stake president, and as president of the Brazil Fortaleza Mission. In April 1990, church president Ezra Taft Benson called Martins as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. Martins became the first black general authority in the LDS Church. After serving a standard five-year term as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy, Martins", "id": "463547" }, { "contents": "Edward Stevenson\n\n\nEdward Stevenson (May 1, 1820 – January 27, 1897) was a prominent Mormon missionary of the 19th century. He also served as a general authority in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as one of the seven presidents of the Seventy. Stevenson was born in Gibraltar to British parents. His family moved to the United States when he was young. As a young man, he was living in Pontiac, Michigan when he was contacted by a group of Latter Day Saint missionaries", "id": "10615780" }, { "contents": "Eldred G. Smith\n\n\nEldred Gee Smith (January 9, 1907 – April 4, 2013) was the patriarch emeritus of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and held the calling of Patriarch to the Church from 1947 to 1979, the last to hold the office. He was the oldest and longest-serving general authority of the church at his death, although he had not been active in that capacity for many years. Smith's father was Hyrum G. Smith, the Presiding Patriarch of the LDS Church from", "id": "19636038" }, { "contents": "Jay E. Jensen\n\n\n. He was the director of scripture coordination for the church's Curriculum Department at the time of his call as a general authority. He previously worked for the Church Educational System as a seminary teacher and director of curriculum. Jensen was also the director of training for the church's Missionary Department for a period of time. Jensen has served in the LDS Church as a bishop, branch president, counselor in the Missionary Training Center presidency, and was president of the church's Colombia Cali Mission from 1975 to 1978. Jensen was", "id": "19396646" }, { "contents": "David F. Evans\n\n\nDavid Frewin Evans (born August 11, 1951) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2005. Evans was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He grew up in Los Angeles, California, where his father David C. Evans worked for Bendix Corporation. His mother, Joy F. Evans, served as a counselor to Barbara W. Winder in the Relief Society General Presidency from 1984 to 1990. Evans served as a missionary in the church's Japan Mission", "id": "21504391" }, { "contents": "Octaviano Tenorio\n\n\nthe Mexico City Temple. He was serving in this position at the time of his call as a general authority. Tenorio has served in the LDS Church as a branch president, stake clerk, stake mission president, counselor in a [[stake presidency]], [[stake president]] and twice as a regional representative (one time beginning in 1993). He was a sealer in the Mexico City Temple when it opened. He also served as [[Mission president|president]] of the Mexico [[Tuxtla", "id": "20053600" }, { "contents": "Merrill J. Bateman\n\n\nMerrill Joseph Bateman (born June 19, 1936) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1992, originally as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. He is currently an emeritus general authority. From 2003 to 2007, Bateman was a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy. He was president of Brigham Young University (BYU) from January 1, 1996, until May 1, 2003, and was the church's twelfth presiding", "id": "4817384" }, { "contents": "William Grant Bangerter\n\n\nWilliam Grant Bangerter (June 8, 1918 – April 18, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1975 until his death. Bangerter was born in Granger, Utah. From 1939 to 1941, he served as a Mormon missionary in Brazil. After his mission he graduated from the University of Utah and became a building contractor. In the LDS Church, Bangerter served as a bishop in Granger and was later president of the church's North Jordan Stake", "id": "8315713" }, { "contents": "Robert E. Sackley\n\n\nRobert Edward Sackley (17 December 1922 – 22 February 1993) was an educational administrator in Canada and was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1989 until his death. Sackley was the first native Australian to serve as an LDS Church general authority. Born in Lismore, New South Wales, Australia, Sackley was a member of the Northern New Guinea 5th Commando Squadron of the Australian Defence Force during the Second World War. On 25 December 1944, Sackley was severely", "id": "564713" }, { "contents": "David E. Sorensen\n\n\nDavid Eugene Sorensen (June 29, 1933 – August 26, 2014) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1992 until his death. He served in the First and Second Quorums of the Seventy and as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. He was the executive director of the church's Temple Department during the temple building boom of the late 1990s and early 2000s. Sorensen was born in Aurora, Utah. He grew up working on the family", "id": "1861260" }, { "contents": "Ronald E. Poelman\n\n\nRonald Eugene Poelman (May 10, 1928 – November 19, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1978 until his death. In 1984, he delivered a controversial sermon in the LDS Church's general conference which the church redacted before publishing. Poelman was born in Salt Lake City, Utah to a Latter-day Saint family. As a young man, he served as a Mormon missionary in the LDS Church's Netherlands Mission. He began his", "id": "4765396" }, { "contents": "Merlin R. Lybbert\n\n\nMerlin Rex Lybbert (31 January 1926 – 6 July 2001) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1989 to 1994. From 1992 to 1994, Lybbert was the thirteenth general president of the LDS Church's Sunday School. Lybbert was born in Cardston, Alberta, Canada. After a short period of service in the Canadian Army near the end of World War II, Lybbert served as a missionary in the church's Eastern States Mission. After his mission,", "id": "4321885" }, { "contents": "David E. Sorensen\n\n\nwork full time to overcome debt associated with the family ranch before receiving a degree. Sorensen spent his career as a business owner, operating a healthcare services company while living in California.. He previously served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and as president of the Canada Halifax Mission. He also served as vice chair of the Nevada Community Bank in Las Vegas, Nevada. Sorensen was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in June 1992. He was transferred to the", "id": "1861262" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nThe following individuals are the current general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Included are the individuals' hierarchical position and some of their current specialized assignments in the church, if any. Note: On April 5, 2018, the First Presidency announced that area presidencies were being reinstated for those 10 areas within the United States and Canada, and that the members of the Presidency of the Seventy would be relieved of responsibility for those areas, to enable them to assist the apostles", "id": "311521" }, { "contents": "A. Laurence Lyon\n\n\nA. Laurence Lyon (1934–2006) was a composer of music, usually sacred music with a Latter-day Saint theme. He also served for 30 years as a professor at Western Oregon University. Lyon was born in Rotterdam, Netherlands where his father, T. Edgar Lyon was serving as president of the Netherlands Mission of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Lyon created his first composition at 12. He was first called as an organist for a congregation of the LDS Church when he was", "id": "11731771" }, { "contents": "H. David Burton\n\n\nHarold David Burton (born April 25, 1938) was the thirteenth Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1995 to 2012. He has been a general authority of the LDS Church since October 1992. Born in Salt Lake City, Utah to Latter-day Saint parents, Burton graduated from South High School in 1956 and then served as a missionary for the LDS Church in southern Australia in the late 1950s. He graduated from the University of Utah with a bachelor's", "id": "13615748" }, { "contents": "J. Richard Clarke\n\n\n. He also returned to South Africa as the president of the church's South Africa Cape Town Mission. In 1976, Clarke became the second counselor to presiding bishop Victor L. Brown. He served in this capacity until Brown was released in 1985. Clarke was retained as a general authority and became a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. He became a member of the Presidency of the Seventy in 1988, and served in that capacity until 1997, when he was released and given general authority emeritus status. From 1998", "id": "8108721" }, { "contents": "Alan C. Ashton\n\n\nThe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a grandson of former church president David O. McKay. He served as a missionary in Central Germany as a young man. Ashton later married Karen Jackman Ashton; they are the parents of 11 children. He has served in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as a bishop, stake president, and as president of the Canada Toronto West Mission from 2004 to 2007. From 2013 to 2016, Ashton and his wife served as the president and matron of", "id": "3127903" }, { "contents": "Paul K. Sybrowsky\n\n\nfrom 1964 to 1966. He later served as a bishop (of the Hyde Park Ward in London, England), as a member of a stake high council, and as a counselor in a stake presidency. Sybrowsky was president of the BYU 9th Stake from 1996 until 2001, when he was succeeded by Thomas B. Griffith. From 2001 to 2004, Sybrowsky was president of the church's Canada Toronto West Mission. Sybrowsky was an LDS general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy from 2005 to 2011.", "id": "6640442" }, { "contents": "Glen L. Rudd\n\n\nGlen Larkin Rudd (May 18, 1918 – December 30, 2016) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1987 to 1992. Rudd was born and raised in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in New Zealand, where his mission president was Matthew Cowley. For part of his mission he served as secretary to, and traveling companion of, Cowley. After he returned from his mission", "id": "18942120" }, { "contents": "Thomas B. Griffith\n\n\nhis father was stationed there with the U.S. Army. He joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as a junior at Langley High School in McLean, Virginia. He served as student body president at the high school his senior year and later served a mission for the LDS Church in South Africa. He attended BYU and later became the university's General Counsel from 2000 to 2005, where he also served as president of the church's BYU 9th Stake. He previously served as bishop of", "id": "19816869" }, { "contents": "David S. Baxter\n\n\nDavid Steward Baxter (born 7 February 1955) has been a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2006. A native of Scotland, and a resident of England at the time of his call, he is only the third general authority who was native to the United Kingdom and also living there at the time of his call. Baxter joined the LDS Church along with his mother and siblings when he was twelve. Shortly after this,", "id": "19881065" }, { "contents": "Hugh W. Pinnock\n\n\nHugh Wallace Pinnock (January 15, 1934 – December 16, 2000) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1977 until his death. Pinnock was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Western States Mission. Pinnock graduated from University of Utah in 1958, where he became a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity and Owl and Key. Prior to his call to the First", "id": "8519001" }, { "contents": "Lowell M. Snow\n\n\nLowell Miller Snow (born January 2, 1944) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2005 to 2011. Snow was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and in 2006 became the president of the Africa West Area of the church. Snow is a descendant of Erastus Snow and grew up in St. George, Utah. He served as a LDS Church missionary in Germany and then attended Brigham Young University, where he met his wife Tamara. Snow", "id": "12412841" }, { "contents": "Tad R. Callister\n\n\nTad Richards Callister (born December 17, 1945) was the 21st Sunday School General President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from April 2014 to April 2019. He served previously in the church as a general authority from 2008 to 2014, including as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy from August 2011 to April 2014. Callister was born in Glendale, California to Effie Norine Richards and Reed Eddington Callister. His parents were both natives of Salt Lake City. Reed Callister served", "id": "18106563" }, { "contents": "L. Whitney Clayton\n\n\nLyndon Whitney Clayton III (born February 24, 1950) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He has been a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy since 2008 and its senior president since 2015. Clayton was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and attended the University of Utah. He served as a full-time missionary of the LDS Church in Peru. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in finance and earned a", "id": "17564673" }, { "contents": "Henry D. Taylor\n\n\nHenry Dixon Taylor (November 22, 1903 – February 24, 1987) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1958 until his death. Taylor was born in Provo, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Eastern States Mission. During his mission, Taylor was the president of the church's Connecticut District. Taylor received a bachelor's degree from Brigham Young University (BYU) and a master's degree", "id": "2477100" }, { "contents": "Gilbert W. Scharffs\n\n\nGilbert Woodrow Scharffs (June 27, 1930 - February 26, 2015) was a Latter-day Saint religious educator and author. Scharffs was born to Fritz and Louise Scharffs and raised in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He served as a missionary in the East German Mission of the LDS Church in the late 1950s, where he served as editor for publications and later second counselor to the Mission President. In 1959 he was married in the Salt Lake Temple to Laura Virginia Smith", "id": "7526873" }, { "contents": "Donald L. Hallstrom\n\n\nDonald Larry Hallstrom (born July 27, 1949) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2000. From 2009 to 2017, he served as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. Hallstrom was born to James Emerson Hallstrom and Betty Jo (née Lambert) in and grew up in Honolulu. As a young man he enjoyed several sports, including basketball and surfing. He served as a missionary of the LDS Church in the England Central Mission from", "id": "13616701" }, { "contents": "Steven E. Snow\n\n\nSteven Erastus Snow (born November 23, 1949) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He currently serves as the Church Historian and Recorder, as well as executive director of the Church History Department. Snow was born in St. George, Utah into a Latter-day Saint family. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in West Germany. Prior to his call as a general authority, Snow was a", "id": "8979711" }, { "contents": "Richard P. Lindsay\n\n\nBrigham Young University (BYU). From 1978 to 1989 Lindsay served as managing director of Public Affairs for the LDS Church. Among other church positions, Lindsay served as a bishop and stake president. In 1989, Lindsay was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. As a member of the Seventy, he served as the first president of the church's Africa Area. After his release as a general authority in 1994, Lindsay was the LDS Church's representative in various anti-pornography", "id": "9864996" }, { "contents": "Gary E. Stevenson\n\n\n& Fitness. He has also served on the Marriott School of Management National Advisory Council and the Utah State University Foundation Board. In the LDS Church, Stevenson has served as a bishop and a counselor in a stake presidency. He served as president of the Japan Nagoya Mission from 2004 to 2007. Stevenson became a member of the LDS Church's First Quorum of the Seventy at the April 2008 general conference. During his time in the Seventy, Stevenson served both as a counselor and as president of the church's Asia North", "id": "5851945" }, { "contents": "Rey Pratt\n\n\nRey Lucero Pratt (October 11, 1878 – April 14, 1931) served The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints for 23 years as president of its Mexican Mission and for six years as a general authority. Pratt helped establish the church in Mexico and among Spanish-speaking populations in the United States and Argentina. He also translated LDS Church materials into Spanish, wrote magazine articles and spoke regularly at general conference. Pratt has at times been called the father of the Mexican mission. Pratt was born in Salt", "id": "14018370" }, { "contents": "Virginia H. Pearce\n\n\nVirginia Hinckley Pearce (born February 8, 1945) is an author and was a member of the Young Women General Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1992 to 1997. Pearce is the daughter of the church's fifteenth president, Gordon B. Hinckley. At the church's April 1992 general conference, Pearce was sustained as first counselor to Young Women general president Janette C. Hales. Pearce served in this capacity until 1997, when Hales was released and replaced by Margaret D. Nadauld", "id": "22185174" }, { "contents": "Clinton L. Cutler\n\n\nClinton Louis Cutler (December 27, 1929 – April 9, 1994) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 until his death. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and was a counselor in the church's Sunday School General Presidency. Cutler was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and received his college education at Utah State University and the University of Utah. He then worked for many years for the company that became US", "id": "6647132" }, { "contents": "Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles\n\n\nActing President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is a priesthood calling in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). In general, the position of Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is only filled when the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is called as a counselor in the First Presidency of the church. In such instances, the man who holds this calling is the most senior apostle who is \"not\" serving in the First Presidency. Additionally, a person", "id": "11037283" }, { "contents": "Ángel Abrea\n\n\nÁngel Abrea (born 13 September 1933) was the first resident of Latin America to become a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Abrea was baptized into the LDS Church in 1943, at the age of ten. He graduated from the University of Buenos Aires, and worked as an accountant at Deloitte Haskins & Sells. Prior to his call as a general authority, Abrea was the first stake president in Argentina (1966–71; 1976–78", "id": "1574870" }, { "contents": "O. Vincent Haleck\n\n\nLDS Church, Haleck has served as a bishop, high councilor, stake patriarch, and stake president. He served as president of the Samoa Apia Mission from 2008 to 2011 and was in that capacity when he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in April 2011. After becoming a general authority, Haleck moved from Pago Pago, American Samoa to Salt Lake City, Utah. From the time of his call to August 2013, he filled assignments at church headquarters. From August 2013", "id": "2350277" }, { "contents": "John R. Winder\n\n\nJohn Rex Winder (; December 11, 1821 – March 27, 1910) was a leader and general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was Second Counselor in the Presiding Bishopric from 1887 to 1901, and First Counselor in the First Presidency to church president Joseph F. Smith from 1901 until his death. He was well known for his business abilities, and influenced Heber J. Grant. He was also active in politics and the militia, participating in the Utah War and the", "id": "1621863" }, { "contents": "Howard W. Hunter\n\n\nHoward William Hunter (November 14, 1907 – March 3, 1995) was an American lawyer and was the 14th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1994 to 1995. His nine-month presidential tenure is the shortest in the church's history. Hunter was the first president of the LDS Church born in the 20th century and the last to die in it. He was sustained as an LDS apostle at the age of 51, and served as a general authority for", "id": "21828472" }, { "contents": "Thomas J. Parmley\n\n\n, he worked as a chemist for the U.S. Smeltering Company. In 1923 he married LaVern W. Parmley who served as general president of the Primary of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He then earned his Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1927. Prior to joining the faculty of the University of Utah, Parmley was involved in cyclotron research at the University of California, Berkeley. While there he was the lead author of the paper \"The Radioactives of some high-mass isotopes of Cobalt", "id": "8525048" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\n. When the first General Authorities were given emeritus status, N. Eldon Tanner of the First Presidency provided the following explanation: \"The very rapid growth of the Church across the world, with the attendant increase in travel and responsibility, has made it necessary to consider a change in the status for some of the Brethren of the General Authorities. Some of our associates have served for many years with complete and unselfish dedication, and they deserve every honor and recognition for such devoted service. It is felt advisable at this time to", "id": "311523" }, { "contents": "Nicholas G. Smith\n\n\nNicholas Groesbeck Smith (June 20, 1881 – October 27, 1945) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, Smith was the son of LDS Church apostle John Henry Smith and Josephine Groesbeck. At age three, he went to England with his parents, where his father was serving as a church mission president. Smith was baptized by his father on his eighth birthday. From 1902 to 1905, Smith served as", "id": "463034" }, { "contents": "Keith B. McMullin\n\n\nKeith Brigham McMullin (born August 18, 1941) has been the CEO of Deseret Management Corporation since April 2012 and has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1995. He was the second counselor in the presiding bishopric of the LDS Church from 1995 to 2012, at which time he was designated an emeritus general authority of the church. Born in St. George, Utah, McMullin married Carolyn Jean Gibbs in 1964 and they are the parents of eight children and", "id": "13615804" }, { "contents": "James Rasband\n\n\nJames R. Rasband (born March 20, 1963) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since April 2019. Due to his call as a general authority, his service as Academic Vice President at Brigham Young University (BYU) ended in June 2019, a position he had held since June 2017. He previously served as dean of the J. Reuben Clark Law School (JRCLS). He has also been the Hugh W. Colton Professor of Law. Rasband received", "id": "19949796" }, { "contents": "Marion D. Hanks\n\n\nMarion Duff Hanks (October 13, 1921 – August 5, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1953 until his death. Hanks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man he served in the Northern States Mission of the LDS Church, which was headquartered in Chicago. He was in the United States Navy during World War II and received a J.D. from the University of Utah. Prior to his call as a general authority", "id": "6558935" }, { "contents": "Joseph W. McMurrin\n\n\nJoseph William McMurrin (September 5, 1858 – October 24, 1932) was a general authority and a member of the First Council of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He served as president of the California Mission of the LDS Church from 1919 until 1932. Joseph W. McMurrin was married to Mary Ellen Hunter on April 1, 1880 and had seven children. McMurrin was born in Tooele, Utah Territory. He was sustained one of the First Council of the Seventy on October 5,", "id": "17854595" }, { "contents": "W. Rolfe Kerr\n\n\nWilliam Rolfe Kerr (born June 29, 1935) is an emeritus general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He served previously as the fifteenth Commissioner of Church Education and as president of the Logan Utah Temple. Kerr was born in Tremonton, Utah, and grew up on a farm. He earned a bachelor’s degree in agriculture from Utah State University (USU), where he was also the quarterback on the football team. intending to spend his life farming, until", "id": "7684945" }, { "contents": "Hartman Rector Jr.\n\n\nHartman Rector Jr. (August 20, 1924 – November 6, 2018) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1968 until his death. He was one of the first adult converts to the LDS Church to become a general authority during the second half of the 20th century. Rector served as a member of the First Council of the Seventy from 1968 to 1976 and as a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy from 1976 to 1994. Rector was born", "id": "11492764" }, { "contents": "Gerald N. Lund\n\n\n-fiction works for Latter-Day Saints, including, \"Hearing the Voice of the Lord: Principles and Patterns of Personal Revelation\" (2008) and \"The Coming of the Lord\" (reprint 2005). Lund and his wife, Lynn, are the parents of seven children. Lund has also written poems that his wife has set to music. Before becoming a general authority, he worked in the LDS Church Educational System. He served in the church as a stake president, bishop and branch president at the", "id": "20477214" }, { "contents": "F. Melvin Hammond\n\n\nFloyd Melvin (\"Mel\") Hammond (born December 19, 1933) was an Idaho politician and has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was the nineteenth general president of the church's Young Men organization from 2001 to 2004. Hammond was born in Blackfoot, Idaho. He served as an LDS Church missionary in the Spanish–American Mission from 1954 to 1956. Hammond attended Ricks College and Brigham Young University (BYU). After", "id": "7773158" }, { "contents": "Thomas S. Monson\n\n\nspeaking proselytizing efforts in Quebec. He directed increased missionary work to immigrants from the Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Italy, Soviet Union and Hungary. Jacob de Jager, a future LDS general authority, was among the immigrant converts. Monson encouraged members to remain in eastern Canada, instead of migrating to Utah or Alberta as many members had done before, to help build the church's presence. To help encourage members to stay in Canada, increase the perception of permanence, and better reach potential converts, he started a major", "id": "17014153" }, { "contents": "James E. Faust\n\n\nJames Esdras Faust (July 31, 1920 – August 10, 2007) was an American religious leader, lawyer, and politician. Faust was Second Counselor in the First Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1995 until his death, an LDS Church apostle for 29 years, and a general authority of the church for 35 years. Faust was born to George A. Faust and Amy Finlinson in Delta, Utah. As a child, he lived in this area. His family", "id": "19825253" }, { "contents": "G. Homer Durham\n\n\nGeorge Homer Durham (February 4, 1911 – January 10, 1985) was an American academic administrator and was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1977 until his death. Durham was born in Parowan, Utah, and was raised in Salt Lake City. As a boy in grade school, he met and became lifelong friends with future LDS Church president Gordon B. Hinckley. As a young man, Durham served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the British", "id": "21588256" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nChurch in the Kansas City area. He then returned to the military, serving in the United States Navy. Among other positions, Curtis served in the LDS Church as a branch president, bishop, stake president, regional representative, stake patriarch and as president of the Florida Tallahassee Mission. After being released as a general authority, Curtis served as president of the Jordan River Utah Temple from 1996 to 1999. His son, LeGrand R. Curtis, Jr., was called as a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in", "id": "18322021" }, { "contents": "Glenn L. Pace\n\n\nfrom the Presiding Bishopric and became a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. That same year he served as the first president of the church's Australia Sydney North Mission, while also serving in the First Quorum of Seventy. In 1997 and 1998, he was a member of the general presidency of the church's Sunday School and from 2001 to 2003 he was in the general presidency of the Young Men organization. Pace was released and designated an emeritus general authority at the church's October 2010 general conference. Pace married", "id": "21590107" }, { "contents": "Marlin K. Jensen\n\n\nMarlin Keith Jensen (born May 18, 1942) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He served as the official Church Historian and Recorder of the church from 2005 to 2012. He was the 19th man to hold that calling since it was established in 1830. Jensen was made an emeritus general authority in the October 2012 general conference. Jensen was born in Huntsville, Utah. As a 19-year-old, he served as a missionary for", "id": "21271513" }, { "contents": "H. Verlan Andersen\n\n\nHans Verlan Andersen (November 6, 1914 – July 16, 1992) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and a professor at Brigham Young University (BYU). Andersen was called to the LDS Church's First Quorum of the Seventy in April 1986. On April 1, 1989 he was transferred to the newly created Second Quorum of the Seventy. On October 5, 1991, he was released from his service as a general authority. He died of cancer", "id": "20615381" }, { "contents": "Victor L. Brown\n\n\nVictor Lee Brown (31 July 1914 – 26 March 1996) was the tenth Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1972 to 1985. He was an LDS Church general authority from 1961 until his death. Brown was born in Cardston, Alberta, Canada, the son of Gerald Stephen Brown and Maggie Calder Lee. Brown received his education from the University of Utah, LDS Business College and the University of California, Berkeley. He worked in various ground operations management positions", "id": "13837425" }, { "contents": "Jack H. Goaslind\n\n\nJack H. Goaslind Jr. (April 18, 1928 – April 27, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1978 until his death. He was the seventeenth general president of the church's Young Men organization from 1990 to 1998. Goaslind was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Jack, Sr. and Anita Jane Jack. As a young man, Goaslind served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Western Canadian Mission. Goaslind had", "id": "7773235" }, { "contents": "D. Todd Christofferson\n\n\nMay 28, 1968. They are the parents of five children. Prior to becoming a general authority, Christofferson served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. At the church's April 1993 general conference, Christofferson was called as a general authority and member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. In August 1998, Christofferson became a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. As a seventy, Christofferson served as the executive director of the church's Family and Church History Department. While in", "id": "6657200" }, { "contents": "Devin Durrant\n\n\nserved in various roles in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), including president of the Texas Dallas Mission and first counselor in the church's Sunday School general presidency. Born in Brigham City, Utah, Durrant was named a McDonald's All-American in 1978 during his senior year of high school. He was captain of the Provo High School team that won a state basketball championship. Durrant attended Brigham Young University (BYU) where he played basketball and started every game of his collegiate", "id": "15721443" }, { "contents": "F. Melvin Hammond\n\n\ngraduating from BYU, Hammond became a professor of religion at Ricks College in 1966. He was a member of the Idaho House of Representatives from 1969 to 1984 and served as House Minority Leader for three terms. Before his call as a general authority, Hammond served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. In 1984, Hammond became president of the church's Bolivia Cochabamba Mission. In 1989, he became a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. In 1993, he was transferred", "id": "7773159" }, { "contents": "George P. Lee\n\n\nthe LDS Church to the Navajo Nation, known then as the \"Southwest Indian Mission\". Prior to his call as an LDS general authority, Lee held a number of priesthood leadership callings, including elders quorum president, branch president, district president, and president of the Arizona Holbrook Mission. On October 3, 1975, LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball called the 32-year-old Lee to be a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy, a position with church-wide responsibilities. He was the first Native American", "id": "10605106" }, { "contents": "Boyd K. Packer\n\n\nBoyd Kenneth Packer (September 10, 1924 – July 3, 2015) was an American religious leader and former educator, who served as president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2008 until his death. He also served as the quorum's acting president from 1994 to 2008, and was an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve from 1970 until his death. He served as a general authority of the church from 1961 until his", "id": "14808651" }, { "contents": "Elder (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\n. A quorum president, along with two counselors, is called and set apart under the direction of the stake presidency, and generally serves for a number of years. A secretary is also called to assist the president and his counselors. All adult men in the ward who are not presently serving in callings that require the ordination of high priest are assigned to the elders quorum. The title \"Elder\" is not normally used as a personal title (e.g., Elder Evans, Elder Johnson), except by the LDS Church", "id": "7053205" }, { "contents": "James O. Mason\n\n\nlater served as the American delegate to the World Health Organization. In 1994, Mason was appointed as a general authority by the LDS Church, serving in the Second Quorum of the Seventy until 2000. From 2000 to 2003, Mason was president of the church's Bountiful Utah Temple. As a young man, Mason served an LDS Church mission to Denmark. Before his appointment as a general authority, Mason served in the church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. In 1974, while serving as Church Commissioner", "id": "6162441" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nor senior president of the seventy. As of August 2018, the current Presidency of the Seventy and their areas of responsibilities are: The First Quorum of the Seventy are general authorities, meaning they have authority throughout the church. They usually serve until their 70th birthday or until their health fails them, at which time they are given emeritus status and released from active service as a general authority. Members of the First Quorum of the Seventy serve under the direction of the Quorum of the Twelve and the Presidency of the Seventy.", "id": "9800089" }, { "contents": "Robert C. Oaks\n\n\nand Chief of U.S. Air Forces Europe and NATO Central Europe in 1994 after serving 34 years. Following his retirement, Oaks was employed at U.S. Airways as Senior Vice President. In 2000, Oaks resigned from this position when he was called to serve as a general authority and member of the LDS Church's Second Quorum of the Seventy. In this capacity, Oaks served as president of the church's Africa East Area. In 2004, he was called to Presidency of the Seventy, filling a vacancy created when Dieter F. Uchtdorf", "id": "18638342" }, { "contents": "Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\narea authorities\" and \"local authorities\" and include all other Quorums of the Seventy, mission presidents, temple presidents, stake presidents, bishops, and other priesthood quorum presidents. The church has no salaried ministry; however, some general authorities receive stipends from the church, as needed, using income from church-owned investments. All local and area authorities are unpaid and continue in their normal occupations while serving in leadership positions. Although the church had a paid local clergy in the 1800s, local and regional priesthood leaders currently", "id": "17900603" }, { "contents": "Clifford E. Young\n\n\nClifford Earle Young (December 7, 1883 – August 21, 1958) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1941 until his death. Young was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of LDS Church leader Seymour B. Young. From 1905 to 1908, he served as a Mormon missionary in England and Germany. In 1928, Young became the president of the Alpine Stake of the LDS Church in Utah. In 1934, he joined the", "id": "8315768" }, { "contents": "Julie B. Beck\n\n\nJulie Bangerter Beck (born September 29, 1954) was the fifteenth general president of the Relief Society of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2007 to 2012. Born in Granger, Utah, to William Grant Bangerter and Geraldine Hamblin, Beck grew up in Utah and in São Paulo, Brazil, where her father served as a mission president for the LDS Church for five years. Beck's father would later serve as an LDS Church general authority. Beck is also the niece of", "id": "21096729" }, { "contents": "Lance B. Wickman\n\n\nLance Bradley Wickman (born November 11, 1940) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1994 and is the current general counsel of the LDS Church. In 2010, he became an emeritus general authority. Wickman was born in Seattle, Washington. He was raised in New Jersey and Glendale, California. From 1961 to 1963, Wickman was a LDS Church missionary in the church's Central British Mission. After his mission, he married Patricia Farr in", "id": "18078808" }, { "contents": "Keith K. Hilbig\n\n\nKeith Karlton Hilbig (March 12, 1942 – August 22, 2015) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2001 until his death. Prior to becoming a general authority, he was general counsel for the LDS Church in Europe. Hilbig was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. His father, Karl Herbert Hilbig, was from Zwickau, Germany who joined the LDS Church before immigrating to the United States. As a young man, Hilbig served as a missionary in", "id": "12290497" } ]

[ { "contents": "Jacob de Jager\n\n\nJacob de Jager (16 January 1923 – 25 February 2004) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was the first Dutch person to serve as a general authority. De Jager was born in the Netherlands and joined the church while living in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. His work took him to Australia, Indonesia, Mexico and Canada. His first calling in the church was hymnal coordinator which he filled honorably. He also served as elders quorum president,", "id": "12693727" }, { "contents": "Jacob de Jager\n\n\nbranch president, counselor to mission president and regional representative before his call to the First Quorum of the Seventy. In 1993, de Jager was designated an emeritus general authority and he later served as bishop of a ward in central Salt Lake City. He is one of few people to serve as a ward bishop after serving as a general authority. He died in 2004 of causes incident to age. He married Bea Lim and they had two children. They were married in Indonesia and later, after joining the LDS Church,", "id": "12693728" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nin policy or practice was announced, at the church's general conference in October 2015, those released from the Second Quorum of the Seventy were designated as emeritus general authorities for the first time. They remain general authorities until their deaths, but an emeritus general authority is not a member of a seventies quorum. John K. Carmack, the former head of the Perpetual Education Fund and W. Rolfe Kerr, a former Church Commissioner of Education, are both emeritus general authorities. Jacob de Jager served as a bishop after he was given", "id": "9800095" }, { "contents": "Glenn L. Pace\n\n\nGlenn Leroy Pace ( – ) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1985 until his death. As a general authority, he served as a counselor in the presiding bishopric and also in the First Quorum of Seventy. In 2010, he was designated an emeritus general authority. Pace was born to Kenneth LeRoy Pace and his wife, the former Elizabeth Anna Wilde, in Provo, Utah, where he was also raised. In the early 1960s, he served", "id": "21590104" }, { "contents": "J. Richard Clarke\n\n\nJohn Richard Clarke (born April 4, 1927) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1976. He has been a member of the church's presiding bishopric and a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. Clarke was born in Rexburg, Idaho. As a young man he served as an LDS Church missionary in South Africa. Prior to his call as a general authority, he served as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative in Idaho", "id": "8108720" }, { "contents": "W. Craig Zwick\n\n\nWilliam Craig Zwick (born June 10, 1947) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1995. Zwick was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He served as a missionary for the LDS Church in Argentina. Richard G. Scott of the Quorum of the Twelve was one of Zwick's mission presidents. While serving on this mission he worked on his first LDS Church chapel construction project. Prior to his call as a general authority, Zwick served as", "id": "8104324" }, { "contents": "H. Burke Peterson\n\n\nHarold Burke Peterson (September 19, 1923 – April 14, 2013) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1972 until his death. He was a counselor to the presiding bishop and a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. He became an emeritus general authority in 1993. Peterson was born in Salt Lake City, Utah and was raised in Phoenix, Arizona, where he became an Eagle Scout. Beginning in 1940, Peterson attended Phoenix College,", "id": "21001102" }, { "contents": "Orrin P. Miller\n\n\nOrrin Porter Miller (September 11, 1858 – July 7, 1918) was a member of the presiding bishopric of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1901 to his death. Born in Millcreek, Utah Territory, Miller was a local leader in the church prior to his call as a general authority. He became the bishop of the newly created Riverton Ward in Salt Lake City in 1886. Prior to serving as a bishop, he had been an elder and a seventy in the", "id": "11180481" }, { "contents": "Gerrit W. Gong\n\n\nGerrit Walter Gong (born December 23, 1953) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority since 2010 and served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from October 2015 until his calling to the Quorum of the Twelve in March 2018. He is the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saint's first apostle of Asian descent. Prior to becoming a general authority, he", "id": "144653" }, { "contents": "Richard C. Edgley\n\n\nRichard Crockett Edgley (born February 6, 1936) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since October 1992. He was first counselor in the church's presiding bishopric from 1995 to 2012 and as second counselor from 1992 to 1995. He was designated as an emeritus general authority in March 2012. Born in Preston, Idaho, Edgley was called as second counselor to Presiding Bishop Robert D. Hales in 1992. In 1994, Merrill J. Bateman replaced Hales and Edgley", "id": "13615760" }, { "contents": "Gérald Caussé\n\n\nGérald Jean Caussé (born 20 May 1963) has been the Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 9 October 2015. He is the fifteenth man to serve in this position. He has been a general authority of the LDS Church since 2008 and was the first person from France appointed as a general authority. Caussé, who was born in Bordeaux, was raised as a Latter-day Saint: his parents joined the church when he was six months old, having", "id": "17565213" }, { "contents": "Tad R. Callister\n\n\nToronto East Mission. While still serving in Canada, he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in 2008. He later served first as a counselor and then as president of the Pacific Area, residing in Auckland and overseeing the operations of the LDS Church in New Zealand, Australia, and the islands of the Pacific. In 2011 he was appointed as a member of the church's seven-man Presidency of the Seventy, replacing Claudio R. M. Costa. At the church's April", "id": "18106566" }, { "contents": "Spencer J. Condie\n\n\nSpencer Joel Condie (born August 27, 1940) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. Condie previously worked as a professor at Brigham Young University (BYU) and also served as a mission president for the LDS Church in Eastern Europe. In 2010, he was designated as an emeritus general authority. Condie was born in Preston, Idaho. His family lived there until he was fifteen when they moved to Pocatello, Idaho. From 1960 to", "id": "22107545" }, { "contents": "David S. Baxter\n\n\nCouncil, and as Deputy Chairman of the East Anglian Ambulance NHS Trust. Baxter became an LDS bishop at age 25. He also served as a counselor in a stake presidency, as president of the Ipswich England Stake and as a counselor in the presidency of the England London Mission. From 2002 to 2006 he was an area seventy, which included serving as a counselor in the presidency of the church's Europe West Area from 2004 to 2006. After his call as general authority, Baxter served as a counselor in the church", "id": "19881068" }, { "contents": "Charles H. Hart\n\n\nCharles Henry Hart (July 5, 1866 – September 29, 1934) was a general authority and a member of the First Council of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Hart also served as president of the Canadian Mission of the LDS Church from 1927 to 1930. Hart was born at Bloomington, Bear Lake County, Idaho Territory. When he was called as a member of the First Council of the Seventy in April 1906 he became the first general authority born in Idaho. He died", "id": "17854573" }, { "contents": "Jay E. Jensen\n\n\nJay Edwin Jensen (born February 5, 1942) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1992. He served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from 2008 to 2012. Jensen was designated an emeritus general authority in the October 2012 general conference. Jensen was born in Payson, Utah, and raised in Mapleton, Utah. From 1961 to 1963, Jensen served as a missionary in the Spanish-American mission, concentrating on teaching", "id": "19396644" }, { "contents": "Ben B. Banks\n\n\nBenjamin Berry Banks (born April 4, 1932) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy from 1999 to 2002 and has also been president of the church's Jordan River Utah Temple. Banks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. Before becoming a general authority, Banks served in the church as a stake president and bishop. From 1987 to 1989 he was president of", "id": "5941447" }, { "contents": "Neil L. Andersen\n\n\nNeil Linden Andersen (born August 9, 1951) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was sustained by church membership as an apostle on April 4, 2009, during the church's General Conference. At the time of his call to the Twelve, Andersen had been serving as an LDS general authority since 1993, including service in the Presidency of the Seventy from 2005 to 2009. Currently, he is tenth apostle in", "id": "3244056" }, { "contents": "Ulisses Soares\n\n\nUlisses Soares (born 2 October 1958) is a Brazilian businessman and is the junior member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority since 2005 and served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from January 2013 until his calling to the Quorum of the Twelve in March 2018. He is the LDS Church's first apostle from South America, being from Brazil. As a member of the Quorum of", "id": "966446" }, { "contents": "Helio R. Camargo\n\n\nHelio da Rocha Camargo (born 1 February 1926) was the first Brazilian general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was called to the First Quorum of the Seventy in 1985 and served there for four years. In 1989, he was transferred, along with other limited-term members of the First Quorum of the Seventy to the newly created Second Quorum of the Seventy. Camargo was released as a general authority in 1990. Camargo was born in Rio de Janeiro.", "id": "148646" }, { "contents": "Presiding Bishop (LDS Church)\n\n\nThe Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) is a priesthood calling with church-wide authority. The Presiding Bishop is the highest leadership position within the church's Aaronic priesthood. Upon the Presiding Bishop's recommendation, the First Presidency calls two other men to assist the Presiding Bishop as his counselors; together these three compose the church's Presiding Bishopric. As well as being ordained to the Aaronic priesthood office of bishop, the members of the Presiding Bishopric are general authorities of the", "id": "9941304" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nLeGrand Raine Curtis, Sr. (May 22, 1924 – December 19, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 to 1995. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy; he also served as a counselor in the Young Men general presidency from 1990 to 1991 and from 1972 to 1974. Curtis was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was named after LeGrand Richards, who was bishop of the Sugar House Ward", "id": "18322018" }, { "contents": "Salomón Jaar\n\n\nHe later worked as a coordinator for the Church Educational System. Jaar was the first president of the LDS Church's Valle de Sula Honduras Stake. He later served as an area seventy and as president of the Honduras Tegucigalpa Mission of the church. He had also served as a bishop in the LDS Church. Jaar was mission president from 1993 to 1996 and an area seventy from 1996 to 2000. At the time of his death he was the bishop of the Tamarindo Ward in the Choluteca Honduras Stake. Jaar wrote the book", "id": "3544500" }, { "contents": "Horacio A. Tenorio\n\n\nHoracio Antonio Tenorio (born 6 March 1935) was the first general authority in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) of Mexican ancestry. Tenorio was born in Mexico City, Mexico. He was trained in business with graduate training in purchasing. He and his wife, Maria, were married in 1957 and are the parents of three children. In 1969, Tenorio joined the LDS Church. He began service as a stake president in 1975. He later served as a Regional representative and president", "id": "2626856" }, { "contents": "Juan A. Uceda\n\n\nJuan Alberto Uceda Andrade (born 10 July 1953) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2010. He was a member of the Presidency of the Seventy from August 2017 to August 2018. Uceda was born in Lima, Peru. He holds a degree in public relations from San Luis Gonzaga National University. Uceda converted to the LDS Church in 1972. He served as a Mormon missionary in Peru and as a stake Sunday School president, bishop, counselor", "id": "757656" }, { "contents": "W. Rolfe Kerr\n\n\nas president of the church's Texas Dallas Mission in 1993. He had been in that position since 1985. Kerr also served in the LDS Church as a stake president, bishop's counselor, high councilor, and on the Sunday School General Board. For two years in the 1960s, he was involved in helping organize the LDS Student Association. While still serving in Dallas, Kerr was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy on April 6, 1996, and was transferred to the First", "id": "7684948" }, { "contents": "Helvécio Martins\n\n\nthe announcement that the LDS Church was lifting the priesthood ban. After Martins received the priesthood and his temple ordinances, he served in the church as a bishop, counselor to a stake president, and as president of the Brazil Fortaleza Mission. In April 1990, church president Ezra Taft Benson called Martins as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. Martins became the first black general authority in the LDS Church. After serving a standard five-year term as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy, Martins", "id": "463547" }, { "contents": "Edward Stevenson\n\n\nEdward Stevenson (May 1, 1820 – January 27, 1897) was a prominent Mormon missionary of the 19th century. He also served as a general authority in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as one of the seven presidents of the Seventy. Stevenson was born in Gibraltar to British parents. His family moved to the United States when he was young. As a young man, he was living in Pontiac, Michigan when he was contacted by a group of Latter Day Saint missionaries", "id": "10615780" }, { "contents": "Eldred G. Smith\n\n\nEldred Gee Smith (January 9, 1907 – April 4, 2013) was the patriarch emeritus of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and held the calling of Patriarch to the Church from 1947 to 1979, the last to hold the office. He was the oldest and longest-serving general authority of the church at his death, although he had not been active in that capacity for many years. Smith's father was Hyrum G. Smith, the Presiding Patriarch of the LDS Church from", "id": "19636038" }, { "contents": "Jay E. Jensen\n\n\n. He was the director of scripture coordination for the church's Curriculum Department at the time of his call as a general authority. He previously worked for the Church Educational System as a seminary teacher and director of curriculum. Jensen was also the director of training for the church's Missionary Department for a period of time. Jensen has served in the LDS Church as a bishop, branch president, counselor in the Missionary Training Center presidency, and was president of the church's Colombia Cali Mission from 1975 to 1978. Jensen was", "id": "19396646" }, { "contents": "David F. Evans\n\n\nDavid Frewin Evans (born August 11, 1951) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2005. Evans was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He grew up in Los Angeles, California, where his father David C. Evans worked for Bendix Corporation. His mother, Joy F. Evans, served as a counselor to Barbara W. Winder in the Relief Society General Presidency from 1984 to 1990. Evans served as a missionary in the church's Japan Mission", "id": "21504391" }, { "contents": "Octaviano Tenorio\n\n\nthe Mexico City Temple. He was serving in this position at the time of his call as a general authority. Tenorio has served in the LDS Church as a branch president, stake clerk, stake mission president, counselor in a [[stake presidency]], [[stake president]] and twice as a regional representative (one time beginning in 1993). He was a sealer in the Mexico City Temple when it opened. He also served as [[Mission president|president]] of the Mexico [[Tuxtla", "id": "20053600" }, { "contents": "Merrill J. Bateman\n\n\nMerrill Joseph Bateman (born June 19, 1936) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1992, originally as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. He is currently an emeritus general authority. From 2003 to 2007, Bateman was a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy. He was president of Brigham Young University (BYU) from January 1, 1996, until May 1, 2003, and was the church's twelfth presiding", "id": "4817384" }, { "contents": "William Grant Bangerter\n\n\nWilliam Grant Bangerter (June 8, 1918 – April 18, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1975 until his death. Bangerter was born in Granger, Utah. From 1939 to 1941, he served as a Mormon missionary in Brazil. After his mission he graduated from the University of Utah and became a building contractor. In the LDS Church, Bangerter served as a bishop in Granger and was later president of the church's North Jordan Stake", "id": "8315713" }, { "contents": "Robert E. Sackley\n\n\nRobert Edward Sackley (17 December 1922 – 22 February 1993) was an educational administrator in Canada and was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1989 until his death. Sackley was the first native Australian to serve as an LDS Church general authority. Born in Lismore, New South Wales, Australia, Sackley was a member of the Northern New Guinea 5th Commando Squadron of the Australian Defence Force during the Second World War. On 25 December 1944, Sackley was severely", "id": "564713" }, { "contents": "David E. Sorensen\n\n\nDavid Eugene Sorensen (June 29, 1933 – August 26, 2014) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1992 until his death. He served in the First and Second Quorums of the Seventy and as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. He was the executive director of the church's Temple Department during the temple building boom of the late 1990s and early 2000s. Sorensen was born in Aurora, Utah. He grew up working on the family", "id": "1861260" }, { "contents": "Ronald E. Poelman\n\n\nRonald Eugene Poelman (May 10, 1928 – November 19, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1978 until his death. In 1984, he delivered a controversial sermon in the LDS Church's general conference which the church redacted before publishing. Poelman was born in Salt Lake City, Utah to a Latter-day Saint family. As a young man, he served as a Mormon missionary in the LDS Church's Netherlands Mission. He began his", "id": "4765396" }, { "contents": "Merlin R. Lybbert\n\n\nMerlin Rex Lybbert (31 January 1926 – 6 July 2001) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1989 to 1994. From 1992 to 1994, Lybbert was the thirteenth general president of the LDS Church's Sunday School. Lybbert was born in Cardston, Alberta, Canada. After a short period of service in the Canadian Army near the end of World War II, Lybbert served as a missionary in the church's Eastern States Mission. After his mission,", "id": "4321885" }, { "contents": "David E. Sorensen\n\n\nwork full time to overcome debt associated with the family ranch before receiving a degree. Sorensen spent his career as a business owner, operating a healthcare services company while living in California.. He previously served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and as president of the Canada Halifax Mission. He also served as vice chair of the Nevada Community Bank in Las Vegas, Nevada. Sorensen was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in June 1992. He was transferred to the", "id": "1861262" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nThe following individuals are the current general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Included are the individuals' hierarchical position and some of their current specialized assignments in the church, if any. Note: On April 5, 2018, the First Presidency announced that area presidencies were being reinstated for those 10 areas within the United States and Canada, and that the members of the Presidency of the Seventy would be relieved of responsibility for those areas, to enable them to assist the apostles", "id": "311521" }, { "contents": "A. Laurence Lyon\n\n\nA. Laurence Lyon (1934–2006) was a composer of music, usually sacred music with a Latter-day Saint theme. He also served for 30 years as a professor at Western Oregon University. Lyon was born in Rotterdam, Netherlands where his father, T. Edgar Lyon was serving as president of the Netherlands Mission of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Lyon created his first composition at 12. He was first called as an organist for a congregation of the LDS Church when he was", "id": "11731771" }, { "contents": "H. David Burton\n\n\nHarold David Burton (born April 25, 1938) was the thirteenth Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1995 to 2012. He has been a general authority of the LDS Church since October 1992. Born in Salt Lake City, Utah to Latter-day Saint parents, Burton graduated from South High School in 1956 and then served as a missionary for the LDS Church in southern Australia in the late 1950s. He graduated from the University of Utah with a bachelor's", "id": "13615748" }, { "contents": "J. Richard Clarke\n\n\n. He also returned to South Africa as the president of the church's South Africa Cape Town Mission. In 1976, Clarke became the second counselor to presiding bishop Victor L. Brown. He served in this capacity until Brown was released in 1985. Clarke was retained as a general authority and became a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. He became a member of the Presidency of the Seventy in 1988, and served in that capacity until 1997, when he was released and given general authority emeritus status. From 1998", "id": "8108721" }, { "contents": "Alan C. Ashton\n\n\nThe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a grandson of former church president David O. McKay. He served as a missionary in Central Germany as a young man. Ashton later married Karen Jackman Ashton; they are the parents of 11 children. He has served in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as a bishop, stake president, and as president of the Canada Toronto West Mission from 2004 to 2007. From 2013 to 2016, Ashton and his wife served as the president and matron of", "id": "3127903" }, { "contents": "Paul K. Sybrowsky\n\n\nfrom 1964 to 1966. He later served as a bishop (of the Hyde Park Ward in London, England), as a member of a stake high council, and as a counselor in a stake presidency. Sybrowsky was president of the BYU 9th Stake from 1996 until 2001, when he was succeeded by Thomas B. Griffith. From 2001 to 2004, Sybrowsky was president of the church's Canada Toronto West Mission. Sybrowsky was an LDS general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy from 2005 to 2011.", "id": "6640442" }, { "contents": "Glen L. Rudd\n\n\nGlen Larkin Rudd (May 18, 1918 – December 30, 2016) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1987 to 1992. Rudd was born and raised in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in New Zealand, where his mission president was Matthew Cowley. For part of his mission he served as secretary to, and traveling companion of, Cowley. After he returned from his mission", "id": "18942120" }, { "contents": "Thomas B. Griffith\n\n\nhis father was stationed there with the U.S. Army. He joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as a junior at Langley High School in McLean, Virginia. He served as student body president at the high school his senior year and later served a mission for the LDS Church in South Africa. He attended BYU and later became the university's General Counsel from 2000 to 2005, where he also served as president of the church's BYU 9th Stake. He previously served as bishop of", "id": "19816869" }, { "contents": "David S. Baxter\n\n\nDavid Steward Baxter (born 7 February 1955) has been a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2006. A native of Scotland, and a resident of England at the time of his call, he is only the third general authority who was native to the United Kingdom and also living there at the time of his call. Baxter joined the LDS Church along with his mother and siblings when he was twelve. Shortly after this,", "id": "19881065" }, { "contents": "Hugh W. Pinnock\n\n\nHugh Wallace Pinnock (January 15, 1934 – December 16, 2000) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1977 until his death. Pinnock was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Western States Mission. Pinnock graduated from University of Utah in 1958, where he became a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity and Owl and Key. Prior to his call to the First", "id": "8519001" }, { "contents": "Lowell M. Snow\n\n\nLowell Miller Snow (born January 2, 1944) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2005 to 2011. Snow was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and in 2006 became the president of the Africa West Area of the church. Snow is a descendant of Erastus Snow and grew up in St. George, Utah. He served as a LDS Church missionary in Germany and then attended Brigham Young University, where he met his wife Tamara. Snow", "id": "12412841" }, { "contents": "Tad R. Callister\n\n\nTad Richards Callister (born December 17, 1945) was the 21st Sunday School General President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from April 2014 to April 2019. He served previously in the church as a general authority from 2008 to 2014, including as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy from August 2011 to April 2014. Callister was born in Glendale, California to Effie Norine Richards and Reed Eddington Callister. His parents were both natives of Salt Lake City. Reed Callister served", "id": "18106563" }, { "contents": "L. Whitney Clayton\n\n\nLyndon Whitney Clayton III (born February 24, 1950) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He has been a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy since 2008 and its senior president since 2015. Clayton was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and attended the University of Utah. He served as a full-time missionary of the LDS Church in Peru. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in finance and earned a", "id": "17564673" }, { "contents": "Henry D. Taylor\n\n\nHenry Dixon Taylor (November 22, 1903 – February 24, 1987) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1958 until his death. Taylor was born in Provo, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Eastern States Mission. During his mission, Taylor was the president of the church's Connecticut District. Taylor received a bachelor's degree from Brigham Young University (BYU) and a master's degree", "id": "2477100" }, { "contents": "Gilbert W. Scharffs\n\n\nGilbert Woodrow Scharffs (June 27, 1930 - February 26, 2015) was a Latter-day Saint religious educator and author. Scharffs was born to Fritz and Louise Scharffs and raised in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He served as a missionary in the East German Mission of the LDS Church in the late 1950s, where he served as editor for publications and later second counselor to the Mission President. In 1959 he was married in the Salt Lake Temple to Laura Virginia Smith", "id": "7526873" }, { "contents": "Donald L. Hallstrom\n\n\nDonald Larry Hallstrom (born July 27, 1949) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2000. From 2009 to 2017, he served as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. Hallstrom was born to James Emerson Hallstrom and Betty Jo (née Lambert) in and grew up in Honolulu. As a young man he enjoyed several sports, including basketball and surfing. He served as a missionary of the LDS Church in the England Central Mission from", "id": "13616701" }, { "contents": "Steven E. Snow\n\n\nSteven Erastus Snow (born November 23, 1949) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He currently serves as the Church Historian and Recorder, as well as executive director of the Church History Department. Snow was born in St. George, Utah into a Latter-day Saint family. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in West Germany. Prior to his call as a general authority, Snow was a", "id": "8979711" }, { "contents": "Richard P. Lindsay\n\n\nBrigham Young University (BYU). From 1978 to 1989 Lindsay served as managing director of Public Affairs for the LDS Church. Among other church positions, Lindsay served as a bishop and stake president. In 1989, Lindsay was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. As a member of the Seventy, he served as the first president of the church's Africa Area. After his release as a general authority in 1994, Lindsay was the LDS Church's representative in various anti-pornography", "id": "9864996" }, { "contents": "Gary E. Stevenson\n\n\n& Fitness. He has also served on the Marriott School of Management National Advisory Council and the Utah State University Foundation Board. In the LDS Church, Stevenson has served as a bishop and a counselor in a stake presidency. He served as president of the Japan Nagoya Mission from 2004 to 2007. Stevenson became a member of the LDS Church's First Quorum of the Seventy at the April 2008 general conference. During his time in the Seventy, Stevenson served both as a counselor and as president of the church's Asia North", "id": "5851945" }, { "contents": "Rey Pratt\n\n\nRey Lucero Pratt (October 11, 1878 – April 14, 1931) served The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints for 23 years as president of its Mexican Mission and for six years as a general authority. Pratt helped establish the church in Mexico and among Spanish-speaking populations in the United States and Argentina. He also translated LDS Church materials into Spanish, wrote magazine articles and spoke regularly at general conference. Pratt has at times been called the father of the Mexican mission. Pratt was born in Salt", "id": "14018370" }, { "contents": "Virginia H. Pearce\n\n\nVirginia Hinckley Pearce (born February 8, 1945) is an author and was a member of the Young Women General Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1992 to 1997. Pearce is the daughter of the church's fifteenth president, Gordon B. Hinckley. At the church's April 1992 general conference, Pearce was sustained as first counselor to Young Women general president Janette C. Hales. Pearce served in this capacity until 1997, when Hales was released and replaced by Margaret D. Nadauld", "id": "22185174" }, { "contents": "Clinton L. Cutler\n\n\nClinton Louis Cutler (December 27, 1929 – April 9, 1994) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 until his death. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and was a counselor in the church's Sunday School General Presidency. Cutler was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and received his college education at Utah State University and the University of Utah. He then worked for many years for the company that became US", "id": "6647132" }, { "contents": "Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles\n\n\nActing President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is a priesthood calling in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). In general, the position of Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is only filled when the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is called as a counselor in the First Presidency of the church. In such instances, the man who holds this calling is the most senior apostle who is \"not\" serving in the First Presidency. Additionally, a person", "id": "11037283" }, { "contents": "Ángel Abrea\n\n\nÁngel Abrea (born 13 September 1933) was the first resident of Latin America to become a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Abrea was baptized into the LDS Church in 1943, at the age of ten. He graduated from the University of Buenos Aires, and worked as an accountant at Deloitte Haskins & Sells. Prior to his call as a general authority, Abrea was the first stake president in Argentina (1966–71; 1976–78", "id": "1574870" }, { "contents": "O. Vincent Haleck\n\n\nLDS Church, Haleck has served as a bishop, high councilor, stake patriarch, and stake president. He served as president of the Samoa Apia Mission from 2008 to 2011 and was in that capacity when he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in April 2011. After becoming a general authority, Haleck moved from Pago Pago, American Samoa to Salt Lake City, Utah. From the time of his call to August 2013, he filled assignments at church headquarters. From August 2013", "id": "2350277" }, { "contents": "John R. Winder\n\n\nJohn Rex Winder (; December 11, 1821 – March 27, 1910) was a leader and general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was Second Counselor in the Presiding Bishopric from 1887 to 1901, and First Counselor in the First Presidency to church president Joseph F. Smith from 1901 until his death. He was well known for his business abilities, and influenced Heber J. Grant. He was also active in politics and the militia, participating in the Utah War and the", "id": "1621863" }, { "contents": "Howard W. Hunter\n\n\nHoward William Hunter (November 14, 1907 – March 3, 1995) was an American lawyer and was the 14th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1994 to 1995. His nine-month presidential tenure is the shortest in the church's history. Hunter was the first president of the LDS Church born in the 20th century and the last to die in it. He was sustained as an LDS apostle at the age of 51, and served as a general authority for", "id": "21828472" }, { "contents": "Thomas J. Parmley\n\n\n, he worked as a chemist for the U.S. Smeltering Company. In 1923 he married LaVern W. Parmley who served as general president of the Primary of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He then earned his Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1927. Prior to joining the faculty of the University of Utah, Parmley was involved in cyclotron research at the University of California, Berkeley. While there he was the lead author of the paper \"The Radioactives of some high-mass isotopes of Cobalt", "id": "8525048" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\n. When the first General Authorities were given emeritus status, N. Eldon Tanner of the First Presidency provided the following explanation: \"The very rapid growth of the Church across the world, with the attendant increase in travel and responsibility, has made it necessary to consider a change in the status for some of the Brethren of the General Authorities. Some of our associates have served for many years with complete and unselfish dedication, and they deserve every honor and recognition for such devoted service. It is felt advisable at this time to", "id": "311523" }, { "contents": "Nicholas G. Smith\n\n\nNicholas Groesbeck Smith (June 20, 1881 – October 27, 1945) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, Smith was the son of LDS Church apostle John Henry Smith and Josephine Groesbeck. At age three, he went to England with his parents, where his father was serving as a church mission president. Smith was baptized by his father on his eighth birthday. From 1902 to 1905, Smith served as", "id": "463034" }, { "contents": "Keith B. McMullin\n\n\nKeith Brigham McMullin (born August 18, 1941) has been the CEO of Deseret Management Corporation since April 2012 and has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1995. He was the second counselor in the presiding bishopric of the LDS Church from 1995 to 2012, at which time he was designated an emeritus general authority of the church. Born in St. George, Utah, McMullin married Carolyn Jean Gibbs in 1964 and they are the parents of eight children and", "id": "13615804" }, { "contents": "James Rasband\n\n\nJames R. Rasband (born March 20, 1963) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since April 2019. Due to his call as a general authority, his service as Academic Vice President at Brigham Young University (BYU) ended in June 2019, a position he had held since June 2017. He previously served as dean of the J. Reuben Clark Law School (JRCLS). He has also been the Hugh W. Colton Professor of Law. Rasband received", "id": "19949796" }, { "contents": "Marion D. Hanks\n\n\nMarion Duff Hanks (October 13, 1921 – August 5, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1953 until his death. Hanks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man he served in the Northern States Mission of the LDS Church, which was headquartered in Chicago. He was in the United States Navy during World War II and received a J.D. from the University of Utah. Prior to his call as a general authority", "id": "6558935" }, { "contents": "Joseph W. McMurrin\n\n\nJoseph William McMurrin (September 5, 1858 – October 24, 1932) was a general authority and a member of the First Council of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He served as president of the California Mission of the LDS Church from 1919 until 1932. Joseph W. McMurrin was married to Mary Ellen Hunter on April 1, 1880 and had seven children. McMurrin was born in Tooele, Utah Territory. He was sustained one of the First Council of the Seventy on October 5,", "id": "17854595" }, { "contents": "W. Rolfe Kerr\n\n\nWilliam Rolfe Kerr (born June 29, 1935) is an emeritus general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He served previously as the fifteenth Commissioner of Church Education and as president of the Logan Utah Temple. Kerr was born in Tremonton, Utah, and grew up on a farm. He earned a bachelor’s degree in agriculture from Utah State University (USU), where he was also the quarterback on the football team. intending to spend his life farming, until", "id": "7684945" }, { "contents": "Hartman Rector Jr.\n\n\nHartman Rector Jr. (August 20, 1924 – November 6, 2018) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1968 until his death. He was one of the first adult converts to the LDS Church to become a general authority during the second half of the 20th century. Rector served as a member of the First Council of the Seventy from 1968 to 1976 and as a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy from 1976 to 1994. Rector was born", "id": "11492764" }, { "contents": "Gerald N. Lund\n\n\n-fiction works for Latter-Day Saints, including, \"Hearing the Voice of the Lord: Principles and Patterns of Personal Revelation\" (2008) and \"The Coming of the Lord\" (reprint 2005). Lund and his wife, Lynn, are the parents of seven children. Lund has also written poems that his wife has set to music. Before becoming a general authority, he worked in the LDS Church Educational System. He served in the church as a stake president, bishop and branch president at the", "id": "20477214" }, { "contents": "F. Melvin Hammond\n\n\nFloyd Melvin (\"Mel\") Hammond (born December 19, 1933) was an Idaho politician and has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was the nineteenth general president of the church's Young Men organization from 2001 to 2004. Hammond was born in Blackfoot, Idaho. He served as an LDS Church missionary in the Spanish–American Mission from 1954 to 1956. Hammond attended Ricks College and Brigham Young University (BYU). After", "id": "7773158" }, { "contents": "Thomas S. Monson\n\n\nspeaking proselytizing efforts in Quebec. He directed increased missionary work to immigrants from the Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Italy, Soviet Union and Hungary. Jacob de Jager, a future LDS general authority, was among the immigrant converts. Monson encouraged members to remain in eastern Canada, instead of migrating to Utah or Alberta as many members had done before, to help build the church's presence. To help encourage members to stay in Canada, increase the perception of permanence, and better reach potential converts, he started a major", "id": "17014153" }, { "contents": "James E. Faust\n\n\nJames Esdras Faust (July 31, 1920 – August 10, 2007) was an American religious leader, lawyer, and politician. Faust was Second Counselor in the First Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1995 until his death, an LDS Church apostle for 29 years, and a general authority of the church for 35 years. Faust was born to George A. Faust and Amy Finlinson in Delta, Utah. As a child, he lived in this area. His family", "id": "19825253" }, { "contents": "G. Homer Durham\n\n\nGeorge Homer Durham (February 4, 1911 – January 10, 1985) was an American academic administrator and was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1977 until his death. Durham was born in Parowan, Utah, and was raised in Salt Lake City. As a boy in grade school, he met and became lifelong friends with future LDS Church president Gordon B. Hinckley. As a young man, Durham served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the British", "id": "21588256" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nChurch in the Kansas City area. He then returned to the military, serving in the United States Navy. Among other positions, Curtis served in the LDS Church as a branch president, bishop, stake president, regional representative, stake patriarch and as president of the Florida Tallahassee Mission. After being released as a general authority, Curtis served as president of the Jordan River Utah Temple from 1996 to 1999. His son, LeGrand R. Curtis, Jr., was called as a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in", "id": "18322021" }, { "contents": "Glenn L. Pace\n\n\nfrom the Presiding Bishopric and became a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. That same year he served as the first president of the church's Australia Sydney North Mission, while also serving in the First Quorum of Seventy. In 1997 and 1998, he was a member of the general presidency of the church's Sunday School and from 2001 to 2003 he was in the general presidency of the Young Men organization. Pace was released and designated an emeritus general authority at the church's October 2010 general conference. Pace married", "id": "21590107" }, { "contents": "Marlin K. Jensen\n\n\nMarlin Keith Jensen (born May 18, 1942) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He served as the official Church Historian and Recorder of the church from 2005 to 2012. He was the 19th man to hold that calling since it was established in 1830. Jensen was made an emeritus general authority in the October 2012 general conference. Jensen was born in Huntsville, Utah. As a 19-year-old, he served as a missionary for", "id": "21271513" }, { "contents": "H. Verlan Andersen\n\n\nHans Verlan Andersen (November 6, 1914 – July 16, 1992) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and a professor at Brigham Young University (BYU). Andersen was called to the LDS Church's First Quorum of the Seventy in April 1986. On April 1, 1989 he was transferred to the newly created Second Quorum of the Seventy. On October 5, 1991, he was released from his service as a general authority. He died of cancer", "id": "20615381" }, { "contents": "Victor L. Brown\n\n\nVictor Lee Brown (31 July 1914 – 26 March 1996) was the tenth Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1972 to 1985. He was an LDS Church general authority from 1961 until his death. Brown was born in Cardston, Alberta, Canada, the son of Gerald Stephen Brown and Maggie Calder Lee. Brown received his education from the University of Utah, LDS Business College and the University of California, Berkeley. He worked in various ground operations management positions", "id": "13837425" }, { "contents": "Jack H. Goaslind\n\n\nJack H. Goaslind Jr. (April 18, 1928 – April 27, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1978 until his death. He was the seventeenth general president of the church's Young Men organization from 1990 to 1998. Goaslind was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Jack, Sr. and Anita Jane Jack. As a young man, Goaslind served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Western Canadian Mission. Goaslind had", "id": "7773235" }, { "contents": "D. Todd Christofferson\n\n\nMay 28, 1968. They are the parents of five children. Prior to becoming a general authority, Christofferson served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. At the church's April 1993 general conference, Christofferson was called as a general authority and member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. In August 1998, Christofferson became a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. As a seventy, Christofferson served as the executive director of the church's Family and Church History Department. While in", "id": "6657200" }, { "contents": "Devin Durrant\n\n\nserved in various roles in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), including president of the Texas Dallas Mission and first counselor in the church's Sunday School general presidency. Born in Brigham City, Utah, Durrant was named a McDonald's All-American in 1978 during his senior year of high school. He was captain of the Provo High School team that won a state basketball championship. Durrant attended Brigham Young University (BYU) where he played basketball and started every game of his collegiate", "id": "15721443" }, { "contents": "F. Melvin Hammond\n\n\ngraduating from BYU, Hammond became a professor of religion at Ricks College in 1966. He was a member of the Idaho House of Representatives from 1969 to 1984 and served as House Minority Leader for three terms. Before his call as a general authority, Hammond served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. In 1984, Hammond became president of the church's Bolivia Cochabamba Mission. In 1989, he became a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. In 1993, he was transferred", "id": "7773159" }, { "contents": "George P. Lee\n\n\nthe LDS Church to the Navajo Nation, known then as the \"Southwest Indian Mission\". Prior to his call as an LDS general authority, Lee held a number of priesthood leadership callings, including elders quorum president, branch president, district president, and president of the Arizona Holbrook Mission. On October 3, 1975, LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball called the 32-year-old Lee to be a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy, a position with church-wide responsibilities. He was the first Native American", "id": "10605106" }, { "contents": "Boyd K. Packer\n\n\nBoyd Kenneth Packer (September 10, 1924 – July 3, 2015) was an American religious leader and former educator, who served as president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2008 until his death. He also served as the quorum's acting president from 1994 to 2008, and was an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve from 1970 until his death. He served as a general authority of the church from 1961 until his", "id": "14808651" }, { "contents": "Elder (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\n. A quorum president, along with two counselors, is called and set apart under the direction of the stake presidency, and generally serves for a number of years. A secretary is also called to assist the president and his counselors. All adult men in the ward who are not presently serving in callings that require the ordination of high priest are assigned to the elders quorum. The title \"Elder\" is not normally used as a personal title (e.g., Elder Evans, Elder Johnson), except by the LDS Church", "id": "7053205" }, { "contents": "James O. Mason\n\n\nlater served as the American delegate to the World Health Organization. In 1994, Mason was appointed as a general authority by the LDS Church, serving in the Second Quorum of the Seventy until 2000. From 2000 to 2003, Mason was president of the church's Bountiful Utah Temple. As a young man, Mason served an LDS Church mission to Denmark. Before his appointment as a general authority, Mason served in the church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. In 1974, while serving as Church Commissioner", "id": "6162441" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nor senior president of the seventy. As of August 2018, the current Presidency of the Seventy and their areas of responsibilities are: The First Quorum of the Seventy are general authorities, meaning they have authority throughout the church. They usually serve until their 70th birthday or until their health fails them, at which time they are given emeritus status and released from active service as a general authority. Members of the First Quorum of the Seventy serve under the direction of the Quorum of the Twelve and the Presidency of the Seventy.", "id": "9800089" }, { "contents": "Robert C. Oaks\n\n\nand Chief of U.S. Air Forces Europe and NATO Central Europe in 1994 after serving 34 years. Following his retirement, Oaks was employed at U.S. Airways as Senior Vice President. In 2000, Oaks resigned from this position when he was called to serve as a general authority and member of the LDS Church's Second Quorum of the Seventy. In this capacity, Oaks served as president of the church's Africa East Area. In 2004, he was called to Presidency of the Seventy, filling a vacancy created when Dieter F. Uchtdorf", "id": "18638342" }, { "contents": "Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\narea authorities\" and \"local authorities\" and include all other Quorums of the Seventy, mission presidents, temple presidents, stake presidents, bishops, and other priesthood quorum presidents. The church has no salaried ministry; however, some general authorities receive stipends from the church, as needed, using income from church-owned investments. All local and area authorities are unpaid and continue in their normal occupations while serving in leadership positions. Although the church had a paid local clergy in the 1800s, local and regional priesthood leaders currently", "id": "17900603" }, { "contents": "Clifford E. Young\n\n\nClifford Earle Young (December 7, 1883 – August 21, 1958) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1941 until his death. Young was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of LDS Church leader Seymour B. Young. From 1905 to 1908, he served as a Mormon missionary in England and Germany. In 1928, Young became the president of the Alpine Stake of the LDS Church in Utah. In 1934, he joined the", "id": "8315768" }, { "contents": "Julie B. Beck\n\n\nJulie Bangerter Beck (born September 29, 1954) was the fifteenth general president of the Relief Society of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2007 to 2012. Born in Granger, Utah, to William Grant Bangerter and Geraldine Hamblin, Beck grew up in Utah and in São Paulo, Brazil, where her father served as a mission president for the LDS Church for five years. Beck's father would later serve as an LDS Church general authority. Beck is also the niece of", "id": "21096729" }, { "contents": "Lance B. Wickman\n\n\nLance Bradley Wickman (born November 11, 1940) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1994 and is the current general counsel of the LDS Church. In 2010, he became an emeritus general authority. Wickman was born in Seattle, Washington. He was raised in New Jersey and Glendale, California. From 1961 to 1963, Wickman was a LDS Church missionary in the church's Central British Mission. After his mission, he married Patricia Farr in", "id": "18078808" }, { "contents": "Keith K. Hilbig\n\n\nKeith Karlton Hilbig (March 12, 1942 – August 22, 2015) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2001 until his death. Prior to becoming a general authority, he was general counsel for the LDS Church in Europe. Hilbig was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. His father, Karl Herbert Hilbig, was from Zwickau, Germany who joined the LDS Church before immigrating to the United States. As a young man, Hilbig served as a missionary in", "id": "12290497" } ]

[ { "contents": "Jacob de Jager\n\n\nJacob de Jager (16 January 1923 – 25 February 2004) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was the first Dutch person to serve as a general authority. De Jager was born in the Netherlands and joined the church while living in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. His work took him to Australia, Indonesia, Mexico and Canada. His first calling in the church was hymnal coordinator which he filled honorably. He also served as elders quorum president,", "id": "12693727" }, { "contents": "Jacob de Jager\n\n\nbranch president, counselor to mission president and regional representative before his call to the First Quorum of the Seventy. In 1993, de Jager was designated an emeritus general authority and he later served as bishop of a ward in central Salt Lake City. He is one of few people to serve as a ward bishop after serving as a general authority. He died in 2004 of causes incident to age. He married Bea Lim and they had two children. They were married in Indonesia and later, after joining the LDS Church,", "id": "12693728" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nin policy or practice was announced, at the church's general conference in October 2015, those released from the Second Quorum of the Seventy were designated as emeritus general authorities for the first time. They remain general authorities until their deaths, but an emeritus general authority is not a member of a seventies quorum. John K. Carmack, the former head of the Perpetual Education Fund and W. Rolfe Kerr, a former Church Commissioner of Education, are both emeritus general authorities. Jacob de Jager served as a bishop after he was given", "id": "9800095" }, { "contents": "Glenn L. Pace\n\n\nGlenn Leroy Pace ( – ) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1985 until his death. As a general authority, he served as a counselor in the presiding bishopric and also in the First Quorum of Seventy. In 2010, he was designated an emeritus general authority. Pace was born to Kenneth LeRoy Pace and his wife, the former Elizabeth Anna Wilde, in Provo, Utah, where he was also raised. In the early 1960s, he served", "id": "21590104" }, { "contents": "J. Richard Clarke\n\n\nJohn Richard Clarke (born April 4, 1927) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1976. He has been a member of the church's presiding bishopric and a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. Clarke was born in Rexburg, Idaho. As a young man he served as an LDS Church missionary in South Africa. Prior to his call as a general authority, he served as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative in Idaho", "id": "8108720" }, { "contents": "W. Craig Zwick\n\n\nWilliam Craig Zwick (born June 10, 1947) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1995. Zwick was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He served as a missionary for the LDS Church in Argentina. Richard G. Scott of the Quorum of the Twelve was one of Zwick's mission presidents. While serving on this mission he worked on his first LDS Church chapel construction project. Prior to his call as a general authority, Zwick served as", "id": "8104324" }, { "contents": "H. Burke Peterson\n\n\nHarold Burke Peterson (September 19, 1923 – April 14, 2013) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1972 until his death. He was a counselor to the presiding bishop and a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. He became an emeritus general authority in 1993. Peterson was born in Salt Lake City, Utah and was raised in Phoenix, Arizona, where he became an Eagle Scout. Beginning in 1940, Peterson attended Phoenix College,", "id": "21001102" }, { "contents": "Orrin P. Miller\n\n\nOrrin Porter Miller (September 11, 1858 – July 7, 1918) was a member of the presiding bishopric of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1901 to his death. Born in Millcreek, Utah Territory, Miller was a local leader in the church prior to his call as a general authority. He became the bishop of the newly created Riverton Ward in Salt Lake City in 1886. Prior to serving as a bishop, he had been an elder and a seventy in the", "id": "11180481" }, { "contents": "Gerrit W. Gong\n\n\nGerrit Walter Gong (born December 23, 1953) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority since 2010 and served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from October 2015 until his calling to the Quorum of the Twelve in March 2018. He is the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saint's first apostle of Asian descent. Prior to becoming a general authority, he", "id": "144653" }, { "contents": "Richard C. Edgley\n\n\nRichard Crockett Edgley (born February 6, 1936) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since October 1992. He was first counselor in the church's presiding bishopric from 1995 to 2012 and as second counselor from 1992 to 1995. He was designated as an emeritus general authority in March 2012. Born in Preston, Idaho, Edgley was called as second counselor to Presiding Bishop Robert D. Hales in 1992. In 1994, Merrill J. Bateman replaced Hales and Edgley", "id": "13615760" }, { "contents": "Gérald Caussé\n\n\nGérald Jean Caussé (born 20 May 1963) has been the Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 9 October 2015. He is the fifteenth man to serve in this position. He has been a general authority of the LDS Church since 2008 and was the first person from France appointed as a general authority. Caussé, who was born in Bordeaux, was raised as a Latter-day Saint: his parents joined the church when he was six months old, having", "id": "17565213" }, { "contents": "Tad R. Callister\n\n\nToronto East Mission. While still serving in Canada, he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in 2008. He later served first as a counselor and then as president of the Pacific Area, residing in Auckland and overseeing the operations of the LDS Church in New Zealand, Australia, and the islands of the Pacific. In 2011 he was appointed as a member of the church's seven-man Presidency of the Seventy, replacing Claudio R. M. Costa. At the church's April", "id": "18106566" }, { "contents": "Spencer J. Condie\n\n\nSpencer Joel Condie (born August 27, 1940) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. Condie previously worked as a professor at Brigham Young University (BYU) and also served as a mission president for the LDS Church in Eastern Europe. In 2010, he was designated as an emeritus general authority. Condie was born in Preston, Idaho. His family lived there until he was fifteen when they moved to Pocatello, Idaho. From 1960 to", "id": "22107545" }, { "contents": "David S. Baxter\n\n\nCouncil, and as Deputy Chairman of the East Anglian Ambulance NHS Trust. Baxter became an LDS bishop at age 25. He also served as a counselor in a stake presidency, as president of the Ipswich England Stake and as a counselor in the presidency of the England London Mission. From 2002 to 2006 he was an area seventy, which included serving as a counselor in the presidency of the church's Europe West Area from 2004 to 2006. After his call as general authority, Baxter served as a counselor in the church", "id": "19881068" }, { "contents": "Charles H. Hart\n\n\nCharles Henry Hart (July 5, 1866 – September 29, 1934) was a general authority and a member of the First Council of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Hart also served as president of the Canadian Mission of the LDS Church from 1927 to 1930. Hart was born at Bloomington, Bear Lake County, Idaho Territory. When he was called as a member of the First Council of the Seventy in April 1906 he became the first general authority born in Idaho. He died", "id": "17854573" }, { "contents": "Jay E. Jensen\n\n\nJay Edwin Jensen (born February 5, 1942) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1992. He served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from 2008 to 2012. Jensen was designated an emeritus general authority in the October 2012 general conference. Jensen was born in Payson, Utah, and raised in Mapleton, Utah. From 1961 to 1963, Jensen served as a missionary in the Spanish-American mission, concentrating on teaching", "id": "19396644" }, { "contents": "Ben B. Banks\n\n\nBenjamin Berry Banks (born April 4, 1932) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy from 1999 to 2002 and has also been president of the church's Jordan River Utah Temple. Banks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. Before becoming a general authority, Banks served in the church as a stake president and bishop. From 1987 to 1989 he was president of", "id": "5941447" }, { "contents": "Neil L. Andersen\n\n\nNeil Linden Andersen (born August 9, 1951) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was sustained by church membership as an apostle on April 4, 2009, during the church's General Conference. At the time of his call to the Twelve, Andersen had been serving as an LDS general authority since 1993, including service in the Presidency of the Seventy from 2005 to 2009. Currently, he is tenth apostle in", "id": "3244056" }, { "contents": "Ulisses Soares\n\n\nUlisses Soares (born 2 October 1958) is a Brazilian businessman and is the junior member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority since 2005 and served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from January 2013 until his calling to the Quorum of the Twelve in March 2018. He is the LDS Church's first apostle from South America, being from Brazil. As a member of the Quorum of", "id": "966446" }, { "contents": "Helio R. Camargo\n\n\nHelio da Rocha Camargo (born 1 February 1926) was the first Brazilian general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was called to the First Quorum of the Seventy in 1985 and served there for four years. In 1989, he was transferred, along with other limited-term members of the First Quorum of the Seventy to the newly created Second Quorum of the Seventy. Camargo was released as a general authority in 1990. Camargo was born in Rio de Janeiro.", "id": "148646" }, { "contents": "Presiding Bishop (LDS Church)\n\n\nThe Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) is a priesthood calling with church-wide authority. The Presiding Bishop is the highest leadership position within the church's Aaronic priesthood. Upon the Presiding Bishop's recommendation, the First Presidency calls two other men to assist the Presiding Bishop as his counselors; together these three compose the church's Presiding Bishopric. As well as being ordained to the Aaronic priesthood office of bishop, the members of the Presiding Bishopric are general authorities of the", "id": "9941304" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nLeGrand Raine Curtis, Sr. (May 22, 1924 – December 19, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 to 1995. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy; he also served as a counselor in the Young Men general presidency from 1990 to 1991 and from 1972 to 1974. Curtis was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was named after LeGrand Richards, who was bishop of the Sugar House Ward", "id": "18322018" }, { "contents": "Salomón Jaar\n\n\nHe later worked as a coordinator for the Church Educational System. Jaar was the first president of the LDS Church's Valle de Sula Honduras Stake. He later served as an area seventy and as president of the Honduras Tegucigalpa Mission of the church. He had also served as a bishop in the LDS Church. Jaar was mission president from 1993 to 1996 and an area seventy from 1996 to 2000. At the time of his death he was the bishop of the Tamarindo Ward in the Choluteca Honduras Stake. Jaar wrote the book", "id": "3544500" }, { "contents": "Horacio A. Tenorio\n\n\nHoracio Antonio Tenorio (born 6 March 1935) was the first general authority in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) of Mexican ancestry. Tenorio was born in Mexico City, Mexico. He was trained in business with graduate training in purchasing. He and his wife, Maria, were married in 1957 and are the parents of three children. In 1969, Tenorio joined the LDS Church. He began service as a stake president in 1975. He later served as a Regional representative and president", "id": "2626856" }, { "contents": "Juan A. Uceda\n\n\nJuan Alberto Uceda Andrade (born 10 July 1953) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2010. He was a member of the Presidency of the Seventy from August 2017 to August 2018. Uceda was born in Lima, Peru. He holds a degree in public relations from San Luis Gonzaga National University. Uceda converted to the LDS Church in 1972. He served as a Mormon missionary in Peru and as a stake Sunday School president, bishop, counselor", "id": "757656" }, { "contents": "W. Rolfe Kerr\n\n\nas president of the church's Texas Dallas Mission in 1993. He had been in that position since 1985. Kerr also served in the LDS Church as a stake president, bishop's counselor, high councilor, and on the Sunday School General Board. For two years in the 1960s, he was involved in helping organize the LDS Student Association. While still serving in Dallas, Kerr was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy on April 6, 1996, and was transferred to the First", "id": "7684948" }, { "contents": "Helvécio Martins\n\n\nthe announcement that the LDS Church was lifting the priesthood ban. After Martins received the priesthood and his temple ordinances, he served in the church as a bishop, counselor to a stake president, and as president of the Brazil Fortaleza Mission. In April 1990, church president Ezra Taft Benson called Martins as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. Martins became the first black general authority in the LDS Church. After serving a standard five-year term as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy, Martins", "id": "463547" }, { "contents": "Edward Stevenson\n\n\nEdward Stevenson (May 1, 1820 – January 27, 1897) was a prominent Mormon missionary of the 19th century. He also served as a general authority in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as one of the seven presidents of the Seventy. Stevenson was born in Gibraltar to British parents. His family moved to the United States when he was young. As a young man, he was living in Pontiac, Michigan when he was contacted by a group of Latter Day Saint missionaries", "id": "10615780" }, { "contents": "Eldred G. Smith\n\n\nEldred Gee Smith (January 9, 1907 – April 4, 2013) was the patriarch emeritus of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and held the calling of Patriarch to the Church from 1947 to 1979, the last to hold the office. He was the oldest and longest-serving general authority of the church at his death, although he had not been active in that capacity for many years. Smith's father was Hyrum G. Smith, the Presiding Patriarch of the LDS Church from", "id": "19636038" }, { "contents": "Jay E. Jensen\n\n\n. He was the director of scripture coordination for the church's Curriculum Department at the time of his call as a general authority. He previously worked for the Church Educational System as a seminary teacher and director of curriculum. Jensen was also the director of training for the church's Missionary Department for a period of time. Jensen has served in the LDS Church as a bishop, branch president, counselor in the Missionary Training Center presidency, and was president of the church's Colombia Cali Mission from 1975 to 1978. Jensen was", "id": "19396646" }, { "contents": "David F. Evans\n\n\nDavid Frewin Evans (born August 11, 1951) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2005. Evans was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He grew up in Los Angeles, California, where his father David C. Evans worked for Bendix Corporation. His mother, Joy F. Evans, served as a counselor to Barbara W. Winder in the Relief Society General Presidency from 1984 to 1990. Evans served as a missionary in the church's Japan Mission", "id": "21504391" }, { "contents": "Octaviano Tenorio\n\n\nthe Mexico City Temple. He was serving in this position at the time of his call as a general authority. Tenorio has served in the LDS Church as a branch president, stake clerk, stake mission president, counselor in a [[stake presidency]], [[stake president]] and twice as a regional representative (one time beginning in 1993). He was a sealer in the Mexico City Temple when it opened. He also served as [[Mission president|president]] of the Mexico [[Tuxtla", "id": "20053600" }, { "contents": "Merrill J. Bateman\n\n\nMerrill Joseph Bateman (born June 19, 1936) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1992, originally as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. He is currently an emeritus general authority. From 2003 to 2007, Bateman was a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy. He was president of Brigham Young University (BYU) from January 1, 1996, until May 1, 2003, and was the church's twelfth presiding", "id": "4817384" }, { "contents": "William Grant Bangerter\n\n\nWilliam Grant Bangerter (June 8, 1918 – April 18, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1975 until his death. Bangerter was born in Granger, Utah. From 1939 to 1941, he served as a Mormon missionary in Brazil. After his mission he graduated from the University of Utah and became a building contractor. In the LDS Church, Bangerter served as a bishop in Granger and was later president of the church's North Jordan Stake", "id": "8315713" }, { "contents": "Robert E. Sackley\n\n\nRobert Edward Sackley (17 December 1922 – 22 February 1993) was an educational administrator in Canada and was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1989 until his death. Sackley was the first native Australian to serve as an LDS Church general authority. Born in Lismore, New South Wales, Australia, Sackley was a member of the Northern New Guinea 5th Commando Squadron of the Australian Defence Force during the Second World War. On 25 December 1944, Sackley was severely", "id": "564713" }, { "contents": "David E. Sorensen\n\n\nDavid Eugene Sorensen (June 29, 1933 – August 26, 2014) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1992 until his death. He served in the First and Second Quorums of the Seventy and as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. He was the executive director of the church's Temple Department during the temple building boom of the late 1990s and early 2000s. Sorensen was born in Aurora, Utah. He grew up working on the family", "id": "1861260" }, { "contents": "Ronald E. Poelman\n\n\nRonald Eugene Poelman (May 10, 1928 – November 19, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1978 until his death. In 1984, he delivered a controversial sermon in the LDS Church's general conference which the church redacted before publishing. Poelman was born in Salt Lake City, Utah to a Latter-day Saint family. As a young man, he served as a Mormon missionary in the LDS Church's Netherlands Mission. He began his", "id": "4765396" }, { "contents": "Merlin R. Lybbert\n\n\nMerlin Rex Lybbert (31 January 1926 – 6 July 2001) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1989 to 1994. From 1992 to 1994, Lybbert was the thirteenth general president of the LDS Church's Sunday School. Lybbert was born in Cardston, Alberta, Canada. After a short period of service in the Canadian Army near the end of World War II, Lybbert served as a missionary in the church's Eastern States Mission. After his mission,", "id": "4321885" }, { "contents": "David E. Sorensen\n\n\nwork full time to overcome debt associated with the family ranch before receiving a degree. Sorensen spent his career as a business owner, operating a healthcare services company while living in California.. He previously served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and as president of the Canada Halifax Mission. He also served as vice chair of the Nevada Community Bank in Las Vegas, Nevada. Sorensen was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in June 1992. He was transferred to the", "id": "1861262" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nThe following individuals are the current general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Included are the individuals' hierarchical position and some of their current specialized assignments in the church, if any. Note: On April 5, 2018, the First Presidency announced that area presidencies were being reinstated for those 10 areas within the United States and Canada, and that the members of the Presidency of the Seventy would be relieved of responsibility for those areas, to enable them to assist the apostles", "id": "311521" }, { "contents": "A. Laurence Lyon\n\n\nA. Laurence Lyon (1934–2006) was a composer of music, usually sacred music with a Latter-day Saint theme. He also served for 30 years as a professor at Western Oregon University. Lyon was born in Rotterdam, Netherlands where his father, T. Edgar Lyon was serving as president of the Netherlands Mission of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Lyon created his first composition at 12. He was first called as an organist for a congregation of the LDS Church when he was", "id": "11731771" }, { "contents": "H. David Burton\n\n\nHarold David Burton (born April 25, 1938) was the thirteenth Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1995 to 2012. He has been a general authority of the LDS Church since October 1992. Born in Salt Lake City, Utah to Latter-day Saint parents, Burton graduated from South High School in 1956 and then served as a missionary for the LDS Church in southern Australia in the late 1950s. He graduated from the University of Utah with a bachelor's", "id": "13615748" }, { "contents": "J. Richard Clarke\n\n\n. He also returned to South Africa as the president of the church's South Africa Cape Town Mission. In 1976, Clarke became the second counselor to presiding bishop Victor L. Brown. He served in this capacity until Brown was released in 1985. Clarke was retained as a general authority and became a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. He became a member of the Presidency of the Seventy in 1988, and served in that capacity until 1997, when he was released and given general authority emeritus status. From 1998", "id": "8108721" }, { "contents": "Alan C. Ashton\n\n\nThe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a grandson of former church president David O. McKay. He served as a missionary in Central Germany as a young man. Ashton later married Karen Jackman Ashton; they are the parents of 11 children. He has served in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as a bishop, stake president, and as president of the Canada Toronto West Mission from 2004 to 2007. From 2013 to 2016, Ashton and his wife served as the president and matron of", "id": "3127903" }, { "contents": "Paul K. Sybrowsky\n\n\nfrom 1964 to 1966. He later served as a bishop (of the Hyde Park Ward in London, England), as a member of a stake high council, and as a counselor in a stake presidency. Sybrowsky was president of the BYU 9th Stake from 1996 until 2001, when he was succeeded by Thomas B. Griffith. From 2001 to 2004, Sybrowsky was president of the church's Canada Toronto West Mission. Sybrowsky was an LDS general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy from 2005 to 2011.", "id": "6640442" }, { "contents": "Glen L. Rudd\n\n\nGlen Larkin Rudd (May 18, 1918 – December 30, 2016) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1987 to 1992. Rudd was born and raised in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in New Zealand, where his mission president was Matthew Cowley. For part of his mission he served as secretary to, and traveling companion of, Cowley. After he returned from his mission", "id": "18942120" }, { "contents": "Thomas B. Griffith\n\n\nhis father was stationed there with the U.S. Army. He joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as a junior at Langley High School in McLean, Virginia. He served as student body president at the high school his senior year and later served a mission for the LDS Church in South Africa. He attended BYU and later became the university's General Counsel from 2000 to 2005, where he also served as president of the church's BYU 9th Stake. He previously served as bishop of", "id": "19816869" }, { "contents": "David S. Baxter\n\n\nDavid Steward Baxter (born 7 February 1955) has been a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2006. A native of Scotland, and a resident of England at the time of his call, he is only the third general authority who was native to the United Kingdom and also living there at the time of his call. Baxter joined the LDS Church along with his mother and siblings when he was twelve. Shortly after this,", "id": "19881065" }, { "contents": "Hugh W. Pinnock\n\n\nHugh Wallace Pinnock (January 15, 1934 – December 16, 2000) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1977 until his death. Pinnock was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Western States Mission. Pinnock graduated from University of Utah in 1958, where he became a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity and Owl and Key. Prior to his call to the First", "id": "8519001" }, { "contents": "Lowell M. Snow\n\n\nLowell Miller Snow (born January 2, 1944) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2005 to 2011. Snow was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and in 2006 became the president of the Africa West Area of the church. Snow is a descendant of Erastus Snow and grew up in St. George, Utah. He served as a LDS Church missionary in Germany and then attended Brigham Young University, where he met his wife Tamara. Snow", "id": "12412841" }, { "contents": "Tad R. Callister\n\n\nTad Richards Callister (born December 17, 1945) was the 21st Sunday School General President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from April 2014 to April 2019. He served previously in the church as a general authority from 2008 to 2014, including as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy from August 2011 to April 2014. Callister was born in Glendale, California to Effie Norine Richards and Reed Eddington Callister. His parents were both natives of Salt Lake City. Reed Callister served", "id": "18106563" }, { "contents": "L. Whitney Clayton\n\n\nLyndon Whitney Clayton III (born February 24, 1950) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He has been a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy since 2008 and its senior president since 2015. Clayton was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and attended the University of Utah. He served as a full-time missionary of the LDS Church in Peru. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in finance and earned a", "id": "17564673" }, { "contents": "Henry D. Taylor\n\n\nHenry Dixon Taylor (November 22, 1903 – February 24, 1987) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1958 until his death. Taylor was born in Provo, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Eastern States Mission. During his mission, Taylor was the president of the church's Connecticut District. Taylor received a bachelor's degree from Brigham Young University (BYU) and a master's degree", "id": "2477100" }, { "contents": "Gilbert W. Scharffs\n\n\nGilbert Woodrow Scharffs (June 27, 1930 - February 26, 2015) was a Latter-day Saint religious educator and author. Scharffs was born to Fritz and Louise Scharffs and raised in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He served as a missionary in the East German Mission of the LDS Church in the late 1950s, where he served as editor for publications and later second counselor to the Mission President. In 1959 he was married in the Salt Lake Temple to Laura Virginia Smith", "id": "7526873" }, { "contents": "Donald L. Hallstrom\n\n\nDonald Larry Hallstrom (born July 27, 1949) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2000. From 2009 to 2017, he served as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. Hallstrom was born to James Emerson Hallstrom and Betty Jo (née Lambert) in and grew up in Honolulu. As a young man he enjoyed several sports, including basketball and surfing. He served as a missionary of the LDS Church in the England Central Mission from", "id": "13616701" }, { "contents": "Steven E. Snow\n\n\nSteven Erastus Snow (born November 23, 1949) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He currently serves as the Church Historian and Recorder, as well as executive director of the Church History Department. Snow was born in St. George, Utah into a Latter-day Saint family. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in West Germany. Prior to his call as a general authority, Snow was a", "id": "8979711" }, { "contents": "Richard P. Lindsay\n\n\nBrigham Young University (BYU). From 1978 to 1989 Lindsay served as managing director of Public Affairs for the LDS Church. Among other church positions, Lindsay served as a bishop and stake president. In 1989, Lindsay was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. As a member of the Seventy, he served as the first president of the church's Africa Area. After his release as a general authority in 1994, Lindsay was the LDS Church's representative in various anti-pornography", "id": "9864996" }, { "contents": "Gary E. Stevenson\n\n\n& Fitness. He has also served on the Marriott School of Management National Advisory Council and the Utah State University Foundation Board. In the LDS Church, Stevenson has served as a bishop and a counselor in a stake presidency. He served as president of the Japan Nagoya Mission from 2004 to 2007. Stevenson became a member of the LDS Church's First Quorum of the Seventy at the April 2008 general conference. During his time in the Seventy, Stevenson served both as a counselor and as president of the church's Asia North", "id": "5851945" }, { "contents": "Rey Pratt\n\n\nRey Lucero Pratt (October 11, 1878 – April 14, 1931) served The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints for 23 years as president of its Mexican Mission and for six years as a general authority. Pratt helped establish the church in Mexico and among Spanish-speaking populations in the United States and Argentina. He also translated LDS Church materials into Spanish, wrote magazine articles and spoke regularly at general conference. Pratt has at times been called the father of the Mexican mission. Pratt was born in Salt", "id": "14018370" }, { "contents": "Virginia H. Pearce\n\n\nVirginia Hinckley Pearce (born February 8, 1945) is an author and was a member of the Young Women General Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1992 to 1997. Pearce is the daughter of the church's fifteenth president, Gordon B. Hinckley. At the church's April 1992 general conference, Pearce was sustained as first counselor to Young Women general president Janette C. Hales. Pearce served in this capacity until 1997, when Hales was released and replaced by Margaret D. Nadauld", "id": "22185174" }, { "contents": "Clinton L. Cutler\n\n\nClinton Louis Cutler (December 27, 1929 – April 9, 1994) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 until his death. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and was a counselor in the church's Sunday School General Presidency. Cutler was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and received his college education at Utah State University and the University of Utah. He then worked for many years for the company that became US", "id": "6647132" }, { "contents": "Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles\n\n\nActing President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is a priesthood calling in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). In general, the position of Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is only filled when the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is called as a counselor in the First Presidency of the church. In such instances, the man who holds this calling is the most senior apostle who is \"not\" serving in the First Presidency. Additionally, a person", "id": "11037283" }, { "contents": "Ángel Abrea\n\n\nÁngel Abrea (born 13 September 1933) was the first resident of Latin America to become a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Abrea was baptized into the LDS Church in 1943, at the age of ten. He graduated from the University of Buenos Aires, and worked as an accountant at Deloitte Haskins & Sells. Prior to his call as a general authority, Abrea was the first stake president in Argentina (1966–71; 1976–78", "id": "1574870" }, { "contents": "O. Vincent Haleck\n\n\nLDS Church, Haleck has served as a bishop, high councilor, stake patriarch, and stake president. He served as president of the Samoa Apia Mission from 2008 to 2011 and was in that capacity when he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in April 2011. After becoming a general authority, Haleck moved from Pago Pago, American Samoa to Salt Lake City, Utah. From the time of his call to August 2013, he filled assignments at church headquarters. From August 2013", "id": "2350277" }, { "contents": "John R. Winder\n\n\nJohn Rex Winder (; December 11, 1821 – March 27, 1910) was a leader and general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was Second Counselor in the Presiding Bishopric from 1887 to 1901, and First Counselor in the First Presidency to church president Joseph F. Smith from 1901 until his death. He was well known for his business abilities, and influenced Heber J. Grant. He was also active in politics and the militia, participating in the Utah War and the", "id": "1621863" }, { "contents": "Howard W. Hunter\n\n\nHoward William Hunter (November 14, 1907 – March 3, 1995) was an American lawyer and was the 14th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1994 to 1995. His nine-month presidential tenure is the shortest in the church's history. Hunter was the first president of the LDS Church born in the 20th century and the last to die in it. He was sustained as an LDS apostle at the age of 51, and served as a general authority for", "id": "21828472" }, { "contents": "Thomas J. Parmley\n\n\n, he worked as a chemist for the U.S. Smeltering Company. In 1923 he married LaVern W. Parmley who served as general president of the Primary of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He then earned his Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1927. Prior to joining the faculty of the University of Utah, Parmley was involved in cyclotron research at the University of California, Berkeley. While there he was the lead author of the paper \"The Radioactives of some high-mass isotopes of Cobalt", "id": "8525048" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\n. When the first General Authorities were given emeritus status, N. Eldon Tanner of the First Presidency provided the following explanation: \"The very rapid growth of the Church across the world, with the attendant increase in travel and responsibility, has made it necessary to consider a change in the status for some of the Brethren of the General Authorities. Some of our associates have served for many years with complete and unselfish dedication, and they deserve every honor and recognition for such devoted service. It is felt advisable at this time to", "id": "311523" }, { "contents": "Nicholas G. Smith\n\n\nNicholas Groesbeck Smith (June 20, 1881 – October 27, 1945) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, Smith was the son of LDS Church apostle John Henry Smith and Josephine Groesbeck. At age three, he went to England with his parents, where his father was serving as a church mission president. Smith was baptized by his father on his eighth birthday. From 1902 to 1905, Smith served as", "id": "463034" }, { "contents": "Keith B. McMullin\n\n\nKeith Brigham McMullin (born August 18, 1941) has been the CEO of Deseret Management Corporation since April 2012 and has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1995. He was the second counselor in the presiding bishopric of the LDS Church from 1995 to 2012, at which time he was designated an emeritus general authority of the church. Born in St. George, Utah, McMullin married Carolyn Jean Gibbs in 1964 and they are the parents of eight children and", "id": "13615804" }, { "contents": "James Rasband\n\n\nJames R. Rasband (born March 20, 1963) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since April 2019. Due to his call as a general authority, his service as Academic Vice President at Brigham Young University (BYU) ended in June 2019, a position he had held since June 2017. He previously served as dean of the J. Reuben Clark Law School (JRCLS). He has also been the Hugh W. Colton Professor of Law. Rasband received", "id": "19949796" }, { "contents": "Marion D. Hanks\n\n\nMarion Duff Hanks (October 13, 1921 – August 5, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1953 until his death. Hanks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man he served in the Northern States Mission of the LDS Church, which was headquartered in Chicago. He was in the United States Navy during World War II and received a J.D. from the University of Utah. Prior to his call as a general authority", "id": "6558935" }, { "contents": "Joseph W. McMurrin\n\n\nJoseph William McMurrin (September 5, 1858 – October 24, 1932) was a general authority and a member of the First Council of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He served as president of the California Mission of the LDS Church from 1919 until 1932. Joseph W. McMurrin was married to Mary Ellen Hunter on April 1, 1880 and had seven children. McMurrin was born in Tooele, Utah Territory. He was sustained one of the First Council of the Seventy on October 5,", "id": "17854595" }, { "contents": "W. Rolfe Kerr\n\n\nWilliam Rolfe Kerr (born June 29, 1935) is an emeritus general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He served previously as the fifteenth Commissioner of Church Education and as president of the Logan Utah Temple. Kerr was born in Tremonton, Utah, and grew up on a farm. He earned a bachelor’s degree in agriculture from Utah State University (USU), where he was also the quarterback on the football team. intending to spend his life farming, until", "id": "7684945" }, { "contents": "Hartman Rector Jr.\n\n\nHartman Rector Jr. (August 20, 1924 – November 6, 2018) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1968 until his death. He was one of the first adult converts to the LDS Church to become a general authority during the second half of the 20th century. Rector served as a member of the First Council of the Seventy from 1968 to 1976 and as a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy from 1976 to 1994. Rector was born", "id": "11492764" }, { "contents": "Gerald N. Lund\n\n\n-fiction works for Latter-Day Saints, including, \"Hearing the Voice of the Lord: Principles and Patterns of Personal Revelation\" (2008) and \"The Coming of the Lord\" (reprint 2005). Lund and his wife, Lynn, are the parents of seven children. Lund has also written poems that his wife has set to music. Before becoming a general authority, he worked in the LDS Church Educational System. He served in the church as a stake president, bishop and branch president at the", "id": "20477214" }, { "contents": "F. Melvin Hammond\n\n\nFloyd Melvin (\"Mel\") Hammond (born December 19, 1933) was an Idaho politician and has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was the nineteenth general president of the church's Young Men organization from 2001 to 2004. Hammond was born in Blackfoot, Idaho. He served as an LDS Church missionary in the Spanish–American Mission from 1954 to 1956. Hammond attended Ricks College and Brigham Young University (BYU). After", "id": "7773158" }, { "contents": "Thomas S. Monson\n\n\nspeaking proselytizing efforts in Quebec. He directed increased missionary work to immigrants from the Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Italy, Soviet Union and Hungary. Jacob de Jager, a future LDS general authority, was among the immigrant converts. Monson encouraged members to remain in eastern Canada, instead of migrating to Utah or Alberta as many members had done before, to help build the church's presence. To help encourage members to stay in Canada, increase the perception of permanence, and better reach potential converts, he started a major", "id": "17014153" }, { "contents": "James E. Faust\n\n\nJames Esdras Faust (July 31, 1920 – August 10, 2007) was an American religious leader, lawyer, and politician. Faust was Second Counselor in the First Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1995 until his death, an LDS Church apostle for 29 years, and a general authority of the church for 35 years. Faust was born to George A. Faust and Amy Finlinson in Delta, Utah. As a child, he lived in this area. His family", "id": "19825253" }, { "contents": "G. Homer Durham\n\n\nGeorge Homer Durham (February 4, 1911 – January 10, 1985) was an American academic administrator and was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1977 until his death. Durham was born in Parowan, Utah, and was raised in Salt Lake City. As a boy in grade school, he met and became lifelong friends with future LDS Church president Gordon B. Hinckley. As a young man, Durham served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the British", "id": "21588256" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nChurch in the Kansas City area. He then returned to the military, serving in the United States Navy. Among other positions, Curtis served in the LDS Church as a branch president, bishop, stake president, regional representative, stake patriarch and as president of the Florida Tallahassee Mission. After being released as a general authority, Curtis served as president of the Jordan River Utah Temple from 1996 to 1999. His son, LeGrand R. Curtis, Jr., was called as a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in", "id": "18322021" }, { "contents": "Glenn L. Pace\n\n\nfrom the Presiding Bishopric and became a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. That same year he served as the first president of the church's Australia Sydney North Mission, while also serving in the First Quorum of Seventy. In 1997 and 1998, he was a member of the general presidency of the church's Sunday School and from 2001 to 2003 he was in the general presidency of the Young Men organization. Pace was released and designated an emeritus general authority at the church's October 2010 general conference. Pace married", "id": "21590107" }, { "contents": "Marlin K. Jensen\n\n\nMarlin Keith Jensen (born May 18, 1942) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He served as the official Church Historian and Recorder of the church from 2005 to 2012. He was the 19th man to hold that calling since it was established in 1830. Jensen was made an emeritus general authority in the October 2012 general conference. Jensen was born in Huntsville, Utah. As a 19-year-old, he served as a missionary for", "id": "21271513" }, { "contents": "H. Verlan Andersen\n\n\nHans Verlan Andersen (November 6, 1914 – July 16, 1992) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and a professor at Brigham Young University (BYU). Andersen was called to the LDS Church's First Quorum of the Seventy in April 1986. On April 1, 1989 he was transferred to the newly created Second Quorum of the Seventy. On October 5, 1991, he was released from his service as a general authority. He died of cancer", "id": "20615381" }, { "contents": "Victor L. Brown\n\n\nVictor Lee Brown (31 July 1914 – 26 March 1996) was the tenth Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1972 to 1985. He was an LDS Church general authority from 1961 until his death. Brown was born in Cardston, Alberta, Canada, the son of Gerald Stephen Brown and Maggie Calder Lee. Brown received his education from the University of Utah, LDS Business College and the University of California, Berkeley. He worked in various ground operations management positions", "id": "13837425" }, { "contents": "Jack H. Goaslind\n\n\nJack H. Goaslind Jr. (April 18, 1928 – April 27, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1978 until his death. He was the seventeenth general president of the church's Young Men organization from 1990 to 1998. Goaslind was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Jack, Sr. and Anita Jane Jack. As a young man, Goaslind served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Western Canadian Mission. Goaslind had", "id": "7773235" }, { "contents": "D. Todd Christofferson\n\n\nMay 28, 1968. They are the parents of five children. Prior to becoming a general authority, Christofferson served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. At the church's April 1993 general conference, Christofferson was called as a general authority and member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. In August 1998, Christofferson became a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. As a seventy, Christofferson served as the executive director of the church's Family and Church History Department. While in", "id": "6657200" }, { "contents": "Devin Durrant\n\n\nserved in various roles in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), including president of the Texas Dallas Mission and first counselor in the church's Sunday School general presidency. Born in Brigham City, Utah, Durrant was named a McDonald's All-American in 1978 during his senior year of high school. He was captain of the Provo High School team that won a state basketball championship. Durrant attended Brigham Young University (BYU) where he played basketball and started every game of his collegiate", "id": "15721443" }, { "contents": "F. Melvin Hammond\n\n\ngraduating from BYU, Hammond became a professor of religion at Ricks College in 1966. He was a member of the Idaho House of Representatives from 1969 to 1984 and served as House Minority Leader for three terms. Before his call as a general authority, Hammond served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. In 1984, Hammond became president of the church's Bolivia Cochabamba Mission. In 1989, he became a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. In 1993, he was transferred", "id": "7773159" }, { "contents": "George P. Lee\n\n\nthe LDS Church to the Navajo Nation, known then as the \"Southwest Indian Mission\". Prior to his call as an LDS general authority, Lee held a number of priesthood leadership callings, including elders quorum president, branch president, district president, and president of the Arizona Holbrook Mission. On October 3, 1975, LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball called the 32-year-old Lee to be a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy, a position with church-wide responsibilities. He was the first Native American", "id": "10605106" }, { "contents": "Boyd K. Packer\n\n\nBoyd Kenneth Packer (September 10, 1924 – July 3, 2015) was an American religious leader and former educator, who served as president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2008 until his death. He also served as the quorum's acting president from 1994 to 2008, and was an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve from 1970 until his death. He served as a general authority of the church from 1961 until his", "id": "14808651" }, { "contents": "Elder (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\n. A quorum president, along with two counselors, is called and set apart under the direction of the stake presidency, and generally serves for a number of years. A secretary is also called to assist the president and his counselors. All adult men in the ward who are not presently serving in callings that require the ordination of high priest are assigned to the elders quorum. The title \"Elder\" is not normally used as a personal title (e.g., Elder Evans, Elder Johnson), except by the LDS Church", "id": "7053205" }, { "contents": "James O. Mason\n\n\nlater served as the American delegate to the World Health Organization. In 1994, Mason was appointed as a general authority by the LDS Church, serving in the Second Quorum of the Seventy until 2000. From 2000 to 2003, Mason was president of the church's Bountiful Utah Temple. As a young man, Mason served an LDS Church mission to Denmark. Before his appointment as a general authority, Mason served in the church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. In 1974, while serving as Church Commissioner", "id": "6162441" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nor senior president of the seventy. As of August 2018, the current Presidency of the Seventy and their areas of responsibilities are: The First Quorum of the Seventy are general authorities, meaning they have authority throughout the church. They usually serve until their 70th birthday or until their health fails them, at which time they are given emeritus status and released from active service as a general authority. Members of the First Quorum of the Seventy serve under the direction of the Quorum of the Twelve and the Presidency of the Seventy.", "id": "9800089" }, { "contents": "Robert C. Oaks\n\n\nand Chief of U.S. Air Forces Europe and NATO Central Europe in 1994 after serving 34 years. Following his retirement, Oaks was employed at U.S. Airways as Senior Vice President. In 2000, Oaks resigned from this position when he was called to serve as a general authority and member of the LDS Church's Second Quorum of the Seventy. In this capacity, Oaks served as president of the church's Africa East Area. In 2004, he was called to Presidency of the Seventy, filling a vacancy created when Dieter F. Uchtdorf", "id": "18638342" }, { "contents": "Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\narea authorities\" and \"local authorities\" and include all other Quorums of the Seventy, mission presidents, temple presidents, stake presidents, bishops, and other priesthood quorum presidents. The church has no salaried ministry; however, some general authorities receive stipends from the church, as needed, using income from church-owned investments. All local and area authorities are unpaid and continue in their normal occupations while serving in leadership positions. Although the church had a paid local clergy in the 1800s, local and regional priesthood leaders currently", "id": "17900603" }, { "contents": "Clifford E. Young\n\n\nClifford Earle Young (December 7, 1883 – August 21, 1958) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1941 until his death. Young was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of LDS Church leader Seymour B. Young. From 1905 to 1908, he served as a Mormon missionary in England and Germany. In 1928, Young became the president of the Alpine Stake of the LDS Church in Utah. In 1934, he joined the", "id": "8315768" }, { "contents": "Julie B. Beck\n\n\nJulie Bangerter Beck (born September 29, 1954) was the fifteenth general president of the Relief Society of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2007 to 2012. Born in Granger, Utah, to William Grant Bangerter and Geraldine Hamblin, Beck grew up in Utah and in São Paulo, Brazil, where her father served as a mission president for the LDS Church for five years. Beck's father would later serve as an LDS Church general authority. Beck is also the niece of", "id": "21096729" }, { "contents": "Lance B. Wickman\n\n\nLance Bradley Wickman (born November 11, 1940) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1994 and is the current general counsel of the LDS Church. In 2010, he became an emeritus general authority. Wickman was born in Seattle, Washington. He was raised in New Jersey and Glendale, California. From 1961 to 1963, Wickman was a LDS Church missionary in the church's Central British Mission. After his mission, he married Patricia Farr in", "id": "18078808" }, { "contents": "Keith K. Hilbig\n\n\nKeith Karlton Hilbig (March 12, 1942 – August 22, 2015) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2001 until his death. Prior to becoming a general authority, he was general counsel for the LDS Church in Europe. Hilbig was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. His father, Karl Herbert Hilbig, was from Zwickau, Germany who joined the LDS Church before immigrating to the United States. As a young man, Hilbig served as a missionary in", "id": "12290497" } ]

[ { "contents": "Jacob de Jager\n\n\nJacob de Jager (16 January 1923 – 25 February 2004) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was the first Dutch person to serve as a general authority. De Jager was born in the Netherlands and joined the church while living in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. His work took him to Australia, Indonesia, Mexico and Canada. His first calling in the church was hymnal coordinator which he filled honorably. He also served as elders quorum president,", "id": "12693727" }, { "contents": "Jacob de Jager\n\n\nbranch president, counselor to mission president and regional representative before his call to the First Quorum of the Seventy. In 1993, de Jager was designated an emeritus general authority and he later served as bishop of a ward in central Salt Lake City. He is one of few people to serve as a ward bishop after serving as a general authority. He died in 2004 of causes incident to age. He married Bea Lim and they had two children. They were married in Indonesia and later, after joining the LDS Church,", "id": "12693728" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nin policy or practice was announced, at the church's general conference in October 2015, those released from the Second Quorum of the Seventy were designated as emeritus general authorities for the first time. They remain general authorities until their deaths, but an emeritus general authority is not a member of a seventies quorum. John K. Carmack, the former head of the Perpetual Education Fund and W. Rolfe Kerr, a former Church Commissioner of Education, are both emeritus general authorities. Jacob de Jager served as a bishop after he was given", "id": "9800095" }, { "contents": "Glenn L. Pace\n\n\nGlenn Leroy Pace ( – ) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1985 until his death. As a general authority, he served as a counselor in the presiding bishopric and also in the First Quorum of Seventy. In 2010, he was designated an emeritus general authority. Pace was born to Kenneth LeRoy Pace and his wife, the former Elizabeth Anna Wilde, in Provo, Utah, where he was also raised. In the early 1960s, he served", "id": "21590104" }, { "contents": "J. Richard Clarke\n\n\nJohn Richard Clarke (born April 4, 1927) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1976. He has been a member of the church's presiding bishopric and a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. Clarke was born in Rexburg, Idaho. As a young man he served as an LDS Church missionary in South Africa. Prior to his call as a general authority, he served as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative in Idaho", "id": "8108720" }, { "contents": "W. Craig Zwick\n\n\nWilliam Craig Zwick (born June 10, 1947) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1995. Zwick was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He served as a missionary for the LDS Church in Argentina. Richard G. Scott of the Quorum of the Twelve was one of Zwick's mission presidents. While serving on this mission he worked on his first LDS Church chapel construction project. Prior to his call as a general authority, Zwick served as", "id": "8104324" }, { "contents": "H. Burke Peterson\n\n\nHarold Burke Peterson (September 19, 1923 – April 14, 2013) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1972 until his death. He was a counselor to the presiding bishop and a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. He became an emeritus general authority in 1993. Peterson was born in Salt Lake City, Utah and was raised in Phoenix, Arizona, where he became an Eagle Scout. Beginning in 1940, Peterson attended Phoenix College,", "id": "21001102" }, { "contents": "Orrin P. Miller\n\n\nOrrin Porter Miller (September 11, 1858 – July 7, 1918) was a member of the presiding bishopric of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1901 to his death. Born in Millcreek, Utah Territory, Miller was a local leader in the church prior to his call as a general authority. He became the bishop of the newly created Riverton Ward in Salt Lake City in 1886. Prior to serving as a bishop, he had been an elder and a seventy in the", "id": "11180481" }, { "contents": "Gerrit W. Gong\n\n\nGerrit Walter Gong (born December 23, 1953) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority since 2010 and served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from October 2015 until his calling to the Quorum of the Twelve in March 2018. He is the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saint's first apostle of Asian descent. Prior to becoming a general authority, he", "id": "144653" }, { "contents": "Richard C. Edgley\n\n\nRichard Crockett Edgley (born February 6, 1936) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since October 1992. He was first counselor in the church's presiding bishopric from 1995 to 2012 and as second counselor from 1992 to 1995. He was designated as an emeritus general authority in March 2012. Born in Preston, Idaho, Edgley was called as second counselor to Presiding Bishop Robert D. Hales in 1992. In 1994, Merrill J. Bateman replaced Hales and Edgley", "id": "13615760" }, { "contents": "Gérald Caussé\n\n\nGérald Jean Caussé (born 20 May 1963) has been the Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 9 October 2015. He is the fifteenth man to serve in this position. He has been a general authority of the LDS Church since 2008 and was the first person from France appointed as a general authority. Caussé, who was born in Bordeaux, was raised as a Latter-day Saint: his parents joined the church when he was six months old, having", "id": "17565213" }, { "contents": "Tad R. Callister\n\n\nToronto East Mission. While still serving in Canada, he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in 2008. He later served first as a counselor and then as president of the Pacific Area, residing in Auckland and overseeing the operations of the LDS Church in New Zealand, Australia, and the islands of the Pacific. In 2011 he was appointed as a member of the church's seven-man Presidency of the Seventy, replacing Claudio R. M. Costa. At the church's April", "id": "18106566" }, { "contents": "Spencer J. Condie\n\n\nSpencer Joel Condie (born August 27, 1940) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. Condie previously worked as a professor at Brigham Young University (BYU) and also served as a mission president for the LDS Church in Eastern Europe. In 2010, he was designated as an emeritus general authority. Condie was born in Preston, Idaho. His family lived there until he was fifteen when they moved to Pocatello, Idaho. From 1960 to", "id": "22107545" }, { "contents": "David S. Baxter\n\n\nCouncil, and as Deputy Chairman of the East Anglian Ambulance NHS Trust. Baxter became an LDS bishop at age 25. He also served as a counselor in a stake presidency, as president of the Ipswich England Stake and as a counselor in the presidency of the England London Mission. From 2002 to 2006 he was an area seventy, which included serving as a counselor in the presidency of the church's Europe West Area from 2004 to 2006. After his call as general authority, Baxter served as a counselor in the church", "id": "19881068" }, { "contents": "Charles H. Hart\n\n\nCharles Henry Hart (July 5, 1866 – September 29, 1934) was a general authority and a member of the First Council of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Hart also served as president of the Canadian Mission of the LDS Church from 1927 to 1930. Hart was born at Bloomington, Bear Lake County, Idaho Territory. When he was called as a member of the First Council of the Seventy in April 1906 he became the first general authority born in Idaho. He died", "id": "17854573" }, { "contents": "Jay E. Jensen\n\n\nJay Edwin Jensen (born February 5, 1942) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1992. He served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from 2008 to 2012. Jensen was designated an emeritus general authority in the October 2012 general conference. Jensen was born in Payson, Utah, and raised in Mapleton, Utah. From 1961 to 1963, Jensen served as a missionary in the Spanish-American mission, concentrating on teaching", "id": "19396644" }, { "contents": "Ben B. Banks\n\n\nBenjamin Berry Banks (born April 4, 1932) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy from 1999 to 2002 and has also been president of the church's Jordan River Utah Temple. Banks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. Before becoming a general authority, Banks served in the church as a stake president and bishop. From 1987 to 1989 he was president of", "id": "5941447" }, { "contents": "Neil L. Andersen\n\n\nNeil Linden Andersen (born August 9, 1951) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was sustained by church membership as an apostle on April 4, 2009, during the church's General Conference. At the time of his call to the Twelve, Andersen had been serving as an LDS general authority since 1993, including service in the Presidency of the Seventy from 2005 to 2009. Currently, he is tenth apostle in", "id": "3244056" }, { "contents": "Ulisses Soares\n\n\nUlisses Soares (born 2 October 1958) is a Brazilian businessman and is the junior member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority since 2005 and served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from January 2013 until his calling to the Quorum of the Twelve in March 2018. He is the LDS Church's first apostle from South America, being from Brazil. As a member of the Quorum of", "id": "966446" }, { "contents": "Helio R. Camargo\n\n\nHelio da Rocha Camargo (born 1 February 1926) was the first Brazilian general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was called to the First Quorum of the Seventy in 1985 and served there for four years. In 1989, he was transferred, along with other limited-term members of the First Quorum of the Seventy to the newly created Second Quorum of the Seventy. Camargo was released as a general authority in 1990. Camargo was born in Rio de Janeiro.", "id": "148646" }, { "contents": "Presiding Bishop (LDS Church)\n\n\nThe Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) is a priesthood calling with church-wide authority. The Presiding Bishop is the highest leadership position within the church's Aaronic priesthood. Upon the Presiding Bishop's recommendation, the First Presidency calls two other men to assist the Presiding Bishop as his counselors; together these three compose the church's Presiding Bishopric. As well as being ordained to the Aaronic priesthood office of bishop, the members of the Presiding Bishopric are general authorities of the", "id": "9941304" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nLeGrand Raine Curtis, Sr. (May 22, 1924 – December 19, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 to 1995. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy; he also served as a counselor in the Young Men general presidency from 1990 to 1991 and from 1972 to 1974. Curtis was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was named after LeGrand Richards, who was bishop of the Sugar House Ward", "id": "18322018" }, { "contents": "Salomón Jaar\n\n\nHe later worked as a coordinator for the Church Educational System. Jaar was the first president of the LDS Church's Valle de Sula Honduras Stake. He later served as an area seventy and as president of the Honduras Tegucigalpa Mission of the church. He had also served as a bishop in the LDS Church. Jaar was mission president from 1993 to 1996 and an area seventy from 1996 to 2000. At the time of his death he was the bishop of the Tamarindo Ward in the Choluteca Honduras Stake. Jaar wrote the book", "id": "3544500" }, { "contents": "Horacio A. Tenorio\n\n\nHoracio Antonio Tenorio (born 6 March 1935) was the first general authority in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) of Mexican ancestry. Tenorio was born in Mexico City, Mexico. He was trained in business with graduate training in purchasing. He and his wife, Maria, were married in 1957 and are the parents of three children. In 1969, Tenorio joined the LDS Church. He began service as a stake president in 1975. He later served as a Regional representative and president", "id": "2626856" }, { "contents": "Juan A. Uceda\n\n\nJuan Alberto Uceda Andrade (born 10 July 1953) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2010. He was a member of the Presidency of the Seventy from August 2017 to August 2018. Uceda was born in Lima, Peru. He holds a degree in public relations from San Luis Gonzaga National University. Uceda converted to the LDS Church in 1972. He served as a Mormon missionary in Peru and as a stake Sunday School president, bishop, counselor", "id": "757656" }, { "contents": "W. Rolfe Kerr\n\n\nas president of the church's Texas Dallas Mission in 1993. He had been in that position since 1985. Kerr also served in the LDS Church as a stake president, bishop's counselor, high councilor, and on the Sunday School General Board. For two years in the 1960s, he was involved in helping organize the LDS Student Association. While still serving in Dallas, Kerr was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy on April 6, 1996, and was transferred to the First", "id": "7684948" }, { "contents": "Helvécio Martins\n\n\nthe announcement that the LDS Church was lifting the priesthood ban. After Martins received the priesthood and his temple ordinances, he served in the church as a bishop, counselor to a stake president, and as president of the Brazil Fortaleza Mission. In April 1990, church president Ezra Taft Benson called Martins as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. Martins became the first black general authority in the LDS Church. After serving a standard five-year term as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy, Martins", "id": "463547" }, { "contents": "Edward Stevenson\n\n\nEdward Stevenson (May 1, 1820 – January 27, 1897) was a prominent Mormon missionary of the 19th century. He also served as a general authority in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as one of the seven presidents of the Seventy. Stevenson was born in Gibraltar to British parents. His family moved to the United States when he was young. As a young man, he was living in Pontiac, Michigan when he was contacted by a group of Latter Day Saint missionaries", "id": "10615780" }, { "contents": "Eldred G. Smith\n\n\nEldred Gee Smith (January 9, 1907 – April 4, 2013) was the patriarch emeritus of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and held the calling of Patriarch to the Church from 1947 to 1979, the last to hold the office. He was the oldest and longest-serving general authority of the church at his death, although he had not been active in that capacity for many years. Smith's father was Hyrum G. Smith, the Presiding Patriarch of the LDS Church from", "id": "19636038" }, { "contents": "Jay E. Jensen\n\n\n. He was the director of scripture coordination for the church's Curriculum Department at the time of his call as a general authority. He previously worked for the Church Educational System as a seminary teacher and director of curriculum. Jensen was also the director of training for the church's Missionary Department for a period of time. Jensen has served in the LDS Church as a bishop, branch president, counselor in the Missionary Training Center presidency, and was president of the church's Colombia Cali Mission from 1975 to 1978. Jensen was", "id": "19396646" }, { "contents": "David F. Evans\n\n\nDavid Frewin Evans (born August 11, 1951) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2005. Evans was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He grew up in Los Angeles, California, where his father David C. Evans worked for Bendix Corporation. His mother, Joy F. Evans, served as a counselor to Barbara W. Winder in the Relief Society General Presidency from 1984 to 1990. Evans served as a missionary in the church's Japan Mission", "id": "21504391" }, { "contents": "Octaviano Tenorio\n\n\nthe Mexico City Temple. He was serving in this position at the time of his call as a general authority. Tenorio has served in the LDS Church as a branch president, stake clerk, stake mission president, counselor in a [[stake presidency]], [[stake president]] and twice as a regional representative (one time beginning in 1993). He was a sealer in the Mexico City Temple when it opened. He also served as [[Mission president|president]] of the Mexico [[Tuxtla", "id": "20053600" }, { "contents": "Merrill J. Bateman\n\n\nMerrill Joseph Bateman (born June 19, 1936) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1992, originally as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. He is currently an emeritus general authority. From 2003 to 2007, Bateman was a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy. He was president of Brigham Young University (BYU) from January 1, 1996, until May 1, 2003, and was the church's twelfth presiding", "id": "4817384" }, { "contents": "William Grant Bangerter\n\n\nWilliam Grant Bangerter (June 8, 1918 – April 18, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1975 until his death. Bangerter was born in Granger, Utah. From 1939 to 1941, he served as a Mormon missionary in Brazil. After his mission he graduated from the University of Utah and became a building contractor. In the LDS Church, Bangerter served as a bishop in Granger and was later president of the church's North Jordan Stake", "id": "8315713" }, { "contents": "Robert E. Sackley\n\n\nRobert Edward Sackley (17 December 1922 – 22 February 1993) was an educational administrator in Canada and was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1989 until his death. Sackley was the first native Australian to serve as an LDS Church general authority. Born in Lismore, New South Wales, Australia, Sackley was a member of the Northern New Guinea 5th Commando Squadron of the Australian Defence Force during the Second World War. On 25 December 1944, Sackley was severely", "id": "564713" }, { "contents": "David E. Sorensen\n\n\nDavid Eugene Sorensen (June 29, 1933 – August 26, 2014) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1992 until his death. He served in the First and Second Quorums of the Seventy and as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. He was the executive director of the church's Temple Department during the temple building boom of the late 1990s and early 2000s. Sorensen was born in Aurora, Utah. He grew up working on the family", "id": "1861260" }, { "contents": "Ronald E. Poelman\n\n\nRonald Eugene Poelman (May 10, 1928 – November 19, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1978 until his death. In 1984, he delivered a controversial sermon in the LDS Church's general conference which the church redacted before publishing. Poelman was born in Salt Lake City, Utah to a Latter-day Saint family. As a young man, he served as a Mormon missionary in the LDS Church's Netherlands Mission. He began his", "id": "4765396" }, { "contents": "Merlin R. Lybbert\n\n\nMerlin Rex Lybbert (31 January 1926 – 6 July 2001) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1989 to 1994. From 1992 to 1994, Lybbert was the thirteenth general president of the LDS Church's Sunday School. Lybbert was born in Cardston, Alberta, Canada. After a short period of service in the Canadian Army near the end of World War II, Lybbert served as a missionary in the church's Eastern States Mission. After his mission,", "id": "4321885" }, { "contents": "David E. Sorensen\n\n\nwork full time to overcome debt associated with the family ranch before receiving a degree. Sorensen spent his career as a business owner, operating a healthcare services company while living in California.. He previously served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and as president of the Canada Halifax Mission. He also served as vice chair of the Nevada Community Bank in Las Vegas, Nevada. Sorensen was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in June 1992. He was transferred to the", "id": "1861262" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nThe following individuals are the current general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Included are the individuals' hierarchical position and some of their current specialized assignments in the church, if any. Note: On April 5, 2018, the First Presidency announced that area presidencies were being reinstated for those 10 areas within the United States and Canada, and that the members of the Presidency of the Seventy would be relieved of responsibility for those areas, to enable them to assist the apostles", "id": "311521" }, { "contents": "A. Laurence Lyon\n\n\nA. Laurence Lyon (1934–2006) was a composer of music, usually sacred music with a Latter-day Saint theme. He also served for 30 years as a professor at Western Oregon University. Lyon was born in Rotterdam, Netherlands where his father, T. Edgar Lyon was serving as president of the Netherlands Mission of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Lyon created his first composition at 12. He was first called as an organist for a congregation of the LDS Church when he was", "id": "11731771" }, { "contents": "H. David Burton\n\n\nHarold David Burton (born April 25, 1938) was the thirteenth Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1995 to 2012. He has been a general authority of the LDS Church since October 1992. Born in Salt Lake City, Utah to Latter-day Saint parents, Burton graduated from South High School in 1956 and then served as a missionary for the LDS Church in southern Australia in the late 1950s. He graduated from the University of Utah with a bachelor's", "id": "13615748" }, { "contents": "J. Richard Clarke\n\n\n. He also returned to South Africa as the president of the church's South Africa Cape Town Mission. In 1976, Clarke became the second counselor to presiding bishop Victor L. Brown. He served in this capacity until Brown was released in 1985. Clarke was retained as a general authority and became a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. He became a member of the Presidency of the Seventy in 1988, and served in that capacity until 1997, when he was released and given general authority emeritus status. From 1998", "id": "8108721" }, { "contents": "Alan C. Ashton\n\n\nThe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a grandson of former church president David O. McKay. He served as a missionary in Central Germany as a young man. Ashton later married Karen Jackman Ashton; they are the parents of 11 children. He has served in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as a bishop, stake president, and as president of the Canada Toronto West Mission from 2004 to 2007. From 2013 to 2016, Ashton and his wife served as the president and matron of", "id": "3127903" }, { "contents": "Paul K. Sybrowsky\n\n\nfrom 1964 to 1966. He later served as a bishop (of the Hyde Park Ward in London, England), as a member of a stake high council, and as a counselor in a stake presidency. Sybrowsky was president of the BYU 9th Stake from 1996 until 2001, when he was succeeded by Thomas B. Griffith. From 2001 to 2004, Sybrowsky was president of the church's Canada Toronto West Mission. Sybrowsky was an LDS general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy from 2005 to 2011.", "id": "6640442" }, { "contents": "Glen L. Rudd\n\n\nGlen Larkin Rudd (May 18, 1918 – December 30, 2016) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1987 to 1992. Rudd was born and raised in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in New Zealand, where his mission president was Matthew Cowley. For part of his mission he served as secretary to, and traveling companion of, Cowley. After he returned from his mission", "id": "18942120" }, { "contents": "Thomas B. Griffith\n\n\nhis father was stationed there with the U.S. Army. He joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as a junior at Langley High School in McLean, Virginia. He served as student body president at the high school his senior year and later served a mission for the LDS Church in South Africa. He attended BYU and later became the university's General Counsel from 2000 to 2005, where he also served as president of the church's BYU 9th Stake. He previously served as bishop of", "id": "19816869" }, { "contents": "David S. Baxter\n\n\nDavid Steward Baxter (born 7 February 1955) has been a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2006. A native of Scotland, and a resident of England at the time of his call, he is only the third general authority who was native to the United Kingdom and also living there at the time of his call. Baxter joined the LDS Church along with his mother and siblings when he was twelve. Shortly after this,", "id": "19881065" }, { "contents": "Hugh W. Pinnock\n\n\nHugh Wallace Pinnock (January 15, 1934 – December 16, 2000) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1977 until his death. Pinnock was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Western States Mission. Pinnock graduated from University of Utah in 1958, where he became a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity and Owl and Key. Prior to his call to the First", "id": "8519001" }, { "contents": "Lowell M. Snow\n\n\nLowell Miller Snow (born January 2, 1944) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2005 to 2011. Snow was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and in 2006 became the president of the Africa West Area of the church. Snow is a descendant of Erastus Snow and grew up in St. George, Utah. He served as a LDS Church missionary in Germany and then attended Brigham Young University, where he met his wife Tamara. Snow", "id": "12412841" }, { "contents": "Tad R. Callister\n\n\nTad Richards Callister (born December 17, 1945) was the 21st Sunday School General President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from April 2014 to April 2019. He served previously in the church as a general authority from 2008 to 2014, including as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy from August 2011 to April 2014. Callister was born in Glendale, California to Effie Norine Richards and Reed Eddington Callister. His parents were both natives of Salt Lake City. Reed Callister served", "id": "18106563" }, { "contents": "L. Whitney Clayton\n\n\nLyndon Whitney Clayton III (born February 24, 1950) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He has been a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy since 2008 and its senior president since 2015. Clayton was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and attended the University of Utah. He served as a full-time missionary of the LDS Church in Peru. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in finance and earned a", "id": "17564673" }, { "contents": "Henry D. Taylor\n\n\nHenry Dixon Taylor (November 22, 1903 – February 24, 1987) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1958 until his death. Taylor was born in Provo, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Eastern States Mission. During his mission, Taylor was the president of the church's Connecticut District. Taylor received a bachelor's degree from Brigham Young University (BYU) and a master's degree", "id": "2477100" }, { "contents": "Gilbert W. Scharffs\n\n\nGilbert Woodrow Scharffs (June 27, 1930 - February 26, 2015) was a Latter-day Saint religious educator and author. Scharffs was born to Fritz and Louise Scharffs and raised in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He served as a missionary in the East German Mission of the LDS Church in the late 1950s, where he served as editor for publications and later second counselor to the Mission President. In 1959 he was married in the Salt Lake Temple to Laura Virginia Smith", "id": "7526873" }, { "contents": "Donald L. Hallstrom\n\n\nDonald Larry Hallstrom (born July 27, 1949) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2000. From 2009 to 2017, he served as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. Hallstrom was born to James Emerson Hallstrom and Betty Jo (née Lambert) in and grew up in Honolulu. As a young man he enjoyed several sports, including basketball and surfing. He served as a missionary of the LDS Church in the England Central Mission from", "id": "13616701" }, { "contents": "Steven E. Snow\n\n\nSteven Erastus Snow (born November 23, 1949) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He currently serves as the Church Historian and Recorder, as well as executive director of the Church History Department. Snow was born in St. George, Utah into a Latter-day Saint family. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in West Germany. Prior to his call as a general authority, Snow was a", "id": "8979711" }, { "contents": "Richard P. Lindsay\n\n\nBrigham Young University (BYU). From 1978 to 1989 Lindsay served as managing director of Public Affairs for the LDS Church. Among other church positions, Lindsay served as a bishop and stake president. In 1989, Lindsay was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. As a member of the Seventy, he served as the first president of the church's Africa Area. After his release as a general authority in 1994, Lindsay was the LDS Church's representative in various anti-pornography", "id": "9864996" }, { "contents": "Gary E. Stevenson\n\n\n& Fitness. He has also served on the Marriott School of Management National Advisory Council and the Utah State University Foundation Board. In the LDS Church, Stevenson has served as a bishop and a counselor in a stake presidency. He served as president of the Japan Nagoya Mission from 2004 to 2007. Stevenson became a member of the LDS Church's First Quorum of the Seventy at the April 2008 general conference. During his time in the Seventy, Stevenson served both as a counselor and as president of the church's Asia North", "id": "5851945" }, { "contents": "Rey Pratt\n\n\nRey Lucero Pratt (October 11, 1878 – April 14, 1931) served The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints for 23 years as president of its Mexican Mission and for six years as a general authority. Pratt helped establish the church in Mexico and among Spanish-speaking populations in the United States and Argentina. He also translated LDS Church materials into Spanish, wrote magazine articles and spoke regularly at general conference. Pratt has at times been called the father of the Mexican mission. Pratt was born in Salt", "id": "14018370" }, { "contents": "Virginia H. Pearce\n\n\nVirginia Hinckley Pearce (born February 8, 1945) is an author and was a member of the Young Women General Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1992 to 1997. Pearce is the daughter of the church's fifteenth president, Gordon B. Hinckley. At the church's April 1992 general conference, Pearce was sustained as first counselor to Young Women general president Janette C. Hales. Pearce served in this capacity until 1997, when Hales was released and replaced by Margaret D. Nadauld", "id": "22185174" }, { "contents": "Clinton L. Cutler\n\n\nClinton Louis Cutler (December 27, 1929 – April 9, 1994) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 until his death. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and was a counselor in the church's Sunday School General Presidency. Cutler was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and received his college education at Utah State University and the University of Utah. He then worked for many years for the company that became US", "id": "6647132" }, { "contents": "Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles\n\n\nActing President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is a priesthood calling in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). In general, the position of Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is only filled when the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is called as a counselor in the First Presidency of the church. In such instances, the man who holds this calling is the most senior apostle who is \"not\" serving in the First Presidency. Additionally, a person", "id": "11037283" }, { "contents": "Ángel Abrea\n\n\nÁngel Abrea (born 13 September 1933) was the first resident of Latin America to become a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Abrea was baptized into the LDS Church in 1943, at the age of ten. He graduated from the University of Buenos Aires, and worked as an accountant at Deloitte Haskins & Sells. Prior to his call as a general authority, Abrea was the first stake president in Argentina (1966–71; 1976–78", "id": "1574870" }, { "contents": "O. Vincent Haleck\n\n\nLDS Church, Haleck has served as a bishop, high councilor, stake patriarch, and stake president. He served as president of the Samoa Apia Mission from 2008 to 2011 and was in that capacity when he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in April 2011. After becoming a general authority, Haleck moved from Pago Pago, American Samoa to Salt Lake City, Utah. From the time of his call to August 2013, he filled assignments at church headquarters. From August 2013", "id": "2350277" }, { "contents": "John R. Winder\n\n\nJohn Rex Winder (; December 11, 1821 – March 27, 1910) was a leader and general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was Second Counselor in the Presiding Bishopric from 1887 to 1901, and First Counselor in the First Presidency to church president Joseph F. Smith from 1901 until his death. He was well known for his business abilities, and influenced Heber J. Grant. He was also active in politics and the militia, participating in the Utah War and the", "id": "1621863" }, { "contents": "Howard W. Hunter\n\n\nHoward William Hunter (November 14, 1907 – March 3, 1995) was an American lawyer and was the 14th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1994 to 1995. His nine-month presidential tenure is the shortest in the church's history. Hunter was the first president of the LDS Church born in the 20th century and the last to die in it. He was sustained as an LDS apostle at the age of 51, and served as a general authority for", "id": "21828472" }, { "contents": "Thomas J. Parmley\n\n\n, he worked as a chemist for the U.S. Smeltering Company. In 1923 he married LaVern W. Parmley who served as general president of the Primary of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He then earned his Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1927. Prior to joining the faculty of the University of Utah, Parmley was involved in cyclotron research at the University of California, Berkeley. While there he was the lead author of the paper \"The Radioactives of some high-mass isotopes of Cobalt", "id": "8525048" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\n. When the first General Authorities were given emeritus status, N. Eldon Tanner of the First Presidency provided the following explanation: \"The very rapid growth of the Church across the world, with the attendant increase in travel and responsibility, has made it necessary to consider a change in the status for some of the Brethren of the General Authorities. Some of our associates have served for many years with complete and unselfish dedication, and they deserve every honor and recognition for such devoted service. It is felt advisable at this time to", "id": "311523" }, { "contents": "Nicholas G. Smith\n\n\nNicholas Groesbeck Smith (June 20, 1881 – October 27, 1945) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, Smith was the son of LDS Church apostle John Henry Smith and Josephine Groesbeck. At age three, he went to England with his parents, where his father was serving as a church mission president. Smith was baptized by his father on his eighth birthday. From 1902 to 1905, Smith served as", "id": "463034" }, { "contents": "Keith B. McMullin\n\n\nKeith Brigham McMullin (born August 18, 1941) has been the CEO of Deseret Management Corporation since April 2012 and has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1995. He was the second counselor in the presiding bishopric of the LDS Church from 1995 to 2012, at which time he was designated an emeritus general authority of the church. Born in St. George, Utah, McMullin married Carolyn Jean Gibbs in 1964 and they are the parents of eight children and", "id": "13615804" }, { "contents": "James Rasband\n\n\nJames R. Rasband (born March 20, 1963) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since April 2019. Due to his call as a general authority, his service as Academic Vice President at Brigham Young University (BYU) ended in June 2019, a position he had held since June 2017. He previously served as dean of the J. Reuben Clark Law School (JRCLS). He has also been the Hugh W. Colton Professor of Law. Rasband received", "id": "19949796" }, { "contents": "Marion D. Hanks\n\n\nMarion Duff Hanks (October 13, 1921 – August 5, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1953 until his death. Hanks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man he served in the Northern States Mission of the LDS Church, which was headquartered in Chicago. He was in the United States Navy during World War II and received a J.D. from the University of Utah. Prior to his call as a general authority", "id": "6558935" }, { "contents": "Joseph W. McMurrin\n\n\nJoseph William McMurrin (September 5, 1858 – October 24, 1932) was a general authority and a member of the First Council of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He served as president of the California Mission of the LDS Church from 1919 until 1932. Joseph W. McMurrin was married to Mary Ellen Hunter on April 1, 1880 and had seven children. McMurrin was born in Tooele, Utah Territory. He was sustained one of the First Council of the Seventy on October 5,", "id": "17854595" }, { "contents": "W. Rolfe Kerr\n\n\nWilliam Rolfe Kerr (born June 29, 1935) is an emeritus general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He served previously as the fifteenth Commissioner of Church Education and as president of the Logan Utah Temple. Kerr was born in Tremonton, Utah, and grew up on a farm. He earned a bachelor’s degree in agriculture from Utah State University (USU), where he was also the quarterback on the football team. intending to spend his life farming, until", "id": "7684945" }, { "contents": "Hartman Rector Jr.\n\n\nHartman Rector Jr. (August 20, 1924 – November 6, 2018) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1968 until his death. He was one of the first adult converts to the LDS Church to become a general authority during the second half of the 20th century. Rector served as a member of the First Council of the Seventy from 1968 to 1976 and as a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy from 1976 to 1994. Rector was born", "id": "11492764" }, { "contents": "Gerald N. Lund\n\n\n-fiction works for Latter-Day Saints, including, \"Hearing the Voice of the Lord: Principles and Patterns of Personal Revelation\" (2008) and \"The Coming of the Lord\" (reprint 2005). Lund and his wife, Lynn, are the parents of seven children. Lund has also written poems that his wife has set to music. Before becoming a general authority, he worked in the LDS Church Educational System. He served in the church as a stake president, bishop and branch president at the", "id": "20477214" }, { "contents": "F. Melvin Hammond\n\n\nFloyd Melvin (\"Mel\") Hammond (born December 19, 1933) was an Idaho politician and has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was the nineteenth general president of the church's Young Men organization from 2001 to 2004. Hammond was born in Blackfoot, Idaho. He served as an LDS Church missionary in the Spanish–American Mission from 1954 to 1956. Hammond attended Ricks College and Brigham Young University (BYU). After", "id": "7773158" }, { "contents": "Thomas S. Monson\n\n\nspeaking proselytizing efforts in Quebec. He directed increased missionary work to immigrants from the Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Italy, Soviet Union and Hungary. Jacob de Jager, a future LDS general authority, was among the immigrant converts. Monson encouraged members to remain in eastern Canada, instead of migrating to Utah or Alberta as many members had done before, to help build the church's presence. To help encourage members to stay in Canada, increase the perception of permanence, and better reach potential converts, he started a major", "id": "17014153" }, { "contents": "James E. Faust\n\n\nJames Esdras Faust (July 31, 1920 – August 10, 2007) was an American religious leader, lawyer, and politician. Faust was Second Counselor in the First Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1995 until his death, an LDS Church apostle for 29 years, and a general authority of the church for 35 years. Faust was born to George A. Faust and Amy Finlinson in Delta, Utah. As a child, he lived in this area. His family", "id": "19825253" }, { "contents": "G. Homer Durham\n\n\nGeorge Homer Durham (February 4, 1911 – January 10, 1985) was an American academic administrator and was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1977 until his death. Durham was born in Parowan, Utah, and was raised in Salt Lake City. As a boy in grade school, he met and became lifelong friends with future LDS Church president Gordon B. Hinckley. As a young man, Durham served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the British", "id": "21588256" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nChurch in the Kansas City area. He then returned to the military, serving in the United States Navy. Among other positions, Curtis served in the LDS Church as a branch president, bishop, stake president, regional representative, stake patriarch and as president of the Florida Tallahassee Mission. After being released as a general authority, Curtis served as president of the Jordan River Utah Temple from 1996 to 1999. His son, LeGrand R. Curtis, Jr., was called as a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in", "id": "18322021" }, { "contents": "Glenn L. Pace\n\n\nfrom the Presiding Bishopric and became a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. That same year he served as the first president of the church's Australia Sydney North Mission, while also serving in the First Quorum of Seventy. In 1997 and 1998, he was a member of the general presidency of the church's Sunday School and from 2001 to 2003 he was in the general presidency of the Young Men organization. Pace was released and designated an emeritus general authority at the church's October 2010 general conference. Pace married", "id": "21590107" }, { "contents": "Marlin K. Jensen\n\n\nMarlin Keith Jensen (born May 18, 1942) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He served as the official Church Historian and Recorder of the church from 2005 to 2012. He was the 19th man to hold that calling since it was established in 1830. Jensen was made an emeritus general authority in the October 2012 general conference. Jensen was born in Huntsville, Utah. As a 19-year-old, he served as a missionary for", "id": "21271513" }, { "contents": "H. Verlan Andersen\n\n\nHans Verlan Andersen (November 6, 1914 – July 16, 1992) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and a professor at Brigham Young University (BYU). Andersen was called to the LDS Church's First Quorum of the Seventy in April 1986. On April 1, 1989 he was transferred to the newly created Second Quorum of the Seventy. On October 5, 1991, he was released from his service as a general authority. He died of cancer", "id": "20615381" }, { "contents": "Victor L. Brown\n\n\nVictor Lee Brown (31 July 1914 – 26 March 1996) was the tenth Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1972 to 1985. He was an LDS Church general authority from 1961 until his death. Brown was born in Cardston, Alberta, Canada, the son of Gerald Stephen Brown and Maggie Calder Lee. Brown received his education from the University of Utah, LDS Business College and the University of California, Berkeley. He worked in various ground operations management positions", "id": "13837425" }, { "contents": "Jack H. Goaslind\n\n\nJack H. Goaslind Jr. (April 18, 1928 – April 27, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1978 until his death. He was the seventeenth general president of the church's Young Men organization from 1990 to 1998. Goaslind was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Jack, Sr. and Anita Jane Jack. As a young man, Goaslind served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Western Canadian Mission. Goaslind had", "id": "7773235" }, { "contents": "D. Todd Christofferson\n\n\nMay 28, 1968. They are the parents of five children. Prior to becoming a general authority, Christofferson served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. At the church's April 1993 general conference, Christofferson was called as a general authority and member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. In August 1998, Christofferson became a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. As a seventy, Christofferson served as the executive director of the church's Family and Church History Department. While in", "id": "6657200" }, { "contents": "Devin Durrant\n\n\nserved in various roles in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), including president of the Texas Dallas Mission and first counselor in the church's Sunday School general presidency. Born in Brigham City, Utah, Durrant was named a McDonald's All-American in 1978 during his senior year of high school. He was captain of the Provo High School team that won a state basketball championship. Durrant attended Brigham Young University (BYU) where he played basketball and started every game of his collegiate", "id": "15721443" }, { "contents": "F. Melvin Hammond\n\n\ngraduating from BYU, Hammond became a professor of religion at Ricks College in 1966. He was a member of the Idaho House of Representatives from 1969 to 1984 and served as House Minority Leader for three terms. Before his call as a general authority, Hammond served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. In 1984, Hammond became president of the church's Bolivia Cochabamba Mission. In 1989, he became a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. In 1993, he was transferred", "id": "7773159" }, { "contents": "George P. Lee\n\n\nthe LDS Church to the Navajo Nation, known then as the \"Southwest Indian Mission\". Prior to his call as an LDS general authority, Lee held a number of priesthood leadership callings, including elders quorum president, branch president, district president, and president of the Arizona Holbrook Mission. On October 3, 1975, LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball called the 32-year-old Lee to be a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy, a position with church-wide responsibilities. He was the first Native American", "id": "10605106" }, { "contents": "Boyd K. Packer\n\n\nBoyd Kenneth Packer (September 10, 1924 – July 3, 2015) was an American religious leader and former educator, who served as president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2008 until his death. He also served as the quorum's acting president from 1994 to 2008, and was an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve from 1970 until his death. He served as a general authority of the church from 1961 until his", "id": "14808651" }, { "contents": "Elder (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\n. A quorum president, along with two counselors, is called and set apart under the direction of the stake presidency, and generally serves for a number of years. A secretary is also called to assist the president and his counselors. All adult men in the ward who are not presently serving in callings that require the ordination of high priest are assigned to the elders quorum. The title \"Elder\" is not normally used as a personal title (e.g., Elder Evans, Elder Johnson), except by the LDS Church", "id": "7053205" }, { "contents": "James O. Mason\n\n\nlater served as the American delegate to the World Health Organization. In 1994, Mason was appointed as a general authority by the LDS Church, serving in the Second Quorum of the Seventy until 2000. From 2000 to 2003, Mason was president of the church's Bountiful Utah Temple. As a young man, Mason served an LDS Church mission to Denmark. Before his appointment as a general authority, Mason served in the church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. In 1974, while serving as Church Commissioner", "id": "6162441" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nor senior president of the seventy. As of August 2018, the current Presidency of the Seventy and their areas of responsibilities are: The First Quorum of the Seventy are general authorities, meaning they have authority throughout the church. They usually serve until their 70th birthday or until their health fails them, at which time they are given emeritus status and released from active service as a general authority. Members of the First Quorum of the Seventy serve under the direction of the Quorum of the Twelve and the Presidency of the Seventy.", "id": "9800089" }, { "contents": "Robert C. Oaks\n\n\nand Chief of U.S. Air Forces Europe and NATO Central Europe in 1994 after serving 34 years. Following his retirement, Oaks was employed at U.S. Airways as Senior Vice President. In 2000, Oaks resigned from this position when he was called to serve as a general authority and member of the LDS Church's Second Quorum of the Seventy. In this capacity, Oaks served as president of the church's Africa East Area. In 2004, he was called to Presidency of the Seventy, filling a vacancy created when Dieter F. Uchtdorf", "id": "18638342" }, { "contents": "Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\narea authorities\" and \"local authorities\" and include all other Quorums of the Seventy, mission presidents, temple presidents, stake presidents, bishops, and other priesthood quorum presidents. The church has no salaried ministry; however, some general authorities receive stipends from the church, as needed, using income from church-owned investments. All local and area authorities are unpaid and continue in their normal occupations while serving in leadership positions. Although the church had a paid local clergy in the 1800s, local and regional priesthood leaders currently", "id": "17900603" }, { "contents": "Clifford E. Young\n\n\nClifford Earle Young (December 7, 1883 – August 21, 1958) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1941 until his death. Young was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of LDS Church leader Seymour B. Young. From 1905 to 1908, he served as a Mormon missionary in England and Germany. In 1928, Young became the president of the Alpine Stake of the LDS Church in Utah. In 1934, he joined the", "id": "8315768" }, { "contents": "Julie B. Beck\n\n\nJulie Bangerter Beck (born September 29, 1954) was the fifteenth general president of the Relief Society of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2007 to 2012. Born in Granger, Utah, to William Grant Bangerter and Geraldine Hamblin, Beck grew up in Utah and in São Paulo, Brazil, where her father served as a mission president for the LDS Church for five years. Beck's father would later serve as an LDS Church general authority. Beck is also the niece of", "id": "21096729" }, { "contents": "Lance B. Wickman\n\n\nLance Bradley Wickman (born November 11, 1940) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1994 and is the current general counsel of the LDS Church. In 2010, he became an emeritus general authority. Wickman was born in Seattle, Washington. He was raised in New Jersey and Glendale, California. From 1961 to 1963, Wickman was a LDS Church missionary in the church's Central British Mission. After his mission, he married Patricia Farr in", "id": "18078808" }, { "contents": "Keith K. Hilbig\n\n\nKeith Karlton Hilbig (March 12, 1942 – August 22, 2015) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2001 until his death. Prior to becoming a general authority, he was general counsel for the LDS Church in Europe. Hilbig was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. His father, Karl Herbert Hilbig, was from Zwickau, Germany who joined the LDS Church before immigrating to the United States. As a young man, Hilbig served as a missionary in", "id": "12290497" } ]

[ { "contents": "Jacob de Jager\n\n\nJacob de Jager (16 January 1923 – 25 February 2004) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was the first Dutch person to serve as a general authority. De Jager was born in the Netherlands and joined the church while living in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. His work took him to Australia, Indonesia, Mexico and Canada. His first calling in the church was hymnal coordinator which he filled honorably. He also served as elders quorum president,", "id": "12693727" }, { "contents": "Jacob de Jager\n\n\nbranch president, counselor to mission president and regional representative before his call to the First Quorum of the Seventy. In 1993, de Jager was designated an emeritus general authority and he later served as bishop of a ward in central Salt Lake City. He is one of few people to serve as a ward bishop after serving as a general authority. He died in 2004 of causes incident to age. He married Bea Lim and they had two children. They were married in Indonesia and later, after joining the LDS Church,", "id": "12693728" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nin policy or practice was announced, at the church's general conference in October 2015, those released from the Second Quorum of the Seventy were designated as emeritus general authorities for the first time. They remain general authorities until their deaths, but an emeritus general authority is not a member of a seventies quorum. John K. Carmack, the former head of the Perpetual Education Fund and W. Rolfe Kerr, a former Church Commissioner of Education, are both emeritus general authorities. Jacob de Jager served as a bishop after he was given", "id": "9800095" }, { "contents": "Glenn L. Pace\n\n\nGlenn Leroy Pace ( – ) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1985 until his death. As a general authority, he served as a counselor in the presiding bishopric and also in the First Quorum of Seventy. In 2010, he was designated an emeritus general authority. Pace was born to Kenneth LeRoy Pace and his wife, the former Elizabeth Anna Wilde, in Provo, Utah, where he was also raised. In the early 1960s, he served", "id": "21590104" }, { "contents": "J. Richard Clarke\n\n\nJohn Richard Clarke (born April 4, 1927) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1976. He has been a member of the church's presiding bishopric and a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. Clarke was born in Rexburg, Idaho. As a young man he served as an LDS Church missionary in South Africa. Prior to his call as a general authority, he served as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative in Idaho", "id": "8108720" }, { "contents": "W. Craig Zwick\n\n\nWilliam Craig Zwick (born June 10, 1947) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1995. Zwick was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He served as a missionary for the LDS Church in Argentina. Richard G. Scott of the Quorum of the Twelve was one of Zwick's mission presidents. While serving on this mission he worked on his first LDS Church chapel construction project. Prior to his call as a general authority, Zwick served as", "id": "8104324" }, { "contents": "H. Burke Peterson\n\n\nHarold Burke Peterson (September 19, 1923 – April 14, 2013) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1972 until his death. He was a counselor to the presiding bishop and a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. He became an emeritus general authority in 1993. Peterson was born in Salt Lake City, Utah and was raised in Phoenix, Arizona, where he became an Eagle Scout. Beginning in 1940, Peterson attended Phoenix College,", "id": "21001102" }, { "contents": "Orrin P. Miller\n\n\nOrrin Porter Miller (September 11, 1858 – July 7, 1918) was a member of the presiding bishopric of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1901 to his death. Born in Millcreek, Utah Territory, Miller was a local leader in the church prior to his call as a general authority. He became the bishop of the newly created Riverton Ward in Salt Lake City in 1886. Prior to serving as a bishop, he had been an elder and a seventy in the", "id": "11180481" }, { "contents": "Gerrit W. Gong\n\n\nGerrit Walter Gong (born December 23, 1953) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority since 2010 and served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from October 2015 until his calling to the Quorum of the Twelve in March 2018. He is the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saint's first apostle of Asian descent. Prior to becoming a general authority, he", "id": "144653" }, { "contents": "Richard C. Edgley\n\n\nRichard Crockett Edgley (born February 6, 1936) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since October 1992. He was first counselor in the church's presiding bishopric from 1995 to 2012 and as second counselor from 1992 to 1995. He was designated as an emeritus general authority in March 2012. Born in Preston, Idaho, Edgley was called as second counselor to Presiding Bishop Robert D. Hales in 1992. In 1994, Merrill J. Bateman replaced Hales and Edgley", "id": "13615760" }, { "contents": "Gérald Caussé\n\n\nGérald Jean Caussé (born 20 May 1963) has been the Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 9 October 2015. He is the fifteenth man to serve in this position. He has been a general authority of the LDS Church since 2008 and was the first person from France appointed as a general authority. Caussé, who was born in Bordeaux, was raised as a Latter-day Saint: his parents joined the church when he was six months old, having", "id": "17565213" }, { "contents": "Tad R. Callister\n\n\nToronto East Mission. While still serving in Canada, he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in 2008. He later served first as a counselor and then as president of the Pacific Area, residing in Auckland and overseeing the operations of the LDS Church in New Zealand, Australia, and the islands of the Pacific. In 2011 he was appointed as a member of the church's seven-man Presidency of the Seventy, replacing Claudio R. M. Costa. At the church's April", "id": "18106566" }, { "contents": "Spencer J. Condie\n\n\nSpencer Joel Condie (born August 27, 1940) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. Condie previously worked as a professor at Brigham Young University (BYU) and also served as a mission president for the LDS Church in Eastern Europe. In 2010, he was designated as an emeritus general authority. Condie was born in Preston, Idaho. His family lived there until he was fifteen when they moved to Pocatello, Idaho. From 1960 to", "id": "22107545" }, { "contents": "David S. Baxter\n\n\nCouncil, and as Deputy Chairman of the East Anglian Ambulance NHS Trust. Baxter became an LDS bishop at age 25. He also served as a counselor in a stake presidency, as president of the Ipswich England Stake and as a counselor in the presidency of the England London Mission. From 2002 to 2006 he was an area seventy, which included serving as a counselor in the presidency of the church's Europe West Area from 2004 to 2006. After his call as general authority, Baxter served as a counselor in the church", "id": "19881068" }, { "contents": "Charles H. Hart\n\n\nCharles Henry Hart (July 5, 1866 – September 29, 1934) was a general authority and a member of the First Council of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Hart also served as president of the Canadian Mission of the LDS Church from 1927 to 1930. Hart was born at Bloomington, Bear Lake County, Idaho Territory. When he was called as a member of the First Council of the Seventy in April 1906 he became the first general authority born in Idaho. He died", "id": "17854573" }, { "contents": "Jay E. Jensen\n\n\nJay Edwin Jensen (born February 5, 1942) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1992. He served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from 2008 to 2012. Jensen was designated an emeritus general authority in the October 2012 general conference. Jensen was born in Payson, Utah, and raised in Mapleton, Utah. From 1961 to 1963, Jensen served as a missionary in the Spanish-American mission, concentrating on teaching", "id": "19396644" }, { "contents": "Ben B. Banks\n\n\nBenjamin Berry Banks (born April 4, 1932) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy from 1999 to 2002 and has also been president of the church's Jordan River Utah Temple. Banks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. Before becoming a general authority, Banks served in the church as a stake president and bishop. From 1987 to 1989 he was president of", "id": "5941447" }, { "contents": "Neil L. Andersen\n\n\nNeil Linden Andersen (born August 9, 1951) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was sustained by church membership as an apostle on April 4, 2009, during the church's General Conference. At the time of his call to the Twelve, Andersen had been serving as an LDS general authority since 1993, including service in the Presidency of the Seventy from 2005 to 2009. Currently, he is tenth apostle in", "id": "3244056" }, { "contents": "Ulisses Soares\n\n\nUlisses Soares (born 2 October 1958) is a Brazilian businessman and is the junior member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority since 2005 and served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from January 2013 until his calling to the Quorum of the Twelve in March 2018. He is the LDS Church's first apostle from South America, being from Brazil. As a member of the Quorum of", "id": "966446" }, { "contents": "Helio R. Camargo\n\n\nHelio da Rocha Camargo (born 1 February 1926) was the first Brazilian general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was called to the First Quorum of the Seventy in 1985 and served there for four years. In 1989, he was transferred, along with other limited-term members of the First Quorum of the Seventy to the newly created Second Quorum of the Seventy. Camargo was released as a general authority in 1990. Camargo was born in Rio de Janeiro.", "id": "148646" }, { "contents": "Presiding Bishop (LDS Church)\n\n\nThe Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) is a priesthood calling with church-wide authority. The Presiding Bishop is the highest leadership position within the church's Aaronic priesthood. Upon the Presiding Bishop's recommendation, the First Presidency calls two other men to assist the Presiding Bishop as his counselors; together these three compose the church's Presiding Bishopric. As well as being ordained to the Aaronic priesthood office of bishop, the members of the Presiding Bishopric are general authorities of the", "id": "9941304" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nLeGrand Raine Curtis, Sr. (May 22, 1924 – December 19, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 to 1995. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy; he also served as a counselor in the Young Men general presidency from 1990 to 1991 and from 1972 to 1974. Curtis was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was named after LeGrand Richards, who was bishop of the Sugar House Ward", "id": "18322018" }, { "contents": "Salomón Jaar\n\n\nHe later worked as a coordinator for the Church Educational System. Jaar was the first president of the LDS Church's Valle de Sula Honduras Stake. He later served as an area seventy and as president of the Honduras Tegucigalpa Mission of the church. He had also served as a bishop in the LDS Church. Jaar was mission president from 1993 to 1996 and an area seventy from 1996 to 2000. At the time of his death he was the bishop of the Tamarindo Ward in the Choluteca Honduras Stake. Jaar wrote the book", "id": "3544500" }, { "contents": "Horacio A. Tenorio\n\n\nHoracio Antonio Tenorio (born 6 March 1935) was the first general authority in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) of Mexican ancestry. Tenorio was born in Mexico City, Mexico. He was trained in business with graduate training in purchasing. He and his wife, Maria, were married in 1957 and are the parents of three children. In 1969, Tenorio joined the LDS Church. He began service as a stake president in 1975. He later served as a Regional representative and president", "id": "2626856" }, { "contents": "Juan A. Uceda\n\n\nJuan Alberto Uceda Andrade (born 10 July 1953) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2010. He was a member of the Presidency of the Seventy from August 2017 to August 2018. Uceda was born in Lima, Peru. He holds a degree in public relations from San Luis Gonzaga National University. Uceda converted to the LDS Church in 1972. He served as a Mormon missionary in Peru and as a stake Sunday School president, bishop, counselor", "id": "757656" }, { "contents": "W. Rolfe Kerr\n\n\nas president of the church's Texas Dallas Mission in 1993. He had been in that position since 1985. Kerr also served in the LDS Church as a stake president, bishop's counselor, high councilor, and on the Sunday School General Board. For two years in the 1960s, he was involved in helping organize the LDS Student Association. While still serving in Dallas, Kerr was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy on April 6, 1996, and was transferred to the First", "id": "7684948" }, { "contents": "Helvécio Martins\n\n\nthe announcement that the LDS Church was lifting the priesthood ban. After Martins received the priesthood and his temple ordinances, he served in the church as a bishop, counselor to a stake president, and as president of the Brazil Fortaleza Mission. In April 1990, church president Ezra Taft Benson called Martins as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. Martins became the first black general authority in the LDS Church. After serving a standard five-year term as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy, Martins", "id": "463547" }, { "contents": "Edward Stevenson\n\n\nEdward Stevenson (May 1, 1820 – January 27, 1897) was a prominent Mormon missionary of the 19th century. He also served as a general authority in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as one of the seven presidents of the Seventy. Stevenson was born in Gibraltar to British parents. His family moved to the United States when he was young. As a young man, he was living in Pontiac, Michigan when he was contacted by a group of Latter Day Saint missionaries", "id": "10615780" }, { "contents": "Eldred G. Smith\n\n\nEldred Gee Smith (January 9, 1907 – April 4, 2013) was the patriarch emeritus of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and held the calling of Patriarch to the Church from 1947 to 1979, the last to hold the office. He was the oldest and longest-serving general authority of the church at his death, although he had not been active in that capacity for many years. Smith's father was Hyrum G. Smith, the Presiding Patriarch of the LDS Church from", "id": "19636038" }, { "contents": "Jay E. Jensen\n\n\n. He was the director of scripture coordination for the church's Curriculum Department at the time of his call as a general authority. He previously worked for the Church Educational System as a seminary teacher and director of curriculum. Jensen was also the director of training for the church's Missionary Department for a period of time. Jensen has served in the LDS Church as a bishop, branch president, counselor in the Missionary Training Center presidency, and was president of the church's Colombia Cali Mission from 1975 to 1978. Jensen was", "id": "19396646" }, { "contents": "David F. Evans\n\n\nDavid Frewin Evans (born August 11, 1951) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2005. Evans was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He grew up in Los Angeles, California, where his father David C. Evans worked for Bendix Corporation. His mother, Joy F. Evans, served as a counselor to Barbara W. Winder in the Relief Society General Presidency from 1984 to 1990. Evans served as a missionary in the church's Japan Mission", "id": "21504391" }, { "contents": "Octaviano Tenorio\n\n\nthe Mexico City Temple. He was serving in this position at the time of his call as a general authority. Tenorio has served in the LDS Church as a branch president, stake clerk, stake mission president, counselor in a [[stake presidency]], [[stake president]] and twice as a regional representative (one time beginning in 1993). He was a sealer in the Mexico City Temple when it opened. He also served as [[Mission president|president]] of the Mexico [[Tuxtla", "id": "20053600" }, { "contents": "Merrill J. Bateman\n\n\nMerrill Joseph Bateman (born June 19, 1936) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1992, originally as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. He is currently an emeritus general authority. From 2003 to 2007, Bateman was a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy. He was president of Brigham Young University (BYU) from January 1, 1996, until May 1, 2003, and was the church's twelfth presiding", "id": "4817384" }, { "contents": "William Grant Bangerter\n\n\nWilliam Grant Bangerter (June 8, 1918 – April 18, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1975 until his death. Bangerter was born in Granger, Utah. From 1939 to 1941, he served as a Mormon missionary in Brazil. After his mission he graduated from the University of Utah and became a building contractor. In the LDS Church, Bangerter served as a bishop in Granger and was later president of the church's North Jordan Stake", "id": "8315713" }, { "contents": "Robert E. Sackley\n\n\nRobert Edward Sackley (17 December 1922 – 22 February 1993) was an educational administrator in Canada and was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1989 until his death. Sackley was the first native Australian to serve as an LDS Church general authority. Born in Lismore, New South Wales, Australia, Sackley was a member of the Northern New Guinea 5th Commando Squadron of the Australian Defence Force during the Second World War. On 25 December 1944, Sackley was severely", "id": "564713" }, { "contents": "David E. Sorensen\n\n\nDavid Eugene Sorensen (June 29, 1933 – August 26, 2014) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1992 until his death. He served in the First and Second Quorums of the Seventy and as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. He was the executive director of the church's Temple Department during the temple building boom of the late 1990s and early 2000s. Sorensen was born in Aurora, Utah. He grew up working on the family", "id": "1861260" }, { "contents": "Ronald E. Poelman\n\n\nRonald Eugene Poelman (May 10, 1928 – November 19, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1978 until his death. In 1984, he delivered a controversial sermon in the LDS Church's general conference which the church redacted before publishing. Poelman was born in Salt Lake City, Utah to a Latter-day Saint family. As a young man, he served as a Mormon missionary in the LDS Church's Netherlands Mission. He began his", "id": "4765396" }, { "contents": "Merlin R. Lybbert\n\n\nMerlin Rex Lybbert (31 January 1926 – 6 July 2001) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1989 to 1994. From 1992 to 1994, Lybbert was the thirteenth general president of the LDS Church's Sunday School. Lybbert was born in Cardston, Alberta, Canada. After a short period of service in the Canadian Army near the end of World War II, Lybbert served as a missionary in the church's Eastern States Mission. After his mission,", "id": "4321885" }, { "contents": "David E. Sorensen\n\n\nwork full time to overcome debt associated with the family ranch before receiving a degree. Sorensen spent his career as a business owner, operating a healthcare services company while living in California.. He previously served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and as president of the Canada Halifax Mission. He also served as vice chair of the Nevada Community Bank in Las Vegas, Nevada. Sorensen was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in June 1992. He was transferred to the", "id": "1861262" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nThe following individuals are the current general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Included are the individuals' hierarchical position and some of their current specialized assignments in the church, if any. Note: On April 5, 2018, the First Presidency announced that area presidencies were being reinstated for those 10 areas within the United States and Canada, and that the members of the Presidency of the Seventy would be relieved of responsibility for those areas, to enable them to assist the apostles", "id": "311521" }, { "contents": "A. Laurence Lyon\n\n\nA. Laurence Lyon (1934–2006) was a composer of music, usually sacred music with a Latter-day Saint theme. He also served for 30 years as a professor at Western Oregon University. Lyon was born in Rotterdam, Netherlands where his father, T. Edgar Lyon was serving as president of the Netherlands Mission of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Lyon created his first composition at 12. He was first called as an organist for a congregation of the LDS Church when he was", "id": "11731771" }, { "contents": "H. David Burton\n\n\nHarold David Burton (born April 25, 1938) was the thirteenth Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1995 to 2012. He has been a general authority of the LDS Church since October 1992. Born in Salt Lake City, Utah to Latter-day Saint parents, Burton graduated from South High School in 1956 and then served as a missionary for the LDS Church in southern Australia in the late 1950s. He graduated from the University of Utah with a bachelor's", "id": "13615748" }, { "contents": "J. Richard Clarke\n\n\n. He also returned to South Africa as the president of the church's South Africa Cape Town Mission. In 1976, Clarke became the second counselor to presiding bishop Victor L. Brown. He served in this capacity until Brown was released in 1985. Clarke was retained as a general authority and became a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. He became a member of the Presidency of the Seventy in 1988, and served in that capacity until 1997, when he was released and given general authority emeritus status. From 1998", "id": "8108721" }, { "contents": "Alan C. Ashton\n\n\nThe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a grandson of former church president David O. McKay. He served as a missionary in Central Germany as a young man. Ashton later married Karen Jackman Ashton; they are the parents of 11 children. He has served in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as a bishop, stake president, and as president of the Canada Toronto West Mission from 2004 to 2007. From 2013 to 2016, Ashton and his wife served as the president and matron of", "id": "3127903" }, { "contents": "Paul K. Sybrowsky\n\n\nfrom 1964 to 1966. He later served as a bishop (of the Hyde Park Ward in London, England), as a member of a stake high council, and as a counselor in a stake presidency. Sybrowsky was president of the BYU 9th Stake from 1996 until 2001, when he was succeeded by Thomas B. Griffith. From 2001 to 2004, Sybrowsky was president of the church's Canada Toronto West Mission. Sybrowsky was an LDS general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy from 2005 to 2011.", "id": "6640442" }, { "contents": "Glen L. Rudd\n\n\nGlen Larkin Rudd (May 18, 1918 – December 30, 2016) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1987 to 1992. Rudd was born and raised in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in New Zealand, where his mission president was Matthew Cowley. For part of his mission he served as secretary to, and traveling companion of, Cowley. After he returned from his mission", "id": "18942120" }, { "contents": "Thomas B. Griffith\n\n\nhis father was stationed there with the U.S. Army. He joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as a junior at Langley High School in McLean, Virginia. He served as student body president at the high school his senior year and later served a mission for the LDS Church in South Africa. He attended BYU and later became the university's General Counsel from 2000 to 2005, where he also served as president of the church's BYU 9th Stake. He previously served as bishop of", "id": "19816869" }, { "contents": "David S. Baxter\n\n\nDavid Steward Baxter (born 7 February 1955) has been a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2006. A native of Scotland, and a resident of England at the time of his call, he is only the third general authority who was native to the United Kingdom and also living there at the time of his call. Baxter joined the LDS Church along with his mother and siblings when he was twelve. Shortly after this,", "id": "19881065" }, { "contents": "Hugh W. Pinnock\n\n\nHugh Wallace Pinnock (January 15, 1934 – December 16, 2000) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1977 until his death. Pinnock was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Western States Mission. Pinnock graduated from University of Utah in 1958, where he became a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity and Owl and Key. Prior to his call to the First", "id": "8519001" }, { "contents": "Lowell M. Snow\n\n\nLowell Miller Snow (born January 2, 1944) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2005 to 2011. Snow was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and in 2006 became the president of the Africa West Area of the church. Snow is a descendant of Erastus Snow and grew up in St. George, Utah. He served as a LDS Church missionary in Germany and then attended Brigham Young University, where he met his wife Tamara. Snow", "id": "12412841" }, { "contents": "Tad R. Callister\n\n\nTad Richards Callister (born December 17, 1945) was the 21st Sunday School General President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from April 2014 to April 2019. He served previously in the church as a general authority from 2008 to 2014, including as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy from August 2011 to April 2014. Callister was born in Glendale, California to Effie Norine Richards and Reed Eddington Callister. His parents were both natives of Salt Lake City. Reed Callister served", "id": "18106563" }, { "contents": "L. Whitney Clayton\n\n\nLyndon Whitney Clayton III (born February 24, 1950) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He has been a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy since 2008 and its senior president since 2015. Clayton was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and attended the University of Utah. He served as a full-time missionary of the LDS Church in Peru. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in finance and earned a", "id": "17564673" }, { "contents": "Henry D. Taylor\n\n\nHenry Dixon Taylor (November 22, 1903 – February 24, 1987) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1958 until his death. Taylor was born in Provo, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Eastern States Mission. During his mission, Taylor was the president of the church's Connecticut District. Taylor received a bachelor's degree from Brigham Young University (BYU) and a master's degree", "id": "2477100" }, { "contents": "Gilbert W. Scharffs\n\n\nGilbert Woodrow Scharffs (June 27, 1930 - February 26, 2015) was a Latter-day Saint religious educator and author. Scharffs was born to Fritz and Louise Scharffs and raised in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He served as a missionary in the East German Mission of the LDS Church in the late 1950s, where he served as editor for publications and later second counselor to the Mission President. In 1959 he was married in the Salt Lake Temple to Laura Virginia Smith", "id": "7526873" }, { "contents": "Donald L. Hallstrom\n\n\nDonald Larry Hallstrom (born July 27, 1949) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2000. From 2009 to 2017, he served as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. Hallstrom was born to James Emerson Hallstrom and Betty Jo (née Lambert) in and grew up in Honolulu. As a young man he enjoyed several sports, including basketball and surfing. He served as a missionary of the LDS Church in the England Central Mission from", "id": "13616701" }, { "contents": "Steven E. Snow\n\n\nSteven Erastus Snow (born November 23, 1949) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He currently serves as the Church Historian and Recorder, as well as executive director of the Church History Department. Snow was born in St. George, Utah into a Latter-day Saint family. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in West Germany. Prior to his call as a general authority, Snow was a", "id": "8979711" }, { "contents": "Richard P. Lindsay\n\n\nBrigham Young University (BYU). From 1978 to 1989 Lindsay served as managing director of Public Affairs for the LDS Church. Among other church positions, Lindsay served as a bishop and stake president. In 1989, Lindsay was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. As a member of the Seventy, he served as the first president of the church's Africa Area. After his release as a general authority in 1994, Lindsay was the LDS Church's representative in various anti-pornography", "id": "9864996" }, { "contents": "Gary E. Stevenson\n\n\n& Fitness. He has also served on the Marriott School of Management National Advisory Council and the Utah State University Foundation Board. In the LDS Church, Stevenson has served as a bishop and a counselor in a stake presidency. He served as president of the Japan Nagoya Mission from 2004 to 2007. Stevenson became a member of the LDS Church's First Quorum of the Seventy at the April 2008 general conference. During his time in the Seventy, Stevenson served both as a counselor and as president of the church's Asia North", "id": "5851945" }, { "contents": "Rey Pratt\n\n\nRey Lucero Pratt (October 11, 1878 – April 14, 1931) served The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints for 23 years as president of its Mexican Mission and for six years as a general authority. Pratt helped establish the church in Mexico and among Spanish-speaking populations in the United States and Argentina. He also translated LDS Church materials into Spanish, wrote magazine articles and spoke regularly at general conference. Pratt has at times been called the father of the Mexican mission. Pratt was born in Salt", "id": "14018370" }, { "contents": "Virginia H. Pearce\n\n\nVirginia Hinckley Pearce (born February 8, 1945) is an author and was a member of the Young Women General Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1992 to 1997. Pearce is the daughter of the church's fifteenth president, Gordon B. Hinckley. At the church's April 1992 general conference, Pearce was sustained as first counselor to Young Women general president Janette C. Hales. Pearce served in this capacity until 1997, when Hales was released and replaced by Margaret D. Nadauld", "id": "22185174" }, { "contents": "Clinton L. Cutler\n\n\nClinton Louis Cutler (December 27, 1929 – April 9, 1994) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 until his death. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and was a counselor in the church's Sunday School General Presidency. Cutler was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and received his college education at Utah State University and the University of Utah. He then worked for many years for the company that became US", "id": "6647132" }, { "contents": "Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles\n\n\nActing President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is a priesthood calling in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). In general, the position of Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is only filled when the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is called as a counselor in the First Presidency of the church. In such instances, the man who holds this calling is the most senior apostle who is \"not\" serving in the First Presidency. Additionally, a person", "id": "11037283" }, { "contents": "Ángel Abrea\n\n\nÁngel Abrea (born 13 September 1933) was the first resident of Latin America to become a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Abrea was baptized into the LDS Church in 1943, at the age of ten. He graduated from the University of Buenos Aires, and worked as an accountant at Deloitte Haskins & Sells. Prior to his call as a general authority, Abrea was the first stake president in Argentina (1966–71; 1976–78", "id": "1574870" }, { "contents": "O. Vincent Haleck\n\n\nLDS Church, Haleck has served as a bishop, high councilor, stake patriarch, and stake president. He served as president of the Samoa Apia Mission from 2008 to 2011 and was in that capacity when he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in April 2011. After becoming a general authority, Haleck moved from Pago Pago, American Samoa to Salt Lake City, Utah. From the time of his call to August 2013, he filled assignments at church headquarters. From August 2013", "id": "2350277" }, { "contents": "John R. Winder\n\n\nJohn Rex Winder (; December 11, 1821 – March 27, 1910) was a leader and general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was Second Counselor in the Presiding Bishopric from 1887 to 1901, and First Counselor in the First Presidency to church president Joseph F. Smith from 1901 until his death. He was well known for his business abilities, and influenced Heber J. Grant. He was also active in politics and the militia, participating in the Utah War and the", "id": "1621863" }, { "contents": "Howard W. Hunter\n\n\nHoward William Hunter (November 14, 1907 – March 3, 1995) was an American lawyer and was the 14th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1994 to 1995. His nine-month presidential tenure is the shortest in the church's history. Hunter was the first president of the LDS Church born in the 20th century and the last to die in it. He was sustained as an LDS apostle at the age of 51, and served as a general authority for", "id": "21828472" }, { "contents": "Thomas J. Parmley\n\n\n, he worked as a chemist for the U.S. Smeltering Company. In 1923 he married LaVern W. Parmley who served as general president of the Primary of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He then earned his Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1927. Prior to joining the faculty of the University of Utah, Parmley was involved in cyclotron research at the University of California, Berkeley. While there he was the lead author of the paper \"The Radioactives of some high-mass isotopes of Cobalt", "id": "8525048" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\n. When the first General Authorities were given emeritus status, N. Eldon Tanner of the First Presidency provided the following explanation: \"The very rapid growth of the Church across the world, with the attendant increase in travel and responsibility, has made it necessary to consider a change in the status for some of the Brethren of the General Authorities. Some of our associates have served for many years with complete and unselfish dedication, and they deserve every honor and recognition for such devoted service. It is felt advisable at this time to", "id": "311523" }, { "contents": "Nicholas G. Smith\n\n\nNicholas Groesbeck Smith (June 20, 1881 – October 27, 1945) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, Smith was the son of LDS Church apostle John Henry Smith and Josephine Groesbeck. At age three, he went to England with his parents, where his father was serving as a church mission president. Smith was baptized by his father on his eighth birthday. From 1902 to 1905, Smith served as", "id": "463034" }, { "contents": "Keith B. McMullin\n\n\nKeith Brigham McMullin (born August 18, 1941) has been the CEO of Deseret Management Corporation since April 2012 and has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1995. He was the second counselor in the presiding bishopric of the LDS Church from 1995 to 2012, at which time he was designated an emeritus general authority of the church. Born in St. George, Utah, McMullin married Carolyn Jean Gibbs in 1964 and they are the parents of eight children and", "id": "13615804" }, { "contents": "James Rasband\n\n\nJames R. Rasband (born March 20, 1963) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since April 2019. Due to his call as a general authority, his service as Academic Vice President at Brigham Young University (BYU) ended in June 2019, a position he had held since June 2017. He previously served as dean of the J. Reuben Clark Law School (JRCLS). He has also been the Hugh W. Colton Professor of Law. Rasband received", "id": "19949796" }, { "contents": "Marion D. Hanks\n\n\nMarion Duff Hanks (October 13, 1921 – August 5, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1953 until his death. Hanks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man he served in the Northern States Mission of the LDS Church, which was headquartered in Chicago. He was in the United States Navy during World War II and received a J.D. from the University of Utah. Prior to his call as a general authority", "id": "6558935" }, { "contents": "Joseph W. McMurrin\n\n\nJoseph William McMurrin (September 5, 1858 – October 24, 1932) was a general authority and a member of the First Council of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He served as president of the California Mission of the LDS Church from 1919 until 1932. Joseph W. McMurrin was married to Mary Ellen Hunter on April 1, 1880 and had seven children. McMurrin was born in Tooele, Utah Territory. He was sustained one of the First Council of the Seventy on October 5,", "id": "17854595" }, { "contents": "W. Rolfe Kerr\n\n\nWilliam Rolfe Kerr (born June 29, 1935) is an emeritus general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He served previously as the fifteenth Commissioner of Church Education and as president of the Logan Utah Temple. Kerr was born in Tremonton, Utah, and grew up on a farm. He earned a bachelor’s degree in agriculture from Utah State University (USU), where he was also the quarterback on the football team. intending to spend his life farming, until", "id": "7684945" }, { "contents": "Hartman Rector Jr.\n\n\nHartman Rector Jr. (August 20, 1924 – November 6, 2018) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1968 until his death. He was one of the first adult converts to the LDS Church to become a general authority during the second half of the 20th century. Rector served as a member of the First Council of the Seventy from 1968 to 1976 and as a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy from 1976 to 1994. Rector was born", "id": "11492764" }, { "contents": "Gerald N. Lund\n\n\n-fiction works for Latter-Day Saints, including, \"Hearing the Voice of the Lord: Principles and Patterns of Personal Revelation\" (2008) and \"The Coming of the Lord\" (reprint 2005). Lund and his wife, Lynn, are the parents of seven children. Lund has also written poems that his wife has set to music. Before becoming a general authority, he worked in the LDS Church Educational System. He served in the church as a stake president, bishop and branch president at the", "id": "20477214" }, { "contents": "F. Melvin Hammond\n\n\nFloyd Melvin (\"Mel\") Hammond (born December 19, 1933) was an Idaho politician and has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was the nineteenth general president of the church's Young Men organization from 2001 to 2004. Hammond was born in Blackfoot, Idaho. He served as an LDS Church missionary in the Spanish–American Mission from 1954 to 1956. Hammond attended Ricks College and Brigham Young University (BYU). After", "id": "7773158" }, { "contents": "Thomas S. Monson\n\n\nspeaking proselytizing efforts in Quebec. He directed increased missionary work to immigrants from the Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Italy, Soviet Union and Hungary. Jacob de Jager, a future LDS general authority, was among the immigrant converts. Monson encouraged members to remain in eastern Canada, instead of migrating to Utah or Alberta as many members had done before, to help build the church's presence. To help encourage members to stay in Canada, increase the perception of permanence, and better reach potential converts, he started a major", "id": "17014153" }, { "contents": "James E. Faust\n\n\nJames Esdras Faust (July 31, 1920 – August 10, 2007) was an American religious leader, lawyer, and politician. Faust was Second Counselor in the First Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1995 until his death, an LDS Church apostle for 29 years, and a general authority of the church for 35 years. Faust was born to George A. Faust and Amy Finlinson in Delta, Utah. As a child, he lived in this area. His family", "id": "19825253" }, { "contents": "G. Homer Durham\n\n\nGeorge Homer Durham (February 4, 1911 – January 10, 1985) was an American academic administrator and was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1977 until his death. Durham was born in Parowan, Utah, and was raised in Salt Lake City. As a boy in grade school, he met and became lifelong friends with future LDS Church president Gordon B. Hinckley. As a young man, Durham served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the British", "id": "21588256" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nChurch in the Kansas City area. He then returned to the military, serving in the United States Navy. Among other positions, Curtis served in the LDS Church as a branch president, bishop, stake president, regional representative, stake patriarch and as president of the Florida Tallahassee Mission. After being released as a general authority, Curtis served as president of the Jordan River Utah Temple from 1996 to 1999. His son, LeGrand R. Curtis, Jr., was called as a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in", "id": "18322021" }, { "contents": "Glenn L. Pace\n\n\nfrom the Presiding Bishopric and became a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. That same year he served as the first president of the church's Australia Sydney North Mission, while also serving in the First Quorum of Seventy. In 1997 and 1998, he was a member of the general presidency of the church's Sunday School and from 2001 to 2003 he was in the general presidency of the Young Men organization. Pace was released and designated an emeritus general authority at the church's October 2010 general conference. Pace married", "id": "21590107" }, { "contents": "Marlin K. Jensen\n\n\nMarlin Keith Jensen (born May 18, 1942) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He served as the official Church Historian and Recorder of the church from 2005 to 2012. He was the 19th man to hold that calling since it was established in 1830. Jensen was made an emeritus general authority in the October 2012 general conference. Jensen was born in Huntsville, Utah. As a 19-year-old, he served as a missionary for", "id": "21271513" }, { "contents": "H. Verlan Andersen\n\n\nHans Verlan Andersen (November 6, 1914 – July 16, 1992) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and a professor at Brigham Young University (BYU). Andersen was called to the LDS Church's First Quorum of the Seventy in April 1986. On April 1, 1989 he was transferred to the newly created Second Quorum of the Seventy. On October 5, 1991, he was released from his service as a general authority. He died of cancer", "id": "20615381" }, { "contents": "Victor L. Brown\n\n\nVictor Lee Brown (31 July 1914 – 26 March 1996) was the tenth Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1972 to 1985. He was an LDS Church general authority from 1961 until his death. Brown was born in Cardston, Alberta, Canada, the son of Gerald Stephen Brown and Maggie Calder Lee. Brown received his education from the University of Utah, LDS Business College and the University of California, Berkeley. He worked in various ground operations management positions", "id": "13837425" }, { "contents": "Jack H. Goaslind\n\n\nJack H. Goaslind Jr. (April 18, 1928 – April 27, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1978 until his death. He was the seventeenth general president of the church's Young Men organization from 1990 to 1998. Goaslind was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Jack, Sr. and Anita Jane Jack. As a young man, Goaslind served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Western Canadian Mission. Goaslind had", "id": "7773235" }, { "contents": "D. Todd Christofferson\n\n\nMay 28, 1968. They are the parents of five children. Prior to becoming a general authority, Christofferson served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. At the church's April 1993 general conference, Christofferson was called as a general authority and member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. In August 1998, Christofferson became a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. As a seventy, Christofferson served as the executive director of the church's Family and Church History Department. While in", "id": "6657200" }, { "contents": "Devin Durrant\n\n\nserved in various roles in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), including president of the Texas Dallas Mission and first counselor in the church's Sunday School general presidency. Born in Brigham City, Utah, Durrant was named a McDonald's All-American in 1978 during his senior year of high school. He was captain of the Provo High School team that won a state basketball championship. Durrant attended Brigham Young University (BYU) where he played basketball and started every game of his collegiate", "id": "15721443" }, { "contents": "F. Melvin Hammond\n\n\ngraduating from BYU, Hammond became a professor of religion at Ricks College in 1966. He was a member of the Idaho House of Representatives from 1969 to 1984 and served as House Minority Leader for three terms. Before his call as a general authority, Hammond served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. In 1984, Hammond became president of the church's Bolivia Cochabamba Mission. In 1989, he became a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. In 1993, he was transferred", "id": "7773159" }, { "contents": "George P. Lee\n\n\nthe LDS Church to the Navajo Nation, known then as the \"Southwest Indian Mission\". Prior to his call as an LDS general authority, Lee held a number of priesthood leadership callings, including elders quorum president, branch president, district president, and president of the Arizona Holbrook Mission. On October 3, 1975, LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball called the 32-year-old Lee to be a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy, a position with church-wide responsibilities. He was the first Native American", "id": "10605106" }, { "contents": "Boyd K. Packer\n\n\nBoyd Kenneth Packer (September 10, 1924 – July 3, 2015) was an American religious leader and former educator, who served as president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2008 until his death. He also served as the quorum's acting president from 1994 to 2008, and was an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve from 1970 until his death. He served as a general authority of the church from 1961 until his", "id": "14808651" }, { "contents": "Elder (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\n. A quorum president, along with two counselors, is called and set apart under the direction of the stake presidency, and generally serves for a number of years. A secretary is also called to assist the president and his counselors. All adult men in the ward who are not presently serving in callings that require the ordination of high priest are assigned to the elders quorum. The title \"Elder\" is not normally used as a personal title (e.g., Elder Evans, Elder Johnson), except by the LDS Church", "id": "7053205" }, { "contents": "James O. Mason\n\n\nlater served as the American delegate to the World Health Organization. In 1994, Mason was appointed as a general authority by the LDS Church, serving in the Second Quorum of the Seventy until 2000. From 2000 to 2003, Mason was president of the church's Bountiful Utah Temple. As a young man, Mason served an LDS Church mission to Denmark. Before his appointment as a general authority, Mason served in the church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. In 1974, while serving as Church Commissioner", "id": "6162441" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nor senior president of the seventy. As of August 2018, the current Presidency of the Seventy and their areas of responsibilities are: The First Quorum of the Seventy are general authorities, meaning they have authority throughout the church. They usually serve until their 70th birthday or until their health fails them, at which time they are given emeritus status and released from active service as a general authority. Members of the First Quorum of the Seventy serve under the direction of the Quorum of the Twelve and the Presidency of the Seventy.", "id": "9800089" }, { "contents": "Robert C. Oaks\n\n\nand Chief of U.S. Air Forces Europe and NATO Central Europe in 1994 after serving 34 years. Following his retirement, Oaks was employed at U.S. Airways as Senior Vice President. In 2000, Oaks resigned from this position when he was called to serve as a general authority and member of the LDS Church's Second Quorum of the Seventy. In this capacity, Oaks served as president of the church's Africa East Area. In 2004, he was called to Presidency of the Seventy, filling a vacancy created when Dieter F. Uchtdorf", "id": "18638342" }, { "contents": "Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\narea authorities\" and \"local authorities\" and include all other Quorums of the Seventy, mission presidents, temple presidents, stake presidents, bishops, and other priesthood quorum presidents. The church has no salaried ministry; however, some general authorities receive stipends from the church, as needed, using income from church-owned investments. All local and area authorities are unpaid and continue in their normal occupations while serving in leadership positions. Although the church had a paid local clergy in the 1800s, local and regional priesthood leaders currently", "id": "17900603" }, { "contents": "Clifford E. Young\n\n\nClifford Earle Young (December 7, 1883 – August 21, 1958) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1941 until his death. Young was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of LDS Church leader Seymour B. Young. From 1905 to 1908, he served as a Mormon missionary in England and Germany. In 1928, Young became the president of the Alpine Stake of the LDS Church in Utah. In 1934, he joined the", "id": "8315768" }, { "contents": "Julie B. Beck\n\n\nJulie Bangerter Beck (born September 29, 1954) was the fifteenth general president of the Relief Society of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2007 to 2012. Born in Granger, Utah, to William Grant Bangerter and Geraldine Hamblin, Beck grew up in Utah and in São Paulo, Brazil, where her father served as a mission president for the LDS Church for five years. Beck's father would later serve as an LDS Church general authority. Beck is also the niece of", "id": "21096729" }, { "contents": "Lance B. Wickman\n\n\nLance Bradley Wickman (born November 11, 1940) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1994 and is the current general counsel of the LDS Church. In 2010, he became an emeritus general authority. Wickman was born in Seattle, Washington. He was raised in New Jersey and Glendale, California. From 1961 to 1963, Wickman was a LDS Church missionary in the church's Central British Mission. After his mission, he married Patricia Farr in", "id": "18078808" }, { "contents": "Keith K. Hilbig\n\n\nKeith Karlton Hilbig (March 12, 1942 – August 22, 2015) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2001 until his death. Prior to becoming a general authority, he was general counsel for the LDS Church in Europe. Hilbig was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. His father, Karl Herbert Hilbig, was from Zwickau, Germany who joined the LDS Church before immigrating to the United States. As a young man, Hilbig served as a missionary in", "id": "12290497" } ]

[ { "contents": "Jacob de Jager\n\n\nJacob de Jager (16 January 1923 – 25 February 2004) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was the first Dutch person to serve as a general authority. De Jager was born in the Netherlands and joined the church while living in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. His work took him to Australia, Indonesia, Mexico and Canada. His first calling in the church was hymnal coordinator which he filled honorably. He also served as elders quorum president,", "id": "12693727" }, { "contents": "Jacob de Jager\n\n\nbranch president, counselor to mission president and regional representative before his call to the First Quorum of the Seventy. In 1993, de Jager was designated an emeritus general authority and he later served as bishop of a ward in central Salt Lake City. He is one of few people to serve as a ward bishop after serving as a general authority. He died in 2004 of causes incident to age. He married Bea Lim and they had two children. They were married in Indonesia and later, after joining the LDS Church,", "id": "12693728" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nin policy or practice was announced, at the church's general conference in October 2015, those released from the Second Quorum of the Seventy were designated as emeritus general authorities for the first time. They remain general authorities until their deaths, but an emeritus general authority is not a member of a seventies quorum. John K. Carmack, the former head of the Perpetual Education Fund and W. Rolfe Kerr, a former Church Commissioner of Education, are both emeritus general authorities. Jacob de Jager served as a bishop after he was given", "id": "9800095" }, { "contents": "Glenn L. Pace\n\n\nGlenn Leroy Pace ( – ) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1985 until his death. As a general authority, he served as a counselor in the presiding bishopric and also in the First Quorum of Seventy. In 2010, he was designated an emeritus general authority. Pace was born to Kenneth LeRoy Pace and his wife, the former Elizabeth Anna Wilde, in Provo, Utah, where he was also raised. In the early 1960s, he served", "id": "21590104" }, { "contents": "J. Richard Clarke\n\n\nJohn Richard Clarke (born April 4, 1927) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1976. He has been a member of the church's presiding bishopric and a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. Clarke was born in Rexburg, Idaho. As a young man he served as an LDS Church missionary in South Africa. Prior to his call as a general authority, he served as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative in Idaho", "id": "8108720" }, { "contents": "W. Craig Zwick\n\n\nWilliam Craig Zwick (born June 10, 1947) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1995. Zwick was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He served as a missionary for the LDS Church in Argentina. Richard G. Scott of the Quorum of the Twelve was one of Zwick's mission presidents. While serving on this mission he worked on his first LDS Church chapel construction project. Prior to his call as a general authority, Zwick served as", "id": "8104324" }, { "contents": "H. Burke Peterson\n\n\nHarold Burke Peterson (September 19, 1923 – April 14, 2013) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1972 until his death. He was a counselor to the presiding bishop and a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. He became an emeritus general authority in 1993. Peterson was born in Salt Lake City, Utah and was raised in Phoenix, Arizona, where he became an Eagle Scout. Beginning in 1940, Peterson attended Phoenix College,", "id": "21001102" }, { "contents": "Orrin P. Miller\n\n\nOrrin Porter Miller (September 11, 1858 – July 7, 1918) was a member of the presiding bishopric of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1901 to his death. Born in Millcreek, Utah Territory, Miller was a local leader in the church prior to his call as a general authority. He became the bishop of the newly created Riverton Ward in Salt Lake City in 1886. Prior to serving as a bishop, he had been an elder and a seventy in the", "id": "11180481" }, { "contents": "Gerrit W. Gong\n\n\nGerrit Walter Gong (born December 23, 1953) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority since 2010 and served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from October 2015 until his calling to the Quorum of the Twelve in March 2018. He is the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saint's first apostle of Asian descent. Prior to becoming a general authority, he", "id": "144653" }, { "contents": "Richard C. Edgley\n\n\nRichard Crockett Edgley (born February 6, 1936) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since October 1992. He was first counselor in the church's presiding bishopric from 1995 to 2012 and as second counselor from 1992 to 1995. He was designated as an emeritus general authority in March 2012. Born in Preston, Idaho, Edgley was called as second counselor to Presiding Bishop Robert D. Hales in 1992. In 1994, Merrill J. Bateman replaced Hales and Edgley", "id": "13615760" }, { "contents": "Gérald Caussé\n\n\nGérald Jean Caussé (born 20 May 1963) has been the Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 9 October 2015. He is the fifteenth man to serve in this position. He has been a general authority of the LDS Church since 2008 and was the first person from France appointed as a general authority. Caussé, who was born in Bordeaux, was raised as a Latter-day Saint: his parents joined the church when he was six months old, having", "id": "17565213" }, { "contents": "Tad R. Callister\n\n\nToronto East Mission. While still serving in Canada, he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in 2008. He later served first as a counselor and then as president of the Pacific Area, residing in Auckland and overseeing the operations of the LDS Church in New Zealand, Australia, and the islands of the Pacific. In 2011 he was appointed as a member of the church's seven-man Presidency of the Seventy, replacing Claudio R. M. Costa. At the church's April", "id": "18106566" }, { "contents": "Spencer J. Condie\n\n\nSpencer Joel Condie (born August 27, 1940) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. Condie previously worked as a professor at Brigham Young University (BYU) and also served as a mission president for the LDS Church in Eastern Europe. In 2010, he was designated as an emeritus general authority. Condie was born in Preston, Idaho. His family lived there until he was fifteen when they moved to Pocatello, Idaho. From 1960 to", "id": "22107545" }, { "contents": "David S. Baxter\n\n\nCouncil, and as Deputy Chairman of the East Anglian Ambulance NHS Trust. Baxter became an LDS bishop at age 25. He also served as a counselor in a stake presidency, as president of the Ipswich England Stake and as a counselor in the presidency of the England London Mission. From 2002 to 2006 he was an area seventy, which included serving as a counselor in the presidency of the church's Europe West Area from 2004 to 2006. After his call as general authority, Baxter served as a counselor in the church", "id": "19881068" }, { "contents": "Charles H. Hart\n\n\nCharles Henry Hart (July 5, 1866 – September 29, 1934) was a general authority and a member of the First Council of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Hart also served as president of the Canadian Mission of the LDS Church from 1927 to 1930. Hart was born at Bloomington, Bear Lake County, Idaho Territory. When he was called as a member of the First Council of the Seventy in April 1906 he became the first general authority born in Idaho. He died", "id": "17854573" }, { "contents": "Jay E. Jensen\n\n\nJay Edwin Jensen (born February 5, 1942) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1992. He served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from 2008 to 2012. Jensen was designated an emeritus general authority in the October 2012 general conference. Jensen was born in Payson, Utah, and raised in Mapleton, Utah. From 1961 to 1963, Jensen served as a missionary in the Spanish-American mission, concentrating on teaching", "id": "19396644" }, { "contents": "Ben B. Banks\n\n\nBenjamin Berry Banks (born April 4, 1932) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy from 1999 to 2002 and has also been president of the church's Jordan River Utah Temple. Banks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. Before becoming a general authority, Banks served in the church as a stake president and bishop. From 1987 to 1989 he was president of", "id": "5941447" }, { "contents": "Neil L. Andersen\n\n\nNeil Linden Andersen (born August 9, 1951) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was sustained by church membership as an apostle on April 4, 2009, during the church's General Conference. At the time of his call to the Twelve, Andersen had been serving as an LDS general authority since 1993, including service in the Presidency of the Seventy from 2005 to 2009. Currently, he is tenth apostle in", "id": "3244056" }, { "contents": "Ulisses Soares\n\n\nUlisses Soares (born 2 October 1958) is a Brazilian businessman and is the junior member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority since 2005 and served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from January 2013 until his calling to the Quorum of the Twelve in March 2018. He is the LDS Church's first apostle from South America, being from Brazil. As a member of the Quorum of", "id": "966446" }, { "contents": "Helio R. Camargo\n\n\nHelio da Rocha Camargo (born 1 February 1926) was the first Brazilian general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was called to the First Quorum of the Seventy in 1985 and served there for four years. In 1989, he was transferred, along with other limited-term members of the First Quorum of the Seventy to the newly created Second Quorum of the Seventy. Camargo was released as a general authority in 1990. Camargo was born in Rio de Janeiro.", "id": "148646" }, { "contents": "Presiding Bishop (LDS Church)\n\n\nThe Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) is a priesthood calling with church-wide authority. The Presiding Bishop is the highest leadership position within the church's Aaronic priesthood. Upon the Presiding Bishop's recommendation, the First Presidency calls two other men to assist the Presiding Bishop as his counselors; together these three compose the church's Presiding Bishopric. As well as being ordained to the Aaronic priesthood office of bishop, the members of the Presiding Bishopric are general authorities of the", "id": "9941304" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nLeGrand Raine Curtis, Sr. (May 22, 1924 – December 19, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 to 1995. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy; he also served as a counselor in the Young Men general presidency from 1990 to 1991 and from 1972 to 1974. Curtis was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was named after LeGrand Richards, who was bishop of the Sugar House Ward", "id": "18322018" }, { "contents": "Salomón Jaar\n\n\nHe later worked as a coordinator for the Church Educational System. Jaar was the first president of the LDS Church's Valle de Sula Honduras Stake. He later served as an area seventy and as president of the Honduras Tegucigalpa Mission of the church. He had also served as a bishop in the LDS Church. Jaar was mission president from 1993 to 1996 and an area seventy from 1996 to 2000. At the time of his death he was the bishop of the Tamarindo Ward in the Choluteca Honduras Stake. Jaar wrote the book", "id": "3544500" }, { "contents": "Horacio A. Tenorio\n\n\nHoracio Antonio Tenorio (born 6 March 1935) was the first general authority in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) of Mexican ancestry. Tenorio was born in Mexico City, Mexico. He was trained in business with graduate training in purchasing. He and his wife, Maria, were married in 1957 and are the parents of three children. In 1969, Tenorio joined the LDS Church. He began service as a stake president in 1975. He later served as a Regional representative and president", "id": "2626856" }, { "contents": "Juan A. Uceda\n\n\nJuan Alberto Uceda Andrade (born 10 July 1953) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2010. He was a member of the Presidency of the Seventy from August 2017 to August 2018. Uceda was born in Lima, Peru. He holds a degree in public relations from San Luis Gonzaga National University. Uceda converted to the LDS Church in 1972. He served as a Mormon missionary in Peru and as a stake Sunday School president, bishop, counselor", "id": "757656" }, { "contents": "W. Rolfe Kerr\n\n\nas president of the church's Texas Dallas Mission in 1993. He had been in that position since 1985. Kerr also served in the LDS Church as a stake president, bishop's counselor, high councilor, and on the Sunday School General Board. For two years in the 1960s, he was involved in helping organize the LDS Student Association. While still serving in Dallas, Kerr was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy on April 6, 1996, and was transferred to the First", "id": "7684948" }, { "contents": "Helvécio Martins\n\n\nthe announcement that the LDS Church was lifting the priesthood ban. After Martins received the priesthood and his temple ordinances, he served in the church as a bishop, counselor to a stake president, and as president of the Brazil Fortaleza Mission. In April 1990, church president Ezra Taft Benson called Martins as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. Martins became the first black general authority in the LDS Church. After serving a standard five-year term as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy, Martins", "id": "463547" }, { "contents": "Edward Stevenson\n\n\nEdward Stevenson (May 1, 1820 – January 27, 1897) was a prominent Mormon missionary of the 19th century. He also served as a general authority in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as one of the seven presidents of the Seventy. Stevenson was born in Gibraltar to British parents. His family moved to the United States when he was young. As a young man, he was living in Pontiac, Michigan when he was contacted by a group of Latter Day Saint missionaries", "id": "10615780" }, { "contents": "Eldred G. Smith\n\n\nEldred Gee Smith (January 9, 1907 – April 4, 2013) was the patriarch emeritus of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and held the calling of Patriarch to the Church from 1947 to 1979, the last to hold the office. He was the oldest and longest-serving general authority of the church at his death, although he had not been active in that capacity for many years. Smith's father was Hyrum G. Smith, the Presiding Patriarch of the LDS Church from", "id": "19636038" }, { "contents": "Jay E. Jensen\n\n\n. He was the director of scripture coordination for the church's Curriculum Department at the time of his call as a general authority. He previously worked for the Church Educational System as a seminary teacher and director of curriculum. Jensen was also the director of training for the church's Missionary Department for a period of time. Jensen has served in the LDS Church as a bishop, branch president, counselor in the Missionary Training Center presidency, and was president of the church's Colombia Cali Mission from 1975 to 1978. Jensen was", "id": "19396646" }, { "contents": "David F. Evans\n\n\nDavid Frewin Evans (born August 11, 1951) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2005. Evans was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He grew up in Los Angeles, California, where his father David C. Evans worked for Bendix Corporation. His mother, Joy F. Evans, served as a counselor to Barbara W. Winder in the Relief Society General Presidency from 1984 to 1990. Evans served as a missionary in the church's Japan Mission", "id": "21504391" }, { "contents": "Octaviano Tenorio\n\n\nthe Mexico City Temple. He was serving in this position at the time of his call as a general authority. Tenorio has served in the LDS Church as a branch president, stake clerk, stake mission president, counselor in a [[stake presidency]], [[stake president]] and twice as a regional representative (one time beginning in 1993). He was a sealer in the Mexico City Temple when it opened. He also served as [[Mission president|president]] of the Mexico [[Tuxtla", "id": "20053600" }, { "contents": "Merrill J. Bateman\n\n\nMerrill Joseph Bateman (born June 19, 1936) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1992, originally as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. He is currently an emeritus general authority. From 2003 to 2007, Bateman was a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy. He was president of Brigham Young University (BYU) from January 1, 1996, until May 1, 2003, and was the church's twelfth presiding", "id": "4817384" }, { "contents": "William Grant Bangerter\n\n\nWilliam Grant Bangerter (June 8, 1918 – April 18, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1975 until his death. Bangerter was born in Granger, Utah. From 1939 to 1941, he served as a Mormon missionary in Brazil. After his mission he graduated from the University of Utah and became a building contractor. In the LDS Church, Bangerter served as a bishop in Granger and was later president of the church's North Jordan Stake", "id": "8315713" }, { "contents": "Robert E. Sackley\n\n\nRobert Edward Sackley (17 December 1922 – 22 February 1993) was an educational administrator in Canada and was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1989 until his death. Sackley was the first native Australian to serve as an LDS Church general authority. Born in Lismore, New South Wales, Australia, Sackley was a member of the Northern New Guinea 5th Commando Squadron of the Australian Defence Force during the Second World War. On 25 December 1944, Sackley was severely", "id": "564713" }, { "contents": "David E. Sorensen\n\n\nDavid Eugene Sorensen (June 29, 1933 – August 26, 2014) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1992 until his death. He served in the First and Second Quorums of the Seventy and as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. He was the executive director of the church's Temple Department during the temple building boom of the late 1990s and early 2000s. Sorensen was born in Aurora, Utah. He grew up working on the family", "id": "1861260" }, { "contents": "Ronald E. Poelman\n\n\nRonald Eugene Poelman (May 10, 1928 – November 19, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1978 until his death. In 1984, he delivered a controversial sermon in the LDS Church's general conference which the church redacted before publishing. Poelman was born in Salt Lake City, Utah to a Latter-day Saint family. As a young man, he served as a Mormon missionary in the LDS Church's Netherlands Mission. He began his", "id": "4765396" }, { "contents": "Merlin R. Lybbert\n\n\nMerlin Rex Lybbert (31 January 1926 – 6 July 2001) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1989 to 1994. From 1992 to 1994, Lybbert was the thirteenth general president of the LDS Church's Sunday School. Lybbert was born in Cardston, Alberta, Canada. After a short period of service in the Canadian Army near the end of World War II, Lybbert served as a missionary in the church's Eastern States Mission. After his mission,", "id": "4321885" }, { "contents": "David E. Sorensen\n\n\nwork full time to overcome debt associated with the family ranch before receiving a degree. Sorensen spent his career as a business owner, operating a healthcare services company while living in California.. He previously served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and as president of the Canada Halifax Mission. He also served as vice chair of the Nevada Community Bank in Las Vegas, Nevada. Sorensen was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in June 1992. He was transferred to the", "id": "1861262" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nThe following individuals are the current general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Included are the individuals' hierarchical position and some of their current specialized assignments in the church, if any. Note: On April 5, 2018, the First Presidency announced that area presidencies were being reinstated for those 10 areas within the United States and Canada, and that the members of the Presidency of the Seventy would be relieved of responsibility for those areas, to enable them to assist the apostles", "id": "311521" }, { "contents": "A. Laurence Lyon\n\n\nA. Laurence Lyon (1934–2006) was a composer of music, usually sacred music with a Latter-day Saint theme. He also served for 30 years as a professor at Western Oregon University. Lyon was born in Rotterdam, Netherlands where his father, T. Edgar Lyon was serving as president of the Netherlands Mission of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Lyon created his first composition at 12. He was first called as an organist for a congregation of the LDS Church when he was", "id": "11731771" }, { "contents": "H. David Burton\n\n\nHarold David Burton (born April 25, 1938) was the thirteenth Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1995 to 2012. He has been a general authority of the LDS Church since October 1992. Born in Salt Lake City, Utah to Latter-day Saint parents, Burton graduated from South High School in 1956 and then served as a missionary for the LDS Church in southern Australia in the late 1950s. He graduated from the University of Utah with a bachelor's", "id": "13615748" }, { "contents": "J. Richard Clarke\n\n\n. He also returned to South Africa as the president of the church's South Africa Cape Town Mission. In 1976, Clarke became the second counselor to presiding bishop Victor L. Brown. He served in this capacity until Brown was released in 1985. Clarke was retained as a general authority and became a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. He became a member of the Presidency of the Seventy in 1988, and served in that capacity until 1997, when he was released and given general authority emeritus status. From 1998", "id": "8108721" }, { "contents": "Alan C. Ashton\n\n\nThe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a grandson of former church president David O. McKay. He served as a missionary in Central Germany as a young man. Ashton later married Karen Jackman Ashton; they are the parents of 11 children. He has served in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as a bishop, stake president, and as president of the Canada Toronto West Mission from 2004 to 2007. From 2013 to 2016, Ashton and his wife served as the president and matron of", "id": "3127903" }, { "contents": "Paul K. Sybrowsky\n\n\nfrom 1964 to 1966. He later served as a bishop (of the Hyde Park Ward in London, England), as a member of a stake high council, and as a counselor in a stake presidency. Sybrowsky was president of the BYU 9th Stake from 1996 until 2001, when he was succeeded by Thomas B. Griffith. From 2001 to 2004, Sybrowsky was president of the church's Canada Toronto West Mission. Sybrowsky was an LDS general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy from 2005 to 2011.", "id": "6640442" }, { "contents": "Glen L. Rudd\n\n\nGlen Larkin Rudd (May 18, 1918 – December 30, 2016) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1987 to 1992. Rudd was born and raised in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in New Zealand, where his mission president was Matthew Cowley. For part of his mission he served as secretary to, and traveling companion of, Cowley. After he returned from his mission", "id": "18942120" }, { "contents": "Thomas B. Griffith\n\n\nhis father was stationed there with the U.S. Army. He joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as a junior at Langley High School in McLean, Virginia. He served as student body president at the high school his senior year and later served a mission for the LDS Church in South Africa. He attended BYU and later became the university's General Counsel from 2000 to 2005, where he also served as president of the church's BYU 9th Stake. He previously served as bishop of", "id": "19816869" }, { "contents": "David S. Baxter\n\n\nDavid Steward Baxter (born 7 February 1955) has been a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2006. A native of Scotland, and a resident of England at the time of his call, he is only the third general authority who was native to the United Kingdom and also living there at the time of his call. Baxter joined the LDS Church along with his mother and siblings when he was twelve. Shortly after this,", "id": "19881065" }, { "contents": "Hugh W. Pinnock\n\n\nHugh Wallace Pinnock (January 15, 1934 – December 16, 2000) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1977 until his death. Pinnock was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Western States Mission. Pinnock graduated from University of Utah in 1958, where he became a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity and Owl and Key. Prior to his call to the First", "id": "8519001" }, { "contents": "Lowell M. Snow\n\n\nLowell Miller Snow (born January 2, 1944) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2005 to 2011. Snow was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and in 2006 became the president of the Africa West Area of the church. Snow is a descendant of Erastus Snow and grew up in St. George, Utah. He served as a LDS Church missionary in Germany and then attended Brigham Young University, where he met his wife Tamara. Snow", "id": "12412841" }, { "contents": "Tad R. Callister\n\n\nTad Richards Callister (born December 17, 1945) was the 21st Sunday School General President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from April 2014 to April 2019. He served previously in the church as a general authority from 2008 to 2014, including as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy from August 2011 to April 2014. Callister was born in Glendale, California to Effie Norine Richards and Reed Eddington Callister. His parents were both natives of Salt Lake City. Reed Callister served", "id": "18106563" }, { "contents": "L. Whitney Clayton\n\n\nLyndon Whitney Clayton III (born February 24, 1950) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He has been a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy since 2008 and its senior president since 2015. Clayton was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and attended the University of Utah. He served as a full-time missionary of the LDS Church in Peru. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in finance and earned a", "id": "17564673" }, { "contents": "Henry D. Taylor\n\n\nHenry Dixon Taylor (November 22, 1903 – February 24, 1987) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1958 until his death. Taylor was born in Provo, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Eastern States Mission. During his mission, Taylor was the president of the church's Connecticut District. Taylor received a bachelor's degree from Brigham Young University (BYU) and a master's degree", "id": "2477100" }, { "contents": "Gilbert W. Scharffs\n\n\nGilbert Woodrow Scharffs (June 27, 1930 - February 26, 2015) was a Latter-day Saint religious educator and author. Scharffs was born to Fritz and Louise Scharffs and raised in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He served as a missionary in the East German Mission of the LDS Church in the late 1950s, where he served as editor for publications and later second counselor to the Mission President. In 1959 he was married in the Salt Lake Temple to Laura Virginia Smith", "id": "7526873" }, { "contents": "Donald L. Hallstrom\n\n\nDonald Larry Hallstrom (born July 27, 1949) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2000. From 2009 to 2017, he served as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. Hallstrom was born to James Emerson Hallstrom and Betty Jo (née Lambert) in and grew up in Honolulu. As a young man he enjoyed several sports, including basketball and surfing. He served as a missionary of the LDS Church in the England Central Mission from", "id": "13616701" }, { "contents": "Steven E. Snow\n\n\nSteven Erastus Snow (born November 23, 1949) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He currently serves as the Church Historian and Recorder, as well as executive director of the Church History Department. Snow was born in St. George, Utah into a Latter-day Saint family. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in West Germany. Prior to his call as a general authority, Snow was a", "id": "8979711" }, { "contents": "Richard P. Lindsay\n\n\nBrigham Young University (BYU). From 1978 to 1989 Lindsay served as managing director of Public Affairs for the LDS Church. Among other church positions, Lindsay served as a bishop and stake president. In 1989, Lindsay was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. As a member of the Seventy, he served as the first president of the church's Africa Area. After his release as a general authority in 1994, Lindsay was the LDS Church's representative in various anti-pornography", "id": "9864996" }, { "contents": "Gary E. Stevenson\n\n\n& Fitness. He has also served on the Marriott School of Management National Advisory Council and the Utah State University Foundation Board. In the LDS Church, Stevenson has served as a bishop and a counselor in a stake presidency. He served as president of the Japan Nagoya Mission from 2004 to 2007. Stevenson became a member of the LDS Church's First Quorum of the Seventy at the April 2008 general conference. During his time in the Seventy, Stevenson served both as a counselor and as president of the church's Asia North", "id": "5851945" }, { "contents": "Rey Pratt\n\n\nRey Lucero Pratt (October 11, 1878 – April 14, 1931) served The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints for 23 years as president of its Mexican Mission and for six years as a general authority. Pratt helped establish the church in Mexico and among Spanish-speaking populations in the United States and Argentina. He also translated LDS Church materials into Spanish, wrote magazine articles and spoke regularly at general conference. Pratt has at times been called the father of the Mexican mission. Pratt was born in Salt", "id": "14018370" }, { "contents": "Virginia H. Pearce\n\n\nVirginia Hinckley Pearce (born February 8, 1945) is an author and was a member of the Young Women General Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1992 to 1997. Pearce is the daughter of the church's fifteenth president, Gordon B. Hinckley. At the church's April 1992 general conference, Pearce was sustained as first counselor to Young Women general president Janette C. Hales. Pearce served in this capacity until 1997, when Hales was released and replaced by Margaret D. Nadauld", "id": "22185174" }, { "contents": "Clinton L. Cutler\n\n\nClinton Louis Cutler (December 27, 1929 – April 9, 1994) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 until his death. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and was a counselor in the church's Sunday School General Presidency. Cutler was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and received his college education at Utah State University and the University of Utah. He then worked for many years for the company that became US", "id": "6647132" }, { "contents": "Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles\n\n\nActing President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is a priesthood calling in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). In general, the position of Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is only filled when the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is called as a counselor in the First Presidency of the church. In such instances, the man who holds this calling is the most senior apostle who is \"not\" serving in the First Presidency. Additionally, a person", "id": "11037283" }, { "contents": "Ángel Abrea\n\n\nÁngel Abrea (born 13 September 1933) was the first resident of Latin America to become a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Abrea was baptized into the LDS Church in 1943, at the age of ten. He graduated from the University of Buenos Aires, and worked as an accountant at Deloitte Haskins & Sells. Prior to his call as a general authority, Abrea was the first stake president in Argentina (1966–71; 1976–78", "id": "1574870" }, { "contents": "O. Vincent Haleck\n\n\nLDS Church, Haleck has served as a bishop, high councilor, stake patriarch, and stake president. He served as president of the Samoa Apia Mission from 2008 to 2011 and was in that capacity when he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in April 2011. After becoming a general authority, Haleck moved from Pago Pago, American Samoa to Salt Lake City, Utah. From the time of his call to August 2013, he filled assignments at church headquarters. From August 2013", "id": "2350277" }, { "contents": "John R. Winder\n\n\nJohn Rex Winder (; December 11, 1821 – March 27, 1910) was a leader and general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was Second Counselor in the Presiding Bishopric from 1887 to 1901, and First Counselor in the First Presidency to church president Joseph F. Smith from 1901 until his death. He was well known for his business abilities, and influenced Heber J. Grant. He was also active in politics and the militia, participating in the Utah War and the", "id": "1621863" }, { "contents": "Howard W. Hunter\n\n\nHoward William Hunter (November 14, 1907 – March 3, 1995) was an American lawyer and was the 14th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1994 to 1995. His nine-month presidential tenure is the shortest in the church's history. Hunter was the first president of the LDS Church born in the 20th century and the last to die in it. He was sustained as an LDS apostle at the age of 51, and served as a general authority for", "id": "21828472" }, { "contents": "Thomas J. Parmley\n\n\n, he worked as a chemist for the U.S. Smeltering Company. In 1923 he married LaVern W. Parmley who served as general president of the Primary of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He then earned his Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1927. Prior to joining the faculty of the University of Utah, Parmley was involved in cyclotron research at the University of California, Berkeley. While there he was the lead author of the paper \"The Radioactives of some high-mass isotopes of Cobalt", "id": "8525048" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\n. When the first General Authorities were given emeritus status, N. Eldon Tanner of the First Presidency provided the following explanation: \"The very rapid growth of the Church across the world, with the attendant increase in travel and responsibility, has made it necessary to consider a change in the status for some of the Brethren of the General Authorities. Some of our associates have served for many years with complete and unselfish dedication, and they deserve every honor and recognition for such devoted service. It is felt advisable at this time to", "id": "311523" }, { "contents": "Nicholas G. Smith\n\n\nNicholas Groesbeck Smith (June 20, 1881 – October 27, 1945) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, Smith was the son of LDS Church apostle John Henry Smith and Josephine Groesbeck. At age three, he went to England with his parents, where his father was serving as a church mission president. Smith was baptized by his father on his eighth birthday. From 1902 to 1905, Smith served as", "id": "463034" }, { "contents": "Keith B. McMullin\n\n\nKeith Brigham McMullin (born August 18, 1941) has been the CEO of Deseret Management Corporation since April 2012 and has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1995. He was the second counselor in the presiding bishopric of the LDS Church from 1995 to 2012, at which time he was designated an emeritus general authority of the church. Born in St. George, Utah, McMullin married Carolyn Jean Gibbs in 1964 and they are the parents of eight children and", "id": "13615804" }, { "contents": "James Rasband\n\n\nJames R. Rasband (born March 20, 1963) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since April 2019. Due to his call as a general authority, his service as Academic Vice President at Brigham Young University (BYU) ended in June 2019, a position he had held since June 2017. He previously served as dean of the J. Reuben Clark Law School (JRCLS). He has also been the Hugh W. Colton Professor of Law. Rasband received", "id": "19949796" }, { "contents": "Marion D. Hanks\n\n\nMarion Duff Hanks (October 13, 1921 – August 5, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1953 until his death. Hanks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man he served in the Northern States Mission of the LDS Church, which was headquartered in Chicago. He was in the United States Navy during World War II and received a J.D. from the University of Utah. Prior to his call as a general authority", "id": "6558935" }, { "contents": "Joseph W. McMurrin\n\n\nJoseph William McMurrin (September 5, 1858 – October 24, 1932) was a general authority and a member of the First Council of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He served as president of the California Mission of the LDS Church from 1919 until 1932. Joseph W. McMurrin was married to Mary Ellen Hunter on April 1, 1880 and had seven children. McMurrin was born in Tooele, Utah Territory. He was sustained one of the First Council of the Seventy on October 5,", "id": "17854595" }, { "contents": "W. Rolfe Kerr\n\n\nWilliam Rolfe Kerr (born June 29, 1935) is an emeritus general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He served previously as the fifteenth Commissioner of Church Education and as president of the Logan Utah Temple. Kerr was born in Tremonton, Utah, and grew up on a farm. He earned a bachelor’s degree in agriculture from Utah State University (USU), where he was also the quarterback on the football team. intending to spend his life farming, until", "id": "7684945" }, { "contents": "Hartman Rector Jr.\n\n\nHartman Rector Jr. (August 20, 1924 – November 6, 2018) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1968 until his death. He was one of the first adult converts to the LDS Church to become a general authority during the second half of the 20th century. Rector served as a member of the First Council of the Seventy from 1968 to 1976 and as a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy from 1976 to 1994. Rector was born", "id": "11492764" }, { "contents": "Gerald N. Lund\n\n\n-fiction works for Latter-Day Saints, including, \"Hearing the Voice of the Lord: Principles and Patterns of Personal Revelation\" (2008) and \"The Coming of the Lord\" (reprint 2005). Lund and his wife, Lynn, are the parents of seven children. Lund has also written poems that his wife has set to music. Before becoming a general authority, he worked in the LDS Church Educational System. He served in the church as a stake president, bishop and branch president at the", "id": "20477214" }, { "contents": "F. Melvin Hammond\n\n\nFloyd Melvin (\"Mel\") Hammond (born December 19, 1933) was an Idaho politician and has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was the nineteenth general president of the church's Young Men organization from 2001 to 2004. Hammond was born in Blackfoot, Idaho. He served as an LDS Church missionary in the Spanish–American Mission from 1954 to 1956. Hammond attended Ricks College and Brigham Young University (BYU). After", "id": "7773158" }, { "contents": "Thomas S. Monson\n\n\nspeaking proselytizing efforts in Quebec. He directed increased missionary work to immigrants from the Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Italy, Soviet Union and Hungary. Jacob de Jager, a future LDS general authority, was among the immigrant converts. Monson encouraged members to remain in eastern Canada, instead of migrating to Utah or Alberta as many members had done before, to help build the church's presence. To help encourage members to stay in Canada, increase the perception of permanence, and better reach potential converts, he started a major", "id": "17014153" }, { "contents": "James E. Faust\n\n\nJames Esdras Faust (July 31, 1920 – August 10, 2007) was an American religious leader, lawyer, and politician. Faust was Second Counselor in the First Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1995 until his death, an LDS Church apostle for 29 years, and a general authority of the church for 35 years. Faust was born to George A. Faust and Amy Finlinson in Delta, Utah. As a child, he lived in this area. His family", "id": "19825253" }, { "contents": "G. Homer Durham\n\n\nGeorge Homer Durham (February 4, 1911 – January 10, 1985) was an American academic administrator and was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1977 until his death. Durham was born in Parowan, Utah, and was raised in Salt Lake City. As a boy in grade school, he met and became lifelong friends with future LDS Church president Gordon B. Hinckley. As a young man, Durham served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the British", "id": "21588256" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nChurch in the Kansas City area. He then returned to the military, serving in the United States Navy. Among other positions, Curtis served in the LDS Church as a branch president, bishop, stake president, regional representative, stake patriarch and as president of the Florida Tallahassee Mission. After being released as a general authority, Curtis served as president of the Jordan River Utah Temple from 1996 to 1999. His son, LeGrand R. Curtis, Jr., was called as a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in", "id": "18322021" }, { "contents": "Glenn L. Pace\n\n\nfrom the Presiding Bishopric and became a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. That same year he served as the first president of the church's Australia Sydney North Mission, while also serving in the First Quorum of Seventy. In 1997 and 1998, he was a member of the general presidency of the church's Sunday School and from 2001 to 2003 he was in the general presidency of the Young Men organization. Pace was released and designated an emeritus general authority at the church's October 2010 general conference. Pace married", "id": "21590107" }, { "contents": "Marlin K. Jensen\n\n\nMarlin Keith Jensen (born May 18, 1942) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He served as the official Church Historian and Recorder of the church from 2005 to 2012. He was the 19th man to hold that calling since it was established in 1830. Jensen was made an emeritus general authority in the October 2012 general conference. Jensen was born in Huntsville, Utah. As a 19-year-old, he served as a missionary for", "id": "21271513" }, { "contents": "H. Verlan Andersen\n\n\nHans Verlan Andersen (November 6, 1914 – July 16, 1992) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and a professor at Brigham Young University (BYU). Andersen was called to the LDS Church's First Quorum of the Seventy in April 1986. On April 1, 1989 he was transferred to the newly created Second Quorum of the Seventy. On October 5, 1991, he was released from his service as a general authority. He died of cancer", "id": "20615381" }, { "contents": "Victor L. Brown\n\n\nVictor Lee Brown (31 July 1914 – 26 March 1996) was the tenth Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1972 to 1985. He was an LDS Church general authority from 1961 until his death. Brown was born in Cardston, Alberta, Canada, the son of Gerald Stephen Brown and Maggie Calder Lee. Brown received his education from the University of Utah, LDS Business College and the University of California, Berkeley. He worked in various ground operations management positions", "id": "13837425" }, { "contents": "Jack H. Goaslind\n\n\nJack H. Goaslind Jr. (April 18, 1928 – April 27, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1978 until his death. He was the seventeenth general president of the church's Young Men organization from 1990 to 1998. Goaslind was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Jack, Sr. and Anita Jane Jack. As a young man, Goaslind served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Western Canadian Mission. Goaslind had", "id": "7773235" }, { "contents": "D. Todd Christofferson\n\n\nMay 28, 1968. They are the parents of five children. Prior to becoming a general authority, Christofferson served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. At the church's April 1993 general conference, Christofferson was called as a general authority and member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. In August 1998, Christofferson became a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. As a seventy, Christofferson served as the executive director of the church's Family and Church History Department. While in", "id": "6657200" }, { "contents": "Devin Durrant\n\n\nserved in various roles in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), including president of the Texas Dallas Mission and first counselor in the church's Sunday School general presidency. Born in Brigham City, Utah, Durrant was named a McDonald's All-American in 1978 during his senior year of high school. He was captain of the Provo High School team that won a state basketball championship. Durrant attended Brigham Young University (BYU) where he played basketball and started every game of his collegiate", "id": "15721443" }, { "contents": "F. Melvin Hammond\n\n\ngraduating from BYU, Hammond became a professor of religion at Ricks College in 1966. He was a member of the Idaho House of Representatives from 1969 to 1984 and served as House Minority Leader for three terms. Before his call as a general authority, Hammond served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. In 1984, Hammond became president of the church's Bolivia Cochabamba Mission. In 1989, he became a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. In 1993, he was transferred", "id": "7773159" }, { "contents": "George P. Lee\n\n\nthe LDS Church to the Navajo Nation, known then as the \"Southwest Indian Mission\". Prior to his call as an LDS general authority, Lee held a number of priesthood leadership callings, including elders quorum president, branch president, district president, and president of the Arizona Holbrook Mission. On October 3, 1975, LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball called the 32-year-old Lee to be a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy, a position with church-wide responsibilities. He was the first Native American", "id": "10605106" }, { "contents": "Boyd K. Packer\n\n\nBoyd Kenneth Packer (September 10, 1924 – July 3, 2015) was an American religious leader and former educator, who served as president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2008 until his death. He also served as the quorum's acting president from 1994 to 2008, and was an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve from 1970 until his death. He served as a general authority of the church from 1961 until his", "id": "14808651" }, { "contents": "Elder (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\n. A quorum president, along with two counselors, is called and set apart under the direction of the stake presidency, and generally serves for a number of years. A secretary is also called to assist the president and his counselors. All adult men in the ward who are not presently serving in callings that require the ordination of high priest are assigned to the elders quorum. The title \"Elder\" is not normally used as a personal title (e.g., Elder Evans, Elder Johnson), except by the LDS Church", "id": "7053205" }, { "contents": "James O. Mason\n\n\nlater served as the American delegate to the World Health Organization. In 1994, Mason was appointed as a general authority by the LDS Church, serving in the Second Quorum of the Seventy until 2000. From 2000 to 2003, Mason was president of the church's Bountiful Utah Temple. As a young man, Mason served an LDS Church mission to Denmark. Before his appointment as a general authority, Mason served in the church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. In 1974, while serving as Church Commissioner", "id": "6162441" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nor senior president of the seventy. As of August 2018, the current Presidency of the Seventy and their areas of responsibilities are: The First Quorum of the Seventy are general authorities, meaning they have authority throughout the church. They usually serve until their 70th birthday or until their health fails them, at which time they are given emeritus status and released from active service as a general authority. Members of the First Quorum of the Seventy serve under the direction of the Quorum of the Twelve and the Presidency of the Seventy.", "id": "9800089" }, { "contents": "Robert C. Oaks\n\n\nand Chief of U.S. Air Forces Europe and NATO Central Europe in 1994 after serving 34 years. Following his retirement, Oaks was employed at U.S. Airways as Senior Vice President. In 2000, Oaks resigned from this position when he was called to serve as a general authority and member of the LDS Church's Second Quorum of the Seventy. In this capacity, Oaks served as president of the church's Africa East Area. In 2004, he was called to Presidency of the Seventy, filling a vacancy created when Dieter F. Uchtdorf", "id": "18638342" }, { "contents": "Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\narea authorities\" and \"local authorities\" and include all other Quorums of the Seventy, mission presidents, temple presidents, stake presidents, bishops, and other priesthood quorum presidents. The church has no salaried ministry; however, some general authorities receive stipends from the church, as needed, using income from church-owned investments. All local and area authorities are unpaid and continue in their normal occupations while serving in leadership positions. Although the church had a paid local clergy in the 1800s, local and regional priesthood leaders currently", "id": "17900603" }, { "contents": "Clifford E. Young\n\n\nClifford Earle Young (December 7, 1883 – August 21, 1958) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1941 until his death. Young was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of LDS Church leader Seymour B. Young. From 1905 to 1908, he served as a Mormon missionary in England and Germany. In 1928, Young became the president of the Alpine Stake of the LDS Church in Utah. In 1934, he joined the", "id": "8315768" }, { "contents": "Julie B. Beck\n\n\nJulie Bangerter Beck (born September 29, 1954) was the fifteenth general president of the Relief Society of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2007 to 2012. Born in Granger, Utah, to William Grant Bangerter and Geraldine Hamblin, Beck grew up in Utah and in São Paulo, Brazil, where her father served as a mission president for the LDS Church for five years. Beck's father would later serve as an LDS Church general authority. Beck is also the niece of", "id": "21096729" }, { "contents": "Lance B. Wickman\n\n\nLance Bradley Wickman (born November 11, 1940) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1994 and is the current general counsel of the LDS Church. In 2010, he became an emeritus general authority. Wickman was born in Seattle, Washington. He was raised in New Jersey and Glendale, California. From 1961 to 1963, Wickman was a LDS Church missionary in the church's Central British Mission. After his mission, he married Patricia Farr in", "id": "18078808" }, { "contents": "Keith K. Hilbig\n\n\nKeith Karlton Hilbig (March 12, 1942 – August 22, 2015) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2001 until his death. Prior to becoming a general authority, he was general counsel for the LDS Church in Europe. Hilbig was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. His father, Karl Herbert Hilbig, was from Zwickau, Germany who joined the LDS Church before immigrating to the United States. As a young man, Hilbig served as a missionary in", "id": "12290497" } ]

[ { "contents": "Jacob de Jager\n\n\nJacob de Jager (16 January 1923 – 25 February 2004) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was the first Dutch person to serve as a general authority. De Jager was born in the Netherlands and joined the church while living in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. His work took him to Australia, Indonesia, Mexico and Canada. His first calling in the church was hymnal coordinator which he filled honorably. He also served as elders quorum president,", "id": "12693727" }, { "contents": "Jacob de Jager\n\n\nbranch president, counselor to mission president and regional representative before his call to the First Quorum of the Seventy. In 1993, de Jager was designated an emeritus general authority and he later served as bishop of a ward in central Salt Lake City. He is one of few people to serve as a ward bishop after serving as a general authority. He died in 2004 of causes incident to age. He married Bea Lim and they had two children. They were married in Indonesia and later, after joining the LDS Church,", "id": "12693728" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nin policy or practice was announced, at the church's general conference in October 2015, those released from the Second Quorum of the Seventy were designated as emeritus general authorities for the first time. They remain general authorities until their deaths, but an emeritus general authority is not a member of a seventies quorum. John K. Carmack, the former head of the Perpetual Education Fund and W. Rolfe Kerr, a former Church Commissioner of Education, are both emeritus general authorities. Jacob de Jager served as a bishop after he was given", "id": "9800095" }, { "contents": "Glenn L. Pace\n\n\nGlenn Leroy Pace ( – ) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1985 until his death. As a general authority, he served as a counselor in the presiding bishopric and also in the First Quorum of Seventy. In 2010, he was designated an emeritus general authority. Pace was born to Kenneth LeRoy Pace and his wife, the former Elizabeth Anna Wilde, in Provo, Utah, where he was also raised. In the early 1960s, he served", "id": "21590104" }, { "contents": "J. Richard Clarke\n\n\nJohn Richard Clarke (born April 4, 1927) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1976. He has been a member of the church's presiding bishopric and a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. Clarke was born in Rexburg, Idaho. As a young man he served as an LDS Church missionary in South Africa. Prior to his call as a general authority, he served as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative in Idaho", "id": "8108720" }, { "contents": "W. Craig Zwick\n\n\nWilliam Craig Zwick (born June 10, 1947) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1995. Zwick was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He served as a missionary for the LDS Church in Argentina. Richard G. Scott of the Quorum of the Twelve was one of Zwick's mission presidents. While serving on this mission he worked on his first LDS Church chapel construction project. Prior to his call as a general authority, Zwick served as", "id": "8104324" }, { "contents": "H. Burke Peterson\n\n\nHarold Burke Peterson (September 19, 1923 – April 14, 2013) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1972 until his death. He was a counselor to the presiding bishop and a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. He became an emeritus general authority in 1993. Peterson was born in Salt Lake City, Utah and was raised in Phoenix, Arizona, where he became an Eagle Scout. Beginning in 1940, Peterson attended Phoenix College,", "id": "21001102" }, { "contents": "Orrin P. Miller\n\n\nOrrin Porter Miller (September 11, 1858 – July 7, 1918) was a member of the presiding bishopric of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1901 to his death. Born in Millcreek, Utah Territory, Miller was a local leader in the church prior to his call as a general authority. He became the bishop of the newly created Riverton Ward in Salt Lake City in 1886. Prior to serving as a bishop, he had been an elder and a seventy in the", "id": "11180481" }, { "contents": "Gerrit W. Gong\n\n\nGerrit Walter Gong (born December 23, 1953) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority since 2010 and served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from October 2015 until his calling to the Quorum of the Twelve in March 2018. He is the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saint's first apostle of Asian descent. Prior to becoming a general authority, he", "id": "144653" }, { "contents": "Richard C. Edgley\n\n\nRichard Crockett Edgley (born February 6, 1936) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since October 1992. He was first counselor in the church's presiding bishopric from 1995 to 2012 and as second counselor from 1992 to 1995. He was designated as an emeritus general authority in March 2012. Born in Preston, Idaho, Edgley was called as second counselor to Presiding Bishop Robert D. Hales in 1992. In 1994, Merrill J. Bateman replaced Hales and Edgley", "id": "13615760" }, { "contents": "Gérald Caussé\n\n\nGérald Jean Caussé (born 20 May 1963) has been the Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 9 October 2015. He is the fifteenth man to serve in this position. He has been a general authority of the LDS Church since 2008 and was the first person from France appointed as a general authority. Caussé, who was born in Bordeaux, was raised as a Latter-day Saint: his parents joined the church when he was six months old, having", "id": "17565213" }, { "contents": "Tad R. Callister\n\n\nToronto East Mission. While still serving in Canada, he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in 2008. He later served first as a counselor and then as president of the Pacific Area, residing in Auckland and overseeing the operations of the LDS Church in New Zealand, Australia, and the islands of the Pacific. In 2011 he was appointed as a member of the church's seven-man Presidency of the Seventy, replacing Claudio R. M. Costa. At the church's April", "id": "18106566" }, { "contents": "Spencer J. Condie\n\n\nSpencer Joel Condie (born August 27, 1940) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. Condie previously worked as a professor at Brigham Young University (BYU) and also served as a mission president for the LDS Church in Eastern Europe. In 2010, he was designated as an emeritus general authority. Condie was born in Preston, Idaho. His family lived there until he was fifteen when they moved to Pocatello, Idaho. From 1960 to", "id": "22107545" }, { "contents": "David S. Baxter\n\n\nCouncil, and as Deputy Chairman of the East Anglian Ambulance NHS Trust. Baxter became an LDS bishop at age 25. He also served as a counselor in a stake presidency, as president of the Ipswich England Stake and as a counselor in the presidency of the England London Mission. From 2002 to 2006 he was an area seventy, which included serving as a counselor in the presidency of the church's Europe West Area from 2004 to 2006. After his call as general authority, Baxter served as a counselor in the church", "id": "19881068" }, { "contents": "Charles H. Hart\n\n\nCharles Henry Hart (July 5, 1866 – September 29, 1934) was a general authority and a member of the First Council of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Hart also served as president of the Canadian Mission of the LDS Church from 1927 to 1930. Hart was born at Bloomington, Bear Lake County, Idaho Territory. When he was called as a member of the First Council of the Seventy in April 1906 he became the first general authority born in Idaho. He died", "id": "17854573" }, { "contents": "Jay E. Jensen\n\n\nJay Edwin Jensen (born February 5, 1942) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1992. He served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from 2008 to 2012. Jensen was designated an emeritus general authority in the October 2012 general conference. Jensen was born in Payson, Utah, and raised in Mapleton, Utah. From 1961 to 1963, Jensen served as a missionary in the Spanish-American mission, concentrating on teaching", "id": "19396644" }, { "contents": "Ben B. Banks\n\n\nBenjamin Berry Banks (born April 4, 1932) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy from 1999 to 2002 and has also been president of the church's Jordan River Utah Temple. Banks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. Before becoming a general authority, Banks served in the church as a stake president and bishop. From 1987 to 1989 he was president of", "id": "5941447" }, { "contents": "Neil L. Andersen\n\n\nNeil Linden Andersen (born August 9, 1951) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was sustained by church membership as an apostle on April 4, 2009, during the church's General Conference. At the time of his call to the Twelve, Andersen had been serving as an LDS general authority since 1993, including service in the Presidency of the Seventy from 2005 to 2009. Currently, he is tenth apostle in", "id": "3244056" }, { "contents": "Ulisses Soares\n\n\nUlisses Soares (born 2 October 1958) is a Brazilian businessman and is the junior member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority since 2005 and served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from January 2013 until his calling to the Quorum of the Twelve in March 2018. He is the LDS Church's first apostle from South America, being from Brazil. As a member of the Quorum of", "id": "966446" }, { "contents": "Helio R. Camargo\n\n\nHelio da Rocha Camargo (born 1 February 1926) was the first Brazilian general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was called to the First Quorum of the Seventy in 1985 and served there for four years. In 1989, he was transferred, along with other limited-term members of the First Quorum of the Seventy to the newly created Second Quorum of the Seventy. Camargo was released as a general authority in 1990. Camargo was born in Rio de Janeiro.", "id": "148646" }, { "contents": "Presiding Bishop (LDS Church)\n\n\nThe Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) is a priesthood calling with church-wide authority. The Presiding Bishop is the highest leadership position within the church's Aaronic priesthood. Upon the Presiding Bishop's recommendation, the First Presidency calls two other men to assist the Presiding Bishop as his counselors; together these three compose the church's Presiding Bishopric. As well as being ordained to the Aaronic priesthood office of bishop, the members of the Presiding Bishopric are general authorities of the", "id": "9941304" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nLeGrand Raine Curtis, Sr. (May 22, 1924 – December 19, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 to 1995. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy; he also served as a counselor in the Young Men general presidency from 1990 to 1991 and from 1972 to 1974. Curtis was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was named after LeGrand Richards, who was bishop of the Sugar House Ward", "id": "18322018" }, { "contents": "Salomón Jaar\n\n\nHe later worked as a coordinator for the Church Educational System. Jaar was the first president of the LDS Church's Valle de Sula Honduras Stake. He later served as an area seventy and as president of the Honduras Tegucigalpa Mission of the church. He had also served as a bishop in the LDS Church. Jaar was mission president from 1993 to 1996 and an area seventy from 1996 to 2000. At the time of his death he was the bishop of the Tamarindo Ward in the Choluteca Honduras Stake. Jaar wrote the book", "id": "3544500" }, { "contents": "Horacio A. Tenorio\n\n\nHoracio Antonio Tenorio (born 6 March 1935) was the first general authority in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) of Mexican ancestry. Tenorio was born in Mexico City, Mexico. He was trained in business with graduate training in purchasing. He and his wife, Maria, were married in 1957 and are the parents of three children. In 1969, Tenorio joined the LDS Church. He began service as a stake president in 1975. He later served as a Regional representative and president", "id": "2626856" }, { "contents": "Juan A. Uceda\n\n\nJuan Alberto Uceda Andrade (born 10 July 1953) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2010. He was a member of the Presidency of the Seventy from August 2017 to August 2018. Uceda was born in Lima, Peru. He holds a degree in public relations from San Luis Gonzaga National University. Uceda converted to the LDS Church in 1972. He served as a Mormon missionary in Peru and as a stake Sunday School president, bishop, counselor", "id": "757656" }, { "contents": "W. Rolfe Kerr\n\n\nas president of the church's Texas Dallas Mission in 1993. He had been in that position since 1985. Kerr also served in the LDS Church as a stake president, bishop's counselor, high councilor, and on the Sunday School General Board. For two years in the 1960s, he was involved in helping organize the LDS Student Association. While still serving in Dallas, Kerr was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy on April 6, 1996, and was transferred to the First", "id": "7684948" }, { "contents": "Helvécio Martins\n\n\nthe announcement that the LDS Church was lifting the priesthood ban. After Martins received the priesthood and his temple ordinances, he served in the church as a bishop, counselor to a stake president, and as president of the Brazil Fortaleza Mission. In April 1990, church president Ezra Taft Benson called Martins as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. Martins became the first black general authority in the LDS Church. After serving a standard five-year term as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy, Martins", "id": "463547" }, { "contents": "Edward Stevenson\n\n\nEdward Stevenson (May 1, 1820 – January 27, 1897) was a prominent Mormon missionary of the 19th century. He also served as a general authority in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as one of the seven presidents of the Seventy. Stevenson was born in Gibraltar to British parents. His family moved to the United States when he was young. As a young man, he was living in Pontiac, Michigan when he was contacted by a group of Latter Day Saint missionaries", "id": "10615780" }, { "contents": "Eldred G. Smith\n\n\nEldred Gee Smith (January 9, 1907 – April 4, 2013) was the patriarch emeritus of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and held the calling of Patriarch to the Church from 1947 to 1979, the last to hold the office. He was the oldest and longest-serving general authority of the church at his death, although he had not been active in that capacity for many years. Smith's father was Hyrum G. Smith, the Presiding Patriarch of the LDS Church from", "id": "19636038" }, { "contents": "Jay E. Jensen\n\n\n. He was the director of scripture coordination for the church's Curriculum Department at the time of his call as a general authority. He previously worked for the Church Educational System as a seminary teacher and director of curriculum. Jensen was also the director of training for the church's Missionary Department for a period of time. Jensen has served in the LDS Church as a bishop, branch president, counselor in the Missionary Training Center presidency, and was president of the church's Colombia Cali Mission from 1975 to 1978. Jensen was", "id": "19396646" }, { "contents": "David F. Evans\n\n\nDavid Frewin Evans (born August 11, 1951) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2005. Evans was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He grew up in Los Angeles, California, where his father David C. Evans worked for Bendix Corporation. His mother, Joy F. Evans, served as a counselor to Barbara W. Winder in the Relief Society General Presidency from 1984 to 1990. Evans served as a missionary in the church's Japan Mission", "id": "21504391" }, { "contents": "Octaviano Tenorio\n\n\nthe Mexico City Temple. He was serving in this position at the time of his call as a general authority. Tenorio has served in the LDS Church as a branch president, stake clerk, stake mission president, counselor in a [[stake presidency]], [[stake president]] and twice as a regional representative (one time beginning in 1993). He was a sealer in the Mexico City Temple when it opened. He also served as [[Mission president|president]] of the Mexico [[Tuxtla", "id": "20053600" }, { "contents": "Merrill J. Bateman\n\n\nMerrill Joseph Bateman (born June 19, 1936) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1992, originally as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. He is currently an emeritus general authority. From 2003 to 2007, Bateman was a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy. He was president of Brigham Young University (BYU) from January 1, 1996, until May 1, 2003, and was the church's twelfth presiding", "id": "4817384" }, { "contents": "William Grant Bangerter\n\n\nWilliam Grant Bangerter (June 8, 1918 – April 18, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1975 until his death. Bangerter was born in Granger, Utah. From 1939 to 1941, he served as a Mormon missionary in Brazil. After his mission he graduated from the University of Utah and became a building contractor. In the LDS Church, Bangerter served as a bishop in Granger and was later president of the church's North Jordan Stake", "id": "8315713" }, { "contents": "Robert E. Sackley\n\n\nRobert Edward Sackley (17 December 1922 – 22 February 1993) was an educational administrator in Canada and was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1989 until his death. Sackley was the first native Australian to serve as an LDS Church general authority. Born in Lismore, New South Wales, Australia, Sackley was a member of the Northern New Guinea 5th Commando Squadron of the Australian Defence Force during the Second World War. On 25 December 1944, Sackley was severely", "id": "564713" }, { "contents": "David E. Sorensen\n\n\nDavid Eugene Sorensen (June 29, 1933 – August 26, 2014) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1992 until his death. He served in the First and Second Quorums of the Seventy and as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. He was the executive director of the church's Temple Department during the temple building boom of the late 1990s and early 2000s. Sorensen was born in Aurora, Utah. He grew up working on the family", "id": "1861260" }, { "contents": "Ronald E. Poelman\n\n\nRonald Eugene Poelman (May 10, 1928 – November 19, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1978 until his death. In 1984, he delivered a controversial sermon in the LDS Church's general conference which the church redacted before publishing. Poelman was born in Salt Lake City, Utah to a Latter-day Saint family. As a young man, he served as a Mormon missionary in the LDS Church's Netherlands Mission. He began his", "id": "4765396" }, { "contents": "Merlin R. Lybbert\n\n\nMerlin Rex Lybbert (31 January 1926 – 6 July 2001) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1989 to 1994. From 1992 to 1994, Lybbert was the thirteenth general president of the LDS Church's Sunday School. Lybbert was born in Cardston, Alberta, Canada. After a short period of service in the Canadian Army near the end of World War II, Lybbert served as a missionary in the church's Eastern States Mission. After his mission,", "id": "4321885" }, { "contents": "David E. Sorensen\n\n\nwork full time to overcome debt associated with the family ranch before receiving a degree. Sorensen spent his career as a business owner, operating a healthcare services company while living in California.. He previously served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and as president of the Canada Halifax Mission. He also served as vice chair of the Nevada Community Bank in Las Vegas, Nevada. Sorensen was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in June 1992. He was transferred to the", "id": "1861262" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nThe following individuals are the current general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Included are the individuals' hierarchical position and some of their current specialized assignments in the church, if any. Note: On April 5, 2018, the First Presidency announced that area presidencies were being reinstated for those 10 areas within the United States and Canada, and that the members of the Presidency of the Seventy would be relieved of responsibility for those areas, to enable them to assist the apostles", "id": "311521" }, { "contents": "A. Laurence Lyon\n\n\nA. Laurence Lyon (1934–2006) was a composer of music, usually sacred music with a Latter-day Saint theme. He also served for 30 years as a professor at Western Oregon University. Lyon was born in Rotterdam, Netherlands where his father, T. Edgar Lyon was serving as president of the Netherlands Mission of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Lyon created his first composition at 12. He was first called as an organist for a congregation of the LDS Church when he was", "id": "11731771" }, { "contents": "H. David Burton\n\n\nHarold David Burton (born April 25, 1938) was the thirteenth Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1995 to 2012. He has been a general authority of the LDS Church since October 1992. Born in Salt Lake City, Utah to Latter-day Saint parents, Burton graduated from South High School in 1956 and then served as a missionary for the LDS Church in southern Australia in the late 1950s. He graduated from the University of Utah with a bachelor's", "id": "13615748" }, { "contents": "J. Richard Clarke\n\n\n. He also returned to South Africa as the president of the church's South Africa Cape Town Mission. In 1976, Clarke became the second counselor to presiding bishop Victor L. Brown. He served in this capacity until Brown was released in 1985. Clarke was retained as a general authority and became a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. He became a member of the Presidency of the Seventy in 1988, and served in that capacity until 1997, when he was released and given general authority emeritus status. From 1998", "id": "8108721" }, { "contents": "Alan C. Ashton\n\n\nThe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a grandson of former church president David O. McKay. He served as a missionary in Central Germany as a young man. Ashton later married Karen Jackman Ashton; they are the parents of 11 children. He has served in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as a bishop, stake president, and as president of the Canada Toronto West Mission from 2004 to 2007. From 2013 to 2016, Ashton and his wife served as the president and matron of", "id": "3127903" }, { "contents": "Paul K. Sybrowsky\n\n\nfrom 1964 to 1966. He later served as a bishop (of the Hyde Park Ward in London, England), as a member of a stake high council, and as a counselor in a stake presidency. Sybrowsky was president of the BYU 9th Stake from 1996 until 2001, when he was succeeded by Thomas B. Griffith. From 2001 to 2004, Sybrowsky was president of the church's Canada Toronto West Mission. Sybrowsky was an LDS general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy from 2005 to 2011.", "id": "6640442" }, { "contents": "Glen L. Rudd\n\n\nGlen Larkin Rudd (May 18, 1918 – December 30, 2016) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1987 to 1992. Rudd was born and raised in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in New Zealand, where his mission president was Matthew Cowley. For part of his mission he served as secretary to, and traveling companion of, Cowley. After he returned from his mission", "id": "18942120" }, { "contents": "Thomas B. Griffith\n\n\nhis father was stationed there with the U.S. Army. He joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as a junior at Langley High School in McLean, Virginia. He served as student body president at the high school his senior year and later served a mission for the LDS Church in South Africa. He attended BYU and later became the university's General Counsel from 2000 to 2005, where he also served as president of the church's BYU 9th Stake. He previously served as bishop of", "id": "19816869" }, { "contents": "David S. Baxter\n\n\nDavid Steward Baxter (born 7 February 1955) has been a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2006. A native of Scotland, and a resident of England at the time of his call, he is only the third general authority who was native to the United Kingdom and also living there at the time of his call. Baxter joined the LDS Church along with his mother and siblings when he was twelve. Shortly after this,", "id": "19881065" }, { "contents": "Hugh W. Pinnock\n\n\nHugh Wallace Pinnock (January 15, 1934 – December 16, 2000) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1977 until his death. Pinnock was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Western States Mission. Pinnock graduated from University of Utah in 1958, where he became a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity and Owl and Key. Prior to his call to the First", "id": "8519001" }, { "contents": "Lowell M. Snow\n\n\nLowell Miller Snow (born January 2, 1944) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2005 to 2011. Snow was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and in 2006 became the president of the Africa West Area of the church. Snow is a descendant of Erastus Snow and grew up in St. George, Utah. He served as a LDS Church missionary in Germany and then attended Brigham Young University, where he met his wife Tamara. Snow", "id": "12412841" }, { "contents": "Tad R. Callister\n\n\nTad Richards Callister (born December 17, 1945) was the 21st Sunday School General President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from April 2014 to April 2019. He served previously in the church as a general authority from 2008 to 2014, including as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy from August 2011 to April 2014. Callister was born in Glendale, California to Effie Norine Richards and Reed Eddington Callister. His parents were both natives of Salt Lake City. Reed Callister served", "id": "18106563" }, { "contents": "L. Whitney Clayton\n\n\nLyndon Whitney Clayton III (born February 24, 1950) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He has been a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy since 2008 and its senior president since 2015. Clayton was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and attended the University of Utah. He served as a full-time missionary of the LDS Church in Peru. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in finance and earned a", "id": "17564673" }, { "contents": "Henry D. Taylor\n\n\nHenry Dixon Taylor (November 22, 1903 – February 24, 1987) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1958 until his death. Taylor was born in Provo, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Eastern States Mission. During his mission, Taylor was the president of the church's Connecticut District. Taylor received a bachelor's degree from Brigham Young University (BYU) and a master's degree", "id": "2477100" }, { "contents": "Gilbert W. Scharffs\n\n\nGilbert Woodrow Scharffs (June 27, 1930 - February 26, 2015) was a Latter-day Saint religious educator and author. Scharffs was born to Fritz and Louise Scharffs and raised in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He served as a missionary in the East German Mission of the LDS Church in the late 1950s, where he served as editor for publications and later second counselor to the Mission President. In 1959 he was married in the Salt Lake Temple to Laura Virginia Smith", "id": "7526873" }, { "contents": "Donald L. Hallstrom\n\n\nDonald Larry Hallstrom (born July 27, 1949) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2000. From 2009 to 2017, he served as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. Hallstrom was born to James Emerson Hallstrom and Betty Jo (née Lambert) in and grew up in Honolulu. As a young man he enjoyed several sports, including basketball and surfing. He served as a missionary of the LDS Church in the England Central Mission from", "id": "13616701" }, { "contents": "Steven E. Snow\n\n\nSteven Erastus Snow (born November 23, 1949) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He currently serves as the Church Historian and Recorder, as well as executive director of the Church History Department. Snow was born in St. George, Utah into a Latter-day Saint family. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in West Germany. Prior to his call as a general authority, Snow was a", "id": "8979711" }, { "contents": "Richard P. Lindsay\n\n\nBrigham Young University (BYU). From 1978 to 1989 Lindsay served as managing director of Public Affairs for the LDS Church. Among other church positions, Lindsay served as a bishop and stake president. In 1989, Lindsay was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. As a member of the Seventy, he served as the first president of the church's Africa Area. After his release as a general authority in 1994, Lindsay was the LDS Church's representative in various anti-pornography", "id": "9864996" }, { "contents": "Gary E. Stevenson\n\n\n& Fitness. He has also served on the Marriott School of Management National Advisory Council and the Utah State University Foundation Board. In the LDS Church, Stevenson has served as a bishop and a counselor in a stake presidency. He served as president of the Japan Nagoya Mission from 2004 to 2007. Stevenson became a member of the LDS Church's First Quorum of the Seventy at the April 2008 general conference. During his time in the Seventy, Stevenson served both as a counselor and as president of the church's Asia North", "id": "5851945" }, { "contents": "Rey Pratt\n\n\nRey Lucero Pratt (October 11, 1878 – April 14, 1931) served The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints for 23 years as president of its Mexican Mission and for six years as a general authority. Pratt helped establish the church in Mexico and among Spanish-speaking populations in the United States and Argentina. He also translated LDS Church materials into Spanish, wrote magazine articles and spoke regularly at general conference. Pratt has at times been called the father of the Mexican mission. Pratt was born in Salt", "id": "14018370" }, { "contents": "Virginia H. Pearce\n\n\nVirginia Hinckley Pearce (born February 8, 1945) is an author and was a member of the Young Women General Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1992 to 1997. Pearce is the daughter of the church's fifteenth president, Gordon B. Hinckley. At the church's April 1992 general conference, Pearce was sustained as first counselor to Young Women general president Janette C. Hales. Pearce served in this capacity until 1997, when Hales was released and replaced by Margaret D. Nadauld", "id": "22185174" }, { "contents": "Clinton L. Cutler\n\n\nClinton Louis Cutler (December 27, 1929 – April 9, 1994) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 until his death. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and was a counselor in the church's Sunday School General Presidency. Cutler was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and received his college education at Utah State University and the University of Utah. He then worked for many years for the company that became US", "id": "6647132" }, { "contents": "Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles\n\n\nActing President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is a priesthood calling in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). In general, the position of Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is only filled when the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is called as a counselor in the First Presidency of the church. In such instances, the man who holds this calling is the most senior apostle who is \"not\" serving in the First Presidency. Additionally, a person", "id": "11037283" }, { "contents": "Ángel Abrea\n\n\nÁngel Abrea (born 13 September 1933) was the first resident of Latin America to become a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Abrea was baptized into the LDS Church in 1943, at the age of ten. He graduated from the University of Buenos Aires, and worked as an accountant at Deloitte Haskins & Sells. Prior to his call as a general authority, Abrea was the first stake president in Argentina (1966–71; 1976–78", "id": "1574870" }, { "contents": "O. Vincent Haleck\n\n\nLDS Church, Haleck has served as a bishop, high councilor, stake patriarch, and stake president. He served as president of the Samoa Apia Mission from 2008 to 2011 and was in that capacity when he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in April 2011. After becoming a general authority, Haleck moved from Pago Pago, American Samoa to Salt Lake City, Utah. From the time of his call to August 2013, he filled assignments at church headquarters. From August 2013", "id": "2350277" }, { "contents": "John R. Winder\n\n\nJohn Rex Winder (; December 11, 1821 – March 27, 1910) was a leader and general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was Second Counselor in the Presiding Bishopric from 1887 to 1901, and First Counselor in the First Presidency to church president Joseph F. Smith from 1901 until his death. He was well known for his business abilities, and influenced Heber J. Grant. He was also active in politics and the militia, participating in the Utah War and the", "id": "1621863" }, { "contents": "Howard W. Hunter\n\n\nHoward William Hunter (November 14, 1907 – March 3, 1995) was an American lawyer and was the 14th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1994 to 1995. His nine-month presidential tenure is the shortest in the church's history. Hunter was the first president of the LDS Church born in the 20th century and the last to die in it. He was sustained as an LDS apostle at the age of 51, and served as a general authority for", "id": "21828472" }, { "contents": "Thomas J. Parmley\n\n\n, he worked as a chemist for the U.S. Smeltering Company. In 1923 he married LaVern W. Parmley who served as general president of the Primary of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He then earned his Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1927. Prior to joining the faculty of the University of Utah, Parmley was involved in cyclotron research at the University of California, Berkeley. While there he was the lead author of the paper \"The Radioactives of some high-mass isotopes of Cobalt", "id": "8525048" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\n. When the first General Authorities were given emeritus status, N. Eldon Tanner of the First Presidency provided the following explanation: \"The very rapid growth of the Church across the world, with the attendant increase in travel and responsibility, has made it necessary to consider a change in the status for some of the Brethren of the General Authorities. Some of our associates have served for many years with complete and unselfish dedication, and they deserve every honor and recognition for such devoted service. It is felt advisable at this time to", "id": "311523" }, { "contents": "Nicholas G. Smith\n\n\nNicholas Groesbeck Smith (June 20, 1881 – October 27, 1945) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, Smith was the son of LDS Church apostle John Henry Smith and Josephine Groesbeck. At age three, he went to England with his parents, where his father was serving as a church mission president. Smith was baptized by his father on his eighth birthday. From 1902 to 1905, Smith served as", "id": "463034" }, { "contents": "Keith B. McMullin\n\n\nKeith Brigham McMullin (born August 18, 1941) has been the CEO of Deseret Management Corporation since April 2012 and has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1995. He was the second counselor in the presiding bishopric of the LDS Church from 1995 to 2012, at which time he was designated an emeritus general authority of the church. Born in St. George, Utah, McMullin married Carolyn Jean Gibbs in 1964 and they are the parents of eight children and", "id": "13615804" }, { "contents": "James Rasband\n\n\nJames R. Rasband (born March 20, 1963) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since April 2019. Due to his call as a general authority, his service as Academic Vice President at Brigham Young University (BYU) ended in June 2019, a position he had held since June 2017. He previously served as dean of the J. Reuben Clark Law School (JRCLS). He has also been the Hugh W. Colton Professor of Law. Rasband received", "id": "19949796" }, { "contents": "Marion D. Hanks\n\n\nMarion Duff Hanks (October 13, 1921 – August 5, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1953 until his death. Hanks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man he served in the Northern States Mission of the LDS Church, which was headquartered in Chicago. He was in the United States Navy during World War II and received a J.D. from the University of Utah. Prior to his call as a general authority", "id": "6558935" }, { "contents": "Joseph W. McMurrin\n\n\nJoseph William McMurrin (September 5, 1858 – October 24, 1932) was a general authority and a member of the First Council of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He served as president of the California Mission of the LDS Church from 1919 until 1932. Joseph W. McMurrin was married to Mary Ellen Hunter on April 1, 1880 and had seven children. McMurrin was born in Tooele, Utah Territory. He was sustained one of the First Council of the Seventy on October 5,", "id": "17854595" }, { "contents": "W. Rolfe Kerr\n\n\nWilliam Rolfe Kerr (born June 29, 1935) is an emeritus general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He served previously as the fifteenth Commissioner of Church Education and as president of the Logan Utah Temple. Kerr was born in Tremonton, Utah, and grew up on a farm. He earned a bachelor’s degree in agriculture from Utah State University (USU), where he was also the quarterback on the football team. intending to spend his life farming, until", "id": "7684945" }, { "contents": "Hartman Rector Jr.\n\n\nHartman Rector Jr. (August 20, 1924 – November 6, 2018) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1968 until his death. He was one of the first adult converts to the LDS Church to become a general authority during the second half of the 20th century. Rector served as a member of the First Council of the Seventy from 1968 to 1976 and as a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy from 1976 to 1994. Rector was born", "id": "11492764" }, { "contents": "Gerald N. Lund\n\n\n-fiction works for Latter-Day Saints, including, \"Hearing the Voice of the Lord: Principles and Patterns of Personal Revelation\" (2008) and \"The Coming of the Lord\" (reprint 2005). Lund and his wife, Lynn, are the parents of seven children. Lund has also written poems that his wife has set to music. Before becoming a general authority, he worked in the LDS Church Educational System. He served in the church as a stake president, bishop and branch president at the", "id": "20477214" }, { "contents": "F. Melvin Hammond\n\n\nFloyd Melvin (\"Mel\") Hammond (born December 19, 1933) was an Idaho politician and has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was the nineteenth general president of the church's Young Men organization from 2001 to 2004. Hammond was born in Blackfoot, Idaho. He served as an LDS Church missionary in the Spanish–American Mission from 1954 to 1956. Hammond attended Ricks College and Brigham Young University (BYU). After", "id": "7773158" }, { "contents": "Thomas S. Monson\n\n\nspeaking proselytizing efforts in Quebec. He directed increased missionary work to immigrants from the Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Italy, Soviet Union and Hungary. Jacob de Jager, a future LDS general authority, was among the immigrant converts. Monson encouraged members to remain in eastern Canada, instead of migrating to Utah or Alberta as many members had done before, to help build the church's presence. To help encourage members to stay in Canada, increase the perception of permanence, and better reach potential converts, he started a major", "id": "17014153" }, { "contents": "James E. Faust\n\n\nJames Esdras Faust (July 31, 1920 – August 10, 2007) was an American religious leader, lawyer, and politician. Faust was Second Counselor in the First Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1995 until his death, an LDS Church apostle for 29 years, and a general authority of the church for 35 years. Faust was born to George A. Faust and Amy Finlinson in Delta, Utah. As a child, he lived in this area. His family", "id": "19825253" }, { "contents": "G. Homer Durham\n\n\nGeorge Homer Durham (February 4, 1911 – January 10, 1985) was an American academic administrator and was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1977 until his death. Durham was born in Parowan, Utah, and was raised in Salt Lake City. As a boy in grade school, he met and became lifelong friends with future LDS Church president Gordon B. Hinckley. As a young man, Durham served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the British", "id": "21588256" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nChurch in the Kansas City area. He then returned to the military, serving in the United States Navy. Among other positions, Curtis served in the LDS Church as a branch president, bishop, stake president, regional representative, stake patriarch and as president of the Florida Tallahassee Mission. After being released as a general authority, Curtis served as president of the Jordan River Utah Temple from 1996 to 1999. His son, LeGrand R. Curtis, Jr., was called as a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in", "id": "18322021" }, { "contents": "Glenn L. Pace\n\n\nfrom the Presiding Bishopric and became a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. That same year he served as the first president of the church's Australia Sydney North Mission, while also serving in the First Quorum of Seventy. In 1997 and 1998, he was a member of the general presidency of the church's Sunday School and from 2001 to 2003 he was in the general presidency of the Young Men organization. Pace was released and designated an emeritus general authority at the church's October 2010 general conference. Pace married", "id": "21590107" }, { "contents": "Marlin K. Jensen\n\n\nMarlin Keith Jensen (born May 18, 1942) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He served as the official Church Historian and Recorder of the church from 2005 to 2012. He was the 19th man to hold that calling since it was established in 1830. Jensen was made an emeritus general authority in the October 2012 general conference. Jensen was born in Huntsville, Utah. As a 19-year-old, he served as a missionary for", "id": "21271513" }, { "contents": "H. Verlan Andersen\n\n\nHans Verlan Andersen (November 6, 1914 – July 16, 1992) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and a professor at Brigham Young University (BYU). Andersen was called to the LDS Church's First Quorum of the Seventy in April 1986. On April 1, 1989 he was transferred to the newly created Second Quorum of the Seventy. On October 5, 1991, he was released from his service as a general authority. He died of cancer", "id": "20615381" }, { "contents": "Victor L. Brown\n\n\nVictor Lee Brown (31 July 1914 – 26 March 1996) was the tenth Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1972 to 1985. He was an LDS Church general authority from 1961 until his death. Brown was born in Cardston, Alberta, Canada, the son of Gerald Stephen Brown and Maggie Calder Lee. Brown received his education from the University of Utah, LDS Business College and the University of California, Berkeley. He worked in various ground operations management positions", "id": "13837425" }, { "contents": "Jack H. Goaslind\n\n\nJack H. Goaslind Jr. (April 18, 1928 – April 27, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1978 until his death. He was the seventeenth general president of the church's Young Men organization from 1990 to 1998. Goaslind was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Jack, Sr. and Anita Jane Jack. As a young man, Goaslind served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Western Canadian Mission. Goaslind had", "id": "7773235" }, { "contents": "D. Todd Christofferson\n\n\nMay 28, 1968. They are the parents of five children. Prior to becoming a general authority, Christofferson served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. At the church's April 1993 general conference, Christofferson was called as a general authority and member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. In August 1998, Christofferson became a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. As a seventy, Christofferson served as the executive director of the church's Family and Church History Department. While in", "id": "6657200" }, { "contents": "Devin Durrant\n\n\nserved in various roles in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), including president of the Texas Dallas Mission and first counselor in the church's Sunday School general presidency. Born in Brigham City, Utah, Durrant was named a McDonald's All-American in 1978 during his senior year of high school. He was captain of the Provo High School team that won a state basketball championship. Durrant attended Brigham Young University (BYU) where he played basketball and started every game of his collegiate", "id": "15721443" }, { "contents": "F. Melvin Hammond\n\n\ngraduating from BYU, Hammond became a professor of religion at Ricks College in 1966. He was a member of the Idaho House of Representatives from 1969 to 1984 and served as House Minority Leader for three terms. Before his call as a general authority, Hammond served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. In 1984, Hammond became president of the church's Bolivia Cochabamba Mission. In 1989, he became a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. In 1993, he was transferred", "id": "7773159" }, { "contents": "George P. Lee\n\n\nthe LDS Church to the Navajo Nation, known then as the \"Southwest Indian Mission\". Prior to his call as an LDS general authority, Lee held a number of priesthood leadership callings, including elders quorum president, branch president, district president, and president of the Arizona Holbrook Mission. On October 3, 1975, LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball called the 32-year-old Lee to be a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy, a position with church-wide responsibilities. He was the first Native American", "id": "10605106" }, { "contents": "Boyd K. Packer\n\n\nBoyd Kenneth Packer (September 10, 1924 – July 3, 2015) was an American religious leader and former educator, who served as president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2008 until his death. He also served as the quorum's acting president from 1994 to 2008, and was an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve from 1970 until his death. He served as a general authority of the church from 1961 until his", "id": "14808651" }, { "contents": "Elder (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\n. A quorum president, along with two counselors, is called and set apart under the direction of the stake presidency, and generally serves for a number of years. A secretary is also called to assist the president and his counselors. All adult men in the ward who are not presently serving in callings that require the ordination of high priest are assigned to the elders quorum. The title \"Elder\" is not normally used as a personal title (e.g., Elder Evans, Elder Johnson), except by the LDS Church", "id": "7053205" }, { "contents": "James O. Mason\n\n\nlater served as the American delegate to the World Health Organization. In 1994, Mason was appointed as a general authority by the LDS Church, serving in the Second Quorum of the Seventy until 2000. From 2000 to 2003, Mason was president of the church's Bountiful Utah Temple. As a young man, Mason served an LDS Church mission to Denmark. Before his appointment as a general authority, Mason served in the church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. In 1974, while serving as Church Commissioner", "id": "6162441" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nor senior president of the seventy. As of August 2018, the current Presidency of the Seventy and their areas of responsibilities are: The First Quorum of the Seventy are general authorities, meaning they have authority throughout the church. They usually serve until their 70th birthday or until their health fails them, at which time they are given emeritus status and released from active service as a general authority. Members of the First Quorum of the Seventy serve under the direction of the Quorum of the Twelve and the Presidency of the Seventy.", "id": "9800089" }, { "contents": "Robert C. Oaks\n\n\nand Chief of U.S. Air Forces Europe and NATO Central Europe in 1994 after serving 34 years. Following his retirement, Oaks was employed at U.S. Airways as Senior Vice President. In 2000, Oaks resigned from this position when he was called to serve as a general authority and member of the LDS Church's Second Quorum of the Seventy. In this capacity, Oaks served as president of the church's Africa East Area. In 2004, he was called to Presidency of the Seventy, filling a vacancy created when Dieter F. Uchtdorf", "id": "18638342" }, { "contents": "Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\narea authorities\" and \"local authorities\" and include all other Quorums of the Seventy, mission presidents, temple presidents, stake presidents, bishops, and other priesthood quorum presidents. The church has no salaried ministry; however, some general authorities receive stipends from the church, as needed, using income from church-owned investments. All local and area authorities are unpaid and continue in their normal occupations while serving in leadership positions. Although the church had a paid local clergy in the 1800s, local and regional priesthood leaders currently", "id": "17900603" }, { "contents": "Clifford E. Young\n\n\nClifford Earle Young (December 7, 1883 – August 21, 1958) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1941 until his death. Young was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of LDS Church leader Seymour B. Young. From 1905 to 1908, he served as a Mormon missionary in England and Germany. In 1928, Young became the president of the Alpine Stake of the LDS Church in Utah. In 1934, he joined the", "id": "8315768" }, { "contents": "Julie B. Beck\n\n\nJulie Bangerter Beck (born September 29, 1954) was the fifteenth general president of the Relief Society of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2007 to 2012. Born in Granger, Utah, to William Grant Bangerter and Geraldine Hamblin, Beck grew up in Utah and in São Paulo, Brazil, where her father served as a mission president for the LDS Church for five years. Beck's father would later serve as an LDS Church general authority. Beck is also the niece of", "id": "21096729" }, { "contents": "Lance B. Wickman\n\n\nLance Bradley Wickman (born November 11, 1940) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1994 and is the current general counsel of the LDS Church. In 2010, he became an emeritus general authority. Wickman was born in Seattle, Washington. He was raised in New Jersey and Glendale, California. From 1961 to 1963, Wickman was a LDS Church missionary in the church's Central British Mission. After his mission, he married Patricia Farr in", "id": "18078808" }, { "contents": "Keith K. Hilbig\n\n\nKeith Karlton Hilbig (March 12, 1942 – August 22, 2015) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2001 until his death. Prior to becoming a general authority, he was general counsel for the LDS Church in Europe. Hilbig was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. His father, Karl Herbert Hilbig, was from Zwickau, Germany who joined the LDS Church before immigrating to the United States. As a young man, Hilbig served as a missionary in", "id": "12290497" } ]

[ { "contents": "Jacob de Jager\n\n\nJacob de Jager (16 January 1923 – 25 February 2004) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was the first Dutch person to serve as a general authority. De Jager was born in the Netherlands and joined the church while living in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. His work took him to Australia, Indonesia, Mexico and Canada. His first calling in the church was hymnal coordinator which he filled honorably. He also served as elders quorum president,", "id": "12693727" }, { "contents": "Jacob de Jager\n\n\nbranch president, counselor to mission president and regional representative before his call to the First Quorum of the Seventy. In 1993, de Jager was designated an emeritus general authority and he later served as bishop of a ward in central Salt Lake City. He is one of few people to serve as a ward bishop after serving as a general authority. He died in 2004 of causes incident to age. He married Bea Lim and they had two children. They were married in Indonesia and later, after joining the LDS Church,", "id": "12693728" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nin policy or practice was announced, at the church's general conference in October 2015, those released from the Second Quorum of the Seventy were designated as emeritus general authorities for the first time. They remain general authorities until their deaths, but an emeritus general authority is not a member of a seventies quorum. John K. Carmack, the former head of the Perpetual Education Fund and W. Rolfe Kerr, a former Church Commissioner of Education, are both emeritus general authorities. Jacob de Jager served as a bishop after he was given", "id": "9800095" }, { "contents": "Glenn L. Pace\n\n\nGlenn Leroy Pace ( – ) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1985 until his death. As a general authority, he served as a counselor in the presiding bishopric and also in the First Quorum of Seventy. In 2010, he was designated an emeritus general authority. Pace was born to Kenneth LeRoy Pace and his wife, the former Elizabeth Anna Wilde, in Provo, Utah, where he was also raised. In the early 1960s, he served", "id": "21590104" }, { "contents": "J. Richard Clarke\n\n\nJohn Richard Clarke (born April 4, 1927) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1976. He has been a member of the church's presiding bishopric and a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. Clarke was born in Rexburg, Idaho. As a young man he served as an LDS Church missionary in South Africa. Prior to his call as a general authority, he served as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative in Idaho", "id": "8108720" }, { "contents": "W. Craig Zwick\n\n\nWilliam Craig Zwick (born June 10, 1947) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1995. Zwick was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He served as a missionary for the LDS Church in Argentina. Richard G. Scott of the Quorum of the Twelve was one of Zwick's mission presidents. While serving on this mission he worked on his first LDS Church chapel construction project. Prior to his call as a general authority, Zwick served as", "id": "8104324" }, { "contents": "H. Burke Peterson\n\n\nHarold Burke Peterson (September 19, 1923 – April 14, 2013) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1972 until his death. He was a counselor to the presiding bishop and a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. He became an emeritus general authority in 1993. Peterson was born in Salt Lake City, Utah and was raised in Phoenix, Arizona, where he became an Eagle Scout. Beginning in 1940, Peterson attended Phoenix College,", "id": "21001102" }, { "contents": "Orrin P. Miller\n\n\nOrrin Porter Miller (September 11, 1858 – July 7, 1918) was a member of the presiding bishopric of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1901 to his death. Born in Millcreek, Utah Territory, Miller was a local leader in the church prior to his call as a general authority. He became the bishop of the newly created Riverton Ward in Salt Lake City in 1886. Prior to serving as a bishop, he had been an elder and a seventy in the", "id": "11180481" }, { "contents": "Gerrit W. Gong\n\n\nGerrit Walter Gong (born December 23, 1953) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority since 2010 and served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from October 2015 until his calling to the Quorum of the Twelve in March 2018. He is the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saint's first apostle of Asian descent. Prior to becoming a general authority, he", "id": "144653" }, { "contents": "Richard C. Edgley\n\n\nRichard Crockett Edgley (born February 6, 1936) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since October 1992. He was first counselor in the church's presiding bishopric from 1995 to 2012 and as second counselor from 1992 to 1995. He was designated as an emeritus general authority in March 2012. Born in Preston, Idaho, Edgley was called as second counselor to Presiding Bishop Robert D. Hales in 1992. In 1994, Merrill J. Bateman replaced Hales and Edgley", "id": "13615760" }, { "contents": "Gérald Caussé\n\n\nGérald Jean Caussé (born 20 May 1963) has been the Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 9 October 2015. He is the fifteenth man to serve in this position. He has been a general authority of the LDS Church since 2008 and was the first person from France appointed as a general authority. Caussé, who was born in Bordeaux, was raised as a Latter-day Saint: his parents joined the church when he was six months old, having", "id": "17565213" }, { "contents": "Tad R. Callister\n\n\nToronto East Mission. While still serving in Canada, he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in 2008. He later served first as a counselor and then as president of the Pacific Area, residing in Auckland and overseeing the operations of the LDS Church in New Zealand, Australia, and the islands of the Pacific. In 2011 he was appointed as a member of the church's seven-man Presidency of the Seventy, replacing Claudio R. M. Costa. At the church's April", "id": "18106566" }, { "contents": "Spencer J. Condie\n\n\nSpencer Joel Condie (born August 27, 1940) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. Condie previously worked as a professor at Brigham Young University (BYU) and also served as a mission president for the LDS Church in Eastern Europe. In 2010, he was designated as an emeritus general authority. Condie was born in Preston, Idaho. His family lived there until he was fifteen when they moved to Pocatello, Idaho. From 1960 to", "id": "22107545" }, { "contents": "David S. Baxter\n\n\nCouncil, and as Deputy Chairman of the East Anglian Ambulance NHS Trust. Baxter became an LDS bishop at age 25. He also served as a counselor in a stake presidency, as president of the Ipswich England Stake and as a counselor in the presidency of the England London Mission. From 2002 to 2006 he was an area seventy, which included serving as a counselor in the presidency of the church's Europe West Area from 2004 to 2006. After his call as general authority, Baxter served as a counselor in the church", "id": "19881068" }, { "contents": "Charles H. Hart\n\n\nCharles Henry Hart (July 5, 1866 – September 29, 1934) was a general authority and a member of the First Council of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Hart also served as president of the Canadian Mission of the LDS Church from 1927 to 1930. Hart was born at Bloomington, Bear Lake County, Idaho Territory. When he was called as a member of the First Council of the Seventy in April 1906 he became the first general authority born in Idaho. He died", "id": "17854573" }, { "contents": "Jay E. Jensen\n\n\nJay Edwin Jensen (born February 5, 1942) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1992. He served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from 2008 to 2012. Jensen was designated an emeritus general authority in the October 2012 general conference. Jensen was born in Payson, Utah, and raised in Mapleton, Utah. From 1961 to 1963, Jensen served as a missionary in the Spanish-American mission, concentrating on teaching", "id": "19396644" }, { "contents": "Ben B. Banks\n\n\nBenjamin Berry Banks (born April 4, 1932) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy from 1999 to 2002 and has also been president of the church's Jordan River Utah Temple. Banks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. Before becoming a general authority, Banks served in the church as a stake president and bishop. From 1987 to 1989 he was president of", "id": "5941447" }, { "contents": "Neil L. Andersen\n\n\nNeil Linden Andersen (born August 9, 1951) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was sustained by church membership as an apostle on April 4, 2009, during the church's General Conference. At the time of his call to the Twelve, Andersen had been serving as an LDS general authority since 1993, including service in the Presidency of the Seventy from 2005 to 2009. Currently, he is tenth apostle in", "id": "3244056" }, { "contents": "Ulisses Soares\n\n\nUlisses Soares (born 2 October 1958) is a Brazilian businessman and is the junior member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority since 2005 and served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from January 2013 until his calling to the Quorum of the Twelve in March 2018. He is the LDS Church's first apostle from South America, being from Brazil. As a member of the Quorum of", "id": "966446" }, { "contents": "Helio R. Camargo\n\n\nHelio da Rocha Camargo (born 1 February 1926) was the first Brazilian general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was called to the First Quorum of the Seventy in 1985 and served there for four years. In 1989, he was transferred, along with other limited-term members of the First Quorum of the Seventy to the newly created Second Quorum of the Seventy. Camargo was released as a general authority in 1990. Camargo was born in Rio de Janeiro.", "id": "148646" }, { "contents": "Presiding Bishop (LDS Church)\n\n\nThe Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) is a priesthood calling with church-wide authority. The Presiding Bishop is the highest leadership position within the church's Aaronic priesthood. Upon the Presiding Bishop's recommendation, the First Presidency calls two other men to assist the Presiding Bishop as his counselors; together these three compose the church's Presiding Bishopric. As well as being ordained to the Aaronic priesthood office of bishop, the members of the Presiding Bishopric are general authorities of the", "id": "9941304" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nLeGrand Raine Curtis, Sr. (May 22, 1924 – December 19, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 to 1995. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy; he also served as a counselor in the Young Men general presidency from 1990 to 1991 and from 1972 to 1974. Curtis was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was named after LeGrand Richards, who was bishop of the Sugar House Ward", "id": "18322018" }, { "contents": "Salomón Jaar\n\n\nHe later worked as a coordinator for the Church Educational System. Jaar was the first president of the LDS Church's Valle de Sula Honduras Stake. He later served as an area seventy and as president of the Honduras Tegucigalpa Mission of the church. He had also served as a bishop in the LDS Church. Jaar was mission president from 1993 to 1996 and an area seventy from 1996 to 2000. At the time of his death he was the bishop of the Tamarindo Ward in the Choluteca Honduras Stake. Jaar wrote the book", "id": "3544500" }, { "contents": "Horacio A. Tenorio\n\n\nHoracio Antonio Tenorio (born 6 March 1935) was the first general authority in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) of Mexican ancestry. Tenorio was born in Mexico City, Mexico. He was trained in business with graduate training in purchasing. He and his wife, Maria, were married in 1957 and are the parents of three children. In 1969, Tenorio joined the LDS Church. He began service as a stake president in 1975. He later served as a Regional representative and president", "id": "2626856" }, { "contents": "Juan A. Uceda\n\n\nJuan Alberto Uceda Andrade (born 10 July 1953) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2010. He was a member of the Presidency of the Seventy from August 2017 to August 2018. Uceda was born in Lima, Peru. He holds a degree in public relations from San Luis Gonzaga National University. Uceda converted to the LDS Church in 1972. He served as a Mormon missionary in Peru and as a stake Sunday School president, bishop, counselor", "id": "757656" }, { "contents": "W. Rolfe Kerr\n\n\nas president of the church's Texas Dallas Mission in 1993. He had been in that position since 1985. Kerr also served in the LDS Church as a stake president, bishop's counselor, high councilor, and on the Sunday School General Board. For two years in the 1960s, he was involved in helping organize the LDS Student Association. While still serving in Dallas, Kerr was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy on April 6, 1996, and was transferred to the First", "id": "7684948" }, { "contents": "Helvécio Martins\n\n\nthe announcement that the LDS Church was lifting the priesthood ban. After Martins received the priesthood and his temple ordinances, he served in the church as a bishop, counselor to a stake president, and as president of the Brazil Fortaleza Mission. In April 1990, church president Ezra Taft Benson called Martins as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. Martins became the first black general authority in the LDS Church. After serving a standard five-year term as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy, Martins", "id": "463547" }, { "contents": "Edward Stevenson\n\n\nEdward Stevenson (May 1, 1820 – January 27, 1897) was a prominent Mormon missionary of the 19th century. He also served as a general authority in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as one of the seven presidents of the Seventy. Stevenson was born in Gibraltar to British parents. His family moved to the United States when he was young. As a young man, he was living in Pontiac, Michigan when he was contacted by a group of Latter Day Saint missionaries", "id": "10615780" }, { "contents": "Eldred G. Smith\n\n\nEldred Gee Smith (January 9, 1907 – April 4, 2013) was the patriarch emeritus of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and held the calling of Patriarch to the Church from 1947 to 1979, the last to hold the office. He was the oldest and longest-serving general authority of the church at his death, although he had not been active in that capacity for many years. Smith's father was Hyrum G. Smith, the Presiding Patriarch of the LDS Church from", "id": "19636038" }, { "contents": "Jay E. Jensen\n\n\n. He was the director of scripture coordination for the church's Curriculum Department at the time of his call as a general authority. He previously worked for the Church Educational System as a seminary teacher and director of curriculum. Jensen was also the director of training for the church's Missionary Department for a period of time. Jensen has served in the LDS Church as a bishop, branch president, counselor in the Missionary Training Center presidency, and was president of the church's Colombia Cali Mission from 1975 to 1978. Jensen was", "id": "19396646" }, { "contents": "David F. Evans\n\n\nDavid Frewin Evans (born August 11, 1951) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2005. Evans was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He grew up in Los Angeles, California, where his father David C. Evans worked for Bendix Corporation. His mother, Joy F. Evans, served as a counselor to Barbara W. Winder in the Relief Society General Presidency from 1984 to 1990. Evans served as a missionary in the church's Japan Mission", "id": "21504391" }, { "contents": "Octaviano Tenorio\n\n\nthe Mexico City Temple. He was serving in this position at the time of his call as a general authority. Tenorio has served in the LDS Church as a branch president, stake clerk, stake mission president, counselor in a [[stake presidency]], [[stake president]] and twice as a regional representative (one time beginning in 1993). He was a sealer in the Mexico City Temple when it opened. He also served as [[Mission president|president]] of the Mexico [[Tuxtla", "id": "20053600" }, { "contents": "Merrill J. Bateman\n\n\nMerrill Joseph Bateman (born June 19, 1936) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1992, originally as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. He is currently an emeritus general authority. From 2003 to 2007, Bateman was a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy. He was president of Brigham Young University (BYU) from January 1, 1996, until May 1, 2003, and was the church's twelfth presiding", "id": "4817384" }, { "contents": "William Grant Bangerter\n\n\nWilliam Grant Bangerter (June 8, 1918 – April 18, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1975 until his death. Bangerter was born in Granger, Utah. From 1939 to 1941, he served as a Mormon missionary in Brazil. After his mission he graduated from the University of Utah and became a building contractor. In the LDS Church, Bangerter served as a bishop in Granger and was later president of the church's North Jordan Stake", "id": "8315713" }, { "contents": "Robert E. Sackley\n\n\nRobert Edward Sackley (17 December 1922 – 22 February 1993) was an educational administrator in Canada and was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1989 until his death. Sackley was the first native Australian to serve as an LDS Church general authority. Born in Lismore, New South Wales, Australia, Sackley was a member of the Northern New Guinea 5th Commando Squadron of the Australian Defence Force during the Second World War. On 25 December 1944, Sackley was severely", "id": "564713" }, { "contents": "David E. Sorensen\n\n\nDavid Eugene Sorensen (June 29, 1933 – August 26, 2014) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1992 until his death. He served in the First and Second Quorums of the Seventy and as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. He was the executive director of the church's Temple Department during the temple building boom of the late 1990s and early 2000s. Sorensen was born in Aurora, Utah. He grew up working on the family", "id": "1861260" }, { "contents": "Ronald E. Poelman\n\n\nRonald Eugene Poelman (May 10, 1928 – November 19, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1978 until his death. In 1984, he delivered a controversial sermon in the LDS Church's general conference which the church redacted before publishing. Poelman was born in Salt Lake City, Utah to a Latter-day Saint family. As a young man, he served as a Mormon missionary in the LDS Church's Netherlands Mission. He began his", "id": "4765396" }, { "contents": "Merlin R. Lybbert\n\n\nMerlin Rex Lybbert (31 January 1926 – 6 July 2001) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1989 to 1994. From 1992 to 1994, Lybbert was the thirteenth general president of the LDS Church's Sunday School. Lybbert was born in Cardston, Alberta, Canada. After a short period of service in the Canadian Army near the end of World War II, Lybbert served as a missionary in the church's Eastern States Mission. After his mission,", "id": "4321885" }, { "contents": "David E. Sorensen\n\n\nwork full time to overcome debt associated with the family ranch before receiving a degree. Sorensen spent his career as a business owner, operating a healthcare services company while living in California.. He previously served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and as president of the Canada Halifax Mission. He also served as vice chair of the Nevada Community Bank in Las Vegas, Nevada. Sorensen was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in June 1992. He was transferred to the", "id": "1861262" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nThe following individuals are the current general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Included are the individuals' hierarchical position and some of their current specialized assignments in the church, if any. Note: On April 5, 2018, the First Presidency announced that area presidencies were being reinstated for those 10 areas within the United States and Canada, and that the members of the Presidency of the Seventy would be relieved of responsibility for those areas, to enable them to assist the apostles", "id": "311521" }, { "contents": "A. Laurence Lyon\n\n\nA. Laurence Lyon (1934–2006) was a composer of music, usually sacred music with a Latter-day Saint theme. He also served for 30 years as a professor at Western Oregon University. Lyon was born in Rotterdam, Netherlands where his father, T. Edgar Lyon was serving as president of the Netherlands Mission of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Lyon created his first composition at 12. He was first called as an organist for a congregation of the LDS Church when he was", "id": "11731771" }, { "contents": "H. David Burton\n\n\nHarold David Burton (born April 25, 1938) was the thirteenth Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1995 to 2012. He has been a general authority of the LDS Church since October 1992. Born in Salt Lake City, Utah to Latter-day Saint parents, Burton graduated from South High School in 1956 and then served as a missionary for the LDS Church in southern Australia in the late 1950s. He graduated from the University of Utah with a bachelor's", "id": "13615748" }, { "contents": "J. Richard Clarke\n\n\n. He also returned to South Africa as the president of the church's South Africa Cape Town Mission. In 1976, Clarke became the second counselor to presiding bishop Victor L. Brown. He served in this capacity until Brown was released in 1985. Clarke was retained as a general authority and became a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. He became a member of the Presidency of the Seventy in 1988, and served in that capacity until 1997, when he was released and given general authority emeritus status. From 1998", "id": "8108721" }, { "contents": "Alan C. Ashton\n\n\nThe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a grandson of former church president David O. McKay. He served as a missionary in Central Germany as a young man. Ashton later married Karen Jackman Ashton; they are the parents of 11 children. He has served in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as a bishop, stake president, and as president of the Canada Toronto West Mission from 2004 to 2007. From 2013 to 2016, Ashton and his wife served as the president and matron of", "id": "3127903" }, { "contents": "Paul K. Sybrowsky\n\n\nfrom 1964 to 1966. He later served as a bishop (of the Hyde Park Ward in London, England), as a member of a stake high council, and as a counselor in a stake presidency. Sybrowsky was president of the BYU 9th Stake from 1996 until 2001, when he was succeeded by Thomas B. Griffith. From 2001 to 2004, Sybrowsky was president of the church's Canada Toronto West Mission. Sybrowsky was an LDS general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy from 2005 to 2011.", "id": "6640442" }, { "contents": "Glen L. Rudd\n\n\nGlen Larkin Rudd (May 18, 1918 – December 30, 2016) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1987 to 1992. Rudd was born and raised in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in New Zealand, where his mission president was Matthew Cowley. For part of his mission he served as secretary to, and traveling companion of, Cowley. After he returned from his mission", "id": "18942120" }, { "contents": "Thomas B. Griffith\n\n\nhis father was stationed there with the U.S. Army. He joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as a junior at Langley High School in McLean, Virginia. He served as student body president at the high school his senior year and later served a mission for the LDS Church in South Africa. He attended BYU and later became the university's General Counsel from 2000 to 2005, where he also served as president of the church's BYU 9th Stake. He previously served as bishop of", "id": "19816869" }, { "contents": "David S. Baxter\n\n\nDavid Steward Baxter (born 7 February 1955) has been a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2006. A native of Scotland, and a resident of England at the time of his call, he is only the third general authority who was native to the United Kingdom and also living there at the time of his call. Baxter joined the LDS Church along with his mother and siblings when he was twelve. Shortly after this,", "id": "19881065" }, { "contents": "Hugh W. Pinnock\n\n\nHugh Wallace Pinnock (January 15, 1934 – December 16, 2000) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1977 until his death. Pinnock was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Western States Mission. Pinnock graduated from University of Utah in 1958, where he became a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity and Owl and Key. Prior to his call to the First", "id": "8519001" }, { "contents": "Lowell M. Snow\n\n\nLowell Miller Snow (born January 2, 1944) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2005 to 2011. Snow was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and in 2006 became the president of the Africa West Area of the church. Snow is a descendant of Erastus Snow and grew up in St. George, Utah. He served as a LDS Church missionary in Germany and then attended Brigham Young University, where he met his wife Tamara. Snow", "id": "12412841" }, { "contents": "Tad R. Callister\n\n\nTad Richards Callister (born December 17, 1945) was the 21st Sunday School General President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from April 2014 to April 2019. He served previously in the church as a general authority from 2008 to 2014, including as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy from August 2011 to April 2014. Callister was born in Glendale, California to Effie Norine Richards and Reed Eddington Callister. His parents were both natives of Salt Lake City. Reed Callister served", "id": "18106563" }, { "contents": "L. Whitney Clayton\n\n\nLyndon Whitney Clayton III (born February 24, 1950) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He has been a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy since 2008 and its senior president since 2015. Clayton was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and attended the University of Utah. He served as a full-time missionary of the LDS Church in Peru. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in finance and earned a", "id": "17564673" }, { "contents": "Henry D. Taylor\n\n\nHenry Dixon Taylor (November 22, 1903 – February 24, 1987) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1958 until his death. Taylor was born in Provo, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Eastern States Mission. During his mission, Taylor was the president of the church's Connecticut District. Taylor received a bachelor's degree from Brigham Young University (BYU) and a master's degree", "id": "2477100" }, { "contents": "Gilbert W. Scharffs\n\n\nGilbert Woodrow Scharffs (June 27, 1930 - February 26, 2015) was a Latter-day Saint religious educator and author. Scharffs was born to Fritz and Louise Scharffs and raised in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He served as a missionary in the East German Mission of the LDS Church in the late 1950s, where he served as editor for publications and later second counselor to the Mission President. In 1959 he was married in the Salt Lake Temple to Laura Virginia Smith", "id": "7526873" }, { "contents": "Donald L. Hallstrom\n\n\nDonald Larry Hallstrom (born July 27, 1949) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2000. From 2009 to 2017, he served as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. Hallstrom was born to James Emerson Hallstrom and Betty Jo (née Lambert) in and grew up in Honolulu. As a young man he enjoyed several sports, including basketball and surfing. He served as a missionary of the LDS Church in the England Central Mission from", "id": "13616701" }, { "contents": "Steven E. Snow\n\n\nSteven Erastus Snow (born November 23, 1949) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He currently serves as the Church Historian and Recorder, as well as executive director of the Church History Department. Snow was born in St. George, Utah into a Latter-day Saint family. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in West Germany. Prior to his call as a general authority, Snow was a", "id": "8979711" }, { "contents": "Richard P. Lindsay\n\n\nBrigham Young University (BYU). From 1978 to 1989 Lindsay served as managing director of Public Affairs for the LDS Church. Among other church positions, Lindsay served as a bishop and stake president. In 1989, Lindsay was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. As a member of the Seventy, he served as the first president of the church's Africa Area. After his release as a general authority in 1994, Lindsay was the LDS Church's representative in various anti-pornography", "id": "9864996" }, { "contents": "Gary E. Stevenson\n\n\n& Fitness. He has also served on the Marriott School of Management National Advisory Council and the Utah State University Foundation Board. In the LDS Church, Stevenson has served as a bishop and a counselor in a stake presidency. He served as president of the Japan Nagoya Mission from 2004 to 2007. Stevenson became a member of the LDS Church's First Quorum of the Seventy at the April 2008 general conference. During his time in the Seventy, Stevenson served both as a counselor and as president of the church's Asia North", "id": "5851945" }, { "contents": "Rey Pratt\n\n\nRey Lucero Pratt (October 11, 1878 – April 14, 1931) served The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints for 23 years as president of its Mexican Mission and for six years as a general authority. Pratt helped establish the church in Mexico and among Spanish-speaking populations in the United States and Argentina. He also translated LDS Church materials into Spanish, wrote magazine articles and spoke regularly at general conference. Pratt has at times been called the father of the Mexican mission. Pratt was born in Salt", "id": "14018370" }, { "contents": "Virginia H. Pearce\n\n\nVirginia Hinckley Pearce (born February 8, 1945) is an author and was a member of the Young Women General Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1992 to 1997. Pearce is the daughter of the church's fifteenth president, Gordon B. Hinckley. At the church's April 1992 general conference, Pearce was sustained as first counselor to Young Women general president Janette C. Hales. Pearce served in this capacity until 1997, when Hales was released and replaced by Margaret D. Nadauld", "id": "22185174" }, { "contents": "Clinton L. Cutler\n\n\nClinton Louis Cutler (December 27, 1929 – April 9, 1994) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 until his death. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and was a counselor in the church's Sunday School General Presidency. Cutler was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and received his college education at Utah State University and the University of Utah. He then worked for many years for the company that became US", "id": "6647132" }, { "contents": "Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles\n\n\nActing President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is a priesthood calling in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). In general, the position of Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is only filled when the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is called as a counselor in the First Presidency of the church. In such instances, the man who holds this calling is the most senior apostle who is \"not\" serving in the First Presidency. Additionally, a person", "id": "11037283" }, { "contents": "Ángel Abrea\n\n\nÁngel Abrea (born 13 September 1933) was the first resident of Latin America to become a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Abrea was baptized into the LDS Church in 1943, at the age of ten. He graduated from the University of Buenos Aires, and worked as an accountant at Deloitte Haskins & Sells. Prior to his call as a general authority, Abrea was the first stake president in Argentina (1966–71; 1976–78", "id": "1574870" }, { "contents": "O. Vincent Haleck\n\n\nLDS Church, Haleck has served as a bishop, high councilor, stake patriarch, and stake president. He served as president of the Samoa Apia Mission from 2008 to 2011 and was in that capacity when he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in April 2011. After becoming a general authority, Haleck moved from Pago Pago, American Samoa to Salt Lake City, Utah. From the time of his call to August 2013, he filled assignments at church headquarters. From August 2013", "id": "2350277" }, { "contents": "John R. Winder\n\n\nJohn Rex Winder (; December 11, 1821 – March 27, 1910) was a leader and general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was Second Counselor in the Presiding Bishopric from 1887 to 1901, and First Counselor in the First Presidency to church president Joseph F. Smith from 1901 until his death. He was well known for his business abilities, and influenced Heber J. Grant. He was also active in politics and the militia, participating in the Utah War and the", "id": "1621863" }, { "contents": "Howard W. Hunter\n\n\nHoward William Hunter (November 14, 1907 – March 3, 1995) was an American lawyer and was the 14th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1994 to 1995. His nine-month presidential tenure is the shortest in the church's history. Hunter was the first president of the LDS Church born in the 20th century and the last to die in it. He was sustained as an LDS apostle at the age of 51, and served as a general authority for", "id": "21828472" }, { "contents": "Thomas J. Parmley\n\n\n, he worked as a chemist for the U.S. Smeltering Company. In 1923 he married LaVern W. Parmley who served as general president of the Primary of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He then earned his Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1927. Prior to joining the faculty of the University of Utah, Parmley was involved in cyclotron research at the University of California, Berkeley. While there he was the lead author of the paper \"The Radioactives of some high-mass isotopes of Cobalt", "id": "8525048" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\n. When the first General Authorities were given emeritus status, N. Eldon Tanner of the First Presidency provided the following explanation: \"The very rapid growth of the Church across the world, with the attendant increase in travel and responsibility, has made it necessary to consider a change in the status for some of the Brethren of the General Authorities. Some of our associates have served for many years with complete and unselfish dedication, and they deserve every honor and recognition for such devoted service. It is felt advisable at this time to", "id": "311523" }, { "contents": "Nicholas G. Smith\n\n\nNicholas Groesbeck Smith (June 20, 1881 – October 27, 1945) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, Smith was the son of LDS Church apostle John Henry Smith and Josephine Groesbeck. At age three, he went to England with his parents, where his father was serving as a church mission president. Smith was baptized by his father on his eighth birthday. From 1902 to 1905, Smith served as", "id": "463034" }, { "contents": "Keith B. McMullin\n\n\nKeith Brigham McMullin (born August 18, 1941) has been the CEO of Deseret Management Corporation since April 2012 and has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1995. He was the second counselor in the presiding bishopric of the LDS Church from 1995 to 2012, at which time he was designated an emeritus general authority of the church. Born in St. George, Utah, McMullin married Carolyn Jean Gibbs in 1964 and they are the parents of eight children and", "id": "13615804" }, { "contents": "James Rasband\n\n\nJames R. Rasband (born March 20, 1963) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since April 2019. Due to his call as a general authority, his service as Academic Vice President at Brigham Young University (BYU) ended in June 2019, a position he had held since June 2017. He previously served as dean of the J. Reuben Clark Law School (JRCLS). He has also been the Hugh W. Colton Professor of Law. Rasband received", "id": "19949796" }, { "contents": "Marion D. Hanks\n\n\nMarion Duff Hanks (October 13, 1921 – August 5, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1953 until his death. Hanks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man he served in the Northern States Mission of the LDS Church, which was headquartered in Chicago. He was in the United States Navy during World War II and received a J.D. from the University of Utah. Prior to his call as a general authority", "id": "6558935" }, { "contents": "Joseph W. McMurrin\n\n\nJoseph William McMurrin (September 5, 1858 – October 24, 1932) was a general authority and a member of the First Council of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He served as president of the California Mission of the LDS Church from 1919 until 1932. Joseph W. McMurrin was married to Mary Ellen Hunter on April 1, 1880 and had seven children. McMurrin was born in Tooele, Utah Territory. He was sustained one of the First Council of the Seventy on October 5,", "id": "17854595" }, { "contents": "W. Rolfe Kerr\n\n\nWilliam Rolfe Kerr (born June 29, 1935) is an emeritus general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He served previously as the fifteenth Commissioner of Church Education and as president of the Logan Utah Temple. Kerr was born in Tremonton, Utah, and grew up on a farm. He earned a bachelor’s degree in agriculture from Utah State University (USU), where he was also the quarterback on the football team. intending to spend his life farming, until", "id": "7684945" }, { "contents": "Hartman Rector Jr.\n\n\nHartman Rector Jr. (August 20, 1924 – November 6, 2018) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1968 until his death. He was one of the first adult converts to the LDS Church to become a general authority during the second half of the 20th century. Rector served as a member of the First Council of the Seventy from 1968 to 1976 and as a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy from 1976 to 1994. Rector was born", "id": "11492764" }, { "contents": "Gerald N. Lund\n\n\n-fiction works for Latter-Day Saints, including, \"Hearing the Voice of the Lord: Principles and Patterns of Personal Revelation\" (2008) and \"The Coming of the Lord\" (reprint 2005). Lund and his wife, Lynn, are the parents of seven children. Lund has also written poems that his wife has set to music. Before becoming a general authority, he worked in the LDS Church Educational System. He served in the church as a stake president, bishop and branch president at the", "id": "20477214" }, { "contents": "F. Melvin Hammond\n\n\nFloyd Melvin (\"Mel\") Hammond (born December 19, 1933) was an Idaho politician and has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was the nineteenth general president of the church's Young Men organization from 2001 to 2004. Hammond was born in Blackfoot, Idaho. He served as an LDS Church missionary in the Spanish–American Mission from 1954 to 1956. Hammond attended Ricks College and Brigham Young University (BYU). After", "id": "7773158" }, { "contents": "Thomas S. Monson\n\n\nspeaking proselytizing efforts in Quebec. He directed increased missionary work to immigrants from the Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Italy, Soviet Union and Hungary. Jacob de Jager, a future LDS general authority, was among the immigrant converts. Monson encouraged members to remain in eastern Canada, instead of migrating to Utah or Alberta as many members had done before, to help build the church's presence. To help encourage members to stay in Canada, increase the perception of permanence, and better reach potential converts, he started a major", "id": "17014153" }, { "contents": "James E. Faust\n\n\nJames Esdras Faust (July 31, 1920 – August 10, 2007) was an American religious leader, lawyer, and politician. Faust was Second Counselor in the First Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1995 until his death, an LDS Church apostle for 29 years, and a general authority of the church for 35 years. Faust was born to George A. Faust and Amy Finlinson in Delta, Utah. As a child, he lived in this area. His family", "id": "19825253" }, { "contents": "G. Homer Durham\n\n\nGeorge Homer Durham (February 4, 1911 – January 10, 1985) was an American academic administrator and was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1977 until his death. Durham was born in Parowan, Utah, and was raised in Salt Lake City. As a boy in grade school, he met and became lifelong friends with future LDS Church president Gordon B. Hinckley. As a young man, Durham served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the British", "id": "21588256" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nChurch in the Kansas City area. He then returned to the military, serving in the United States Navy. Among other positions, Curtis served in the LDS Church as a branch president, bishop, stake president, regional representative, stake patriarch and as president of the Florida Tallahassee Mission. After being released as a general authority, Curtis served as president of the Jordan River Utah Temple from 1996 to 1999. His son, LeGrand R. Curtis, Jr., was called as a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in", "id": "18322021" }, { "contents": "Glenn L. Pace\n\n\nfrom the Presiding Bishopric and became a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. That same year he served as the first president of the church's Australia Sydney North Mission, while also serving in the First Quorum of Seventy. In 1997 and 1998, he was a member of the general presidency of the church's Sunday School and from 2001 to 2003 he was in the general presidency of the Young Men organization. Pace was released and designated an emeritus general authority at the church's October 2010 general conference. Pace married", "id": "21590107" }, { "contents": "Marlin K. Jensen\n\n\nMarlin Keith Jensen (born May 18, 1942) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He served as the official Church Historian and Recorder of the church from 2005 to 2012. He was the 19th man to hold that calling since it was established in 1830. Jensen was made an emeritus general authority in the October 2012 general conference. Jensen was born in Huntsville, Utah. As a 19-year-old, he served as a missionary for", "id": "21271513" }, { "contents": "H. Verlan Andersen\n\n\nHans Verlan Andersen (November 6, 1914 – July 16, 1992) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and a professor at Brigham Young University (BYU). Andersen was called to the LDS Church's First Quorum of the Seventy in April 1986. On April 1, 1989 he was transferred to the newly created Second Quorum of the Seventy. On October 5, 1991, he was released from his service as a general authority. He died of cancer", "id": "20615381" }, { "contents": "Victor L. Brown\n\n\nVictor Lee Brown (31 July 1914 – 26 March 1996) was the tenth Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1972 to 1985. He was an LDS Church general authority from 1961 until his death. Brown was born in Cardston, Alberta, Canada, the son of Gerald Stephen Brown and Maggie Calder Lee. Brown received his education from the University of Utah, LDS Business College and the University of California, Berkeley. He worked in various ground operations management positions", "id": "13837425" }, { "contents": "Jack H. Goaslind\n\n\nJack H. Goaslind Jr. (April 18, 1928 – April 27, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1978 until his death. He was the seventeenth general president of the church's Young Men organization from 1990 to 1998. Goaslind was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Jack, Sr. and Anita Jane Jack. As a young man, Goaslind served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Western Canadian Mission. Goaslind had", "id": "7773235" }, { "contents": "D. Todd Christofferson\n\n\nMay 28, 1968. They are the parents of five children. Prior to becoming a general authority, Christofferson served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. At the church's April 1993 general conference, Christofferson was called as a general authority and member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. In August 1998, Christofferson became a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. As a seventy, Christofferson served as the executive director of the church's Family and Church History Department. While in", "id": "6657200" }, { "contents": "Devin Durrant\n\n\nserved in various roles in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), including president of the Texas Dallas Mission and first counselor in the church's Sunday School general presidency. Born in Brigham City, Utah, Durrant was named a McDonald's All-American in 1978 during his senior year of high school. He was captain of the Provo High School team that won a state basketball championship. Durrant attended Brigham Young University (BYU) where he played basketball and started every game of his collegiate", "id": "15721443" }, { "contents": "F. Melvin Hammond\n\n\ngraduating from BYU, Hammond became a professor of religion at Ricks College in 1966. He was a member of the Idaho House of Representatives from 1969 to 1984 and served as House Minority Leader for three terms. Before his call as a general authority, Hammond served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. In 1984, Hammond became president of the church's Bolivia Cochabamba Mission. In 1989, he became a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. In 1993, he was transferred", "id": "7773159" }, { "contents": "George P. Lee\n\n\nthe LDS Church to the Navajo Nation, known then as the \"Southwest Indian Mission\". Prior to his call as an LDS general authority, Lee held a number of priesthood leadership callings, including elders quorum president, branch president, district president, and president of the Arizona Holbrook Mission. On October 3, 1975, LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball called the 32-year-old Lee to be a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy, a position with church-wide responsibilities. He was the first Native American", "id": "10605106" }, { "contents": "Boyd K. Packer\n\n\nBoyd Kenneth Packer (September 10, 1924 – July 3, 2015) was an American religious leader and former educator, who served as president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2008 until his death. He also served as the quorum's acting president from 1994 to 2008, and was an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve from 1970 until his death. He served as a general authority of the church from 1961 until his", "id": "14808651" }, { "contents": "Elder (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\n. A quorum president, along with two counselors, is called and set apart under the direction of the stake presidency, and generally serves for a number of years. A secretary is also called to assist the president and his counselors. All adult men in the ward who are not presently serving in callings that require the ordination of high priest are assigned to the elders quorum. The title \"Elder\" is not normally used as a personal title (e.g., Elder Evans, Elder Johnson), except by the LDS Church", "id": "7053205" }, { "contents": "James O. Mason\n\n\nlater served as the American delegate to the World Health Organization. In 1994, Mason was appointed as a general authority by the LDS Church, serving in the Second Quorum of the Seventy until 2000. From 2000 to 2003, Mason was president of the church's Bountiful Utah Temple. As a young man, Mason served an LDS Church mission to Denmark. Before his appointment as a general authority, Mason served in the church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. In 1974, while serving as Church Commissioner", "id": "6162441" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nor senior president of the seventy. As of August 2018, the current Presidency of the Seventy and their areas of responsibilities are: The First Quorum of the Seventy are general authorities, meaning they have authority throughout the church. They usually serve until their 70th birthday or until their health fails them, at which time they are given emeritus status and released from active service as a general authority. Members of the First Quorum of the Seventy serve under the direction of the Quorum of the Twelve and the Presidency of the Seventy.", "id": "9800089" }, { "contents": "Robert C. Oaks\n\n\nand Chief of U.S. Air Forces Europe and NATO Central Europe in 1994 after serving 34 years. Following his retirement, Oaks was employed at U.S. Airways as Senior Vice President. In 2000, Oaks resigned from this position when he was called to serve as a general authority and member of the LDS Church's Second Quorum of the Seventy. In this capacity, Oaks served as president of the church's Africa East Area. In 2004, he was called to Presidency of the Seventy, filling a vacancy created when Dieter F. Uchtdorf", "id": "18638342" }, { "contents": "Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\narea authorities\" and \"local authorities\" and include all other Quorums of the Seventy, mission presidents, temple presidents, stake presidents, bishops, and other priesthood quorum presidents. The church has no salaried ministry; however, some general authorities receive stipends from the church, as needed, using income from church-owned investments. All local and area authorities are unpaid and continue in their normal occupations while serving in leadership positions. Although the church had a paid local clergy in the 1800s, local and regional priesthood leaders currently", "id": "17900603" }, { "contents": "Clifford E. Young\n\n\nClifford Earle Young (December 7, 1883 – August 21, 1958) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1941 until his death. Young was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of LDS Church leader Seymour B. Young. From 1905 to 1908, he served as a Mormon missionary in England and Germany. In 1928, Young became the president of the Alpine Stake of the LDS Church in Utah. In 1934, he joined the", "id": "8315768" }, { "contents": "Julie B. Beck\n\n\nJulie Bangerter Beck (born September 29, 1954) was the fifteenth general president of the Relief Society of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2007 to 2012. Born in Granger, Utah, to William Grant Bangerter and Geraldine Hamblin, Beck grew up in Utah and in São Paulo, Brazil, where her father served as a mission president for the LDS Church for five years. Beck's father would later serve as an LDS Church general authority. Beck is also the niece of", "id": "21096729" }, { "contents": "Lance B. Wickman\n\n\nLance Bradley Wickman (born November 11, 1940) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1994 and is the current general counsel of the LDS Church. In 2010, he became an emeritus general authority. Wickman was born in Seattle, Washington. He was raised in New Jersey and Glendale, California. From 1961 to 1963, Wickman was a LDS Church missionary in the church's Central British Mission. After his mission, he married Patricia Farr in", "id": "18078808" }, { "contents": "Keith K. Hilbig\n\n\nKeith Karlton Hilbig (March 12, 1942 – August 22, 2015) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2001 until his death. Prior to becoming a general authority, he was general counsel for the LDS Church in Europe. Hilbig was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. His father, Karl Herbert Hilbig, was from Zwickau, Germany who joined the LDS Church before immigrating to the United States. As a young man, Hilbig served as a missionary in", "id": "12290497" } ]

[ { "contents": "Jacob de Jager\n\n\nJacob de Jager (16 January 1923 – 25 February 2004) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was the first Dutch person to serve as a general authority. De Jager was born in the Netherlands and joined the church while living in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. His work took him to Australia, Indonesia, Mexico and Canada. His first calling in the church was hymnal coordinator which he filled honorably. He also served as elders quorum president,", "id": "12693727" }, { "contents": "Jacob de Jager\n\n\nbranch president, counselor to mission president and regional representative before his call to the First Quorum of the Seventy. In 1993, de Jager was designated an emeritus general authority and he later served as bishop of a ward in central Salt Lake City. He is one of few people to serve as a ward bishop after serving as a general authority. He died in 2004 of causes incident to age. He married Bea Lim and they had two children. They were married in Indonesia and later, after joining the LDS Church,", "id": "12693728" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nin policy or practice was announced, at the church's general conference in October 2015, those released from the Second Quorum of the Seventy were designated as emeritus general authorities for the first time. They remain general authorities until their deaths, but an emeritus general authority is not a member of a seventies quorum. John K. Carmack, the former head of the Perpetual Education Fund and W. Rolfe Kerr, a former Church Commissioner of Education, are both emeritus general authorities. Jacob de Jager served as a bishop after he was given", "id": "9800095" }, { "contents": "Glenn L. Pace\n\n\nGlenn Leroy Pace ( – ) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1985 until his death. As a general authority, he served as a counselor in the presiding bishopric and also in the First Quorum of Seventy. In 2010, he was designated an emeritus general authority. Pace was born to Kenneth LeRoy Pace and his wife, the former Elizabeth Anna Wilde, in Provo, Utah, where he was also raised. In the early 1960s, he served", "id": "21590104" }, { "contents": "J. Richard Clarke\n\n\nJohn Richard Clarke (born April 4, 1927) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1976. He has been a member of the church's presiding bishopric and a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. Clarke was born in Rexburg, Idaho. As a young man he served as an LDS Church missionary in South Africa. Prior to his call as a general authority, he served as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative in Idaho", "id": "8108720" }, { "contents": "W. Craig Zwick\n\n\nWilliam Craig Zwick (born June 10, 1947) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1995. Zwick was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He served as a missionary for the LDS Church in Argentina. Richard G. Scott of the Quorum of the Twelve was one of Zwick's mission presidents. While serving on this mission he worked on his first LDS Church chapel construction project. Prior to his call as a general authority, Zwick served as", "id": "8104324" }, { "contents": "H. Burke Peterson\n\n\nHarold Burke Peterson (September 19, 1923 – April 14, 2013) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1972 until his death. He was a counselor to the presiding bishop and a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. He became an emeritus general authority in 1993. Peterson was born in Salt Lake City, Utah and was raised in Phoenix, Arizona, where he became an Eagle Scout. Beginning in 1940, Peterson attended Phoenix College,", "id": "21001102" }, { "contents": "Orrin P. Miller\n\n\nOrrin Porter Miller (September 11, 1858 – July 7, 1918) was a member of the presiding bishopric of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1901 to his death. Born in Millcreek, Utah Territory, Miller was a local leader in the church prior to his call as a general authority. He became the bishop of the newly created Riverton Ward in Salt Lake City in 1886. Prior to serving as a bishop, he had been an elder and a seventy in the", "id": "11180481" }, { "contents": "Gerrit W. Gong\n\n\nGerrit Walter Gong (born December 23, 1953) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority since 2010 and served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from October 2015 until his calling to the Quorum of the Twelve in March 2018. He is the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saint's first apostle of Asian descent. Prior to becoming a general authority, he", "id": "144653" }, { "contents": "Richard C. Edgley\n\n\nRichard Crockett Edgley (born February 6, 1936) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since October 1992. He was first counselor in the church's presiding bishopric from 1995 to 2012 and as second counselor from 1992 to 1995. He was designated as an emeritus general authority in March 2012. Born in Preston, Idaho, Edgley was called as second counselor to Presiding Bishop Robert D. Hales in 1992. In 1994, Merrill J. Bateman replaced Hales and Edgley", "id": "13615760" }, { "contents": "Gérald Caussé\n\n\nGérald Jean Caussé (born 20 May 1963) has been the Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 9 October 2015. He is the fifteenth man to serve in this position. He has been a general authority of the LDS Church since 2008 and was the first person from France appointed as a general authority. Caussé, who was born in Bordeaux, was raised as a Latter-day Saint: his parents joined the church when he was six months old, having", "id": "17565213" }, { "contents": "Tad R. Callister\n\n\nToronto East Mission. While still serving in Canada, he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in 2008. He later served first as a counselor and then as president of the Pacific Area, residing in Auckland and overseeing the operations of the LDS Church in New Zealand, Australia, and the islands of the Pacific. In 2011 he was appointed as a member of the church's seven-man Presidency of the Seventy, replacing Claudio R. M. Costa. At the church's April", "id": "18106566" }, { "contents": "Spencer J. Condie\n\n\nSpencer Joel Condie (born August 27, 1940) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. Condie previously worked as a professor at Brigham Young University (BYU) and also served as a mission president for the LDS Church in Eastern Europe. In 2010, he was designated as an emeritus general authority. Condie was born in Preston, Idaho. His family lived there until he was fifteen when they moved to Pocatello, Idaho. From 1960 to", "id": "22107545" }, { "contents": "David S. Baxter\n\n\nCouncil, and as Deputy Chairman of the East Anglian Ambulance NHS Trust. Baxter became an LDS bishop at age 25. He also served as a counselor in a stake presidency, as president of the Ipswich England Stake and as a counselor in the presidency of the England London Mission. From 2002 to 2006 he was an area seventy, which included serving as a counselor in the presidency of the church's Europe West Area from 2004 to 2006. After his call as general authority, Baxter served as a counselor in the church", "id": "19881068" }, { "contents": "Charles H. Hart\n\n\nCharles Henry Hart (July 5, 1866 – September 29, 1934) was a general authority and a member of the First Council of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Hart also served as president of the Canadian Mission of the LDS Church from 1927 to 1930. Hart was born at Bloomington, Bear Lake County, Idaho Territory. When he was called as a member of the First Council of the Seventy in April 1906 he became the first general authority born in Idaho. He died", "id": "17854573" }, { "contents": "Jay E. Jensen\n\n\nJay Edwin Jensen (born February 5, 1942) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1992. He served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from 2008 to 2012. Jensen was designated an emeritus general authority in the October 2012 general conference. Jensen was born in Payson, Utah, and raised in Mapleton, Utah. From 1961 to 1963, Jensen served as a missionary in the Spanish-American mission, concentrating on teaching", "id": "19396644" }, { "contents": "Ben B. Banks\n\n\nBenjamin Berry Banks (born April 4, 1932) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy from 1999 to 2002 and has also been president of the church's Jordan River Utah Temple. Banks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. Before becoming a general authority, Banks served in the church as a stake president and bishop. From 1987 to 1989 he was president of", "id": "5941447" }, { "contents": "Neil L. Andersen\n\n\nNeil Linden Andersen (born August 9, 1951) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was sustained by church membership as an apostle on April 4, 2009, during the church's General Conference. At the time of his call to the Twelve, Andersen had been serving as an LDS general authority since 1993, including service in the Presidency of the Seventy from 2005 to 2009. Currently, he is tenth apostle in", "id": "3244056" }, { "contents": "Ulisses Soares\n\n\nUlisses Soares (born 2 October 1958) is a Brazilian businessman and is the junior member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority since 2005 and served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from January 2013 until his calling to the Quorum of the Twelve in March 2018. He is the LDS Church's first apostle from South America, being from Brazil. As a member of the Quorum of", "id": "966446" }, { "contents": "Helio R. Camargo\n\n\nHelio da Rocha Camargo (born 1 February 1926) was the first Brazilian general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was called to the First Quorum of the Seventy in 1985 and served there for four years. In 1989, he was transferred, along with other limited-term members of the First Quorum of the Seventy to the newly created Second Quorum of the Seventy. Camargo was released as a general authority in 1990. Camargo was born in Rio de Janeiro.", "id": "148646" }, { "contents": "Presiding Bishop (LDS Church)\n\n\nThe Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) is a priesthood calling with church-wide authority. The Presiding Bishop is the highest leadership position within the church's Aaronic priesthood. Upon the Presiding Bishop's recommendation, the First Presidency calls two other men to assist the Presiding Bishop as his counselors; together these three compose the church's Presiding Bishopric. As well as being ordained to the Aaronic priesthood office of bishop, the members of the Presiding Bishopric are general authorities of the", "id": "9941304" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nLeGrand Raine Curtis, Sr. (May 22, 1924 – December 19, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 to 1995. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy; he also served as a counselor in the Young Men general presidency from 1990 to 1991 and from 1972 to 1974. Curtis was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was named after LeGrand Richards, who was bishop of the Sugar House Ward", "id": "18322018" }, { "contents": "Salomón Jaar\n\n\nHe later worked as a coordinator for the Church Educational System. Jaar was the first president of the LDS Church's Valle de Sula Honduras Stake. He later served as an area seventy and as president of the Honduras Tegucigalpa Mission of the church. He had also served as a bishop in the LDS Church. Jaar was mission president from 1993 to 1996 and an area seventy from 1996 to 2000. At the time of his death he was the bishop of the Tamarindo Ward in the Choluteca Honduras Stake. Jaar wrote the book", "id": "3544500" }, { "contents": "Horacio A. Tenorio\n\n\nHoracio Antonio Tenorio (born 6 March 1935) was the first general authority in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) of Mexican ancestry. Tenorio was born in Mexico City, Mexico. He was trained in business with graduate training in purchasing. He and his wife, Maria, were married in 1957 and are the parents of three children. In 1969, Tenorio joined the LDS Church. He began service as a stake president in 1975. He later served as a Regional representative and president", "id": "2626856" }, { "contents": "Juan A. Uceda\n\n\nJuan Alberto Uceda Andrade (born 10 July 1953) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2010. He was a member of the Presidency of the Seventy from August 2017 to August 2018. Uceda was born in Lima, Peru. He holds a degree in public relations from San Luis Gonzaga National University. Uceda converted to the LDS Church in 1972. He served as a Mormon missionary in Peru and as a stake Sunday School president, bishop, counselor", "id": "757656" }, { "contents": "W. Rolfe Kerr\n\n\nas president of the church's Texas Dallas Mission in 1993. He had been in that position since 1985. Kerr also served in the LDS Church as a stake president, bishop's counselor, high councilor, and on the Sunday School General Board. For two years in the 1960s, he was involved in helping organize the LDS Student Association. While still serving in Dallas, Kerr was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy on April 6, 1996, and was transferred to the First", "id": "7684948" }, { "contents": "Helvécio Martins\n\n\nthe announcement that the LDS Church was lifting the priesthood ban. After Martins received the priesthood and his temple ordinances, he served in the church as a bishop, counselor to a stake president, and as president of the Brazil Fortaleza Mission. In April 1990, church president Ezra Taft Benson called Martins as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. Martins became the first black general authority in the LDS Church. After serving a standard five-year term as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy, Martins", "id": "463547" }, { "contents": "Edward Stevenson\n\n\nEdward Stevenson (May 1, 1820 – January 27, 1897) was a prominent Mormon missionary of the 19th century. He also served as a general authority in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as one of the seven presidents of the Seventy. Stevenson was born in Gibraltar to British parents. His family moved to the United States when he was young. As a young man, he was living in Pontiac, Michigan when he was contacted by a group of Latter Day Saint missionaries", "id": "10615780" }, { "contents": "Eldred G. Smith\n\n\nEldred Gee Smith (January 9, 1907 – April 4, 2013) was the patriarch emeritus of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and held the calling of Patriarch to the Church from 1947 to 1979, the last to hold the office. He was the oldest and longest-serving general authority of the church at his death, although he had not been active in that capacity for many years. Smith's father was Hyrum G. Smith, the Presiding Patriarch of the LDS Church from", "id": "19636038" }, { "contents": "Jay E. Jensen\n\n\n. He was the director of scripture coordination for the church's Curriculum Department at the time of his call as a general authority. He previously worked for the Church Educational System as a seminary teacher and director of curriculum. Jensen was also the director of training for the church's Missionary Department for a period of time. Jensen has served in the LDS Church as a bishop, branch president, counselor in the Missionary Training Center presidency, and was president of the church's Colombia Cali Mission from 1975 to 1978. Jensen was", "id": "19396646" }, { "contents": "David F. Evans\n\n\nDavid Frewin Evans (born August 11, 1951) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2005. Evans was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He grew up in Los Angeles, California, where his father David C. Evans worked for Bendix Corporation. His mother, Joy F. Evans, served as a counselor to Barbara W. Winder in the Relief Society General Presidency from 1984 to 1990. Evans served as a missionary in the church's Japan Mission", "id": "21504391" }, { "contents": "Octaviano Tenorio\n\n\nthe Mexico City Temple. He was serving in this position at the time of his call as a general authority. Tenorio has served in the LDS Church as a branch president, stake clerk, stake mission president, counselor in a [[stake presidency]], [[stake president]] and twice as a regional representative (one time beginning in 1993). He was a sealer in the Mexico City Temple when it opened. He also served as [[Mission president|president]] of the Mexico [[Tuxtla", "id": "20053600" }, { "contents": "Merrill J. Bateman\n\n\nMerrill Joseph Bateman (born June 19, 1936) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1992, originally as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. He is currently an emeritus general authority. From 2003 to 2007, Bateman was a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy. He was president of Brigham Young University (BYU) from January 1, 1996, until May 1, 2003, and was the church's twelfth presiding", "id": "4817384" }, { "contents": "William Grant Bangerter\n\n\nWilliam Grant Bangerter (June 8, 1918 – April 18, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1975 until his death. Bangerter was born in Granger, Utah. From 1939 to 1941, he served as a Mormon missionary in Brazil. After his mission he graduated from the University of Utah and became a building contractor. In the LDS Church, Bangerter served as a bishop in Granger and was later president of the church's North Jordan Stake", "id": "8315713" }, { "contents": "Robert E. Sackley\n\n\nRobert Edward Sackley (17 December 1922 – 22 February 1993) was an educational administrator in Canada and was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1989 until his death. Sackley was the first native Australian to serve as an LDS Church general authority. Born in Lismore, New South Wales, Australia, Sackley was a member of the Northern New Guinea 5th Commando Squadron of the Australian Defence Force during the Second World War. On 25 December 1944, Sackley was severely", "id": "564713" }, { "contents": "David E. Sorensen\n\n\nDavid Eugene Sorensen (June 29, 1933 – August 26, 2014) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1992 until his death. He served in the First and Second Quorums of the Seventy and as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. He was the executive director of the church's Temple Department during the temple building boom of the late 1990s and early 2000s. Sorensen was born in Aurora, Utah. He grew up working on the family", "id": "1861260" }, { "contents": "Ronald E. Poelman\n\n\nRonald Eugene Poelman (May 10, 1928 – November 19, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1978 until his death. In 1984, he delivered a controversial sermon in the LDS Church's general conference which the church redacted before publishing. Poelman was born in Salt Lake City, Utah to a Latter-day Saint family. As a young man, he served as a Mormon missionary in the LDS Church's Netherlands Mission. He began his", "id": "4765396" }, { "contents": "Merlin R. Lybbert\n\n\nMerlin Rex Lybbert (31 January 1926 – 6 July 2001) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1989 to 1994. From 1992 to 1994, Lybbert was the thirteenth general president of the LDS Church's Sunday School. Lybbert was born in Cardston, Alberta, Canada. After a short period of service in the Canadian Army near the end of World War II, Lybbert served as a missionary in the church's Eastern States Mission. After his mission,", "id": "4321885" }, { "contents": "David E. Sorensen\n\n\nwork full time to overcome debt associated with the family ranch before receiving a degree. Sorensen spent his career as a business owner, operating a healthcare services company while living in California.. He previously served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and as president of the Canada Halifax Mission. He also served as vice chair of the Nevada Community Bank in Las Vegas, Nevada. Sorensen was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in June 1992. He was transferred to the", "id": "1861262" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nThe following individuals are the current general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Included are the individuals' hierarchical position and some of their current specialized assignments in the church, if any. Note: On April 5, 2018, the First Presidency announced that area presidencies were being reinstated for those 10 areas within the United States and Canada, and that the members of the Presidency of the Seventy would be relieved of responsibility for those areas, to enable them to assist the apostles", "id": "311521" }, { "contents": "A. Laurence Lyon\n\n\nA. Laurence Lyon (1934–2006) was a composer of music, usually sacred music with a Latter-day Saint theme. He also served for 30 years as a professor at Western Oregon University. Lyon was born in Rotterdam, Netherlands where his father, T. Edgar Lyon was serving as president of the Netherlands Mission of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Lyon created his first composition at 12. He was first called as an organist for a congregation of the LDS Church when he was", "id": "11731771" }, { "contents": "H. David Burton\n\n\nHarold David Burton (born April 25, 1938) was the thirteenth Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1995 to 2012. He has been a general authority of the LDS Church since October 1992. Born in Salt Lake City, Utah to Latter-day Saint parents, Burton graduated from South High School in 1956 and then served as a missionary for the LDS Church in southern Australia in the late 1950s. He graduated from the University of Utah with a bachelor's", "id": "13615748" }, { "contents": "J. Richard Clarke\n\n\n. He also returned to South Africa as the president of the church's South Africa Cape Town Mission. In 1976, Clarke became the second counselor to presiding bishop Victor L. Brown. He served in this capacity until Brown was released in 1985. Clarke was retained as a general authority and became a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. He became a member of the Presidency of the Seventy in 1988, and served in that capacity until 1997, when he was released and given general authority emeritus status. From 1998", "id": "8108721" }, { "contents": "Alan C. Ashton\n\n\nThe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a grandson of former church president David O. McKay. He served as a missionary in Central Germany as a young man. Ashton later married Karen Jackman Ashton; they are the parents of 11 children. He has served in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as a bishop, stake president, and as president of the Canada Toronto West Mission from 2004 to 2007. From 2013 to 2016, Ashton and his wife served as the president and matron of", "id": "3127903" }, { "contents": "Paul K. Sybrowsky\n\n\nfrom 1964 to 1966. He later served as a bishop (of the Hyde Park Ward in London, England), as a member of a stake high council, and as a counselor in a stake presidency. Sybrowsky was president of the BYU 9th Stake from 1996 until 2001, when he was succeeded by Thomas B. Griffith. From 2001 to 2004, Sybrowsky was president of the church's Canada Toronto West Mission. Sybrowsky was an LDS general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy from 2005 to 2011.", "id": "6640442" }, { "contents": "Glen L. Rudd\n\n\nGlen Larkin Rudd (May 18, 1918 – December 30, 2016) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1987 to 1992. Rudd was born and raised in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in New Zealand, where his mission president was Matthew Cowley. For part of his mission he served as secretary to, and traveling companion of, Cowley. After he returned from his mission", "id": "18942120" }, { "contents": "Thomas B. Griffith\n\n\nhis father was stationed there with the U.S. Army. He joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as a junior at Langley High School in McLean, Virginia. He served as student body president at the high school his senior year and later served a mission for the LDS Church in South Africa. He attended BYU and later became the university's General Counsel from 2000 to 2005, where he also served as president of the church's BYU 9th Stake. He previously served as bishop of", "id": "19816869" }, { "contents": "David S. Baxter\n\n\nDavid Steward Baxter (born 7 February 1955) has been a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2006. A native of Scotland, and a resident of England at the time of his call, he is only the third general authority who was native to the United Kingdom and also living there at the time of his call. Baxter joined the LDS Church along with his mother and siblings when he was twelve. Shortly after this,", "id": "19881065" }, { "contents": "Hugh W. Pinnock\n\n\nHugh Wallace Pinnock (January 15, 1934 – December 16, 2000) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1977 until his death. Pinnock was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Western States Mission. Pinnock graduated from University of Utah in 1958, where he became a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity and Owl and Key. Prior to his call to the First", "id": "8519001" }, { "contents": "Lowell M. Snow\n\n\nLowell Miller Snow (born January 2, 1944) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2005 to 2011. Snow was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and in 2006 became the president of the Africa West Area of the church. Snow is a descendant of Erastus Snow and grew up in St. George, Utah. He served as a LDS Church missionary in Germany and then attended Brigham Young University, where he met his wife Tamara. Snow", "id": "12412841" }, { "contents": "Tad R. Callister\n\n\nTad Richards Callister (born December 17, 1945) was the 21st Sunday School General President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from April 2014 to April 2019. He served previously in the church as a general authority from 2008 to 2014, including as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy from August 2011 to April 2014. Callister was born in Glendale, California to Effie Norine Richards and Reed Eddington Callister. His parents were both natives of Salt Lake City. Reed Callister served", "id": "18106563" }, { "contents": "L. Whitney Clayton\n\n\nLyndon Whitney Clayton III (born February 24, 1950) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He has been a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy since 2008 and its senior president since 2015. Clayton was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and attended the University of Utah. He served as a full-time missionary of the LDS Church in Peru. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in finance and earned a", "id": "17564673" }, { "contents": "Henry D. Taylor\n\n\nHenry Dixon Taylor (November 22, 1903 – February 24, 1987) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1958 until his death. Taylor was born in Provo, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Eastern States Mission. During his mission, Taylor was the president of the church's Connecticut District. Taylor received a bachelor's degree from Brigham Young University (BYU) and a master's degree", "id": "2477100" }, { "contents": "Gilbert W. Scharffs\n\n\nGilbert Woodrow Scharffs (June 27, 1930 - February 26, 2015) was a Latter-day Saint religious educator and author. Scharffs was born to Fritz and Louise Scharffs and raised in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He served as a missionary in the East German Mission of the LDS Church in the late 1950s, where he served as editor for publications and later second counselor to the Mission President. In 1959 he was married in the Salt Lake Temple to Laura Virginia Smith", "id": "7526873" }, { "contents": "Donald L. Hallstrom\n\n\nDonald Larry Hallstrom (born July 27, 1949) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2000. From 2009 to 2017, he served as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. Hallstrom was born to James Emerson Hallstrom and Betty Jo (née Lambert) in and grew up in Honolulu. As a young man he enjoyed several sports, including basketball and surfing. He served as a missionary of the LDS Church in the England Central Mission from", "id": "13616701" }, { "contents": "Steven E. Snow\n\n\nSteven Erastus Snow (born November 23, 1949) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He currently serves as the Church Historian and Recorder, as well as executive director of the Church History Department. Snow was born in St. George, Utah into a Latter-day Saint family. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in West Germany. Prior to his call as a general authority, Snow was a", "id": "8979711" }, { "contents": "Richard P. Lindsay\n\n\nBrigham Young University (BYU). From 1978 to 1989 Lindsay served as managing director of Public Affairs for the LDS Church. Among other church positions, Lindsay served as a bishop and stake president. In 1989, Lindsay was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. As a member of the Seventy, he served as the first president of the church's Africa Area. After his release as a general authority in 1994, Lindsay was the LDS Church's representative in various anti-pornography", "id": "9864996" }, { "contents": "Gary E. Stevenson\n\n\n& Fitness. He has also served on the Marriott School of Management National Advisory Council and the Utah State University Foundation Board. In the LDS Church, Stevenson has served as a bishop and a counselor in a stake presidency. He served as president of the Japan Nagoya Mission from 2004 to 2007. Stevenson became a member of the LDS Church's First Quorum of the Seventy at the April 2008 general conference. During his time in the Seventy, Stevenson served both as a counselor and as president of the church's Asia North", "id": "5851945" }, { "contents": "Rey Pratt\n\n\nRey Lucero Pratt (October 11, 1878 – April 14, 1931) served The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints for 23 years as president of its Mexican Mission and for six years as a general authority. Pratt helped establish the church in Mexico and among Spanish-speaking populations in the United States and Argentina. He also translated LDS Church materials into Spanish, wrote magazine articles and spoke regularly at general conference. Pratt has at times been called the father of the Mexican mission. Pratt was born in Salt", "id": "14018370" }, { "contents": "Virginia H. Pearce\n\n\nVirginia Hinckley Pearce (born February 8, 1945) is an author and was a member of the Young Women General Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1992 to 1997. Pearce is the daughter of the church's fifteenth president, Gordon B. Hinckley. At the church's April 1992 general conference, Pearce was sustained as first counselor to Young Women general president Janette C. Hales. Pearce served in this capacity until 1997, when Hales was released and replaced by Margaret D. Nadauld", "id": "22185174" }, { "contents": "Clinton L. Cutler\n\n\nClinton Louis Cutler (December 27, 1929 – April 9, 1994) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 until his death. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and was a counselor in the church's Sunday School General Presidency. Cutler was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and received his college education at Utah State University and the University of Utah. He then worked for many years for the company that became US", "id": "6647132" }, { "contents": "Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles\n\n\nActing President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is a priesthood calling in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). In general, the position of Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is only filled when the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is called as a counselor in the First Presidency of the church. In such instances, the man who holds this calling is the most senior apostle who is \"not\" serving in the First Presidency. Additionally, a person", "id": "11037283" }, { "contents": "Ángel Abrea\n\n\nÁngel Abrea (born 13 September 1933) was the first resident of Latin America to become a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Abrea was baptized into the LDS Church in 1943, at the age of ten. He graduated from the University of Buenos Aires, and worked as an accountant at Deloitte Haskins & Sells. Prior to his call as a general authority, Abrea was the first stake president in Argentina (1966–71; 1976–78", "id": "1574870" }, { "contents": "O. Vincent Haleck\n\n\nLDS Church, Haleck has served as a bishop, high councilor, stake patriarch, and stake president. He served as president of the Samoa Apia Mission from 2008 to 2011 and was in that capacity when he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in April 2011. After becoming a general authority, Haleck moved from Pago Pago, American Samoa to Salt Lake City, Utah. From the time of his call to August 2013, he filled assignments at church headquarters. From August 2013", "id": "2350277" }, { "contents": "John R. Winder\n\n\nJohn Rex Winder (; December 11, 1821 – March 27, 1910) was a leader and general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was Second Counselor in the Presiding Bishopric from 1887 to 1901, and First Counselor in the First Presidency to church president Joseph F. Smith from 1901 until his death. He was well known for his business abilities, and influenced Heber J. Grant. He was also active in politics and the militia, participating in the Utah War and the", "id": "1621863" }, { "contents": "Howard W. Hunter\n\n\nHoward William Hunter (November 14, 1907 – March 3, 1995) was an American lawyer and was the 14th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1994 to 1995. His nine-month presidential tenure is the shortest in the church's history. Hunter was the first president of the LDS Church born in the 20th century and the last to die in it. He was sustained as an LDS apostle at the age of 51, and served as a general authority for", "id": "21828472" }, { "contents": "Thomas J. Parmley\n\n\n, he worked as a chemist for the U.S. Smeltering Company. In 1923 he married LaVern W. Parmley who served as general president of the Primary of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He then earned his Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1927. Prior to joining the faculty of the University of Utah, Parmley was involved in cyclotron research at the University of California, Berkeley. While there he was the lead author of the paper \"The Radioactives of some high-mass isotopes of Cobalt", "id": "8525048" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\n. When the first General Authorities were given emeritus status, N. Eldon Tanner of the First Presidency provided the following explanation: \"The very rapid growth of the Church across the world, with the attendant increase in travel and responsibility, has made it necessary to consider a change in the status for some of the Brethren of the General Authorities. Some of our associates have served for many years with complete and unselfish dedication, and they deserve every honor and recognition for such devoted service. It is felt advisable at this time to", "id": "311523" }, { "contents": "Nicholas G. Smith\n\n\nNicholas Groesbeck Smith (June 20, 1881 – October 27, 1945) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, Smith was the son of LDS Church apostle John Henry Smith and Josephine Groesbeck. At age three, he went to England with his parents, where his father was serving as a church mission president. Smith was baptized by his father on his eighth birthday. From 1902 to 1905, Smith served as", "id": "463034" }, { "contents": "Keith B. McMullin\n\n\nKeith Brigham McMullin (born August 18, 1941) has been the CEO of Deseret Management Corporation since April 2012 and has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1995. He was the second counselor in the presiding bishopric of the LDS Church from 1995 to 2012, at which time he was designated an emeritus general authority of the church. Born in St. George, Utah, McMullin married Carolyn Jean Gibbs in 1964 and they are the parents of eight children and", "id": "13615804" }, { "contents": "James Rasband\n\n\nJames R. Rasband (born March 20, 1963) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since April 2019. Due to his call as a general authority, his service as Academic Vice President at Brigham Young University (BYU) ended in June 2019, a position he had held since June 2017. He previously served as dean of the J. Reuben Clark Law School (JRCLS). He has also been the Hugh W. Colton Professor of Law. Rasband received", "id": "19949796" }, { "contents": "Marion D. Hanks\n\n\nMarion Duff Hanks (October 13, 1921 – August 5, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1953 until his death. Hanks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man he served in the Northern States Mission of the LDS Church, which was headquartered in Chicago. He was in the United States Navy during World War II and received a J.D. from the University of Utah. Prior to his call as a general authority", "id": "6558935" }, { "contents": "Joseph W. McMurrin\n\n\nJoseph William McMurrin (September 5, 1858 – October 24, 1932) was a general authority and a member of the First Council of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He served as president of the California Mission of the LDS Church from 1919 until 1932. Joseph W. McMurrin was married to Mary Ellen Hunter on April 1, 1880 and had seven children. McMurrin was born in Tooele, Utah Territory. He was sustained one of the First Council of the Seventy on October 5,", "id": "17854595" }, { "contents": "W. Rolfe Kerr\n\n\nWilliam Rolfe Kerr (born June 29, 1935) is an emeritus general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He served previously as the fifteenth Commissioner of Church Education and as president of the Logan Utah Temple. Kerr was born in Tremonton, Utah, and grew up on a farm. He earned a bachelor’s degree in agriculture from Utah State University (USU), where he was also the quarterback on the football team. intending to spend his life farming, until", "id": "7684945" }, { "contents": "Hartman Rector Jr.\n\n\nHartman Rector Jr. (August 20, 1924 – November 6, 2018) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1968 until his death. He was one of the first adult converts to the LDS Church to become a general authority during the second half of the 20th century. Rector served as a member of the First Council of the Seventy from 1968 to 1976 and as a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy from 1976 to 1994. Rector was born", "id": "11492764" }, { "contents": "Gerald N. Lund\n\n\n-fiction works for Latter-Day Saints, including, \"Hearing the Voice of the Lord: Principles and Patterns of Personal Revelation\" (2008) and \"The Coming of the Lord\" (reprint 2005). Lund and his wife, Lynn, are the parents of seven children. Lund has also written poems that his wife has set to music. Before becoming a general authority, he worked in the LDS Church Educational System. He served in the church as a stake president, bishop and branch president at the", "id": "20477214" }, { "contents": "F. Melvin Hammond\n\n\nFloyd Melvin (\"Mel\") Hammond (born December 19, 1933) was an Idaho politician and has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was the nineteenth general president of the church's Young Men organization from 2001 to 2004. Hammond was born in Blackfoot, Idaho. He served as an LDS Church missionary in the Spanish–American Mission from 1954 to 1956. Hammond attended Ricks College and Brigham Young University (BYU). After", "id": "7773158" }, { "contents": "Thomas S. Monson\n\n\nspeaking proselytizing efforts in Quebec. He directed increased missionary work to immigrants from the Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Italy, Soviet Union and Hungary. Jacob de Jager, a future LDS general authority, was among the immigrant converts. Monson encouraged members to remain in eastern Canada, instead of migrating to Utah or Alberta as many members had done before, to help build the church's presence. To help encourage members to stay in Canada, increase the perception of permanence, and better reach potential converts, he started a major", "id": "17014153" }, { "contents": "James E. Faust\n\n\nJames Esdras Faust (July 31, 1920 – August 10, 2007) was an American religious leader, lawyer, and politician. Faust was Second Counselor in the First Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1995 until his death, an LDS Church apostle for 29 years, and a general authority of the church for 35 years. Faust was born to George A. Faust and Amy Finlinson in Delta, Utah. As a child, he lived in this area. His family", "id": "19825253" }, { "contents": "G. Homer Durham\n\n\nGeorge Homer Durham (February 4, 1911 – January 10, 1985) was an American academic administrator and was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1977 until his death. Durham was born in Parowan, Utah, and was raised in Salt Lake City. As a boy in grade school, he met and became lifelong friends with future LDS Church president Gordon B. Hinckley. As a young man, Durham served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the British", "id": "21588256" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nChurch in the Kansas City area. He then returned to the military, serving in the United States Navy. Among other positions, Curtis served in the LDS Church as a branch president, bishop, stake president, regional representative, stake patriarch and as president of the Florida Tallahassee Mission. After being released as a general authority, Curtis served as president of the Jordan River Utah Temple from 1996 to 1999. His son, LeGrand R. Curtis, Jr., was called as a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in", "id": "18322021" }, { "contents": "Glenn L. Pace\n\n\nfrom the Presiding Bishopric and became a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. That same year he served as the first president of the church's Australia Sydney North Mission, while also serving in the First Quorum of Seventy. In 1997 and 1998, he was a member of the general presidency of the church's Sunday School and from 2001 to 2003 he was in the general presidency of the Young Men organization. Pace was released and designated an emeritus general authority at the church's October 2010 general conference. Pace married", "id": "21590107" }, { "contents": "Marlin K. Jensen\n\n\nMarlin Keith Jensen (born May 18, 1942) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He served as the official Church Historian and Recorder of the church from 2005 to 2012. He was the 19th man to hold that calling since it was established in 1830. Jensen was made an emeritus general authority in the October 2012 general conference. Jensen was born in Huntsville, Utah. As a 19-year-old, he served as a missionary for", "id": "21271513" }, { "contents": "H. Verlan Andersen\n\n\nHans Verlan Andersen (November 6, 1914 – July 16, 1992) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and a professor at Brigham Young University (BYU). Andersen was called to the LDS Church's First Quorum of the Seventy in April 1986. On April 1, 1989 he was transferred to the newly created Second Quorum of the Seventy. On October 5, 1991, he was released from his service as a general authority. He died of cancer", "id": "20615381" }, { "contents": "Victor L. Brown\n\n\nVictor Lee Brown (31 July 1914 – 26 March 1996) was the tenth Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1972 to 1985. He was an LDS Church general authority from 1961 until his death. Brown was born in Cardston, Alberta, Canada, the son of Gerald Stephen Brown and Maggie Calder Lee. Brown received his education from the University of Utah, LDS Business College and the University of California, Berkeley. He worked in various ground operations management positions", "id": "13837425" }, { "contents": "Jack H. Goaslind\n\n\nJack H. Goaslind Jr. (April 18, 1928 – April 27, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1978 until his death. He was the seventeenth general president of the church's Young Men organization from 1990 to 1998. Goaslind was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Jack, Sr. and Anita Jane Jack. As a young man, Goaslind served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Western Canadian Mission. Goaslind had", "id": "7773235" }, { "contents": "D. Todd Christofferson\n\n\nMay 28, 1968. They are the parents of five children. Prior to becoming a general authority, Christofferson served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. At the church's April 1993 general conference, Christofferson was called as a general authority and member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. In August 1998, Christofferson became a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. As a seventy, Christofferson served as the executive director of the church's Family and Church History Department. While in", "id": "6657200" }, { "contents": "Devin Durrant\n\n\nserved in various roles in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), including president of the Texas Dallas Mission and first counselor in the church's Sunday School general presidency. Born in Brigham City, Utah, Durrant was named a McDonald's All-American in 1978 during his senior year of high school. He was captain of the Provo High School team that won a state basketball championship. Durrant attended Brigham Young University (BYU) where he played basketball and started every game of his collegiate", "id": "15721443" }, { "contents": "F. Melvin Hammond\n\n\ngraduating from BYU, Hammond became a professor of religion at Ricks College in 1966. He was a member of the Idaho House of Representatives from 1969 to 1984 and served as House Minority Leader for three terms. Before his call as a general authority, Hammond served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. In 1984, Hammond became president of the church's Bolivia Cochabamba Mission. In 1989, he became a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. In 1993, he was transferred", "id": "7773159" }, { "contents": "George P. Lee\n\n\nthe LDS Church to the Navajo Nation, known then as the \"Southwest Indian Mission\". Prior to his call as an LDS general authority, Lee held a number of priesthood leadership callings, including elders quorum president, branch president, district president, and president of the Arizona Holbrook Mission. On October 3, 1975, LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball called the 32-year-old Lee to be a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy, a position with church-wide responsibilities. He was the first Native American", "id": "10605106" }, { "contents": "Boyd K. Packer\n\n\nBoyd Kenneth Packer (September 10, 1924 – July 3, 2015) was an American religious leader and former educator, who served as president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2008 until his death. He also served as the quorum's acting president from 1994 to 2008, and was an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve from 1970 until his death. He served as a general authority of the church from 1961 until his", "id": "14808651" }, { "contents": "Elder (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\n. A quorum president, along with two counselors, is called and set apart under the direction of the stake presidency, and generally serves for a number of years. A secretary is also called to assist the president and his counselors. All adult men in the ward who are not presently serving in callings that require the ordination of high priest are assigned to the elders quorum. The title \"Elder\" is not normally used as a personal title (e.g., Elder Evans, Elder Johnson), except by the LDS Church", "id": "7053205" }, { "contents": "James O. Mason\n\n\nlater served as the American delegate to the World Health Organization. In 1994, Mason was appointed as a general authority by the LDS Church, serving in the Second Quorum of the Seventy until 2000. From 2000 to 2003, Mason was president of the church's Bountiful Utah Temple. As a young man, Mason served an LDS Church mission to Denmark. Before his appointment as a general authority, Mason served in the church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. In 1974, while serving as Church Commissioner", "id": "6162441" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nor senior president of the seventy. As of August 2018, the current Presidency of the Seventy and their areas of responsibilities are: The First Quorum of the Seventy are general authorities, meaning they have authority throughout the church. They usually serve until their 70th birthday or until their health fails them, at which time they are given emeritus status and released from active service as a general authority. Members of the First Quorum of the Seventy serve under the direction of the Quorum of the Twelve and the Presidency of the Seventy.", "id": "9800089" }, { "contents": "Robert C. Oaks\n\n\nand Chief of U.S. Air Forces Europe and NATO Central Europe in 1994 after serving 34 years. Following his retirement, Oaks was employed at U.S. Airways as Senior Vice President. In 2000, Oaks resigned from this position when he was called to serve as a general authority and member of the LDS Church's Second Quorum of the Seventy. In this capacity, Oaks served as president of the church's Africa East Area. In 2004, he was called to Presidency of the Seventy, filling a vacancy created when Dieter F. Uchtdorf", "id": "18638342" }, { "contents": "Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\narea authorities\" and \"local authorities\" and include all other Quorums of the Seventy, mission presidents, temple presidents, stake presidents, bishops, and other priesthood quorum presidents. The church has no salaried ministry; however, some general authorities receive stipends from the church, as needed, using income from church-owned investments. All local and area authorities are unpaid and continue in their normal occupations while serving in leadership positions. Although the church had a paid local clergy in the 1800s, local and regional priesthood leaders currently", "id": "17900603" }, { "contents": "Clifford E. Young\n\n\nClifford Earle Young (December 7, 1883 – August 21, 1958) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1941 until his death. Young was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of LDS Church leader Seymour B. Young. From 1905 to 1908, he served as a Mormon missionary in England and Germany. In 1928, Young became the president of the Alpine Stake of the LDS Church in Utah. In 1934, he joined the", "id": "8315768" }, { "contents": "Julie B. Beck\n\n\nJulie Bangerter Beck (born September 29, 1954) was the fifteenth general president of the Relief Society of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2007 to 2012. Born in Granger, Utah, to William Grant Bangerter and Geraldine Hamblin, Beck grew up in Utah and in São Paulo, Brazil, where her father served as a mission president for the LDS Church for five years. Beck's father would later serve as an LDS Church general authority. Beck is also the niece of", "id": "21096729" }, { "contents": "Lance B. Wickman\n\n\nLance Bradley Wickman (born November 11, 1940) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1994 and is the current general counsel of the LDS Church. In 2010, he became an emeritus general authority. Wickman was born in Seattle, Washington. He was raised in New Jersey and Glendale, California. From 1961 to 1963, Wickman was a LDS Church missionary in the church's Central British Mission. After his mission, he married Patricia Farr in", "id": "18078808" }, { "contents": "Keith K. Hilbig\n\n\nKeith Karlton Hilbig (March 12, 1942 – August 22, 2015) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2001 until his death. Prior to becoming a general authority, he was general counsel for the LDS Church in Europe. Hilbig was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. His father, Karl Herbert Hilbig, was from Zwickau, Germany who joined the LDS Church before immigrating to the United States. As a young man, Hilbig served as a missionary in", "id": "12290497" } ]

[ { "contents": "Jacob de Jager\n\n\nJacob de Jager (16 January 1923 – 25 February 2004) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was the first Dutch person to serve as a general authority. De Jager was born in the Netherlands and joined the church while living in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. His work took him to Australia, Indonesia, Mexico and Canada. His first calling in the church was hymnal coordinator which he filled honorably. He also served as elders quorum president,", "id": "12693727" }, { "contents": "Jacob de Jager\n\n\nbranch president, counselor to mission president and regional representative before his call to the First Quorum of the Seventy. In 1993, de Jager was designated an emeritus general authority and he later served as bishop of a ward in central Salt Lake City. He is one of few people to serve as a ward bishop after serving as a general authority. He died in 2004 of causes incident to age. He married Bea Lim and they had two children. They were married in Indonesia and later, after joining the LDS Church,", "id": "12693728" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nin policy or practice was announced, at the church's general conference in October 2015, those released from the Second Quorum of the Seventy were designated as emeritus general authorities for the first time. They remain general authorities until their deaths, but an emeritus general authority is not a member of a seventies quorum. John K. Carmack, the former head of the Perpetual Education Fund and W. Rolfe Kerr, a former Church Commissioner of Education, are both emeritus general authorities. Jacob de Jager served as a bishop after he was given", "id": "9800095" }, { "contents": "Glenn L. Pace\n\n\nGlenn Leroy Pace ( – ) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1985 until his death. As a general authority, he served as a counselor in the presiding bishopric and also in the First Quorum of Seventy. In 2010, he was designated an emeritus general authority. Pace was born to Kenneth LeRoy Pace and his wife, the former Elizabeth Anna Wilde, in Provo, Utah, where he was also raised. In the early 1960s, he served", "id": "21590104" }, { "contents": "J. Richard Clarke\n\n\nJohn Richard Clarke (born April 4, 1927) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1976. He has been a member of the church's presiding bishopric and a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. Clarke was born in Rexburg, Idaho. As a young man he served as an LDS Church missionary in South Africa. Prior to his call as a general authority, he served as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative in Idaho", "id": "8108720" }, { "contents": "W. Craig Zwick\n\n\nWilliam Craig Zwick (born June 10, 1947) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1995. Zwick was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He served as a missionary for the LDS Church in Argentina. Richard G. Scott of the Quorum of the Twelve was one of Zwick's mission presidents. While serving on this mission he worked on his first LDS Church chapel construction project. Prior to his call as a general authority, Zwick served as", "id": "8104324" }, { "contents": "H. Burke Peterson\n\n\nHarold Burke Peterson (September 19, 1923 – April 14, 2013) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1972 until his death. He was a counselor to the presiding bishop and a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. He became an emeritus general authority in 1993. Peterson was born in Salt Lake City, Utah and was raised in Phoenix, Arizona, where he became an Eagle Scout. Beginning in 1940, Peterson attended Phoenix College,", "id": "21001102" }, { "contents": "Orrin P. Miller\n\n\nOrrin Porter Miller (September 11, 1858 – July 7, 1918) was a member of the presiding bishopric of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1901 to his death. Born in Millcreek, Utah Territory, Miller was a local leader in the church prior to his call as a general authority. He became the bishop of the newly created Riverton Ward in Salt Lake City in 1886. Prior to serving as a bishop, he had been an elder and a seventy in the", "id": "11180481" }, { "contents": "Gerrit W. Gong\n\n\nGerrit Walter Gong (born December 23, 1953) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority since 2010 and served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from October 2015 until his calling to the Quorum of the Twelve in March 2018. He is the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saint's first apostle of Asian descent. Prior to becoming a general authority, he", "id": "144653" }, { "contents": "Richard C. Edgley\n\n\nRichard Crockett Edgley (born February 6, 1936) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since October 1992. He was first counselor in the church's presiding bishopric from 1995 to 2012 and as second counselor from 1992 to 1995. He was designated as an emeritus general authority in March 2012. Born in Preston, Idaho, Edgley was called as second counselor to Presiding Bishop Robert D. Hales in 1992. In 1994, Merrill J. Bateman replaced Hales and Edgley", "id": "13615760" }, { "contents": "Gérald Caussé\n\n\nGérald Jean Caussé (born 20 May 1963) has been the Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 9 October 2015. He is the fifteenth man to serve in this position. He has been a general authority of the LDS Church since 2008 and was the first person from France appointed as a general authority. Caussé, who was born in Bordeaux, was raised as a Latter-day Saint: his parents joined the church when he was six months old, having", "id": "17565213" }, { "contents": "Tad R. Callister\n\n\nToronto East Mission. While still serving in Canada, he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in 2008. He later served first as a counselor and then as president of the Pacific Area, residing in Auckland and overseeing the operations of the LDS Church in New Zealand, Australia, and the islands of the Pacific. In 2011 he was appointed as a member of the church's seven-man Presidency of the Seventy, replacing Claudio R. M. Costa. At the church's April", "id": "18106566" }, { "contents": "Spencer J. Condie\n\n\nSpencer Joel Condie (born August 27, 1940) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. Condie previously worked as a professor at Brigham Young University (BYU) and also served as a mission president for the LDS Church in Eastern Europe. In 2010, he was designated as an emeritus general authority. Condie was born in Preston, Idaho. His family lived there until he was fifteen when they moved to Pocatello, Idaho. From 1960 to", "id": "22107545" }, { "contents": "David S. Baxter\n\n\nCouncil, and as Deputy Chairman of the East Anglian Ambulance NHS Trust. Baxter became an LDS bishop at age 25. He also served as a counselor in a stake presidency, as president of the Ipswich England Stake and as a counselor in the presidency of the England London Mission. From 2002 to 2006 he was an area seventy, which included serving as a counselor in the presidency of the church's Europe West Area from 2004 to 2006. After his call as general authority, Baxter served as a counselor in the church", "id": "19881068" }, { "contents": "Charles H. Hart\n\n\nCharles Henry Hart (July 5, 1866 – September 29, 1934) was a general authority and a member of the First Council of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Hart also served as president of the Canadian Mission of the LDS Church from 1927 to 1930. Hart was born at Bloomington, Bear Lake County, Idaho Territory. When he was called as a member of the First Council of the Seventy in April 1906 he became the first general authority born in Idaho. He died", "id": "17854573" }, { "contents": "Jay E. Jensen\n\n\nJay Edwin Jensen (born February 5, 1942) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1992. He served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from 2008 to 2012. Jensen was designated an emeritus general authority in the October 2012 general conference. Jensen was born in Payson, Utah, and raised in Mapleton, Utah. From 1961 to 1963, Jensen served as a missionary in the Spanish-American mission, concentrating on teaching", "id": "19396644" }, { "contents": "Ben B. Banks\n\n\nBenjamin Berry Banks (born April 4, 1932) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy from 1999 to 2002 and has also been president of the church's Jordan River Utah Temple. Banks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. Before becoming a general authority, Banks served in the church as a stake president and bishop. From 1987 to 1989 he was president of", "id": "5941447" }, { "contents": "Neil L. Andersen\n\n\nNeil Linden Andersen (born August 9, 1951) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was sustained by church membership as an apostle on April 4, 2009, during the church's General Conference. At the time of his call to the Twelve, Andersen had been serving as an LDS general authority since 1993, including service in the Presidency of the Seventy from 2005 to 2009. Currently, he is tenth apostle in", "id": "3244056" }, { "contents": "Ulisses Soares\n\n\nUlisses Soares (born 2 October 1958) is a Brazilian businessman and is the junior member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority since 2005 and served as a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy from January 2013 until his calling to the Quorum of the Twelve in March 2018. He is the LDS Church's first apostle from South America, being from Brazil. As a member of the Quorum of", "id": "966446" }, { "contents": "Helio R. Camargo\n\n\nHelio da Rocha Camargo (born 1 February 1926) was the first Brazilian general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was called to the First Quorum of the Seventy in 1985 and served there for four years. In 1989, he was transferred, along with other limited-term members of the First Quorum of the Seventy to the newly created Second Quorum of the Seventy. Camargo was released as a general authority in 1990. Camargo was born in Rio de Janeiro.", "id": "148646" }, { "contents": "Presiding Bishop (LDS Church)\n\n\nThe Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) is a priesthood calling with church-wide authority. The Presiding Bishop is the highest leadership position within the church's Aaronic priesthood. Upon the Presiding Bishop's recommendation, the First Presidency calls two other men to assist the Presiding Bishop as his counselors; together these three compose the church's Presiding Bishopric. As well as being ordained to the Aaronic priesthood office of bishop, the members of the Presiding Bishopric are general authorities of the", "id": "9941304" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nLeGrand Raine Curtis, Sr. (May 22, 1924 – December 19, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 to 1995. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy; he also served as a counselor in the Young Men general presidency from 1990 to 1991 and from 1972 to 1974. Curtis was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was named after LeGrand Richards, who was bishop of the Sugar House Ward", "id": "18322018" }, { "contents": "Salomón Jaar\n\n\nHe later worked as a coordinator for the Church Educational System. Jaar was the first president of the LDS Church's Valle de Sula Honduras Stake. He later served as an area seventy and as president of the Honduras Tegucigalpa Mission of the church. He had also served as a bishop in the LDS Church. Jaar was mission president from 1993 to 1996 and an area seventy from 1996 to 2000. At the time of his death he was the bishop of the Tamarindo Ward in the Choluteca Honduras Stake. Jaar wrote the book", "id": "3544500" }, { "contents": "Horacio A. Tenorio\n\n\nHoracio Antonio Tenorio (born 6 March 1935) was the first general authority in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) of Mexican ancestry. Tenorio was born in Mexico City, Mexico. He was trained in business with graduate training in purchasing. He and his wife, Maria, were married in 1957 and are the parents of three children. In 1969, Tenorio joined the LDS Church. He began service as a stake president in 1975. He later served as a Regional representative and president", "id": "2626856" }, { "contents": "Juan A. Uceda\n\n\nJuan Alberto Uceda Andrade (born 10 July 1953) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2010. He was a member of the Presidency of the Seventy from August 2017 to August 2018. Uceda was born in Lima, Peru. He holds a degree in public relations from San Luis Gonzaga National University. Uceda converted to the LDS Church in 1972. He served as a Mormon missionary in Peru and as a stake Sunday School president, bishop, counselor", "id": "757656" }, { "contents": "W. Rolfe Kerr\n\n\nas president of the church's Texas Dallas Mission in 1993. He had been in that position since 1985. Kerr also served in the LDS Church as a stake president, bishop's counselor, high councilor, and on the Sunday School General Board. For two years in the 1960s, he was involved in helping organize the LDS Student Association. While still serving in Dallas, Kerr was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy on April 6, 1996, and was transferred to the First", "id": "7684948" }, { "contents": "Helvécio Martins\n\n\nthe announcement that the LDS Church was lifting the priesthood ban. After Martins received the priesthood and his temple ordinances, he served in the church as a bishop, counselor to a stake president, and as president of the Brazil Fortaleza Mission. In April 1990, church president Ezra Taft Benson called Martins as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. Martins became the first black general authority in the LDS Church. After serving a standard five-year term as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy, Martins", "id": "463547" }, { "contents": "Edward Stevenson\n\n\nEdward Stevenson (May 1, 1820 – January 27, 1897) was a prominent Mormon missionary of the 19th century. He also served as a general authority in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as one of the seven presidents of the Seventy. Stevenson was born in Gibraltar to British parents. His family moved to the United States when he was young. As a young man, he was living in Pontiac, Michigan when he was contacted by a group of Latter Day Saint missionaries", "id": "10615780" }, { "contents": "Eldred G. Smith\n\n\nEldred Gee Smith (January 9, 1907 – April 4, 2013) was the patriarch emeritus of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and held the calling of Patriarch to the Church from 1947 to 1979, the last to hold the office. He was the oldest and longest-serving general authority of the church at his death, although he had not been active in that capacity for many years. Smith's father was Hyrum G. Smith, the Presiding Patriarch of the LDS Church from", "id": "19636038" }, { "contents": "Jay E. Jensen\n\n\n. He was the director of scripture coordination for the church's Curriculum Department at the time of his call as a general authority. He previously worked for the Church Educational System as a seminary teacher and director of curriculum. Jensen was also the director of training for the church's Missionary Department for a period of time. Jensen has served in the LDS Church as a bishop, branch president, counselor in the Missionary Training Center presidency, and was president of the church's Colombia Cali Mission from 1975 to 1978. Jensen was", "id": "19396646" }, { "contents": "David F. Evans\n\n\nDavid Frewin Evans (born August 11, 1951) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2005. Evans was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He grew up in Los Angeles, California, where his father David C. Evans worked for Bendix Corporation. His mother, Joy F. Evans, served as a counselor to Barbara W. Winder in the Relief Society General Presidency from 1984 to 1990. Evans served as a missionary in the church's Japan Mission", "id": "21504391" }, { "contents": "Octaviano Tenorio\n\n\nthe Mexico City Temple. He was serving in this position at the time of his call as a general authority. Tenorio has served in the LDS Church as a branch president, stake clerk, stake mission president, counselor in a [[stake presidency]], [[stake president]] and twice as a regional representative (one time beginning in 1993). He was a sealer in the Mexico City Temple when it opened. He also served as [[Mission president|president]] of the Mexico [[Tuxtla", "id": "20053600" }, { "contents": "Merrill J. Bateman\n\n\nMerrill Joseph Bateman (born June 19, 1936) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1992, originally as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. He is currently an emeritus general authority. From 2003 to 2007, Bateman was a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy. He was president of Brigham Young University (BYU) from January 1, 1996, until May 1, 2003, and was the church's twelfth presiding", "id": "4817384" }, { "contents": "William Grant Bangerter\n\n\nWilliam Grant Bangerter (June 8, 1918 – April 18, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1975 until his death. Bangerter was born in Granger, Utah. From 1939 to 1941, he served as a Mormon missionary in Brazil. After his mission he graduated from the University of Utah and became a building contractor. In the LDS Church, Bangerter served as a bishop in Granger and was later president of the church's North Jordan Stake", "id": "8315713" }, { "contents": "Robert E. Sackley\n\n\nRobert Edward Sackley (17 December 1922 – 22 February 1993) was an educational administrator in Canada and was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1989 until his death. Sackley was the first native Australian to serve as an LDS Church general authority. Born in Lismore, New South Wales, Australia, Sackley was a member of the Northern New Guinea 5th Commando Squadron of the Australian Defence Force during the Second World War. On 25 December 1944, Sackley was severely", "id": "564713" }, { "contents": "David E. Sorensen\n\n\nDavid Eugene Sorensen (June 29, 1933 – August 26, 2014) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1992 until his death. He served in the First and Second Quorums of the Seventy and as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. He was the executive director of the church's Temple Department during the temple building boom of the late 1990s and early 2000s. Sorensen was born in Aurora, Utah. He grew up working on the family", "id": "1861260" }, { "contents": "Ronald E. Poelman\n\n\nRonald Eugene Poelman (May 10, 1928 – November 19, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1978 until his death. In 1984, he delivered a controversial sermon in the LDS Church's general conference which the church redacted before publishing. Poelman was born in Salt Lake City, Utah to a Latter-day Saint family. As a young man, he served as a Mormon missionary in the LDS Church's Netherlands Mission. He began his", "id": "4765396" }, { "contents": "Merlin R. Lybbert\n\n\nMerlin Rex Lybbert (31 January 1926 – 6 July 2001) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1989 to 1994. From 1992 to 1994, Lybbert was the thirteenth general president of the LDS Church's Sunday School. Lybbert was born in Cardston, Alberta, Canada. After a short period of service in the Canadian Army near the end of World War II, Lybbert served as a missionary in the church's Eastern States Mission. After his mission,", "id": "4321885" }, { "contents": "David E. Sorensen\n\n\nwork full time to overcome debt associated with the family ranch before receiving a degree. Sorensen spent his career as a business owner, operating a healthcare services company while living in California.. He previously served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and as president of the Canada Halifax Mission. He also served as vice chair of the Nevada Community Bank in Las Vegas, Nevada. Sorensen was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in June 1992. He was transferred to the", "id": "1861262" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nThe following individuals are the current general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Included are the individuals' hierarchical position and some of their current specialized assignments in the church, if any. Note: On April 5, 2018, the First Presidency announced that area presidencies were being reinstated for those 10 areas within the United States and Canada, and that the members of the Presidency of the Seventy would be relieved of responsibility for those areas, to enable them to assist the apostles", "id": "311521" }, { "contents": "A. Laurence Lyon\n\n\nA. Laurence Lyon (1934–2006) was a composer of music, usually sacred music with a Latter-day Saint theme. He also served for 30 years as a professor at Western Oregon University. Lyon was born in Rotterdam, Netherlands where his father, T. Edgar Lyon was serving as president of the Netherlands Mission of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Lyon created his first composition at 12. He was first called as an organist for a congregation of the LDS Church when he was", "id": "11731771" }, { "contents": "H. David Burton\n\n\nHarold David Burton (born April 25, 1938) was the thirteenth Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1995 to 2012. He has been a general authority of the LDS Church since October 1992. Born in Salt Lake City, Utah to Latter-day Saint parents, Burton graduated from South High School in 1956 and then served as a missionary for the LDS Church in southern Australia in the late 1950s. He graduated from the University of Utah with a bachelor's", "id": "13615748" }, { "contents": "J. Richard Clarke\n\n\n. He also returned to South Africa as the president of the church's South Africa Cape Town Mission. In 1976, Clarke became the second counselor to presiding bishop Victor L. Brown. He served in this capacity until Brown was released in 1985. Clarke was retained as a general authority and became a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. He became a member of the Presidency of the Seventy in 1988, and served in that capacity until 1997, when he was released and given general authority emeritus status. From 1998", "id": "8108721" }, { "contents": "Alan C. Ashton\n\n\nThe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a grandson of former church president David O. McKay. He served as a missionary in Central Germany as a young man. Ashton later married Karen Jackman Ashton; they are the parents of 11 children. He has served in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as a bishop, stake president, and as president of the Canada Toronto West Mission from 2004 to 2007. From 2013 to 2016, Ashton and his wife served as the president and matron of", "id": "3127903" }, { "contents": "Paul K. Sybrowsky\n\n\nfrom 1964 to 1966. He later served as a bishop (of the Hyde Park Ward in London, England), as a member of a stake high council, and as a counselor in a stake presidency. Sybrowsky was president of the BYU 9th Stake from 1996 until 2001, when he was succeeded by Thomas B. Griffith. From 2001 to 2004, Sybrowsky was president of the church's Canada Toronto West Mission. Sybrowsky was an LDS general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy from 2005 to 2011.", "id": "6640442" }, { "contents": "Glen L. Rudd\n\n\nGlen Larkin Rudd (May 18, 1918 – December 30, 2016) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1987 to 1992. Rudd was born and raised in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in New Zealand, where his mission president was Matthew Cowley. For part of his mission he served as secretary to, and traveling companion of, Cowley. After he returned from his mission", "id": "18942120" }, { "contents": "Thomas B. Griffith\n\n\nhis father was stationed there with the U.S. Army. He joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as a junior at Langley High School in McLean, Virginia. He served as student body president at the high school his senior year and later served a mission for the LDS Church in South Africa. He attended BYU and later became the university's General Counsel from 2000 to 2005, where he also served as president of the church's BYU 9th Stake. He previously served as bishop of", "id": "19816869" }, { "contents": "David S. Baxter\n\n\nDavid Steward Baxter (born 7 February 1955) has been a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2006. A native of Scotland, and a resident of England at the time of his call, he is only the third general authority who was native to the United Kingdom and also living there at the time of his call. Baxter joined the LDS Church along with his mother and siblings when he was twelve. Shortly after this,", "id": "19881065" }, { "contents": "Hugh W. Pinnock\n\n\nHugh Wallace Pinnock (January 15, 1934 – December 16, 2000) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1977 until his death. Pinnock was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Western States Mission. Pinnock graduated from University of Utah in 1958, where he became a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity and Owl and Key. Prior to his call to the First", "id": "8519001" }, { "contents": "Lowell M. Snow\n\n\nLowell Miller Snow (born January 2, 1944) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2005 to 2011. Snow was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and in 2006 became the president of the Africa West Area of the church. Snow is a descendant of Erastus Snow and grew up in St. George, Utah. He served as a LDS Church missionary in Germany and then attended Brigham Young University, where he met his wife Tamara. Snow", "id": "12412841" }, { "contents": "Tad R. Callister\n\n\nTad Richards Callister (born December 17, 1945) was the 21st Sunday School General President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from April 2014 to April 2019. He served previously in the church as a general authority from 2008 to 2014, including as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy from August 2011 to April 2014. Callister was born in Glendale, California to Effie Norine Richards and Reed Eddington Callister. His parents were both natives of Salt Lake City. Reed Callister served", "id": "18106563" }, { "contents": "L. Whitney Clayton\n\n\nLyndon Whitney Clayton III (born February 24, 1950) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He has been a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy since 2008 and its senior president since 2015. Clayton was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and attended the University of Utah. He served as a full-time missionary of the LDS Church in Peru. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in finance and earned a", "id": "17564673" }, { "contents": "Henry D. Taylor\n\n\nHenry Dixon Taylor (November 22, 1903 – February 24, 1987) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1958 until his death. Taylor was born in Provo, Utah. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Eastern States Mission. During his mission, Taylor was the president of the church's Connecticut District. Taylor received a bachelor's degree from Brigham Young University (BYU) and a master's degree", "id": "2477100" }, { "contents": "Gilbert W. Scharffs\n\n\nGilbert Woodrow Scharffs (June 27, 1930 - February 26, 2015) was a Latter-day Saint religious educator and author. Scharffs was born to Fritz and Louise Scharffs and raised in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He served as a missionary in the East German Mission of the LDS Church in the late 1950s, where he served as editor for publications and later second counselor to the Mission President. In 1959 he was married in the Salt Lake Temple to Laura Virginia Smith", "id": "7526873" }, { "contents": "Donald L. Hallstrom\n\n\nDonald Larry Hallstrom (born July 27, 1949) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2000. From 2009 to 2017, he served as a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. Hallstrom was born to James Emerson Hallstrom and Betty Jo (née Lambert) in and grew up in Honolulu. As a young man he enjoyed several sports, including basketball and surfing. He served as a missionary of the LDS Church in the England Central Mission from", "id": "13616701" }, { "contents": "Steven E. Snow\n\n\nSteven Erastus Snow (born November 23, 1949) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He currently serves as the Church Historian and Recorder, as well as executive director of the Church History Department. Snow was born in St. George, Utah into a Latter-day Saint family. As a young man, he served as a missionary for the LDS Church in West Germany. Prior to his call as a general authority, Snow was a", "id": "8979711" }, { "contents": "Richard P. Lindsay\n\n\nBrigham Young University (BYU). From 1978 to 1989 Lindsay served as managing director of Public Affairs for the LDS Church. Among other church positions, Lindsay served as a bishop and stake president. In 1989, Lindsay was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. As a member of the Seventy, he served as the first president of the church's Africa Area. After his release as a general authority in 1994, Lindsay was the LDS Church's representative in various anti-pornography", "id": "9864996" }, { "contents": "Gary E. Stevenson\n\n\n& Fitness. He has also served on the Marriott School of Management National Advisory Council and the Utah State University Foundation Board. In the LDS Church, Stevenson has served as a bishop and a counselor in a stake presidency. He served as president of the Japan Nagoya Mission from 2004 to 2007. Stevenson became a member of the LDS Church's First Quorum of the Seventy at the April 2008 general conference. During his time in the Seventy, Stevenson served both as a counselor and as president of the church's Asia North", "id": "5851945" }, { "contents": "Rey Pratt\n\n\nRey Lucero Pratt (October 11, 1878 – April 14, 1931) served The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints for 23 years as president of its Mexican Mission and for six years as a general authority. Pratt helped establish the church in Mexico and among Spanish-speaking populations in the United States and Argentina. He also translated LDS Church materials into Spanish, wrote magazine articles and spoke regularly at general conference. Pratt has at times been called the father of the Mexican mission. Pratt was born in Salt", "id": "14018370" }, { "contents": "Virginia H. Pearce\n\n\nVirginia Hinckley Pearce (born February 8, 1945) is an author and was a member of the Young Women General Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1992 to 1997. Pearce is the daughter of the church's fifteenth president, Gordon B. Hinckley. At the church's April 1992 general conference, Pearce was sustained as first counselor to Young Women general president Janette C. Hales. Pearce served in this capacity until 1997, when Hales was released and replaced by Margaret D. Nadauld", "id": "22185174" }, { "contents": "Clinton L. Cutler\n\n\nClinton Louis Cutler (December 27, 1929 – April 9, 1994) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 until his death. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and was a counselor in the church's Sunday School General Presidency. Cutler was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and received his college education at Utah State University and the University of Utah. He then worked for many years for the company that became US", "id": "6647132" }, { "contents": "Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles\n\n\nActing President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is a priesthood calling in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). In general, the position of Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is only filled when the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is called as a counselor in the First Presidency of the church. In such instances, the man who holds this calling is the most senior apostle who is \"not\" serving in the First Presidency. Additionally, a person", "id": "11037283" }, { "contents": "Ángel Abrea\n\n\nÁngel Abrea (born 13 September 1933) was the first resident of Latin America to become a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Abrea was baptized into the LDS Church in 1943, at the age of ten. He graduated from the University of Buenos Aires, and worked as an accountant at Deloitte Haskins & Sells. Prior to his call as a general authority, Abrea was the first stake president in Argentina (1966–71; 1976–78", "id": "1574870" }, { "contents": "O. Vincent Haleck\n\n\nLDS Church, Haleck has served as a bishop, high councilor, stake patriarch, and stake president. He served as president of the Samoa Apia Mission from 2008 to 2011 and was in that capacity when he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in April 2011. After becoming a general authority, Haleck moved from Pago Pago, American Samoa to Salt Lake City, Utah. From the time of his call to August 2013, he filled assignments at church headquarters. From August 2013", "id": "2350277" }, { "contents": "John R. Winder\n\n\nJohn Rex Winder (; December 11, 1821 – March 27, 1910) was a leader and general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was Second Counselor in the Presiding Bishopric from 1887 to 1901, and First Counselor in the First Presidency to church president Joseph F. Smith from 1901 until his death. He was well known for his business abilities, and influenced Heber J. Grant. He was also active in politics and the militia, participating in the Utah War and the", "id": "1621863" }, { "contents": "Howard W. Hunter\n\n\nHoward William Hunter (November 14, 1907 – March 3, 1995) was an American lawyer and was the 14th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1994 to 1995. His nine-month presidential tenure is the shortest in the church's history. Hunter was the first president of the LDS Church born in the 20th century and the last to die in it. He was sustained as an LDS apostle at the age of 51, and served as a general authority for", "id": "21828472" }, { "contents": "Thomas J. Parmley\n\n\n, he worked as a chemist for the U.S. Smeltering Company. In 1923 he married LaVern W. Parmley who served as general president of the Primary of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He then earned his Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1927. Prior to joining the faculty of the University of Utah, Parmley was involved in cyclotron research at the University of California, Berkeley. While there he was the lead author of the paper \"The Radioactives of some high-mass isotopes of Cobalt", "id": "8525048" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\n. When the first General Authorities were given emeritus status, N. Eldon Tanner of the First Presidency provided the following explanation: \"The very rapid growth of the Church across the world, with the attendant increase in travel and responsibility, has made it necessary to consider a change in the status for some of the Brethren of the General Authorities. Some of our associates have served for many years with complete and unselfish dedication, and they deserve every honor and recognition for such devoted service. It is felt advisable at this time to", "id": "311523" }, { "contents": "Nicholas G. Smith\n\n\nNicholas Groesbeck Smith (June 20, 1881 – October 27, 1945) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, Smith was the son of LDS Church apostle John Henry Smith and Josephine Groesbeck. At age three, he went to England with his parents, where his father was serving as a church mission president. Smith was baptized by his father on his eighth birthday. From 1902 to 1905, Smith served as", "id": "463034" }, { "contents": "Keith B. McMullin\n\n\nKeith Brigham McMullin (born August 18, 1941) has been the CEO of Deseret Management Corporation since April 2012 and has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1995. He was the second counselor in the presiding bishopric of the LDS Church from 1995 to 2012, at which time he was designated an emeritus general authority of the church. Born in St. George, Utah, McMullin married Carolyn Jean Gibbs in 1964 and they are the parents of eight children and", "id": "13615804" }, { "contents": "James Rasband\n\n\nJames R. Rasband (born March 20, 1963) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since April 2019. Due to his call as a general authority, his service as Academic Vice President at Brigham Young University (BYU) ended in June 2019, a position he had held since June 2017. He previously served as dean of the J. Reuben Clark Law School (JRCLS). He has also been the Hugh W. Colton Professor of Law. Rasband received", "id": "19949796" }, { "contents": "Marion D. Hanks\n\n\nMarion Duff Hanks (October 13, 1921 – August 5, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1953 until his death. Hanks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. As a young man he served in the Northern States Mission of the LDS Church, which was headquartered in Chicago. He was in the United States Navy during World War II and received a J.D. from the University of Utah. Prior to his call as a general authority", "id": "6558935" }, { "contents": "Joseph W. McMurrin\n\n\nJoseph William McMurrin (September 5, 1858 – October 24, 1932) was a general authority and a member of the First Council of the Seventy of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He served as president of the California Mission of the LDS Church from 1919 until 1932. Joseph W. McMurrin was married to Mary Ellen Hunter on April 1, 1880 and had seven children. McMurrin was born in Tooele, Utah Territory. He was sustained one of the First Council of the Seventy on October 5,", "id": "17854595" }, { "contents": "W. Rolfe Kerr\n\n\nWilliam Rolfe Kerr (born June 29, 1935) is an emeritus general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He served previously as the fifteenth Commissioner of Church Education and as president of the Logan Utah Temple. Kerr was born in Tremonton, Utah, and grew up on a farm. He earned a bachelor’s degree in agriculture from Utah State University (USU), where he was also the quarterback on the football team. intending to spend his life farming, until", "id": "7684945" }, { "contents": "Hartman Rector Jr.\n\n\nHartman Rector Jr. (August 20, 1924 – November 6, 2018) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1968 until his death. He was one of the first adult converts to the LDS Church to become a general authority during the second half of the 20th century. Rector served as a member of the First Council of the Seventy from 1968 to 1976 and as a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy from 1976 to 1994. Rector was born", "id": "11492764" }, { "contents": "Gerald N. Lund\n\n\n-fiction works for Latter-Day Saints, including, \"Hearing the Voice of the Lord: Principles and Patterns of Personal Revelation\" (2008) and \"The Coming of the Lord\" (reprint 2005). Lund and his wife, Lynn, are the parents of seven children. Lund has also written poems that his wife has set to music. Before becoming a general authority, he worked in the LDS Church Educational System. He served in the church as a stake president, bishop and branch president at the", "id": "20477214" }, { "contents": "F. Melvin Hammond\n\n\nFloyd Melvin (\"Mel\") Hammond (born December 19, 1933) was an Idaho politician and has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was the nineteenth general president of the church's Young Men organization from 2001 to 2004. Hammond was born in Blackfoot, Idaho. He served as an LDS Church missionary in the Spanish–American Mission from 1954 to 1956. Hammond attended Ricks College and Brigham Young University (BYU). After", "id": "7773158" }, { "contents": "Thomas S. Monson\n\n\nspeaking proselytizing efforts in Quebec. He directed increased missionary work to immigrants from the Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Italy, Soviet Union and Hungary. Jacob de Jager, a future LDS general authority, was among the immigrant converts. Monson encouraged members to remain in eastern Canada, instead of migrating to Utah or Alberta as many members had done before, to help build the church's presence. To help encourage members to stay in Canada, increase the perception of permanence, and better reach potential converts, he started a major", "id": "17014153" }, { "contents": "James E. Faust\n\n\nJames Esdras Faust (July 31, 1920 – August 10, 2007) was an American religious leader, lawyer, and politician. Faust was Second Counselor in the First Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1995 until his death, an LDS Church apostle for 29 years, and a general authority of the church for 35 years. Faust was born to George A. Faust and Amy Finlinson in Delta, Utah. As a child, he lived in this area. His family", "id": "19825253" }, { "contents": "G. Homer Durham\n\n\nGeorge Homer Durham (February 4, 1911 – January 10, 1985) was an American academic administrator and was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1977 until his death. Durham was born in Parowan, Utah, and was raised in Salt Lake City. As a boy in grade school, he met and became lifelong friends with future LDS Church president Gordon B. Hinckley. As a young man, Durham served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the British", "id": "21588256" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nChurch in the Kansas City area. He then returned to the military, serving in the United States Navy. Among other positions, Curtis served in the LDS Church as a branch president, bishop, stake president, regional representative, stake patriarch and as president of the Florida Tallahassee Mission. After being released as a general authority, Curtis served as president of the Jordan River Utah Temple from 1996 to 1999. His son, LeGrand R. Curtis, Jr., was called as a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in", "id": "18322021" }, { "contents": "Glenn L. Pace\n\n\nfrom the Presiding Bishopric and became a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. That same year he served as the first president of the church's Australia Sydney North Mission, while also serving in the First Quorum of Seventy. In 1997 and 1998, he was a member of the general presidency of the church's Sunday School and from 2001 to 2003 he was in the general presidency of the Young Men organization. Pace was released and designated an emeritus general authority at the church's October 2010 general conference. Pace married", "id": "21590107" }, { "contents": "Marlin K. Jensen\n\n\nMarlin Keith Jensen (born May 18, 1942) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He served as the official Church Historian and Recorder of the church from 2005 to 2012. He was the 19th man to hold that calling since it was established in 1830. Jensen was made an emeritus general authority in the October 2012 general conference. Jensen was born in Huntsville, Utah. As a 19-year-old, he served as a missionary for", "id": "21271513" }, { "contents": "H. Verlan Andersen\n\n\nHans Verlan Andersen (November 6, 1914 – July 16, 1992) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and a professor at Brigham Young University (BYU). Andersen was called to the LDS Church's First Quorum of the Seventy in April 1986. On April 1, 1989 he was transferred to the newly created Second Quorum of the Seventy. On October 5, 1991, he was released from his service as a general authority. He died of cancer", "id": "20615381" }, { "contents": "Victor L. Brown\n\n\nVictor Lee Brown (31 July 1914 – 26 March 1996) was the tenth Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1972 to 1985. He was an LDS Church general authority from 1961 until his death. Brown was born in Cardston, Alberta, Canada, the son of Gerald Stephen Brown and Maggie Calder Lee. Brown received his education from the University of Utah, LDS Business College and the University of California, Berkeley. He worked in various ground operations management positions", "id": "13837425" }, { "contents": "Jack H. Goaslind\n\n\nJack H. Goaslind Jr. (April 18, 1928 – April 27, 2011) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1978 until his death. He was the seventeenth general president of the church's Young Men organization from 1990 to 1998. Goaslind was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Jack, Sr. and Anita Jane Jack. As a young man, Goaslind served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the Western Canadian Mission. Goaslind had", "id": "7773235" }, { "contents": "D. Todd Christofferson\n\n\nMay 28, 1968. They are the parents of five children. Prior to becoming a general authority, Christofferson served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. At the church's April 1993 general conference, Christofferson was called as a general authority and member of the First Quorum of the Seventy. In August 1998, Christofferson became a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. As a seventy, Christofferson served as the executive director of the church's Family and Church History Department. While in", "id": "6657200" }, { "contents": "Devin Durrant\n\n\nserved in various roles in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), including president of the Texas Dallas Mission and first counselor in the church's Sunday School general presidency. Born in Brigham City, Utah, Durrant was named a McDonald's All-American in 1978 during his senior year of high school. He was captain of the Provo High School team that won a state basketball championship. Durrant attended Brigham Young University (BYU) where he played basketball and started every game of his collegiate", "id": "15721443" }, { "contents": "F. Melvin Hammond\n\n\ngraduating from BYU, Hammond became a professor of religion at Ricks College in 1966. He was a member of the Idaho House of Representatives from 1969 to 1984 and served as House Minority Leader for three terms. Before his call as a general authority, Hammond served in the LDS Church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. In 1984, Hammond became president of the church's Bolivia Cochabamba Mission. In 1989, he became a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy. In 1993, he was transferred", "id": "7773159" }, { "contents": "George P. Lee\n\n\nthe LDS Church to the Navajo Nation, known then as the \"Southwest Indian Mission\". Prior to his call as an LDS general authority, Lee held a number of priesthood leadership callings, including elders quorum president, branch president, district president, and president of the Arizona Holbrook Mission. On October 3, 1975, LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball called the 32-year-old Lee to be a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy, a position with church-wide responsibilities. He was the first Native American", "id": "10605106" }, { "contents": "Boyd K. Packer\n\n\nBoyd Kenneth Packer (September 10, 1924 – July 3, 2015) was an American religious leader and former educator, who served as president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2008 until his death. He also served as the quorum's acting president from 1994 to 2008, and was an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve from 1970 until his death. He served as a general authority of the church from 1961 until his", "id": "14808651" }, { "contents": "Elder (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\n. A quorum president, along with two counselors, is called and set apart under the direction of the stake presidency, and generally serves for a number of years. A secretary is also called to assist the president and his counselors. All adult men in the ward who are not presently serving in callings that require the ordination of high priest are assigned to the elders quorum. The title \"Elder\" is not normally used as a personal title (e.g., Elder Evans, Elder Johnson), except by the LDS Church", "id": "7053205" }, { "contents": "James O. Mason\n\n\nlater served as the American delegate to the World Health Organization. In 1994, Mason was appointed as a general authority by the LDS Church, serving in the Second Quorum of the Seventy until 2000. From 2000 to 2003, Mason was president of the church's Bountiful Utah Temple. As a young man, Mason served an LDS Church mission to Denmark. Before his appointment as a general authority, Mason served in the church as a bishop, stake president, and regional representative. In 1974, while serving as Church Commissioner", "id": "6162441" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nor senior president of the seventy. As of August 2018, the current Presidency of the Seventy and their areas of responsibilities are: The First Quorum of the Seventy are general authorities, meaning they have authority throughout the church. They usually serve until their 70th birthday or until their health fails them, at which time they are given emeritus status and released from active service as a general authority. Members of the First Quorum of the Seventy serve under the direction of the Quorum of the Twelve and the Presidency of the Seventy.", "id": "9800089" }, { "contents": "Robert C. Oaks\n\n\nand Chief of U.S. Air Forces Europe and NATO Central Europe in 1994 after serving 34 years. Following his retirement, Oaks was employed at U.S. Airways as Senior Vice President. In 2000, Oaks resigned from this position when he was called to serve as a general authority and member of the LDS Church's Second Quorum of the Seventy. In this capacity, Oaks served as president of the church's Africa East Area. In 2004, he was called to Presidency of the Seventy, filling a vacancy created when Dieter F. Uchtdorf", "id": "18638342" }, { "contents": "Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\narea authorities\" and \"local authorities\" and include all other Quorums of the Seventy, mission presidents, temple presidents, stake presidents, bishops, and other priesthood quorum presidents. The church has no salaried ministry; however, some general authorities receive stipends from the church, as needed, using income from church-owned investments. All local and area authorities are unpaid and continue in their normal occupations while serving in leadership positions. Although the church had a paid local clergy in the 1800s, local and regional priesthood leaders currently", "id": "17900603" }, { "contents": "Clifford E. Young\n\n\nClifford Earle Young (December 7, 1883 – August 21, 1958) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1941 until his death. Young was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of LDS Church leader Seymour B. Young. From 1905 to 1908, he served as a Mormon missionary in England and Germany. In 1928, Young became the president of the Alpine Stake of the LDS Church in Utah. In 1934, he joined the", "id": "8315768" }, { "contents": "Julie B. Beck\n\n\nJulie Bangerter Beck (born September 29, 1954) was the fifteenth general president of the Relief Society of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2007 to 2012. Born in Granger, Utah, to William Grant Bangerter and Geraldine Hamblin, Beck grew up in Utah and in São Paulo, Brazil, where her father served as a mission president for the LDS Church for five years. Beck's father would later serve as an LDS Church general authority. Beck is also the niece of", "id": "21096729" }, { "contents": "Lance B. Wickman\n\n\nLance Bradley Wickman (born November 11, 1940) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1994 and is the current general counsel of the LDS Church. In 2010, he became an emeritus general authority. Wickman was born in Seattle, Washington. He was raised in New Jersey and Glendale, California. From 1961 to 1963, Wickman was a LDS Church missionary in the church's Central British Mission. After his mission, he married Patricia Farr in", "id": "18078808" }, { "contents": "Keith K. Hilbig\n\n\nKeith Karlton Hilbig (March 12, 1942 – August 22, 2015) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2001 until his death. Prior to becoming a general authority, he was general counsel for the LDS Church in Europe. Hilbig was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. His father, Karl Herbert Hilbig, was from Zwickau, Germany who joined the LDS Church before immigrating to the United States. As a young man, Hilbig served as a missionary in", "id": "12290497" } ]

[ { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nThe Genesis Group is an auxiliary organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS church) for African-American members and their families. It was first organized in Salt Lake City, Utah, in 1971 to provide members an organization where they could affiliate with fellow African-American members. The Genesis group provided meetings for black members of the LDS church (Mormons); specifically, Relief Society, Primary, Young Men, Young Women and testimony meetings. Members of Genesis were still expected to attend", "id": "16359561" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nalready demanding LDS church membership. In 1985, Marva Collins started a \"Genesis II\" group in Oakland, California and published a newsletter focused on news about black Mormons until 1988. The Genesis Group was reorganized in 1996, based on a perception that African Americans still had unique issues and could benefit from a chance to affiliate with one another. Leaders of the group include Darius Gray (1997–2003), Don Harwell (2003–2018), and Davis Stovall (2018-present). Stake and High Councilmen were assigned to represent The Genesis", "id": "16359563" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nSunday meetings in their home wards, which at the time were sacrament meeting, Priesthood meetings, and Sunday School. It was like a branch, a small group of members, but without priesthood authority. The group was led by Ruffin Bridgeforth from 1971 through 1978. Shortly after the church's June 8, 1978, announcement of the revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church, the group's attendance dropped, and officially discontinued in 1987. Participation decreased in part because it added additional time commitments to", "id": "16359562" }, { "contents": "Darius Gray\n\n\nDarius Gray is an African-American Latter-day Saint speaker and writer. Gray was born in Colorado Springs, Colorado. He joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in the mid-1960s and then attended Brigham Young University for a year. After that he transferred to the University of Utah. Gray worked for a time as a journalist. Gray was a counselor in the presidency of the LDS Church's Genesis Group when it was formed in 1971. He was president of the group from", "id": "1196837" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\n1971, an organization called the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit of LDS Church to meet the needs of black Mormons. The first president of the Genesis Group was Ruffin Bridgeforth, who also became the first black Latter Day Saint to be ordained a high priest after the priesthood ban was lifted later in the decade. Harold B. Lee, president of the church, stated in 1972: \"For those who don't believe in modern revelation there is no adequate explanation. Those who do understand revelation stand by and wait", "id": "2658695" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthe Salt Lake City area black members have organized branches of an official church auxiliary called the Genesis Groups. During the post-World War II period, the church also began to focus on expansion into a number of Native American cultures, as well as Oceanic cultures, which many Mormons considered to be the same ethnicity. These peoples were called \"Lamanites\", because they were all believed to descend from the Lamanite group in the \"Book of Mormon\". In 1947, the church began the Indian Placement Program, where", "id": "6128229" }, { "contents": "Equality Utah\n\n\nEquality Utah is an American non-profit 501(c)(3) organization which is Utah's largest LGBT rights group based in Salt Lake City, Utah. The organization is a member of the Equality Federation. Equality Utah was founded in 2001 as Unity Utah and took its present name in 2004. In 2008, Equality Utah's Common Ground Initiative brought the group national attention. During the campaigns for and against California's 2008 Proposition 8, leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) made statements that", "id": "19802691" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\nin relief society. On October 19, 1971, the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit to the church. Its purpose was to serve the needs of black members, including activating members and welcoming converts. It continues to meet on the first Sunday of each month in Utah. Don Harwell is the current president. When asked about racism in the church, he said \"\"Now, is the church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints racist? No, never has been. But some of those people", "id": "2658739" }, { "contents": "Newquist Group\n\n\nThe Newquist Group is a social organization associated with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) intended to provide a forum for discussion of freedom and morality. A meeting of LDS members was first convened on Conference Saturday at the Utah Hotel in Salt Lake City, Utah, in the mid 1960s as an unnamed group to provide a forum for discussion of Church elder Jerreld Newquist's \"Prophets, Principles and National Survival,\" a compendium of LDS leaders' statements on the three titular subjects. After Newquist", "id": "19408711" }, { "contents": "Hildale, Utah\n\n\n, a breakaway group from the Salt Lake City-based The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). On September 14, 2015, at least 12 members of two related families from the community were killed in a flash flood while stopped in a low water crossing at the mouth of Maxwell Canyon in Hildale. A thirteenth person was still missing as of September 16, 2015. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land. According to the", "id": "11142959" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Together, these three men constitute the \"bishopric\". A branch is presided over by a \"branch president\" who may or may not have one or two counselors, depending on the size of the branch. Groups of wards are organized into stakes, while groups of branches are organized into districts. The term \"ward\" originally referred to the political subdivision of some of the municipalities in the mid-western United States where members of the LDS Church resided, and in particular the political organization of Nauvoo, Illinois", "id": "4227536" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\nfrom specific area assignments. Since these areas were previously administered by area presidencies located at church headquarters in Salt Lake City, the administrative change was not as drastic as it might seem. In April 2018, the church announced that, effective August 1, areas in the United States and Canada would once again be supervised by a three-man presidency. This will enable members of the Presidency of the Seventy to more fully assist the members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in their duties, and to fill other assignments as", "id": "17173639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nespecially those that are limited to a temple. Historically the Latter-day Saints have gathered in many locations, including: In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion in their local areas. The members of the LDS Church gather with their local ward or branch for weekly worship services in LDS meetinghouses. Twice a year there is a stake conference for each stake, where the members of the several wards that make up each stake meet as a group. These were previously held in stake tabernacles", "id": "2158418" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nThe following individuals are the current general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Included are the individuals' hierarchical position and some of their current specialized assignments in the church, if any. Note: On April 5, 2018, the First Presidency announced that area presidencies were being reinstated for those 10 areas within the United States and Canada, and that the members of the Presidency of the Seventy would be relieved of responsibility for those areas, to enable them to assist the apostles", "id": "311521" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Michigan\n\n\nthe Detroit River branch, which covered most of Detroit south of I-94 and west of I-75, was dedicated. This branch not only has several African American members but also many Latino members. Michigan is currently part of 10 stakes and one district. Eight stakes and one district are entirely within the state. Two stakes, with stake centers outside the state, have wards or branches in Michigan. Since the LDS Church has no paid local clergy, stake presidents and bishops have their own occupations. On October 23, 1999 the", "id": "2793685" }, { "contents": "First Nephi\n\n\npriesthood authority of the Aaronic and Melchizedek Priesthoods), and neither considering themselves Protestant, they do however believe that such groups had many righteous leaders and members who could be considered saints because they followed the light of Christ and sought to follow Him. Such people would include Wycliffe and Tyndale, who have been brought up most recently in an LDS General Conference. The majority of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believe that this great and abominable church includes any organized group of people who fight against God", "id": "15949332" }, { "contents": "1978 Revelation on Priesthood\n\n\nThe 1978 Revelation on Priesthood was a revelation announced by leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) that reversed a long-standing policy excluding men of black African descent from the priesthood. Beginning in the late 1840s, individuals of black African descent were prohibited from ordination to the LDS Church's priesthood—normally held by all male members who meet church standards of spiritual \"worthiness\"—and from receiving temple ordinances such as the endowment and celestial marriage (sealing). The origins of the policy are", "id": "7968100" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\nminimum of 150 members is required. Each ward requires at least 15 active, full-tithe-paying Melchizedek priesthood holders. If there are not sufficient congregations in an area to form a stake, a district (analogous to but smaller than a stake) is formed to oversee local congregations. There is no minimum or maximum geographical size for a ward: In areas where there are greater numbers of active church members (such as urban and suburban areas in Utah), several wards can exist in only . When the ward", "id": "4227539" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Historically, members of the Presidency of the Seventy would often serve as heads of various church ecclesiastical departments. This practice changed in 2004, when area presidencies in the United States and Canada were dissolved; these areas were put directly under the jurisdiction of the Presidency of the Seventy. The management of these areas is currently the primary responsibility of the Presidency of the Seventy. In April 2018, church leaders announced that, effective August 1, 2018, three-man presidencies composed of General Authority Seventies would once again oversee areas", "id": "9800087" }, { "contents": "Auxiliary organization (LDS Church)\n\n\n\" or \"general officers\" of the church. Like general authorities, general officers are \"accepted and sustained\" by the members of the church as leaders in their respective areas of jurisdiction, which are set out by the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Additionally, each auxiliary organization exists at a local ward and stake level, with presidencies formed to direct the work of the auxiliary in that particular region. Auxiliary presidencies work under the direction of the local priesthood leaders, which in most cases are the", "id": "8316784" }, { "contents": "North American Interfaith Network\n\n\nnational, regional and local issues. Without infringing on the effort of existing organizations, NAIN facilitates the networking possibilities of these organizations. NAIN encourages cooperative interaction based on serving the needs and promoting the aspirations of all member groups. Since 1988 NAIN has held annual \"Connect\" conferences with host locations rotating throughout the member organizations. 2007 Connect was held in Richmond, Virginia, 2008 in San Francisco, California, 2009 in Kansas City, Missouri. 2010 Connect will be in Salt Lake, Utah. Quarterly news and information on", "id": "15613218" }, { "contents": "Ben B. Banks\n\n\nBenjamin Berry Banks (born April 4, 1932) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy from 1999 to 2002 and has also been president of the church's Jordan River Utah Temple. Banks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. Before becoming a general authority, Banks served in the church as a stake president and bishop. From 1987 to 1989 he was president of", "id": "5941447" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nto Salt Lake City in order to be close to church headquarters. Members of these quorums are area seventies. As assigned, they carry out the duties typically carried out by members of the First and Second Quorums of Seventy, which include reorganizing and creating stakes, training stake presidencies, presiding at stake conferences, serving in area presidencies, touring missions, and training mission presidents. They serve in their callings for approximately six to ten years. Upon their release, they cease to be area seventies and members of a quorum of", "id": "9800097" }, { "contents": "Steven Mascaro\n\n\nSteven R. Mascaro (born January 15, 1946) was a member of the Utah House of Representatives from 2002–2010, representing District 47 from West Jordan, Utah. Mascaro is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He graduated from California State University, Fullerton in 1971 with a bachelor's degree in marketing management. Mascaro is the president and a business partner of Infill Group Incorporated. In the local community, he has also been involved with directing in various organizations, including", "id": "15127284" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\npresident and the calling of his successor, the session at which the sustaining vote takes place is called a solemn assembly. At a solemn assembly, groups of Latter-day Saints are asked to stand in succession and sustain the new president of the church. Typically, the order is: First Presidency, the Quorum of the Twelve, the Quorums of Seventy, Melchizedek priesthood holders, Aaronic priesthood holders, Relief Society members, members of the Young Women organization, and then all members together. Then the names of all other", "id": "16441578" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nfor railroad companies. Agriculture and mining were also common occupations at the time. As the African American community grew with the insurgence of non-religious motivated pioneers in the late 1800's, and especially grouped in places like Salt Lake City and Ogden, African American media, organizations, and churches (not The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) began to emerge in greater numbers. Between 1890 and 1891, the first African Methodist Episcopal church in Utah was established in Salt Lake and became a focal point for", "id": "5246841" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nPresidency of the Seventy, with responsibility for the church's North America Northwest and North America West areas. In August 2007, he was assigned to the Utah North, Utah South, and Utah Salt Lake City areas. In April 2009, Rasband became the senior and presiding member of the presidency when Neil L. Andersen was called to the Quorum of the Twelve. He served in this role until October 2015. In October 2015, Rasband was sustained as an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve. As an apostle", "id": "561349" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nmissionaries more visible. Rasband was called as a general authority and member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2000. As a general authority, Rasband has served in several area presidencies, including as a counselor in the presidency of the Europe Central Area. While serving in this position he dedicated the first chapel the church built in the Czech Republic. He was later president of the Utah Salt Lake City Area and executive director of the church's Temple Department. In 2005, Rasband was called as a member of the", "id": "561348" }, { "contents": "Lorus Pratt\n\n\nLorus Bishop Pratt (November 27, 1855, Tooele, Utah – December 29, 1923, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter and missionary. In 1890, he was one of a group of painters who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. Pratt's father was Orson Pratt, an early LDS Church member who became one of its leading theologians. He studied art", "id": "20316615" }, { "contents": "Jamal Willis\n\n\nJamal Willis (born 1972) is a local level leader in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a former NFL football player. He also works in administration for the Alpine School District in Utah. Willis was born in Oklahoma. He attended BYU on a football scholarship and joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints while a student there. On January 7, 2018 Willis was called as a counselor in the Genesis Group presidency. Like all other members of the presidency, Willis is of", "id": "19641851" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nstill commonly shouted out during and after sports matches. Attempts of physical violence after games were also reported by the student. A 2009 Pew Forum study showed that approximately 3% of members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the predominant religion in Utah, were African American. The Calvary Baptist Church, a well-known African American house of worship, has had a presence in Salt Lake City since 1898. Founded by a small group of African American women who gathered regularly to pray, the small", "id": "5246852" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nher instead to the poor, dilapidated houses in West Salt Lake. By 1970, the African-American population in Utah had grown to 6,324. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints continued withholding priesthood authority from African Americans, causing tension and criticism within the church. David O. McKay, President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, issued a letter to people struggling with confusion over the doctrine surrounding African Americans, stating resolutely that the time would come when African Americans would be given full", "id": "5246849" }, { "contents": "Righteous Branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\norganized a new church body with a new Mormon temple on April 6, 1978, two months before the LDS Church's 1978 revelation, which allowed priesthood ordination to black people. Peterson claimed he foresaw this \"apostasy\" through revelation. The Righteous Branch is organized similarly to the LDS Church with a First Presidency, Quorum of Twelve Apostles, Presiding Bishopric and other priesthood and auxiliary organizations. The Righteous Branch also actively proselytizes and performs proxy baptism for the dead. As with other Mormon fundamentalist groups, the Righteous Branch believed a", "id": "2909906" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Brazil\n\n\nCenter (MTC) was established in São Paulo, mainly for the training for missionaries from Brazil. Bangerter and members of the Church Educational System provided daily instruction for the missionaries. Following the MTC in Provo, Utah, it was the LDS Church's second MTC. In June 1978, the 1978 Reveltation on Priesthood was announced, allowing all worthy male members of the LDS Church to be ordained to the priesthood, regardless of race. Later, in 1978, the São Paulo Temple was completed. It was the first temple", "id": "22012502" }, { "contents": "Boyd K. Packer\n\n\nParable of the Mediator (Jesus Christ) was adapted into the short film \"The Mediator\". \"The Candle of the Lord\" (1982) is well known for its analogy of trying to describe what salt tastes like to trying to describe what promptings from the Holy Ghost are like. Packer also taught the importance of hymn-centered prelude music for worship services. Packer served as an advisor to the Genesis Group, a social organization of the LDS Church for African-American members and their families, and was also", "id": "14808659" }, { "contents": "Orrin P. Miller\n\n\nOrrin Porter Miller (September 11, 1858 – July 7, 1918) was a member of the presiding bishopric of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1901 to his death. Born in Millcreek, Utah Territory, Miller was a local leader in the church prior to his call as a general authority. He became the bishop of the newly created Riverton Ward in Salt Lake City in 1886. Prior to serving as a bishop, he had been an elder and a seventy in the", "id": "11180481" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nrights in the church. In June 1978, Spencer W. Kimball, then-president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints issued Official Declaration 2, which affirmed the Church's belief in the equality of all men and ended the long-standing practice of withholding certain church privileges from African American members, such as holding the priesthood and entering temples. African American population in Utah continued increasing at an accelerating rate, reaching just over 1% of the overall population during the 2010 census. Utah's college and", "id": "5246850" }, { "contents": "Utah English\n\n\nUtah English is American English spoken in Utah, primarily by members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Studies vary as to the exact degree that it either falls under Western American English or constitutes a separate dialect, with minor variations existing throughout the English of Utah, though demonstrating little dialect consistency. Mormon pioneers first arrived in the Salt Lake Valley in 1847, eventually settling the Utah Territory. Many of these settlers came from New York, Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois, where the church had been", "id": "6655612" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nAt the April 1995 general conference of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), church president Gordon B. Hinckley announced the creation of a new leadership position known as the area authority. In 1997, area authorities were renamed area authority seventies and ordained to the office of seventy. The church announced that these seventies would become members of a Quorum of the Seventy based upon the geographic region to which they were assigned. Later, the title \"area authority seventy\" was shortened to area seventy,", "id": "8445639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nGathering has been an important part of life in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), from gathering as missionaries to gathering for worship services. In the early days of the LDS Church, members were asked to gather together many times in specific locations from all over the world, including traveling across the United States to the Utah Territory. In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion located in their local areas. In order for gathering, a scattering has", "id": "2158416" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\npast. Still, Don Harwell, president of the Genesis Group, sees it as a sign that \"People are getting past the stereotypes put on the church.\" LDS historian Wayne J. Embry interviewed several black LDS Church members in 1987 and reported that \"all of the interviewees reported incidents of aloofness on the part of white members, a reluctance or a refusal to shake hands with them or sit by them, and racist comments made to them.\" Embry further reported that one black church member \"was amazingly persistent in", "id": "2658742" }, { "contents": "Mormons\n\n\nthe church (about 5 percent of the total membership), mostly in Africa, Brazil and the Caribbean. Black membership has continued to grow substantially, especially in West Africa, where two temples have been built. Many black Mormons are members of the Genesis Group, an organization of black members that predates the priesthood ban, and is endorsed by the church. The LDS Church grew rapidly after World War II and became a worldwide organization as missionaries were sent across the globe. The church doubled in size every 15 to 20", "id": "19256682" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nbe converted into wards and the district may be converted into a stake. Typically, this will not occur until there are least five ward-sized congregations in the district. Once a district becomes a stake, the mission president is only responsible for the proselytizing missionaries in the area, not the local members of the church. The LDS Church mission with the smallest geographic area (approximately 10 acres) is the Utah Salt Lake Temple Square Mission, in which missionaries from around the world serve on Temple Square, often to visitors", "id": "7859580" }, { "contents": "Centennial Park group\n\n\nin Centennial Park City, Arizona (), a town approximately three miles (five km) south of the twin communities of Colorado City, Arizona, and Hildale, Utah, with a small number living in the Salt Lake Valley. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God, also known as the Nielsen/Naylor Group and the \"Third Ward\", is a group based in the Salt Lake Valley and has around 200 members. It broke with the Centennial Park group after Hammon", "id": "21252120" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God\n\n\nin 1988, he appointed Frank Naylor as apostle and Ivan Nielsen as high priest and later as bishop. Naylor and Nielsen disagreed with Timpson's leadership and they split from the Second Ward in 1990 to form the \"Third Ward\" with Naylor as leader. Naylor and Nielsen were able to gather a number of followers from both the Centennial Park group and the FLDS Church. Most of the members of the new group migrated north to the Salt Lake Valley in Utah where they have built a meeting house. They continue to practice", "id": "14605931" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nnot in the callings noted above becoming members of their unit's elders quorum). An Elders Quorum is a local quorum organized in each ward and presided over by a president with priesthood keys who, along with his two counselors, act under the direction and authority of the stake presidency, and under the direction of the bishop. Each quorum consists of up to 96 Melchizedek Priesthood holders. Historically, a local Quorum of Seventy existed which consisted of up to seventy members in each quorum, and was presided over by seven presidents", "id": "10171836" }, { "contents": "Orchestra at Temple Square\n\n\nThe Orchestra at Temple Square (Orchestra) is a 110-member orchestra located in Salt Lake City, Utah. The Orchestra was created in 1999 under the direction of Gordon B. Hinckley, then the president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), as part of an initiative to continually strengthen and expand the capabilities of the church's music organizations. Formed in 1999, the Orchestra fulfilled the longtime desire of LDS Church leaders of having a permanent orchestra both to enhance the quality of The Tabernacle Choir", "id": "20805949" }, { "contents": "History of the Latter Day Saint movement\n\n\nbecame the Church of Christ (Cutlerite) as well as Lyman Wight's group in Zodiac, Texas. Young's organization today, the LDS Church, is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. (\"See\" History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.) The bulk of Sidney Rigdon's church had dissolved by 1847, but some loyalists reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ under the leadership of William Bickerton in 1862. James J. Strang's church in Voree suffered a significant schism in 1849", "id": "5047487" }, { "contents": "High priest (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe church was Smith's younger brother, Don Carlos Smith. In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), high priests are primarily responsible for the spiritual welfare of the members and the administration of local church units called wards and stakes. Melchizedek priesthood holders in the church are ordained high priests when they become a member of a stake presidency, stake high council, or bishopric, \"or when otherwise determined by the stake president\". Ordinations are approved by the member's bishop and stake", "id": "21853558" }, { "contents": "Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nJoseph Smith was killed. Young's succession became a precedent without exception within the sect based in Utah; with the death of each president, the First Presidency is dissolved and one member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles becomes the new President. Members of the LDS Church are asked to sustain the new prophet and his counselors at a solemn assembly during the next General Conference. Sidney Rigdon's church dissolved a few years after its organization, but it was reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ in 1862, which still exists", "id": "3382848" }, { "contents": "Apostolic United Brethren\n\n\n\"Allred Group\" because two of its presidents shared that surname. Members of the AUB do not refer to their organization as a \"church\" and, unlike nearly all other Mormon fundamentalist groups, regard The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as a legitimate, if wayward and diminished, divine institution. Religious scholar J. Gordon Melton characterised the group as \"the more liberal branch of the Fundamentalist movement\", as the group allows sexual relations apart from the strict purpose of procreation. The", "id": "6648133" }, { "contents": "Judaism and Mormonism\n\n\nMelchizedek). The LDS Church propagates an all-male priesthood. All worthy LDS males receive the Aaronic Priesthood at age twelve. At age eighteen, worthy members of the Aaronic priesthood are usually ordained as elders in the Melchizedek Priesthood. Depending on the needs of a church, an elder may be ordained a high priest, patriarch, seventy, or apostle of the Melchizedek Priesthood. Males of African descent were prohibited from receiving the priesthood until 1978, at which time the LDS Church announced that its leaders had received a revelation", "id": "5349352" }, { "contents": "Prayer circle (Mormonism)\n\n\n-day Saints (LDS Church) continued to practice prayer circles in its temples. In addition, local stake and ward prayer circles were organized and conducted until May 3, 1978, when the church's First Presidency announced that all prayer circles should be discontinued except those performed in a temple as part of the endowment. The reason for this change is not known, but could have resulted in part from the growth of the LDS Church, and the fact that prayer circles were usually organized by a member of the First Presidency", "id": "16266582" }, { "contents": "Clinton L. Cutler\n\n\nClinton Louis Cutler (December 27, 1929 – April 9, 1994) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 until his death. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and was a counselor in the church's Sunday School General Presidency. Cutler was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and received his college education at Utah State University and the University of Utah. He then worked for many years for the company that became US", "id": "6647132" }, { "contents": "John Fairbanks\n\n\nJohn Boylston Fairbanks (December 27, 1855, Payson, Utah – June 15, 1940, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter. In 1890, he was one of a group of artists who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. He painted murals in the Salt Lake Temple and the Mesa Arizona Temple that still exist today. Fairbanks was the official photographer for the", "id": "20316649" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nRonald Anderson Rasband (born February 6, 1951) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority of the church since 2000. Currently, he is the eleventh most senior apostle in the church. Rasband was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Rulon Hawkins Rasband and Verda Anderson. He graduated from Olympus High School and later served as a Mormon missionary in the Eastern States Mission. The mission", "id": "561344" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\na future area boundary change has been announced. Until 2003, each area had a president and two counselors, all of whom were typically general authorities (area seventies were sometimes asked to be counselors). This three-man body was known as the \"area presidency\". In that year, the church eliminated area presidencies for all areas located in the United States and Canada, which were all then placed under the direct supervision of one of the seven members of the Presidency of the Seventy, thus freeing more general authorities", "id": "17173638" }, { "contents": "House of Joseph (LDS Church)\n\n\nthe state of Utah and parts of Arizona, California, Nevada, Idaho, and Wyoming. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), is the largest and best known denomination within the Latter Day Saint movement (a form of Christian Restorationism). The Church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and claims through inspired patriarchal blessings to its members throughout the world that many of these are descendants of Josephite Ephraim and Manasseh, with the tribe of Ephraim holding a responsibility of ecclesiastical leadership", "id": "10319750" }, { "contents": "Mormon settlement techniques of the Salt Lake Valley\n\n\ngovernment-like order. A Theodemocracy was instituted, which essentially combined church and state. The organization of the church at the time closely reflects our current system, but had an added emphasis on religion. The LDS Church is organized with a lay ministry, beginning with the president and his counselors (possessing oversight of all areas), the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and other General Authorities (each assigned responsibility over specified large areas), then Stake leaders (over units within an area), down to Bishops (over", "id": "18207819" }, { "contents": "Mormon folklore\n\n\nMormon folklore is a body of expressive culture unique to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and other sects of Mormonism. Mormon folklore includes tales, oral history, popular beliefs, customs, music, jokes, and material culture traditions. In folklore studies, Mormons can be seen as a regional group, since the core group of Mormon settlers in Utah had a common religion and had to modify their surroundings for survival. This historical regional area includes Utah, Southeastern Idaho, parts", "id": "233499" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nand the Assistants to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles were all merged into a new \"First Quorum of the Seventy\" under a seven-member Presidency of the Seventy. In 1978, some of the older members of the seventy were \"retired\" as the first general authorities to be given emeritus status. However, members appointed through 1981 were still granted life tenure. In 1986, all stake quorums of the seventy were discontinued. The church encouraged local leaders to have ordained seventies meet with the local elders quorum or to", "id": "9800076" }, { "contents": "Stake (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe LDS Church. The lowest level, consisting of a single congregation, is known as a ward or branch. Stakes are organized from a group of contiguous wards or branches. To be created, a stake must be composed of at least five wards. A stake may have up to a total of 16 congregations. Most stakes are composed of five to ten wards. In the United States and Canada, a minimum of 3,000 members is required to create a stake; elsewhere, a minimum of 1,900 members is required.", "id": "4227438" }, { "contents": "List of churches in the Latter Day Saint Reorganization movement\n\n\nof the church's members in Nauvoo, Illinois followed Brigham Young, who led them to the Great Basin area (in what is now Utah) as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church. Also, the term \"Mormon\" gradually primarily came to refer to members of the LDS Church.) The remaining individuals—who still considered themselves part of Smith's original church—remained; many who were in scattered congregations throughout the American Midwest joined other factions led by such leaders as Sidney Rigdon", "id": "2070090" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nMormon fundamentalist leaders are those who lead (or have led) a Mormon fundamentalist group. These leaders were the first three Presidents of the Church of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. The first three LDS Church presidents are: Some Mormon fundamentalists also regard the next three LDS Church presidents as leaders: When The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints began excommunicating members who practiced polygamy after the Second Manifesto, Mormon fundamentalists began breaking away from the LDS Church. At first, there was one main", "id": "6174766" }, { "contents": "Steven E. Snow\n\n\nbishop, stake president, and president of the church's California San Fernando Mission. In 1999, he became an area seventy in the church's Utah South Area. Snow became a general authority and a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2001. He began service as a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy on August 1, 2007. In that capacity, Snow was responsible for overseeing the work of the church in the North America Central Area and later the three areas in Utah.", "id": "8979712" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nwas organized from the Fifth Quorum because the number of quorum members exceeded 70, the number of members prescribed by scripture. The Fifth Quorum then comprised area seventies serving in the church's North America Northwest, North America West, Idaho, Utah North, Utah Salt Lake City, and Utah South areas, while the Sixth Quorum comprised those living in the North America Central, North America East, North America Northeast, North America Southeast, and North America Southwest areas. In July 2005, the church announced that, due to", "id": "8445641" }, { "contents": "American Fork, Utah\n\n\nThe median value of owner-occupied housing units was $210,600. In 2007 there were 2,754 businesses in the city, with total retail sales over $724 million. The first ward of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in American Fork was organized in 1851 with Leonard E. Harrington as bishop. As of 2009 there are six stakes headquartered in the city. While the majority of the population are members of LDS Church, there are several other faith communities in the city. The Community", "id": "11142657" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nRussell Marion Nelson Sr. (born September 9, 1924) is an American religious leader and former surgeon who is the 17th and current president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Nelson was a member of the LDS Church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles for nearly 34 years, and was the quorum president from 2015 to 2018. As church president, Nelson is accepted by the church as a prophet, seer, and revelator. A native of Salt Lake City, Utah,", "id": "17566714" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nLeGrand Raine Curtis, Sr. (May 22, 1924 – December 19, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 to 1995. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy; he also served as a counselor in the Young Men general presidency from 1990 to 1991 and from 1972 to 1974. Curtis was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was named after LeGrand Richards, who was bishop of the Sugar House Ward", "id": "18322018" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in South Africa\n\n\npeople, mainly of British origin. At some point between 2000 and 2005 the LDS Church reached a point where half the members in South Africa were black, and the percentage of blacks in the membership has continued to rise since then. Two black South Africans have been called as mission presidents. One, Jackson MKabela, was called to serve as mission president in Zimbabwe. He had previously been an area seventy and his wife Dorah had been a member of the Young Women General Board. Mkabela had become the first black man", "id": "1312361" }, { "contents": "L. Whitney Clayton\n\n\nLyndon Whitney Clayton III (born February 24, 1950) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He has been a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy since 2008 and its senior president since 2015. Clayton was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and attended the University of Utah. He served as a full-time missionary of the LDS Church in Peru. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in finance and earned a", "id": "17564673" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nby seven presidents—the Presidency of the Seventy—who hold keys to direct the affairs of the quorums. There may be an unlimited number of such quorums that are called to witness in \"all the world\", but currently only the members of the first and second quorums are general authorities of the church. Six other seventy quorums are designated as authorities over specific areas of the church. A High Priests Quorum is a local quorum organized in each stake and presided over by the stake presidency, who holds the keys of", "id": "10171834" }, { "contents": "General authority\n\n\ngeneral presidencies of the following organizations: The latter three groups are composed of women and represent the only three organizations in which women are given church-wide authority. Also excluded from the definition of general authorities are members of the Third through the Eighth Quorums of the Seventy, who are called \"area seventies\" and have responsibilities relating to a limited geographical area, not church-wide authority. Until 2004, general leadership for the Sunday School and Young Men organizations had historically been filled by general authorities. However, in the", "id": "7045446" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nand members of his family. LeBaron claimed his priestly line of authority from his father Alma (who was ordained by Alma's grandfather Benjamin F. Johnson, who received the priesthood from Joseph Smith). The church exists in Chihuahua Mexico, Los Molinos, Baja California, San Diego, California and in Central America; there is also a large group in Salt Lake City, UT. The Church of Jesus Christ in Solemn Assembly and its political arm, the Confederate Nations of Israel, are headquartered in Big Water, Utah.", "id": "6174773" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\nthe mission. It was decided that only the auxiliaries would be setup in Nigeria, which could be operated without the priesthood. Nigerian men would be allowed to pass the sacrament, but white missionaries would need to bless it. However, the program was canceled after several members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles objected. In 1971, the Genesis Group was formed as an auxiliary to the church for black members. Black members were able to fill positions in the Relief Society, Young Men's and Young Women's Presidency.", "id": "2658642" }, { "contents": "Joseph Freeman (Mormon)\n\n\nJoseph Freeman, Jr. (born July 24, 1952) was the first man of black African descent to receive the Melchizedek priesthood and be ordained an elder in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) after the announcement of the 1978 Revelation on Priesthood, which allowed \"all worthy male members of the Church\" to \"be ordained to the priesthood without regard for race or color.\" Freeman was born in Vanceboro, North Carolina, to Rose Lee Smith and Joseph Freeman, Sr. His", "id": "5694060" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nmen of African descent. Although the current LDS Church policy now admits blacks to the priesthood, the church has not issued a written repudiation of racist doctrines. Apostle Bruce R. McConkie told members to \"[f]orget everything that I have said, or what President Brigham Young or President George Q. Cannon or whomsoever has said [about Blacks and the priesthood] ... We spoke with a limited understanding.\" Some black members have made formal requests to the church to issue a statement, while other black members have argued against that effort", "id": "19378605" }, { "contents": "Mae Taylor Nystrom\n\n\nAlmira Mae Taylor Nystrom (August 11, 1871 - December 8, 1959) was a Utah suffragist and a member of the general presidency of what is today the Young Women organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Mae Taylor was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, to George Hamilton and Elmina Shepard Taylor, the first president of the church's Young Women organization. She attended the University of Utah for a year, but completed her course of study at LDS College", "id": "8024766" }, { "contents": "O. Vincent Haleck\n\n\nLDS Church, Haleck has served as a bishop, high councilor, stake patriarch, and stake president. He served as president of the Samoa Apia Mission from 2008 to 2011 and was in that capacity when he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in April 2011. After becoming a general authority, Haleck moved from Pago Pago, American Samoa to Salt Lake City, Utah. From the time of his call to August 2013, he filled assignments at church headquarters. From August 2013", "id": "2350277" }, { "contents": "Family History Center (LDS Church)\n\n\nMulti-Stake FHCs\"\" on the \"FamilySearch.org\" website. However a supplement to the \"Family History Center Operations Guide\" dated January 5, 2006, renamed these FHCs officially. Supervision of these facilities is under each area presidency or assigned to a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. These facilities are still considered branches of the Salt Lake City central library and often have book collections in the thousands, microfilm and microfiches in the tens of thousands, dozens of Internet-connected computers, microfilm and microfiche readers,", "id": "19548374" }, { "contents": "David M. McConkie\n\n\nDavid Merrill McConkie (born October 13, 1948) is an American lawyer and has been a member of the general presidency of the Sunday School of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2009 to 2014. McConkie was raised in Bountiful, Utah. From 1969 to 1971 he was a missionary for the LDS Church in South Africa. He attended the University of Utah and earned a bachelor's degree in history and a juris doctorate. McConkie became a lawyer at the Salt Lake City firm", "id": "15112656" }, { "contents": "Robert H. Garff\n\n\n, including bishop and stake president. From 1987 to 1990, Garff served as president of the church's England Coventry Mission. He later served as a member of the church's Sunday School General Board in 1991 and as a regional representative, beginning in 1992. In 2003, he became an area seventy, serving in the Fifth Quorum of the Seventy. From 2012 to 2015, he served as president of the Bountiful Utah Temple. Garff is married to Katharine Bagley and they have five children. The Ken Garff Automotive Group", "id": "4274628" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\npolicy of racial discrimination. In the case of Africa and the Caribbean, the church had not yet begun large-scale missionary efforts in most areas. There were large groups in both Ghana and Nigeria who desired to join the church and many faithful members of African descent in Brazil. On June 9, 1978, under the administration of Spencer W. Kimball, the church leadership finally received sanction to change the long-standing policy. Today, there are many black members of the church, and many predominantly black congregations. In", "id": "6128228" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Utah\n\n\nAs of June 5, 2019, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) reported 2,109,578 members living in Utah in 596 stakes, one district, 5,146 congregations (4,824 wards and 322 branches), and eleven missions. As of July 2019, there are 21 temples operating, under construction, or announced in Utah. A brief history can be found at LDS Newsroom (Utah) or Deseret News 2010 Church Almanac Though the LDS Church membership in Utah has increased, the percentage of Utahns who", "id": "12099884" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\nGeneral Conference is a gathering of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), held biannually every April and October at the Conference Center in Salt Lake City, Utah. During each conference, members of the church gather in a series of two-hour sessions to listen to sermons from church leaders. It consists of four general sessions. Since April 2018 the priesthood session is only held during the April conference, and a General Women's Session (for females 8 years and older)", "id": "16441566" }, { "contents": "Economy of Salt Lake City\n\n\n% of employment. Other major employers include the University of Utah, Sinclair Oil Corporation, and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Salt Lake City Industries by GDP value added 2011 It is rumored that call centers prefer the Salt Lake City and Provo areas because of the mild western accent of Utah natives that is easily understood in all regions of the United States, and considered pleasant by many. Marriott Hotels, InterContinental Hotels Group, Delta Air Lines, Continental Airlines, and JetBlue Airways all have reservation call", "id": "17871614" }, { "contents": "Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\narea authorities\" and \"local authorities\" and include all other Quorums of the Seventy, mission presidents, temple presidents, stake presidents, bishops, and other priesthood quorum presidents. The church has no salaried ministry; however, some general authorities receive stipends from the church, as needed, using income from church-owned investments. All local and area authorities are unpaid and continue in their normal occupations while serving in leadership positions. Although the church had a paid local clergy in the 1800s, local and regional priesthood leaders currently", "id": "17900603" }, { "contents": "Levi E. Young\n\n\nLevi Edgar Young (February 2, 1874 – December 13, 1963) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was one of the seven presidents of the Seventy from 1909 until his death. Young was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of LDS Church general authority Seymour B. Young and grandson of Joseph Young. Levi Young graduated from the University of Utah in 1895, and later became a faculty member at the same school, teaching", "id": "8108867" }, { "contents": "Presiding high council\n\n\ndiminished in authority, eventually disappearing completely. Post-exodus to Utah, the standing high council was established in a limited capacity as part of the central Salt Lake Stake, but it only served as a ratifying body for priesthood quorums in other stakes. An LDS Church Sunday School manual from 1980 states: “The Salt Lake Stake functioned more or less as a center stake that gave direction and guidance and had jurisdiction over other stakes. When quorum leaders in outlying areas needed new officers they sent a list of nominees to the", "id": "19087654" }, { "contents": "Howard R. Driggs\n\n\nJesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was heavily involved with the church's Sunday School, serving as a member of the organization's general board from 1910 to 1930. He was also involved in starting the first LDS Church Sunday Schools in New York City and Washington, D.C.. Also in New York City, Driggs served for a time as the branch president. When the New York Stake was organized in 1934, Driggs was made a member of the stake high council. From 1908 to 1911", "id": "4185902" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nOhio and New York State and purchased about of land in the Paseo and Troost Lake areas. Conflict between the Saints and other Missouri residents, leading to the eviction of the Latter Day Saint from Jackson County in 1833 and the 1838 Mormon War. Later, various groups of Latter Day Saints returned to Jackson County, the first of whom were members of the diminutive Church of Christ (Temple Lot), quickly followed by adherents to the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints under the leadership of Joseph Smith III", "id": "9329628" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nfunction of the apostles. However, in such circumstances, the seventy would be required to act unanimously. Members of the First and the Second Quorums of the Seventy are general authorities of the church with responsibilities covering the church as a whole. Members of additional Quorums of the Seventy (currently numbered Third through Eighth) are called an area seventy. Members of these quorums are ordained to the priesthood office of seventy, but they are not general authorities of the church. Area seventies generally have authority only within a geographical unit of", "id": "9800071" }, { "contents": "Curse of Ham\n\n\nthis curse, negroes were banned from the Mormon priesthood. In 1978, LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball said he received a revelation that extended the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church without regard to race or color. In 2013, The LDS church denounced the curse of Ham explanation for withholding the priesthood from black Africans. However, the essays have not been well publicized, and many members remain unaware of the essays and hold to racist beliefs that had been taught in the past. The Book of Abraham is", "id": "2418480" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nwhite, although some also consider Soares as non-white. These calls were recognized as adding diversity to the Quorum of the Twelve. Nelson also announced major changes in church organization during the April general conference. First, the high priests groups at the ward level were dissolved, making all Melchizedek Priesthood holders in wards and branches part of the elders quorum. A stake's high priest quorum now consists of current members of stake presidencies, high councils, bishoprics and functioning patriarchs. Next, Nelson announced the end of home teaching", "id": "17566740" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthat has criticized the church's theology. The Institute for Religious Research is an organization that has criticized the church, in particular the Book of Abraham. Numerous other organizations maintain web sites that criticize the church. The Tanners state that the church's 1978 policy change of allowing all worthy male members, including people of black African descent, to hold the priesthood was not divinely inspired as the church said, but simply a matter of convenience. Richard and Joan Ostling point out that this reversal of policy occurred as the LDS Church", "id": "19378560" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nand members of other factions, several of whom had established their headquarters in nearby Independence, Missouri. Today, there are notable numbers of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). The LDS Church is the largest sect in the Latter Day Saint movement and is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. The LDS Church opened the Kansas City Missouri Temple on May 6, 2012. Over the next years, the character of Kansas City was defined by those who wanted to live close", "id": "9329629" }, { "contents": "Jane Manning James\n\n\ndedicated near her grave in the Salt Lake City Cemetery by the Genesis Group (an official organization begun under LDS President Joseph Fielding Smith to support Latter Day Saints of African descent) along with the Missouri Mormon Frontier Foundation. The original headstones of Jane and Isaac James were supplemented with a granite monument faced with two bronze plaques. One side of the monument commemorates an incident documented in 1850, by Mormon pioneer Eliza Partridge Lyman, who wrote: April 13: Brother Lyman [Eliza's husband] started on a mission to California", "id": "20633037" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Ghana\n\n\nhim to be the first branch president, also calling Naomi Ogoe as the first Relief Society president. In just four days, the missionaries had baptized 249 people and organized two branches. From this point on, the congregations in Ghana were part of the official church, which is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. By the end of 1979, there were 1,723 new members of the church. This rapid growth made some nervous, as there were many members, but not experienced leaders. Ghana's government was also becoming", "id": "7951581" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nother regions in southern Africa. There were attempts to open a mission in Nigeria in the 1960s. However the church decided against proceeding with these plans. After the 1978 revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy males was received, the church proceeded to open missions in West Africa. Initially the focus was on Ghana and Nigeria, where there were groups that with unofficial church members who had been for years begging the church to send missionaries. Initially the missionaries sent to these nations were organized in the International Mission. As missionary work", "id": "7859631" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)\n\n\nin no way against ... members of other racial groups, who are fully admitted to all the privileges of the priesthood. It has taken a strong stand for human rights, and was, for example, uncompromisingly against the Ku Klux Klan during that organization's period of ascendancy after the First World War.\" At a time when racial segregation or discrimination was commonplace in most institutions throughout America, two of the most prominent leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ were African American. Apostle John Penn, member of the Quorum of", "id": "20807565" } ]

[ { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nThe Genesis Group is an auxiliary organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS church) for African-American members and their families. It was first organized in Salt Lake City, Utah, in 1971 to provide members an organization where they could affiliate with fellow African-American members. The Genesis group provided meetings for black members of the LDS church (Mormons); specifically, Relief Society, Primary, Young Men, Young Women and testimony meetings. Members of Genesis were still expected to attend", "id": "16359561" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nalready demanding LDS church membership. In 1985, Marva Collins started a \"Genesis II\" group in Oakland, California and published a newsletter focused on news about black Mormons until 1988. The Genesis Group was reorganized in 1996, based on a perception that African Americans still had unique issues and could benefit from a chance to affiliate with one another. Leaders of the group include Darius Gray (1997–2003), Don Harwell (2003–2018), and Davis Stovall (2018-present). Stake and High Councilmen were assigned to represent The Genesis", "id": "16359563" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nSunday meetings in their home wards, which at the time were sacrament meeting, Priesthood meetings, and Sunday School. It was like a branch, a small group of members, but without priesthood authority. The group was led by Ruffin Bridgeforth from 1971 through 1978. Shortly after the church's June 8, 1978, announcement of the revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church, the group's attendance dropped, and officially discontinued in 1987. Participation decreased in part because it added additional time commitments to", "id": "16359562" }, { "contents": "Darius Gray\n\n\nDarius Gray is an African-American Latter-day Saint speaker and writer. Gray was born in Colorado Springs, Colorado. He joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in the mid-1960s and then attended Brigham Young University for a year. After that he transferred to the University of Utah. Gray worked for a time as a journalist. Gray was a counselor in the presidency of the LDS Church's Genesis Group when it was formed in 1971. He was president of the group from", "id": "1196837" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\n1971, an organization called the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit of LDS Church to meet the needs of black Mormons. The first president of the Genesis Group was Ruffin Bridgeforth, who also became the first black Latter Day Saint to be ordained a high priest after the priesthood ban was lifted later in the decade. Harold B. Lee, president of the church, stated in 1972: \"For those who don't believe in modern revelation there is no adequate explanation. Those who do understand revelation stand by and wait", "id": "2658695" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthe Salt Lake City area black members have organized branches of an official church auxiliary called the Genesis Groups. During the post-World War II period, the church also began to focus on expansion into a number of Native American cultures, as well as Oceanic cultures, which many Mormons considered to be the same ethnicity. These peoples were called \"Lamanites\", because they were all believed to descend from the Lamanite group in the \"Book of Mormon\". In 1947, the church began the Indian Placement Program, where", "id": "6128229" }, { "contents": "Equality Utah\n\n\nEquality Utah is an American non-profit 501(c)(3) organization which is Utah's largest LGBT rights group based in Salt Lake City, Utah. The organization is a member of the Equality Federation. Equality Utah was founded in 2001 as Unity Utah and took its present name in 2004. In 2008, Equality Utah's Common Ground Initiative brought the group national attention. During the campaigns for and against California's 2008 Proposition 8, leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) made statements that", "id": "19802691" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\nin relief society. On October 19, 1971, the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit to the church. Its purpose was to serve the needs of black members, including activating members and welcoming converts. It continues to meet on the first Sunday of each month in Utah. Don Harwell is the current president. When asked about racism in the church, he said \"\"Now, is the church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints racist? No, never has been. But some of those people", "id": "2658739" }, { "contents": "Newquist Group\n\n\nThe Newquist Group is a social organization associated with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) intended to provide a forum for discussion of freedom and morality. A meeting of LDS members was first convened on Conference Saturday at the Utah Hotel in Salt Lake City, Utah, in the mid 1960s as an unnamed group to provide a forum for discussion of Church elder Jerreld Newquist's \"Prophets, Principles and National Survival,\" a compendium of LDS leaders' statements on the three titular subjects. After Newquist", "id": "19408711" }, { "contents": "Hildale, Utah\n\n\n, a breakaway group from the Salt Lake City-based The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). On September 14, 2015, at least 12 members of two related families from the community were killed in a flash flood while stopped in a low water crossing at the mouth of Maxwell Canyon in Hildale. A thirteenth person was still missing as of September 16, 2015. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land. According to the", "id": "11142959" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Together, these three men constitute the \"bishopric\". A branch is presided over by a \"branch president\" who may or may not have one or two counselors, depending on the size of the branch. Groups of wards are organized into stakes, while groups of branches are organized into districts. The term \"ward\" originally referred to the political subdivision of some of the municipalities in the mid-western United States where members of the LDS Church resided, and in particular the political organization of Nauvoo, Illinois", "id": "4227536" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\nfrom specific area assignments. Since these areas were previously administered by area presidencies located at church headquarters in Salt Lake City, the administrative change was not as drastic as it might seem. In April 2018, the church announced that, effective August 1, areas in the United States and Canada would once again be supervised by a three-man presidency. This will enable members of the Presidency of the Seventy to more fully assist the members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in their duties, and to fill other assignments as", "id": "17173639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nespecially those that are limited to a temple. Historically the Latter-day Saints have gathered in many locations, including: In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion in their local areas. The members of the LDS Church gather with their local ward or branch for weekly worship services in LDS meetinghouses. Twice a year there is a stake conference for each stake, where the members of the several wards that make up each stake meet as a group. These were previously held in stake tabernacles", "id": "2158418" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nThe following individuals are the current general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Included are the individuals' hierarchical position and some of their current specialized assignments in the church, if any. Note: On April 5, 2018, the First Presidency announced that area presidencies were being reinstated for those 10 areas within the United States and Canada, and that the members of the Presidency of the Seventy would be relieved of responsibility for those areas, to enable them to assist the apostles", "id": "311521" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Michigan\n\n\nthe Detroit River branch, which covered most of Detroit south of I-94 and west of I-75, was dedicated. This branch not only has several African American members but also many Latino members. Michigan is currently part of 10 stakes and one district. Eight stakes and one district are entirely within the state. Two stakes, with stake centers outside the state, have wards or branches in Michigan. Since the LDS Church has no paid local clergy, stake presidents and bishops have their own occupations. On October 23, 1999 the", "id": "2793685" }, { "contents": "First Nephi\n\n\npriesthood authority of the Aaronic and Melchizedek Priesthoods), and neither considering themselves Protestant, they do however believe that such groups had many righteous leaders and members who could be considered saints because they followed the light of Christ and sought to follow Him. Such people would include Wycliffe and Tyndale, who have been brought up most recently in an LDS General Conference. The majority of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believe that this great and abominable church includes any organized group of people who fight against God", "id": "15949332" }, { "contents": "1978 Revelation on Priesthood\n\n\nThe 1978 Revelation on Priesthood was a revelation announced by leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) that reversed a long-standing policy excluding men of black African descent from the priesthood. Beginning in the late 1840s, individuals of black African descent were prohibited from ordination to the LDS Church's priesthood—normally held by all male members who meet church standards of spiritual \"worthiness\"—and from receiving temple ordinances such as the endowment and celestial marriage (sealing). The origins of the policy are", "id": "7968100" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\nminimum of 150 members is required. Each ward requires at least 15 active, full-tithe-paying Melchizedek priesthood holders. If there are not sufficient congregations in an area to form a stake, a district (analogous to but smaller than a stake) is formed to oversee local congregations. There is no minimum or maximum geographical size for a ward: In areas where there are greater numbers of active church members (such as urban and suburban areas in Utah), several wards can exist in only . When the ward", "id": "4227539" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Historically, members of the Presidency of the Seventy would often serve as heads of various church ecclesiastical departments. This practice changed in 2004, when area presidencies in the United States and Canada were dissolved; these areas were put directly under the jurisdiction of the Presidency of the Seventy. The management of these areas is currently the primary responsibility of the Presidency of the Seventy. In April 2018, church leaders announced that, effective August 1, 2018, three-man presidencies composed of General Authority Seventies would once again oversee areas", "id": "9800087" }, { "contents": "Auxiliary organization (LDS Church)\n\n\n\" or \"general officers\" of the church. Like general authorities, general officers are \"accepted and sustained\" by the members of the church as leaders in their respective areas of jurisdiction, which are set out by the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Additionally, each auxiliary organization exists at a local ward and stake level, with presidencies formed to direct the work of the auxiliary in that particular region. Auxiliary presidencies work under the direction of the local priesthood leaders, which in most cases are the", "id": "8316784" }, { "contents": "North American Interfaith Network\n\n\nnational, regional and local issues. Without infringing on the effort of existing organizations, NAIN facilitates the networking possibilities of these organizations. NAIN encourages cooperative interaction based on serving the needs and promoting the aspirations of all member groups. Since 1988 NAIN has held annual \"Connect\" conferences with host locations rotating throughout the member organizations. 2007 Connect was held in Richmond, Virginia, 2008 in San Francisco, California, 2009 in Kansas City, Missouri. 2010 Connect will be in Salt Lake, Utah. Quarterly news and information on", "id": "15613218" }, { "contents": "Ben B. Banks\n\n\nBenjamin Berry Banks (born April 4, 1932) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy from 1999 to 2002 and has also been president of the church's Jordan River Utah Temple. Banks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. Before becoming a general authority, Banks served in the church as a stake president and bishop. From 1987 to 1989 he was president of", "id": "5941447" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nto Salt Lake City in order to be close to church headquarters. Members of these quorums are area seventies. As assigned, they carry out the duties typically carried out by members of the First and Second Quorums of Seventy, which include reorganizing and creating stakes, training stake presidencies, presiding at stake conferences, serving in area presidencies, touring missions, and training mission presidents. They serve in their callings for approximately six to ten years. Upon their release, they cease to be area seventies and members of a quorum of", "id": "9800097" }, { "contents": "Steven Mascaro\n\n\nSteven R. Mascaro (born January 15, 1946) was a member of the Utah House of Representatives from 2002–2010, representing District 47 from West Jordan, Utah. Mascaro is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He graduated from California State University, Fullerton in 1971 with a bachelor's degree in marketing management. Mascaro is the president and a business partner of Infill Group Incorporated. In the local community, he has also been involved with directing in various organizations, including", "id": "15127284" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\npresident and the calling of his successor, the session at which the sustaining vote takes place is called a solemn assembly. At a solemn assembly, groups of Latter-day Saints are asked to stand in succession and sustain the new president of the church. Typically, the order is: First Presidency, the Quorum of the Twelve, the Quorums of Seventy, Melchizedek priesthood holders, Aaronic priesthood holders, Relief Society members, members of the Young Women organization, and then all members together. Then the names of all other", "id": "16441578" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nfor railroad companies. Agriculture and mining were also common occupations at the time. As the African American community grew with the insurgence of non-religious motivated pioneers in the late 1800's, and especially grouped in places like Salt Lake City and Ogden, African American media, organizations, and churches (not The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) began to emerge in greater numbers. Between 1890 and 1891, the first African Methodist Episcopal church in Utah was established in Salt Lake and became a focal point for", "id": "5246841" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nPresidency of the Seventy, with responsibility for the church's North America Northwest and North America West areas. In August 2007, he was assigned to the Utah North, Utah South, and Utah Salt Lake City areas. In April 2009, Rasband became the senior and presiding member of the presidency when Neil L. Andersen was called to the Quorum of the Twelve. He served in this role until October 2015. In October 2015, Rasband was sustained as an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve. As an apostle", "id": "561349" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nmissionaries more visible. Rasband was called as a general authority and member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2000. As a general authority, Rasband has served in several area presidencies, including as a counselor in the presidency of the Europe Central Area. While serving in this position he dedicated the first chapel the church built in the Czech Republic. He was later president of the Utah Salt Lake City Area and executive director of the church's Temple Department. In 2005, Rasband was called as a member of the", "id": "561348" }, { "contents": "Lorus Pratt\n\n\nLorus Bishop Pratt (November 27, 1855, Tooele, Utah – December 29, 1923, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter and missionary. In 1890, he was one of a group of painters who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. Pratt's father was Orson Pratt, an early LDS Church member who became one of its leading theologians. He studied art", "id": "20316615" }, { "contents": "Jamal Willis\n\n\nJamal Willis (born 1972) is a local level leader in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a former NFL football player. He also works in administration for the Alpine School District in Utah. Willis was born in Oklahoma. He attended BYU on a football scholarship and joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints while a student there. On January 7, 2018 Willis was called as a counselor in the Genesis Group presidency. Like all other members of the presidency, Willis is of", "id": "19641851" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nstill commonly shouted out during and after sports matches. Attempts of physical violence after games were also reported by the student. A 2009 Pew Forum study showed that approximately 3% of members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the predominant religion in Utah, were African American. The Calvary Baptist Church, a well-known African American house of worship, has had a presence in Salt Lake City since 1898. Founded by a small group of African American women who gathered regularly to pray, the small", "id": "5246852" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nher instead to the poor, dilapidated houses in West Salt Lake. By 1970, the African-American population in Utah had grown to 6,324. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints continued withholding priesthood authority from African Americans, causing tension and criticism within the church. David O. McKay, President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, issued a letter to people struggling with confusion over the doctrine surrounding African Americans, stating resolutely that the time would come when African Americans would be given full", "id": "5246849" }, { "contents": "Righteous Branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\norganized a new church body with a new Mormon temple on April 6, 1978, two months before the LDS Church's 1978 revelation, which allowed priesthood ordination to black people. Peterson claimed he foresaw this \"apostasy\" through revelation. The Righteous Branch is organized similarly to the LDS Church with a First Presidency, Quorum of Twelve Apostles, Presiding Bishopric and other priesthood and auxiliary organizations. The Righteous Branch also actively proselytizes and performs proxy baptism for the dead. As with other Mormon fundamentalist groups, the Righteous Branch believed a", "id": "2909906" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Brazil\n\n\nCenter (MTC) was established in São Paulo, mainly for the training for missionaries from Brazil. Bangerter and members of the Church Educational System provided daily instruction for the missionaries. Following the MTC in Provo, Utah, it was the LDS Church's second MTC. In June 1978, the 1978 Reveltation on Priesthood was announced, allowing all worthy male members of the LDS Church to be ordained to the priesthood, regardless of race. Later, in 1978, the São Paulo Temple was completed. It was the first temple", "id": "22012502" }, { "contents": "Boyd K. Packer\n\n\nParable of the Mediator (Jesus Christ) was adapted into the short film \"The Mediator\". \"The Candle of the Lord\" (1982) is well known for its analogy of trying to describe what salt tastes like to trying to describe what promptings from the Holy Ghost are like. Packer also taught the importance of hymn-centered prelude music for worship services. Packer served as an advisor to the Genesis Group, a social organization of the LDS Church for African-American members and their families, and was also", "id": "14808659" }, { "contents": "Orrin P. Miller\n\n\nOrrin Porter Miller (September 11, 1858 – July 7, 1918) was a member of the presiding bishopric of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1901 to his death. Born in Millcreek, Utah Territory, Miller was a local leader in the church prior to his call as a general authority. He became the bishop of the newly created Riverton Ward in Salt Lake City in 1886. Prior to serving as a bishop, he had been an elder and a seventy in the", "id": "11180481" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nrights in the church. In June 1978, Spencer W. Kimball, then-president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints issued Official Declaration 2, which affirmed the Church's belief in the equality of all men and ended the long-standing practice of withholding certain church privileges from African American members, such as holding the priesthood and entering temples. African American population in Utah continued increasing at an accelerating rate, reaching just over 1% of the overall population during the 2010 census. Utah's college and", "id": "5246850" }, { "contents": "Utah English\n\n\nUtah English is American English spoken in Utah, primarily by members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Studies vary as to the exact degree that it either falls under Western American English or constitutes a separate dialect, with minor variations existing throughout the English of Utah, though demonstrating little dialect consistency. Mormon pioneers first arrived in the Salt Lake Valley in 1847, eventually settling the Utah Territory. Many of these settlers came from New York, Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois, where the church had been", "id": "6655612" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nAt the April 1995 general conference of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), church president Gordon B. Hinckley announced the creation of a new leadership position known as the area authority. In 1997, area authorities were renamed area authority seventies and ordained to the office of seventy. The church announced that these seventies would become members of a Quorum of the Seventy based upon the geographic region to which they were assigned. Later, the title \"area authority seventy\" was shortened to area seventy,", "id": "8445639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nGathering has been an important part of life in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), from gathering as missionaries to gathering for worship services. In the early days of the LDS Church, members were asked to gather together many times in specific locations from all over the world, including traveling across the United States to the Utah Territory. In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion located in their local areas. In order for gathering, a scattering has", "id": "2158416" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\npast. Still, Don Harwell, president of the Genesis Group, sees it as a sign that \"People are getting past the stereotypes put on the church.\" LDS historian Wayne J. Embry interviewed several black LDS Church members in 1987 and reported that \"all of the interviewees reported incidents of aloofness on the part of white members, a reluctance or a refusal to shake hands with them or sit by them, and racist comments made to them.\" Embry further reported that one black church member \"was amazingly persistent in", "id": "2658742" }, { "contents": "Mormons\n\n\nthe church (about 5 percent of the total membership), mostly in Africa, Brazil and the Caribbean. Black membership has continued to grow substantially, especially in West Africa, where two temples have been built. Many black Mormons are members of the Genesis Group, an organization of black members that predates the priesthood ban, and is endorsed by the church. The LDS Church grew rapidly after World War II and became a worldwide organization as missionaries were sent across the globe. The church doubled in size every 15 to 20", "id": "19256682" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nbe converted into wards and the district may be converted into a stake. Typically, this will not occur until there are least five ward-sized congregations in the district. Once a district becomes a stake, the mission president is only responsible for the proselytizing missionaries in the area, not the local members of the church. The LDS Church mission with the smallest geographic area (approximately 10 acres) is the Utah Salt Lake Temple Square Mission, in which missionaries from around the world serve on Temple Square, often to visitors", "id": "7859580" }, { "contents": "Centennial Park group\n\n\nin Centennial Park City, Arizona (), a town approximately three miles (five km) south of the twin communities of Colorado City, Arizona, and Hildale, Utah, with a small number living in the Salt Lake Valley. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God, also known as the Nielsen/Naylor Group and the \"Third Ward\", is a group based in the Salt Lake Valley and has around 200 members. It broke with the Centennial Park group after Hammon", "id": "21252120" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God\n\n\nin 1988, he appointed Frank Naylor as apostle and Ivan Nielsen as high priest and later as bishop. Naylor and Nielsen disagreed with Timpson's leadership and they split from the Second Ward in 1990 to form the \"Third Ward\" with Naylor as leader. Naylor and Nielsen were able to gather a number of followers from both the Centennial Park group and the FLDS Church. Most of the members of the new group migrated north to the Salt Lake Valley in Utah where they have built a meeting house. They continue to practice", "id": "14605931" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nnot in the callings noted above becoming members of their unit's elders quorum). An Elders Quorum is a local quorum organized in each ward and presided over by a president with priesthood keys who, along with his two counselors, act under the direction and authority of the stake presidency, and under the direction of the bishop. Each quorum consists of up to 96 Melchizedek Priesthood holders. Historically, a local Quorum of Seventy existed which consisted of up to seventy members in each quorum, and was presided over by seven presidents", "id": "10171836" }, { "contents": "Orchestra at Temple Square\n\n\nThe Orchestra at Temple Square (Orchestra) is a 110-member orchestra located in Salt Lake City, Utah. The Orchestra was created in 1999 under the direction of Gordon B. Hinckley, then the president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), as part of an initiative to continually strengthen and expand the capabilities of the church's music organizations. Formed in 1999, the Orchestra fulfilled the longtime desire of LDS Church leaders of having a permanent orchestra both to enhance the quality of The Tabernacle Choir", "id": "20805949" }, { "contents": "History of the Latter Day Saint movement\n\n\nbecame the Church of Christ (Cutlerite) as well as Lyman Wight's group in Zodiac, Texas. Young's organization today, the LDS Church, is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. (\"See\" History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.) The bulk of Sidney Rigdon's church had dissolved by 1847, but some loyalists reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ under the leadership of William Bickerton in 1862. James J. Strang's church in Voree suffered a significant schism in 1849", "id": "5047487" }, { "contents": "High priest (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe church was Smith's younger brother, Don Carlos Smith. In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), high priests are primarily responsible for the spiritual welfare of the members and the administration of local church units called wards and stakes. Melchizedek priesthood holders in the church are ordained high priests when they become a member of a stake presidency, stake high council, or bishopric, \"or when otherwise determined by the stake president\". Ordinations are approved by the member's bishop and stake", "id": "21853558" }, { "contents": "Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nJoseph Smith was killed. Young's succession became a precedent without exception within the sect based in Utah; with the death of each president, the First Presidency is dissolved and one member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles becomes the new President. Members of the LDS Church are asked to sustain the new prophet and his counselors at a solemn assembly during the next General Conference. Sidney Rigdon's church dissolved a few years after its organization, but it was reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ in 1862, which still exists", "id": "3382848" }, { "contents": "Apostolic United Brethren\n\n\n\"Allred Group\" because two of its presidents shared that surname. Members of the AUB do not refer to their organization as a \"church\" and, unlike nearly all other Mormon fundamentalist groups, regard The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as a legitimate, if wayward and diminished, divine institution. Religious scholar J. Gordon Melton characterised the group as \"the more liberal branch of the Fundamentalist movement\", as the group allows sexual relations apart from the strict purpose of procreation. The", "id": "6648133" }, { "contents": "Judaism and Mormonism\n\n\nMelchizedek). The LDS Church propagates an all-male priesthood. All worthy LDS males receive the Aaronic Priesthood at age twelve. At age eighteen, worthy members of the Aaronic priesthood are usually ordained as elders in the Melchizedek Priesthood. Depending on the needs of a church, an elder may be ordained a high priest, patriarch, seventy, or apostle of the Melchizedek Priesthood. Males of African descent were prohibited from receiving the priesthood until 1978, at which time the LDS Church announced that its leaders had received a revelation", "id": "5349352" }, { "contents": "Prayer circle (Mormonism)\n\n\n-day Saints (LDS Church) continued to practice prayer circles in its temples. In addition, local stake and ward prayer circles were organized and conducted until May 3, 1978, when the church's First Presidency announced that all prayer circles should be discontinued except those performed in a temple as part of the endowment. The reason for this change is not known, but could have resulted in part from the growth of the LDS Church, and the fact that prayer circles were usually organized by a member of the First Presidency", "id": "16266582" }, { "contents": "Clinton L. Cutler\n\n\nClinton Louis Cutler (December 27, 1929 – April 9, 1994) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 until his death. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and was a counselor in the church's Sunday School General Presidency. Cutler was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and received his college education at Utah State University and the University of Utah. He then worked for many years for the company that became US", "id": "6647132" }, { "contents": "John Fairbanks\n\n\nJohn Boylston Fairbanks (December 27, 1855, Payson, Utah – June 15, 1940, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter. In 1890, he was one of a group of artists who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. He painted murals in the Salt Lake Temple and the Mesa Arizona Temple that still exist today. Fairbanks was the official photographer for the", "id": "20316649" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nRonald Anderson Rasband (born February 6, 1951) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority of the church since 2000. Currently, he is the eleventh most senior apostle in the church. Rasband was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Rulon Hawkins Rasband and Verda Anderson. He graduated from Olympus High School and later served as a Mormon missionary in the Eastern States Mission. The mission", "id": "561344" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\na future area boundary change has been announced. Until 2003, each area had a president and two counselors, all of whom were typically general authorities (area seventies were sometimes asked to be counselors). This three-man body was known as the \"area presidency\". In that year, the church eliminated area presidencies for all areas located in the United States and Canada, which were all then placed under the direct supervision of one of the seven members of the Presidency of the Seventy, thus freeing more general authorities", "id": "17173638" }, { "contents": "House of Joseph (LDS Church)\n\n\nthe state of Utah and parts of Arizona, California, Nevada, Idaho, and Wyoming. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), is the largest and best known denomination within the Latter Day Saint movement (a form of Christian Restorationism). The Church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and claims through inspired patriarchal blessings to its members throughout the world that many of these are descendants of Josephite Ephraim and Manasseh, with the tribe of Ephraim holding a responsibility of ecclesiastical leadership", "id": "10319750" }, { "contents": "Mormon settlement techniques of the Salt Lake Valley\n\n\ngovernment-like order. A Theodemocracy was instituted, which essentially combined church and state. The organization of the church at the time closely reflects our current system, but had an added emphasis on religion. The LDS Church is organized with a lay ministry, beginning with the president and his counselors (possessing oversight of all areas), the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and other General Authorities (each assigned responsibility over specified large areas), then Stake leaders (over units within an area), down to Bishops (over", "id": "18207819" }, { "contents": "Mormon folklore\n\n\nMormon folklore is a body of expressive culture unique to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and other sects of Mormonism. Mormon folklore includes tales, oral history, popular beliefs, customs, music, jokes, and material culture traditions. In folklore studies, Mormons can be seen as a regional group, since the core group of Mormon settlers in Utah had a common religion and had to modify their surroundings for survival. This historical regional area includes Utah, Southeastern Idaho, parts", "id": "233499" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nand the Assistants to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles were all merged into a new \"First Quorum of the Seventy\" under a seven-member Presidency of the Seventy. In 1978, some of the older members of the seventy were \"retired\" as the first general authorities to be given emeritus status. However, members appointed through 1981 were still granted life tenure. In 1986, all stake quorums of the seventy were discontinued. The church encouraged local leaders to have ordained seventies meet with the local elders quorum or to", "id": "9800076" }, { "contents": "Stake (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe LDS Church. The lowest level, consisting of a single congregation, is known as a ward or branch. Stakes are organized from a group of contiguous wards or branches. To be created, a stake must be composed of at least five wards. A stake may have up to a total of 16 congregations. Most stakes are composed of five to ten wards. In the United States and Canada, a minimum of 3,000 members is required to create a stake; elsewhere, a minimum of 1,900 members is required.", "id": "4227438" }, { "contents": "List of churches in the Latter Day Saint Reorganization movement\n\n\nof the church's members in Nauvoo, Illinois followed Brigham Young, who led them to the Great Basin area (in what is now Utah) as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church. Also, the term \"Mormon\" gradually primarily came to refer to members of the LDS Church.) The remaining individuals—who still considered themselves part of Smith's original church—remained; many who were in scattered congregations throughout the American Midwest joined other factions led by such leaders as Sidney Rigdon", "id": "2070090" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nMormon fundamentalist leaders are those who lead (or have led) a Mormon fundamentalist group. These leaders were the first three Presidents of the Church of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. The first three LDS Church presidents are: Some Mormon fundamentalists also regard the next three LDS Church presidents as leaders: When The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints began excommunicating members who practiced polygamy after the Second Manifesto, Mormon fundamentalists began breaking away from the LDS Church. At first, there was one main", "id": "6174766" }, { "contents": "Steven E. Snow\n\n\nbishop, stake president, and president of the church's California San Fernando Mission. In 1999, he became an area seventy in the church's Utah South Area. Snow became a general authority and a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2001. He began service as a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy on August 1, 2007. In that capacity, Snow was responsible for overseeing the work of the church in the North America Central Area and later the three areas in Utah.", "id": "8979712" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nwas organized from the Fifth Quorum because the number of quorum members exceeded 70, the number of members prescribed by scripture. The Fifth Quorum then comprised area seventies serving in the church's North America Northwest, North America West, Idaho, Utah North, Utah Salt Lake City, and Utah South areas, while the Sixth Quorum comprised those living in the North America Central, North America East, North America Northeast, North America Southeast, and North America Southwest areas. In July 2005, the church announced that, due to", "id": "8445641" }, { "contents": "American Fork, Utah\n\n\nThe median value of owner-occupied housing units was $210,600. In 2007 there were 2,754 businesses in the city, with total retail sales over $724 million. The first ward of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in American Fork was organized in 1851 with Leonard E. Harrington as bishop. As of 2009 there are six stakes headquartered in the city. While the majority of the population are members of LDS Church, there are several other faith communities in the city. The Community", "id": "11142657" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nRussell Marion Nelson Sr. (born September 9, 1924) is an American religious leader and former surgeon who is the 17th and current president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Nelson was a member of the LDS Church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles for nearly 34 years, and was the quorum president from 2015 to 2018. As church president, Nelson is accepted by the church as a prophet, seer, and revelator. A native of Salt Lake City, Utah,", "id": "17566714" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nLeGrand Raine Curtis, Sr. (May 22, 1924 – December 19, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 to 1995. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy; he also served as a counselor in the Young Men general presidency from 1990 to 1991 and from 1972 to 1974. Curtis was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was named after LeGrand Richards, who was bishop of the Sugar House Ward", "id": "18322018" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in South Africa\n\n\npeople, mainly of British origin. At some point between 2000 and 2005 the LDS Church reached a point where half the members in South Africa were black, and the percentage of blacks in the membership has continued to rise since then. Two black South Africans have been called as mission presidents. One, Jackson MKabela, was called to serve as mission president in Zimbabwe. He had previously been an area seventy and his wife Dorah had been a member of the Young Women General Board. Mkabela had become the first black man", "id": "1312361" }, { "contents": "L. Whitney Clayton\n\n\nLyndon Whitney Clayton III (born February 24, 1950) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He has been a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy since 2008 and its senior president since 2015. Clayton was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and attended the University of Utah. He served as a full-time missionary of the LDS Church in Peru. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in finance and earned a", "id": "17564673" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nby seven presidents—the Presidency of the Seventy—who hold keys to direct the affairs of the quorums. There may be an unlimited number of such quorums that are called to witness in \"all the world\", but currently only the members of the first and second quorums are general authorities of the church. Six other seventy quorums are designated as authorities over specific areas of the church. A High Priests Quorum is a local quorum organized in each stake and presided over by the stake presidency, who holds the keys of", "id": "10171834" }, { "contents": "General authority\n\n\ngeneral presidencies of the following organizations: The latter three groups are composed of women and represent the only three organizations in which women are given church-wide authority. Also excluded from the definition of general authorities are members of the Third through the Eighth Quorums of the Seventy, who are called \"area seventies\" and have responsibilities relating to a limited geographical area, not church-wide authority. Until 2004, general leadership for the Sunday School and Young Men organizations had historically been filled by general authorities. However, in the", "id": "7045446" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nand members of his family. LeBaron claimed his priestly line of authority from his father Alma (who was ordained by Alma's grandfather Benjamin F. Johnson, who received the priesthood from Joseph Smith). The church exists in Chihuahua Mexico, Los Molinos, Baja California, San Diego, California and in Central America; there is also a large group in Salt Lake City, UT. The Church of Jesus Christ in Solemn Assembly and its political arm, the Confederate Nations of Israel, are headquartered in Big Water, Utah.", "id": "6174773" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\nthe mission. It was decided that only the auxiliaries would be setup in Nigeria, which could be operated without the priesthood. Nigerian men would be allowed to pass the sacrament, but white missionaries would need to bless it. However, the program was canceled after several members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles objected. In 1971, the Genesis Group was formed as an auxiliary to the church for black members. Black members were able to fill positions in the Relief Society, Young Men's and Young Women's Presidency.", "id": "2658642" }, { "contents": "Joseph Freeman (Mormon)\n\n\nJoseph Freeman, Jr. (born July 24, 1952) was the first man of black African descent to receive the Melchizedek priesthood and be ordained an elder in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) after the announcement of the 1978 Revelation on Priesthood, which allowed \"all worthy male members of the Church\" to \"be ordained to the priesthood without regard for race or color.\" Freeman was born in Vanceboro, North Carolina, to Rose Lee Smith and Joseph Freeman, Sr. His", "id": "5694060" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nmen of African descent. Although the current LDS Church policy now admits blacks to the priesthood, the church has not issued a written repudiation of racist doctrines. Apostle Bruce R. McConkie told members to \"[f]orget everything that I have said, or what President Brigham Young or President George Q. Cannon or whomsoever has said [about Blacks and the priesthood] ... We spoke with a limited understanding.\" Some black members have made formal requests to the church to issue a statement, while other black members have argued against that effort", "id": "19378605" }, { "contents": "Mae Taylor Nystrom\n\n\nAlmira Mae Taylor Nystrom (August 11, 1871 - December 8, 1959) was a Utah suffragist and a member of the general presidency of what is today the Young Women organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Mae Taylor was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, to George Hamilton and Elmina Shepard Taylor, the first president of the church's Young Women organization. She attended the University of Utah for a year, but completed her course of study at LDS College", "id": "8024766" }, { "contents": "O. Vincent Haleck\n\n\nLDS Church, Haleck has served as a bishop, high councilor, stake patriarch, and stake president. He served as president of the Samoa Apia Mission from 2008 to 2011 and was in that capacity when he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in April 2011. After becoming a general authority, Haleck moved from Pago Pago, American Samoa to Salt Lake City, Utah. From the time of his call to August 2013, he filled assignments at church headquarters. From August 2013", "id": "2350277" }, { "contents": "Family History Center (LDS Church)\n\n\nMulti-Stake FHCs\"\" on the \"FamilySearch.org\" website. However a supplement to the \"Family History Center Operations Guide\" dated January 5, 2006, renamed these FHCs officially. Supervision of these facilities is under each area presidency or assigned to a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. These facilities are still considered branches of the Salt Lake City central library and often have book collections in the thousands, microfilm and microfiches in the tens of thousands, dozens of Internet-connected computers, microfilm and microfiche readers,", "id": "19548374" }, { "contents": "David M. McConkie\n\n\nDavid Merrill McConkie (born October 13, 1948) is an American lawyer and has been a member of the general presidency of the Sunday School of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2009 to 2014. McConkie was raised in Bountiful, Utah. From 1969 to 1971 he was a missionary for the LDS Church in South Africa. He attended the University of Utah and earned a bachelor's degree in history and a juris doctorate. McConkie became a lawyer at the Salt Lake City firm", "id": "15112656" }, { "contents": "Robert H. Garff\n\n\n, including bishop and stake president. From 1987 to 1990, Garff served as president of the church's England Coventry Mission. He later served as a member of the church's Sunday School General Board in 1991 and as a regional representative, beginning in 1992. In 2003, he became an area seventy, serving in the Fifth Quorum of the Seventy. From 2012 to 2015, he served as president of the Bountiful Utah Temple. Garff is married to Katharine Bagley and they have five children. The Ken Garff Automotive Group", "id": "4274628" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\npolicy of racial discrimination. In the case of Africa and the Caribbean, the church had not yet begun large-scale missionary efforts in most areas. There were large groups in both Ghana and Nigeria who desired to join the church and many faithful members of African descent in Brazil. On June 9, 1978, under the administration of Spencer W. Kimball, the church leadership finally received sanction to change the long-standing policy. Today, there are many black members of the church, and many predominantly black congregations. In", "id": "6128228" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Utah\n\n\nAs of June 5, 2019, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) reported 2,109,578 members living in Utah in 596 stakes, one district, 5,146 congregations (4,824 wards and 322 branches), and eleven missions. As of July 2019, there are 21 temples operating, under construction, or announced in Utah. A brief history can be found at LDS Newsroom (Utah) or Deseret News 2010 Church Almanac Though the LDS Church membership in Utah has increased, the percentage of Utahns who", "id": "12099884" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\nGeneral Conference is a gathering of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), held biannually every April and October at the Conference Center in Salt Lake City, Utah. During each conference, members of the church gather in a series of two-hour sessions to listen to sermons from church leaders. It consists of four general sessions. Since April 2018 the priesthood session is only held during the April conference, and a General Women's Session (for females 8 years and older)", "id": "16441566" }, { "contents": "Economy of Salt Lake City\n\n\n% of employment. Other major employers include the University of Utah, Sinclair Oil Corporation, and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Salt Lake City Industries by GDP value added 2011 It is rumored that call centers prefer the Salt Lake City and Provo areas because of the mild western accent of Utah natives that is easily understood in all regions of the United States, and considered pleasant by many. Marriott Hotels, InterContinental Hotels Group, Delta Air Lines, Continental Airlines, and JetBlue Airways all have reservation call", "id": "17871614" }, { "contents": "Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\narea authorities\" and \"local authorities\" and include all other Quorums of the Seventy, mission presidents, temple presidents, stake presidents, bishops, and other priesthood quorum presidents. The church has no salaried ministry; however, some general authorities receive stipends from the church, as needed, using income from church-owned investments. All local and area authorities are unpaid and continue in their normal occupations while serving in leadership positions. Although the church had a paid local clergy in the 1800s, local and regional priesthood leaders currently", "id": "17900603" }, { "contents": "Levi E. Young\n\n\nLevi Edgar Young (February 2, 1874 – December 13, 1963) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was one of the seven presidents of the Seventy from 1909 until his death. Young was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of LDS Church general authority Seymour B. Young and grandson of Joseph Young. Levi Young graduated from the University of Utah in 1895, and later became a faculty member at the same school, teaching", "id": "8108867" }, { "contents": "Presiding high council\n\n\ndiminished in authority, eventually disappearing completely. Post-exodus to Utah, the standing high council was established in a limited capacity as part of the central Salt Lake Stake, but it only served as a ratifying body for priesthood quorums in other stakes. An LDS Church Sunday School manual from 1980 states: “The Salt Lake Stake functioned more or less as a center stake that gave direction and guidance and had jurisdiction over other stakes. When quorum leaders in outlying areas needed new officers they sent a list of nominees to the", "id": "19087654" }, { "contents": "Howard R. Driggs\n\n\nJesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was heavily involved with the church's Sunday School, serving as a member of the organization's general board from 1910 to 1930. He was also involved in starting the first LDS Church Sunday Schools in New York City and Washington, D.C.. Also in New York City, Driggs served for a time as the branch president. When the New York Stake was organized in 1934, Driggs was made a member of the stake high council. From 1908 to 1911", "id": "4185902" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nOhio and New York State and purchased about of land in the Paseo and Troost Lake areas. Conflict between the Saints and other Missouri residents, leading to the eviction of the Latter Day Saint from Jackson County in 1833 and the 1838 Mormon War. Later, various groups of Latter Day Saints returned to Jackson County, the first of whom were members of the diminutive Church of Christ (Temple Lot), quickly followed by adherents to the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints under the leadership of Joseph Smith III", "id": "9329628" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nfunction of the apostles. However, in such circumstances, the seventy would be required to act unanimously. Members of the First and the Second Quorums of the Seventy are general authorities of the church with responsibilities covering the church as a whole. Members of additional Quorums of the Seventy (currently numbered Third through Eighth) are called an area seventy. Members of these quorums are ordained to the priesthood office of seventy, but they are not general authorities of the church. Area seventies generally have authority only within a geographical unit of", "id": "9800071" }, { "contents": "Curse of Ham\n\n\nthis curse, negroes were banned from the Mormon priesthood. In 1978, LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball said he received a revelation that extended the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church without regard to race or color. In 2013, The LDS church denounced the curse of Ham explanation for withholding the priesthood from black Africans. However, the essays have not been well publicized, and many members remain unaware of the essays and hold to racist beliefs that had been taught in the past. The Book of Abraham is", "id": "2418480" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nwhite, although some also consider Soares as non-white. These calls were recognized as adding diversity to the Quorum of the Twelve. Nelson also announced major changes in church organization during the April general conference. First, the high priests groups at the ward level were dissolved, making all Melchizedek Priesthood holders in wards and branches part of the elders quorum. A stake's high priest quorum now consists of current members of stake presidencies, high councils, bishoprics and functioning patriarchs. Next, Nelson announced the end of home teaching", "id": "17566740" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthat has criticized the church's theology. The Institute for Religious Research is an organization that has criticized the church, in particular the Book of Abraham. Numerous other organizations maintain web sites that criticize the church. The Tanners state that the church's 1978 policy change of allowing all worthy male members, including people of black African descent, to hold the priesthood was not divinely inspired as the church said, but simply a matter of convenience. Richard and Joan Ostling point out that this reversal of policy occurred as the LDS Church", "id": "19378560" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nand members of other factions, several of whom had established their headquarters in nearby Independence, Missouri. Today, there are notable numbers of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). The LDS Church is the largest sect in the Latter Day Saint movement and is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. The LDS Church opened the Kansas City Missouri Temple on May 6, 2012. Over the next years, the character of Kansas City was defined by those who wanted to live close", "id": "9329629" }, { "contents": "Jane Manning James\n\n\ndedicated near her grave in the Salt Lake City Cemetery by the Genesis Group (an official organization begun under LDS President Joseph Fielding Smith to support Latter Day Saints of African descent) along with the Missouri Mormon Frontier Foundation. The original headstones of Jane and Isaac James were supplemented with a granite monument faced with two bronze plaques. One side of the monument commemorates an incident documented in 1850, by Mormon pioneer Eliza Partridge Lyman, who wrote: April 13: Brother Lyman [Eliza's husband] started on a mission to California", "id": "20633037" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Ghana\n\n\nhim to be the first branch president, also calling Naomi Ogoe as the first Relief Society president. In just four days, the missionaries had baptized 249 people and organized two branches. From this point on, the congregations in Ghana were part of the official church, which is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. By the end of 1979, there were 1,723 new members of the church. This rapid growth made some nervous, as there were many members, but not experienced leaders. Ghana's government was also becoming", "id": "7951581" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nother regions in southern Africa. There were attempts to open a mission in Nigeria in the 1960s. However the church decided against proceeding with these plans. After the 1978 revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy males was received, the church proceeded to open missions in West Africa. Initially the focus was on Ghana and Nigeria, where there were groups that with unofficial church members who had been for years begging the church to send missionaries. Initially the missionaries sent to these nations were organized in the International Mission. As missionary work", "id": "7859631" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)\n\n\nin no way against ... members of other racial groups, who are fully admitted to all the privileges of the priesthood. It has taken a strong stand for human rights, and was, for example, uncompromisingly against the Ku Klux Klan during that organization's period of ascendancy after the First World War.\" At a time when racial segregation or discrimination was commonplace in most institutions throughout America, two of the most prominent leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ were African American. Apostle John Penn, member of the Quorum of", "id": "20807565" } ]

[ { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nThe Genesis Group is an auxiliary organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS church) for African-American members and their families. It was first organized in Salt Lake City, Utah, in 1971 to provide members an organization where they could affiliate with fellow African-American members. The Genesis group provided meetings for black members of the LDS church (Mormons); specifically, Relief Society, Primary, Young Men, Young Women and testimony meetings. Members of Genesis were still expected to attend", "id": "16359561" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nalready demanding LDS church membership. In 1985, Marva Collins started a \"Genesis II\" group in Oakland, California and published a newsletter focused on news about black Mormons until 1988. The Genesis Group was reorganized in 1996, based on a perception that African Americans still had unique issues and could benefit from a chance to affiliate with one another. Leaders of the group include Darius Gray (1997–2003), Don Harwell (2003–2018), and Davis Stovall (2018-present). Stake and High Councilmen were assigned to represent The Genesis", "id": "16359563" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nSunday meetings in their home wards, which at the time were sacrament meeting, Priesthood meetings, and Sunday School. It was like a branch, a small group of members, but without priesthood authority. The group was led by Ruffin Bridgeforth from 1971 through 1978. Shortly after the church's June 8, 1978, announcement of the revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church, the group's attendance dropped, and officially discontinued in 1987. Participation decreased in part because it added additional time commitments to", "id": "16359562" }, { "contents": "Darius Gray\n\n\nDarius Gray is an African-American Latter-day Saint speaker and writer. Gray was born in Colorado Springs, Colorado. He joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in the mid-1960s and then attended Brigham Young University for a year. After that he transferred to the University of Utah. Gray worked for a time as a journalist. Gray was a counselor in the presidency of the LDS Church's Genesis Group when it was formed in 1971. He was president of the group from", "id": "1196837" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\n1971, an organization called the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit of LDS Church to meet the needs of black Mormons. The first president of the Genesis Group was Ruffin Bridgeforth, who also became the first black Latter Day Saint to be ordained a high priest after the priesthood ban was lifted later in the decade. Harold B. Lee, president of the church, stated in 1972: \"For those who don't believe in modern revelation there is no adequate explanation. Those who do understand revelation stand by and wait", "id": "2658695" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthe Salt Lake City area black members have organized branches of an official church auxiliary called the Genesis Groups. During the post-World War II period, the church also began to focus on expansion into a number of Native American cultures, as well as Oceanic cultures, which many Mormons considered to be the same ethnicity. These peoples were called \"Lamanites\", because they were all believed to descend from the Lamanite group in the \"Book of Mormon\". In 1947, the church began the Indian Placement Program, where", "id": "6128229" }, { "contents": "Equality Utah\n\n\nEquality Utah is an American non-profit 501(c)(3) organization which is Utah's largest LGBT rights group based in Salt Lake City, Utah. The organization is a member of the Equality Federation. Equality Utah was founded in 2001 as Unity Utah and took its present name in 2004. In 2008, Equality Utah's Common Ground Initiative brought the group national attention. During the campaigns for and against California's 2008 Proposition 8, leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) made statements that", "id": "19802691" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\nin relief society. On October 19, 1971, the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit to the church. Its purpose was to serve the needs of black members, including activating members and welcoming converts. It continues to meet on the first Sunday of each month in Utah. Don Harwell is the current president. When asked about racism in the church, he said \"\"Now, is the church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints racist? No, never has been. But some of those people", "id": "2658739" }, { "contents": "Newquist Group\n\n\nThe Newquist Group is a social organization associated with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) intended to provide a forum for discussion of freedom and morality. A meeting of LDS members was first convened on Conference Saturday at the Utah Hotel in Salt Lake City, Utah, in the mid 1960s as an unnamed group to provide a forum for discussion of Church elder Jerreld Newquist's \"Prophets, Principles and National Survival,\" a compendium of LDS leaders' statements on the three titular subjects. After Newquist", "id": "19408711" }, { "contents": "Hildale, Utah\n\n\n, a breakaway group from the Salt Lake City-based The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). On September 14, 2015, at least 12 members of two related families from the community were killed in a flash flood while stopped in a low water crossing at the mouth of Maxwell Canyon in Hildale. A thirteenth person was still missing as of September 16, 2015. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land. According to the", "id": "11142959" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Together, these three men constitute the \"bishopric\". A branch is presided over by a \"branch president\" who may or may not have one or two counselors, depending on the size of the branch. Groups of wards are organized into stakes, while groups of branches are organized into districts. The term \"ward\" originally referred to the political subdivision of some of the municipalities in the mid-western United States where members of the LDS Church resided, and in particular the political organization of Nauvoo, Illinois", "id": "4227536" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\nfrom specific area assignments. Since these areas were previously administered by area presidencies located at church headquarters in Salt Lake City, the administrative change was not as drastic as it might seem. In April 2018, the church announced that, effective August 1, areas in the United States and Canada would once again be supervised by a three-man presidency. This will enable members of the Presidency of the Seventy to more fully assist the members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in their duties, and to fill other assignments as", "id": "17173639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nespecially those that are limited to a temple. Historically the Latter-day Saints have gathered in many locations, including: In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion in their local areas. The members of the LDS Church gather with their local ward or branch for weekly worship services in LDS meetinghouses. Twice a year there is a stake conference for each stake, where the members of the several wards that make up each stake meet as a group. These were previously held in stake tabernacles", "id": "2158418" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nThe following individuals are the current general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Included are the individuals' hierarchical position and some of their current specialized assignments in the church, if any. Note: On April 5, 2018, the First Presidency announced that area presidencies were being reinstated for those 10 areas within the United States and Canada, and that the members of the Presidency of the Seventy would be relieved of responsibility for those areas, to enable them to assist the apostles", "id": "311521" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Michigan\n\n\nthe Detroit River branch, which covered most of Detroit south of I-94 and west of I-75, was dedicated. This branch not only has several African American members but also many Latino members. Michigan is currently part of 10 stakes and one district. Eight stakes and one district are entirely within the state. Two stakes, with stake centers outside the state, have wards or branches in Michigan. Since the LDS Church has no paid local clergy, stake presidents and bishops have their own occupations. On October 23, 1999 the", "id": "2793685" }, { "contents": "First Nephi\n\n\npriesthood authority of the Aaronic and Melchizedek Priesthoods), and neither considering themselves Protestant, they do however believe that such groups had many righteous leaders and members who could be considered saints because they followed the light of Christ and sought to follow Him. Such people would include Wycliffe and Tyndale, who have been brought up most recently in an LDS General Conference. The majority of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believe that this great and abominable church includes any organized group of people who fight against God", "id": "15949332" }, { "contents": "1978 Revelation on Priesthood\n\n\nThe 1978 Revelation on Priesthood was a revelation announced by leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) that reversed a long-standing policy excluding men of black African descent from the priesthood. Beginning in the late 1840s, individuals of black African descent were prohibited from ordination to the LDS Church's priesthood—normally held by all male members who meet church standards of spiritual \"worthiness\"—and from receiving temple ordinances such as the endowment and celestial marriage (sealing). The origins of the policy are", "id": "7968100" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\nminimum of 150 members is required. Each ward requires at least 15 active, full-tithe-paying Melchizedek priesthood holders. If there are not sufficient congregations in an area to form a stake, a district (analogous to but smaller than a stake) is formed to oversee local congregations. There is no minimum or maximum geographical size for a ward: In areas where there are greater numbers of active church members (such as urban and suburban areas in Utah), several wards can exist in only . When the ward", "id": "4227539" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Historically, members of the Presidency of the Seventy would often serve as heads of various church ecclesiastical departments. This practice changed in 2004, when area presidencies in the United States and Canada were dissolved; these areas were put directly under the jurisdiction of the Presidency of the Seventy. The management of these areas is currently the primary responsibility of the Presidency of the Seventy. In April 2018, church leaders announced that, effective August 1, 2018, three-man presidencies composed of General Authority Seventies would once again oversee areas", "id": "9800087" }, { "contents": "Auxiliary organization (LDS Church)\n\n\n\" or \"general officers\" of the church. Like general authorities, general officers are \"accepted and sustained\" by the members of the church as leaders in their respective areas of jurisdiction, which are set out by the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Additionally, each auxiliary organization exists at a local ward and stake level, with presidencies formed to direct the work of the auxiliary in that particular region. Auxiliary presidencies work under the direction of the local priesthood leaders, which in most cases are the", "id": "8316784" }, { "contents": "North American Interfaith Network\n\n\nnational, regional and local issues. Without infringing on the effort of existing organizations, NAIN facilitates the networking possibilities of these organizations. NAIN encourages cooperative interaction based on serving the needs and promoting the aspirations of all member groups. Since 1988 NAIN has held annual \"Connect\" conferences with host locations rotating throughout the member organizations. 2007 Connect was held in Richmond, Virginia, 2008 in San Francisco, California, 2009 in Kansas City, Missouri. 2010 Connect will be in Salt Lake, Utah. Quarterly news and information on", "id": "15613218" }, { "contents": "Ben B. Banks\n\n\nBenjamin Berry Banks (born April 4, 1932) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy from 1999 to 2002 and has also been president of the church's Jordan River Utah Temple. Banks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. Before becoming a general authority, Banks served in the church as a stake president and bishop. From 1987 to 1989 he was president of", "id": "5941447" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nto Salt Lake City in order to be close to church headquarters. Members of these quorums are area seventies. As assigned, they carry out the duties typically carried out by members of the First and Second Quorums of Seventy, which include reorganizing and creating stakes, training stake presidencies, presiding at stake conferences, serving in area presidencies, touring missions, and training mission presidents. They serve in their callings for approximately six to ten years. Upon their release, they cease to be area seventies and members of a quorum of", "id": "9800097" }, { "contents": "Steven Mascaro\n\n\nSteven R. Mascaro (born January 15, 1946) was a member of the Utah House of Representatives from 2002–2010, representing District 47 from West Jordan, Utah. Mascaro is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He graduated from California State University, Fullerton in 1971 with a bachelor's degree in marketing management. Mascaro is the president and a business partner of Infill Group Incorporated. In the local community, he has also been involved with directing in various organizations, including", "id": "15127284" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\npresident and the calling of his successor, the session at which the sustaining vote takes place is called a solemn assembly. At a solemn assembly, groups of Latter-day Saints are asked to stand in succession and sustain the new president of the church. Typically, the order is: First Presidency, the Quorum of the Twelve, the Quorums of Seventy, Melchizedek priesthood holders, Aaronic priesthood holders, Relief Society members, members of the Young Women organization, and then all members together. Then the names of all other", "id": "16441578" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nfor railroad companies. Agriculture and mining were also common occupations at the time. As the African American community grew with the insurgence of non-religious motivated pioneers in the late 1800's, and especially grouped in places like Salt Lake City and Ogden, African American media, organizations, and churches (not The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) began to emerge in greater numbers. Between 1890 and 1891, the first African Methodist Episcopal church in Utah was established in Salt Lake and became a focal point for", "id": "5246841" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nPresidency of the Seventy, with responsibility for the church's North America Northwest and North America West areas. In August 2007, he was assigned to the Utah North, Utah South, and Utah Salt Lake City areas. In April 2009, Rasband became the senior and presiding member of the presidency when Neil L. Andersen was called to the Quorum of the Twelve. He served in this role until October 2015. In October 2015, Rasband was sustained as an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve. As an apostle", "id": "561349" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nmissionaries more visible. Rasband was called as a general authority and member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2000. As a general authority, Rasband has served in several area presidencies, including as a counselor in the presidency of the Europe Central Area. While serving in this position he dedicated the first chapel the church built in the Czech Republic. He was later president of the Utah Salt Lake City Area and executive director of the church's Temple Department. In 2005, Rasband was called as a member of the", "id": "561348" }, { "contents": "Lorus Pratt\n\n\nLorus Bishop Pratt (November 27, 1855, Tooele, Utah – December 29, 1923, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter and missionary. In 1890, he was one of a group of painters who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. Pratt's father was Orson Pratt, an early LDS Church member who became one of its leading theologians. He studied art", "id": "20316615" }, { "contents": "Jamal Willis\n\n\nJamal Willis (born 1972) is a local level leader in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a former NFL football player. He also works in administration for the Alpine School District in Utah. Willis was born in Oklahoma. He attended BYU on a football scholarship and joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints while a student there. On January 7, 2018 Willis was called as a counselor in the Genesis Group presidency. Like all other members of the presidency, Willis is of", "id": "19641851" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nstill commonly shouted out during and after sports matches. Attempts of physical violence after games were also reported by the student. A 2009 Pew Forum study showed that approximately 3% of members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the predominant religion in Utah, were African American. The Calvary Baptist Church, a well-known African American house of worship, has had a presence in Salt Lake City since 1898. Founded by a small group of African American women who gathered regularly to pray, the small", "id": "5246852" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nher instead to the poor, dilapidated houses in West Salt Lake. By 1970, the African-American population in Utah had grown to 6,324. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints continued withholding priesthood authority from African Americans, causing tension and criticism within the church. David O. McKay, President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, issued a letter to people struggling with confusion over the doctrine surrounding African Americans, stating resolutely that the time would come when African Americans would be given full", "id": "5246849" }, { "contents": "Righteous Branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\norganized a new church body with a new Mormon temple on April 6, 1978, two months before the LDS Church's 1978 revelation, which allowed priesthood ordination to black people. Peterson claimed he foresaw this \"apostasy\" through revelation. The Righteous Branch is organized similarly to the LDS Church with a First Presidency, Quorum of Twelve Apostles, Presiding Bishopric and other priesthood and auxiliary organizations. The Righteous Branch also actively proselytizes and performs proxy baptism for the dead. As with other Mormon fundamentalist groups, the Righteous Branch believed a", "id": "2909906" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Brazil\n\n\nCenter (MTC) was established in São Paulo, mainly for the training for missionaries from Brazil. Bangerter and members of the Church Educational System provided daily instruction for the missionaries. Following the MTC in Provo, Utah, it was the LDS Church's second MTC. In June 1978, the 1978 Reveltation on Priesthood was announced, allowing all worthy male members of the LDS Church to be ordained to the priesthood, regardless of race. Later, in 1978, the São Paulo Temple was completed. It was the first temple", "id": "22012502" }, { "contents": "Boyd K. Packer\n\n\nParable of the Mediator (Jesus Christ) was adapted into the short film \"The Mediator\". \"The Candle of the Lord\" (1982) is well known for its analogy of trying to describe what salt tastes like to trying to describe what promptings from the Holy Ghost are like. Packer also taught the importance of hymn-centered prelude music for worship services. Packer served as an advisor to the Genesis Group, a social organization of the LDS Church for African-American members and their families, and was also", "id": "14808659" }, { "contents": "Orrin P. Miller\n\n\nOrrin Porter Miller (September 11, 1858 – July 7, 1918) was a member of the presiding bishopric of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1901 to his death. Born in Millcreek, Utah Territory, Miller was a local leader in the church prior to his call as a general authority. He became the bishop of the newly created Riverton Ward in Salt Lake City in 1886. Prior to serving as a bishop, he had been an elder and a seventy in the", "id": "11180481" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nrights in the church. In June 1978, Spencer W. Kimball, then-president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints issued Official Declaration 2, which affirmed the Church's belief in the equality of all men and ended the long-standing practice of withholding certain church privileges from African American members, such as holding the priesthood and entering temples. African American population in Utah continued increasing at an accelerating rate, reaching just over 1% of the overall population during the 2010 census. Utah's college and", "id": "5246850" }, { "contents": "Utah English\n\n\nUtah English is American English spoken in Utah, primarily by members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Studies vary as to the exact degree that it either falls under Western American English or constitutes a separate dialect, with minor variations existing throughout the English of Utah, though demonstrating little dialect consistency. Mormon pioneers first arrived in the Salt Lake Valley in 1847, eventually settling the Utah Territory. Many of these settlers came from New York, Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois, where the church had been", "id": "6655612" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nAt the April 1995 general conference of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), church president Gordon B. Hinckley announced the creation of a new leadership position known as the area authority. In 1997, area authorities were renamed area authority seventies and ordained to the office of seventy. The church announced that these seventies would become members of a Quorum of the Seventy based upon the geographic region to which they were assigned. Later, the title \"area authority seventy\" was shortened to area seventy,", "id": "8445639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nGathering has been an important part of life in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), from gathering as missionaries to gathering for worship services. In the early days of the LDS Church, members were asked to gather together many times in specific locations from all over the world, including traveling across the United States to the Utah Territory. In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion located in their local areas. In order for gathering, a scattering has", "id": "2158416" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\npast. Still, Don Harwell, president of the Genesis Group, sees it as a sign that \"People are getting past the stereotypes put on the church.\" LDS historian Wayne J. Embry interviewed several black LDS Church members in 1987 and reported that \"all of the interviewees reported incidents of aloofness on the part of white members, a reluctance or a refusal to shake hands with them or sit by them, and racist comments made to them.\" Embry further reported that one black church member \"was amazingly persistent in", "id": "2658742" }, { "contents": "Mormons\n\n\nthe church (about 5 percent of the total membership), mostly in Africa, Brazil and the Caribbean. Black membership has continued to grow substantially, especially in West Africa, where two temples have been built. Many black Mormons are members of the Genesis Group, an organization of black members that predates the priesthood ban, and is endorsed by the church. The LDS Church grew rapidly after World War II and became a worldwide organization as missionaries were sent across the globe. The church doubled in size every 15 to 20", "id": "19256682" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nbe converted into wards and the district may be converted into a stake. Typically, this will not occur until there are least five ward-sized congregations in the district. Once a district becomes a stake, the mission president is only responsible for the proselytizing missionaries in the area, not the local members of the church. The LDS Church mission with the smallest geographic area (approximately 10 acres) is the Utah Salt Lake Temple Square Mission, in which missionaries from around the world serve on Temple Square, often to visitors", "id": "7859580" }, { "contents": "Centennial Park group\n\n\nin Centennial Park City, Arizona (), a town approximately three miles (five km) south of the twin communities of Colorado City, Arizona, and Hildale, Utah, with a small number living in the Salt Lake Valley. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God, also known as the Nielsen/Naylor Group and the \"Third Ward\", is a group based in the Salt Lake Valley and has around 200 members. It broke with the Centennial Park group after Hammon", "id": "21252120" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God\n\n\nin 1988, he appointed Frank Naylor as apostle and Ivan Nielsen as high priest and later as bishop. Naylor and Nielsen disagreed with Timpson's leadership and they split from the Second Ward in 1990 to form the \"Third Ward\" with Naylor as leader. Naylor and Nielsen were able to gather a number of followers from both the Centennial Park group and the FLDS Church. Most of the members of the new group migrated north to the Salt Lake Valley in Utah where they have built a meeting house. They continue to practice", "id": "14605931" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nnot in the callings noted above becoming members of their unit's elders quorum). An Elders Quorum is a local quorum organized in each ward and presided over by a president with priesthood keys who, along with his two counselors, act under the direction and authority of the stake presidency, and under the direction of the bishop. Each quorum consists of up to 96 Melchizedek Priesthood holders. Historically, a local Quorum of Seventy existed which consisted of up to seventy members in each quorum, and was presided over by seven presidents", "id": "10171836" }, { "contents": "Orchestra at Temple Square\n\n\nThe Orchestra at Temple Square (Orchestra) is a 110-member orchestra located in Salt Lake City, Utah. The Orchestra was created in 1999 under the direction of Gordon B. Hinckley, then the president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), as part of an initiative to continually strengthen and expand the capabilities of the church's music organizations. Formed in 1999, the Orchestra fulfilled the longtime desire of LDS Church leaders of having a permanent orchestra both to enhance the quality of The Tabernacle Choir", "id": "20805949" }, { "contents": "History of the Latter Day Saint movement\n\n\nbecame the Church of Christ (Cutlerite) as well as Lyman Wight's group in Zodiac, Texas. Young's organization today, the LDS Church, is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. (\"See\" History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.) The bulk of Sidney Rigdon's church had dissolved by 1847, but some loyalists reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ under the leadership of William Bickerton in 1862. James J. Strang's church in Voree suffered a significant schism in 1849", "id": "5047487" }, { "contents": "High priest (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe church was Smith's younger brother, Don Carlos Smith. In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), high priests are primarily responsible for the spiritual welfare of the members and the administration of local church units called wards and stakes. Melchizedek priesthood holders in the church are ordained high priests when they become a member of a stake presidency, stake high council, or bishopric, \"or when otherwise determined by the stake president\". Ordinations are approved by the member's bishop and stake", "id": "21853558" }, { "contents": "Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nJoseph Smith was killed. Young's succession became a precedent without exception within the sect based in Utah; with the death of each president, the First Presidency is dissolved and one member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles becomes the new President. Members of the LDS Church are asked to sustain the new prophet and his counselors at a solemn assembly during the next General Conference. Sidney Rigdon's church dissolved a few years after its organization, but it was reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ in 1862, which still exists", "id": "3382848" }, { "contents": "Apostolic United Brethren\n\n\n\"Allred Group\" because two of its presidents shared that surname. Members of the AUB do not refer to their organization as a \"church\" and, unlike nearly all other Mormon fundamentalist groups, regard The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as a legitimate, if wayward and diminished, divine institution. Religious scholar J. Gordon Melton characterised the group as \"the more liberal branch of the Fundamentalist movement\", as the group allows sexual relations apart from the strict purpose of procreation. The", "id": "6648133" }, { "contents": "Judaism and Mormonism\n\n\nMelchizedek). The LDS Church propagates an all-male priesthood. All worthy LDS males receive the Aaronic Priesthood at age twelve. At age eighteen, worthy members of the Aaronic priesthood are usually ordained as elders in the Melchizedek Priesthood. Depending on the needs of a church, an elder may be ordained a high priest, patriarch, seventy, or apostle of the Melchizedek Priesthood. Males of African descent were prohibited from receiving the priesthood until 1978, at which time the LDS Church announced that its leaders had received a revelation", "id": "5349352" }, { "contents": "Prayer circle (Mormonism)\n\n\n-day Saints (LDS Church) continued to practice prayer circles in its temples. In addition, local stake and ward prayer circles were organized and conducted until May 3, 1978, when the church's First Presidency announced that all prayer circles should be discontinued except those performed in a temple as part of the endowment. The reason for this change is not known, but could have resulted in part from the growth of the LDS Church, and the fact that prayer circles were usually organized by a member of the First Presidency", "id": "16266582" }, { "contents": "Clinton L. Cutler\n\n\nClinton Louis Cutler (December 27, 1929 – April 9, 1994) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 until his death. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and was a counselor in the church's Sunday School General Presidency. Cutler was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and received his college education at Utah State University and the University of Utah. He then worked for many years for the company that became US", "id": "6647132" }, { "contents": "John Fairbanks\n\n\nJohn Boylston Fairbanks (December 27, 1855, Payson, Utah – June 15, 1940, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter. In 1890, he was one of a group of artists who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. He painted murals in the Salt Lake Temple and the Mesa Arizona Temple that still exist today. Fairbanks was the official photographer for the", "id": "20316649" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nRonald Anderson Rasband (born February 6, 1951) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority of the church since 2000. Currently, he is the eleventh most senior apostle in the church. Rasband was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Rulon Hawkins Rasband and Verda Anderson. He graduated from Olympus High School and later served as a Mormon missionary in the Eastern States Mission. The mission", "id": "561344" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\na future area boundary change has been announced. Until 2003, each area had a president and two counselors, all of whom were typically general authorities (area seventies were sometimes asked to be counselors). This three-man body was known as the \"area presidency\". In that year, the church eliminated area presidencies for all areas located in the United States and Canada, which were all then placed under the direct supervision of one of the seven members of the Presidency of the Seventy, thus freeing more general authorities", "id": "17173638" }, { "contents": "House of Joseph (LDS Church)\n\n\nthe state of Utah and parts of Arizona, California, Nevada, Idaho, and Wyoming. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), is the largest and best known denomination within the Latter Day Saint movement (a form of Christian Restorationism). The Church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and claims through inspired patriarchal blessings to its members throughout the world that many of these are descendants of Josephite Ephraim and Manasseh, with the tribe of Ephraim holding a responsibility of ecclesiastical leadership", "id": "10319750" }, { "contents": "Mormon settlement techniques of the Salt Lake Valley\n\n\ngovernment-like order. A Theodemocracy was instituted, which essentially combined church and state. The organization of the church at the time closely reflects our current system, but had an added emphasis on religion. The LDS Church is organized with a lay ministry, beginning with the president and his counselors (possessing oversight of all areas), the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and other General Authorities (each assigned responsibility over specified large areas), then Stake leaders (over units within an area), down to Bishops (over", "id": "18207819" }, { "contents": "Mormon folklore\n\n\nMormon folklore is a body of expressive culture unique to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and other sects of Mormonism. Mormon folklore includes tales, oral history, popular beliefs, customs, music, jokes, and material culture traditions. In folklore studies, Mormons can be seen as a regional group, since the core group of Mormon settlers in Utah had a common religion and had to modify their surroundings for survival. This historical regional area includes Utah, Southeastern Idaho, parts", "id": "233499" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nand the Assistants to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles were all merged into a new \"First Quorum of the Seventy\" under a seven-member Presidency of the Seventy. In 1978, some of the older members of the seventy were \"retired\" as the first general authorities to be given emeritus status. However, members appointed through 1981 were still granted life tenure. In 1986, all stake quorums of the seventy were discontinued. The church encouraged local leaders to have ordained seventies meet with the local elders quorum or to", "id": "9800076" }, { "contents": "Stake (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe LDS Church. The lowest level, consisting of a single congregation, is known as a ward or branch. Stakes are organized from a group of contiguous wards or branches. To be created, a stake must be composed of at least five wards. A stake may have up to a total of 16 congregations. Most stakes are composed of five to ten wards. In the United States and Canada, a minimum of 3,000 members is required to create a stake; elsewhere, a minimum of 1,900 members is required.", "id": "4227438" }, { "contents": "List of churches in the Latter Day Saint Reorganization movement\n\n\nof the church's members in Nauvoo, Illinois followed Brigham Young, who led them to the Great Basin area (in what is now Utah) as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church. Also, the term \"Mormon\" gradually primarily came to refer to members of the LDS Church.) The remaining individuals—who still considered themselves part of Smith's original church—remained; many who were in scattered congregations throughout the American Midwest joined other factions led by such leaders as Sidney Rigdon", "id": "2070090" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nMormon fundamentalist leaders are those who lead (or have led) a Mormon fundamentalist group. These leaders were the first three Presidents of the Church of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. The first three LDS Church presidents are: Some Mormon fundamentalists also regard the next three LDS Church presidents as leaders: When The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints began excommunicating members who practiced polygamy after the Second Manifesto, Mormon fundamentalists began breaking away from the LDS Church. At first, there was one main", "id": "6174766" }, { "contents": "Steven E. Snow\n\n\nbishop, stake president, and president of the church's California San Fernando Mission. In 1999, he became an area seventy in the church's Utah South Area. Snow became a general authority and a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2001. He began service as a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy on August 1, 2007. In that capacity, Snow was responsible for overseeing the work of the church in the North America Central Area and later the three areas in Utah.", "id": "8979712" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nwas organized from the Fifth Quorum because the number of quorum members exceeded 70, the number of members prescribed by scripture. The Fifth Quorum then comprised area seventies serving in the church's North America Northwest, North America West, Idaho, Utah North, Utah Salt Lake City, and Utah South areas, while the Sixth Quorum comprised those living in the North America Central, North America East, North America Northeast, North America Southeast, and North America Southwest areas. In July 2005, the church announced that, due to", "id": "8445641" }, { "contents": "American Fork, Utah\n\n\nThe median value of owner-occupied housing units was $210,600. In 2007 there were 2,754 businesses in the city, with total retail sales over $724 million. The first ward of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in American Fork was organized in 1851 with Leonard E. Harrington as bishop. As of 2009 there are six stakes headquartered in the city. While the majority of the population are members of LDS Church, there are several other faith communities in the city. The Community", "id": "11142657" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nRussell Marion Nelson Sr. (born September 9, 1924) is an American religious leader and former surgeon who is the 17th and current president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Nelson was a member of the LDS Church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles for nearly 34 years, and was the quorum president from 2015 to 2018. As church president, Nelson is accepted by the church as a prophet, seer, and revelator. A native of Salt Lake City, Utah,", "id": "17566714" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nLeGrand Raine Curtis, Sr. (May 22, 1924 – December 19, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 to 1995. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy; he also served as a counselor in the Young Men general presidency from 1990 to 1991 and from 1972 to 1974. Curtis was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was named after LeGrand Richards, who was bishop of the Sugar House Ward", "id": "18322018" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in South Africa\n\n\npeople, mainly of British origin. At some point between 2000 and 2005 the LDS Church reached a point where half the members in South Africa were black, and the percentage of blacks in the membership has continued to rise since then. Two black South Africans have been called as mission presidents. One, Jackson MKabela, was called to serve as mission president in Zimbabwe. He had previously been an area seventy and his wife Dorah had been a member of the Young Women General Board. Mkabela had become the first black man", "id": "1312361" }, { "contents": "L. Whitney Clayton\n\n\nLyndon Whitney Clayton III (born February 24, 1950) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He has been a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy since 2008 and its senior president since 2015. Clayton was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and attended the University of Utah. He served as a full-time missionary of the LDS Church in Peru. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in finance and earned a", "id": "17564673" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nby seven presidents—the Presidency of the Seventy—who hold keys to direct the affairs of the quorums. There may be an unlimited number of such quorums that are called to witness in \"all the world\", but currently only the members of the first and second quorums are general authorities of the church. Six other seventy quorums are designated as authorities over specific areas of the church. A High Priests Quorum is a local quorum organized in each stake and presided over by the stake presidency, who holds the keys of", "id": "10171834" }, { "contents": "General authority\n\n\ngeneral presidencies of the following organizations: The latter three groups are composed of women and represent the only three organizations in which women are given church-wide authority. Also excluded from the definition of general authorities are members of the Third through the Eighth Quorums of the Seventy, who are called \"area seventies\" and have responsibilities relating to a limited geographical area, not church-wide authority. Until 2004, general leadership for the Sunday School and Young Men organizations had historically been filled by general authorities. However, in the", "id": "7045446" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nand members of his family. LeBaron claimed his priestly line of authority from his father Alma (who was ordained by Alma's grandfather Benjamin F. Johnson, who received the priesthood from Joseph Smith). The church exists in Chihuahua Mexico, Los Molinos, Baja California, San Diego, California and in Central America; there is also a large group in Salt Lake City, UT. The Church of Jesus Christ in Solemn Assembly and its political arm, the Confederate Nations of Israel, are headquartered in Big Water, Utah.", "id": "6174773" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\nthe mission. It was decided that only the auxiliaries would be setup in Nigeria, which could be operated without the priesthood. Nigerian men would be allowed to pass the sacrament, but white missionaries would need to bless it. However, the program was canceled after several members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles objected. In 1971, the Genesis Group was formed as an auxiliary to the church for black members. Black members were able to fill positions in the Relief Society, Young Men's and Young Women's Presidency.", "id": "2658642" }, { "contents": "Joseph Freeman (Mormon)\n\n\nJoseph Freeman, Jr. (born July 24, 1952) was the first man of black African descent to receive the Melchizedek priesthood and be ordained an elder in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) after the announcement of the 1978 Revelation on Priesthood, which allowed \"all worthy male members of the Church\" to \"be ordained to the priesthood without regard for race or color.\" Freeman was born in Vanceboro, North Carolina, to Rose Lee Smith and Joseph Freeman, Sr. His", "id": "5694060" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nmen of African descent. Although the current LDS Church policy now admits blacks to the priesthood, the church has not issued a written repudiation of racist doctrines. Apostle Bruce R. McConkie told members to \"[f]orget everything that I have said, or what President Brigham Young or President George Q. Cannon or whomsoever has said [about Blacks and the priesthood] ... We spoke with a limited understanding.\" Some black members have made formal requests to the church to issue a statement, while other black members have argued against that effort", "id": "19378605" }, { "contents": "Mae Taylor Nystrom\n\n\nAlmira Mae Taylor Nystrom (August 11, 1871 - December 8, 1959) was a Utah suffragist and a member of the general presidency of what is today the Young Women organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Mae Taylor was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, to George Hamilton and Elmina Shepard Taylor, the first president of the church's Young Women organization. She attended the University of Utah for a year, but completed her course of study at LDS College", "id": "8024766" }, { "contents": "O. Vincent Haleck\n\n\nLDS Church, Haleck has served as a bishop, high councilor, stake patriarch, and stake president. He served as president of the Samoa Apia Mission from 2008 to 2011 and was in that capacity when he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in April 2011. After becoming a general authority, Haleck moved from Pago Pago, American Samoa to Salt Lake City, Utah. From the time of his call to August 2013, he filled assignments at church headquarters. From August 2013", "id": "2350277" }, { "contents": "Family History Center (LDS Church)\n\n\nMulti-Stake FHCs\"\" on the \"FamilySearch.org\" website. However a supplement to the \"Family History Center Operations Guide\" dated January 5, 2006, renamed these FHCs officially. Supervision of these facilities is under each area presidency or assigned to a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. These facilities are still considered branches of the Salt Lake City central library and often have book collections in the thousands, microfilm and microfiches in the tens of thousands, dozens of Internet-connected computers, microfilm and microfiche readers,", "id": "19548374" }, { "contents": "David M. McConkie\n\n\nDavid Merrill McConkie (born October 13, 1948) is an American lawyer and has been a member of the general presidency of the Sunday School of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2009 to 2014. McConkie was raised in Bountiful, Utah. From 1969 to 1971 he was a missionary for the LDS Church in South Africa. He attended the University of Utah and earned a bachelor's degree in history and a juris doctorate. McConkie became a lawyer at the Salt Lake City firm", "id": "15112656" }, { "contents": "Robert H. Garff\n\n\n, including bishop and stake president. From 1987 to 1990, Garff served as president of the church's England Coventry Mission. He later served as a member of the church's Sunday School General Board in 1991 and as a regional representative, beginning in 1992. In 2003, he became an area seventy, serving in the Fifth Quorum of the Seventy. From 2012 to 2015, he served as president of the Bountiful Utah Temple. Garff is married to Katharine Bagley and they have five children. The Ken Garff Automotive Group", "id": "4274628" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\npolicy of racial discrimination. In the case of Africa and the Caribbean, the church had not yet begun large-scale missionary efforts in most areas. There were large groups in both Ghana and Nigeria who desired to join the church and many faithful members of African descent in Brazil. On June 9, 1978, under the administration of Spencer W. Kimball, the church leadership finally received sanction to change the long-standing policy. Today, there are many black members of the church, and many predominantly black congregations. In", "id": "6128228" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Utah\n\n\nAs of June 5, 2019, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) reported 2,109,578 members living in Utah in 596 stakes, one district, 5,146 congregations (4,824 wards and 322 branches), and eleven missions. As of July 2019, there are 21 temples operating, under construction, or announced in Utah. A brief history can be found at LDS Newsroom (Utah) or Deseret News 2010 Church Almanac Though the LDS Church membership in Utah has increased, the percentage of Utahns who", "id": "12099884" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\nGeneral Conference is a gathering of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), held biannually every April and October at the Conference Center in Salt Lake City, Utah. During each conference, members of the church gather in a series of two-hour sessions to listen to sermons from church leaders. It consists of four general sessions. Since April 2018 the priesthood session is only held during the April conference, and a General Women's Session (for females 8 years and older)", "id": "16441566" }, { "contents": "Economy of Salt Lake City\n\n\n% of employment. Other major employers include the University of Utah, Sinclair Oil Corporation, and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Salt Lake City Industries by GDP value added 2011 It is rumored that call centers prefer the Salt Lake City and Provo areas because of the mild western accent of Utah natives that is easily understood in all regions of the United States, and considered pleasant by many. Marriott Hotels, InterContinental Hotels Group, Delta Air Lines, Continental Airlines, and JetBlue Airways all have reservation call", "id": "17871614" }, { "contents": "Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\narea authorities\" and \"local authorities\" and include all other Quorums of the Seventy, mission presidents, temple presidents, stake presidents, bishops, and other priesthood quorum presidents. The church has no salaried ministry; however, some general authorities receive stipends from the church, as needed, using income from church-owned investments. All local and area authorities are unpaid and continue in their normal occupations while serving in leadership positions. Although the church had a paid local clergy in the 1800s, local and regional priesthood leaders currently", "id": "17900603" }, { "contents": "Levi E. Young\n\n\nLevi Edgar Young (February 2, 1874 – December 13, 1963) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was one of the seven presidents of the Seventy from 1909 until his death. Young was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of LDS Church general authority Seymour B. Young and grandson of Joseph Young. Levi Young graduated from the University of Utah in 1895, and later became a faculty member at the same school, teaching", "id": "8108867" }, { "contents": "Presiding high council\n\n\ndiminished in authority, eventually disappearing completely. Post-exodus to Utah, the standing high council was established in a limited capacity as part of the central Salt Lake Stake, but it only served as a ratifying body for priesthood quorums in other stakes. An LDS Church Sunday School manual from 1980 states: “The Salt Lake Stake functioned more or less as a center stake that gave direction and guidance and had jurisdiction over other stakes. When quorum leaders in outlying areas needed new officers they sent a list of nominees to the", "id": "19087654" }, { "contents": "Howard R. Driggs\n\n\nJesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was heavily involved with the church's Sunday School, serving as a member of the organization's general board from 1910 to 1930. He was also involved in starting the first LDS Church Sunday Schools in New York City and Washington, D.C.. Also in New York City, Driggs served for a time as the branch president. When the New York Stake was organized in 1934, Driggs was made a member of the stake high council. From 1908 to 1911", "id": "4185902" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nOhio and New York State and purchased about of land in the Paseo and Troost Lake areas. Conflict between the Saints and other Missouri residents, leading to the eviction of the Latter Day Saint from Jackson County in 1833 and the 1838 Mormon War. Later, various groups of Latter Day Saints returned to Jackson County, the first of whom were members of the diminutive Church of Christ (Temple Lot), quickly followed by adherents to the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints under the leadership of Joseph Smith III", "id": "9329628" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nfunction of the apostles. However, in such circumstances, the seventy would be required to act unanimously. Members of the First and the Second Quorums of the Seventy are general authorities of the church with responsibilities covering the church as a whole. Members of additional Quorums of the Seventy (currently numbered Third through Eighth) are called an area seventy. Members of these quorums are ordained to the priesthood office of seventy, but they are not general authorities of the church. Area seventies generally have authority only within a geographical unit of", "id": "9800071" }, { "contents": "Curse of Ham\n\n\nthis curse, negroes were banned from the Mormon priesthood. In 1978, LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball said he received a revelation that extended the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church without regard to race or color. In 2013, The LDS church denounced the curse of Ham explanation for withholding the priesthood from black Africans. However, the essays have not been well publicized, and many members remain unaware of the essays and hold to racist beliefs that had been taught in the past. The Book of Abraham is", "id": "2418480" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nwhite, although some also consider Soares as non-white. These calls were recognized as adding diversity to the Quorum of the Twelve. Nelson also announced major changes in church organization during the April general conference. First, the high priests groups at the ward level were dissolved, making all Melchizedek Priesthood holders in wards and branches part of the elders quorum. A stake's high priest quorum now consists of current members of stake presidencies, high councils, bishoprics and functioning patriarchs. Next, Nelson announced the end of home teaching", "id": "17566740" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthat has criticized the church's theology. The Institute for Religious Research is an organization that has criticized the church, in particular the Book of Abraham. Numerous other organizations maintain web sites that criticize the church. The Tanners state that the church's 1978 policy change of allowing all worthy male members, including people of black African descent, to hold the priesthood was not divinely inspired as the church said, but simply a matter of convenience. Richard and Joan Ostling point out that this reversal of policy occurred as the LDS Church", "id": "19378560" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nand members of other factions, several of whom had established their headquarters in nearby Independence, Missouri. Today, there are notable numbers of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). The LDS Church is the largest sect in the Latter Day Saint movement and is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. The LDS Church opened the Kansas City Missouri Temple on May 6, 2012. Over the next years, the character of Kansas City was defined by those who wanted to live close", "id": "9329629" }, { "contents": "Jane Manning James\n\n\ndedicated near her grave in the Salt Lake City Cemetery by the Genesis Group (an official organization begun under LDS President Joseph Fielding Smith to support Latter Day Saints of African descent) along with the Missouri Mormon Frontier Foundation. The original headstones of Jane and Isaac James were supplemented with a granite monument faced with two bronze plaques. One side of the monument commemorates an incident documented in 1850, by Mormon pioneer Eliza Partridge Lyman, who wrote: April 13: Brother Lyman [Eliza's husband] started on a mission to California", "id": "20633037" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Ghana\n\n\nhim to be the first branch president, also calling Naomi Ogoe as the first Relief Society president. In just four days, the missionaries had baptized 249 people and organized two branches. From this point on, the congregations in Ghana were part of the official church, which is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. By the end of 1979, there were 1,723 new members of the church. This rapid growth made some nervous, as there were many members, but not experienced leaders. Ghana's government was also becoming", "id": "7951581" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nother regions in southern Africa. There were attempts to open a mission in Nigeria in the 1960s. However the church decided against proceeding with these plans. After the 1978 revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy males was received, the church proceeded to open missions in West Africa. Initially the focus was on Ghana and Nigeria, where there were groups that with unofficial church members who had been for years begging the church to send missionaries. Initially the missionaries sent to these nations were organized in the International Mission. As missionary work", "id": "7859631" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)\n\n\nin no way against ... members of other racial groups, who are fully admitted to all the privileges of the priesthood. It has taken a strong stand for human rights, and was, for example, uncompromisingly against the Ku Klux Klan during that organization's period of ascendancy after the First World War.\" At a time when racial segregation or discrimination was commonplace in most institutions throughout America, two of the most prominent leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ were African American. Apostle John Penn, member of the Quorum of", "id": "20807565" } ]

[ { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nThe Genesis Group is an auxiliary organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS church) for African-American members and their families. It was first organized in Salt Lake City, Utah, in 1971 to provide members an organization where they could affiliate with fellow African-American members. The Genesis group provided meetings for black members of the LDS church (Mormons); specifically, Relief Society, Primary, Young Men, Young Women and testimony meetings. Members of Genesis were still expected to attend", "id": "16359561" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nalready demanding LDS church membership. In 1985, Marva Collins started a \"Genesis II\" group in Oakland, California and published a newsletter focused on news about black Mormons until 1988. The Genesis Group was reorganized in 1996, based on a perception that African Americans still had unique issues and could benefit from a chance to affiliate with one another. Leaders of the group include Darius Gray (1997–2003), Don Harwell (2003–2018), and Davis Stovall (2018-present). Stake and High Councilmen were assigned to represent The Genesis", "id": "16359563" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nSunday meetings in their home wards, which at the time were sacrament meeting, Priesthood meetings, and Sunday School. It was like a branch, a small group of members, but without priesthood authority. The group was led by Ruffin Bridgeforth from 1971 through 1978. Shortly after the church's June 8, 1978, announcement of the revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church, the group's attendance dropped, and officially discontinued in 1987. Participation decreased in part because it added additional time commitments to", "id": "16359562" }, { "contents": "Darius Gray\n\n\nDarius Gray is an African-American Latter-day Saint speaker and writer. Gray was born in Colorado Springs, Colorado. He joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in the mid-1960s and then attended Brigham Young University for a year. After that he transferred to the University of Utah. Gray worked for a time as a journalist. Gray was a counselor in the presidency of the LDS Church's Genesis Group when it was formed in 1971. He was president of the group from", "id": "1196837" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\n1971, an organization called the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit of LDS Church to meet the needs of black Mormons. The first president of the Genesis Group was Ruffin Bridgeforth, who also became the first black Latter Day Saint to be ordained a high priest after the priesthood ban was lifted later in the decade. Harold B. Lee, president of the church, stated in 1972: \"For those who don't believe in modern revelation there is no adequate explanation. Those who do understand revelation stand by and wait", "id": "2658695" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthe Salt Lake City area black members have organized branches of an official church auxiliary called the Genesis Groups. During the post-World War II period, the church also began to focus on expansion into a number of Native American cultures, as well as Oceanic cultures, which many Mormons considered to be the same ethnicity. These peoples were called \"Lamanites\", because they were all believed to descend from the Lamanite group in the \"Book of Mormon\". In 1947, the church began the Indian Placement Program, where", "id": "6128229" }, { "contents": "Equality Utah\n\n\nEquality Utah is an American non-profit 501(c)(3) organization which is Utah's largest LGBT rights group based in Salt Lake City, Utah. The organization is a member of the Equality Federation. Equality Utah was founded in 2001 as Unity Utah and took its present name in 2004. In 2008, Equality Utah's Common Ground Initiative brought the group national attention. During the campaigns for and against California's 2008 Proposition 8, leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) made statements that", "id": "19802691" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\nin relief society. On October 19, 1971, the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit to the church. Its purpose was to serve the needs of black members, including activating members and welcoming converts. It continues to meet on the first Sunday of each month in Utah. Don Harwell is the current president. When asked about racism in the church, he said \"\"Now, is the church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints racist? No, never has been. But some of those people", "id": "2658739" }, { "contents": "Newquist Group\n\n\nThe Newquist Group is a social organization associated with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) intended to provide a forum for discussion of freedom and morality. A meeting of LDS members was first convened on Conference Saturday at the Utah Hotel in Salt Lake City, Utah, in the mid 1960s as an unnamed group to provide a forum for discussion of Church elder Jerreld Newquist's \"Prophets, Principles and National Survival,\" a compendium of LDS leaders' statements on the three titular subjects. After Newquist", "id": "19408711" }, { "contents": "Hildale, Utah\n\n\n, a breakaway group from the Salt Lake City-based The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). On September 14, 2015, at least 12 members of two related families from the community were killed in a flash flood while stopped in a low water crossing at the mouth of Maxwell Canyon in Hildale. A thirteenth person was still missing as of September 16, 2015. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land. According to the", "id": "11142959" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Together, these three men constitute the \"bishopric\". A branch is presided over by a \"branch president\" who may or may not have one or two counselors, depending on the size of the branch. Groups of wards are organized into stakes, while groups of branches are organized into districts. The term \"ward\" originally referred to the political subdivision of some of the municipalities in the mid-western United States where members of the LDS Church resided, and in particular the political organization of Nauvoo, Illinois", "id": "4227536" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\nfrom specific area assignments. Since these areas were previously administered by area presidencies located at church headquarters in Salt Lake City, the administrative change was not as drastic as it might seem. In April 2018, the church announced that, effective August 1, areas in the United States and Canada would once again be supervised by a three-man presidency. This will enable members of the Presidency of the Seventy to more fully assist the members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in their duties, and to fill other assignments as", "id": "17173639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nespecially those that are limited to a temple. Historically the Latter-day Saints have gathered in many locations, including: In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion in their local areas. The members of the LDS Church gather with their local ward or branch for weekly worship services in LDS meetinghouses. Twice a year there is a stake conference for each stake, where the members of the several wards that make up each stake meet as a group. These were previously held in stake tabernacles", "id": "2158418" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nThe following individuals are the current general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Included are the individuals' hierarchical position and some of their current specialized assignments in the church, if any. Note: On April 5, 2018, the First Presidency announced that area presidencies were being reinstated for those 10 areas within the United States and Canada, and that the members of the Presidency of the Seventy would be relieved of responsibility for those areas, to enable them to assist the apostles", "id": "311521" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Michigan\n\n\nthe Detroit River branch, which covered most of Detroit south of I-94 and west of I-75, was dedicated. This branch not only has several African American members but also many Latino members. Michigan is currently part of 10 stakes and one district. Eight stakes and one district are entirely within the state. Two stakes, with stake centers outside the state, have wards or branches in Michigan. Since the LDS Church has no paid local clergy, stake presidents and bishops have their own occupations. On October 23, 1999 the", "id": "2793685" }, { "contents": "First Nephi\n\n\npriesthood authority of the Aaronic and Melchizedek Priesthoods), and neither considering themselves Protestant, they do however believe that such groups had many righteous leaders and members who could be considered saints because they followed the light of Christ and sought to follow Him. Such people would include Wycliffe and Tyndale, who have been brought up most recently in an LDS General Conference. The majority of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believe that this great and abominable church includes any organized group of people who fight against God", "id": "15949332" }, { "contents": "1978 Revelation on Priesthood\n\n\nThe 1978 Revelation on Priesthood was a revelation announced by leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) that reversed a long-standing policy excluding men of black African descent from the priesthood. Beginning in the late 1840s, individuals of black African descent were prohibited from ordination to the LDS Church's priesthood—normally held by all male members who meet church standards of spiritual \"worthiness\"—and from receiving temple ordinances such as the endowment and celestial marriage (sealing). The origins of the policy are", "id": "7968100" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\nminimum of 150 members is required. Each ward requires at least 15 active, full-tithe-paying Melchizedek priesthood holders. If there are not sufficient congregations in an area to form a stake, a district (analogous to but smaller than a stake) is formed to oversee local congregations. There is no minimum or maximum geographical size for a ward: In areas where there are greater numbers of active church members (such as urban and suburban areas in Utah), several wards can exist in only . When the ward", "id": "4227539" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Historically, members of the Presidency of the Seventy would often serve as heads of various church ecclesiastical departments. This practice changed in 2004, when area presidencies in the United States and Canada were dissolved; these areas were put directly under the jurisdiction of the Presidency of the Seventy. The management of these areas is currently the primary responsibility of the Presidency of the Seventy. In April 2018, church leaders announced that, effective August 1, 2018, three-man presidencies composed of General Authority Seventies would once again oversee areas", "id": "9800087" }, { "contents": "Auxiliary organization (LDS Church)\n\n\n\" or \"general officers\" of the church. Like general authorities, general officers are \"accepted and sustained\" by the members of the church as leaders in their respective areas of jurisdiction, which are set out by the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Additionally, each auxiliary organization exists at a local ward and stake level, with presidencies formed to direct the work of the auxiliary in that particular region. Auxiliary presidencies work under the direction of the local priesthood leaders, which in most cases are the", "id": "8316784" }, { "contents": "North American Interfaith Network\n\n\nnational, regional and local issues. Without infringing on the effort of existing organizations, NAIN facilitates the networking possibilities of these organizations. NAIN encourages cooperative interaction based on serving the needs and promoting the aspirations of all member groups. Since 1988 NAIN has held annual \"Connect\" conferences with host locations rotating throughout the member organizations. 2007 Connect was held in Richmond, Virginia, 2008 in San Francisco, California, 2009 in Kansas City, Missouri. 2010 Connect will be in Salt Lake, Utah. Quarterly news and information on", "id": "15613218" }, { "contents": "Ben B. Banks\n\n\nBenjamin Berry Banks (born April 4, 1932) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy from 1999 to 2002 and has also been president of the church's Jordan River Utah Temple. Banks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. Before becoming a general authority, Banks served in the church as a stake president and bishop. From 1987 to 1989 he was president of", "id": "5941447" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nto Salt Lake City in order to be close to church headquarters. Members of these quorums are area seventies. As assigned, they carry out the duties typically carried out by members of the First and Second Quorums of Seventy, which include reorganizing and creating stakes, training stake presidencies, presiding at stake conferences, serving in area presidencies, touring missions, and training mission presidents. They serve in their callings for approximately six to ten years. Upon their release, they cease to be area seventies and members of a quorum of", "id": "9800097" }, { "contents": "Steven Mascaro\n\n\nSteven R. Mascaro (born January 15, 1946) was a member of the Utah House of Representatives from 2002–2010, representing District 47 from West Jordan, Utah. Mascaro is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He graduated from California State University, Fullerton in 1971 with a bachelor's degree in marketing management. Mascaro is the president and a business partner of Infill Group Incorporated. In the local community, he has also been involved with directing in various organizations, including", "id": "15127284" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\npresident and the calling of his successor, the session at which the sustaining vote takes place is called a solemn assembly. At a solemn assembly, groups of Latter-day Saints are asked to stand in succession and sustain the new president of the church. Typically, the order is: First Presidency, the Quorum of the Twelve, the Quorums of Seventy, Melchizedek priesthood holders, Aaronic priesthood holders, Relief Society members, members of the Young Women organization, and then all members together. Then the names of all other", "id": "16441578" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nfor railroad companies. Agriculture and mining were also common occupations at the time. As the African American community grew with the insurgence of non-religious motivated pioneers in the late 1800's, and especially grouped in places like Salt Lake City and Ogden, African American media, organizations, and churches (not The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) began to emerge in greater numbers. Between 1890 and 1891, the first African Methodist Episcopal church in Utah was established in Salt Lake and became a focal point for", "id": "5246841" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nPresidency of the Seventy, with responsibility for the church's North America Northwest and North America West areas. In August 2007, he was assigned to the Utah North, Utah South, and Utah Salt Lake City areas. In April 2009, Rasband became the senior and presiding member of the presidency when Neil L. Andersen was called to the Quorum of the Twelve. He served in this role until October 2015. In October 2015, Rasband was sustained as an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve. As an apostle", "id": "561349" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nmissionaries more visible. Rasband was called as a general authority and member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2000. As a general authority, Rasband has served in several area presidencies, including as a counselor in the presidency of the Europe Central Area. While serving in this position he dedicated the first chapel the church built in the Czech Republic. He was later president of the Utah Salt Lake City Area and executive director of the church's Temple Department. In 2005, Rasband was called as a member of the", "id": "561348" }, { "contents": "Lorus Pratt\n\n\nLorus Bishop Pratt (November 27, 1855, Tooele, Utah – December 29, 1923, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter and missionary. In 1890, he was one of a group of painters who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. Pratt's father was Orson Pratt, an early LDS Church member who became one of its leading theologians. He studied art", "id": "20316615" }, { "contents": "Jamal Willis\n\n\nJamal Willis (born 1972) is a local level leader in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a former NFL football player. He also works in administration for the Alpine School District in Utah. Willis was born in Oklahoma. He attended BYU on a football scholarship and joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints while a student there. On January 7, 2018 Willis was called as a counselor in the Genesis Group presidency. Like all other members of the presidency, Willis is of", "id": "19641851" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nstill commonly shouted out during and after sports matches. Attempts of physical violence after games were also reported by the student. A 2009 Pew Forum study showed that approximately 3% of members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the predominant religion in Utah, were African American. The Calvary Baptist Church, a well-known African American house of worship, has had a presence in Salt Lake City since 1898. Founded by a small group of African American women who gathered regularly to pray, the small", "id": "5246852" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nher instead to the poor, dilapidated houses in West Salt Lake. By 1970, the African-American population in Utah had grown to 6,324. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints continued withholding priesthood authority from African Americans, causing tension and criticism within the church. David O. McKay, President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, issued a letter to people struggling with confusion over the doctrine surrounding African Americans, stating resolutely that the time would come when African Americans would be given full", "id": "5246849" }, { "contents": "Righteous Branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\norganized a new church body with a new Mormon temple on April 6, 1978, two months before the LDS Church's 1978 revelation, which allowed priesthood ordination to black people. Peterson claimed he foresaw this \"apostasy\" through revelation. The Righteous Branch is organized similarly to the LDS Church with a First Presidency, Quorum of Twelve Apostles, Presiding Bishopric and other priesthood and auxiliary organizations. The Righteous Branch also actively proselytizes and performs proxy baptism for the dead. As with other Mormon fundamentalist groups, the Righteous Branch believed a", "id": "2909906" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Brazil\n\n\nCenter (MTC) was established in São Paulo, mainly for the training for missionaries from Brazil. Bangerter and members of the Church Educational System provided daily instruction for the missionaries. Following the MTC in Provo, Utah, it was the LDS Church's second MTC. In June 1978, the 1978 Reveltation on Priesthood was announced, allowing all worthy male members of the LDS Church to be ordained to the priesthood, regardless of race. Later, in 1978, the São Paulo Temple was completed. It was the first temple", "id": "22012502" }, { "contents": "Boyd K. Packer\n\n\nParable of the Mediator (Jesus Christ) was adapted into the short film \"The Mediator\". \"The Candle of the Lord\" (1982) is well known for its analogy of trying to describe what salt tastes like to trying to describe what promptings from the Holy Ghost are like. Packer also taught the importance of hymn-centered prelude music for worship services. Packer served as an advisor to the Genesis Group, a social organization of the LDS Church for African-American members and their families, and was also", "id": "14808659" }, { "contents": "Orrin P. Miller\n\n\nOrrin Porter Miller (September 11, 1858 – July 7, 1918) was a member of the presiding bishopric of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1901 to his death. Born in Millcreek, Utah Territory, Miller was a local leader in the church prior to his call as a general authority. He became the bishop of the newly created Riverton Ward in Salt Lake City in 1886. Prior to serving as a bishop, he had been an elder and a seventy in the", "id": "11180481" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nrights in the church. In June 1978, Spencer W. Kimball, then-president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints issued Official Declaration 2, which affirmed the Church's belief in the equality of all men and ended the long-standing practice of withholding certain church privileges from African American members, such as holding the priesthood and entering temples. African American population in Utah continued increasing at an accelerating rate, reaching just over 1% of the overall population during the 2010 census. Utah's college and", "id": "5246850" }, { "contents": "Utah English\n\n\nUtah English is American English spoken in Utah, primarily by members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Studies vary as to the exact degree that it either falls under Western American English or constitutes a separate dialect, with minor variations existing throughout the English of Utah, though demonstrating little dialect consistency. Mormon pioneers first arrived in the Salt Lake Valley in 1847, eventually settling the Utah Territory. Many of these settlers came from New York, Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois, where the church had been", "id": "6655612" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nAt the April 1995 general conference of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), church president Gordon B. Hinckley announced the creation of a new leadership position known as the area authority. In 1997, area authorities were renamed area authority seventies and ordained to the office of seventy. The church announced that these seventies would become members of a Quorum of the Seventy based upon the geographic region to which they were assigned. Later, the title \"area authority seventy\" was shortened to area seventy,", "id": "8445639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nGathering has been an important part of life in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), from gathering as missionaries to gathering for worship services. In the early days of the LDS Church, members were asked to gather together many times in specific locations from all over the world, including traveling across the United States to the Utah Territory. In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion located in their local areas. In order for gathering, a scattering has", "id": "2158416" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\npast. Still, Don Harwell, president of the Genesis Group, sees it as a sign that \"People are getting past the stereotypes put on the church.\" LDS historian Wayne J. Embry interviewed several black LDS Church members in 1987 and reported that \"all of the interviewees reported incidents of aloofness on the part of white members, a reluctance or a refusal to shake hands with them or sit by them, and racist comments made to them.\" Embry further reported that one black church member \"was amazingly persistent in", "id": "2658742" }, { "contents": "Mormons\n\n\nthe church (about 5 percent of the total membership), mostly in Africa, Brazil and the Caribbean. Black membership has continued to grow substantially, especially in West Africa, where two temples have been built. Many black Mormons are members of the Genesis Group, an organization of black members that predates the priesthood ban, and is endorsed by the church. The LDS Church grew rapidly after World War II and became a worldwide organization as missionaries were sent across the globe. The church doubled in size every 15 to 20", "id": "19256682" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nbe converted into wards and the district may be converted into a stake. Typically, this will not occur until there are least five ward-sized congregations in the district. Once a district becomes a stake, the mission president is only responsible for the proselytizing missionaries in the area, not the local members of the church. The LDS Church mission with the smallest geographic area (approximately 10 acres) is the Utah Salt Lake Temple Square Mission, in which missionaries from around the world serve on Temple Square, often to visitors", "id": "7859580" }, { "contents": "Centennial Park group\n\n\nin Centennial Park City, Arizona (), a town approximately three miles (five km) south of the twin communities of Colorado City, Arizona, and Hildale, Utah, with a small number living in the Salt Lake Valley. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God, also known as the Nielsen/Naylor Group and the \"Third Ward\", is a group based in the Salt Lake Valley and has around 200 members. It broke with the Centennial Park group after Hammon", "id": "21252120" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God\n\n\nin 1988, he appointed Frank Naylor as apostle and Ivan Nielsen as high priest and later as bishop. Naylor and Nielsen disagreed with Timpson's leadership and they split from the Second Ward in 1990 to form the \"Third Ward\" with Naylor as leader. Naylor and Nielsen were able to gather a number of followers from both the Centennial Park group and the FLDS Church. Most of the members of the new group migrated north to the Salt Lake Valley in Utah where they have built a meeting house. They continue to practice", "id": "14605931" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nnot in the callings noted above becoming members of their unit's elders quorum). An Elders Quorum is a local quorum organized in each ward and presided over by a president with priesthood keys who, along with his two counselors, act under the direction and authority of the stake presidency, and under the direction of the bishop. Each quorum consists of up to 96 Melchizedek Priesthood holders. Historically, a local Quorum of Seventy existed which consisted of up to seventy members in each quorum, and was presided over by seven presidents", "id": "10171836" }, { "contents": "Orchestra at Temple Square\n\n\nThe Orchestra at Temple Square (Orchestra) is a 110-member orchestra located in Salt Lake City, Utah. The Orchestra was created in 1999 under the direction of Gordon B. Hinckley, then the president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), as part of an initiative to continually strengthen and expand the capabilities of the church's music organizations. Formed in 1999, the Orchestra fulfilled the longtime desire of LDS Church leaders of having a permanent orchestra both to enhance the quality of The Tabernacle Choir", "id": "20805949" }, { "contents": "History of the Latter Day Saint movement\n\n\nbecame the Church of Christ (Cutlerite) as well as Lyman Wight's group in Zodiac, Texas. Young's organization today, the LDS Church, is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. (\"See\" History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.) The bulk of Sidney Rigdon's church had dissolved by 1847, but some loyalists reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ under the leadership of William Bickerton in 1862. James J. Strang's church in Voree suffered a significant schism in 1849", "id": "5047487" }, { "contents": "High priest (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe church was Smith's younger brother, Don Carlos Smith. In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), high priests are primarily responsible for the spiritual welfare of the members and the administration of local church units called wards and stakes. Melchizedek priesthood holders in the church are ordained high priests when they become a member of a stake presidency, stake high council, or bishopric, \"or when otherwise determined by the stake president\". Ordinations are approved by the member's bishop and stake", "id": "21853558" }, { "contents": "Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nJoseph Smith was killed. Young's succession became a precedent without exception within the sect based in Utah; with the death of each president, the First Presidency is dissolved and one member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles becomes the new President. Members of the LDS Church are asked to sustain the new prophet and his counselors at a solemn assembly during the next General Conference. Sidney Rigdon's church dissolved a few years after its organization, but it was reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ in 1862, which still exists", "id": "3382848" }, { "contents": "Apostolic United Brethren\n\n\n\"Allred Group\" because two of its presidents shared that surname. Members of the AUB do not refer to their organization as a \"church\" and, unlike nearly all other Mormon fundamentalist groups, regard The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as a legitimate, if wayward and diminished, divine institution. Religious scholar J. Gordon Melton characterised the group as \"the more liberal branch of the Fundamentalist movement\", as the group allows sexual relations apart from the strict purpose of procreation. The", "id": "6648133" }, { "contents": "Judaism and Mormonism\n\n\nMelchizedek). The LDS Church propagates an all-male priesthood. All worthy LDS males receive the Aaronic Priesthood at age twelve. At age eighteen, worthy members of the Aaronic priesthood are usually ordained as elders in the Melchizedek Priesthood. Depending on the needs of a church, an elder may be ordained a high priest, patriarch, seventy, or apostle of the Melchizedek Priesthood. Males of African descent were prohibited from receiving the priesthood until 1978, at which time the LDS Church announced that its leaders had received a revelation", "id": "5349352" }, { "contents": "Prayer circle (Mormonism)\n\n\n-day Saints (LDS Church) continued to practice prayer circles in its temples. In addition, local stake and ward prayer circles were organized and conducted until May 3, 1978, when the church's First Presidency announced that all prayer circles should be discontinued except those performed in a temple as part of the endowment. The reason for this change is not known, but could have resulted in part from the growth of the LDS Church, and the fact that prayer circles were usually organized by a member of the First Presidency", "id": "16266582" }, { "contents": "Clinton L. Cutler\n\n\nClinton Louis Cutler (December 27, 1929 – April 9, 1994) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 until his death. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and was a counselor in the church's Sunday School General Presidency. Cutler was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and received his college education at Utah State University and the University of Utah. He then worked for many years for the company that became US", "id": "6647132" }, { "contents": "John Fairbanks\n\n\nJohn Boylston Fairbanks (December 27, 1855, Payson, Utah – June 15, 1940, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter. In 1890, he was one of a group of artists who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. He painted murals in the Salt Lake Temple and the Mesa Arizona Temple that still exist today. Fairbanks was the official photographer for the", "id": "20316649" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nRonald Anderson Rasband (born February 6, 1951) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority of the church since 2000. Currently, he is the eleventh most senior apostle in the church. Rasband was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Rulon Hawkins Rasband and Verda Anderson. He graduated from Olympus High School and later served as a Mormon missionary in the Eastern States Mission. The mission", "id": "561344" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\na future area boundary change has been announced. Until 2003, each area had a president and two counselors, all of whom were typically general authorities (area seventies were sometimes asked to be counselors). This three-man body was known as the \"area presidency\". In that year, the church eliminated area presidencies for all areas located in the United States and Canada, which were all then placed under the direct supervision of one of the seven members of the Presidency of the Seventy, thus freeing more general authorities", "id": "17173638" }, { "contents": "House of Joseph (LDS Church)\n\n\nthe state of Utah and parts of Arizona, California, Nevada, Idaho, and Wyoming. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), is the largest and best known denomination within the Latter Day Saint movement (a form of Christian Restorationism). The Church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and claims through inspired patriarchal blessings to its members throughout the world that many of these are descendants of Josephite Ephraim and Manasseh, with the tribe of Ephraim holding a responsibility of ecclesiastical leadership", "id": "10319750" }, { "contents": "Mormon settlement techniques of the Salt Lake Valley\n\n\ngovernment-like order. A Theodemocracy was instituted, which essentially combined church and state. The organization of the church at the time closely reflects our current system, but had an added emphasis on religion. The LDS Church is organized with a lay ministry, beginning with the president and his counselors (possessing oversight of all areas), the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and other General Authorities (each assigned responsibility over specified large areas), then Stake leaders (over units within an area), down to Bishops (over", "id": "18207819" }, { "contents": "Mormon folklore\n\n\nMormon folklore is a body of expressive culture unique to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and other sects of Mormonism. Mormon folklore includes tales, oral history, popular beliefs, customs, music, jokes, and material culture traditions. In folklore studies, Mormons can be seen as a regional group, since the core group of Mormon settlers in Utah had a common religion and had to modify their surroundings for survival. This historical regional area includes Utah, Southeastern Idaho, parts", "id": "233499" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nand the Assistants to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles were all merged into a new \"First Quorum of the Seventy\" under a seven-member Presidency of the Seventy. In 1978, some of the older members of the seventy were \"retired\" as the first general authorities to be given emeritus status. However, members appointed through 1981 were still granted life tenure. In 1986, all stake quorums of the seventy were discontinued. The church encouraged local leaders to have ordained seventies meet with the local elders quorum or to", "id": "9800076" }, { "contents": "Stake (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe LDS Church. The lowest level, consisting of a single congregation, is known as a ward or branch. Stakes are organized from a group of contiguous wards or branches. To be created, a stake must be composed of at least five wards. A stake may have up to a total of 16 congregations. Most stakes are composed of five to ten wards. In the United States and Canada, a minimum of 3,000 members is required to create a stake; elsewhere, a minimum of 1,900 members is required.", "id": "4227438" }, { "contents": "List of churches in the Latter Day Saint Reorganization movement\n\n\nof the church's members in Nauvoo, Illinois followed Brigham Young, who led them to the Great Basin area (in what is now Utah) as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church. Also, the term \"Mormon\" gradually primarily came to refer to members of the LDS Church.) The remaining individuals—who still considered themselves part of Smith's original church—remained; many who were in scattered congregations throughout the American Midwest joined other factions led by such leaders as Sidney Rigdon", "id": "2070090" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nMormon fundamentalist leaders are those who lead (or have led) a Mormon fundamentalist group. These leaders were the first three Presidents of the Church of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. The first three LDS Church presidents are: Some Mormon fundamentalists also regard the next three LDS Church presidents as leaders: When The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints began excommunicating members who practiced polygamy after the Second Manifesto, Mormon fundamentalists began breaking away from the LDS Church. At first, there was one main", "id": "6174766" }, { "contents": "Steven E. Snow\n\n\nbishop, stake president, and president of the church's California San Fernando Mission. In 1999, he became an area seventy in the church's Utah South Area. Snow became a general authority and a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2001. He began service as a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy on August 1, 2007. In that capacity, Snow was responsible for overseeing the work of the church in the North America Central Area and later the three areas in Utah.", "id": "8979712" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nwas organized from the Fifth Quorum because the number of quorum members exceeded 70, the number of members prescribed by scripture. The Fifth Quorum then comprised area seventies serving in the church's North America Northwest, North America West, Idaho, Utah North, Utah Salt Lake City, and Utah South areas, while the Sixth Quorum comprised those living in the North America Central, North America East, North America Northeast, North America Southeast, and North America Southwest areas. In July 2005, the church announced that, due to", "id": "8445641" }, { "contents": "American Fork, Utah\n\n\nThe median value of owner-occupied housing units was $210,600. In 2007 there were 2,754 businesses in the city, with total retail sales over $724 million. The first ward of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in American Fork was organized in 1851 with Leonard E. Harrington as bishop. As of 2009 there are six stakes headquartered in the city. While the majority of the population are members of LDS Church, there are several other faith communities in the city. The Community", "id": "11142657" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nRussell Marion Nelson Sr. (born September 9, 1924) is an American religious leader and former surgeon who is the 17th and current president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Nelson was a member of the LDS Church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles for nearly 34 years, and was the quorum president from 2015 to 2018. As church president, Nelson is accepted by the church as a prophet, seer, and revelator. A native of Salt Lake City, Utah,", "id": "17566714" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nLeGrand Raine Curtis, Sr. (May 22, 1924 – December 19, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 to 1995. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy; he also served as a counselor in the Young Men general presidency from 1990 to 1991 and from 1972 to 1974. Curtis was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was named after LeGrand Richards, who was bishop of the Sugar House Ward", "id": "18322018" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in South Africa\n\n\npeople, mainly of British origin. At some point between 2000 and 2005 the LDS Church reached a point where half the members in South Africa were black, and the percentage of blacks in the membership has continued to rise since then. Two black South Africans have been called as mission presidents. One, Jackson MKabela, was called to serve as mission president in Zimbabwe. He had previously been an area seventy and his wife Dorah had been a member of the Young Women General Board. Mkabela had become the first black man", "id": "1312361" }, { "contents": "L. Whitney Clayton\n\n\nLyndon Whitney Clayton III (born February 24, 1950) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He has been a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy since 2008 and its senior president since 2015. Clayton was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and attended the University of Utah. He served as a full-time missionary of the LDS Church in Peru. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in finance and earned a", "id": "17564673" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nby seven presidents—the Presidency of the Seventy—who hold keys to direct the affairs of the quorums. There may be an unlimited number of such quorums that are called to witness in \"all the world\", but currently only the members of the first and second quorums are general authorities of the church. Six other seventy quorums are designated as authorities over specific areas of the church. A High Priests Quorum is a local quorum organized in each stake and presided over by the stake presidency, who holds the keys of", "id": "10171834" }, { "contents": "General authority\n\n\ngeneral presidencies of the following organizations: The latter three groups are composed of women and represent the only three organizations in which women are given church-wide authority. Also excluded from the definition of general authorities are members of the Third through the Eighth Quorums of the Seventy, who are called \"area seventies\" and have responsibilities relating to a limited geographical area, not church-wide authority. Until 2004, general leadership for the Sunday School and Young Men organizations had historically been filled by general authorities. However, in the", "id": "7045446" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nand members of his family. LeBaron claimed his priestly line of authority from his father Alma (who was ordained by Alma's grandfather Benjamin F. Johnson, who received the priesthood from Joseph Smith). The church exists in Chihuahua Mexico, Los Molinos, Baja California, San Diego, California and in Central America; there is also a large group in Salt Lake City, UT. The Church of Jesus Christ in Solemn Assembly and its political arm, the Confederate Nations of Israel, are headquartered in Big Water, Utah.", "id": "6174773" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\nthe mission. It was decided that only the auxiliaries would be setup in Nigeria, which could be operated without the priesthood. Nigerian men would be allowed to pass the sacrament, but white missionaries would need to bless it. However, the program was canceled after several members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles objected. In 1971, the Genesis Group was formed as an auxiliary to the church for black members. Black members were able to fill positions in the Relief Society, Young Men's and Young Women's Presidency.", "id": "2658642" }, { "contents": "Joseph Freeman (Mormon)\n\n\nJoseph Freeman, Jr. (born July 24, 1952) was the first man of black African descent to receive the Melchizedek priesthood and be ordained an elder in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) after the announcement of the 1978 Revelation on Priesthood, which allowed \"all worthy male members of the Church\" to \"be ordained to the priesthood without regard for race or color.\" Freeman was born in Vanceboro, North Carolina, to Rose Lee Smith and Joseph Freeman, Sr. His", "id": "5694060" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nmen of African descent. Although the current LDS Church policy now admits blacks to the priesthood, the church has not issued a written repudiation of racist doctrines. Apostle Bruce R. McConkie told members to \"[f]orget everything that I have said, or what President Brigham Young or President George Q. Cannon or whomsoever has said [about Blacks and the priesthood] ... We spoke with a limited understanding.\" Some black members have made formal requests to the church to issue a statement, while other black members have argued against that effort", "id": "19378605" }, { "contents": "Mae Taylor Nystrom\n\n\nAlmira Mae Taylor Nystrom (August 11, 1871 - December 8, 1959) was a Utah suffragist and a member of the general presidency of what is today the Young Women organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Mae Taylor was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, to George Hamilton and Elmina Shepard Taylor, the first president of the church's Young Women organization. She attended the University of Utah for a year, but completed her course of study at LDS College", "id": "8024766" }, { "contents": "O. Vincent Haleck\n\n\nLDS Church, Haleck has served as a bishop, high councilor, stake patriarch, and stake president. He served as president of the Samoa Apia Mission from 2008 to 2011 and was in that capacity when he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in April 2011. After becoming a general authority, Haleck moved from Pago Pago, American Samoa to Salt Lake City, Utah. From the time of his call to August 2013, he filled assignments at church headquarters. From August 2013", "id": "2350277" }, { "contents": "Family History Center (LDS Church)\n\n\nMulti-Stake FHCs\"\" on the \"FamilySearch.org\" website. However a supplement to the \"Family History Center Operations Guide\" dated January 5, 2006, renamed these FHCs officially. Supervision of these facilities is under each area presidency or assigned to a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. These facilities are still considered branches of the Salt Lake City central library and often have book collections in the thousands, microfilm and microfiches in the tens of thousands, dozens of Internet-connected computers, microfilm and microfiche readers,", "id": "19548374" }, { "contents": "David M. McConkie\n\n\nDavid Merrill McConkie (born October 13, 1948) is an American lawyer and has been a member of the general presidency of the Sunday School of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2009 to 2014. McConkie was raised in Bountiful, Utah. From 1969 to 1971 he was a missionary for the LDS Church in South Africa. He attended the University of Utah and earned a bachelor's degree in history and a juris doctorate. McConkie became a lawyer at the Salt Lake City firm", "id": "15112656" }, { "contents": "Robert H. Garff\n\n\n, including bishop and stake president. From 1987 to 1990, Garff served as president of the church's England Coventry Mission. He later served as a member of the church's Sunday School General Board in 1991 and as a regional representative, beginning in 1992. In 2003, he became an area seventy, serving in the Fifth Quorum of the Seventy. From 2012 to 2015, he served as president of the Bountiful Utah Temple. Garff is married to Katharine Bagley and they have five children. The Ken Garff Automotive Group", "id": "4274628" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\npolicy of racial discrimination. In the case of Africa and the Caribbean, the church had not yet begun large-scale missionary efforts in most areas. There were large groups in both Ghana and Nigeria who desired to join the church and many faithful members of African descent in Brazil. On June 9, 1978, under the administration of Spencer W. Kimball, the church leadership finally received sanction to change the long-standing policy. Today, there are many black members of the church, and many predominantly black congregations. In", "id": "6128228" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Utah\n\n\nAs of June 5, 2019, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) reported 2,109,578 members living in Utah in 596 stakes, one district, 5,146 congregations (4,824 wards and 322 branches), and eleven missions. As of July 2019, there are 21 temples operating, under construction, or announced in Utah. A brief history can be found at LDS Newsroom (Utah) or Deseret News 2010 Church Almanac Though the LDS Church membership in Utah has increased, the percentage of Utahns who", "id": "12099884" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\nGeneral Conference is a gathering of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), held biannually every April and October at the Conference Center in Salt Lake City, Utah. During each conference, members of the church gather in a series of two-hour sessions to listen to sermons from church leaders. It consists of four general sessions. Since April 2018 the priesthood session is only held during the April conference, and a General Women's Session (for females 8 years and older)", "id": "16441566" }, { "contents": "Economy of Salt Lake City\n\n\n% of employment. Other major employers include the University of Utah, Sinclair Oil Corporation, and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Salt Lake City Industries by GDP value added 2011 It is rumored that call centers prefer the Salt Lake City and Provo areas because of the mild western accent of Utah natives that is easily understood in all regions of the United States, and considered pleasant by many. Marriott Hotels, InterContinental Hotels Group, Delta Air Lines, Continental Airlines, and JetBlue Airways all have reservation call", "id": "17871614" }, { "contents": "Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\narea authorities\" and \"local authorities\" and include all other Quorums of the Seventy, mission presidents, temple presidents, stake presidents, bishops, and other priesthood quorum presidents. The church has no salaried ministry; however, some general authorities receive stipends from the church, as needed, using income from church-owned investments. All local and area authorities are unpaid and continue in their normal occupations while serving in leadership positions. Although the church had a paid local clergy in the 1800s, local and regional priesthood leaders currently", "id": "17900603" }, { "contents": "Levi E. Young\n\n\nLevi Edgar Young (February 2, 1874 – December 13, 1963) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was one of the seven presidents of the Seventy from 1909 until his death. Young was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of LDS Church general authority Seymour B. Young and grandson of Joseph Young. Levi Young graduated from the University of Utah in 1895, and later became a faculty member at the same school, teaching", "id": "8108867" }, { "contents": "Presiding high council\n\n\ndiminished in authority, eventually disappearing completely. Post-exodus to Utah, the standing high council was established in a limited capacity as part of the central Salt Lake Stake, but it only served as a ratifying body for priesthood quorums in other stakes. An LDS Church Sunday School manual from 1980 states: “The Salt Lake Stake functioned more or less as a center stake that gave direction and guidance and had jurisdiction over other stakes. When quorum leaders in outlying areas needed new officers they sent a list of nominees to the", "id": "19087654" }, { "contents": "Howard R. Driggs\n\n\nJesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was heavily involved with the church's Sunday School, serving as a member of the organization's general board from 1910 to 1930. He was also involved in starting the first LDS Church Sunday Schools in New York City and Washington, D.C.. Also in New York City, Driggs served for a time as the branch president. When the New York Stake was organized in 1934, Driggs was made a member of the stake high council. From 1908 to 1911", "id": "4185902" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nOhio and New York State and purchased about of land in the Paseo and Troost Lake areas. Conflict between the Saints and other Missouri residents, leading to the eviction of the Latter Day Saint from Jackson County in 1833 and the 1838 Mormon War. Later, various groups of Latter Day Saints returned to Jackson County, the first of whom were members of the diminutive Church of Christ (Temple Lot), quickly followed by adherents to the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints under the leadership of Joseph Smith III", "id": "9329628" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nfunction of the apostles. However, in such circumstances, the seventy would be required to act unanimously. Members of the First and the Second Quorums of the Seventy are general authorities of the church with responsibilities covering the church as a whole. Members of additional Quorums of the Seventy (currently numbered Third through Eighth) are called an area seventy. Members of these quorums are ordained to the priesthood office of seventy, but they are not general authorities of the church. Area seventies generally have authority only within a geographical unit of", "id": "9800071" }, { "contents": "Curse of Ham\n\n\nthis curse, negroes were banned from the Mormon priesthood. In 1978, LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball said he received a revelation that extended the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church without regard to race or color. In 2013, The LDS church denounced the curse of Ham explanation for withholding the priesthood from black Africans. However, the essays have not been well publicized, and many members remain unaware of the essays and hold to racist beliefs that had been taught in the past. The Book of Abraham is", "id": "2418480" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nwhite, although some also consider Soares as non-white. These calls were recognized as adding diversity to the Quorum of the Twelve. Nelson also announced major changes in church organization during the April general conference. First, the high priests groups at the ward level were dissolved, making all Melchizedek Priesthood holders in wards and branches part of the elders quorum. A stake's high priest quorum now consists of current members of stake presidencies, high councils, bishoprics and functioning patriarchs. Next, Nelson announced the end of home teaching", "id": "17566740" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthat has criticized the church's theology. The Institute for Religious Research is an organization that has criticized the church, in particular the Book of Abraham. Numerous other organizations maintain web sites that criticize the church. The Tanners state that the church's 1978 policy change of allowing all worthy male members, including people of black African descent, to hold the priesthood was not divinely inspired as the church said, but simply a matter of convenience. Richard and Joan Ostling point out that this reversal of policy occurred as the LDS Church", "id": "19378560" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nand members of other factions, several of whom had established their headquarters in nearby Independence, Missouri. Today, there are notable numbers of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). The LDS Church is the largest sect in the Latter Day Saint movement and is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. The LDS Church opened the Kansas City Missouri Temple on May 6, 2012. Over the next years, the character of Kansas City was defined by those who wanted to live close", "id": "9329629" }, { "contents": "Jane Manning James\n\n\ndedicated near her grave in the Salt Lake City Cemetery by the Genesis Group (an official organization begun under LDS President Joseph Fielding Smith to support Latter Day Saints of African descent) along with the Missouri Mormon Frontier Foundation. The original headstones of Jane and Isaac James were supplemented with a granite monument faced with two bronze plaques. One side of the monument commemorates an incident documented in 1850, by Mormon pioneer Eliza Partridge Lyman, who wrote: April 13: Brother Lyman [Eliza's husband] started on a mission to California", "id": "20633037" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Ghana\n\n\nhim to be the first branch president, also calling Naomi Ogoe as the first Relief Society president. In just four days, the missionaries had baptized 249 people and organized two branches. From this point on, the congregations in Ghana were part of the official church, which is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. By the end of 1979, there were 1,723 new members of the church. This rapid growth made some nervous, as there were many members, but not experienced leaders. Ghana's government was also becoming", "id": "7951581" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nother regions in southern Africa. There were attempts to open a mission in Nigeria in the 1960s. However the church decided against proceeding with these plans. After the 1978 revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy males was received, the church proceeded to open missions in West Africa. Initially the focus was on Ghana and Nigeria, where there were groups that with unofficial church members who had been for years begging the church to send missionaries. Initially the missionaries sent to these nations were organized in the International Mission. As missionary work", "id": "7859631" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)\n\n\nin no way against ... members of other racial groups, who are fully admitted to all the privileges of the priesthood. It has taken a strong stand for human rights, and was, for example, uncompromisingly against the Ku Klux Klan during that organization's period of ascendancy after the First World War.\" At a time when racial segregation or discrimination was commonplace in most institutions throughout America, two of the most prominent leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ were African American. Apostle John Penn, member of the Quorum of", "id": "20807565" } ]

[ { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nThe Genesis Group is an auxiliary organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS church) for African-American members and their families. It was first organized in Salt Lake City, Utah, in 1971 to provide members an organization where they could affiliate with fellow African-American members. The Genesis group provided meetings for black members of the LDS church (Mormons); specifically, Relief Society, Primary, Young Men, Young Women and testimony meetings. Members of Genesis were still expected to attend", "id": "16359561" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nalready demanding LDS church membership. In 1985, Marva Collins started a \"Genesis II\" group in Oakland, California and published a newsletter focused on news about black Mormons until 1988. The Genesis Group was reorganized in 1996, based on a perception that African Americans still had unique issues and could benefit from a chance to affiliate with one another. Leaders of the group include Darius Gray (1997–2003), Don Harwell (2003–2018), and Davis Stovall (2018-present). Stake and High Councilmen were assigned to represent The Genesis", "id": "16359563" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nSunday meetings in their home wards, which at the time were sacrament meeting, Priesthood meetings, and Sunday School. It was like a branch, a small group of members, but without priesthood authority. The group was led by Ruffin Bridgeforth from 1971 through 1978. Shortly after the church's June 8, 1978, announcement of the revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church, the group's attendance dropped, and officially discontinued in 1987. Participation decreased in part because it added additional time commitments to", "id": "16359562" }, { "contents": "Darius Gray\n\n\nDarius Gray is an African-American Latter-day Saint speaker and writer. Gray was born in Colorado Springs, Colorado. He joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in the mid-1960s and then attended Brigham Young University for a year. After that he transferred to the University of Utah. Gray worked for a time as a journalist. Gray was a counselor in the presidency of the LDS Church's Genesis Group when it was formed in 1971. He was president of the group from", "id": "1196837" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\n1971, an organization called the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit of LDS Church to meet the needs of black Mormons. The first president of the Genesis Group was Ruffin Bridgeforth, who also became the first black Latter Day Saint to be ordained a high priest after the priesthood ban was lifted later in the decade. Harold B. Lee, president of the church, stated in 1972: \"For those who don't believe in modern revelation there is no adequate explanation. Those who do understand revelation stand by and wait", "id": "2658695" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthe Salt Lake City area black members have organized branches of an official church auxiliary called the Genesis Groups. During the post-World War II period, the church also began to focus on expansion into a number of Native American cultures, as well as Oceanic cultures, which many Mormons considered to be the same ethnicity. These peoples were called \"Lamanites\", because they were all believed to descend from the Lamanite group in the \"Book of Mormon\". In 1947, the church began the Indian Placement Program, where", "id": "6128229" }, { "contents": "Equality Utah\n\n\nEquality Utah is an American non-profit 501(c)(3) organization which is Utah's largest LGBT rights group based in Salt Lake City, Utah. The organization is a member of the Equality Federation. Equality Utah was founded in 2001 as Unity Utah and took its present name in 2004. In 2008, Equality Utah's Common Ground Initiative brought the group national attention. During the campaigns for and against California's 2008 Proposition 8, leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) made statements that", "id": "19802691" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\nin relief society. On October 19, 1971, the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit to the church. Its purpose was to serve the needs of black members, including activating members and welcoming converts. It continues to meet on the first Sunday of each month in Utah. Don Harwell is the current president. When asked about racism in the church, he said \"\"Now, is the church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints racist? No, never has been. But some of those people", "id": "2658739" }, { "contents": "Newquist Group\n\n\nThe Newquist Group is a social organization associated with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) intended to provide a forum for discussion of freedom and morality. A meeting of LDS members was first convened on Conference Saturday at the Utah Hotel in Salt Lake City, Utah, in the mid 1960s as an unnamed group to provide a forum for discussion of Church elder Jerreld Newquist's \"Prophets, Principles and National Survival,\" a compendium of LDS leaders' statements on the three titular subjects. After Newquist", "id": "19408711" }, { "contents": "Hildale, Utah\n\n\n, a breakaway group from the Salt Lake City-based The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). On September 14, 2015, at least 12 members of two related families from the community were killed in a flash flood while stopped in a low water crossing at the mouth of Maxwell Canyon in Hildale. A thirteenth person was still missing as of September 16, 2015. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land. According to the", "id": "11142959" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Together, these three men constitute the \"bishopric\". A branch is presided over by a \"branch president\" who may or may not have one or two counselors, depending on the size of the branch. Groups of wards are organized into stakes, while groups of branches are organized into districts. The term \"ward\" originally referred to the political subdivision of some of the municipalities in the mid-western United States where members of the LDS Church resided, and in particular the political organization of Nauvoo, Illinois", "id": "4227536" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\nfrom specific area assignments. Since these areas were previously administered by area presidencies located at church headquarters in Salt Lake City, the administrative change was not as drastic as it might seem. In April 2018, the church announced that, effective August 1, areas in the United States and Canada would once again be supervised by a three-man presidency. This will enable members of the Presidency of the Seventy to more fully assist the members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in their duties, and to fill other assignments as", "id": "17173639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nespecially those that are limited to a temple. Historically the Latter-day Saints have gathered in many locations, including: In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion in their local areas. The members of the LDS Church gather with their local ward or branch for weekly worship services in LDS meetinghouses. Twice a year there is a stake conference for each stake, where the members of the several wards that make up each stake meet as a group. These were previously held in stake tabernacles", "id": "2158418" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nThe following individuals are the current general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Included are the individuals' hierarchical position and some of their current specialized assignments in the church, if any. Note: On April 5, 2018, the First Presidency announced that area presidencies were being reinstated for those 10 areas within the United States and Canada, and that the members of the Presidency of the Seventy would be relieved of responsibility for those areas, to enable them to assist the apostles", "id": "311521" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Michigan\n\n\nthe Detroit River branch, which covered most of Detroit south of I-94 and west of I-75, was dedicated. This branch not only has several African American members but also many Latino members. Michigan is currently part of 10 stakes and one district. Eight stakes and one district are entirely within the state. Two stakes, with stake centers outside the state, have wards or branches in Michigan. Since the LDS Church has no paid local clergy, stake presidents and bishops have their own occupations. On October 23, 1999 the", "id": "2793685" }, { "contents": "First Nephi\n\n\npriesthood authority of the Aaronic and Melchizedek Priesthoods), and neither considering themselves Protestant, they do however believe that such groups had many righteous leaders and members who could be considered saints because they followed the light of Christ and sought to follow Him. Such people would include Wycliffe and Tyndale, who have been brought up most recently in an LDS General Conference. The majority of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believe that this great and abominable church includes any organized group of people who fight against God", "id": "15949332" }, { "contents": "1978 Revelation on Priesthood\n\n\nThe 1978 Revelation on Priesthood was a revelation announced by leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) that reversed a long-standing policy excluding men of black African descent from the priesthood. Beginning in the late 1840s, individuals of black African descent were prohibited from ordination to the LDS Church's priesthood—normally held by all male members who meet church standards of spiritual \"worthiness\"—and from receiving temple ordinances such as the endowment and celestial marriage (sealing). The origins of the policy are", "id": "7968100" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\nminimum of 150 members is required. Each ward requires at least 15 active, full-tithe-paying Melchizedek priesthood holders. If there are not sufficient congregations in an area to form a stake, a district (analogous to but smaller than a stake) is formed to oversee local congregations. There is no minimum or maximum geographical size for a ward: In areas where there are greater numbers of active church members (such as urban and suburban areas in Utah), several wards can exist in only . When the ward", "id": "4227539" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Historically, members of the Presidency of the Seventy would often serve as heads of various church ecclesiastical departments. This practice changed in 2004, when area presidencies in the United States and Canada were dissolved; these areas were put directly under the jurisdiction of the Presidency of the Seventy. The management of these areas is currently the primary responsibility of the Presidency of the Seventy. In April 2018, church leaders announced that, effective August 1, 2018, three-man presidencies composed of General Authority Seventies would once again oversee areas", "id": "9800087" }, { "contents": "Auxiliary organization (LDS Church)\n\n\n\" or \"general officers\" of the church. Like general authorities, general officers are \"accepted and sustained\" by the members of the church as leaders in their respective areas of jurisdiction, which are set out by the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Additionally, each auxiliary organization exists at a local ward and stake level, with presidencies formed to direct the work of the auxiliary in that particular region. Auxiliary presidencies work under the direction of the local priesthood leaders, which in most cases are the", "id": "8316784" }, { "contents": "North American Interfaith Network\n\n\nnational, regional and local issues. Without infringing on the effort of existing organizations, NAIN facilitates the networking possibilities of these organizations. NAIN encourages cooperative interaction based on serving the needs and promoting the aspirations of all member groups. Since 1988 NAIN has held annual \"Connect\" conferences with host locations rotating throughout the member organizations. 2007 Connect was held in Richmond, Virginia, 2008 in San Francisco, California, 2009 in Kansas City, Missouri. 2010 Connect will be in Salt Lake, Utah. Quarterly news and information on", "id": "15613218" }, { "contents": "Ben B. Banks\n\n\nBenjamin Berry Banks (born April 4, 1932) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy from 1999 to 2002 and has also been president of the church's Jordan River Utah Temple. Banks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. Before becoming a general authority, Banks served in the church as a stake president and bishop. From 1987 to 1989 he was president of", "id": "5941447" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nto Salt Lake City in order to be close to church headquarters. Members of these quorums are area seventies. As assigned, they carry out the duties typically carried out by members of the First and Second Quorums of Seventy, which include reorganizing and creating stakes, training stake presidencies, presiding at stake conferences, serving in area presidencies, touring missions, and training mission presidents. They serve in their callings for approximately six to ten years. Upon their release, they cease to be area seventies and members of a quorum of", "id": "9800097" }, { "contents": "Steven Mascaro\n\n\nSteven R. Mascaro (born January 15, 1946) was a member of the Utah House of Representatives from 2002–2010, representing District 47 from West Jordan, Utah. Mascaro is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He graduated from California State University, Fullerton in 1971 with a bachelor's degree in marketing management. Mascaro is the president and a business partner of Infill Group Incorporated. In the local community, he has also been involved with directing in various organizations, including", "id": "15127284" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\npresident and the calling of his successor, the session at which the sustaining vote takes place is called a solemn assembly. At a solemn assembly, groups of Latter-day Saints are asked to stand in succession and sustain the new president of the church. Typically, the order is: First Presidency, the Quorum of the Twelve, the Quorums of Seventy, Melchizedek priesthood holders, Aaronic priesthood holders, Relief Society members, members of the Young Women organization, and then all members together. Then the names of all other", "id": "16441578" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nfor railroad companies. Agriculture and mining were also common occupations at the time. As the African American community grew with the insurgence of non-religious motivated pioneers in the late 1800's, and especially grouped in places like Salt Lake City and Ogden, African American media, organizations, and churches (not The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) began to emerge in greater numbers. Between 1890 and 1891, the first African Methodist Episcopal church in Utah was established in Salt Lake and became a focal point for", "id": "5246841" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nPresidency of the Seventy, with responsibility for the church's North America Northwest and North America West areas. In August 2007, he was assigned to the Utah North, Utah South, and Utah Salt Lake City areas. In April 2009, Rasband became the senior and presiding member of the presidency when Neil L. Andersen was called to the Quorum of the Twelve. He served in this role until October 2015. In October 2015, Rasband was sustained as an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve. As an apostle", "id": "561349" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nmissionaries more visible. Rasband was called as a general authority and member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2000. As a general authority, Rasband has served in several area presidencies, including as a counselor in the presidency of the Europe Central Area. While serving in this position he dedicated the first chapel the church built in the Czech Republic. He was later president of the Utah Salt Lake City Area and executive director of the church's Temple Department. In 2005, Rasband was called as a member of the", "id": "561348" }, { "contents": "Lorus Pratt\n\n\nLorus Bishop Pratt (November 27, 1855, Tooele, Utah – December 29, 1923, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter and missionary. In 1890, he was one of a group of painters who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. Pratt's father was Orson Pratt, an early LDS Church member who became one of its leading theologians. He studied art", "id": "20316615" }, { "contents": "Jamal Willis\n\n\nJamal Willis (born 1972) is a local level leader in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a former NFL football player. He also works in administration for the Alpine School District in Utah. Willis was born in Oklahoma. He attended BYU on a football scholarship and joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints while a student there. On January 7, 2018 Willis was called as a counselor in the Genesis Group presidency. Like all other members of the presidency, Willis is of", "id": "19641851" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nstill commonly shouted out during and after sports matches. Attempts of physical violence after games were also reported by the student. A 2009 Pew Forum study showed that approximately 3% of members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the predominant religion in Utah, were African American. The Calvary Baptist Church, a well-known African American house of worship, has had a presence in Salt Lake City since 1898. Founded by a small group of African American women who gathered regularly to pray, the small", "id": "5246852" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nher instead to the poor, dilapidated houses in West Salt Lake. By 1970, the African-American population in Utah had grown to 6,324. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints continued withholding priesthood authority from African Americans, causing tension and criticism within the church. David O. McKay, President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, issued a letter to people struggling with confusion over the doctrine surrounding African Americans, stating resolutely that the time would come when African Americans would be given full", "id": "5246849" }, { "contents": "Righteous Branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\norganized a new church body with a new Mormon temple on April 6, 1978, two months before the LDS Church's 1978 revelation, which allowed priesthood ordination to black people. Peterson claimed he foresaw this \"apostasy\" through revelation. The Righteous Branch is organized similarly to the LDS Church with a First Presidency, Quorum of Twelve Apostles, Presiding Bishopric and other priesthood and auxiliary organizations. The Righteous Branch also actively proselytizes and performs proxy baptism for the dead. As with other Mormon fundamentalist groups, the Righteous Branch believed a", "id": "2909906" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Brazil\n\n\nCenter (MTC) was established in São Paulo, mainly for the training for missionaries from Brazil. Bangerter and members of the Church Educational System provided daily instruction for the missionaries. Following the MTC in Provo, Utah, it was the LDS Church's second MTC. In June 1978, the 1978 Reveltation on Priesthood was announced, allowing all worthy male members of the LDS Church to be ordained to the priesthood, regardless of race. Later, in 1978, the São Paulo Temple was completed. It was the first temple", "id": "22012502" }, { "contents": "Boyd K. Packer\n\n\nParable of the Mediator (Jesus Christ) was adapted into the short film \"The Mediator\". \"The Candle of the Lord\" (1982) is well known for its analogy of trying to describe what salt tastes like to trying to describe what promptings from the Holy Ghost are like. Packer also taught the importance of hymn-centered prelude music for worship services. Packer served as an advisor to the Genesis Group, a social organization of the LDS Church for African-American members and their families, and was also", "id": "14808659" }, { "contents": "Orrin P. Miller\n\n\nOrrin Porter Miller (September 11, 1858 – July 7, 1918) was a member of the presiding bishopric of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1901 to his death. Born in Millcreek, Utah Territory, Miller was a local leader in the church prior to his call as a general authority. He became the bishop of the newly created Riverton Ward in Salt Lake City in 1886. Prior to serving as a bishop, he had been an elder and a seventy in the", "id": "11180481" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nrights in the church. In June 1978, Spencer W. Kimball, then-president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints issued Official Declaration 2, which affirmed the Church's belief in the equality of all men and ended the long-standing practice of withholding certain church privileges from African American members, such as holding the priesthood and entering temples. African American population in Utah continued increasing at an accelerating rate, reaching just over 1% of the overall population during the 2010 census. Utah's college and", "id": "5246850" }, { "contents": "Utah English\n\n\nUtah English is American English spoken in Utah, primarily by members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Studies vary as to the exact degree that it either falls under Western American English or constitutes a separate dialect, with minor variations existing throughout the English of Utah, though demonstrating little dialect consistency. Mormon pioneers first arrived in the Salt Lake Valley in 1847, eventually settling the Utah Territory. Many of these settlers came from New York, Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois, where the church had been", "id": "6655612" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nAt the April 1995 general conference of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), church president Gordon B. Hinckley announced the creation of a new leadership position known as the area authority. In 1997, area authorities were renamed area authority seventies and ordained to the office of seventy. The church announced that these seventies would become members of a Quorum of the Seventy based upon the geographic region to which they were assigned. Later, the title \"area authority seventy\" was shortened to area seventy,", "id": "8445639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nGathering has been an important part of life in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), from gathering as missionaries to gathering for worship services. In the early days of the LDS Church, members were asked to gather together many times in specific locations from all over the world, including traveling across the United States to the Utah Territory. In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion located in their local areas. In order for gathering, a scattering has", "id": "2158416" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\npast. Still, Don Harwell, president of the Genesis Group, sees it as a sign that \"People are getting past the stereotypes put on the church.\" LDS historian Wayne J. Embry interviewed several black LDS Church members in 1987 and reported that \"all of the interviewees reported incidents of aloofness on the part of white members, a reluctance or a refusal to shake hands with them or sit by them, and racist comments made to them.\" Embry further reported that one black church member \"was amazingly persistent in", "id": "2658742" }, { "contents": "Mormons\n\n\nthe church (about 5 percent of the total membership), mostly in Africa, Brazil and the Caribbean. Black membership has continued to grow substantially, especially in West Africa, where two temples have been built. Many black Mormons are members of the Genesis Group, an organization of black members that predates the priesthood ban, and is endorsed by the church. The LDS Church grew rapidly after World War II and became a worldwide organization as missionaries were sent across the globe. The church doubled in size every 15 to 20", "id": "19256682" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nbe converted into wards and the district may be converted into a stake. Typically, this will not occur until there are least five ward-sized congregations in the district. Once a district becomes a stake, the mission president is only responsible for the proselytizing missionaries in the area, not the local members of the church. The LDS Church mission with the smallest geographic area (approximately 10 acres) is the Utah Salt Lake Temple Square Mission, in which missionaries from around the world serve on Temple Square, often to visitors", "id": "7859580" }, { "contents": "Centennial Park group\n\n\nin Centennial Park City, Arizona (), a town approximately three miles (five km) south of the twin communities of Colorado City, Arizona, and Hildale, Utah, with a small number living in the Salt Lake Valley. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God, also known as the Nielsen/Naylor Group and the \"Third Ward\", is a group based in the Salt Lake Valley and has around 200 members. It broke with the Centennial Park group after Hammon", "id": "21252120" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God\n\n\nin 1988, he appointed Frank Naylor as apostle and Ivan Nielsen as high priest and later as bishop. Naylor and Nielsen disagreed with Timpson's leadership and they split from the Second Ward in 1990 to form the \"Third Ward\" with Naylor as leader. Naylor and Nielsen were able to gather a number of followers from both the Centennial Park group and the FLDS Church. Most of the members of the new group migrated north to the Salt Lake Valley in Utah where they have built a meeting house. They continue to practice", "id": "14605931" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nnot in the callings noted above becoming members of their unit's elders quorum). An Elders Quorum is a local quorum organized in each ward and presided over by a president with priesthood keys who, along with his two counselors, act under the direction and authority of the stake presidency, and under the direction of the bishop. Each quorum consists of up to 96 Melchizedek Priesthood holders. Historically, a local Quorum of Seventy existed which consisted of up to seventy members in each quorum, and was presided over by seven presidents", "id": "10171836" }, { "contents": "Orchestra at Temple Square\n\n\nThe Orchestra at Temple Square (Orchestra) is a 110-member orchestra located in Salt Lake City, Utah. The Orchestra was created in 1999 under the direction of Gordon B. Hinckley, then the president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), as part of an initiative to continually strengthen and expand the capabilities of the church's music organizations. Formed in 1999, the Orchestra fulfilled the longtime desire of LDS Church leaders of having a permanent orchestra both to enhance the quality of The Tabernacle Choir", "id": "20805949" }, { "contents": "History of the Latter Day Saint movement\n\n\nbecame the Church of Christ (Cutlerite) as well as Lyman Wight's group in Zodiac, Texas. Young's organization today, the LDS Church, is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. (\"See\" History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.) The bulk of Sidney Rigdon's church had dissolved by 1847, but some loyalists reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ under the leadership of William Bickerton in 1862. James J. Strang's church in Voree suffered a significant schism in 1849", "id": "5047487" }, { "contents": "High priest (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe church was Smith's younger brother, Don Carlos Smith. In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), high priests are primarily responsible for the spiritual welfare of the members and the administration of local church units called wards and stakes. Melchizedek priesthood holders in the church are ordained high priests when they become a member of a stake presidency, stake high council, or bishopric, \"or when otherwise determined by the stake president\". Ordinations are approved by the member's bishop and stake", "id": "21853558" }, { "contents": "Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nJoseph Smith was killed. Young's succession became a precedent without exception within the sect based in Utah; with the death of each president, the First Presidency is dissolved and one member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles becomes the new President. Members of the LDS Church are asked to sustain the new prophet and his counselors at a solemn assembly during the next General Conference. Sidney Rigdon's church dissolved a few years after its organization, but it was reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ in 1862, which still exists", "id": "3382848" }, { "contents": "Apostolic United Brethren\n\n\n\"Allred Group\" because two of its presidents shared that surname. Members of the AUB do not refer to their organization as a \"church\" and, unlike nearly all other Mormon fundamentalist groups, regard The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as a legitimate, if wayward and diminished, divine institution. Religious scholar J. Gordon Melton characterised the group as \"the more liberal branch of the Fundamentalist movement\", as the group allows sexual relations apart from the strict purpose of procreation. The", "id": "6648133" }, { "contents": "Judaism and Mormonism\n\n\nMelchizedek). The LDS Church propagates an all-male priesthood. All worthy LDS males receive the Aaronic Priesthood at age twelve. At age eighteen, worthy members of the Aaronic priesthood are usually ordained as elders in the Melchizedek Priesthood. Depending on the needs of a church, an elder may be ordained a high priest, patriarch, seventy, or apostle of the Melchizedek Priesthood. Males of African descent were prohibited from receiving the priesthood until 1978, at which time the LDS Church announced that its leaders had received a revelation", "id": "5349352" }, { "contents": "Prayer circle (Mormonism)\n\n\n-day Saints (LDS Church) continued to practice prayer circles in its temples. In addition, local stake and ward prayer circles were organized and conducted until May 3, 1978, when the church's First Presidency announced that all prayer circles should be discontinued except those performed in a temple as part of the endowment. The reason for this change is not known, but could have resulted in part from the growth of the LDS Church, and the fact that prayer circles were usually organized by a member of the First Presidency", "id": "16266582" }, { "contents": "Clinton L. Cutler\n\n\nClinton Louis Cutler (December 27, 1929 – April 9, 1994) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 until his death. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and was a counselor in the church's Sunday School General Presidency. Cutler was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and received his college education at Utah State University and the University of Utah. He then worked for many years for the company that became US", "id": "6647132" }, { "contents": "John Fairbanks\n\n\nJohn Boylston Fairbanks (December 27, 1855, Payson, Utah – June 15, 1940, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter. In 1890, he was one of a group of artists who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. He painted murals in the Salt Lake Temple and the Mesa Arizona Temple that still exist today. Fairbanks was the official photographer for the", "id": "20316649" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nRonald Anderson Rasband (born February 6, 1951) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority of the church since 2000. Currently, he is the eleventh most senior apostle in the church. Rasband was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Rulon Hawkins Rasband and Verda Anderson. He graduated from Olympus High School and later served as a Mormon missionary in the Eastern States Mission. The mission", "id": "561344" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\na future area boundary change has been announced. Until 2003, each area had a president and two counselors, all of whom were typically general authorities (area seventies were sometimes asked to be counselors). This three-man body was known as the \"area presidency\". In that year, the church eliminated area presidencies for all areas located in the United States and Canada, which were all then placed under the direct supervision of one of the seven members of the Presidency of the Seventy, thus freeing more general authorities", "id": "17173638" }, { "contents": "House of Joseph (LDS Church)\n\n\nthe state of Utah and parts of Arizona, California, Nevada, Idaho, and Wyoming. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), is the largest and best known denomination within the Latter Day Saint movement (a form of Christian Restorationism). The Church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and claims through inspired patriarchal blessings to its members throughout the world that many of these are descendants of Josephite Ephraim and Manasseh, with the tribe of Ephraim holding a responsibility of ecclesiastical leadership", "id": "10319750" }, { "contents": "Mormon settlement techniques of the Salt Lake Valley\n\n\ngovernment-like order. A Theodemocracy was instituted, which essentially combined church and state. The organization of the church at the time closely reflects our current system, but had an added emphasis on religion. The LDS Church is organized with a lay ministry, beginning with the president and his counselors (possessing oversight of all areas), the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and other General Authorities (each assigned responsibility over specified large areas), then Stake leaders (over units within an area), down to Bishops (over", "id": "18207819" }, { "contents": "Mormon folklore\n\n\nMormon folklore is a body of expressive culture unique to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and other sects of Mormonism. Mormon folklore includes tales, oral history, popular beliefs, customs, music, jokes, and material culture traditions. In folklore studies, Mormons can be seen as a regional group, since the core group of Mormon settlers in Utah had a common religion and had to modify their surroundings for survival. This historical regional area includes Utah, Southeastern Idaho, parts", "id": "233499" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nand the Assistants to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles were all merged into a new \"First Quorum of the Seventy\" under a seven-member Presidency of the Seventy. In 1978, some of the older members of the seventy were \"retired\" as the first general authorities to be given emeritus status. However, members appointed through 1981 were still granted life tenure. In 1986, all stake quorums of the seventy were discontinued. The church encouraged local leaders to have ordained seventies meet with the local elders quorum or to", "id": "9800076" }, { "contents": "Stake (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe LDS Church. The lowest level, consisting of a single congregation, is known as a ward or branch. Stakes are organized from a group of contiguous wards or branches. To be created, a stake must be composed of at least five wards. A stake may have up to a total of 16 congregations. Most stakes are composed of five to ten wards. In the United States and Canada, a minimum of 3,000 members is required to create a stake; elsewhere, a minimum of 1,900 members is required.", "id": "4227438" }, { "contents": "List of churches in the Latter Day Saint Reorganization movement\n\n\nof the church's members in Nauvoo, Illinois followed Brigham Young, who led them to the Great Basin area (in what is now Utah) as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church. Also, the term \"Mormon\" gradually primarily came to refer to members of the LDS Church.) The remaining individuals—who still considered themselves part of Smith's original church—remained; many who were in scattered congregations throughout the American Midwest joined other factions led by such leaders as Sidney Rigdon", "id": "2070090" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nMormon fundamentalist leaders are those who lead (or have led) a Mormon fundamentalist group. These leaders were the first three Presidents of the Church of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. The first three LDS Church presidents are: Some Mormon fundamentalists also regard the next three LDS Church presidents as leaders: When The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints began excommunicating members who practiced polygamy after the Second Manifesto, Mormon fundamentalists began breaking away from the LDS Church. At first, there was one main", "id": "6174766" }, { "contents": "Steven E. Snow\n\n\nbishop, stake president, and president of the church's California San Fernando Mission. In 1999, he became an area seventy in the church's Utah South Area. Snow became a general authority and a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2001. He began service as a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy on August 1, 2007. In that capacity, Snow was responsible for overseeing the work of the church in the North America Central Area and later the three areas in Utah.", "id": "8979712" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nwas organized from the Fifth Quorum because the number of quorum members exceeded 70, the number of members prescribed by scripture. The Fifth Quorum then comprised area seventies serving in the church's North America Northwest, North America West, Idaho, Utah North, Utah Salt Lake City, and Utah South areas, while the Sixth Quorum comprised those living in the North America Central, North America East, North America Northeast, North America Southeast, and North America Southwest areas. In July 2005, the church announced that, due to", "id": "8445641" }, { "contents": "American Fork, Utah\n\n\nThe median value of owner-occupied housing units was $210,600. In 2007 there were 2,754 businesses in the city, with total retail sales over $724 million. The first ward of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in American Fork was organized in 1851 with Leonard E. Harrington as bishop. As of 2009 there are six stakes headquartered in the city. While the majority of the population are members of LDS Church, there are several other faith communities in the city. The Community", "id": "11142657" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nRussell Marion Nelson Sr. (born September 9, 1924) is an American religious leader and former surgeon who is the 17th and current president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Nelson was a member of the LDS Church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles for nearly 34 years, and was the quorum president from 2015 to 2018. As church president, Nelson is accepted by the church as a prophet, seer, and revelator. A native of Salt Lake City, Utah,", "id": "17566714" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nLeGrand Raine Curtis, Sr. (May 22, 1924 – December 19, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 to 1995. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy; he also served as a counselor in the Young Men general presidency from 1990 to 1991 and from 1972 to 1974. Curtis was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was named after LeGrand Richards, who was bishop of the Sugar House Ward", "id": "18322018" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in South Africa\n\n\npeople, mainly of British origin. At some point between 2000 and 2005 the LDS Church reached a point where half the members in South Africa were black, and the percentage of blacks in the membership has continued to rise since then. Two black South Africans have been called as mission presidents. One, Jackson MKabela, was called to serve as mission president in Zimbabwe. He had previously been an area seventy and his wife Dorah had been a member of the Young Women General Board. Mkabela had become the first black man", "id": "1312361" }, { "contents": "L. Whitney Clayton\n\n\nLyndon Whitney Clayton III (born February 24, 1950) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He has been a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy since 2008 and its senior president since 2015. Clayton was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and attended the University of Utah. He served as a full-time missionary of the LDS Church in Peru. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in finance and earned a", "id": "17564673" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nby seven presidents—the Presidency of the Seventy—who hold keys to direct the affairs of the quorums. There may be an unlimited number of such quorums that are called to witness in \"all the world\", but currently only the members of the first and second quorums are general authorities of the church. Six other seventy quorums are designated as authorities over specific areas of the church. A High Priests Quorum is a local quorum organized in each stake and presided over by the stake presidency, who holds the keys of", "id": "10171834" }, { "contents": "General authority\n\n\ngeneral presidencies of the following organizations: The latter three groups are composed of women and represent the only three organizations in which women are given church-wide authority. Also excluded from the definition of general authorities are members of the Third through the Eighth Quorums of the Seventy, who are called \"area seventies\" and have responsibilities relating to a limited geographical area, not church-wide authority. Until 2004, general leadership for the Sunday School and Young Men organizations had historically been filled by general authorities. However, in the", "id": "7045446" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nand members of his family. LeBaron claimed his priestly line of authority from his father Alma (who was ordained by Alma's grandfather Benjamin F. Johnson, who received the priesthood from Joseph Smith). The church exists in Chihuahua Mexico, Los Molinos, Baja California, San Diego, California and in Central America; there is also a large group in Salt Lake City, UT. The Church of Jesus Christ in Solemn Assembly and its political arm, the Confederate Nations of Israel, are headquartered in Big Water, Utah.", "id": "6174773" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\nthe mission. It was decided that only the auxiliaries would be setup in Nigeria, which could be operated without the priesthood. Nigerian men would be allowed to pass the sacrament, but white missionaries would need to bless it. However, the program was canceled after several members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles objected. In 1971, the Genesis Group was formed as an auxiliary to the church for black members. Black members were able to fill positions in the Relief Society, Young Men's and Young Women's Presidency.", "id": "2658642" }, { "contents": "Joseph Freeman (Mormon)\n\n\nJoseph Freeman, Jr. (born July 24, 1952) was the first man of black African descent to receive the Melchizedek priesthood and be ordained an elder in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) after the announcement of the 1978 Revelation on Priesthood, which allowed \"all worthy male members of the Church\" to \"be ordained to the priesthood without regard for race or color.\" Freeman was born in Vanceboro, North Carolina, to Rose Lee Smith and Joseph Freeman, Sr. His", "id": "5694060" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nmen of African descent. Although the current LDS Church policy now admits blacks to the priesthood, the church has not issued a written repudiation of racist doctrines. Apostle Bruce R. McConkie told members to \"[f]orget everything that I have said, or what President Brigham Young or President George Q. Cannon or whomsoever has said [about Blacks and the priesthood] ... We spoke with a limited understanding.\" Some black members have made formal requests to the church to issue a statement, while other black members have argued against that effort", "id": "19378605" }, { "contents": "Mae Taylor Nystrom\n\n\nAlmira Mae Taylor Nystrom (August 11, 1871 - December 8, 1959) was a Utah suffragist and a member of the general presidency of what is today the Young Women organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Mae Taylor was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, to George Hamilton and Elmina Shepard Taylor, the first president of the church's Young Women organization. She attended the University of Utah for a year, but completed her course of study at LDS College", "id": "8024766" }, { "contents": "O. Vincent Haleck\n\n\nLDS Church, Haleck has served as a bishop, high councilor, stake patriarch, and stake president. He served as president of the Samoa Apia Mission from 2008 to 2011 and was in that capacity when he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in April 2011. After becoming a general authority, Haleck moved from Pago Pago, American Samoa to Salt Lake City, Utah. From the time of his call to August 2013, he filled assignments at church headquarters. From August 2013", "id": "2350277" }, { "contents": "Family History Center (LDS Church)\n\n\nMulti-Stake FHCs\"\" on the \"FamilySearch.org\" website. However a supplement to the \"Family History Center Operations Guide\" dated January 5, 2006, renamed these FHCs officially. Supervision of these facilities is under each area presidency or assigned to a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. These facilities are still considered branches of the Salt Lake City central library and often have book collections in the thousands, microfilm and microfiches in the tens of thousands, dozens of Internet-connected computers, microfilm and microfiche readers,", "id": "19548374" }, { "contents": "David M. McConkie\n\n\nDavid Merrill McConkie (born October 13, 1948) is an American lawyer and has been a member of the general presidency of the Sunday School of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2009 to 2014. McConkie was raised in Bountiful, Utah. From 1969 to 1971 he was a missionary for the LDS Church in South Africa. He attended the University of Utah and earned a bachelor's degree in history and a juris doctorate. McConkie became a lawyer at the Salt Lake City firm", "id": "15112656" }, { "contents": "Robert H. Garff\n\n\n, including bishop and stake president. From 1987 to 1990, Garff served as president of the church's England Coventry Mission. He later served as a member of the church's Sunday School General Board in 1991 and as a regional representative, beginning in 1992. In 2003, he became an area seventy, serving in the Fifth Quorum of the Seventy. From 2012 to 2015, he served as president of the Bountiful Utah Temple. Garff is married to Katharine Bagley and they have five children. The Ken Garff Automotive Group", "id": "4274628" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\npolicy of racial discrimination. In the case of Africa and the Caribbean, the church had not yet begun large-scale missionary efforts in most areas. There were large groups in both Ghana and Nigeria who desired to join the church and many faithful members of African descent in Brazil. On June 9, 1978, under the administration of Spencer W. Kimball, the church leadership finally received sanction to change the long-standing policy. Today, there are many black members of the church, and many predominantly black congregations. In", "id": "6128228" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Utah\n\n\nAs of June 5, 2019, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) reported 2,109,578 members living in Utah in 596 stakes, one district, 5,146 congregations (4,824 wards and 322 branches), and eleven missions. As of July 2019, there are 21 temples operating, under construction, or announced in Utah. A brief history can be found at LDS Newsroom (Utah) or Deseret News 2010 Church Almanac Though the LDS Church membership in Utah has increased, the percentage of Utahns who", "id": "12099884" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\nGeneral Conference is a gathering of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), held biannually every April and October at the Conference Center in Salt Lake City, Utah. During each conference, members of the church gather in a series of two-hour sessions to listen to sermons from church leaders. It consists of four general sessions. Since April 2018 the priesthood session is only held during the April conference, and a General Women's Session (for females 8 years and older)", "id": "16441566" }, { "contents": "Economy of Salt Lake City\n\n\n% of employment. Other major employers include the University of Utah, Sinclair Oil Corporation, and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Salt Lake City Industries by GDP value added 2011 It is rumored that call centers prefer the Salt Lake City and Provo areas because of the mild western accent of Utah natives that is easily understood in all regions of the United States, and considered pleasant by many. Marriott Hotels, InterContinental Hotels Group, Delta Air Lines, Continental Airlines, and JetBlue Airways all have reservation call", "id": "17871614" }, { "contents": "Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\narea authorities\" and \"local authorities\" and include all other Quorums of the Seventy, mission presidents, temple presidents, stake presidents, bishops, and other priesthood quorum presidents. The church has no salaried ministry; however, some general authorities receive stipends from the church, as needed, using income from church-owned investments. All local and area authorities are unpaid and continue in their normal occupations while serving in leadership positions. Although the church had a paid local clergy in the 1800s, local and regional priesthood leaders currently", "id": "17900603" }, { "contents": "Levi E. Young\n\n\nLevi Edgar Young (February 2, 1874 – December 13, 1963) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was one of the seven presidents of the Seventy from 1909 until his death. Young was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of LDS Church general authority Seymour B. Young and grandson of Joseph Young. Levi Young graduated from the University of Utah in 1895, and later became a faculty member at the same school, teaching", "id": "8108867" }, { "contents": "Presiding high council\n\n\ndiminished in authority, eventually disappearing completely. Post-exodus to Utah, the standing high council was established in a limited capacity as part of the central Salt Lake Stake, but it only served as a ratifying body for priesthood quorums in other stakes. An LDS Church Sunday School manual from 1980 states: “The Salt Lake Stake functioned more or less as a center stake that gave direction and guidance and had jurisdiction over other stakes. When quorum leaders in outlying areas needed new officers they sent a list of nominees to the", "id": "19087654" }, { "contents": "Howard R. Driggs\n\n\nJesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was heavily involved with the church's Sunday School, serving as a member of the organization's general board from 1910 to 1930. He was also involved in starting the first LDS Church Sunday Schools in New York City and Washington, D.C.. Also in New York City, Driggs served for a time as the branch president. When the New York Stake was organized in 1934, Driggs was made a member of the stake high council. From 1908 to 1911", "id": "4185902" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nOhio and New York State and purchased about of land in the Paseo and Troost Lake areas. Conflict between the Saints and other Missouri residents, leading to the eviction of the Latter Day Saint from Jackson County in 1833 and the 1838 Mormon War. Later, various groups of Latter Day Saints returned to Jackson County, the first of whom were members of the diminutive Church of Christ (Temple Lot), quickly followed by adherents to the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints under the leadership of Joseph Smith III", "id": "9329628" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nfunction of the apostles. However, in such circumstances, the seventy would be required to act unanimously. Members of the First and the Second Quorums of the Seventy are general authorities of the church with responsibilities covering the church as a whole. Members of additional Quorums of the Seventy (currently numbered Third through Eighth) are called an area seventy. Members of these quorums are ordained to the priesthood office of seventy, but they are not general authorities of the church. Area seventies generally have authority only within a geographical unit of", "id": "9800071" }, { "contents": "Curse of Ham\n\n\nthis curse, negroes were banned from the Mormon priesthood. In 1978, LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball said he received a revelation that extended the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church without regard to race or color. In 2013, The LDS church denounced the curse of Ham explanation for withholding the priesthood from black Africans. However, the essays have not been well publicized, and many members remain unaware of the essays and hold to racist beliefs that had been taught in the past. The Book of Abraham is", "id": "2418480" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nwhite, although some also consider Soares as non-white. These calls were recognized as adding diversity to the Quorum of the Twelve. Nelson also announced major changes in church organization during the April general conference. First, the high priests groups at the ward level were dissolved, making all Melchizedek Priesthood holders in wards and branches part of the elders quorum. A stake's high priest quorum now consists of current members of stake presidencies, high councils, bishoprics and functioning patriarchs. Next, Nelson announced the end of home teaching", "id": "17566740" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthat has criticized the church's theology. The Institute for Religious Research is an organization that has criticized the church, in particular the Book of Abraham. Numerous other organizations maintain web sites that criticize the church. The Tanners state that the church's 1978 policy change of allowing all worthy male members, including people of black African descent, to hold the priesthood was not divinely inspired as the church said, but simply a matter of convenience. Richard and Joan Ostling point out that this reversal of policy occurred as the LDS Church", "id": "19378560" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nand members of other factions, several of whom had established their headquarters in nearby Independence, Missouri. Today, there are notable numbers of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). The LDS Church is the largest sect in the Latter Day Saint movement and is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. The LDS Church opened the Kansas City Missouri Temple on May 6, 2012. Over the next years, the character of Kansas City was defined by those who wanted to live close", "id": "9329629" }, { "contents": "Jane Manning James\n\n\ndedicated near her grave in the Salt Lake City Cemetery by the Genesis Group (an official organization begun under LDS President Joseph Fielding Smith to support Latter Day Saints of African descent) along with the Missouri Mormon Frontier Foundation. The original headstones of Jane and Isaac James were supplemented with a granite monument faced with two bronze plaques. One side of the monument commemorates an incident documented in 1850, by Mormon pioneer Eliza Partridge Lyman, who wrote: April 13: Brother Lyman [Eliza's husband] started on a mission to California", "id": "20633037" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Ghana\n\n\nhim to be the first branch president, also calling Naomi Ogoe as the first Relief Society president. In just four days, the missionaries had baptized 249 people and organized two branches. From this point on, the congregations in Ghana were part of the official church, which is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. By the end of 1979, there were 1,723 new members of the church. This rapid growth made some nervous, as there were many members, but not experienced leaders. Ghana's government was also becoming", "id": "7951581" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nother regions in southern Africa. There were attempts to open a mission in Nigeria in the 1960s. However the church decided against proceeding with these plans. After the 1978 revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy males was received, the church proceeded to open missions in West Africa. Initially the focus was on Ghana and Nigeria, where there were groups that with unofficial church members who had been for years begging the church to send missionaries. Initially the missionaries sent to these nations were organized in the International Mission. As missionary work", "id": "7859631" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)\n\n\nin no way against ... members of other racial groups, who are fully admitted to all the privileges of the priesthood. It has taken a strong stand for human rights, and was, for example, uncompromisingly against the Ku Klux Klan during that organization's period of ascendancy after the First World War.\" At a time when racial segregation or discrimination was commonplace in most institutions throughout America, two of the most prominent leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ were African American. Apostle John Penn, member of the Quorum of", "id": "20807565" } ]

[ { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nThe Genesis Group is an auxiliary organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS church) for African-American members and their families. It was first organized in Salt Lake City, Utah, in 1971 to provide members an organization where they could affiliate with fellow African-American members. The Genesis group provided meetings for black members of the LDS church (Mormons); specifically, Relief Society, Primary, Young Men, Young Women and testimony meetings. Members of Genesis were still expected to attend", "id": "16359561" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nalready demanding LDS church membership. In 1985, Marva Collins started a \"Genesis II\" group in Oakland, California and published a newsletter focused on news about black Mormons until 1988. The Genesis Group was reorganized in 1996, based on a perception that African Americans still had unique issues and could benefit from a chance to affiliate with one another. Leaders of the group include Darius Gray (1997–2003), Don Harwell (2003–2018), and Davis Stovall (2018-present). Stake and High Councilmen were assigned to represent The Genesis", "id": "16359563" }, { "contents": "Genesis Group\n\n\nSunday meetings in their home wards, which at the time were sacrament meeting, Priesthood meetings, and Sunday School. It was like a branch, a small group of members, but without priesthood authority. The group was led by Ruffin Bridgeforth from 1971 through 1978. Shortly after the church's June 8, 1978, announcement of the revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church, the group's attendance dropped, and officially discontinued in 1987. Participation decreased in part because it added additional time commitments to", "id": "16359562" }, { "contents": "Darius Gray\n\n\nDarius Gray is an African-American Latter-day Saint speaker and writer. Gray was born in Colorado Springs, Colorado. He joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in the mid-1960s and then attended Brigham Young University for a year. After that he transferred to the University of Utah. Gray worked for a time as a journalist. Gray was a counselor in the presidency of the LDS Church's Genesis Group when it was formed in 1971. He was president of the group from", "id": "1196837" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\n1971, an organization called the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit of LDS Church to meet the needs of black Mormons. The first president of the Genesis Group was Ruffin Bridgeforth, who also became the first black Latter Day Saint to be ordained a high priest after the priesthood ban was lifted later in the decade. Harold B. Lee, president of the church, stated in 1972: \"For those who don't believe in modern revelation there is no adequate explanation. Those who do understand revelation stand by and wait", "id": "2658695" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthe Salt Lake City area black members have organized branches of an official church auxiliary called the Genesis Groups. During the post-World War II period, the church also began to focus on expansion into a number of Native American cultures, as well as Oceanic cultures, which many Mormons considered to be the same ethnicity. These peoples were called \"Lamanites\", because they were all believed to descend from the Lamanite group in the \"Book of Mormon\". In 1947, the church began the Indian Placement Program, where", "id": "6128229" }, { "contents": "Equality Utah\n\n\nEquality Utah is an American non-profit 501(c)(3) organization which is Utah's largest LGBT rights group based in Salt Lake City, Utah. The organization is a member of the Equality Federation. Equality Utah was founded in 2001 as Unity Utah and took its present name in 2004. In 2008, Equality Utah's Common Ground Initiative brought the group national attention. During the campaigns for and against California's 2008 Proposition 8, leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) made statements that", "id": "19802691" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\nin relief society. On October 19, 1971, the Genesis Group was established as an auxiliary unit to the church. Its purpose was to serve the needs of black members, including activating members and welcoming converts. It continues to meet on the first Sunday of each month in Utah. Don Harwell is the current president. When asked about racism in the church, he said \"\"Now, is the church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints racist? No, never has been. But some of those people", "id": "2658739" }, { "contents": "Newquist Group\n\n\nThe Newquist Group is a social organization associated with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) intended to provide a forum for discussion of freedom and morality. A meeting of LDS members was first convened on Conference Saturday at the Utah Hotel in Salt Lake City, Utah, in the mid 1960s as an unnamed group to provide a forum for discussion of Church elder Jerreld Newquist's \"Prophets, Principles and National Survival,\" a compendium of LDS leaders' statements on the three titular subjects. After Newquist", "id": "19408711" }, { "contents": "Hildale, Utah\n\n\n, a breakaway group from the Salt Lake City-based The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). On September 14, 2015, at least 12 members of two related families from the community were killed in a flash flood while stopped in a low water crossing at the mouth of Maxwell Canyon in Hildale. A thirteenth person was still missing as of September 16, 2015. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land. According to the", "id": "11142959" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Together, these three men constitute the \"bishopric\". A branch is presided over by a \"branch president\" who may or may not have one or two counselors, depending on the size of the branch. Groups of wards are organized into stakes, while groups of branches are organized into districts. The term \"ward\" originally referred to the political subdivision of some of the municipalities in the mid-western United States where members of the LDS Church resided, and in particular the political organization of Nauvoo, Illinois", "id": "4227536" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\nfrom specific area assignments. Since these areas were previously administered by area presidencies located at church headquarters in Salt Lake City, the administrative change was not as drastic as it might seem. In April 2018, the church announced that, effective August 1, areas in the United States and Canada would once again be supervised by a three-man presidency. This will enable members of the Presidency of the Seventy to more fully assist the members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in their duties, and to fill other assignments as", "id": "17173639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nespecially those that are limited to a temple. Historically the Latter-day Saints have gathered in many locations, including: In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion in their local areas. The members of the LDS Church gather with their local ward or branch for weekly worship services in LDS meetinghouses. Twice a year there is a stake conference for each stake, where the members of the several wards that make up each stake meet as a group. These were previously held in stake tabernacles", "id": "2158418" }, { "contents": "List of general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nThe following individuals are the current general authorities of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Included are the individuals' hierarchical position and some of their current specialized assignments in the church, if any. Note: On April 5, 2018, the First Presidency announced that area presidencies were being reinstated for those 10 areas within the United States and Canada, and that the members of the Presidency of the Seventy would be relieved of responsibility for those areas, to enable them to assist the apostles", "id": "311521" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Michigan\n\n\nthe Detroit River branch, which covered most of Detroit south of I-94 and west of I-75, was dedicated. This branch not only has several African American members but also many Latino members. Michigan is currently part of 10 stakes and one district. Eight stakes and one district are entirely within the state. Two stakes, with stake centers outside the state, have wards or branches in Michigan. Since the LDS Church has no paid local clergy, stake presidents and bishops have their own occupations. On October 23, 1999 the", "id": "2793685" }, { "contents": "First Nephi\n\n\npriesthood authority of the Aaronic and Melchizedek Priesthoods), and neither considering themselves Protestant, they do however believe that such groups had many righteous leaders and members who could be considered saints because they followed the light of Christ and sought to follow Him. Such people would include Wycliffe and Tyndale, who have been brought up most recently in an LDS General Conference. The majority of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believe that this great and abominable church includes any organized group of people who fight against God", "id": "15949332" }, { "contents": "1978 Revelation on Priesthood\n\n\nThe 1978 Revelation on Priesthood was a revelation announced by leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) that reversed a long-standing policy excluding men of black African descent from the priesthood. Beginning in the late 1840s, individuals of black African descent were prohibited from ordination to the LDS Church's priesthood—normally held by all male members who meet church standards of spiritual \"worthiness\"—and from receiving temple ordinances such as the endowment and celestial marriage (sealing). The origins of the policy are", "id": "7968100" }, { "contents": "Ward (LDS Church)\n\n\nminimum of 150 members is required. Each ward requires at least 15 active, full-tithe-paying Melchizedek priesthood holders. If there are not sufficient congregations in an area to form a stake, a district (analogous to but smaller than a stake) is formed to oversee local congregations. There is no minimum or maximum geographical size for a ward: In areas where there are greater numbers of active church members (such as urban and suburban areas in Utah), several wards can exist in only . When the ward", "id": "4227539" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\n. Historically, members of the Presidency of the Seventy would often serve as heads of various church ecclesiastical departments. This practice changed in 2004, when area presidencies in the United States and Canada were dissolved; these areas were put directly under the jurisdiction of the Presidency of the Seventy. The management of these areas is currently the primary responsibility of the Presidency of the Seventy. In April 2018, church leaders announced that, effective August 1, 2018, three-man presidencies composed of General Authority Seventies would once again oversee areas", "id": "9800087" }, { "contents": "Auxiliary organization (LDS Church)\n\n\n\" or \"general officers\" of the church. Like general authorities, general officers are \"accepted and sustained\" by the members of the church as leaders in their respective areas of jurisdiction, which are set out by the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Additionally, each auxiliary organization exists at a local ward and stake level, with presidencies formed to direct the work of the auxiliary in that particular region. Auxiliary presidencies work under the direction of the local priesthood leaders, which in most cases are the", "id": "8316784" }, { "contents": "North American Interfaith Network\n\n\nnational, regional and local issues. Without infringing on the effort of existing organizations, NAIN facilitates the networking possibilities of these organizations. NAIN encourages cooperative interaction based on serving the needs and promoting the aspirations of all member groups. Since 1988 NAIN has held annual \"Connect\" conferences with host locations rotating throughout the member organizations. 2007 Connect was held in Richmond, Virginia, 2008 in San Francisco, California, 2009 in Kansas City, Missouri. 2010 Connect will be in Salt Lake, Utah. Quarterly news and information on", "id": "15613218" }, { "contents": "Ben B. Banks\n\n\nBenjamin Berry Banks (born April 4, 1932) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1989. He was a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy from 1999 to 2002 and has also been president of the church's Jordan River Utah Temple. Banks was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. Before becoming a general authority, Banks served in the church as a stake president and bishop. From 1987 to 1989 he was president of", "id": "5941447" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nto Salt Lake City in order to be close to church headquarters. Members of these quorums are area seventies. As assigned, they carry out the duties typically carried out by members of the First and Second Quorums of Seventy, which include reorganizing and creating stakes, training stake presidencies, presiding at stake conferences, serving in area presidencies, touring missions, and training mission presidents. They serve in their callings for approximately six to ten years. Upon their release, they cease to be area seventies and members of a quorum of", "id": "9800097" }, { "contents": "Steven Mascaro\n\n\nSteven R. Mascaro (born January 15, 1946) was a member of the Utah House of Representatives from 2002–2010, representing District 47 from West Jordan, Utah. Mascaro is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He graduated from California State University, Fullerton in 1971 with a bachelor's degree in marketing management. Mascaro is the president and a business partner of Infill Group Incorporated. In the local community, he has also been involved with directing in various organizations, including", "id": "15127284" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\npresident and the calling of his successor, the session at which the sustaining vote takes place is called a solemn assembly. At a solemn assembly, groups of Latter-day Saints are asked to stand in succession and sustain the new president of the church. Typically, the order is: First Presidency, the Quorum of the Twelve, the Quorums of Seventy, Melchizedek priesthood holders, Aaronic priesthood holders, Relief Society members, members of the Young Women organization, and then all members together. Then the names of all other", "id": "16441578" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nfor railroad companies. Agriculture and mining were also common occupations at the time. As the African American community grew with the insurgence of non-religious motivated pioneers in the late 1800's, and especially grouped in places like Salt Lake City and Ogden, African American media, organizations, and churches (not The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) began to emerge in greater numbers. Between 1890 and 1891, the first African Methodist Episcopal church in Utah was established in Salt Lake and became a focal point for", "id": "5246841" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nPresidency of the Seventy, with responsibility for the church's North America Northwest and North America West areas. In August 2007, he was assigned to the Utah North, Utah South, and Utah Salt Lake City areas. In April 2009, Rasband became the senior and presiding member of the presidency when Neil L. Andersen was called to the Quorum of the Twelve. He served in this role until October 2015. In October 2015, Rasband was sustained as an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve. As an apostle", "id": "561349" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nmissionaries more visible. Rasband was called as a general authority and member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2000. As a general authority, Rasband has served in several area presidencies, including as a counselor in the presidency of the Europe Central Area. While serving in this position he dedicated the first chapel the church built in the Czech Republic. He was later president of the Utah Salt Lake City Area and executive director of the church's Temple Department. In 2005, Rasband was called as a member of the", "id": "561348" }, { "contents": "Lorus Pratt\n\n\nLorus Bishop Pratt (November 27, 1855, Tooele, Utah – December 29, 1923, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter and missionary. In 1890, he was one of a group of painters who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. Pratt's father was Orson Pratt, an early LDS Church member who became one of its leading theologians. He studied art", "id": "20316615" }, { "contents": "Jamal Willis\n\n\nJamal Willis (born 1972) is a local level leader in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a former NFL football player. He also works in administration for the Alpine School District in Utah. Willis was born in Oklahoma. He attended BYU on a football scholarship and joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints while a student there. On January 7, 2018 Willis was called as a counselor in the Genesis Group presidency. Like all other members of the presidency, Willis is of", "id": "19641851" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nstill commonly shouted out during and after sports matches. Attempts of physical violence after games were also reported by the student. A 2009 Pew Forum study showed that approximately 3% of members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the predominant religion in Utah, were African American. The Calvary Baptist Church, a well-known African American house of worship, has had a presence in Salt Lake City since 1898. Founded by a small group of African American women who gathered regularly to pray, the small", "id": "5246852" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nher instead to the poor, dilapidated houses in West Salt Lake. By 1970, the African-American population in Utah had grown to 6,324. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints continued withholding priesthood authority from African Americans, causing tension and criticism within the church. David O. McKay, President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, issued a letter to people struggling with confusion over the doctrine surrounding African Americans, stating resolutely that the time would come when African Americans would be given full", "id": "5246849" }, { "contents": "Righteous Branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\norganized a new church body with a new Mormon temple on April 6, 1978, two months before the LDS Church's 1978 revelation, which allowed priesthood ordination to black people. Peterson claimed he foresaw this \"apostasy\" through revelation. The Righteous Branch is organized similarly to the LDS Church with a First Presidency, Quorum of Twelve Apostles, Presiding Bishopric and other priesthood and auxiliary organizations. The Righteous Branch also actively proselytizes and performs proxy baptism for the dead. As with other Mormon fundamentalist groups, the Righteous Branch believed a", "id": "2909906" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Brazil\n\n\nCenter (MTC) was established in São Paulo, mainly for the training for missionaries from Brazil. Bangerter and members of the Church Educational System provided daily instruction for the missionaries. Following the MTC in Provo, Utah, it was the LDS Church's second MTC. In June 1978, the 1978 Reveltation on Priesthood was announced, allowing all worthy male members of the LDS Church to be ordained to the priesthood, regardless of race. Later, in 1978, the São Paulo Temple was completed. It was the first temple", "id": "22012502" }, { "contents": "Boyd K. Packer\n\n\nParable of the Mediator (Jesus Christ) was adapted into the short film \"The Mediator\". \"The Candle of the Lord\" (1982) is well known for its analogy of trying to describe what salt tastes like to trying to describe what promptings from the Holy Ghost are like. Packer also taught the importance of hymn-centered prelude music for worship services. Packer served as an advisor to the Genesis Group, a social organization of the LDS Church for African-American members and their families, and was also", "id": "14808659" }, { "contents": "Orrin P. Miller\n\n\nOrrin Porter Miller (September 11, 1858 – July 7, 1918) was a member of the presiding bishopric of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1901 to his death. Born in Millcreek, Utah Territory, Miller was a local leader in the church prior to his call as a general authority. He became the bishop of the newly created Riverton Ward in Salt Lake City in 1886. Prior to serving as a bishop, he had been an elder and a seventy in the", "id": "11180481" }, { "contents": "History of African Americans in Utah\n\n\nrights in the church. In June 1978, Spencer W. Kimball, then-president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints issued Official Declaration 2, which affirmed the Church's belief in the equality of all men and ended the long-standing practice of withholding certain church privileges from African American members, such as holding the priesthood and entering temples. African American population in Utah continued increasing at an accelerating rate, reaching just over 1% of the overall population during the 2010 census. Utah's college and", "id": "5246850" }, { "contents": "Utah English\n\n\nUtah English is American English spoken in Utah, primarily by members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Studies vary as to the exact degree that it either falls under Western American English or constitutes a separate dialect, with minor variations existing throughout the English of Utah, though demonstrating little dialect consistency. Mormon pioneers first arrived in the Salt Lake Valley in 1847, eventually settling the Utah Territory. Many of these settlers came from New York, Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois, where the church had been", "id": "6655612" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nAt the April 1995 general conference of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), church president Gordon B. Hinckley announced the creation of a new leadership position known as the area authority. In 1997, area authorities were renamed area authority seventies and ordained to the office of seventy. The church announced that these seventies would become members of a Quorum of the Seventy based upon the geographic region to which they were assigned. Later, the title \"area authority seventy\" was shortened to area seventy,", "id": "8445639" }, { "contents": "Gathering (LDS Church)\n\n\nGathering has been an important part of life in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), from gathering as missionaries to gathering for worship services. In the early days of the LDS Church, members were asked to gather together many times in specific locations from all over the world, including traveling across the United States to the Utah Territory. In the modern era, members are asked to gather in the stakes of Zion located in their local areas. In order for gathering, a scattering has", "id": "2158416" }, { "contents": "Black Mormons\n\n\npast. Still, Don Harwell, president of the Genesis Group, sees it as a sign that \"People are getting past the stereotypes put on the church.\" LDS historian Wayne J. Embry interviewed several black LDS Church members in 1987 and reported that \"all of the interviewees reported incidents of aloofness on the part of white members, a reluctance or a refusal to shake hands with them or sit by them, and racist comments made to them.\" Embry further reported that one black church member \"was amazingly persistent in", "id": "2658742" }, { "contents": "Mormons\n\n\nthe church (about 5 percent of the total membership), mostly in Africa, Brazil and the Caribbean. Black membership has continued to grow substantially, especially in West Africa, where two temples have been built. Many black Mormons are members of the Genesis Group, an organization of black members that predates the priesthood ban, and is endorsed by the church. The LDS Church grew rapidly after World War II and became a worldwide organization as missionaries were sent across the globe. The church doubled in size every 15 to 20", "id": "19256682" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nbe converted into wards and the district may be converted into a stake. Typically, this will not occur until there are least five ward-sized congregations in the district. Once a district becomes a stake, the mission president is only responsible for the proselytizing missionaries in the area, not the local members of the church. The LDS Church mission with the smallest geographic area (approximately 10 acres) is the Utah Salt Lake Temple Square Mission, in which missionaries from around the world serve on Temple Square, often to visitors", "id": "7859580" }, { "contents": "Centennial Park group\n\n\nin Centennial Park City, Arizona (), a town approximately three miles (five km) south of the twin communities of Colorado City, Arizona, and Hildale, Utah, with a small number living in the Salt Lake Valley. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God, also known as the Nielsen/Naylor Group and the \"Third Ward\", is a group based in the Salt Lake Valley and has around 200 members. It broke with the Centennial Park group after Hammon", "id": "21252120" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Kingdom of God\n\n\nin 1988, he appointed Frank Naylor as apostle and Ivan Nielsen as high priest and later as bishop. Naylor and Nielsen disagreed with Timpson's leadership and they split from the Second Ward in 1990 to form the \"Third Ward\" with Naylor as leader. Naylor and Nielsen were able to gather a number of followers from both the Centennial Park group and the FLDS Church. Most of the members of the new group migrated north to the Salt Lake Valley in Utah where they have built a meeting house. They continue to practice", "id": "14605931" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nnot in the callings noted above becoming members of their unit's elders quorum). An Elders Quorum is a local quorum organized in each ward and presided over by a president with priesthood keys who, along with his two counselors, act under the direction and authority of the stake presidency, and under the direction of the bishop. Each quorum consists of up to 96 Melchizedek Priesthood holders. Historically, a local Quorum of Seventy existed which consisted of up to seventy members in each quorum, and was presided over by seven presidents", "id": "10171836" }, { "contents": "Orchestra at Temple Square\n\n\nThe Orchestra at Temple Square (Orchestra) is a 110-member orchestra located in Salt Lake City, Utah. The Orchestra was created in 1999 under the direction of Gordon B. Hinckley, then the president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), as part of an initiative to continually strengthen and expand the capabilities of the church's music organizations. Formed in 1999, the Orchestra fulfilled the longtime desire of LDS Church leaders of having a permanent orchestra both to enhance the quality of The Tabernacle Choir", "id": "20805949" }, { "contents": "History of the Latter Day Saint movement\n\n\nbecame the Church of Christ (Cutlerite) as well as Lyman Wight's group in Zodiac, Texas. Young's organization today, the LDS Church, is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. (\"See\" History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.) The bulk of Sidney Rigdon's church had dissolved by 1847, but some loyalists reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ under the leadership of William Bickerton in 1862. James J. Strang's church in Voree suffered a significant schism in 1849", "id": "5047487" }, { "contents": "High priest (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe church was Smith's younger brother, Don Carlos Smith. In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), high priests are primarily responsible for the spiritual welfare of the members and the administration of local church units called wards and stakes. Melchizedek priesthood holders in the church are ordained high priests when they become a member of a stake presidency, stake high council, or bishopric, \"or when otherwise determined by the stake president\". Ordinations are approved by the member's bishop and stake", "id": "21853558" }, { "contents": "Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nJoseph Smith was killed. Young's succession became a precedent without exception within the sect based in Utah; with the death of each president, the First Presidency is dissolved and one member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles becomes the new President. Members of the LDS Church are asked to sustain the new prophet and his counselors at a solemn assembly during the next General Conference. Sidney Rigdon's church dissolved a few years after its organization, but it was reorganized as The Church of Jesus Christ in 1862, which still exists", "id": "3382848" }, { "contents": "Apostolic United Brethren\n\n\n\"Allred Group\" because two of its presidents shared that surname. Members of the AUB do not refer to their organization as a \"church\" and, unlike nearly all other Mormon fundamentalist groups, regard The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as a legitimate, if wayward and diminished, divine institution. Religious scholar J. Gordon Melton characterised the group as \"the more liberal branch of the Fundamentalist movement\", as the group allows sexual relations apart from the strict purpose of procreation. The", "id": "6648133" }, { "contents": "Judaism and Mormonism\n\n\nMelchizedek). The LDS Church propagates an all-male priesthood. All worthy LDS males receive the Aaronic Priesthood at age twelve. At age eighteen, worthy members of the Aaronic priesthood are usually ordained as elders in the Melchizedek Priesthood. Depending on the needs of a church, an elder may be ordained a high priest, patriarch, seventy, or apostle of the Melchizedek Priesthood. Males of African descent were prohibited from receiving the priesthood until 1978, at which time the LDS Church announced that its leaders had received a revelation", "id": "5349352" }, { "contents": "Prayer circle (Mormonism)\n\n\n-day Saints (LDS Church) continued to practice prayer circles in its temples. In addition, local stake and ward prayer circles were organized and conducted until May 3, 1978, when the church's First Presidency announced that all prayer circles should be discontinued except those performed in a temple as part of the endowment. The reason for this change is not known, but could have resulted in part from the growth of the LDS Church, and the fact that prayer circles were usually organized by a member of the First Presidency", "id": "16266582" }, { "contents": "Clinton L. Cutler\n\n\nClinton Louis Cutler (December 27, 1929 – April 9, 1994) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 until his death. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy and was a counselor in the church's Sunday School General Presidency. Cutler was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and received his college education at Utah State University and the University of Utah. He then worked for many years for the company that became US", "id": "6647132" }, { "contents": "John Fairbanks\n\n\nJohn Boylston Fairbanks (December 27, 1855, Payson, Utah – June 15, 1940, Salt Lake City) was an American landscape painter. In 1890, he was one of a group of artists who studied in Paris under the sponsorship of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), in preparation for painting murals at the nearly completed Salt Lake Temple. He painted murals in the Salt Lake Temple and the Mesa Arizona Temple that still exist today. Fairbanks was the official photographer for the", "id": "20316649" }, { "contents": "Ronald A. Rasband\n\n\nRonald Anderson Rasband (born February 6, 1951) is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He has been a general authority of the church since 2000. Currently, he is the eleventh most senior apostle in the church. Rasband was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to Rulon Hawkins Rasband and Verda Anderson. He graduated from Olympus High School and later served as a Mormon missionary in the Eastern States Mission. The mission", "id": "561344" }, { "contents": "Area (LDS Church)\n\n\na future area boundary change has been announced. Until 2003, each area had a president and two counselors, all of whom were typically general authorities (area seventies were sometimes asked to be counselors). This three-man body was known as the \"area presidency\". In that year, the church eliminated area presidencies for all areas located in the United States and Canada, which were all then placed under the direct supervision of one of the seven members of the Presidency of the Seventy, thus freeing more general authorities", "id": "17173638" }, { "contents": "House of Joseph (LDS Church)\n\n\nthe state of Utah and parts of Arizona, California, Nevada, Idaho, and Wyoming. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), is the largest and best known denomination within the Latter Day Saint movement (a form of Christian Restorationism). The Church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and claims through inspired patriarchal blessings to its members throughout the world that many of these are descendants of Josephite Ephraim and Manasseh, with the tribe of Ephraim holding a responsibility of ecclesiastical leadership", "id": "10319750" }, { "contents": "Mormon settlement techniques of the Salt Lake Valley\n\n\ngovernment-like order. A Theodemocracy was instituted, which essentially combined church and state. The organization of the church at the time closely reflects our current system, but had an added emphasis on religion. The LDS Church is organized with a lay ministry, beginning with the president and his counselors (possessing oversight of all areas), the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and other General Authorities (each assigned responsibility over specified large areas), then Stake leaders (over units within an area), down to Bishops (over", "id": "18207819" }, { "contents": "Mormon folklore\n\n\nMormon folklore is a body of expressive culture unique to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and other sects of Mormonism. Mormon folklore includes tales, oral history, popular beliefs, customs, music, jokes, and material culture traditions. In folklore studies, Mormons can be seen as a regional group, since the core group of Mormon settlers in Utah had a common religion and had to modify their surroundings for survival. This historical regional area includes Utah, Southeastern Idaho, parts", "id": "233499" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nand the Assistants to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles were all merged into a new \"First Quorum of the Seventy\" under a seven-member Presidency of the Seventy. In 1978, some of the older members of the seventy were \"retired\" as the first general authorities to be given emeritus status. However, members appointed through 1981 were still granted life tenure. In 1986, all stake quorums of the seventy were discontinued. The church encouraged local leaders to have ordained seventies meet with the local elders quorum or to", "id": "9800076" }, { "contents": "Stake (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nthe LDS Church. The lowest level, consisting of a single congregation, is known as a ward or branch. Stakes are organized from a group of contiguous wards or branches. To be created, a stake must be composed of at least five wards. A stake may have up to a total of 16 congregations. Most stakes are composed of five to ten wards. In the United States and Canada, a minimum of 3,000 members is required to create a stake; elsewhere, a minimum of 1,900 members is required.", "id": "4227438" }, { "contents": "List of churches in the Latter Day Saint Reorganization movement\n\n\nof the church's members in Nauvoo, Illinois followed Brigham Young, who led them to the Great Basin area (in what is now Utah) as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church. Also, the term \"Mormon\" gradually primarily came to refer to members of the LDS Church.) The remaining individuals—who still considered themselves part of Smith's original church—remained; many who were in scattered congregations throughout the American Midwest joined other factions led by such leaders as Sidney Rigdon", "id": "2070090" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nMormon fundamentalist leaders are those who lead (or have led) a Mormon fundamentalist group. These leaders were the first three Presidents of the Church of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. The first three LDS Church presidents are: Some Mormon fundamentalists also regard the next three LDS Church presidents as leaders: When The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints began excommunicating members who practiced polygamy after the Second Manifesto, Mormon fundamentalists began breaking away from the LDS Church. At first, there was one main", "id": "6174766" }, { "contents": "Steven E. Snow\n\n\nbishop, stake president, and president of the church's California San Fernando Mission. In 1999, he became an area seventy in the church's Utah South Area. Snow became a general authority and a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 2001. He began service as a member of the seven-man Presidency of the Seventy on August 1, 2007. In that capacity, Snow was responsible for overseeing the work of the church in the North America Central Area and later the three areas in Utah.", "id": "8979712" }, { "contents": "List of area seventies of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nwas organized from the Fifth Quorum because the number of quorum members exceeded 70, the number of members prescribed by scripture. The Fifth Quorum then comprised area seventies serving in the church's North America Northwest, North America West, Idaho, Utah North, Utah Salt Lake City, and Utah South areas, while the Sixth Quorum comprised those living in the North America Central, North America East, North America Northeast, North America Southeast, and North America Southwest areas. In July 2005, the church announced that, due to", "id": "8445641" }, { "contents": "American Fork, Utah\n\n\nThe median value of owner-occupied housing units was $210,600. In 2007 there were 2,754 businesses in the city, with total retail sales over $724 million. The first ward of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in American Fork was organized in 1851 with Leonard E. Harrington as bishop. As of 2009 there are six stakes headquartered in the city. While the majority of the population are members of LDS Church, there are several other faith communities in the city. The Community", "id": "11142657" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nRussell Marion Nelson Sr. (born September 9, 1924) is an American religious leader and former surgeon who is the 17th and current president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Nelson was a member of the LDS Church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles for nearly 34 years, and was the quorum president from 2015 to 2018. As church president, Nelson is accepted by the church as a prophet, seer, and revelator. A native of Salt Lake City, Utah,", "id": "17566714" }, { "contents": "LeGrand R. Curtis\n\n\nLeGrand Raine Curtis, Sr. (May 22, 1924 – December 19, 2010) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1990 to 1995. He was a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy; he also served as a counselor in the Young Men general presidency from 1990 to 1991 and from 1972 to 1974. Curtis was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. He was named after LeGrand Richards, who was bishop of the Sugar House Ward", "id": "18322018" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in South Africa\n\n\npeople, mainly of British origin. At some point between 2000 and 2005 the LDS Church reached a point where half the members in South Africa were black, and the percentage of blacks in the membership has continued to rise since then. Two black South Africans have been called as mission presidents. One, Jackson MKabela, was called to serve as mission president in Zimbabwe. He had previously been an area seventy and his wife Dorah had been a member of the Young Women General Board. Mkabela had become the first black man", "id": "1312361" }, { "contents": "L. Whitney Clayton\n\n\nLyndon Whitney Clayton III (born February 24, 1950) has been a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 2001. He has been a member of the church's Presidency of the Seventy since 2008 and its senior president since 2015. Clayton was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and attended the University of Utah. He served as a full-time missionary of the LDS Church in Peru. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in finance and earned a", "id": "17564673" }, { "contents": "Quorum (Latter Day Saints)\n\n\nby seven presidents—the Presidency of the Seventy—who hold keys to direct the affairs of the quorums. There may be an unlimited number of such quorums that are called to witness in \"all the world\", but currently only the members of the first and second quorums are general authorities of the church. Six other seventy quorums are designated as authorities over specific areas of the church. A High Priests Quorum is a local quorum organized in each stake and presided over by the stake presidency, who holds the keys of", "id": "10171834" }, { "contents": "General authority\n\n\ngeneral presidencies of the following organizations: The latter three groups are composed of women and represent the only three organizations in which women are given church-wide authority. Also excluded from the definition of general authorities are members of the Third through the Eighth Quorums of the Seventy, who are called \"area seventies\" and have responsibilities relating to a limited geographical area, not church-wide authority. Until 2004, general leadership for the Sunday School and Young Men organizations had historically been filled by general authorities. However, in the", "id": "7045446" }, { "contents": "List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders\n\n\nand members of his family. LeBaron claimed his priestly line of authority from his father Alma (who was ordained by Alma's grandfather Benjamin F. Johnson, who received the priesthood from Joseph Smith). The church exists in Chihuahua Mexico, Los Molinos, Baja California, San Diego, California and in Central America; there is also a large group in Salt Lake City, UT. The Church of Jesus Christ in Solemn Assembly and its political arm, the Confederate Nations of Israel, are headquartered in Big Water, Utah.", "id": "6174773" }, { "contents": "Black people and Mormon priesthood\n\n\nthe mission. It was decided that only the auxiliaries would be setup in Nigeria, which could be operated without the priesthood. Nigerian men would be allowed to pass the sacrament, but white missionaries would need to bless it. However, the program was canceled after several members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles objected. In 1971, the Genesis Group was formed as an auxiliary to the church for black members. Black members were able to fill positions in the Relief Society, Young Men's and Young Women's Presidency.", "id": "2658642" }, { "contents": "Joseph Freeman (Mormon)\n\n\nJoseph Freeman, Jr. (born July 24, 1952) was the first man of black African descent to receive the Melchizedek priesthood and be ordained an elder in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) after the announcement of the 1978 Revelation on Priesthood, which allowed \"all worthy male members of the Church\" to \"be ordained to the priesthood without regard for race or color.\" Freeman was born in Vanceboro, North Carolina, to Rose Lee Smith and Joseph Freeman, Sr. His", "id": "5694060" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nmen of African descent. Although the current LDS Church policy now admits blacks to the priesthood, the church has not issued a written repudiation of racist doctrines. Apostle Bruce R. McConkie told members to \"[f]orget everything that I have said, or what President Brigham Young or President George Q. Cannon or whomsoever has said [about Blacks and the priesthood] ... We spoke with a limited understanding.\" Some black members have made formal requests to the church to issue a statement, while other black members have argued against that effort", "id": "19378605" }, { "contents": "Mae Taylor Nystrom\n\n\nAlmira Mae Taylor Nystrom (August 11, 1871 - December 8, 1959) was a Utah suffragist and a member of the general presidency of what is today the Young Women organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Mae Taylor was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, to George Hamilton and Elmina Shepard Taylor, the first president of the church's Young Women organization. She attended the University of Utah for a year, but completed her course of study at LDS College", "id": "8024766" }, { "contents": "O. Vincent Haleck\n\n\nLDS Church, Haleck has served as a bishop, high councilor, stake patriarch, and stake president. He served as president of the Samoa Apia Mission from 2008 to 2011 and was in that capacity when he was called as a general authority and member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy in April 2011. After becoming a general authority, Haleck moved from Pago Pago, American Samoa to Salt Lake City, Utah. From the time of his call to August 2013, he filled assignments at church headquarters. From August 2013", "id": "2350277" }, { "contents": "Family History Center (LDS Church)\n\n\nMulti-Stake FHCs\"\" on the \"FamilySearch.org\" website. However a supplement to the \"Family History Center Operations Guide\" dated January 5, 2006, renamed these FHCs officially. Supervision of these facilities is under each area presidency or assigned to a member of the Presidency of the Seventy. These facilities are still considered branches of the Salt Lake City central library and often have book collections in the thousands, microfilm and microfiches in the tens of thousands, dozens of Internet-connected computers, microfilm and microfiche readers,", "id": "19548374" }, { "contents": "David M. McConkie\n\n\nDavid Merrill McConkie (born October 13, 1948) is an American lawyer and has been a member of the general presidency of the Sunday School of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 2009 to 2014. McConkie was raised in Bountiful, Utah. From 1969 to 1971 he was a missionary for the LDS Church in South Africa. He attended the University of Utah and earned a bachelor's degree in history and a juris doctorate. McConkie became a lawyer at the Salt Lake City firm", "id": "15112656" }, { "contents": "Robert H. Garff\n\n\n, including bishop and stake president. From 1987 to 1990, Garff served as president of the church's England Coventry Mission. He later served as a member of the church's Sunday School General Board in 1991 and as a regional representative, beginning in 1992. In 2003, he became an area seventy, serving in the Fifth Quorum of the Seventy. From 2012 to 2015, he served as president of the Bountiful Utah Temple. Garff is married to Katharine Bagley and they have five children. The Ken Garff Automotive Group", "id": "4274628" }, { "contents": "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\npolicy of racial discrimination. In the case of Africa and the Caribbean, the church had not yet begun large-scale missionary efforts in most areas. There were large groups in both Ghana and Nigeria who desired to join the church and many faithful members of African descent in Brazil. On June 9, 1978, under the administration of Spencer W. Kimball, the church leadership finally received sanction to change the long-standing policy. Today, there are many black members of the church, and many predominantly black congregations. In", "id": "6128228" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Utah\n\n\nAs of June 5, 2019, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) reported 2,109,578 members living in Utah in 596 stakes, one district, 5,146 congregations (4,824 wards and 322 branches), and eleven missions. As of July 2019, there are 21 temples operating, under construction, or announced in Utah. A brief history can be found at LDS Newsroom (Utah) or Deseret News 2010 Church Almanac Though the LDS Church membership in Utah has increased, the percentage of Utahns who", "id": "12099884" }, { "contents": "General Conference (LDS Church)\n\n\nGeneral Conference is a gathering of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), held biannually every April and October at the Conference Center in Salt Lake City, Utah. During each conference, members of the church gather in a series of two-hour sessions to listen to sermons from church leaders. It consists of four general sessions. Since April 2018 the priesthood session is only held during the April conference, and a General Women's Session (for females 8 years and older)", "id": "16441566" }, { "contents": "Economy of Salt Lake City\n\n\n% of employment. Other major employers include the University of Utah, Sinclair Oil Corporation, and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Salt Lake City Industries by GDP value added 2011 It is rumored that call centers prefer the Salt Lake City and Provo areas because of the mild western accent of Utah natives that is easily understood in all regions of the United States, and considered pleasant by many. Marriott Hotels, InterContinental Hotels Group, Delta Air Lines, Continental Airlines, and JetBlue Airways all have reservation call", "id": "17871614" }, { "contents": "Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\narea authorities\" and \"local authorities\" and include all other Quorums of the Seventy, mission presidents, temple presidents, stake presidents, bishops, and other priesthood quorum presidents. The church has no salaried ministry; however, some general authorities receive stipends from the church, as needed, using income from church-owned investments. All local and area authorities are unpaid and continue in their normal occupations while serving in leadership positions. Although the church had a paid local clergy in the 1800s, local and regional priesthood leaders currently", "id": "17900603" }, { "contents": "Levi E. Young\n\n\nLevi Edgar Young (February 2, 1874 – December 13, 1963) was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was one of the seven presidents of the Seventy from 1909 until his death. Young was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of LDS Church general authority Seymour B. Young and grandson of Joseph Young. Levi Young graduated from the University of Utah in 1895, and later became a faculty member at the same school, teaching", "id": "8108867" }, { "contents": "Presiding high council\n\n\ndiminished in authority, eventually disappearing completely. Post-exodus to Utah, the standing high council was established in a limited capacity as part of the central Salt Lake Stake, but it only served as a ratifying body for priesthood quorums in other stakes. An LDS Church Sunday School manual from 1980 states: “The Salt Lake Stake functioned more or less as a center stake that gave direction and guidance and had jurisdiction over other stakes. When quorum leaders in outlying areas needed new officers they sent a list of nominees to the", "id": "19087654" }, { "contents": "Howard R. Driggs\n\n\nJesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). He was heavily involved with the church's Sunday School, serving as a member of the organization's general board from 1910 to 1930. He was also involved in starting the first LDS Church Sunday Schools in New York City and Washington, D.C.. Also in New York City, Driggs served for a time as the branch president. When the New York Stake was organized in 1934, Driggs was made a member of the stake high council. From 1908 to 1911", "id": "4185902" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nOhio and New York State and purchased about of land in the Paseo and Troost Lake areas. Conflict between the Saints and other Missouri residents, leading to the eviction of the Latter Day Saint from Jackson County in 1833 and the 1838 Mormon War. Later, various groups of Latter Day Saints returned to Jackson County, the first of whom were members of the diminutive Church of Christ (Temple Lot), quickly followed by adherents to the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints under the leadership of Joseph Smith III", "id": "9329628" }, { "contents": "Seventy (LDS Church)\n\n\nfunction of the apostles. However, in such circumstances, the seventy would be required to act unanimously. Members of the First and the Second Quorums of the Seventy are general authorities of the church with responsibilities covering the church as a whole. Members of additional Quorums of the Seventy (currently numbered Third through Eighth) are called an area seventy. Members of these quorums are ordained to the priesthood office of seventy, but they are not general authorities of the church. Area seventies generally have authority only within a geographical unit of", "id": "9800071" }, { "contents": "Curse of Ham\n\n\nthis curse, negroes were banned from the Mormon priesthood. In 1978, LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball said he received a revelation that extended the priesthood to all worthy male members of the church without regard to race or color. In 2013, The LDS church denounced the curse of Ham explanation for withholding the priesthood from black Africans. However, the essays have not been well publicized, and many members remain unaware of the essays and hold to racist beliefs that had been taught in the past. The Book of Abraham is", "id": "2418480" }, { "contents": "Russell M. Nelson\n\n\nwhite, although some also consider Soares as non-white. These calls were recognized as adding diversity to the Quorum of the Twelve. Nelson also announced major changes in church organization during the April general conference. First, the high priests groups at the ward level were dissolved, making all Melchizedek Priesthood holders in wards and branches part of the elders quorum. A stake's high priest quorum now consists of current members of stake presidencies, high councils, bishoprics and functioning patriarchs. Next, Nelson announced the end of home teaching", "id": "17566740" }, { "contents": "Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\n\n\nthat has criticized the church's theology. The Institute for Religious Research is an organization that has criticized the church, in particular the Book of Abraham. Numerous other organizations maintain web sites that criticize the church. The Tanners state that the church's 1978 policy change of allowing all worthy male members, including people of black African descent, to hold the priesthood was not divinely inspired as the church said, but simply a matter of convenience. Richard and Joan Ostling point out that this reversal of policy occurred as the LDS Church", "id": "19378560" }, { "contents": "History of the Kansas City metropolitan area\n\n\nand members of other factions, several of whom had established their headquarters in nearby Independence, Missouri. Today, there are notable numbers of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). The LDS Church is the largest sect in the Latter Day Saint movement and is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. The LDS Church opened the Kansas City Missouri Temple on May 6, 2012. Over the next years, the character of Kansas City was defined by those who wanted to live close", "id": "9329629" }, { "contents": "Jane Manning James\n\n\ndedicated near her grave in the Salt Lake City Cemetery by the Genesis Group (an official organization begun under LDS President Joseph Fielding Smith to support Latter Day Saints of African descent) along with the Missouri Mormon Frontier Foundation. The original headstones of Jane and Isaac James were supplemented with a granite monument faced with two bronze plaques. One side of the monument commemorates an incident documented in 1850, by Mormon pioneer Eliza Partridge Lyman, who wrote: April 13: Brother Lyman [Eliza's husband] started on a mission to California", "id": "20633037" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Ghana\n\n\nhim to be the first branch president, also calling Naomi Ogoe as the first Relief Society president. In just four days, the missionaries had baptized 249 people and organized two branches. From this point on, the congregations in Ghana were part of the official church, which is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah. By the end of 1979, there were 1,723 new members of the church. This rapid growth made some nervous, as there were many members, but not experienced leaders. Ghana's government was also becoming", "id": "7951581" }, { "contents": "Mission (LDS Church)\n\n\nother regions in southern Africa. There were attempts to open a mission in Nigeria in the 1960s. However the church decided against proceeding with these plans. After the 1978 revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy males was received, the church proceeded to open missions in West Africa. Initially the focus was on Ghana and Nigeria, where there were groups that with unofficial church members who had been for years begging the church to send missionaries. Initially the missionaries sent to these nations were organized in the International Mission. As missionary work", "id": "7859631" }, { "contents": "The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)\n\n\nin no way against ... members of other racial groups, who are fully admitted to all the privileges of the priesthood. It has taken a strong stand for human rights, and was, for example, uncompromisingly against the Ku Klux Klan during that organization's period of ascendancy after the First World War.\" At a time when racial segregation or discrimination was commonplace in most institutions throughout America, two of the most prominent leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ were African American. Apostle John Penn, member of the Quorum of", "id": "20807565" } ]