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[ "After the Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft was founded in 1925 the Railway Central Office (\"Eisenbahn-Zentralamt\" or \"EZA\") that had existed since 1906 was renamed to the Reichsbahn Central Office (\"Reichsbahnzentralamt\" or \"RZA\").", "Amongst other things, they carried out numerous trials on steam locomotives and created the scientific basis for the performance measurement of railway vehicles.", "From 1920 they were supported by the Lokomotiv-Versuchsamt Grunewald, a locomotive trials office based at the main railway workshop at Grunewald.", "In 1936 there were 152 employees working for this research establishment.", "In 1945 the work at Grunewald ended, due to the war, and was continued in East Germany at \"RAW\" Dessau as well as in Halle, and in West Germany initially at Göttingen, and later in Minden and München.", "The Office had instrumentation vehicles, a rolling test bed with water brakes for locomotives and test rigs for various vehicle components.", "The following employees are particularly closely associated with the establishment:", "At the site today are a few Deutsche Bahn office buildings, several small firms and a golf course." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]

[ "The Lokomotiv-Versuchsamt Grunewald or LVA ('Grunewald Locomotive Research Office') was a facility established from 1920 to 1945 at Berlin-Grunewald in Germany that conducted trials on railway vehicles." ]

[ "Françoise d'Orléans was born in Paris, the second daughter of Jean d'Orléans, duc de Guise (an Orléanist pretender to the throne of France under the name Jean III) and his wife, the French Princess Isabelle of Orléans.", "Françoise's brother, Prince Henri, Count of Paris, succeeded their father as the Orleanist pretender, under the name Henri VI.", "In Palermo on 11 February 1929, she married Prince Christopher of Greece and Denmark (1888–1940).", "This was Christopher's second marriage - he was the youngest son of King George I of Greece (1845–1913) and his wife, Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia (1851–1926).", "Through his father, he was thus a grandson of King Christian IX of Denmark (1818–1906), nicknamed \"the father-in-law of Europe\" due to his six children all marrying into other royal families.", "This royal marriage was unusual in that era, with a Catholic marrying a non-Catholic (he was Greek Orthodox, whilst she was Roman Catholic).", "They had only one child, the writer Prince Michael of Greece and Denmark (born 1939), whose marriage to the Greek artist Marina Karella (born 1940) did not conform to the laws of the royal house and thus deprived him of all right of succession to the Greek throne." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ]

[ "Princess Françoise d'Orléans (Françoise Isabelle Louise Marie; 25 December 1902 – 25 February 1953) was born an Orléans Princess of France and became a Princess of Greece and Denmark by marriage." ]

[ "The first documented idea of building a railway between Norway's two largest cities was launched by Voss forest supervisor Hans Gløersen on 24 August 1871 in the Bergensposten newspaper.", "He suggested building the railway via Voss and Hallingdal to connect with the Krøderen Line.", "Back in 1866 he had launched the idea of the Jæren Line.", "Within days of the launch of the Bergen Line the city council had garnered support.", "In 1872 the railway director Carl Abraham Pihl and two engineers went on a survey tour to look at the suggested line.", "At the time it was common that proposals for railways came from local initiatives, and that local municipalities and private investors would then pay about 20% of the investments, the state covering the rest, mostly through foreign debt.", "On 20 October 1871 two engineers traversed the two possible routes from Bergen to Voss; via Fana, Os and Hardangerfjord; and via Dale and Sørfjord.", "Though covering a less populated area, the latter would be cheaper to build, and have less elevation.", "A railway committee was created on 25 January 1872 with a limited mandate, which was increased on 20 December.", "At the same time there was a dispute between the Ministry of Labour and Pihl about whether to prioritize the Bergen Line, but in July 1872 surveys were performed in person by Pihl and two engineers, and their report was positive.", "At the same time he launched the idea of a branch line up Valdres to Lærdal.", "By 1873 agreement had been reached as to the right-of-way to Voss, but not onwards towards Oslo.", "On 13 January 1874 Bergen city council started issuing stock for the Voss Line, and to begin with 400,000 Norwegian speciedaler (NOK 1.6 million) was issued.", "In the 1873 parliamentary election railway supporter Peter Jebsen was elected, spending the next few years furiously defending the railway.", "Parliament did not endorse new railway projects in the 1874 session, instead making a complete plan for all railway construction, to be proposed by a committee.", "When the report was launched on 20 March 1875, the Voss Line was not included since it could not show a higher profitability than 1%.", "During the 1875 session there was not a majority for the Voss Line, partially due to the lack of capital available for local investors.", "This was based on a claim from Johan Jørgen Schwartz, the chairman of the committee, that the investment costs were underestimated.", "This was countered by Nils Henrik Bruun, a constructor from Bergen, who was willing to construct all the tunnels for less than the budgeted sum.", "When Jebsen in addition was willing to act as personal guarantor for Bruun in case of his death, the majority in the parliament shifted.", "On 9 June 1875 parliament voted 61 to 42 to build the line.", "The line was built to narrow gauge, .", "Construction started in December 1875, while the largest part started in March 1876.", "During the winter the engineers had made final adjustments to the plans.", "At any given time at least 800 men worked on construction, and at the peak 1,800 men were employed.", "They worked 12 hours per day, for which they had a daily wage of NOK 2.55, the highest wage for navvies in the country.", "To a large extent the labor came from Sweden, who had just finished the Norway/Väneren Line and had an excess of skilled labor for construction.", "This import of labor had the effect of pumping money into the local economy, and several taverns were built along the line.", "There were some accidents, and several deaths among the workers.", "Construction finished in 1882 and some test services began, though not scheduled until the spring of 1883.", "Official opening was on 11 July 1883.", "Many of the navvies settled near the line, and started working for the Norwegian State Railways as part of the operation.", "On 27 November 1909 the Bergen Line opened from Voss to Hønefoss, and the Voss Line lost its independent status.", "The Bergen Line was built to standard gauge, so the line from Bergen to Voss had to be converted for the opening of the Bergen Line.", "This was especially challenging because of the continuous traffic on the line, with 36 departures per day to Nesttun, six to Garnes and four to Voss.", "In preparation a few curves had to be straightened, the tunnels widened and the bridges strengthened.", "On the night of 10/11 August 1904 all the track was changed and in the morning the trains could operate on standard gauge to Voss.", "Norway is a country with abundance of hydroelectricity and NSB saw huge amounts of money burned with imported coal.", "Plans for electrification of the line are as old as the railway itself, and in 1912 the line from Nesttun to Bergen was proposed electrified and doubled, having seen the Thamshavn Line open with electric traction in 1908.", "During the planning of the Hardanger Line and the Flåm Line during the 1930s the suggestion again arose, and both the branch lines were built with electric traction, but not the main line.", "Counter suggestions were raised proposing a conversion to the locomotives running on oil or coal dust.", "In 1939 a plan for national electrification was launched, and the Voss Line was top priority.", "But the outbreak of World War II set the plans back, and not until the 1950s was it again possible to afford such investments.", "Electric traction came into use on 2 July 1954.", "The first from Bergen to Takvam went a very roundabout way, and it was clear that it would be possible to reduce the line by with the construction of Ulriken Tunnel (), Arnanipa Tunnel () and Tunestveit Tunnel ().", "The idea was approved by parliament in 1956, based on private financing from the businessman Fritz Rieber.", "Construction started in 1959 with the tunnels being finished in 1963 while the tracks were finished laid on 29 May 1964 when the first train entered the tunnel.", "NSB operates a commuter rail service from Bergen with two-hourly departures to Arna plus 14 daily departures to Voss, of which up to six continue to Myrdal.", "Rolling stock is Class 69 multiple units.", "The first part to Arna represents an important part of the public transport in Bergen, since the rail line through the Ulriken mountains is considerably faster than driving around.", "Parts of the closed sections of the line, from Midttun to Garnes, has been converted to a heritage railway—the Old Voss Line—that is operated with steam trains by the Norwegian Railway Club during the summer.", "The Flåm Line branch has been converted to a tourist route.", "The railway has spectacular scenery and a vertical descent of or 5.5% along the route from Myrdal to Flåm.", "It is operated by NSB, but marketed by Flåm Utvikling.", "El 17 locomotives haul B3 carriages, all painted green." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46 ]

[ "The Voss Line () is a railway line from Bergen to Voss in Vestland, Norway.", "It opened on 11 July 1883 and was extended to Oslo as the Bergen Line on 27 November 1909.", "It was built as narrow gauge, but converted to with the connection with the Bergen Line.", "It was electrified in 1954, and shortened by the Ulriken Tunnel in 1963." ]

[ "The first documented idea of building a railway between Norway's two largest cities was launched by Voss forest supervisor Hans Gløersen on 24 August 1871 in the Bergensposten newspaper.", "He suggested building the railway via Voss and Hallingdal to connect with the Krøderen Line.", "Back in 1866 he had launched the idea of the Jæren Line.", "Within days of the launch of the Bergen Line the city council had garnered support.", "In 1872 the railway director Carl Abraham Pihl and two engineers went on a survey tour to look at the suggested line.", "At the time it was common that proposals for railways came from local initiatives, and that local municipalities and private investors would then pay about 20% of the investments, the state covering the rest, mostly through foreign debt.", "On 20 October 1871 two engineers traversed the two possible routes from Bergen to Voss; via Fana, Os and Hardangerfjord; and via Dale and Sørfjord.", "Though covering a less populated area, the latter would be cheaper to build, and have less elevation.", "A railway committee was created on 25 January 1872 with a limited mandate, which was increased on 20 December.", "At the same time there was a dispute between the Ministry of Labour and Pihl about whether to prioritize the Bergen Line, but in July 1872 surveys were performed in person by Pihl and two engineers, and their report was positive.", "At the same time he launched the idea of a branch line up Valdres to Lærdal.", "By 1873 agreement had been reached as to the right-of-way to Voss, but not onwards towards Oslo.", "On 13 January 1874 Bergen city council started issuing stock for the Voss Line, and to begin with 400,000 Norwegian speciedaler (NOK 1.6 million) was issued.", "In the 1873 parliamentary election railway supporter Peter Jebsen was elected, spending the next few years furiously defending the railway.", "Parliament did not endorse new railway projects in the 1874 session, instead making a complete plan for all railway construction, to be proposed by a committee.", "When the report was launched on 20 March 1875, the Voss Line was not included since it could not show a higher profitability than 1%.", "During the 1875 session there was not a majority for the Voss Line, partially due to the lack of capital available for local investors.", "This was based on a claim from Johan Jørgen Schwartz, the chairman of the committee, that the investment costs were underestimated.", "This was countered by Nils Henrik Bruun, a constructor from Bergen, who was willing to construct all the tunnels for less than the budgeted sum.", "When Jebsen in addition was willing to act as personal guarantor for Bruun in case of his death, the majority in the parliament shifted.", "On 9 June 1875 parliament voted 61 to 42 to build the line.", "The line was built to narrow gauge, .", "Construction started in December 1875, while the largest part started in March 1876.", "During the winter the engineers had made final adjustments to the plans.", "At any given time at least 800 men worked on construction, and at the peak 1,800 men were employed.", "They worked 12 hours per day, for which they had a daily wage of NOK 2.55, the highest wage for navvies in the country.", "To a large extent the labor came from Sweden, who had just finished the Norway/Väneren Line and had an excess of skilled labor for construction.", "This import of labor had the effect of pumping money into the local economy, and several taverns were built along the line.", "There were some accidents, and several deaths among the workers.", "Construction finished in 1882 and some test services began, though not scheduled until the spring of 1883.", "Official opening was on 11 July 1883.", "Many of the navvies settled near the line, and started working for the Norwegian State Railways as part of the operation.", "On 27 November 1909 the Bergen Line opened from Voss to Hønefoss, and the Voss Line lost its independent status.", "The Bergen Line was built to standard gauge, so the line from Bergen to Voss had to be converted for the opening of the Bergen Line.", "This was especially challenging because of the continuous traffic on the line, with 36 departures per day to Nesttun, six to Garnes and four to Voss.", "In preparation a few curves had to be straightened, the tunnels widened and the bridges strengthened.", "On the night of 10/11 August 1904 all the track was changed and in the morning the trains could operate on standard gauge to Voss.", "Norway is a country with abundance of hydroelectricity and NSB saw huge amounts of money burned with imported coal.", "Plans for electrification of the line are as old as the railway itself, and in 1912 the line from Nesttun to Bergen was proposed electrified and doubled, having seen the Thamshavn Line open with electric traction in 1908.", "During the planning of the Hardanger Line and the Flåm Line during the 1930s the suggestion again arose, and both the branch lines were built with electric traction, but not the main line.", "Counter suggestions were raised proposing a conversion to the locomotives running on oil or coal dust.", "In 1939 a plan for national electrification was launched, and the Voss Line was top priority.", "But the outbreak of World War II set the plans back, and not until the 1950s was it again possible to afford such investments.", "Electric traction came into use on 2 July 1954.", "The first from Bergen to Takvam went a very roundabout way, and it was clear that it would be possible to reduce the line by with the construction of Ulriken Tunnel (), Arnanipa Tunnel () and Tunestveit Tunnel ().", "The idea was approved by parliament in 1956, based on private financing from the businessman Fritz Rieber.", "Construction started in 1959 with the tunnels being finished in 1963 while the tracks were finished laid on 29 May 1964 when the first train entered the tunnel.", "NSB operates a commuter rail service from Bergen with two-hourly departures to Arna plus 14 daily departures to Voss, of which up to six continue to Myrdal.", "Rolling stock is Class 69 multiple units.", "The first part to Arna represents an important part of the public transport in Bergen, since the rail line through the Ulriken mountains is considerably faster than driving around.", "Parts of the closed sections of the line, from Midttun to Garnes, has been converted to a heritage railway—the Old Voss Line—that is operated with steam trains by the Norwegian Railway Club during the summer.", "The Flåm Line branch has been converted to a tourist route.", "The railway has spectacular scenery and a vertical descent of or 5.5% along the route from Myrdal to Flåm.", "It is operated by NSB, but marketed by Flåm Utvikling.", "El 17 locomotives haul B3 carriages, all painted green." ]

[ 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 ]

[ "It was built as narrow gauge, but converted to with the connection with the Bergen Line." ]

[ "The first documented idea of building a railway between Norway's two largest cities was launched by Voss forest supervisor Hans Gløersen on 24 August 1871 in the Bergensposten newspaper.", "He suggested building the railway via Voss and Hallingdal to connect with the Krøderen Line.", "Back in 1866 he had launched the idea of the Jæren Line.", "Within days of the launch of the Bergen Line the city council had garnered support.", "In 1872 the railway director Carl Abraham Pihl and two engineers went on a survey tour to look at the suggested line.", "At the time it was common that proposals for railways came from local initiatives, and that local municipalities and private investors would then pay about 20% of the investments, the state covering the rest, mostly through foreign debt.", "On 20 October 1871 two engineers traversed the two possible routes from Bergen to Voss; via Fana, Os and Hardangerfjord; and via Dale and Sørfjord.", "Though covering a less populated area, the latter would be cheaper to build, and have less elevation.", "A railway committee was created on 25 January 1872 with a limited mandate, which was increased on 20 December.", "At the same time there was a dispute between the Ministry of Labour and Pihl about whether to prioritize the Bergen Line, but in July 1872 surveys were performed in person by Pihl and two engineers, and their report was positive.", "At the same time he launched the idea of a branch line up Valdres to Lærdal.", "By 1873 agreement had been reached as to the right-of-way to Voss, but not onwards towards Oslo.", "On 13 January 1874 Bergen city council started issuing stock for the Voss Line, and to begin with 400,000 Norwegian speciedaler (NOK 1.6 million) was issued.", "In the 1873 parliamentary election railway supporter Peter Jebsen was elected, spending the next few years furiously defending the railway.", "Parliament did not endorse new railway projects in the 1874 session, instead making a complete plan for all railway construction, to be proposed by a committee.", "When the report was launched on 20 March 1875, the Voss Line was not included since it could not show a higher profitability than 1%.", "During the 1875 session there was not a majority for the Voss Line, partially due to the lack of capital available for local investors.", "This was based on a claim from Johan Jørgen Schwartz, the chairman of the committee, that the investment costs were underestimated.", "This was countered by Nils Henrik Bruun, a constructor from Bergen, who was willing to construct all the tunnels for less than the budgeted sum.", "When Jebsen in addition was willing to act as personal guarantor for Bruun in case of his death, the majority in the parliament shifted.", "On 9 June 1875 parliament voted 61 to 42 to build the line.", "The line was built to narrow gauge, .", "Construction started in December 1875, while the largest part started in March 1876.", "During the winter the engineers had made final adjustments to the plans.", "At any given time at least 800 men worked on construction, and at the peak 1,800 men were employed.", "They worked 12 hours per day, for which they had a daily wage of NOK 2.55, the highest wage for navvies in the country.", "To a large extent the labor came from Sweden, who had just finished the Norway/Väneren Line and had an excess of skilled labor for construction.", "This import of labor had the effect of pumping money into the local economy, and several taverns were built along the line.", "There were some accidents, and several deaths among the workers.", "Construction finished in 1882 and some test services began, though not scheduled until the spring of 1883.", "Official opening was on 11 July 1883.", "Many of the navvies settled near the line, and started working for the Norwegian State Railways as part of the operation.", "On 27 November 1909 the Bergen Line opened from Voss to Hønefoss, and the Voss Line lost its independent status.", "The Bergen Line was built to standard gauge, so the line from Bergen to Voss had to be converted for the opening of the Bergen Line.", "This was especially challenging because of the continuous traffic on the line, with 36 departures per day to Nesttun, six to Garnes and four to Voss.", "In preparation a few curves had to be straightened, the tunnels widened and the bridges strengthened.", "On the night of 10/11 August 1904 all the track was changed and in the morning the trains could operate on standard gauge to Voss.", "Norway is a country with abundance of hydroelectricity and NSB saw huge amounts of money burned with imported coal.", "Plans for electrification of the line are as old as the railway itself, and in 1912 the line from Nesttun to Bergen was proposed electrified and doubled, having seen the Thamshavn Line open with electric traction in 1908.", "During the planning of the Hardanger Line and the Flåm Line during the 1930s the suggestion again arose, and both the branch lines were built with electric traction, but not the main line.", "Counter suggestions were raised proposing a conversion to the locomotives running on oil or coal dust.", "In 1939 a plan for national electrification was launched, and the Voss Line was top priority.", "But the outbreak of World War II set the plans back, and not until the 1950s was it again possible to afford such investments.", "Electric traction came into use on 2 July 1954.", "The first from Bergen to Takvam went a very roundabout way, and it was clear that it would be possible to reduce the line by with the construction of Ulriken Tunnel (), Arnanipa Tunnel () and Tunestveit Tunnel ().", "The idea was approved by parliament in 1956, based on private financing from the businessman Fritz Rieber.", "Construction started in 1959 with the tunnels being finished in 1963 while the tracks were finished laid on 29 May 1964 when the first train entered the tunnel.", "NSB operates a commuter rail service from Bergen with two-hourly departures to Arna plus 14 daily departures to Voss, of which up to six continue to Myrdal.", "Rolling stock is Class 69 multiple units.", "The first part to Arna represents an important part of the public transport in Bergen, since the rail line through the Ulriken mountains is considerably faster than driving around.", "Parts of the closed sections of the line, from Midttun to Garnes, has been converted to a heritage railway—the Old Voss Line—that is operated with steam trains by the Norwegian Railway Club during the summer.", "The Flåm Line branch has been converted to a tourist route.", "The railway has spectacular scenery and a vertical descent of or 5.5% along the route from Myrdal to Flåm.", "It is operated by NSB, but marketed by Flåm Utvikling.", "El 17 locomotives haul B3 carriages, all painted green." ]

[ 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 ]

[ "The Voss Line () is a railway line from Bergen to Voss in Vestland, Norway.", "It opened on 11 July 1883 and was extended to Oslo as the Bergen Line on 27 November 1909.", "It was built as narrow gauge, but converted to with the connection with the Bergen Line." ]

[ "The first documented idea of building a railway between Norway's two largest cities was launched by Voss forest supervisor Hans Gløersen on 24 August 1871 in the Bergensposten newspaper.", "He suggested building the railway via Voss and Hallingdal to connect with the Krøderen Line.", "Back in 1866 he had launched the idea of the Jæren Line.", "Within days of the launch of the Bergen Line the city council had garnered support.", "In 1872 the railway director Carl Abraham Pihl and two engineers went on a survey tour to look at the suggested line.", "At the time it was common that proposals for railways came from local initiatives, and that local municipalities and private investors would then pay about 20% of the investments, the state covering the rest, mostly through foreign debt.", "On 20 October 1871 two engineers traversed the two possible routes from Bergen to Voss; via Fana, Os and Hardangerfjord; and via Dale and Sørfjord.", "Though covering a less populated area, the latter would be cheaper to build, and have less elevation.", "A railway committee was created on 25 January 1872 with a limited mandate, which was increased on 20 December.", "At the same time there was a dispute between the Ministry of Labour and Pihl about whether to prioritize the Bergen Line, but in July 1872 surveys were performed in person by Pihl and two engineers, and their report was positive.", "At the same time he launched the idea of a branch line up Valdres to Lærdal.", "By 1873 agreement had been reached as to the right-of-way to Voss, but not onwards towards Oslo.", "On 13 January 1874 Bergen city council started issuing stock for the Voss Line, and to begin with 400,000 Norwegian speciedaler (NOK 1.6 million) was issued.", "In the 1873 parliamentary election railway supporter Peter Jebsen was elected, spending the next few years furiously defending the railway.", "Parliament did not endorse new railway projects in the 1874 session, instead making a complete plan for all railway construction, to be proposed by a committee.", "When the report was launched on 20 March 1875, the Voss Line was not included since it could not show a higher profitability than 1%.", "During the 1875 session there was not a majority for the Voss Line, partially due to the lack of capital available for local investors.", "This was based on a claim from Johan Jørgen Schwartz, the chairman of the committee, that the investment costs were underestimated.", "This was countered by Nils Henrik Bruun, a constructor from Bergen, who was willing to construct all the tunnels for less than the budgeted sum.", "When Jebsen in addition was willing to act as personal guarantor for Bruun in case of his death, the majority in the parliament shifted.", "On 9 June 1875 parliament voted 61 to 42 to build the line.", "The line was built to narrow gauge, .", "Construction started in December 1875, while the largest part started in March 1876.", "During the winter the engineers had made final adjustments to the plans.", "At any given time at least 800 men worked on construction, and at the peak 1,800 men were employed.", "They worked 12 hours per day, for which they had a daily wage of NOK 2.55, the highest wage for navvies in the country.", "To a large extent the labor came from Sweden, who had just finished the Norway/Väneren Line and had an excess of skilled labor for construction.", "This import of labor had the effect of pumping money into the local economy, and several taverns were built along the line.", "There were some accidents, and several deaths among the workers.", "Construction finished in 1882 and some test services began, though not scheduled until the spring of 1883.", "Official opening was on 11 July 1883.", "Many of the navvies settled near the line, and started working for the Norwegian State Railways as part of the operation.", "On 27 November 1909 the Bergen Line opened from Voss to Hønefoss, and the Voss Line lost its independent status.", "The Bergen Line was built to standard gauge, so the line from Bergen to Voss had to be converted for the opening of the Bergen Line.", "This was especially challenging because of the continuous traffic on the line, with 36 departures per day to Nesttun, six to Garnes and four to Voss.", "In preparation a few curves had to be straightened, the tunnels widened and the bridges strengthened.", "On the night of 10/11 August 1904 all the track was changed and in the morning the trains could operate on standard gauge to Voss.", "Norway is a country with abundance of hydroelectricity and NSB saw huge amounts of money burned with imported coal.", "Plans for electrification of the line are as old as the railway itself, and in 1912 the line from Nesttun to Bergen was proposed electrified and doubled, having seen the Thamshavn Line open with electric traction in 1908.", "During the planning of the Hardanger Line and the Flåm Line during the 1930s the suggestion again arose, and both the branch lines were built with electric traction, but not the main line.", "Counter suggestions were raised proposing a conversion to the locomotives running on oil or coal dust.", "In 1939 a plan for national electrification was launched, and the Voss Line was top priority.", "But the outbreak of World War II set the plans back, and not until the 1950s was it again possible to afford such investments.", "Electric traction came into use on 2 July 1954.", "The first from Bergen to Takvam went a very roundabout way, and it was clear that it would be possible to reduce the line by with the construction of Ulriken Tunnel (), Arnanipa Tunnel () and Tunestveit Tunnel ().", "The idea was approved by parliament in 1956, based on private financing from the businessman Fritz Rieber.", "Construction started in 1959 with the tunnels being finished in 1963 while the tracks were finished laid on 29 May 1964 when the first train entered the tunnel.", "NSB operates a commuter rail service from Bergen with two-hourly departures to Arna plus 14 daily departures to Voss, of which up to six continue to Myrdal.", "Rolling stock is Class 69 multiple units.", "The first part to Arna represents an important part of the public transport in Bergen, since the rail line through the Ulriken mountains is considerably faster than driving around.", "Parts of the closed sections of the line, from Midttun to Garnes, has been converted to a heritage railway—the Old Voss Line—that is operated with steam trains by the Norwegian Railway Club during the summer.", "The Flåm Line branch has been converted to a tourist route.", "The railway has spectacular scenery and a vertical descent of or 5.5% along the route from Myrdal to Flåm.", "It is operated by NSB, but marketed by Flåm Utvikling.", "El 17 locomotives haul B3 carriages, all painted green." ]

[ 44, 45, 46 ]

[ "It was electrified in 1954, and shortened by the Ulriken Tunnel in 1963." ]

[ "The first documented idea of building a railway between Norway's two largest cities was launched by Voss forest supervisor Hans Gløersen on 24 August 1871 in the Bergensposten newspaper.", "He suggested building the railway via Voss and Hallingdal to connect with the Krøderen Line.", "Back in 1866 he had launched the idea of the Jæren Line.", "Within days of the launch of the Bergen Line the city council had garnered support.", "In 1872 the railway director Carl Abraham Pihl and two engineers went on a survey tour to look at the suggested line.", "At the time it was common that proposals for railways came from local initiatives, and that local municipalities and private investors would then pay about 20% of the investments, the state covering the rest, mostly through foreign debt.", "On 20 October 1871 two engineers traversed the two possible routes from Bergen to Voss; via Fana, Os and Hardangerfjord; and via Dale and Sørfjord.", "Though covering a less populated area, the latter would be cheaper to build, and have less elevation.", "A railway committee was created on 25 January 1872 with a limited mandate, which was increased on 20 December.", "At the same time there was a dispute between the Ministry of Labour and Pihl about whether to prioritize the Bergen Line, but in July 1872 surveys were performed in person by Pihl and two engineers, and their report was positive.", "At the same time he launched the idea of a branch line up Valdres to Lærdal.", "By 1873 agreement had been reached as to the right-of-way to Voss, but not onwards towards Oslo.", "On 13 January 1874 Bergen city council started issuing stock for the Voss Line, and to begin with 400,000 Norwegian speciedaler (NOK 1.6 million) was issued.", "In the 1873 parliamentary election railway supporter Peter Jebsen was elected, spending the next few years furiously defending the railway.", "Parliament did not endorse new railway projects in the 1874 session, instead making a complete plan for all railway construction, to be proposed by a committee.", "When the report was launched on 20 March 1875, the Voss Line was not included since it could not show a higher profitability than 1%.", "During the 1875 session there was not a majority for the Voss Line, partially due to the lack of capital available for local investors.", "This was based on a claim from Johan Jørgen Schwartz, the chairman of the committee, that the investment costs were underestimated.", "This was countered by Nils Henrik Bruun, a constructor from Bergen, who was willing to construct all the tunnels for less than the budgeted sum.", "When Jebsen in addition was willing to act as personal guarantor for Bruun in case of his death, the majority in the parliament shifted.", "On 9 June 1875 parliament voted 61 to 42 to build the line.", "The line was built to narrow gauge, .", "Construction started in December 1875, while the largest part started in March 1876.", "During the winter the engineers had made final adjustments to the plans.", "At any given time at least 800 men worked on construction, and at the peak 1,800 men were employed.", "They worked 12 hours per day, for which they had a daily wage of NOK 2.55, the highest wage for navvies in the country.", "To a large extent the labor came from Sweden, who had just finished the Norway/Väneren Line and had an excess of skilled labor for construction.", "This import of labor had the effect of pumping money into the local economy, and several taverns were built along the line.", "There were some accidents, and several deaths among the workers.", "Construction finished in 1882 and some test services began, though not scheduled until the spring of 1883.", "Official opening was on 11 July 1883.", "Many of the navvies settled near the line, and started working for the Norwegian State Railways as part of the operation.", "On 27 November 1909 the Bergen Line opened from Voss to Hønefoss, and the Voss Line lost its independent status.", "The Bergen Line was built to standard gauge, so the line from Bergen to Voss had to be converted for the opening of the Bergen Line.", "This was especially challenging because of the continuous traffic on the line, with 36 departures per day to Nesttun, six to Garnes and four to Voss.", "In preparation a few curves had to be straightened, the tunnels widened and the bridges strengthened.", "On the night of 10/11 August 1904 all the track was changed and in the morning the trains could operate on standard gauge to Voss.", "Norway is a country with abundance of hydroelectricity and NSB saw huge amounts of money burned with imported coal.", "Plans for electrification of the line are as old as the railway itself, and in 1912 the line from Nesttun to Bergen was proposed electrified and doubled, having seen the Thamshavn Line open with electric traction in 1908.", "During the planning of the Hardanger Line and the Flåm Line during the 1930s the suggestion again arose, and both the branch lines were built with electric traction, but not the main line.", "Counter suggestions were raised proposing a conversion to the locomotives running on oil or coal dust.", "In 1939 a plan for national electrification was launched, and the Voss Line was top priority.", "But the outbreak of World War II set the plans back, and not until the 1950s was it again possible to afford such investments.", "Electric traction came into use on 2 July 1954.", "The first from Bergen to Takvam went a very roundabout way, and it was clear that it would be possible to reduce the line by with the construction of Ulriken Tunnel (), Arnanipa Tunnel () and Tunestveit Tunnel ().", "The idea was approved by parliament in 1956, based on private financing from the businessman Fritz Rieber.", "Construction started in 1959 with the tunnels being finished in 1963 while the tracks were finished laid on 29 May 1964 when the first train entered the tunnel.", "NSB operates a commuter rail service from Bergen with two-hourly departures to Arna plus 14 daily departures to Voss, of which up to six continue to Myrdal.", "Rolling stock is Class 69 multiple units.", "The first part to Arna represents an important part of the public transport in Bergen, since the rail line through the Ulriken mountains is considerably faster than driving around.", "Parts of the closed sections of the line, from Midttun to Garnes, has been converted to a heritage railway—the Old Voss Line—that is operated with steam trains by the Norwegian Railway Club during the summer.", "The Flåm Line branch has been converted to a tourist route.", "The railway has spectacular scenery and a vertical descent of or 5.5% along the route from Myrdal to Flåm.", "It is operated by NSB, but marketed by Flåm Utvikling.", "El 17 locomotives haul B3 carriages, all painted green." ]

[ 50, 51, 52, 53, 54 ]

[ "The Old Voss Line, the section from Arna to Bergen, has become a heritage railway." ]

[ "Previous flooding events occurred in 1863, 1876, 1877, 1878, 1881, 1886, 1898, 1900, 1903, 1924, 1963 and 1968 (Cotting Burn).", "In 1992, a record peak water level of was recorded in the river channel.", "The 2008 flood level was 0.8 metres higher than this.", "However, there was not a flood event in 1992 as the defences successfully protected the town centre.", "The low pressure \"Mattea\" formed at the southern tip of Greenland on 3 September, deepening to approximately 980hpa as it passed to the south of Ireland on 5 September.", "The low then remained in place over the UK before dissipating on 9 September.", "An occluded front associated with this low moved slowly north across the UK producing flash flooding across the Midlands and the North.", "The Environment Agency recorded of precipitation falling in the Wansbeck catchment area between Friday 5 and Saturday 6 September.", "Figures suggest that in Morpeth alone there was of rain compared to an average of for a month.", "The River Wansbeck Valley is narrow and steep and as a consequence has exaggerated amounts of surface runoff.", "Based on three storm events, a reliable flow gauge located upstream of Morpeth at the confluence of the Wansbeck and Font showed that 99.9% of rain fall is converted into surface runoff.", "Because the soil was already saturated as a result of the wet summer, the effect of surface runoff was greatly enhanced.", "Furthermore, increased urbanisation since the 1960s in Morpeth meant that most water falling on the town would have drained directly to the river channel.", "Other tests investigating the catchment lag time (time lapse between the midpoint of storm rainfall and peak river level) indicate that the Wansbeck has a lag time of only 8 hours.", "This means that any water falling in the catchment area would have been rapidly converted into channel flow by surface runoff and to a lesser extent by throughflow.", "This is due to the steepness of the valley and the soil composition.", "During 6 September 2008, more than 400 residents were evacuated.", "Shelter was provided in the Town Hall, King Edward VI High School and County Hall.", "An error made by the Environment Agency's warning system meant that 198 properties in the Middle Greens area of the town did not receive a flood warning.", "Fire fighters, ambulance crews, the RAF, the RNLI and the British Red Cross were among the emergency services involved in rescue and recovery operations over the weekend, as well as some local nurses, GPs, a pharmacist and school staff who volunteered once the news of the flood broke out.", "They worked through the night attending to those affected.", "Many residents were forced from their homes, and lived in caravans or with relatives as rebuilding took place.", "Nearly one thousand properties in Morpeth's town centre were directly affected by the flood water.", "Among the businesses there, the ironmongers Smails and Sons, a cornerstone of the Morpeth community for over sixty years, was left completely out of stock.", "Early estimates suggested that damages could be over £40 million.", "The actual figure was much greater, with total losses estimated at £40 million.", "On Sunday 7 September, Morpeth Lions Club and the Red Cross launched the Morpeth Flood Disaster Fund, which, by Wednesday 10 September, had raised over £20,000.", "At the peak of the flood, Morpeth High Street (Bridge Street) was under of water.", "Not since 1963 had the main street been flooded.", "The library suffered severe structural damage due to the heavy debris transported by the river.", "Such was the extent of the damage that structural engineers were required to test its safety.", "On Monday 8 September 2008, John Healey, the Floods Recovery Minister, visited Morpeth.", "Official government aid was pledged to the local authority to help with costs of the disaster through the Bellwin scheme.", "Mr Healey was also in talks with insurance industry chiefs, discussing their plans for dealing with a large number of claims in affected areas as quickly and effectively as possible.", "Discussions with the Environment Agency to bring forward proposals for new flood defences took place.", "An Environment Agency report published in December 2007 had suggested that the town's flood walls needed improvement.", "Oldgate Bridge may need some structural changes made as it has a damming effect during flood events.", "An upstream reservoir to hold back flood water was also proposed.", "If successful, improvements could be made by 2011.", "Morpeth Lions Club aimed to raise £100,000 for payment to those affected by the flooding without insurance.", "The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall made an official visit on Friday 12 September, during which they inspected the damage and spoke with victims of the flood." ]

[ 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 ]

[ "Nearly one thousand properties, mostly residential, were damaged." ]

[ "Previous flooding events occurred in 1863, 1876, 1877, 1878, 1881, 1886, 1898, 1900, 1903, 1924, 1963 and 1968 (Cotting Burn).", "In 1992, a record peak water level of was recorded in the river channel.", "The 2008 flood level was 0.8 metres higher than this.", "However, there was not a flood event in 1992 as the defences successfully protected the town centre.", "The low pressure \"Mattea\" formed at the southern tip of Greenland on 3 September, deepening to approximately 980hpa as it passed to the south of Ireland on 5 September.", "The low then remained in place over the UK before dissipating on 9 September.", "An occluded front associated with this low moved slowly north across the UK producing flash flooding across the Midlands and the North.", "The Environment Agency recorded of precipitation falling in the Wansbeck catchment area between Friday 5 and Saturday 6 September.", "Figures suggest that in Morpeth alone there was of rain compared to an average of for a month.", "The River Wansbeck Valley is narrow and steep and as a consequence has exaggerated amounts of surface runoff.", "Based on three storm events, a reliable flow gauge located upstream of Morpeth at the confluence of the Wansbeck and Font showed that 99.9% of rain fall is converted into surface runoff.", "Because the soil was already saturated as a result of the wet summer, the effect of surface runoff was greatly enhanced.", "Furthermore, increased urbanisation since the 1960s in Morpeth meant that most water falling on the town would have drained directly to the river channel.", "Other tests investigating the catchment lag time (time lapse between the midpoint of storm rainfall and peak river level) indicate that the Wansbeck has a lag time of only 8 hours.", "This means that any water falling in the catchment area would have been rapidly converted into channel flow by surface runoff and to a lesser extent by throughflow.", "This is due to the steepness of the valley and the soil composition.", "During 6 September 2008, more than 400 residents were evacuated.", "Shelter was provided in the Town Hall, King Edward VI High School and County Hall.", "An error made by the Environment Agency's warning system meant that 198 properties in the Middle Greens area of the town did not receive a flood warning.", "Fire fighters, ambulance crews, the RAF, the RNLI and the British Red Cross were among the emergency services involved in rescue and recovery operations over the weekend, as well as some local nurses, GPs, a pharmacist and school staff who volunteered once the news of the flood broke out.", "They worked through the night attending to those affected.", "Many residents were forced from their homes, and lived in caravans or with relatives as rebuilding took place.", "Nearly one thousand properties in Morpeth's town centre were directly affected by the flood water.", "Among the businesses there, the ironmongers Smails and Sons, a cornerstone of the Morpeth community for over sixty years, was left completely out of stock.", "Early estimates suggested that damages could be over £40 million.", "The actual figure was much greater, with total losses estimated at £40 million.", "On Sunday 7 September, Morpeth Lions Club and the Red Cross launched the Morpeth Flood Disaster Fund, which, by Wednesday 10 September, had raised over £20,000.", "At the peak of the flood, Morpeth High Street (Bridge Street) was under of water.", "Not since 1963 had the main street been flooded.", "The library suffered severe structural damage due to the heavy debris transported by the river.", "Such was the extent of the damage that structural engineers were required to test its safety.", "On Monday 8 September 2008, John Healey, the Floods Recovery Minister, visited Morpeth.", "Official government aid was pledged to the local authority to help with costs of the disaster through the Bellwin scheme.", "Mr Healey was also in talks with insurance industry chiefs, discussing their plans for dealing with a large number of claims in affected areas as quickly and effectively as possible.", "Discussions with the Environment Agency to bring forward proposals for new flood defences took place.", "An Environment Agency report published in December 2007 had suggested that the town's flood walls needed improvement.", "Oldgate Bridge may need some structural changes made as it has a damming effect during flood events.", "An upstream reservoir to hold back flood water was also proposed.", "If successful, improvements could be made by 2011.", "Morpeth Lions Club aimed to raise £100,000 for payment to those affected by the flooding without insurance.", "The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall made an official visit on Friday 12 September, during which they inspected the damage and spoke with victims of the flood." ]

[ 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 ]

[ "Nearly one thousand properties, mostly residential, were damaged." ]

[ "Most of the village is located in the municipality of Kranenburg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.", "A small part of it lies in the municipality of Berg en Dal, Gelderland, The Netherlands, a few kilometers from the city of Nijmegen (German: \"Nimwegen\").", "The westernmost villages in the municipality of Kranenburg to some extent function as a dormitories for people who work in the Dutch city of Nijmegen.", "Population is 525; 441 in the German part, and 84 in the Dutch part.", "Some of the fiercest fighting towards the close of World War II occurred in the vicinity.", "Wyler lies close to the Wylerberg (Dutch: \"Duivelsberg\"; in World War II, known to Allied forces as 'Hill 75.9'), a hill which was formerly in Germany but, together with other territories — subsequently returned — annexed to The Netherlands after World War II.", "Among significant buildings in Wyler is the Sankt-Johannes-Kirche." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]

[ "Wyler is a village along the Dutch-German border, 7 km southeast of Nijmegen, Gelderland, The Netherlands, and 5 km west of Kranenburg, Germany." ]

[ "Shunya (later renamed Alexander) Gelman was born in Donduşeni (now in Moldova), a Bessarabian village that had been part of the Russian Empire before it was returned to Romania during the Russian Civil War and Soviet annexation in 1940.", "His parents were Isaak Davydovich Gelman (1904—1981) and Manya Shayevna Gelman (1910—1942).", "After the Nazi attack on the Soviet Union in 1941, the occupying German forces deported the Gelman family to the Bershad ghetto in Transnistria, where his mother died.", "Only Alexander Gelman and his father (from 14 deported members) survived a death march upon leaving the camp near the end of the war.", "Gelman graduated from a vocational school in Chernovtsy, Ukrainian SSR in 1951 and attended a naval school in Lvov (Lviv) in 1952–1954 and became an officer in the Soviet Navy, serving between 1954 and 1960 in the Black Sea Fleet's coastal defense and on the Kamchatka Peninsula in the Soviet Far East.", "He also worked in factories and in construction.", "In 1966 he moved to Leningrad, where he worked as a journalist for the municipal newspapers \"Smena\" (\"The Work Shift\") and \"Stroitelny Rabochy\" (\"Construction Worker\").", "During this period he started learning and working on screenwriting.", "In 1970 he co-authored a screenplay (with his future wife Tatyana Pavlovna Kaletskaya).", "It was later filmed as \"Night Shift\".", "The next screenplay, also together with Tatiana, led to the movie \"Xenia, Wife of Fyodor\" (Lenfilm, 1974), which won an award in a USSR-wide competition.", "His career reached an early peak with the 1974 play \"Protokol odnogo zasedaniya\" (\"Minutes of a Meeting\", also translated as \"A Party Committee Meeting\") and staged in Leningrad at the Gorky Bolshoi Drama Theater by Georgy Tovstonogov and a year later at the Moscow Art Theatre by Oleg Yefremov; it was filmed in 1975 as \"Premiya\" (\"Salary Bonus\").", "It depicted a construction crew's rejection of a salary bonus on the grounds that they felt cheated by bad management and poor workplace organization.", "Acclaimed as a sociological drama, the film won director Sergey Mikaelyan and screenwriter Gelman the USSR State Prize in 1976.", "Many people called \"Protokol odnogo zasedaniya\" prophetic, \"presaging the strikes of summer 1980 and the workers' movement in Poland.", "\"\nOther plays are \"Obratnaya svyaz\"' [Feedback] (1976), \"My, nizhepodpisavshiesya\"", "[We, the undersigned] (1979), \"Skameika\"", "[The bench] (1983), \"Zinulya\" (1984), and \"Poslednee budushchee\"", "[The most recent future] (2010).", "Boris Kagarlitsky writes of his plays (through the late 1980s):\nGel'man is free from naïve technocratic illusions; he knows economic reality other than by hearsay...", "Real people appear on the stage.", "Instead of Shatrov's faceless technocrats we see live production-workers who turn out to be very different, unlike each other, complex, unexpected...", "Gel'man's most recent plays ... localize the conflict, so to speak – confine it to a small group of people.", "More and more attention is paid to the conduct of particular individuals. ...", "There are no workers here.", "This is the world of lower and middle-ranking 'chiefs'.", "Bureaucracy.", "A milieu in which honesty is impossible, unattainable, having been eradicated.", "Love for one's job and confidence in one's rightness are also unattainable...", "We behold the anatomy of the bureaucratic world, its mechanisms, the Mafia-like bonds among the bureaucratic cliques, the formation of a 'clientage', and all the relationships that result.", "Elected to the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1989, Gelman was an outspoken supporter of liberal changes and of general secretary Mikhail Gorbachev's \"perestroika\" and \"glasnost\" package in the 1980s, but in a 1989 interview with David Remnick of \"The Washington Post\"\" characterized the idea of the liberal politician Boris Yeltsin taking the place of Gorbachev was \"a bit ridiculous\".", "Supporting Gorbachev's new course against its critics, Gelman opined that \"If the processes of democratization are halted, if perestroika is thrown out, a moral death awaits our party, the party of Lenin.\"\nIn 1990, Gorbachev personally recommended Gelman to become a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, but left the party months afterward without stepping down from the Committee, prompting his fellow members to take the step of expelling him from the Central Committee afterward.", "An October 1991 \"Washington Times\" article described him as a \"vocal anti-communist\".", "Gelman was a signer of the 1993 Letter of Forty-Two, an \"Izvestiya\"-published open letter containing a collective appeal by forty-two prominent literati calling on Russian President Boris Yeltsin to ban the Communist Party of the Russian Federation and nationalist organizations in the wake of the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis, a political stand-off between the communist- and nationalist-dominated legislature and the Russian president.", "Since 2001 he is a member of public council of the Russian Jewish Congress.", "On 25 October 2008, he received a birthday greeting from Russian President Dmitry Medvedev.", "In May 2018, Gelman joined the statement of Russian writers in defense of the Ukrainian director Oleg Sentsov, convicted in Russia." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ]

[ "Alexander Isaakovich Gelman (; born 25 October 1933 in Donduşeni), original given name Shunya (), is a Bessarabian-born Soviet and Russian playwright, writer, and screenwriter." ]

[ "Shunya (later renamed Alexander) Gelman was born in Donduşeni (now in Moldova), a Bessarabian village that had been part of the Russian Empire before it was returned to Romania during the Russian Civil War and Soviet annexation in 1940.", "His parents were Isaak Davydovich Gelman (1904—1981) and Manya Shayevna Gelman (1910—1942).", "After the Nazi attack on the Soviet Union in 1941, the occupying German forces deported the Gelman family to the Bershad ghetto in Transnistria, where his mother died.", "Only Alexander Gelman and his father (from 14 deported members) survived a death march upon leaving the camp near the end of the war.", "Gelman graduated from a vocational school in Chernovtsy, Ukrainian SSR in 1951 and attended a naval school in Lvov (Lviv) in 1952–1954 and became an officer in the Soviet Navy, serving between 1954 and 1960 in the Black Sea Fleet's coastal defense and on the Kamchatka Peninsula in the Soviet Far East.", "He also worked in factories and in construction.", "In 1966 he moved to Leningrad, where he worked as a journalist for the municipal newspapers \"Smena\" (\"The Work Shift\") and \"Stroitelny Rabochy\" (\"Construction Worker\").", "During this period he started learning and working on screenwriting.", "In 1970 he co-authored a screenplay (with his future wife Tatyana Pavlovna Kaletskaya).", "It was later filmed as \"Night Shift\".", "The next screenplay, also together with Tatiana, led to the movie \"Xenia, Wife of Fyodor\" (Lenfilm, 1974), which won an award in a USSR-wide competition.", "His career reached an early peak with the 1974 play \"Protokol odnogo zasedaniya\" (\"Minutes of a Meeting\", also translated as \"A Party Committee Meeting\") and staged in Leningrad at the Gorky Bolshoi Drama Theater by Georgy Tovstonogov and a year later at the Moscow Art Theatre by Oleg Yefremov; it was filmed in 1975 as \"Premiya\" (\"Salary Bonus\").", "It depicted a construction crew's rejection of a salary bonus on the grounds that they felt cheated by bad management and poor workplace organization.", "Acclaimed as a sociological drama, the film won director Sergey Mikaelyan and screenwriter Gelman the USSR State Prize in 1976.", "Many people called \"Protokol odnogo zasedaniya\" prophetic, \"presaging the strikes of summer 1980 and the workers' movement in Poland.", "\"\nOther plays are \"Obratnaya svyaz\"' [Feedback] (1976), \"My, nizhepodpisavshiesya\"", "[We, the undersigned] (1979), \"Skameika\"", "[The bench] (1983), \"Zinulya\" (1984), and \"Poslednee budushchee\"", "[The most recent future] (2010).", "Boris Kagarlitsky writes of his plays (through the late 1980s):\nGel'man is free from naïve technocratic illusions; he knows economic reality other than by hearsay...", "Real people appear on the stage.", "Instead of Shatrov's faceless technocrats we see live production-workers who turn out to be very different, unlike each other, complex, unexpected...", "Gel'man's most recent plays ... localize the conflict, so to speak – confine it to a small group of people.", "More and more attention is paid to the conduct of particular individuals. ...", "There are no workers here.", "This is the world of lower and middle-ranking 'chiefs'.", "Bureaucracy.", "A milieu in which honesty is impossible, unattainable, having been eradicated.", "Love for one's job and confidence in one's rightness are also unattainable...", "We behold the anatomy of the bureaucratic world, its mechanisms, the Mafia-like bonds among the bureaucratic cliques, the formation of a 'clientage', and all the relationships that result.", "Elected to the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1989, Gelman was an outspoken supporter of liberal changes and of general secretary Mikhail Gorbachev's \"perestroika\" and \"glasnost\" package in the 1980s, but in a 1989 interview with David Remnick of \"The Washington Post\"\" characterized the idea of the liberal politician Boris Yeltsin taking the place of Gorbachev was \"a bit ridiculous\".", "Supporting Gorbachev's new course against its critics, Gelman opined that \"If the processes of democratization are halted, if perestroika is thrown out, a moral death awaits our party, the party of Lenin.\"\nIn 1990, Gorbachev personally recommended Gelman to become a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, but left the party months afterward without stepping down from the Committee, prompting his fellow members to take the step of expelling him from the Central Committee afterward.", "An October 1991 \"Washington Times\" article described him as a \"vocal anti-communist\".", "Gelman was a signer of the 1993 Letter of Forty-Two, an \"Izvestiya\"-published open letter containing a collective appeal by forty-two prominent literati calling on Russian President Boris Yeltsin to ban the Communist Party of the Russian Federation and nationalist organizations in the wake of the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis, a political stand-off between the communist- and nationalist-dominated legislature and the Russian president.", "Since 2001 he is a member of public council of the Russian Jewish Congress.", "On 25 October 2008, he received a birthday greeting from Russian President Dmitry Medvedev.", "In May 2018, Gelman joined the statement of Russian writers in defense of the Ukrainian director Oleg Sentsov, convicted in Russia." ]

[ 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 ]

[ "A supporter of Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms, Gelman was elected to the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1989 and to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union upon Mikhail Gorbachev's recommendation in 1990, before leaving the Communist Party of the Soviet Union less than a year later." ]

[ "After 2009 season, Liaoning Whowin and Nanchang Bayi Hengyuan were promoted to Chinese Super League 2010 and Sichuan F.C. were relegated to China League Two 2010.", "They were replaced by Hunan Billows and Hubei Luyin which promoted from League Two 2009, Chengdu Blades and Guangzhou F.C. who relegated from Super League 2009.", "Beijing Baxy&Shengshi took over Beijing Hongdeng and take their position within the division.", "Chengdu Blades and Guangzhou F.C., who finished in 7th and 9th place in Super League 2009, were relegated from the top flight for match-fixing scandals, while Qingdao Hailifeng, who finished in 10th place in League One 2009, were banned from all future national matches organized by the CFA for the same reason.", "On 21 July 2010, Guangzhou Evergrande trounced Nanjing Yoyo 10-0 at Century Lotus Stadium, setting a new record in Chinese professional football league for biggest ever League win in the process.", "On 25 September 2010, Guangzhou Evergrande and Chengdu Blades promoted to the Chinese Super League for the 2011 season after Hubei Luyin draw 1-1 with Shanghai Zobon.", "On 23 October, Nanjing Yoyo relegated to China League Two after a 5-0 home defeat to Guangzhou Evergrande.", "<onlyinclude></onlyinclude>" ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ]

[ "The 2010 China League One is the seventh season since the establishment." ]

[ "At Gatchina near Saint Petersburg) on 12 October 1799 (Old Style - 23 October)", "he married Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna of Russia, daughter of Tsar Paul I of Russia.", "They had two children:\n#Paul Frederick of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1800-1842)", "Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, who in 1822 married Princess Alexandrine of Prussia (1803-1892)\n#Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1803-1862), who in 1825 married Georg, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg.", "On Elena's death in 1803, in 1810 he married Princess Caroline Louise of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, daughter of Charles Augustus, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach.", "They had 3 children:\n#Albert of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1812-1834)\n#Hélène of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1814-1858), who in 1837 married Prince Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans (1810-1842) eldest son of Louis Philippe I, King of the French\n#Magnus of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1815-1816)\nAfter Caroline's death in 1816, he remarried in 1818 to Landgravine Auguste of Hesse-Homburg.", "Among Friedrich Louis's descendants are the King of the Netherlands, the Queen of Denmark, the Queen of Greece, the King of Spain, Queen Anne of Romania, the Count of Paris, the Duke of Parma, Gustav, 7th Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg, the Grand Duchess of Russia and the Prince of Prussia as well as Guglielmo Plüschow and Gunther Plüschow, descendants of his illegitimate son Carl Eduard Plüschow." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ]

[ "He was the son of Frederick Francis I, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and of Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg." ]

[ "PK-37 have played 8 seasons in the Ykkönen (First Division) or its predecessor the Suomensarja (Finland League), the second tier of Finnish football, in the periods 1964, 1971, 1986 and 1989–93.", "They also have had six spells in the third tier, the Kakkonen (Second Division), covering 25 seasons from 1973 to 1979, 1983–85, 1987–88, 1994–2000, 2002–04 and 2008 to the present day.", "The Club has gained a good reputation for developing junior players.", "Young players are transferred to larger clubs in the transition to work or study in other locations.", "PK-37 runs 2 men's teams along with 10 boys teams in a vibrant junior section.", "PK-37 Men's Team are competing in Group C (Lohko C) of the Kakkonen administered by the Football Association of Finland \" (Suomen Palloliitto) \".", "This is the third highest tier in the Finnish football system.", "In 2009 the team finished in eleventh position in their Kakkonen section.", "PK-37 / 2 are participating in Section B (Lohko B) of the Nelonen administered by the Itä-Suomi SPL." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3 ]

[ "Nowadays PK-37 concentrates only on football." ]

[ "PK-37 have played 8 seasons in the Ykkönen (First Division) or its predecessor the Suomensarja (Finland League), the second tier of Finnish football, in the periods 1964, 1971, 1986 and 1989–93.", "They also have had six spells in the third tier, the Kakkonen (Second Division), covering 25 seasons from 1973 to 1979, 1983–85, 1987–88, 1994–2000, 2002–04 and 2008 to the present day.", "The Club has gained a good reputation for developing junior players.", "Young players are transferred to larger clubs in the transition to work or study in other locations.", "PK-37 runs 2 men's teams along with 10 boys teams in a vibrant junior section.", "PK-37 Men's Team are competing in Group C (Lohko C) of the Kakkonen administered by the Football Association of Finland \" (Suomen Palloliitto) \".", "This is the third highest tier in the Finnish football system.", "In 2009 the team finished in eleventh position in their Kakkonen section.", "PK-37 / 2 are participating in Section B (Lohko B) of the Nelonen administered by the Itä-Suomi SPL." ]

[ 5, 6, 7, 8 ]

[ "The club's men's team play at the third highest level of Finnish football, in the Kakkonen." ]

[ "In 1963 a new premise was built in the outskirts of Reggio Emilia which marked the transition to large scale production.", "Taking advantage of the tumultuous growth of the Italian economy and of the ever-increasing demand for agricultural machinery, Lombardini enjoyed a long and steady expansion, resulting in the company becoming a leader in small agricultural equipment.", "At this stage, the company decided to abandon production of finished products in order to focus on bare engines alone.", "This change reflected a strategic decision of the company not to compete against their own customers.", "During the years Lombardini became the most prominent Diesel manufacturer in Italy in its range and bought out its competitors one by one.", "Slanzi, Cotiemme, Acme and lastly Ruggerini company were all bought out and incorporated into Lombardini.", "As the growth of the company went on, its structure became more and more that of a modern industrial group.", "Commercial branches were established in the UK, Spain, France, Germany and US.", "Aside from the main premises in Reggio Emilia, new factories were established in Rieti (Italy), Czech Republic and India.", "In 1999 Lombardini was sold to Mark IV Industries and in 2007 to Kohler Company becoming part of its Power Group.", "Lombardini manufactures air- and liquid-cooled Diesel engines.", "It also has a small range of gasoline engines (petrol).", "Liquid-cooled Lombardini engines range from 440 to 2200 cc and from 11 to 65HP.", "They come as twin-, three- or four-cylinder.", "Lombardini has engineered a 440cc engine with common rail, which is today the smallest common rail in the world.", "The range of Lombardini gasoline engines has shrunk in the years.", "Today only two models of gasoline are available, known as Intermotor's: a 9 and an 11 HP.", "One of those is the IM350, often called \"The world's best engine\".", "Also, a liquid-cooled gasoline engine of 20HP remains in production.", "Lombardini, being part of Kohler group, is now marketing the Kohler gasoline engines which range from 4 to 40HP and come in a variety of models and configurations.", "The construction industry is the second field of application of Lombardini engines.", "Machinery such as trench rollers, reversible compactors, single drum rollers, vibratory plates, mini rollers etc, are an example of that.", "Some major European OEMs have some Lombardini in their products.", "This is one of the latest market Lombardini has entered.", "It includes Micro cars (Ligier, Chatenet, Giotti Victoria etc.), quads, ATVs, 3-wheelers, and similar.", "For this market, Lombardini has engineered a special 440 cc engine with common rail injection.", "Other applications include Gensets and welders, tower lights, sweepers, high pressure cleaners, pumping sets, cranes, aerial platform and so on.", "During the years Lombardini has had license agreements with companies in different countries.", "Such agreements allowed a local manufacturer to assemble Lombardini engines for its local market under the direct supervision of Lombardini.\nAll such agreements are now expired and nobody is currently authorised to assemble engines under the Lombardini brand except Lombardini itself.", "Lombardini is also no longer involved in ensuring the quality of such productions and where they continue the engines can not be considered genuine Lombardini engines." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ]

[ "Along with engines, the company of the two Lombardini brothers manufactured finished products such as pumping sets." ]

[ "KOHAR was founded in 1997 as an independent musical and cultural institution by the Armenian culture patron Harout Khatchadourian of Lebanon, who along with his brothers, Shahe and Nar Khatchadourian, entirely sustained the activities of KOHAR and all its concerts, in tribute to, and in memory of, their late father Aram, and named the orchestra to honor their mother 'Kohar'.", "KOHAR initially started as a symphony orchestra in the year 2000, playing the music of Armenia, and other popular songs and well-known symphonies, under the helm of Creative Director and Conductor Sebouh Abcarian of Cyprus.", "Later the KOHAR Choir was formed to complement the work of the KOHAR Symphony Orchestra.\nKOHAR consisted of over 150 musicians and 12 solo singers, along with a 15 dance-member ensemble.", "The Symphony Orchestra & Choir quickly grew in popularity with its initial outdoor concerts on the premises of KOHAR in Lebanon, which attracted interest and admiration from locals and overseas visitors.", "KOHAR's first major concert tour 'All Time Armenian Favourites', took place in the summer of 2002, in Cyprus and Lebanon, and it spread over four days.", "The concerts served as a distinctive cultural experience, drawing more than 4000 people to BIEL, downtown Beirut, which transformed the hall into a scenic, memorable and glorifying moment for Armenian musical history.", "According to media, the collection of traditional & popular songs \"drew many into tears of nostalgia, reminiscence and pride\".", "In October 2005, it was the turn for Istanbul, Turkey, to enjoy KOHAR’s \"All Time Armenian Favorites\" Tour.", "On October 9–12, 2005, the concert was held at Lutfi Kirdar Concert Hall, with more than 7000 Armenians, and visiting audiences from Istanbul and the suburbs, and from as far away as Adana province attending.", "KOHAR’s triumphs continued from one capital to another, and on 28–29 April 2006, the Grand Hall of the Kremlin, Moscow, witnessed unprecedented enthusiasm, when almost 12,000 Armenian, Russian and foreign audiences, relished KOHAR’s unique performance for the first time.", "It was a widely publicized rare appearance by an Armenian Orchestra in Russia, which was highly successful with the Russian audience.", "KOHAR made its North American debut at the end of 2007, and conquered the major cities of the US and Canada.", "The North American Tour of KOHAR began on October 18, 2007, in Los Angeles, and moved to San Francisco, Detroit, Chicago, Boston, Toronto and Montreal, before ending with the conquering of New York’s Carnegie Hall on November 20, 2007.", "KOHAR has continued to spread its message when touring the Middle East, commencing with the Syrian Arab Republic, and a first appearance on July 9, 2009, at external_link_1 The Opera Theater of Damascus, followed by successful performances on the 15th, 16 and 17 July 2009, within the ancient fortress of the renowned world-heritage site of the Citadel of Aleppo.\nKOHAR showcased its largest concert with Stars of Armenia at Liberty Square near the Opera House in the heart of Yerevan, Armenia on 28 May 2011.", "The star-studded event brought together the most popular singers of Armenia who performed with KOHAR their much-loved songs that are admired by fans and audiences alike.", "The live concert was broadcast live by Armenia’s Channel 1 TV and for the first time via Internet live stream.", "Over 10,000 spectators, in addition to tens of thousands of TV and Internet viewers from Armenia and the Diaspora, were mesmerized by KOHAR’s performance of the finest tunes and the program which was dubbed as the biggest show ever performed in Armenia for its grandiose magnificent production.", "KOHAR's latest production by HAYASA Productions LTD of Cyprus and Domino Production of Armenia boasted a superb 3D mapping and projection on the façade of the Opera House of images that transposed into Armenia’s history from Noah’s Ark to its national symbol Ararad, its rich Alphabet – the Ayp Pen Kim – reaching historic Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia.", "The culmination of the night was the performance of the song \"Babenagan Guiliguia\", which topped the charts in Armenia as the Number 1 song for 8 consecutive weeks.", "Together with KOHAR, the audience joined in the performance waving more than 3000 flags of Kingdom of Cilicia that were distributed by the organizers.", "A similar enthusiasm from the audience erupted with the song “Veraganknir Guiliguia,” which has become KOHAR’s anthem.", "During the course of its existence, KOHAR has become an important cornerstone, with its unique musical renditions of Armenia's favorite songs, for the Armenian Diaspora.", "Aiming at reviving and promulgating the Armenian alphabet and culture, and bringing its share to preserving Armenian heritage for future generations at home and abroad.", "In 2004, KOHAR won the Intermedia Award at the World Media Festival in Hamburg, Germany In 2005, it also won the Anoush Achievement Award at the Seventh Annual Armenian Music Awards, held at the Hollywood Palladium, California.", "Patron of Armenian culture, Harout Khatchadourian of Lebanon, was awarded at the presidential palace with the “Movses Khorenatsi” medal by President Serzh Sargsyan of Armenia on 17 September 2011 for his decades of continuous and dedicated cultural contribution in different Armenian Diasporas in safeguarding and promulgating Armenian music, song, culture, Ayp Pen Kim’s (Armenian alphabet)." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3 ]

[ "The KOHAR Symphony Orchestra and Choir (frequently named and known as KOHAR) is a symphony orchestra and choir based in Gyumri, Armenia." ]

[ "J.W. Dundee's Honey Brown Original Lager was first produced in 1994.", "The Company added Amber Lager and Pale ale in 2006 along with some seasonal selections.", "In 2008, the company re-branded all the \"J.W. Dundee's\" products as simply \"Dundee Ales & Lagers\", including Honey Brown.\nIn early 2010, under North American Breweries ownership, the company separated Honey Brown from the Dundee lineup and returned this product to \"The Original Honey Brown Lager.\"", "New craft beer brands and seasonal selections were added to the Dundee Ales and Lagers family.", "\"ABV: 4.5%, IBU: 10\"<br>\nGold Award Winner of the 2004 World Beer Cup: Special Honey Lager or Ale Category, this lager is brewed with pure clover honey.", "It has a golden color and has a distinctive clover-like sweetness.", "\"ABV: 6.3%, IBU: 60\"<br>\nAn aggressively hopped ale with primary flavor characteristics of floral and citrus bitterness, contributed by the large amount of hops in the beer.", "\"ABV: 5.1%, IBU: 15\"<br>\nAn English-style ale with a malty, slightly sweet finish.", "\"ABV: 5.1%, IBU: 10\"<br>\nA German-style ale from the Köln (Cologne) region of Germany.", "Malty and less hoppy with a golden color.", "\"ABV: 5.3%, IBU: 35\"<br>\nMore towards the hoppy side, this ale has an amber hue and a citrusy aroma.", "\"ABV: 6.25%, IBU: 25\"<br>\nA traditional German lager Maibock Malty and less hoppy, with a hint of wheat and a light golden color.", "\"ABV: 5.0%, IBU: 25\"<br>\nA traditional German-style pilsner with a rich, crisp taste and smooth finish.", "\"ABV: 6.5%, IBU: 30\"<br>\nDark-roasted grains give this ale a deep color, complementing a caramel taste.", "\"ABV: 5.8%, IBU: 15\"<br>\nA smooth and classic stout with chocolate and coffee flavors.", "\"ABV: 5.0%, IBU: 25\"<br>\nAn Irish-style red lager with a full body and a deep red color.", "\"ABV: 4.2%, IBU: 9\"<br>\nA traditional German-style Radler with a lager base and crisp lemon flavor.", "\"ABV: 5.5%, IBU: 17\"<br>\nA Märzen-style lager brewed in the German tradition.", "The amber color and the rich malt sweetness is the perfect transition from light summer beers to hearty winter brews.", "\"ABV: 5.3%, IBU: 24\"<br>\nA full-bodied Nut Brown Ale with a hint of hazelnut, caramel and chocolate malt, balanced by Willamette hops." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3 ]

[ "Dundee was a Rochester, New York–based brewing company that produced ales and lagers.", "It was part of the Genesee Brewing Company, owned by North American Breweries (now FIFCO USA ) which started marketing the brand's first lager in 1994 as \"J.W. Dundee's Honey Brown\"." ]

[ "J.W. Dundee's Honey Brown Original Lager was first produced in 1994.", "The Company added Amber Lager and Pale ale in 2006 along with some seasonal selections.", "In 2008, the company re-branded all the \"J.W. Dundee's\" products as simply \"Dundee Ales & Lagers\", including Honey Brown.\nIn early 2010, under North American Breweries ownership, the company separated Honey Brown from the Dundee lineup and returned this product to \"The Original Honey Brown Lager.\"", "New craft beer brands and seasonal selections were added to the Dundee Ales and Lagers family.", "\"ABV: 4.5%, IBU: 10\"<br>\nGold Award Winner of the 2004 World Beer Cup: Special Honey Lager or Ale Category, this lager is brewed with pure clover honey.", "It has a golden color and has a distinctive clover-like sweetness.", "\"ABV: 6.3%, IBU: 60\"<br>\nAn aggressively hopped ale with primary flavor characteristics of floral and citrus bitterness, contributed by the large amount of hops in the beer.", "\"ABV: 5.1%, IBU: 15\"<br>\nAn English-style ale with a malty, slightly sweet finish.", "\"ABV: 5.1%, IBU: 10\"<br>\nA German-style ale from the Köln (Cologne) region of Germany.", "Malty and less hoppy with a golden color.", "\"ABV: 5.3%, IBU: 35\"<br>\nMore towards the hoppy side, this ale has an amber hue and a citrusy aroma.", "\"ABV: 6.25%, IBU: 25\"<br>\nA traditional German lager Maibock Malty and less hoppy, with a hint of wheat and a light golden color.", "\"ABV: 5.0%, IBU: 25\"<br>\nA traditional German-style pilsner with a rich, crisp taste and smooth finish.", "\"ABV: 6.5%, IBU: 30\"<br>\nDark-roasted grains give this ale a deep color, complementing a caramel taste.", "\"ABV: 5.8%, IBU: 15\"<br>\nA smooth and classic stout with chocolate and coffee flavors.", "\"ABV: 5.0%, IBU: 25\"<br>\nAn Irish-style red lager with a full body and a deep red color.", "\"ABV: 4.2%, IBU: 9\"<br>\nA traditional German-style Radler with a lager base and crisp lemon flavor.", "\"ABV: 5.5%, IBU: 17\"<br>\nA Märzen-style lager brewed in the German tradition.", "The amber color and the rich malt sweetness is the perfect transition from light summer beers to hearty winter brews.", "\"ABV: 5.3%, IBU: 24\"<br>\nA full-bodied Nut Brown Ale with a hint of hazelnut, caramel and chocolate malt, balanced by Willamette hops." ]

[ 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 ]

[ "The company also produced four seasonal craft beers: Irish Red Lager (Spring), Summer Shandy (Summer), Oktoberfest (Fall), Nut Brown Ale (Winter)." ]

[ "Novković began his career with FK Jedinstvo Ub in the Second League of FR Yugoslavia.", "In 2004, he moved up to the First League of Serbia and Montenegro to play with FK Rad.", "In 2007, he went abroad to Russia to sign with FC Luch-Energiya Vladivostok of the Russian Premier League, where he played 51 matches and recorded two goals.", "He returned to Serbia in 2010 to play in the Serbian SuperLiga with FK Sloboda Point Sevojno.", "In 2011, he went overseas to Canada to sign with Brantford Galaxy of the Canadian Soccer League.", "The following year he was transferred to rivals London City.", "In 2013, he helped London secure a postseason for the first time since the 2000 CPSL season by finishing seventh in the overall standings.", "He featured in the quarterfinal match against York Region Shooters, where London won in a penalty shootout.", "In the next round London faced Kingston FC, but suffered a 4-2 defeat.", "He concluded his career with London in 2015." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ]

[ "Rade Novković (, born June 25, 1980) is a Serbian former football defender who played in the Second League of FR Yugoslavia, First League of Serbia and Montenegro, Russian Premier League, Serbian SuperLiga, and the Canadian Soccer League." ]

[ "\"Tonight We Have the Stars\" was written by Adams, Gretchen Peters and Jim Vallance.", "When writing the song, the three e-mailed each other's audio files back and forth, with each of them commenting on the song when received.", "This process continued until the song was completed.", "As Vallance later wrote on his webpage;\n\"This is my 'first draft' of 'Tonight We Have The Stars' (the original \"audio email\" that I sent to Bryan).", "It was a quick recording done in my home studio in Vancouver, but Bryan was able to turn this humble snippet into a song.", "\"\nThe song was mixed by Bob Clearmountain at his studio in Los Angeles.", "As stated by Vallance: \"I was in Canada, Bryan was in Brazil, and Ben Dobie was in England.", "Give or take a few milliseconds, we were all hearing the mix \"live\", streaming on a dedicated, encrypted iTunes channel.\"", "After each pass of mixing Vallance and Adams would send comments to him on iChat.", "After giving Clearmountain a comment he would \"roll tape\" again, and we'd hear the suggested changes unfold in close-to-real time.", "As stated by Vallance:\n\"This might not seem unique to everyone, but for me, considering the technology that existed when I started in the music business nearly 40 years ago, this is like science fiction.", "I can only imagine where things will be, 40 years from now!\"", "Following statement is from a review by Kirk LaPointe, managing editor of \"The Vancouver Sun\"; \n\"Arguably the strongest song on 11, Tonight We Have The Stars has a serendipitous quality that speaks volumes about how Bryan works and networks: a lyric from last decade with Gretchen Peters, a new piece of music sent by Vallance and a new melody from Adams.", "He pulled the pieces off his Mac on an airplane and began mumbling the result to the surprise of his seatmates.", "Presto, the song that built the foundation for the album\".", "Darryl Sterdan, in his review for Jam! have stated that the song is \"a classic Adams opening gambit -- he starts out with moody verses, then kicks into gear with an arena-ready chorus\".", "However MusicOMH was not too impressed by the song calling it has \"requisite croaky vocals and anthemic radio-friendly chorus, but there's nothing to move or touch you.", "\"", "The Music video for the song is identical to the previous single's video.", "Bryan and his band play the song live in a studio.", "It was available on his website for a time, and is to be included with the upcoming DVD." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 ]

[ "\"Tonight We Have the Stars\" is a rock song written by Bryan Adams, Gretchen Peters and Jim Vallance for Adams' tenth studio album \"11\" (2008)." ]

[ "\"Tonight We Have the Stars\" was written by Adams, Gretchen Peters and Jim Vallance.", "When writing the song, the three e-mailed each other's audio files back and forth, with each of them commenting on the song when received.", "This process continued until the song was completed.", "As Vallance later wrote on his webpage;\n\"This is my 'first draft' of 'Tonight We Have The Stars' (the original \"audio email\" that I sent to Bryan).", "It was a quick recording done in my home studio in Vancouver, but Bryan was able to turn this humble snippet into a song.", "\"\nThe song was mixed by Bob Clearmountain at his studio in Los Angeles.", "As stated by Vallance: \"I was in Canada, Bryan was in Brazil, and Ben Dobie was in England.", "Give or take a few milliseconds, we were all hearing the mix \"live\", streaming on a dedicated, encrypted iTunes channel.\"", "After each pass of mixing Vallance and Adams would send comments to him on iChat.", "After giving Clearmountain a comment he would \"roll tape\" again, and we'd hear the suggested changes unfold in close-to-real time.", "As stated by Vallance:\n\"This might not seem unique to everyone, but for me, considering the technology that existed when I started in the music business nearly 40 years ago, this is like science fiction.", "I can only imagine where things will be, 40 years from now!\"", "Following statement is from a review by Kirk LaPointe, managing editor of \"The Vancouver Sun\"; \n\"Arguably the strongest song on 11, Tonight We Have The Stars has a serendipitous quality that speaks volumes about how Bryan works and networks: a lyric from last decade with Gretchen Peters, a new piece of music sent by Vallance and a new melody from Adams.", "He pulled the pieces off his Mac on an airplane and began mumbling the result to the surprise of his seatmates.", "Presto, the song that built the foundation for the album\".", "Darryl Sterdan, in his review for Jam! have stated that the song is \"a classic Adams opening gambit -- he starts out with moody verses, then kicks into gear with an arena-ready chorus\".", "However MusicOMH was not too impressed by the song calling it has \"requisite croaky vocals and anthemic radio-friendly chorus, but there's nothing to move or touch you.", "\"", "The Music video for the song is identical to the previous single's video.", "Bryan and his band play the song live in a studio.", "It was available on his website for a time, and is to be included with the upcoming DVD." ]

[ 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 ]

[ "\"Tonight We Have the Stars\" is a rock song written by Bryan Adams, Gretchen Peters and Jim Vallance for Adams' tenth studio album \"11\" (2008)." ]

[ "In 2002, a confidential police informant working with five officers from the Central Utah Narcotics Task Force went undercover at the Fillmore, Utah mobile home of a suspected drug dealer, Afton D. Callahan, to purchase $100 worth of methamphetamine.", "The officers had arranged for the informant, who was \"wired\" with a listening device, to give them a sign indicating a successful drug deal; when he did, they entered the home.", "The case focuses on \"consent once removed,\" a theory espoused by some lower courts that acts as an exception to the search warrant requirement of the Fourth Amendment.", "Under the doctrine, if a suspect to a crime opens the door for an undercover police officer, the suspect unknowingly is also allowing further police officers to enter without a warrant.", "In the criminal case at issue in this civil case, the police officers sent an undercover informant in to make a drug deal.", "When the informant succeeded, the police officers then entered Callahan's home without a warrant.", "The police in the case argued that \"consent once removed\" applied, since the informant was acting as an agent of the police.", "The criminal charges against Callahan were prosecuted in Utah state court.", "The judge rejected Callahan's argument that the evidence obtained from the search was not admissible because the search was unconstitutional, and Callahan accepted a conditional guilty plea while he appealed the judgment.", "A Utah appeals court found the search unconstitutional and overturned the guilty verdict.", "Callahan then filed a civil lawsuit against five members of the Central Utah Narcotics Task Force who had conducted the search, claiming they violated his Fourth Amendment rights.", "If the case was not decided in the officers' favor, they would face the prospect of paying monetary damages to the plaintiff.", "The officers claimed that they could not be sued due to qualified immunity, a doctrine that states government officials cannot be held liable for violating a facet of the Constitution that is unclear.", "The question had divided lower courts, which disagreed about the \"consent once removed\" doctrine.", "Federal judge Paul G. Cassell said in 2006 that even if the search was unconstitutional, the police officers could be granted immunity because at the time of the search, it would have been reasonable for them to believe that it was constitutional.", "He noted that three federal circuits abided by \"consent once removed,\" although not the Tenth, in whose jurisdiction Utah falls.", "However, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit ruled against the officers' claim of immunity and allowed Callahan to proceed with the lawsuit.", "The court did not adopt \"consent once removed\" as other federal circuits have done.", "The appeals court said that a reasonable police officer would have known not to proceed in the case without a warrant.", "The Supreme Court agreed to hear the case in March 2008.", "The Court added another issue to the officers' request for certiorari: how to deal with officers' requests for immunity from constitutional issues.", "This issue was last heard in the Supreme Court in 2001 in \"Saucier v. Katz\", in which the Court ruled that such suits had to be adjudicated in two phases: first, deciding the constitutionality, and then deciding if the law had been unclear enough for officers not to be liable.", "\"Saucier v. Katz\" is widely criticized because it has resulted in judges spending time deciding difficult constitutional issues, even in cases where official immunity obviously applies and the case will eventually be thrown out.", "One such case that went to the Supreme Court was \"Morse v. Frederick\".", "The Court's decision severely limited \"Saucier v. Katz\" 533 U.S. 194 (2001).", "The Court modified \"Saucier's\" two-step inquiry in two ways.", "First, it eliminated the requirement that qualified immunity issues be considered in order.", "Thus, courts after \"Pearson\" can first consider whether federal law forbidding an action was clearly established at the time of that action, instead of first analyzing the sometimes more difficult question of whether the law \"actually\" forbade the action, regardless of its clarity.", "Second, it made \"Saucier\"'s two-step process advisory.", "The Court said: \"we conclude that, while the sequence set forth (in \"Saucier v. Katz\") is often appropriate, it should no longer be regarded as mandatory.\"", "This case allowed judges to skip the question of whether or not a police officer used excessive force and to focus solely on whether or not the conduct violated clearly established law, which appeal courts have frequently done.", "Some legal experts assert that this has created a \"closed loop\" in which \"the case law gets frozen\" because it largely prevents the introduction of case law that clearly establishes new instances of the use of excessive force." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 ]

[ "Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223 (2009), was a case decided by the United States Supreme Court dealing with the doctrine of qualified immunity." ]

[ "In 2002, a confidential police informant working with five officers from the Central Utah Narcotics Task Force went undercover at the Fillmore, Utah mobile home of a suspected drug dealer, Afton D. Callahan, to purchase $100 worth of methamphetamine.", "The officers had arranged for the informant, who was \"wired\" with a listening device, to give them a sign indicating a successful drug deal; when he did, they entered the home.", "The case focuses on \"consent once removed,\" a theory espoused by some lower courts that acts as an exception to the search warrant requirement of the Fourth Amendment.", "Under the doctrine, if a suspect to a crime opens the door for an undercover police officer, the suspect unknowingly is also allowing further police officers to enter without a warrant.", "In the criminal case at issue in this civil case, the police officers sent an undercover informant in to make a drug deal.", "When the informant succeeded, the police officers then entered Callahan's home without a warrant.", "The police in the case argued that \"consent once removed\" applied, since the informant was acting as an agent of the police.", "The criminal charges against Callahan were prosecuted in Utah state court.", "The judge rejected Callahan's argument that the evidence obtained from the search was not admissible because the search was unconstitutional, and Callahan accepted a conditional guilty plea while he appealed the judgment.", "A Utah appeals court found the search unconstitutional and overturned the guilty verdict.", "Callahan then filed a civil lawsuit against five members of the Central Utah Narcotics Task Force who had conducted the search, claiming they violated his Fourth Amendment rights.", "If the case was not decided in the officers' favor, they would face the prospect of paying monetary damages to the plaintiff.", "The officers claimed that they could not be sued due to qualified immunity, a doctrine that states government officials cannot be held liable for violating a facet of the Constitution that is unclear.", "The question had divided lower courts, which disagreed about the \"consent once removed\" doctrine.", "Federal judge Paul G. Cassell said in 2006 that even if the search was unconstitutional, the police officers could be granted immunity because at the time of the search, it would have been reasonable for them to believe that it was constitutional.", "He noted that three federal circuits abided by \"consent once removed,\" although not the Tenth, in whose jurisdiction Utah falls.", "However, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit ruled against the officers' claim of immunity and allowed Callahan to proceed with the lawsuit.", "The court did not adopt \"consent once removed\" as other federal circuits have done.", "The appeals court said that a reasonable police officer would have known not to proceed in the case without a warrant.", "The Supreme Court agreed to hear the case in March 2008.", "The Court added another issue to the officers' request for certiorari: how to deal with officers' requests for immunity from constitutional issues.", "This issue was last heard in the Supreme Court in 2001 in \"Saucier v. Katz\", in which the Court ruled that such suits had to be adjudicated in two phases: first, deciding the constitutionality, and then deciding if the law had been unclear enough for officers not to be liable.", "\"Saucier v. Katz\" is widely criticized because it has resulted in judges spending time deciding difficult constitutional issues, even in cases where official immunity obviously applies and the case will eventually be thrown out.", "One such case that went to the Supreme Court was \"Morse v. Frederick\".", "The Court's decision severely limited \"Saucier v. Katz\" 533 U.S. 194 (2001).", "The Court modified \"Saucier's\" two-step inquiry in two ways.", "First, it eliminated the requirement that qualified immunity issues be considered in order.", "Thus, courts after \"Pearson\" can first consider whether federal law forbidding an action was clearly established at the time of that action, instead of first analyzing the sometimes more difficult question of whether the law \"actually\" forbade the action, regardless of its clarity.", "Second, it made \"Saucier\"'s two-step process advisory.", "The Court said: \"we conclude that, while the sequence set forth (in \"Saucier v. Katz\") is often appropriate, it should no longer be regarded as mandatory.\"", "This case allowed judges to skip the question of whether or not a police officer used excessive force and to focus solely on whether or not the conduct violated clearly established law, which appeal courts have frequently done.", "Some legal experts assert that this has created a \"closed loop\" in which \"the case law gets frozen\" because it largely prevents the introduction of case law that clearly establishes new instances of the use of excessive force." ]

[ 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 ]

[ "Many legal commentators have criticized the ruling in \"Saucier\"." ]

[ "In 1982, Paglia was sent to Spain for his first FIFA World Cup coverage.", "He would take part in the news coverage of 7 other World Cups (Mexico (1986), Italy (1990), USA (1994), Japan/S. Korea (2002)), Germany (2006), South Africa (2010) and Brazil (2014) mostly doing feature stories but also covering football events.", "Paglia also integrated the crews sent by Globo to the Olympic Games of Barcelona (1992), Atlanta (1996), Beijing (2008) and the Rio (2007) Pan American Games.", "In 1983, Paglia was designated to Globo Repórter, during the complete restructuring of the weekly Brazilian main news documentaries program.", "During the next 3 years, he worked exclusively for the prestigious news documentary show.", "Since then, Paglia has been involved in the production of more than 60 documentaries, mostly covering environmental issues.", "Traveling extensively for Globo Repórter's productions, Paglia has visited the Arctic and Antarctica twice, and has been assigned to coverages in Asia, Middle East, Africa and South America.", "In 1986, Paglia became one of the youngest ever Globo's international correspondents, based at the prestigious London Bureau.", "During three years, he would cover European current affairs, Brazilian interests in the region and Africa, and the Iran-Iraq war, visiting Baghdad and Basrah.", "In 1989, Paglia returned to Brazil to work, primarily, for the main nightly news bulletin on Brazilian television, Globo's \"'Jornal Nacional\".", "Paglia took part in shaping the first news only Brazilian television channel, Globo News, creating and presenting the weekly news review talk show \"Painel\" for 3 years.", "The journalist left again for London in 2000, for another 2 year long period as international correspondent, when he covered the Palestinian Intifada and the American invasion of Afghanistan.", "He was selected \"best Brazilian TV reporter\" by the prestigious Comunique-se Journalism Award five times, in 2004, 2007, 2009,2011 and 2017.", "In 2010, Paglia was assigned to the Special Projects Unit of the Globo News Central ( CGJ ), to lead the new Globo Mar series, developed envisioning an innovative use of the journalistic language to produce 22 minutes long news documentaries about sea-related topics.", "Globo Mar aired with successful ratings for 4 consecutive seasons until 2013, year in which the show, representing TV Globo, was awarded the Marine Honorable Mention at the SOS Mata Atlântica/Conservation International Reports Award.", "Globo Mar contribution to the brazilian awareness of oceanic matters was recognised by the Brazilian Navy.", "In connection to his role in the show, Paglia was included as member of the \"Ordem do Mérito Naval\" (Order of The Naval Merit) and awarded the \"Medalha do Mérito Tamandaré\" (Merit Medal Tamandaré).", "In 2010, Paglia headed the team of 8 journalists and TV engineers formed for project \"JN no Ar\" ( Jornal Nacional on Air) .", "The initiative was developed as a new format to produce original stories for the coverage of Brazilian reality ahead of the 2010 presidential elections.", "The project consisted of a sequence of 27 stories, one per day at each of the Brazilian states (including the Federal District, Brasília).", "Aboard an executive jet plane, the crew criss-crossed daily the continental country to get to cities chosen by a draw, realized live every night during Jornal Nacional, main Globo's news bulletin.", "The marathon was described by the reporter in the book \"Diário de Bordo do JN", "no Ar:Cruzando o país numa cobertura histórica\" ( \"JN on Air - A log book: crossing the country on a historic coverage\" ), published in May 2011 by Editora Globo.", "From 2014 until 2016, the TV reporter has been involved in the brazilian version of ABC News format \"What would you do?\".", "As from 2017, Paglia has been again assigned special reporter at the popular and traditional sunday evening news and entertainment show \"Fantástico\".", "Paglia has 3 children and is married to television journalist Sandra Annenberg." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 ]

[ "Ernesto Paglia (born 9 April 1959, in São Paulo) is a Brazilian television journalist currently working for Rede Globo.", "He began working at 19, while still in the third year of Journalism School, (which requires 4 years in Brazil).", "The same year, Paglia joined one of two special itinerary crews created by Globo to cover the first visit of Pope John Paul II to Brazil." ]

[ "This was the first 4-inch BL gun.", "With its short (60-inch total) barrel it had a range of only 5,500 yards.", "With its longer barrel (100 inch bore)", "Mk I had a range of 7,200 yards.", "Both early Mk I types were quickly withdrawn from service following the explosion of a similar BL 6 inch Mk II gun on board HMS \"Cordelia\" in June 1891.", "Mk I 22.5 cwt continued to be used for training.", "The improved 27-calibre Mk II gun and subsequent Marks, often referred to as 4 inch 26 cwt, replaced the early Mk I versions in service.", "The longer barrel (108 inch bore : 27 calibres) gave it a range of 7,700 yards.", "Mk II guns and later Marks armed the following warships :\n\n\n\nThe gun was succeeded in its class from 1895 by the QF 4-inch gun Mk I.", "A small number of these guns were converted to QF to use the same cartridges as the QF 4-inch gun.", "They were designated Mk I/IV, I/VI etc. depending on which Mark of BL 4-inch had been converted.", "All had a bore of 27.85 calibres after conversion, with a muzzle velocity of 2,177 ft/second." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 ]

[ "The BL 4-inch gun Mk I – Mk VI were a family of early British breech-loading 4-inch naval guns." ]

[ "The princess belonged to the House of Darmstadt, which held the Hessian landgraviate.", "She was born on 30 January 1757 in Frederick II's Prussian capital, Berlin, where her parents were due to the Seven Years' War.", "Her father Louis IX succeeded to the landgraviate in 1768 and was at the time of her birth fighting as a general for the Prussian forces.", "He was thus often away from his children and so the princess's education was in her mother Caroline's hands.", "Caroline educated Louise in the evangelical Protestant tradition, and she became interested in literature and music.", "As the youngest daughter, with eight siblings, Louise's education was important to improve her marriage prospects.", "Since Louis IX showed little interest in his children, it was vital to get Louise married off and a matter also in the hands of her mother, becoming known as the \"great Landgräfin\" and von Zweibrücken due to her expert international dynastic politics in ancien regime Europe.", "In 1773 Louise travelled with her mother and sisters Amalie and Wilhelmine to Beschau then to the Russian court in St Petersburg.", "Tsarina Catharine II decided Louise was unsuitable as a wife for the grand-prince and future Tsar Paul, preferring her sister Wilhemine.", "This rebuff and her relationship with her future brother-in-law Paul formed Louise, leading to her being a persistent influence in the Russian state.", "Nevertheless, this journey was not without influence on Louise, since on the way to Russia Caroline had learned of another female regent of a small German state - Anna Amalia.", "Anna and Louise probably found favour together.", "At the end of this acquaintance, under the influence of the governor in Erfurt from the Archbishopric of Mainz, Karl Theodor Anton Maria von Dalberg, the 18-year-old Louise was betrothed to the young knight Carl August of Sachsen-Weimar.", "The marriage occurred on 3 October 1775 at the Karlsruher court, where (as a new princess-consort) Louise became caught up in the Ernestine Weimar court.", "The marriage was wholly dynastic in purpose (her sisters were married off to heir to Prussia and the Tsarevitch), consolidating the duchy of Saxe-Weimar's place at the heart of the Holy Roman Empire.", "Primary and secondary sources agree that it was as unhappy, with Louise (noted for her delicacy and timidity) had difficulty fitting in at court and remained in the shadow of her mother-in-law, the dowager duchess Anna Amalia.", "Louise especially attended the convents in her new country.", "A Romantic \"avant la lettre\", she did not have a taste for the Romantic lifestyle.", "Goethe was court poet and minister to her husband (and his companion in his extra-marital affairs), but was moved by her charm, noble-heartedness and her eyes \"the colour of cornflowers\".", "Taking her under his wing, Goethe dedicated the following words to her:\nAfter four years of marriage, in 1779 Louise finally gave birth her first child; sadly, wasn't the hoped male heir but a daughter, named after her and lived only five years; her next pregnancy, in 1781, produced a second daughter who died immediately after birth.", "At this time the Weimar ducal court also went through its sturm und drang phase, drawing not only Goethe but also the Ernestines from Miseleien and Eseleien.", "The resulting emotional coldness did not help their marriage, with her husband publicly humiliating the marriage by a long-term affair with the actress Karoline Jagemann.", "Louise only gave him the heir in 1783, with the birth of Charles Frederick; after him, followed four more children, of whom two survive infancy: Caroline Louise in 1786 and Bernhard in 1792.", "With the birth of Bernhard the marriage had finally served its purpose of guaranteeing the succession to the throne and the continuation of the dynasty.", "Charles Frederick later married Maria (sister of Alexander I of Russia, and their daughter Augusta of Saxe-Weimar married prince Wilhelm of Prussia, thus becoming the first empress of Germany.", "Louise had her great moment in October 1806.", "Despite her childhood and her early experiences in Weimar, she was a great influence in literary circles.", "The battle of Jena-Auerstedt (14 October), led to the defeat of the Prussian-Saxon forces and the total submission of all the German states to France and precipitated the fall of the Holy Roman Empire.", "Soon after the battle, the victorious French troops advanced on Weimar.", "The other family members either fled or were away fighting in the Prussian forces, and so Louise remained in Weimar as mother and protector of the nation.", "Two days after the battle she ended up opposing Napoleon himself.", "He insisted that her husband withdraw from Prussian military service but she quite undiplomatically made it clear to Napoleon that he could not do so.", "Nevertheless, at her husband's request and inspired by the example of the German patriot queen Louise of Prussia, she managed to arrange the French plundering of the area so that Weimar got off lightly compared to the university-city of Jena.", "Whether Napoleon let himself soften towards Louise, or whether he acted this way due to his own calculations in power-politics remains open to discussion.", "The Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach duchy remained with the alliance upon the Treaty of Poznań and survived the Napoleonic era via further politicking.", "Since Louise was now considered as the country's leader, and her subjects and contemporaries maintained this image of her - along with her part in the Weimar myth.", "In 1815 her politicking during the war ensured that at the Congress of Vienna her husband's small duchy not only retained all its territory but rose to become a grand duchy (her Thuringian cousins the house of Saxony, in contrast, merely preserved their title of duke).", "She then became devoted to ambassadorial duties.", "The Russian alliance ended with her successor Maria Pawlowna.", "The jubilee of her rule and her golden wedding, both in 1825, passed with little celebration and - already very withdrawn - she died aged 73 on 14 February 1830.", "She and Charles Augustus had 7 children, of whom only three survive adulthood:", "Louise's letters to her parents, grandmother and other persons, written between 1760 and 1776, are preserved in the Hessian State Archive (Hessisches Staatsarchiv Darmstadt) in Darmstadt, Germany." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 ]

[ "Princess and Landgravine Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt (30 January 1757 – 14 February 1830) was a German princess.", "She was the daughter of Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt.", "On 3 October 1775 she married duke (later grand-duke)", "Charles Augustus of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach and as such a member of the court sphere of Weimar Classicism.", "She was held to be serious and introverted but also compassionate and sympathetic, in the aftermath of the Battle of Jena which guaranteed her part in the later \"myth of Weimar\" (\"Weimarmythos\")." ]

[ "The princess belonged to the House of Darmstadt, which held the Hessian landgraviate.", "She was born on 30 January 1757 in Frederick II's Prussian capital, Berlin, where her parents were due to the Seven Years' War.", "Her father Louis IX succeeded to the landgraviate in 1768 and was at the time of her birth fighting as a general for the Prussian forces.", "He was thus often away from his children and so the princess's education was in her mother Caroline's hands.", "Caroline educated Louise in the evangelical Protestant tradition, and she became interested in literature and music.", "As the youngest daughter, with eight siblings, Louise's education was important to improve her marriage prospects.", "Since Louis IX showed little interest in his children, it was vital to get Louise married off and a matter also in the hands of her mother, becoming known as the \"great Landgräfin\" and von Zweibrücken due to her expert international dynastic politics in ancien regime Europe.", "In 1773 Louise travelled with her mother and sisters Amalie and Wilhelmine to Beschau then to the Russian court in St Petersburg.", "Tsarina Catharine II decided Louise was unsuitable as a wife for the grand-prince and future Tsar Paul, preferring her sister Wilhemine.", "This rebuff and her relationship with her future brother-in-law Paul formed Louise, leading to her being a persistent influence in the Russian state.", "Nevertheless, this journey was not without influence on Louise, since on the way to Russia Caroline had learned of another female regent of a small German state - Anna Amalia.", "Anna and Louise probably found favour together.", "At the end of this acquaintance, under the influence of the governor in Erfurt from the Archbishopric of Mainz, Karl Theodor Anton Maria von Dalberg, the 18-year-old Louise was betrothed to the young knight Carl August of Sachsen-Weimar.", "The marriage occurred on 3 October 1775 at the Karlsruher court, where (as a new princess-consort) Louise became caught up in the Ernestine Weimar court.", "The marriage was wholly dynastic in purpose (her sisters were married off to heir to Prussia and the Tsarevitch), consolidating the duchy of Saxe-Weimar's place at the heart of the Holy Roman Empire.", "Primary and secondary sources agree that it was as unhappy, with Louise (noted for her delicacy and timidity) had difficulty fitting in at court and remained in the shadow of her mother-in-law, the dowager duchess Anna Amalia.", "Louise especially attended the convents in her new country.", "A Romantic \"avant la lettre\", she did not have a taste for the Romantic lifestyle.", "Goethe was court poet and minister to her husband (and his companion in his extra-marital affairs), but was moved by her charm, noble-heartedness and her eyes \"the colour of cornflowers\".", "Taking her under his wing, Goethe dedicated the following words to her:\nAfter four years of marriage, in 1779 Louise finally gave birth her first child; sadly, wasn't the hoped male heir but a daughter, named after her and lived only five years; her next pregnancy, in 1781, produced a second daughter who died immediately after birth.", "At this time the Weimar ducal court also went through its sturm und drang phase, drawing not only Goethe but also the Ernestines from Miseleien and Eseleien.", "The resulting emotional coldness did not help their marriage, with her husband publicly humiliating the marriage by a long-term affair with the actress Karoline Jagemann.", "Louise only gave him the heir in 1783, with the birth of Charles Frederick; after him, followed four more children, of whom two survive infancy: Caroline Louise in 1786 and Bernhard in 1792.", "With the birth of Bernhard the marriage had finally served its purpose of guaranteeing the succession to the throne and the continuation of the dynasty.", "Charles Frederick later married Maria (sister of Alexander I of Russia, and their daughter Augusta of Saxe-Weimar married prince Wilhelm of Prussia, thus becoming the first empress of Germany.", "Louise had her great moment in October 1806.", "Despite her childhood and her early experiences in Weimar, she was a great influence in literary circles.", "The battle of Jena-Auerstedt (14 October), led to the defeat of the Prussian-Saxon forces and the total submission of all the German states to France and precipitated the fall of the Holy Roman Empire.", "Soon after the battle, the victorious French troops advanced on Weimar.", "The other family members either fled or were away fighting in the Prussian forces, and so Louise remained in Weimar as mother and protector of the nation.", "Two days after the battle she ended up opposing Napoleon himself.", "He insisted that her husband withdraw from Prussian military service but she quite undiplomatically made it clear to Napoleon that he could not do so.", "Nevertheless, at her husband's request and inspired by the example of the German patriot queen Louise of Prussia, she managed to arrange the French plundering of the area so that Weimar got off lightly compared to the university-city of Jena.", "Whether Napoleon let himself soften towards Louise, or whether he acted this way due to his own calculations in power-politics remains open to discussion.", "The Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach duchy remained with the alliance upon the Treaty of Poznań and survived the Napoleonic era via further politicking.", "Since Louise was now considered as the country's leader, and her subjects and contemporaries maintained this image of her - along with her part in the Weimar myth.", "In 1815 her politicking during the war ensured that at the Congress of Vienna her husband's small duchy not only retained all its territory but rose to become a grand duchy (her Thuringian cousins the house of Saxony, in contrast, merely preserved their title of duke).", "She then became devoted to ambassadorial duties.", "The Russian alliance ended with her successor Maria Pawlowna.", "The jubilee of her rule and her golden wedding, both in 1825, passed with little celebration and - already very withdrawn - she died aged 73 on 14 February 1830.", "She and Charles Augustus had 7 children, of whom only three survive adulthood:", "Louise's letters to her parents, grandmother and other persons, written between 1760 and 1776, are preserved in the Hessian State Archive (Hessisches Staatsarchiv Darmstadt) in Darmstadt, Germany." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 ]

[ "Princess and Landgravine Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt (30 January 1757 – 14 February 1830) was a German princess.", "She was the daughter of Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt." ]

[ "The princess belonged to the House of Darmstadt, which held the Hessian landgraviate.", "She was born on 30 January 1757 in Frederick II's Prussian capital, Berlin, where her parents were due to the Seven Years' War.", "Her father Louis IX succeeded to the landgraviate in 1768 and was at the time of her birth fighting as a general for the Prussian forces.", "He was thus often away from his children and so the princess's education was in her mother Caroline's hands.", "Caroline educated Louise in the evangelical Protestant tradition, and she became interested in literature and music.", "As the youngest daughter, with eight siblings, Louise's education was important to improve her marriage prospects.", "Since Louis IX showed little interest in his children, it was vital to get Louise married off and a matter also in the hands of her mother, becoming known as the \"great Landgräfin\" and von Zweibrücken due to her expert international dynastic politics in ancien regime Europe.", "In 1773 Louise travelled with her mother and sisters Amalie and Wilhelmine to Beschau then to the Russian court in St Petersburg.", "Tsarina Catharine II decided Louise was unsuitable as a wife for the grand-prince and future Tsar Paul, preferring her sister Wilhemine.", "This rebuff and her relationship with her future brother-in-law Paul formed Louise, leading to her being a persistent influence in the Russian state.", "Nevertheless, this journey was not without influence on Louise, since on the way to Russia Caroline had learned of another female regent of a small German state - Anna Amalia.", "Anna and Louise probably found favour together.", "At the end of this acquaintance, under the influence of the governor in Erfurt from the Archbishopric of Mainz, Karl Theodor Anton Maria von Dalberg, the 18-year-old Louise was betrothed to the young knight Carl August of Sachsen-Weimar.", "The marriage occurred on 3 October 1775 at the Karlsruher court, where (as a new princess-consort) Louise became caught up in the Ernestine Weimar court.", "The marriage was wholly dynastic in purpose (her sisters were married off to heir to Prussia and the Tsarevitch), consolidating the duchy of Saxe-Weimar's place at the heart of the Holy Roman Empire.", "Primary and secondary sources agree that it was as unhappy, with Louise (noted for her delicacy and timidity) had difficulty fitting in at court and remained in the shadow of her mother-in-law, the dowager duchess Anna Amalia.", "Louise especially attended the convents in her new country.", "A Romantic \"avant la lettre\", she did not have a taste for the Romantic lifestyle.", "Goethe was court poet and minister to her husband (and his companion in his extra-marital affairs), but was moved by her charm, noble-heartedness and her eyes \"the colour of cornflowers\".", "Taking her under his wing, Goethe dedicated the following words to her:\nAfter four years of marriage, in 1779 Louise finally gave birth her first child; sadly, wasn't the hoped male heir but a daughter, named after her and lived only five years; her next pregnancy, in 1781, produced a second daughter who died immediately after birth.", "At this time the Weimar ducal court also went through its sturm und drang phase, drawing not only Goethe but also the Ernestines from Miseleien and Eseleien.", "The resulting emotional coldness did not help their marriage, with her husband publicly humiliating the marriage by a long-term affair with the actress Karoline Jagemann.", "Louise only gave him the heir in 1783, with the birth of Charles Frederick; after him, followed four more children, of whom two survive infancy: Caroline Louise in 1786 and Bernhard in 1792.", "With the birth of Bernhard the marriage had finally served its purpose of guaranteeing the succession to the throne and the continuation of the dynasty.", "Charles Frederick later married Maria (sister of Alexander I of Russia, and their daughter Augusta of Saxe-Weimar married prince Wilhelm of Prussia, thus becoming the first empress of Germany.", "Louise had her great moment in October 1806.", "Despite her childhood and her early experiences in Weimar, she was a great influence in literary circles.", "The battle of Jena-Auerstedt (14 October), led to the defeat of the Prussian-Saxon forces and the total submission of all the German states to France and precipitated the fall of the Holy Roman Empire.", "Soon after the battle, the victorious French troops advanced on Weimar.", "The other family members either fled or were away fighting in the Prussian forces, and so Louise remained in Weimar as mother and protector of the nation.", "Two days after the battle she ended up opposing Napoleon himself.", "He insisted that her husband withdraw from Prussian military service but she quite undiplomatically made it clear to Napoleon that he could not do so.", "Nevertheless, at her husband's request and inspired by the example of the German patriot queen Louise of Prussia, she managed to arrange the French plundering of the area so that Weimar got off lightly compared to the university-city of Jena.", "Whether Napoleon let himself soften towards Louise, or whether he acted this way due to his own calculations in power-politics remains open to discussion.", "The Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach duchy remained with the alliance upon the Treaty of Poznań and survived the Napoleonic era via further politicking.", "Since Louise was now considered as the country's leader, and her subjects and contemporaries maintained this image of her - along with her part in the Weimar myth.", "In 1815 her politicking during the war ensured that at the Congress of Vienna her husband's small duchy not only retained all its territory but rose to become a grand duchy (her Thuringian cousins the house of Saxony, in contrast, merely preserved their title of duke).", "She then became devoted to ambassadorial duties.", "The Russian alliance ended with her successor Maria Pawlowna.", "The jubilee of her rule and her golden wedding, both in 1825, passed with little celebration and - already very withdrawn - she died aged 73 on 14 February 1830.", "She and Charles Augustus had 7 children, of whom only three survive adulthood:", "Louise's letters to her parents, grandmother and other persons, written between 1760 and 1776, are preserved in the Hessian State Archive (Hessisches Staatsarchiv Darmstadt) in Darmstadt, Germany." ]

[ 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 ]

[ "On 3 October 1775 she married duke (later grand-duke)" ]

[ "The princess belonged to the House of Darmstadt, which held the Hessian landgraviate.", "She was born on 30 January 1757 in Frederick II's Prussian capital, Berlin, where her parents were due to the Seven Years' War.", "Her father Louis IX succeeded to the landgraviate in 1768 and was at the time of her birth fighting as a general for the Prussian forces.", "He was thus often away from his children and so the princess's education was in her mother Caroline's hands.", "Caroline educated Louise in the evangelical Protestant tradition, and she became interested in literature and music.", "As the youngest daughter, with eight siblings, Louise's education was important to improve her marriage prospects.", "Since Louis IX showed little interest in his children, it was vital to get Louise married off and a matter also in the hands of her mother, becoming known as the \"great Landgräfin\" and von Zweibrücken due to her expert international dynastic politics in ancien regime Europe.", "In 1773 Louise travelled with her mother and sisters Amalie and Wilhelmine to Beschau then to the Russian court in St Petersburg.", "Tsarina Catharine II decided Louise was unsuitable as a wife for the grand-prince and future Tsar Paul, preferring her sister Wilhemine.", "This rebuff and her relationship with her future brother-in-law Paul formed Louise, leading to her being a persistent influence in the Russian state.", "Nevertheless, this journey was not without influence on Louise, since on the way to Russia Caroline had learned of another female regent of a small German state - Anna Amalia.", "Anna and Louise probably found favour together.", "At the end of this acquaintance, under the influence of the governor in Erfurt from the Archbishopric of Mainz, Karl Theodor Anton Maria von Dalberg, the 18-year-old Louise was betrothed to the young knight Carl August of Sachsen-Weimar.", "The marriage occurred on 3 October 1775 at the Karlsruher court, where (as a new princess-consort) Louise became caught up in the Ernestine Weimar court.", "The marriage was wholly dynastic in purpose (her sisters were married off to heir to Prussia and the Tsarevitch), consolidating the duchy of Saxe-Weimar's place at the heart of the Holy Roman Empire.", "Primary and secondary sources agree that it was as unhappy, with Louise (noted for her delicacy and timidity) had difficulty fitting in at court and remained in the shadow of her mother-in-law, the dowager duchess Anna Amalia.", "Louise especially attended the convents in her new country.", "A Romantic \"avant la lettre\", she did not have a taste for the Romantic lifestyle.", "Goethe was court poet and minister to her husband (and his companion in his extra-marital affairs), but was moved by her charm, noble-heartedness and her eyes \"the colour of cornflowers\".", "Taking her under his wing, Goethe dedicated the following words to her:\nAfter four years of marriage, in 1779 Louise finally gave birth her first child; sadly, wasn't the hoped male heir but a daughter, named after her and lived only five years; her next pregnancy, in 1781, produced a second daughter who died immediately after birth.", "At this time the Weimar ducal court also went through its sturm und drang phase, drawing not only Goethe but also the Ernestines from Miseleien and Eseleien.", "The resulting emotional coldness did not help their marriage, with her husband publicly humiliating the marriage by a long-term affair with the actress Karoline Jagemann.", "Louise only gave him the heir in 1783, with the birth of Charles Frederick; after him, followed four more children, of whom two survive infancy: Caroline Louise in 1786 and Bernhard in 1792.", "With the birth of Bernhard the marriage had finally served its purpose of guaranteeing the succession to the throne and the continuation of the dynasty.", "Charles Frederick later married Maria (sister of Alexander I of Russia, and their daughter Augusta of Saxe-Weimar married prince Wilhelm of Prussia, thus becoming the first empress of Germany.", "Louise had her great moment in October 1806.", "Despite her childhood and her early experiences in Weimar, she was a great influence in literary circles.", "The battle of Jena-Auerstedt (14 October), led to the defeat of the Prussian-Saxon forces and the total submission of all the German states to France and precipitated the fall of the Holy Roman Empire.", "Soon after the battle, the victorious French troops advanced on Weimar.", "The other family members either fled or were away fighting in the Prussian forces, and so Louise remained in Weimar as mother and protector of the nation.", "Two days after the battle she ended up opposing Napoleon himself.", "He insisted that her husband withdraw from Prussian military service but she quite undiplomatically made it clear to Napoleon that he could not do so.", "Nevertheless, at her husband's request and inspired by the example of the German patriot queen Louise of Prussia, she managed to arrange the French plundering of the area so that Weimar got off lightly compared to the university-city of Jena.", "Whether Napoleon let himself soften towards Louise, or whether he acted this way due to his own calculations in power-politics remains open to discussion.", "The Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach duchy remained with the alliance upon the Treaty of Poznań and survived the Napoleonic era via further politicking.", "Since Louise was now considered as the country's leader, and her subjects and contemporaries maintained this image of her - along with her part in the Weimar myth.", "In 1815 her politicking during the war ensured that at the Congress of Vienna her husband's small duchy not only retained all its territory but rose to become a grand duchy (her Thuringian cousins the house of Saxony, in contrast, merely preserved their title of duke).", "She then became devoted to ambassadorial duties.", "The Russian alliance ended with her successor Maria Pawlowna.", "The jubilee of her rule and her golden wedding, both in 1825, passed with little celebration and - already very withdrawn - she died aged 73 on 14 February 1830.", "She and Charles Augustus had 7 children, of whom only three survive adulthood:", "Louise's letters to her parents, grandmother and other persons, written between 1760 and 1776, are preserved in the Hessian State Archive (Hessisches Staatsarchiv Darmstadt) in Darmstadt, Germany." ]

[ 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 ]

[ "Charles Augustus of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach and as such a member of the court sphere of Weimar Classicism." ]

[ "In the mid-1750s Sir Robert Throckmorton had Buckland House built to replace his previous manor house.", "Following his death in 1791, Sir John Courtenay Throckmorton inherited the estate.", "Between 1870 and 1872, it was said the house had relics of Mary, Queen of Scots and Charles I, some other curiosities and some fine pictures.", "Sir Maurice and Lady Fitzgerald took over the property from the Throckmortons and lived there until his death in 1919 and hers in 1947.", "Visitors to the house during the Fitzgeralds' tenure included Winston Churchill and Queen Mary, who had objets d'art stored in the basement during World War II.", "Buckland House then passed to Major Richard Wellesley, grandson of Lady Fitzgerald.", "In 1962 Major Richard Wellesley advertised Buckland House in \"The Times\" for \"£8 a week\".", "In 1963, it became an independent university college (University Hall, Buckland) offering London External degrees.", "In 2004, motorcar driver Paddy McNally bought Buckland House and began a major restoration to its former glory.", "The Throckmortons owned the Buckland estate since 1690, living in the manor house but it was Sir Robert Throckmorton, the fourth baronet of Coughton, who commissioned John Wood (the Elder) of Bath to design the new Buckland House as a shooting lodge and weekend retreat.", "John Wood, the Younger substantially revised the plan and added the distinctive octagonal pavilions to the sides of the house.", "The final house is illustrated in the 1767 volume of \"Vitruvius Britannicus\".", "The house includes features such as marble fireplaces, exquisite mouldings, cornicing and painted ceilings.", "It is symmetrical and long passages lead to the two octagonal pavilions, used today as a library and dining room.", "15 bedrooms were built into the house in total to hold both family and staff.", "It is rumoured that one of the bedrooms was designed as a copy of Marie Antoinette's bedroom from Versaille.", "The saloon has Corinthian pilasters, bold cornices and well carved festoons", "The new owner engaged the architect W. H. Romaine-Walker to enlarge the property, addings wings on the north front to house a Billiard Room and a Royal Suite, rumoured to have been built to make the property large enough for King Edward VII to visit.", "Additional rooms were added upstairs in the property too, taking the total number of bedrooms to 19.", "Finally, a rear terrace was also added.", "With the last planning permission on the property approved in 1993, the owners of Buckland House started applying for planning permission to improve the property:", "The entire landscape garden was designed by Richard Woods, a contemporary of Capability Brown.", "The lakes were designed to look like a part of the River Thames and were joined with a small waterfall.", "During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century there was further landscaping and planting, supervised by Sir John Courtenay Throckmorton.", "In 1908 Romaine-Walker created the formal terrace on the north front as part of the broad redevelopment commissioned at that time.", "Lady Fitzgerald supervised the construction of a water garden with rock paths on the north side of the lake.", "The garden is occasionally open to the public under the NGS Gardens Open For Charity scheme with the entrance fee donated to the Richard Wellesley Memorial Transport fund.", "An icehouse, also designed by Richard Woods, was sited halfway between the two lakes on a north facing slope behind the house.", "The portico matches that of Buckland House.", "The icehouse is a cup and dome design, built partially underground and with a thatched roof, all to increase insulation.", "It was the subject of a local history article published on the BBC website.", "Estate workers would break ice from the pond with picks and saws, relay it to the shore and then quickly take it to the icehouse.", "Once there, it was packed hard to make maximum use of the interior.", "Throughout the year, manageable lumps of ice would be taken to the house, placed in ice-drawers in the kitchen larder and then used for food preservation and making iced confections.", "This method enabled ice to be available through the summer months." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ]

[ "Buckland House is a Grade II* listed building." ]

[ "In the mid-1750s Sir Robert Throckmorton had Buckland House built to replace his previous manor house.", "Following his death in 1791, Sir John Courtenay Throckmorton inherited the estate.", "Between 1870 and 1872, it was said the house had relics of Mary, Queen of Scots and Charles I, some other curiosities and some fine pictures.", "Sir Maurice and Lady Fitzgerald took over the property from the Throckmortons and lived there until his death in 1919 and hers in 1947.", "Visitors to the house during the Fitzgeralds' tenure included Winston Churchill and Queen Mary, who had objets d'art stored in the basement during World War II.", "Buckland House then passed to Major Richard Wellesley, grandson of Lady Fitzgerald.", "In 1962 Major Richard Wellesley advertised Buckland House in \"The Times\" for \"£8 a week\".", "In 1963, it became an independent university college (University Hall, Buckland) offering London External degrees.", "In 2004, motorcar driver Paddy McNally bought Buckland House and began a major restoration to its former glory.", "The Throckmortons owned the Buckland estate since 1690, living in the manor house but it was Sir Robert Throckmorton, the fourth baronet of Coughton, who commissioned John Wood (the Elder) of Bath to design the new Buckland House as a shooting lodge and weekend retreat.", "John Wood, the Younger substantially revised the plan and added the distinctive octagonal pavilions to the sides of the house.", "The final house is illustrated in the 1767 volume of \"Vitruvius Britannicus\".", "The house includes features such as marble fireplaces, exquisite mouldings, cornicing and painted ceilings.", "It is symmetrical and long passages lead to the two octagonal pavilions, used today as a library and dining room.", "15 bedrooms were built into the house in total to hold both family and staff.", "It is rumoured that one of the bedrooms was designed as a copy of Marie Antoinette's bedroom from Versaille.", "The saloon has Corinthian pilasters, bold cornices and well carved festoons", "The new owner engaged the architect W. H. Romaine-Walker to enlarge the property, addings wings on the north front to house a Billiard Room and a Royal Suite, rumoured to have been built to make the property large enough for King Edward VII to visit.", "Additional rooms were added upstairs in the property too, taking the total number of bedrooms to 19.", "Finally, a rear terrace was also added.", "With the last planning permission on the property approved in 1993, the owners of Buckland House started applying for planning permission to improve the property:", "The entire landscape garden was designed by Richard Woods, a contemporary of Capability Brown.", "The lakes were designed to look like a part of the River Thames and were joined with a small waterfall.", "During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century there was further landscaping and planting, supervised by Sir John Courtenay Throckmorton.", "In 1908 Romaine-Walker created the formal terrace on the north front as part of the broad redevelopment commissioned at that time.", "Lady Fitzgerald supervised the construction of a water garden with rock paths on the north side of the lake.", "The garden is occasionally open to the public under the NGS Gardens Open For Charity scheme with the entrance fee donated to the Richard Wellesley Memorial Transport fund.", "An icehouse, also designed by Richard Woods, was sited halfway between the two lakes on a north facing slope behind the house.", "The portico matches that of Buckland House.", "The icehouse is a cup and dome design, built partially underground and with a thatched roof, all to increase insulation.", "It was the subject of a local history article published on the BBC website.", "Estate workers would break ice from the pond with picks and saws, relay it to the shore and then quickly take it to the icehouse.", "Once there, it was packed hard to make maximum use of the interior.", "Throughout the year, manageable lumps of ice would be taken to the house, placed in ice-drawers in the kitchen larder and then used for food preservation and making iced confections.", "This method enabled ice to be available through the summer months." ]

[ 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 ]

[ "Buckland House is a large Georgian stately home, the manor house of Buckland in Oxfordshire, England (formerly in Berkshire)." ]

[ "Built at the eastern end of Karnak's main axis, and enclosed in its own walls, this building is little understood and its exact purpose is still unclear.", "It consists of three main parts, a suite of rooms dedicated to Sokar to the south-east, a solar complex to the north-east and the festival hall itself, from which the other areas of the building can be reached.", "This is known as the 'Hry-ib', or \"that which is at the heart of it\".", "The only original entrance was in the south-west corner.", "The walls contain the Botanical garden of Thutmosis III.", "In a small room off of the main hall, there is a room referred to as the Chamber of Ancestors, where a large inscription, the Karnak king list, shows Thutmose III making offerings to his 61 ancestors.", "The originals of these were removed and are now located in the Louvre in Paris." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ]

[ "It is located at the heart of the Precinct of Amun-Re, in the Karnak Temple Complex.", "The Festival Hall of Thutmose III is situated at the end of the Middle Kingdom court, with its axis at right-angles to the main east–west axis of the temple.", "Located in this temple, the Karnak king list shows Thutmose III with some of the earlier kings that built parts of the temple complex." ]

[ "Built at the eastern end of Karnak's main axis, and enclosed in its own walls, this building is little understood and its exact purpose is still unclear.", "It consists of three main parts, a suite of rooms dedicated to Sokar to the south-east, a solar complex to the north-east and the festival hall itself, from which the other areas of the building can be reached.", "This is known as the 'Hry-ib', or \"that which is at the heart of it\".", "The only original entrance was in the south-west corner.", "The walls contain the Botanical garden of Thutmosis III.", "In a small room off of the main hall, there is a room referred to as the Chamber of Ancestors, where a large inscription, the Karnak king list, shows Thutmose III making offerings to his 61 ancestors.", "The originals of these were removed and are now located in the Louvre in Paris." ]

[ 5, 6 ]

[ "Located in this temple, the Karnak king list shows Thutmose III with some of the earlier kings that built parts of the temple complex." ]

[ "In 2011, both WLBR radio and the \"Lebanon Daily News\" named Swanger one of the least effective state legislators in Pennsylvania, citing that she had never been a sole sponsor of a bill that was actually made into law in four years.", "In response, Swanger introduced HB 2029, \"American Law for American Courts,\" which quickly became known as the Pennsylvania \"Anti-Shari'a Law.\"", "After accidentally releasing the text with language revealing its religiously discriminatory motivations, such as the \"nefarious nature\" of Islamic law on the court.", "Calling it a \"draft,\" Swanger offered the press a revised proposal, which banned \"foreign law\" from us in Pennsylvania courts, and it received general support from state Republican leadership.", "In a letter to the legislature, explaining her rationale behind HB 2029, Swanger wrote of Shari'a as a \"menace\" and \"imposing an agenda on the American people.", "\"\nA coalition of interfaith groups which included Jews, Catholics, and Muslims, and the Anti-Defamation League rose in opposition to the bill, calling it \"Islamophobic,\" and cities passed resolutions against the legislation.", "After stalling in the legislative judiciary committee, State House Speaker Daryl Metcalfe slated a hearing for November 14, 2012, after the legislative session would end, to give the appearance of support to capitalize on anti-Islamic rhetoric against President Barack Obama in the 2012 Presidential Election on November 6.", "After leaving office, Swanger later reflected on Facebook in a post to the former editor of the \"Lebanon Daily News\":It's a political system, not a religion.", "It allows husbands to beat their wives, stones to death women who are raped, allows husband to divorce one of their wives by clapping 3 times and the woman is out on the street, cuts off the hands of thieves, sanctions honor killings, etc., etc.", "It flies in the face of our Constitution.", "My bill, called \"American Law for American Courts\" was to keep ALL foreign law out of our courts, not specifically Sharia.", "After announcing that she would not seek another term for election in January, 2014, Swanger re-introduced the proposed law again as HB 2168 in April, which was described as \"dead on arrival.", "\"" ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 ]

[ "In 2014 she announced her retirement and would not seek election, endorsing Russ Diamond." ]

[ "Caroline was born at the Stadtschloss in Weimar.", "She was a princess of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach by birth.", "The youngest of three children, her older brother Charles Frederick succeeded their father as Grand Duke in 1828.", "One of Caroline's nieces was Empress Augusta of Germany, wife of William I, German Emperor.", "On 1 July 1810 she became the second wife of Frederick Ludwig, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.", "The Hereditary Grand Duke had lost his first wife Elena Pavlovna of Russia in September 1804 having died of influenza.", "Caroline Louise gave her husband three children.", "Her only daughter married son of Louis Philippe", "I of the French.", "She had a loving relationship with her husband.", "After the birth of her youngest child, Prince Magnus, her health never recovered and she died aged thirty at the Schloss Ludwigslust.", "In her deathbed, she suggested her husband should remarry, to her cousin Auguste Fredericka, daughter of Frederick V of Hesse-Homburg; they married in April 1818.", "#Albert of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1812–1834) died unmarried.", "#Hélène of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1814–1858) married Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans and had issue.", "#Magnus of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1815–1816) died in infancy." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3 ]

[ "She was the daughter of Charles Augustus, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach and his wife Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt." ]

[ "The town was founded the 6 September 1870.", "In French, people from the town are known as \"damiennois\".", "Saint-Damien is located in the middle of Lanaudière region near Saint-Gabriel-de-Brandon municipality, about north of Montreal, west of Québec, and south of Taureau Reservoir.", "The main street is named \"Rue Principale\" (meaning, literally, \"main street\") and it is served by Quebec Route 347 which runs from Quebec Route 158 at Sainte-Geneviève-de-Berthier (2 km west of exit 144 on Autoroute 40) through Saint-Gabriel-de-Brandon, Saint Damien, Sainte-Émélie-de-l'Énergie and Saint-Côme to Québec Route 125 in Notre-Dame-de-la-Merci.", "The bordering municipalities of Saint-Damien are, starting from northwest and proceeding clockwise, Saint-Zénon (northwest), Mandeville (northeast, in D'Autray Regional County Municipality), Saint-Gabriel-de-Brandon (southeast, in D'Autray Regional County Municipality), Saint-Jean-de-Matha (south) and Sainte-Émélie-de-l'Énergie (west).", "Private dwellings occupied by usual residents: 1220 (total dwellings: 1891)", "Mother tongue:", "The Commission scolaire des Samares operates francophone public schools, including:\nThe Sir Wilfrid Laurier School Board operates anglophone public schools, including:" ]

[ 2, 3, 4 ]

[ "Saint-Damien (formerly named Saint-Damien-de-Brandon) is a parish municipality of 2,393 inhabitants in Quebec, Canada.", "It is located in Matawinie Regional County Municipality in the Lanaudière region." ]

[ "At this stage 41 clubs from the Football League Third Division North and South joined the 25 non-league clubs having come through the qualifying rounds.", "Chester, Millwall and Notts County were given a bye to the Third Round.", "To make the number of matches up, non-league Dulwich Hamlet and Walthamstow Avenue were given byes to this round.", "34 matches were scheduled to be played on Saturday, 27 November 1937.", "Nine were drawn and went to replays in the following midweek fixture, with one of these going to a second replay.", "The matches were played on Saturday, 11 December 1937, with two matches postponed until the 15th.", "Four matches were drawn, with replays taking place in the following midweek fixture.", "The 44 First and Second Division clubs entered the competition at this stage, along with Chester, Millwall and Notts County.", "The matches were scheduled for Saturday, 8 January 1938.", "Seven matches were drawn and went to replays, with one of these requiring a second replay to settle the fixture.", "The matches were scheduled for Saturday, 22 January 1938.", "Four games were drawn and went to replays.", "The matches were scheduled for Saturday, 12 February 1938.", "There were two replays, of which one went to a second replay.", "The four quarter-final ties were scheduled to be played on Saturday, 5 March 1938.", "There was one replay, in the Huddersfield Town–York City match.", "The semi-final matches were played on Saturday, 26 March 1938.", "Preston North End and Huddersfield Town won their matches to meet in the final at Wembley.", "The 1938 FA Cup Final was contested by Preston North End and Huddersfield Town at Wembley.", "Preston, losing finalists the previous year, won by a single goal.", "After 29 minutes of extra time it was still 0–0 and BBC commentator Thomas Woodrooffe said \"if there's a goal scored now, I'll eat my hat\".", "Seconds later, Preston were awarded a penalty, from which George Mutch scored the winning goal; Woodrooffe kept his promise." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ]

[ "Matches were scheduled to be played at the stadium of the team named first on the date specified for each round, which was always a Saturday." ]

[ "At this stage 41 clubs from the Football League Third Division North and South joined the 25 non-league clubs having come through the qualifying rounds.", "Chester, Millwall and Notts County were given a bye to the Third Round.", "To make the number of matches up, non-league Dulwich Hamlet and Walthamstow Avenue were given byes to this round.", "34 matches were scheduled to be played on Saturday, 27 November 1937.", "Nine were drawn and went to replays in the following midweek fixture, with one of these going to a second replay.", "The matches were played on Saturday, 11 December 1937, with two matches postponed until the 15th.", "Four matches were drawn, with replays taking place in the following midweek fixture.", "The 44 First and Second Division clubs entered the competition at this stage, along with Chester, Millwall and Notts County.", "The matches were scheduled for Saturday, 8 January 1938.", "Seven matches were drawn and went to replays, with one of these requiring a second replay to settle the fixture.", "The matches were scheduled for Saturday, 22 January 1938.", "Four games were drawn and went to replays.", "The matches were scheduled for Saturday, 12 February 1938.", "There were two replays, of which one went to a second replay.", "The four quarter-final ties were scheduled to be played on Saturday, 5 March 1938.", "There was one replay, in the Huddersfield Town–York City match.", "The semi-final matches were played on Saturday, 26 March 1938.", "Preston North End and Huddersfield Town won their matches to meet in the final at Wembley.", "The 1938 FA Cup Final was contested by Preston North End and Huddersfield Town at Wembley.", "Preston, losing finalists the previous year, won by a single goal.", "After 29 minutes of extra time it was still 0–0 and BBC commentator Thomas Woodrooffe said \"if there's a goal scored now, I'll eat my hat\".", "Seconds later, Preston were awarded a penalty, from which George Mutch scored the winning goal; Woodrooffe kept his promise." ]

[ 7, 8, 9 ]

[ "If the replayed match was drawn further replays would be held until a winner was determined." ]

[ "At this stage 41 clubs from the Football League Third Division North and South joined the 25 non-league clubs having come through the qualifying rounds.", "Chester, Millwall and Notts County were given a bye to the Third Round.", "To make the number of matches up, non-league Dulwich Hamlet and Walthamstow Avenue were given byes to this round.", "34 matches were scheduled to be played on Saturday, 27 November 1937.", "Nine were drawn and went to replays in the following midweek fixture, with one of these going to a second replay.", "The matches were played on Saturday, 11 December 1937, with two matches postponed until the 15th.", "Four matches were drawn, with replays taking place in the following midweek fixture.", "The 44 First and Second Division clubs entered the competition at this stage, along with Chester, Millwall and Notts County.", "The matches were scheduled for Saturday, 8 January 1938.", "Seven matches were drawn and went to replays, with one of these requiring a second replay to settle the fixture.", "The matches were scheduled for Saturday, 22 January 1938.", "Four games were drawn and went to replays.", "The matches were scheduled for Saturday, 12 February 1938.", "There were two replays, of which one went to a second replay.", "The four quarter-final ties were scheduled to be played on Saturday, 5 March 1938.", "There was one replay, in the Huddersfield Town–York City match.", "The semi-final matches were played on Saturday, 26 March 1938.", "Preston North End and Huddersfield Town won their matches to meet in the final at Wembley.", "The 1938 FA Cup Final was contested by Preston North End and Huddersfield Town at Wembley.", "Preston, losing finalists the previous year, won by a single goal.", "After 29 minutes of extra time it was still 0–0 and BBC commentator Thomas Woodrooffe said \"if there's a goal scored now, I'll eat my hat\".", "Seconds later, Preston were awarded a penalty, from which George Mutch scored the winning goal; Woodrooffe kept his promise." ]

[ 16, 17 ]

[ "Preston North End won the competition for the second time, beating Huddersfield Town 1–0 after extra time in the final at Wembley." ]

[ "As an independent scholar, Hemmingson wrote the meditation, \"Gordon Lish and His Influence on Twentieth Century American Literature\" a short TV studies monograph on \"Star Trek\" (Wayne State Univ.", "Press), and an ethnographic research project, \"Zona Norte\" (Cambridge Scholars).", "At the time of his death he was working on a biography of Raymond Carver, set for publication in 2014 by McFarland & Company.", "Hemmingson was a prolific writer, often publishing 2-3 books a year.", "According to one reviewer, \"Hemmingson has written over fifty books, and his experience shows.", "Not only does he inform the stories in This Other Eden with tangible details of the publishing industry, but he also imbues his characters with personalities that are displayed through his skillful use of highly individualized dialogue for each person.", "\"\nHe was a staff writer at the San Diego Reader from November 2004 through January 2014.", "The last public article he wrote for the San Diego Reader was a critical music review of the rookie project, \"Million Dollar Mixtape\" by San Diego recording artist The Toven released in 2012.", "The review was published by the San Diego reader on January 6, 2014 just three days before his death on January 9, 2014.", "For the Many of the photos that accompany his articles there were taken by San Diego's iconic brand photographer, Chris Morrow.", "In 2010 he joined the staff of \"Pacific San Diego Magazine\".", "As a screenwriter, his first indie feature, \"The Watermelon\", was directed by Brad Mays and produced by Lorenda Starfelt at LightSong Films.", "He wrote the screenplay for the 2007 film \"Aliens\", based on a one act play.", "Maxim Dashkin produced and directed.", "Real Ideas Studio produced a short documentary, \"Life in Zona Norte,\" that was screen at Cannes Film Festival's Short Film Corner May, 2009.", "Hemmingson won the San Diego Book Awards Association's first Novel-in-Progress grant for \"The Rose of Heaven\" and SDBAA's Best Published novel for \"Wild Turkey\".", "His media study monograph, \"Star Trek:", "A Post-Structural Critique of the Original Series\", was a 2010 finalist nominee for General Non-fiction Book.", "He was selected as the toastmaster for the Death Equinox 2001 convention.", "Recipient of two Everett Helm Research Fellowships at the Lily Library Indiana University for research on Gordon Lish, Raymond Carver, and William Vollmannn.", "He wrote multiple auto-ethnography articles for Forum: Qualitative Research.", "Hemmingson acknowledged influences Harlan Ellison, Raymond Carver, Gordon Lish, and William T. Vollmann for literature, Wim Wenders, David Lynch, David Mamet, and Stanley Kubrick for film.", "Hemmingson was called \"Raymond Carver on acid\" by literary guru Larry McCaffery and \"a disciple of a quick and dirty literature\" by the \"American Book Review\".", "From 1995 to 2000, he was Literary Manager of The Fritz Theater in San Diego, where he directed, produced, and wrote many plays there, as well as for his own company, The Alien Stage Project, that still produces theater in San Diego and Los Angeles.", "His full-length play, \"Driving Somewhere\", won the 1997 Ventana New Play Award in San Francisco.", "It was first produced in 1995 by The Fritz Theater.", "His one-act play, \"Iraq,\" was produced in the 2000 Samuel French, Inc.", "One-Act Play Festival in New York.", "His one-act, \"Milk\", has been widely produced and is published in the book, \"The Art of the One-Act\".", "It has been produced in Seattle, Los Angeles, New York, and San Diego.", "His full-length play, \"Erotic Scenes in a Cheap Motel Room\", has been produced by dozens of theaters and is available as a radio drama from Walcott & Sheridan Audio Library.", "Its debut was on March 11 at the Fritz Theatre.", "Fritz Theater original productions: \"Driving Somewhere, Iraq, Bosnia, Erotic Scenes in Cheap Motel Room.", "\"\nAlien Stage Project original productions: \"Erotic Scenes in a Cheap Motel Room, Milk\".", "Actor's Alliance Play Festival original productions: \"Milk, NASDAQ, The Aliens, Happiness\".", "Compass Theater (San Diego) production of full-length, \"Stations\" in Summer 2009.", "\"Stations\" was directed by David Meredith and performed at the Resilience of the Spirit Festival.", "As an independent scholar, Hemmingson focused his studies on Raymond Carver and William T. Vollmann, and the methodologies of critifiction and autoethnography.", "He published extensively in these areas of study, as well as critical monographs on Star Trek, Barry N. Malzberg, Charles Bukowski, blogging and micro-blogging.", "In 2009, at the National Communication Association convention in Chicago, Hemmingson was awarded, by the Carl Couch Center, the Norman K. Denzin Qualitative Research Award for his paper of auto/ethnography, \"Fragments of my Grandmothers.\"", "From April 2012 until his death, Hemmingson hosted the show \"The Art of Dreaming\" on Revolution Radio at freedomslips.com." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 ]

[ "He died in Tijuana, Mexico on 9 January 2014." ]

[ "The first organised football to be played in Werkendam took place during the era of mobilisation between 1914–18 by soldiers stationed in the village.", "It was not until some time later, in 1924, that the first football club was founded:", "Werkendamse Voetbal Vereniging (WVV).", "Shortly afterwards, other football clubs such as Door Vrienden Opgericht (DVO), Samenspel Overwint Werkendam (SOW) and Excelsior were founded, but the majority of these clubs quickly disappeared.", "In those years, the clubs had difficulty retaining members, as a large part of the population worked outside in the Biesbosch National Park and were away from home for weeks.", "On 13 April 1932, Steeds Voorwaarts Werkendam (SVW) was founded to create a second club in Werkendam as a counterpart to DVO.", "When SVW transferred from the Brabantsche Voetbalbond (BVB) to the Royal Dutch Football Association (KNVB) in 1935, a club with that name already appeared to exist in Gorinchem, so that the name was changed from SVW to Kozakken Boys that year.", "The name was chosen as a tribute to the \"Kozakstoep\", a local site along the Merwede where the football club often played its matches.", "The site owes its name to the Don Cossacks, who crossed the Merwede River at that place in 1813 as they freed Werkendam from French occupation during the Napoleonic Wars.", "In 1939, WVV ceased to exist, after which a large part of the members moved their affiliation to Kozakken Boys.", "Since then, the club has been the only football club in Werkendam.", "Until the Second World War, Kozakken Boys played within the amateur divisions of the Brabantsche Voetbalbond (BVB) and later the KNVB.", "From 1940, clubs from the highest level of the BVB were promoted to the Vierde Klasse of the KNVB.", "The rise started from 1945 and onwards, as Kozakken Boys steadily worked their way up from the Vierde Klasse Saturday amateurs to the highest amateur level in successive decades.", "From the 1970–71 season, the Eerste Klasse was introduced to amateur football, in which Kozakken Boys were present from the beginning.", "In this period, the first championship in the highest tier was won in the 1984–85 season.", "In this season, it competed with SV Spakenburg and GVVV for the overall Eerste Klasse Saturday title.", "Kozakken Boys and Spakenburg ended even and a decider was needed.", "In the end, Spakenburg won the overall Saturday title in the last minutes which a 3–2 score, after a half-hour delay, while two players from both teams were sent off.", "Another notable season was 1989–90, which ended in a disappointing 14th place, after which relegation to the Tweede Klasse became a fact, effectively ending Kozakken Boys run in the highest amateur division.", "In the following 1990–91 season, however, it won the Tweede Klasse title and achieved promotion back to the Eerste Klasse.", "Immediately afterwards, the positive trend continued and Kozakken Boys won Eerste Klasse championships in 1992, 1993 and 1995.", "The overall Saturday title, however, was not won during this period.", "In the 1996–97 season, the Hoofdklasse division was introduced by merging the three Eerste Klasse division into one overall top amateur tier.", "Kozakken Boys participated in this competition until the 2002–03 season, as that season ended in 14th position and subsequent relegation to the Eerste Klasse became a fact.", "As with the relegation in the 1989–90 season, it returned to the highest amateur division after one season, as a title was immediately celebrated in the following season.", "Kozakken Boys also participated in the national cup competition, the KNVB Cup several times during this period.", "It played home matches against Dutch footballing juggernauts PSV Eindhoven and Ajax in the second round of the competition in the 2006–07 season and 2007–08 season, respectively.", "In the latter, Kozakken Boys managed to draw the match into extra time, in which it eventually lost 1–2.", "The 2009–10 season ended in 8th position, which meant promotion to newly introduced top amateur level, the Topklasse, was not achieved.", "Therefore, Kozakken Boys would initially continue to play in the Dutch Hoofdklasse, the second highest amateur level.", "Kozakken Boys' aimed to achieve promotion to the Topklasse as quickly as possible.", "This struggle lasted two seasons, as the 2011–12 season turned out to be very successful.", "The regular season in the Hoofdklasse B group ended in 2nd place, missing the league title by one point behind SVV Scheveningen.", "Until the last day matchday, Scheveningen and ASWH competed with Kozakken Boys for the title, where all three teams won their game and the championship was ultimately celebrated in Scheveningen.", "The initial disappointment was quickly overcome by winning the KNVB District Cup South I for the first time in club history.", "As a crowning achievement for the season, promotion to the Topklasse was won in the play-offs, which meant that Kozakken Boys were represented in the highest amateur division again from the 2012–13 season.", "The 2014–15 season turned out to be a historic one for Kozakken Boys.", "Under the leadership of coaches Arie Schep, Danny Buijs and Ton Cornelissen, the club won the Topklasse Saturday.", "This made the club the overall Saturday amateur champion of the Netherlands for the first time in its existence.", "During this period, the club participated in the national KNVB Cup several times, with the highlight was reaching the round of 16 in the 2015–16 season, the furthest the club ever made it in the tournament.", "Kozakken Boys were eventually knocked out by Eredivisie club AZ, who beat them 1–3 by deciding the game in the final 10 minutes.", "From the 2016–17 season, the KNVB revived the formerly defunct Tweede Divisie, with the top seven clubs from the 2015–16 Topklasse Saturday automatically qualifying.", "With a fourth place, Kozakken Boys were among these teams and therefore played in the Dutch third-tier from 2016.", "On 24 August 2016, Kozakken Boys qualified for the main tournament of the 2016–17 KNVB Cup by winning 1–5 over AFC.", "In the first round, Kozakken Boys had managed to win 3–0 over second-tier Eerste Divisie club Helmond Sport on 20 September 2016.", "At a packed Sportpark de Zwaaier, thanks to goals from Raily Ignacio, Gwaeron Stout and Everton Pires Tavares delivered a win.", "In the second round of the KNVB Cup, Kozakken Boys were drawn against to Ajax, nine years after their first matchup.", "On 26 October 2016, it lost 1–6 to Ajax." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48 ]

[ "Kozakken Boys () is a Dutch football club based in Werkendam.", "It competes in Tweede Divisie, the third tier of Dutch football.", "Formed as Steeds Voorwaarts Werkendam (SVW) in 1932, it adopted its current name in 1935.", "Kozakken Boys was named after the Don Cossack troops, who liberated Werkendam from French occupation in 1813.", "One of the most prominent amateur clubs in the Netherlands, the club experienced a surge towards the higher divisions of Dutch football in the 2010s, reaching promotion to the third-tier Tweede Divisie in 2016.", "Kozakken Boys have won the top amateur division for Saturday clubs six times: in 1985, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995 and 2015.", "The club has played at its current home ground De Zwaaier since 2001." ]

[ "The first organised football to be played in Werkendam took place during the era of mobilisation between 1914–18 by soldiers stationed in the village.", "It was not until some time later, in 1924, that the first football club was founded:", "Werkendamse Voetbal Vereniging (WVV).", "Shortly afterwards, other football clubs such as Door Vrienden Opgericht (DVO), Samenspel Overwint Werkendam (SOW) and Excelsior were founded, but the majority of these clubs quickly disappeared.", "In those years, the clubs had difficulty retaining members, as a large part of the population worked outside in the Biesbosch National Park and were away from home for weeks.", "On 13 April 1932, Steeds Voorwaarts Werkendam (SVW) was founded to create a second club in Werkendam as a counterpart to DVO.", "When SVW transferred from the Brabantsche Voetbalbond (BVB) to the Royal Dutch Football Association (KNVB) in 1935, a club with that name already appeared to exist in Gorinchem, so that the name was changed from SVW to Kozakken Boys that year.", "The name was chosen as a tribute to the \"Kozakstoep\", a local site along the Merwede where the football club often played its matches.", "The site owes its name to the Don Cossacks, who crossed the Merwede River at that place in 1813 as they freed Werkendam from French occupation during the Napoleonic Wars.", "In 1939, WVV ceased to exist, after which a large part of the members moved their affiliation to Kozakken Boys.", "Since then, the club has been the only football club in Werkendam.", "Until the Second World War, Kozakken Boys played within the amateur divisions of the Brabantsche Voetbalbond (BVB) and later the KNVB.", "From 1940, clubs from the highest level of the BVB were promoted to the Vierde Klasse of the KNVB.", "The rise started from 1945 and onwards, as Kozakken Boys steadily worked their way up from the Vierde Klasse Saturday amateurs to the highest amateur level in successive decades.", "From the 1970–71 season, the Eerste Klasse was introduced to amateur football, in which Kozakken Boys were present from the beginning.", "In this period, the first championship in the highest tier was won in the 1984–85 season.", "In this season, it competed with SV Spakenburg and GVVV for the overall Eerste Klasse Saturday title.", "Kozakken Boys and Spakenburg ended even and a decider was needed.", "In the end, Spakenburg won the overall Saturday title in the last minutes which a 3–2 score, after a half-hour delay, while two players from both teams were sent off.", "Another notable season was 1989–90, which ended in a disappointing 14th place, after which relegation to the Tweede Klasse became a fact, effectively ending Kozakken Boys run in the highest amateur division.", "In the following 1990–91 season, however, it won the Tweede Klasse title and achieved promotion back to the Eerste Klasse.", "Immediately afterwards, the positive trend continued and Kozakken Boys won Eerste Klasse championships in 1992, 1993 and 1995.", "The overall Saturday title, however, was not won during this period.", "In the 1996–97 season, the Hoofdklasse division was introduced by merging the three Eerste Klasse division into one overall top amateur tier.", "Kozakken Boys participated in this competition until the 2002–03 season, as that season ended in 14th position and subsequent relegation to the Eerste Klasse became a fact.", "As with the relegation in the 1989–90 season, it returned to the highest amateur division after one season, as a title was immediately celebrated in the following season.", "Kozakken Boys also participated in the national cup competition, the KNVB Cup several times during this period.", "It played home matches against Dutch footballing juggernauts PSV Eindhoven and Ajax in the second round of the competition in the 2006–07 season and 2007–08 season, respectively.", "In the latter, Kozakken Boys managed to draw the match into extra time, in which it eventually lost 1–2.", "The 2009–10 season ended in 8th position, which meant promotion to newly introduced top amateur level, the Topklasse, was not achieved.", "Therefore, Kozakken Boys would initially continue to play in the Dutch Hoofdklasse, the second highest amateur level.", "Kozakken Boys' aimed to achieve promotion to the Topklasse as quickly as possible.", "This struggle lasted two seasons, as the 2011–12 season turned out to be very successful.", "The regular season in the Hoofdklasse B group ended in 2nd place, missing the league title by one point behind SVV Scheveningen.", "Until the last day matchday, Scheveningen and ASWH competed with Kozakken Boys for the title, where all three teams won their game and the championship was ultimately celebrated in Scheveningen.", "The initial disappointment was quickly overcome by winning the KNVB District Cup South I for the first time in club history.", "As a crowning achievement for the season, promotion to the Topklasse was won in the play-offs, which meant that Kozakken Boys were represented in the highest amateur division again from the 2012–13 season.", "The 2014–15 season turned out to be a historic one for Kozakken Boys.", "Under the leadership of coaches Arie Schep, Danny Buijs and Ton Cornelissen, the club won the Topklasse Saturday.", "This made the club the overall Saturday amateur champion of the Netherlands for the first time in its existence.", "During this period, the club participated in the national KNVB Cup several times, with the highlight was reaching the round of 16 in the 2015–16 season, the furthest the club ever made it in the tournament.", "Kozakken Boys were eventually knocked out by Eredivisie club AZ, who beat them 1–3 by deciding the game in the final 10 minutes.", "From the 2016–17 season, the KNVB revived the formerly defunct Tweede Divisie, with the top seven clubs from the 2015–16 Topklasse Saturday automatically qualifying.", "With a fourth place, Kozakken Boys were among these teams and therefore played in the Dutch third-tier from 2016.", "On 24 August 2016, Kozakken Boys qualified for the main tournament of the 2016–17 KNVB Cup by winning 1–5 over AFC.", "In the first round, Kozakken Boys had managed to win 3–0 over second-tier Eerste Divisie club Helmond Sport on 20 September 2016.", "At a packed Sportpark de Zwaaier, thanks to goals from Raily Ignacio, Gwaeron Stout and Everton Pires Tavares delivered a win.", "In the second round of the KNVB Cup, Kozakken Boys were drawn against to Ajax, nine years after their first matchup.", "On 26 October 2016, it lost 1–6 to Ajax." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 ]

[ "Kozakken Boys () is a Dutch football club based in Werkendam.", "Formed as Steeds Voorwaarts Werkendam (SVW) in 1932, it adopted its current name in 1935.", "Kozakken Boys was named after the Don Cossack troops, who liberated Werkendam from French occupation in 1813." ]

[ "Well-received, the album became the #1 Jazz Album for 1956, a position it attained, according to the retrospective book \"Gibson Electrics\", as an \"overnight best-seller capturing the essence of the cool jazz era\".", "Critically regarded as one of the defining albums of cool jazz, it is listed in \"A Concise History of Electric Guitar\" among those few recordings which \"firmly established\" the electric guitar's \"sound in popular culture, elevating it from the dark dissonance of bebop jazz to the more consonant textures of a rapidly developing style called western swing\".", "\"Guitar World\" characterizes it as Smith's \"classic album\".", "Among the album's songs is the title track, \"Moonlight in Vermont\", a rendition of a John Blackburn and Karl Suessdorf standard.", "According to Getz biographer Dave Gelly, the song became an \"unexpected hit\", an unusual occurrence in jazz music, remaining on the charts for months.", "It was for this rendition that Smith earned the title \"King of Cool Jazz Guitar\".", "\"Moonlight in Vermont\" was Smith's breakthrough song, launching him into public awareness.", "It also increased the profile of Getz and resulted in his receiving a contract from renowned jazz producer Norman Granz.", "Contrary to popular belief, it was the 1952 release of the single, rather than the 1956 release of the compilation album, which was rated the second best jazz record of the year in \"DownBeat\" readers' poll.", "The song is known for its guitar virtuosity.", "\"The New York Times\" observed that Smith's arpeggio on the song \"went from the lowest to the highest reaches of the guitar, all in one fluid movement\".", "\"Echo and Twang\" characterized it as \"complete with Smith's clear, reverb-tinged sound, his fleet-fingered but relaxed three-octave runs, and above all his lush, close-voiced, chord melody style\".", "\"Guitar World\" described it as \"a perfect illustration of [Smith's] mastery of the guitar's subtle inner-string voicings\".", "According to \"Guitar World\", the rendition was influential, becoming \"the template for every guitarist to come\".", "Smith's performance of the song was a favorite of guitarist Eddie Cochran and first turned Herbie Hancock on to jazz.", "James Sallis indicates that \"[t]he mood of this ballad has never been more subtly captured\".", "Also of note on the track list is the song \"Jaguar\", described by \"Guitar World\" as Smith's \"signature song\".", "The book \"Masters of Guitar\" singles out the \"up-tempo Smith original\" as among the album's \"many gems\".", "Several other tracks were singled out in \"The Electric Guitar: A History of an American Icon\", by A. J. Millard, who theorized that Smith's playing style was influenced by his history as a trumpeter and his experiences in the NBC Studio Orchestra, which required extensive sight reading.", "According to Millard, in \"Moonlight in Vermont\" and \"Tenderly\", Smith's chord melodies resemble piano, while in \"Sometimes I'm Happy\" and \"Tabú\" the guitar becomes hornlike at midrange, with the electric guitar resembling a saxophone overall.", "Originally released on the Roost Records label, catalog RST-2211, the album has been subsequently reissued in an expanded CD form in 1994 on Roulette Records, who had acquired the Roost Collection in 1958.", "The expanded CD includes all of the tracks from the original album and incorporates most of the artist's recordings from that and the subsequent year, with the exception of three songs.", "One of the tracks, an alternative take on the Smith-penned \"Jaguar\", was previously unreleased.", "The tracks were also included in Getz' \"Complete Roost Recordings\" box-set.", "Production" ]

[ 0, 1, 2 ]

[ "It was popularly and critically well received and has come to be regarded as an important album in Smith's discography, in the cool jazz genre and in the evolution of jazz guitar." ]

[ "Well-received, the album became the #1 Jazz Album for 1956, a position it attained, according to the retrospective book \"Gibson Electrics\", as an \"overnight best-seller capturing the essence of the cool jazz era\".", "Critically regarded as one of the defining albums of cool jazz, it is listed in \"A Concise History of Electric Guitar\" among those few recordings which \"firmly established\" the electric guitar's \"sound in popular culture, elevating it from the dark dissonance of bebop jazz to the more consonant textures of a rapidly developing style called western swing\".", "\"Guitar World\" characterizes it as Smith's \"classic album\".", "Among the album's songs is the title track, \"Moonlight in Vermont\", a rendition of a John Blackburn and Karl Suessdorf standard.", "According to Getz biographer Dave Gelly, the song became an \"unexpected hit\", an unusual occurrence in jazz music, remaining on the charts for months.", "It was for this rendition that Smith earned the title \"King of Cool Jazz Guitar\".", "\"Moonlight in Vermont\" was Smith's breakthrough song, launching him into public awareness.", "It also increased the profile of Getz and resulted in his receiving a contract from renowned jazz producer Norman Granz.", "Contrary to popular belief, it was the 1952 release of the single, rather than the 1956 release of the compilation album, which was rated the second best jazz record of the year in \"DownBeat\" readers' poll.", "The song is known for its guitar virtuosity.", "\"The New York Times\" observed that Smith's arpeggio on the song \"went from the lowest to the highest reaches of the guitar, all in one fluid movement\".", "\"Echo and Twang\" characterized it as \"complete with Smith's clear, reverb-tinged sound, his fleet-fingered but relaxed three-octave runs, and above all his lush, close-voiced, chord melody style\".", "\"Guitar World\" described it as \"a perfect illustration of [Smith's] mastery of the guitar's subtle inner-string voicings\".", "According to \"Guitar World\", the rendition was influential, becoming \"the template for every guitarist to come\".", "Smith's performance of the song was a favorite of guitarist Eddie Cochran and first turned Herbie Hancock on to jazz.", "James Sallis indicates that \"[t]he mood of this ballad has never been more subtly captured\".", "Also of note on the track list is the song \"Jaguar\", described by \"Guitar World\" as Smith's \"signature song\".", "The book \"Masters of Guitar\" singles out the \"up-tempo Smith original\" as among the album's \"many gems\".", "Several other tracks were singled out in \"The Electric Guitar: A History of an American Icon\", by A. J. Millard, who theorized that Smith's playing style was influenced by his history as a trumpeter and his experiences in the NBC Studio Orchestra, which required extensive sight reading.", "According to Millard, in \"Moonlight in Vermont\" and \"Tenderly\", Smith's chord melodies resemble piano, while in \"Sometimes I'm Happy\" and \"Tabú\" the guitar becomes hornlike at midrange, with the electric guitar resembling a saxophone overall.", "Originally released on the Roost Records label, catalog RST-2211, the album has been subsequently reissued in an expanded CD form in 1994 on Roulette Records, who had acquired the Roost Collection in 1958.", "The expanded CD includes all of the tracks from the original album and incorporates most of the artist's recordings from that and the subsequent year, with the exception of three songs.", "One of the tracks, an alternative take on the Smith-penned \"Jaguar\", was previously unreleased.", "The tracks were also included in Getz' \"Complete Roost Recordings\" box-set.", "Production" ]

[ 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 ]

[ "Moonlight in Vermont is a 1956 compilation album by jazz guitarist Johnny Smith, featuring tenor saxophonist Stan Getz.", "Titled for Smith's breakthrough hit song, its single was \"DownBeat\" readers' second favorite jazz record of the year.", "Songs on the album, which reveal the influence of Smith's experiences with the NBC Studio Orchestra, and as a multi-instrument musician, include the title track and the original composition \"Jaguar\".", "The title track, singled out for its virtuosity, was a highly influential rendition of a jazz standard that secured Smith's position in the public eye." ]

[ "Well-received, the album became the #1 Jazz Album for 1956, a position it attained, according to the retrospective book \"Gibson Electrics\", as an \"overnight best-seller capturing the essence of the cool jazz era\".", "Critically regarded as one of the defining albums of cool jazz, it is listed in \"A Concise History of Electric Guitar\" among those few recordings which \"firmly established\" the electric guitar's \"sound in popular culture, elevating it from the dark dissonance of bebop jazz to the more consonant textures of a rapidly developing style called western swing\".", "\"Guitar World\" characterizes it as Smith's \"classic album\".", "Among the album's songs is the title track, \"Moonlight in Vermont\", a rendition of a John Blackburn and Karl Suessdorf standard.", "According to Getz biographer Dave Gelly, the song became an \"unexpected hit\", an unusual occurrence in jazz music, remaining on the charts for months.", "It was for this rendition that Smith earned the title \"King of Cool Jazz Guitar\".", "\"Moonlight in Vermont\" was Smith's breakthrough song, launching him into public awareness.", "It also increased the profile of Getz and resulted in his receiving a contract from renowned jazz producer Norman Granz.", "Contrary to popular belief, it was the 1952 release of the single, rather than the 1956 release of the compilation album, which was rated the second best jazz record of the year in \"DownBeat\" readers' poll.", "The song is known for its guitar virtuosity.", "\"The New York Times\" observed that Smith's arpeggio on the song \"went from the lowest to the highest reaches of the guitar, all in one fluid movement\".", "\"Echo and Twang\" characterized it as \"complete with Smith's clear, reverb-tinged sound, his fleet-fingered but relaxed three-octave runs, and above all his lush, close-voiced, chord melody style\".", "\"Guitar World\" described it as \"a perfect illustration of [Smith's] mastery of the guitar's subtle inner-string voicings\".", "According to \"Guitar World\", the rendition was influential, becoming \"the template for every guitarist to come\".", "Smith's performance of the song was a favorite of guitarist Eddie Cochran and first turned Herbie Hancock on to jazz.", "James Sallis indicates that \"[t]he mood of this ballad has never been more subtly captured\".", "Also of note on the track list is the song \"Jaguar\", described by \"Guitar World\" as Smith's \"signature song\".", "The book \"Masters of Guitar\" singles out the \"up-tempo Smith original\" as among the album's \"many gems\".", "Several other tracks were singled out in \"The Electric Guitar: A History of an American Icon\", by A. J. Millard, who theorized that Smith's playing style was influenced by his history as a trumpeter and his experiences in the NBC Studio Orchestra, which required extensive sight reading.", "According to Millard, in \"Moonlight in Vermont\" and \"Tenderly\", Smith's chord melodies resemble piano, while in \"Sometimes I'm Happy\" and \"Tabú\" the guitar becomes hornlike at midrange, with the electric guitar resembling a saxophone overall.", "Originally released on the Roost Records label, catalog RST-2211, the album has been subsequently reissued in an expanded CD form in 1994 on Roulette Records, who had acquired the Roost Collection in 1958.", "The expanded CD includes all of the tracks from the original album and incorporates most of the artist's recordings from that and the subsequent year, with the exception of three songs.", "One of the tracks, an alternative take on the Smith-penned \"Jaguar\", was previously unreleased.", "The tracks were also included in Getz' \"Complete Roost Recordings\" box-set.", "Production" ]

[ 20, 21, 22, 23 ]

[ "Originally released on Roost Records, the album was reissued in significantly expanded form by Roulette Records in 1994, with more material including a previously unreleased version of \"Jaguar\"." ]

[ "The concept for \"Corduroy Mansions\" is based on Charles Dickens’ episodic writing – which were novels serialised through journals in weekly or monthly instalments, in the 1800s.", "Following a meeting with acclaimed San Francisco novelist Armistead Maupin, Alexander McCall Smith pursued this method of writing in 2004 with his novel 44 Scotland Street.", "The story was serialised in instalments every weekday through \"The Scotsman\" newspaper.", "As \"Corduroy Mansions\" was released online, readers had the opportunity to interact with each other and the author himself through online discussion boards.", "This was edited by the \"Daily Telegraph\" staff.", "The project is a collaboration between Telegraph Media Group, Little Brown and Polygon (the fiction imprint of Birlinn Ltd).", "The story is set in a fictional housing unit in London nicknamed Corduroy Mansions, and details the lives of the inhabitants of the large Pimlico house and others.", "The main characters are Barbara Ragg, Basil Wickramsinghe, Berthea Snark, Caroline Jarvis, Dee Binder, Eddie French, Freddie de la Hay, Jenny Hedge, Jo Partlin, Marcia Light, Oedipus Snark, Terence Moongrove, and William French.", "Book two in the award-winning Corduroy Mansions series, \"The Dog Who Came in from the Cold\", ran from 21 Sept 2009 until 19 Dec 2009.", "Book three in the series, \"A Conspiracy of Friends\", ran from 13 Sept 2010 until 17 Dec 2010." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]

[ "Corduroy Mansions is the first online novel by Alexander McCall Smith, author of The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency series." ]

[ "Prior to coming to Singapore, Chen was a spectacles dealer and model in Malaysia and appeared on billboards for Maxis.", "Early in his career Chen was known for playing villains and earned a Best Supporting Actor nomination in the Star Awards 2006 for his role in \"CID\".", "In 2011, Chen starred in the top-rated drama serial \"Love Thy Neighbour\".", "In 2015, Chen won the Best Actor award on his second nomination in the Star Awards 2015 ceremony for his role in \"The Journey: Tumultuous Times\".", "In Star Awards 2018, he was nominated for Best Actor for the drama, My Friends From Afar.", "Chen married his girlfriend of 6 years, Michelle Chia, in May 2009.", "The couple confirmed their divorce on 27 April 2011 but insist they still remain friends.", "In July 2015, Chen married his Malaysian girlfriend, Celine Chin.", "His relationship with Chin was not revealed until October 2015, when he announced that they were going to have a baby.", "They have two daughters." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ]

[ "He received his first award, the Rocket Award, at the Star Awards 2015.", "He starred as the lead character in both \"Blessings\" and \"The Journey: Tumultuous Times\".", "He won the Best Actor award for \"The Journey: Tumultuous Times\" and was voted in the Top 10 Most Popular Male Artistes list at the Star Awards 2015." ]

[ "In 1705 Mughal armies under Aurangzeb laid siege to Anandpur Sahib intent on reducing the influence of Guru Gobind Singh and the Khalsa.", "During the siege Aurangzeb sent a signed letter to Guru Gobind Singh offering safe passage out of Anandpur.", "Pressed by his followers and family he accepted and evacuated Anandpur on 20–21 December 1705.", "Guru Gobind Singh, his two eldest sons (Sahibzada Jujhar Singh and Sahibzada Ajit Singh) and thirty-eight followers arrived at Chamkaur, where they were granted shelter.", "Despite assurance from Aurangzeb of safe passage a contingent of the imperial army was sent to lay siege to the haveli.", "Vastly outnumbered Guru Gobind Singh was disguised as another Sikh and escaped with only three others including Bhai Daya Singh and Bhai Dharam Singh.", "Guru Gobind Singh reached Mehdiana after gathering support from across the Malwa region passing through the villages of Raikot, Lamme Jattpure & Manuke before finally reaching Mehdiana.", "The nearest habitation at the time was almost away so Guru Gobind Singh and his followers rested by cleaned their teeth using tree twigs (Daatan) and bathed in the water (Daab).", "While Guru Gobind Singh was meditating Bhai Daya Singh asked what they should do next.", "Guru Gobind Singh's reply encouraged his followers to have faith in God's will as they had done no wrong.", "\"Bhai Daya Singh I have returned the Debt and have become victorious.", "Singh and Tiger are kings of the same jungle.", "Singhs should keep faith in the Almighty.\"\nStill distressed Bhai Daya Singh again repeated his requested, on behalf of all Sikhs (Sangat).", "Guru Gobind Singh's reply showed that despite being Guru to the Sikhs Guru Gobind Singh was only a mortal man and that in reality he was a servant to God and the Sangat.", "The quote refers to the execution Guru Gobind Singh's father and proceeding Sikh Guru Tegh Bahadur for opposing forced conversion to Islam of Kashmiris by Aurangzeb\n\"Sangat is bigger than Guru.", "[Sangat] Sent father to Delhi on Kashmiri Pandits plea.", "[Then] On Sangat's request [I] left Anandpur Sahib, [I] left Chamkaur Garhi on Sangat's request, [And] now you are asking me on Sangat's behalf.", "\"\nDiscussions about the future of the Sikhs continued until on Sangat's request Guru Gobind Singh began to prepare his mind to begin writing the Zafarnamah.", "Guru Gobind Singh went to the village Chakkar that night and the next day travelled to Deena Sahib to stay with Lakhmir and Shamir; after gathering support at the villages Takhtupura and Madhe.", "In Chakkar he wrote the Zafarnamah and sent it to Aurangzeb in Aurangabad with Bhai Daya Singh and Bhai Dharam Das.", "For this reason pilgrims claim that Mehdiana Sahib has Guru Gobind Singh's blessing and that visiting will mean their prayers will not go unanswered.", "Before the late 1960s the Mehdiana complex looked like a forest with dense trees and bushes growing all around the place of worship.", "The gurdwara was not developed and maintained properly and there was no habitation within a distance of two to three miles (5 km).", "Later Jathedar Jora Singh Lakha took the responsibility for its development and made Mehdiana Sahib a popular destination for pilgrims.", "In 1972, when Lakha started the work, only a few acres were attached to the gurdwara but slowly the gurdwara complex covered .", "The art pieces statue constructed in the Gurudwara was made by the Great sculpture artist \" Tara Singh Ji \" Which are the center of attraction of the Gurudwara Sahib ji", "In the vicinity of this gurdwara are the sculptures and statues of Sikh warriors who not only laid their lives for the sake of the religion but also endured torture at the hands of the Mughals.", "These statues depict soldiers, women and children being cut to pieces.", "Some sculptures show Bhai Kanhaiya, one of the soldiers of Guru Gobind Singh, serving water not only to the wounded soldiers in their own army but also to wounded enemy soldiers.", "Through these sculptures Lakha not only aimed to depict history but also to educate people that religion was more important than their lives.", "He felt it was better to sacrifice one's life than to accept injustice and cruelty and lose one's self-respect.", "He has tried to show that the Sikh religion was born from the sacrifices of our ancestors and that religion should not be taken for granted.", "The importance of preserving one's self-respect and the triumph of good over evil have been beautifully depicted in the sculptures and paintings.", "The gurdwara is a fine specimen of Sikh architecture.", "Crores of rupees have been spent on its construction.", "Exquisite meenakari work can be seen here.", "On the door of the eighth floor of the building is engraved a picture of Bhai Gurdas who is dictating the bagtan di bani to the fifth guru.", "On the walls of the gurdwara are engraved images of Guru Gobind Singh's deeds along with his hymns and on the main door is shown Bhai Daya Singh Hura holding the horse of the Guru.", "Inside the main building of gurdwara a beautifully decorated Guru Granth Sahib is kept.", "The gurdwara complex has its own Dasmesh Public School.", "Around 500 children from surrounding villages come in this school.", "To the right of the gurdwara building is a museum which houses beautiful paintings depicting the journey of Guru Gobind Singh from Patna to Anandpur Sahib.", "Near the main building of the gurdwara, is Baba Farid's asthan.", "This asthan looks like a small fort with a beautiful and realistic sculpture of Baba Farid and the pictures of different birds like crows, eagle etc. surrounding him.", "For the entertainment of children there is a mini zoo which houses rare animals.", "This zoo is in the form of a fort.", "There is also a modern sarovar and Langar is served 24 hours a day." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 ]

[ "Sikhs believe the site of the gurdwara to be where Guru Gobind Singh and his followers rested after the Battle of Chamkaur against the Imperial Mughal armies of Aurangzeb and where he was requested by his followers or the Sangat to write the Zafarnamah." ]

[ "In 1705 Mughal armies under Aurangzeb laid siege to Anandpur Sahib intent on reducing the influence of Guru Gobind Singh and the Khalsa.", "During the siege Aurangzeb sent a signed letter to Guru Gobind Singh offering safe passage out of Anandpur.", "Pressed by his followers and family he accepted and evacuated Anandpur on 20–21 December 1705.", "Guru Gobind Singh, his two eldest sons (Sahibzada Jujhar Singh and Sahibzada Ajit Singh) and thirty-eight followers arrived at Chamkaur, where they were granted shelter.", "Despite assurance from Aurangzeb of safe passage a contingent of the imperial army was sent to lay siege to the haveli.", "Vastly outnumbered Guru Gobind Singh was disguised as another Sikh and escaped with only three others including Bhai Daya Singh and Bhai Dharam Singh.", "Guru Gobind Singh reached Mehdiana after gathering support from across the Malwa region passing through the villages of Raikot, Lamme Jattpure & Manuke before finally reaching Mehdiana.", "The nearest habitation at the time was almost away so Guru Gobind Singh and his followers rested by cleaned their teeth using tree twigs (Daatan) and bathed in the water (Daab).", "While Guru Gobind Singh was meditating Bhai Daya Singh asked what they should do next.", "Guru Gobind Singh's reply encouraged his followers to have faith in God's will as they had done no wrong.", "\"Bhai Daya Singh I have returned the Debt and have become victorious.", "Singh and Tiger are kings of the same jungle.", "Singhs should keep faith in the Almighty.\"\nStill distressed Bhai Daya Singh again repeated his requested, on behalf of all Sikhs (Sangat).", "Guru Gobind Singh's reply showed that despite being Guru to the Sikhs Guru Gobind Singh was only a mortal man and that in reality he was a servant to God and the Sangat.", "The quote refers to the execution Guru Gobind Singh's father and proceeding Sikh Guru Tegh Bahadur for opposing forced conversion to Islam of Kashmiris by Aurangzeb\n\"Sangat is bigger than Guru.", "[Sangat] Sent father to Delhi on Kashmiri Pandits plea.", "[Then] On Sangat's request [I] left Anandpur Sahib, [I] left Chamkaur Garhi on Sangat's request, [And] now you are asking me on Sangat's behalf.", "\"\nDiscussions about the future of the Sikhs continued until on Sangat's request Guru Gobind Singh began to prepare his mind to begin writing the Zafarnamah.", "Guru Gobind Singh went to the village Chakkar that night and the next day travelled to Deena Sahib to stay with Lakhmir and Shamir; after gathering support at the villages Takhtupura and Madhe.", "In Chakkar he wrote the Zafarnamah and sent it to Aurangzeb in Aurangabad with Bhai Daya Singh and Bhai Dharam Das.", "For this reason pilgrims claim that Mehdiana Sahib has Guru Gobind Singh's blessing and that visiting will mean their prayers will not go unanswered.", "Before the late 1960s the Mehdiana complex looked like a forest with dense trees and bushes growing all around the place of worship.", "The gurdwara was not developed and maintained properly and there was no habitation within a distance of two to three miles (5 km).", "Later Jathedar Jora Singh Lakha took the responsibility for its development and made Mehdiana Sahib a popular destination for pilgrims.", "In 1972, when Lakha started the work, only a few acres were attached to the gurdwara but slowly the gurdwara complex covered .", "The art pieces statue constructed in the Gurudwara was made by the Great sculpture artist \" Tara Singh Ji \" Which are the center of attraction of the Gurudwara Sahib ji", "In the vicinity of this gurdwara are the sculptures and statues of Sikh warriors who not only laid their lives for the sake of the religion but also endured torture at the hands of the Mughals.", "These statues depict soldiers, women and children being cut to pieces.", "Some sculptures show Bhai Kanhaiya, one of the soldiers of Guru Gobind Singh, serving water not only to the wounded soldiers in their own army but also to wounded enemy soldiers.", "Through these sculptures Lakha not only aimed to depict history but also to educate people that religion was more important than their lives.", "He felt it was better to sacrifice one's life than to accept injustice and cruelty and lose one's self-respect.", "He has tried to show that the Sikh religion was born from the sacrifices of our ancestors and that religion should not be taken for granted.", "The importance of preserving one's self-respect and the triumph of good over evil have been beautifully depicted in the sculptures and paintings.", "The gurdwara is a fine specimen of Sikh architecture.", "Crores of rupees have been spent on its construction.", "Exquisite meenakari work can be seen here.", "On the door of the eighth floor of the building is engraved a picture of Bhai Gurdas who is dictating the bagtan di bani to the fifth guru.", "On the walls of the gurdwara are engraved images of Guru Gobind Singh's deeds along with his hymns and on the main door is shown Bhai Daya Singh Hura holding the horse of the Guru.", "Inside the main building of gurdwara a beautifully decorated Guru Granth Sahib is kept.", "The gurdwara complex has its own Dasmesh Public School.", "Around 500 children from surrounding villages come in this school.", "To the right of the gurdwara building is a museum which houses beautiful paintings depicting the journey of Guru Gobind Singh from Patna to Anandpur Sahib.", "Near the main building of the gurdwara, is Baba Farid's asthan.", "This asthan looks like a small fort with a beautiful and realistic sculpture of Baba Farid and the pictures of different birds like crows, eagle etc. surrounding him.", "For the entertainment of children there is a mini zoo which houses rare animals.", "This zoo is in the form of a fort.", "There is also a modern sarovar and Langar is served 24 hours a day." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 ]

[ "Sikhs believe the site of the gurdwara to be where Guru Gobind Singh and his followers rested after the Battle of Chamkaur against the Imperial Mughal armies of Aurangzeb and where he was requested by his followers or the Sangat to write the Zafarnamah." ]

[ "From 1905 until 1989 there were two top divisions in Cornwall; \"Cornwall Senior League 1 East\" and \"Cornwall Senior League 1 West\".", "The teams finishing in first place in the two divisions played for the Western Morning News Cup with the winner declared champions of Cornwall.", "The last winners of the Western Morning Cup were St Gluvias who beat St Austell by 22 runs.", "In 1990 the top six clubs in the east and west leagues formed County League One with St Just winning the league despite only finishing 6th in the Western league the previous season.", "The irony of St Just winning the first title was they were initially against an all-Cornwall league because of the increased expenditure of travel for teams in the far west.", "The English Cricket Board accredited Cornwall Cricket League Premier Division was formed in 2001, with a number of changes to the format of the matches.", "The league was reduced from twelve to ten with each teams playing the others on three occasions.", "Matches now consisted of a maximum of 120 overs with the team batting first having the option of using up to 60 overs, postponed matches did not have to be replayed, and winning and losing draws were once more allowed.", "It was also the first time that there was a Cornwall-wide administrative body; previously the east and west leagues had separate administrators.", "There were a number of advantages to participating in the ECB league structure which included financial assistance of £9,500 per year and encouragement to improve facilities and coaching.", "Truro were champions in the first two seasons without losing a single match, having an unbeaten run of over fifty matches.", "Newquay followed their promotion the previous season by becoming champions of Cornwall for the first time in 2003.", "St Buryan had been the runners-up in the first three seasons but decided to withdraw from the league in November 2003, due to the belief that their team would not competitive, leading to the division being reduced to nine teams.", "In 2004 the clubs decided to share the 110 overs per match equally and St Just won the first of their six successive championships beating Truro, the second-placed team, on the final day of the season.", "St Just's run came to an end in 2010 when local rivals Paul won the championship for the first time (having been runner-up three seasons previous).", "Draws were once again abolished before the 2016 season.", "The ECB Cornwall Premier League consists of ten teams each playing the others on a home and away basis, to make a total of 18 matches each.", "The teams competing in the Premier Division for 2020 were due to be: Callington, Camborne, Grampound Road, Penzance, Redruth, St Austell, St Just, Truro, Wadebridge, and Werrington.", "The 2020 competition was cancelled because of the COVID-19 pandemic.", "A replacement competition was organised for the later part of the season when cricket again became possible, but with the winners not to be regarded as official league champions." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 ]

[ "The Bond Timber Cornwall Cricket League Premier Division is the top level of competition for recreational club cricket in Cornwall, UK and is a designated an England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) Premier League.", "St Just CC are the most successful club, winning the competition in eight of its nineteen seasons." ]

[ "Kravtchenko began learning piano at age five; she recalls \"the great joy of being able to construct a phrase in a certain way and discovering unique sounds\".", "She studied in Italy at the \"\" in Imola.", "In 1991, she won first prize at the international competition \"\".", "A year later, at age 16, she won the Ferruccio Busoni International Piano Competition, which had not given its First Prize to any pianist for five years.", "She since had an international concert career, and recorded works by Frédéric Chopin and Franz Liszt for Decca.\nKravtchenko performed Rachmaninov's Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini at the Berliner Philharmonie in 1994.", "In 1995, she toured Germany and Austria with the Israel Chamber Orchestra, playing Shostakovich's First Piano Concerto in Vienna in the hall of the Musikverein.", "In 2001, when she played Chopin's Piano Concerto in F minor with the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Walter Weller, Geoffrey Norris of \"The Telegraph\" said she played it \"in a way that thoroughly warmed the heart and thrilled the senses\", and explained:\nKravtchenko won the International Web Concert Hall Competition in 2006.", "Since 2013, she has taught piano at the \"\" in Lugano, in the Italian-speaking Swiss canton of Ticino." ]

[ 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ]

[ "She won the Busoni competition in 1992 and has been a piano teacher at the \"\" in Lugano since 2013." ]

[ "Houle was born in St. Boniface, Manitoba on 9 March 1947 to parents Gladys and Solomon Houle.", "He was the eldest of fifteen children, all of whom were raised Roman Catholic and Saulteaux.", "From grades one through eight he attended the Oblates of Mary Immaculate and Sisters of St. Joseph of St. Hyacinth School Residential Schools in Sandy Bay (Kaa-wii-kwe-tawang-kak) .", "Houle earned his Bachelor of Arts in Art History from the University of Manitoba in 1972.", "After graduating, he augmented his art training by attending the Salzburg International Summer Academy focusing on painting and drawing.", "In 1975 he earned his Bachelor of Education degree in Art Education at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec.", "While studying at McGill he taught art classes at the Indian Way School in Kahnawake.", "In 1991 Houle took a position as the first professor of Indigenous Studies at The Ontario College of Art (now OCAD University), where he taught for fifteen years, mentoring artists including Shelley Niro, Bonnie Devine, and Michael Belmore", "Houle's paintings have been exhibited at the National Gallery of Canada, the Art Gallery of Ontario, Museum of Contemporary Art, Sydney, the Canadian Cultural Centre in Paris, and the Stedelijk Museum.", "In Canada, he has shown work at the Mendel Art Gallery, the Museum of Contemporary Canadian Art, the Carleton University Art Gallery, the Agnes Etherington Art Centre, Tom Thomson Memorial Art Gallery, the Art Gallery of Ontario, La Biennale de Montreal, the Art Gallery of Peterborough and the Winnipeg Art Gallery.", "His artwork has been collected throughout Canada and in parts of the United States and Australia.", "From 1977 to 1981 Houle was the first Indigenous curator of contemporary Indigneous Art at the Canadian Museum of Civilisation (now the Canadian Museum of History) in Ottawa.", "His work at the CMC consisted of researching and writing about the pre-existing collection, as well as advocating for new acquisitions and developing his own practice.", "He travelled widely in pursuit of this work, becoming close with Abraham Anghik Ruben, Robert Davidson, Norval Morrisseau, Carl Beam, Daphne Odjig, Alex Janvier, and Robert Boyer in the process.", "However, the inhospitable, often irresponsible culture at museum began to take its toll, and after three years, Houle resigned, later stating: I realized that artistically and aesthetically I was in hostile territory.", "There was no place to exhibit the contemporary works I bought for the museum, and I just could not accept that, as a practising artist, what I made had to be relegated to the realm of anthropology.", "He has curated and co-curated ground-breaking exhibitions such as \"New Work By a New Generation,\" at the Norman Mackenzie Art Gallery in Regina in 1982, and \"Land Spirit Power:", "First Nations at the National Gallery of Canada\" in 1992.", "He has been a visiting artist at Hood College, Gettysburg College, the Heard Museum, the McMichael Canadian Art Collection and the Winnipeg Art Gallery.", "For years, he taught as an instructor at the Ontario College of Art and Design, from which he is now retired.", "He was made a member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts.", "Houle's considerable influence as an artist, curator, teacher and writer have led to his being awarded the Janet Braide Memorial Award for Excellence in Canadian art History in 2003; the 2001 Toronto Arts award for the Visual Arts; the Eiteljorg Fellowship in 2003 and in 2006.", "ds, In 2015 he was awarded the Governor General's Award for Visual Arts.", "external_link_1", "Houle's work is in public collections including the Art Gallery of Ontario, Heard Museum, Laurentian University Museum and Arts Centre, McGill University, and National Gallery of Canada." ]

[ 8, 9, 10 ]

[ "As an artist, Houle has shown both nationally and internationally." ]

[ "Houle was born in St. Boniface, Manitoba on 9 March 1947 to parents Gladys and Solomon Houle.", "He was the eldest of fifteen children, all of whom were raised Roman Catholic and Saulteaux.", "From grades one through eight he attended the Oblates of Mary Immaculate and Sisters of St. Joseph of St. Hyacinth School Residential Schools in Sandy Bay (Kaa-wii-kwe-tawang-kak) .", "Houle earned his Bachelor of Arts in Art History from the University of Manitoba in 1972.", "After graduating, he augmented his art training by attending the Salzburg International Summer Academy focusing on painting and drawing.", "In 1975 he earned his Bachelor of Education degree in Art Education at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec.", "While studying at McGill he taught art classes at the Indian Way School in Kahnawake.", "In 1991 Houle took a position as the first professor of Indigenous Studies at The Ontario College of Art (now OCAD University), where he taught for fifteen years, mentoring artists including Shelley Niro, Bonnie Devine, and Michael Belmore", "Houle's paintings have been exhibited at the National Gallery of Canada, the Art Gallery of Ontario, Museum of Contemporary Art, Sydney, the Canadian Cultural Centre in Paris, and the Stedelijk Museum.", "In Canada, he has shown work at the Mendel Art Gallery, the Museum of Contemporary Canadian Art, the Carleton University Art Gallery, the Agnes Etherington Art Centre, Tom Thomson Memorial Art Gallery, the Art Gallery of Ontario, La Biennale de Montreal, the Art Gallery of Peterborough and the Winnipeg Art Gallery.", "His artwork has been collected throughout Canada and in parts of the United States and Australia.", "From 1977 to 1981 Houle was the first Indigenous curator of contemporary Indigneous Art at the Canadian Museum of Civilisation (now the Canadian Museum of History) in Ottawa.", "His work at the CMC consisted of researching and writing about the pre-existing collection, as well as advocating for new acquisitions and developing his own practice.", "He travelled widely in pursuit of this work, becoming close with Abraham Anghik Ruben, Robert Davidson, Norval Morrisseau, Carl Beam, Daphne Odjig, Alex Janvier, and Robert Boyer in the process.", "However, the inhospitable, often irresponsible culture at museum began to take its toll, and after three years, Houle resigned, later stating: I realized that artistically and aesthetically I was in hostile territory.", "There was no place to exhibit the contemporary works I bought for the museum, and I just could not accept that, as a practising artist, what I made had to be relegated to the realm of anthropology.", "He has curated and co-curated ground-breaking exhibitions such as \"New Work By a New Generation,\" at the Norman Mackenzie Art Gallery in Regina in 1982, and \"Land Spirit Power:", "First Nations at the National Gallery of Canada\" in 1992.", "He has been a visiting artist at Hood College, Gettysburg College, the Heard Museum, the McMichael Canadian Art Collection and the Winnipeg Art Gallery.", "For years, he taught as an instructor at the Ontario College of Art and Design, from which he is now retired.", "He was made a member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts.", "Houle's considerable influence as an artist, curator, teacher and writer have led to his being awarded the Janet Braide Memorial Award for Excellence in Canadian art History in 2003; the 2001 Toronto Arts award for the Visual Arts; the Eiteljorg Fellowship in 2003 and in 2006.", "ds, In 2015 he was awarded the Governor General's Award for Visual Arts.", "external_link_1", "Houle's work is in public collections including the Art Gallery of Ontario, Heard Museum, Laurentian University Museum and Arts Centre, McGill University, and National Gallery of Canada." ]

[ 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 ]

[ "He played an important role in bridging the gap between contemporary First Nations artists and the broader Canadian art scene through his writing and involvement in early important high-profile exhibitions such as \"Land, Spirit, Power: First Nations\" at the National Gallery of Canada (Ottawa, 1992)." ]

[ "The album was recorded mostly in a studio in Sweden; however, the album was also recorded in part in New York City.", "The band completed recording the album at New York in December 2008.", "Production of the third album by Deathstars was revealed in an interview with the band conducted by Anthony Morgan of Lucem Fero in early 2008, where it was referred to by its working title, \"Deathglam\".", "Vocalist Whiplasher Bernadotte expanded on the title, saying, \". . .", "it'll just continue with the deathglam that we play.", "In terms of this new album's style, I think it's more Deathstars than ever . . .", "\"\nRecently, the band has announced on their official website that the record has been re-dubbed \"Night Electric Night\".", "Whiplasher Bernadotte has stated that this is because calling the album \"Deathglam\" would be too \"obvious\"." ]

[ 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ]

[ "Night Electric Night is the third album by Swedish metal band Deathstars.", "The album was initially recorded under the working title \"Deathglam\".", "Deathstars have now also put the song \"Night Electric Night\" on their Myspace page." ]

[ "In common with other picornaviruses, the capsid of BEV is composed of 60 copies of each of four structural proteins, VP1, VP2, VP3 and VP4, in icosahedral symmetry, at about 27 nm in diameter, and enclosing a single stranded positive sense RNA genome of about 7,500 bases.", "The capsid is not enveloped and roughly spherical with an outer radius of 159 Ångströms and an inner radius of 107 Å.", "The outer surface of BEV is smoother than the closely related poliovirus due to the truncation of surface protein loops in BEV.", "It is also smoother than the related human rhinovirus due to the extension of a surface loop in BEV.", "The three antigenic sites of BEV all occur on a surface ridge at the junction between VP1, VP2, and VP3.", "BEV has a crater-like depression at the icosahedral 5-fold axis which descends into a cylindrical hole of 10 Å in diameter which runs almost to the inner surface of the capsid.", "A hydrophobic pocket contained within VP1 contains a myristic acid molecule, the removal of which appears to be a prerequisite for virus uncoating.", "To replicate, BEV must attach to the host cell surface receptor, penetrate into the cell cytoplasm, and the genome must be uncoated.", "The host cell surface receptor for BEV has yet to be identified, but is sensitive to neuraminidase.", "BEVs were originally classified into seven serotypes, but are now accepted as falling into two serotypes, 1 and 2, which are further classified into subtypes.", "BEV strain VG-5-27 of serotype 1, subtype 1, is the most extensively studied.", "The tissue tropism of serotype 1 is extremely broad, including human, sheep, horse, dog, camel, and other mammalian hosts.", "BEV-like sequences have even been reported in shellfish from water contaminated with bovine faeces.", "Serotype 2 viruses are only found in domestic cattle.", "Most cattle show no clinical signs when infected with the virus.", "However abortion, stillbirth, infertility, and neonatal mortality can occur following infection of the reproductive tract.", "Enteric signs include diarrhea and weight loss, and respiratory infection can produce a mucoid nasal discharge.", "As clinical signs are fairly nonspecific and bovine enterovirus is ubiquitous in cattle populations, other causes of disease must be ruled out before diagnosing enterovirus as the cause of disease.", "Electron microscopy, PCR, complement fixation, antibody fluorescence, neutralization test, and haemagglutination can be used to identify the virus in tissues or secretions.", "Treatment is symptomatic.", "Appropriate isolation and hygiene measures should be employed to minimise the spread of disease during an outbreak.", "The virus has been investigated for its antitumor capabilities, as it is capable of replicating within breast cancer cell lines and producing a cytopathic effect in human monocytes." ]

[ 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 ]

[ "It is endemic in cattle populations worldwide, and although normally fairly nonpathogenic, it can cause reproductive, respiratory, or enteric disease – particularly when the animal is concurrently infected with another pathogen." ]

[ "\"Arctostaphylos refugioensis\" is a plant of the coastal sage and chaparral on sandstone soils.", "This is a shrub reaching at least tall and known to exceed in maximum height.", "Its branches are covered in long, gland-tipped bristles and a dense foliage of oblong greenish to deep red leaves.", "Each leaf is dull, waxy, and often bristly in texture, smooth or toothed along the edges, and up to 4.5 centimeters long.", "The shrub flowers in winter in inflorescences of cone-shaped manzanita flowers each up to a centimeter long.", "The fruit is a spherical to oval red drupe with a pointed end, measuring at least a centimeter long." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]

[ "Arctostaphylos refugioensis is a species of manzanita, known by the common name Refugio manzanita." ]

[ "An applicant for attorney's fees under the EAJA must file an application within thirty days of the final judgment in the civil action.", "28 U.S.C. § 2412 (d) (1) (B).", "Scarborough, 124 S. Ct. 1856 (2004).", "However, an EAJA application may be filed until thirty days after a judgment becomes “final and not appealable”.", "28 U.S.C. §§ 2412 (d) (1) (B) and (d) (2) (G).", "In some instances when an agency of the United States is a party in this case, a notice of appeal may be filed within 60 days of entry of the judgment.", "Fed. R. App.", "P. 4 (a) (1).", "Shalala v. Schaefer, 509 U.S. 292 (1993).", "See Melkonyan v. Sullivan, 501 U.S. 89 (1991), where the Supreme Court ruled that the filing period starts to accrue only after the time to appeal has expired for all parties.", "A party must meet the threshold requirement of having a net worth not in excess of $7,000,000 for any owner of an unincorporated business, or any partnership, corporation, association, unit of local government, or organization.", "Or, $2,000,000 at the time the action was filed for an individual.", "28 U. S. C. §2412(d)(2)(B)).", "The court must determine whether “the position of the United States was substantially justified or . . .", "special circumstances make an award unjust.”", "28 U.S.C. §2412 (d) (1) (A).", "The government has the burden of proving its action is substantially justified or that circumstances make an award of attorney's fees unjust.", "Scarborough v. Principi, 124 S. Ct. 1856 (2004) citing Pierce v. Underwood, 487 U. S. 552, 567 (1988); id., at 575 (Brennan, J., concurring in part and concurring in judgment); Davidson v. Veneman, 317 F. 3d 503, 506 (CA5 2003); Lauer v. Barnhart, 321 F. 3d 762, 764 (CA8 2003); Libas, Ltd. v. United States, 314 F. 3d 1362, 1365 (CA Fed. 2003).", "See also H. R. Rep.", "No. 96-1005, at 10 (\"[T]he strong deterrents to contesting Government action that currently exis[t] require that the burden of proof rest with the\nGovernment.\").", "In Pierce, the Supreme Court held that the position of the United States is substantially justified if it is “justified in substance or in the main--that is, justified to a degree that could satisfy a reasonable person.\"", "Pierce v. Underwood, 487 U.S. 552, 565, 108 S. Ct. 2541, 2550, 101 L. Ed.", "2d 490 (1988).", "The Pierce Court provided further guidance on this standard, noting, \". . .", "[A] position can be substantially justified even though it is not correct, and we believe that it can be substantially (i.e., for the most part) justified if a reasonable person could think it correct, that is, if it has a reasonable basis in law and fact.\"", "Id. at 566 n.2, 108 S. Ct.", "at 2550 n.2.", "The United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit has described the substantial justification standard as requiring that the government show that its position was grounded in \"'(1) a reasonable basis in truth for the facts alleged; (2) a reasonable basis in law for the theory propounded; and (3) a reasonable connection between the facts alleged and the legal theory advanced.'\" United States v. Hallmark Constr.", "Co., 200 F.3d 1076, 1080 (7th Cir. 2000) quoting Phil Smidt & Son, Inc. v. NLRB, 810 F.2d 638, 642 (7th Cir. 1987) quoting Donovan v. DialAmerica Mkting, Inc., 757 F.2d 1376, 1389 (3d Cir. 1985).", "Furthermore, some courts have held the “court only needs to find one reason for finding the ALJ was not substantially justified in order to allow EAJA fees . . .”", "Mallette v. Sullivan, 1990 WL 19894, \nCongress’s inclusion in the EAJA of the substantial justification standard manifests its intent not to permit a prevailing party to automatically recover fees.", "See Federal Election Commission v. Rose, 806 F.2d 1081, 1087 (D.C. Cir. 1986).", "As the Cummings court observed, these two standards of review “are used at different stages and involve different tests.”", "Cummings v. Sullivan, 950 F.2d 492, 498 (7th Cir. 1991).", "A court at the EAJA stage must take a fresh look at the case from an EAJA perspective, and reach a judgment independent from the ultimate merits decision.", "Rose, 806 F.2d at 1087-90.", "Thus, the government’s position may be substantially justified even if its decision was not supported by substantial evidence.", "In Pierce v. Underwood, 487 U.S. 552 (1988), the Supreme Court held that the government’s position is substantially justified if it is “justified to a degree that could satisfy a reasonable person,” that is, “if it has a reasonable basis in law and fact.”", "Id. at 565-66 & n.2.", "The Pierce Court rejected the position that substantial justification requires more than mere reasonableness.", "Id. 487 U.S. at 567-68.", "See also Brouwers v. Bowen, 823 F.2d 273, 275 (8th Cir. 1987) (“the substantial justification standard is a lesser standard than the substantial evidence standard used to review administrative determinations”) (citations omitted).", "“Substantially justified” does not mean “justified to a high degree,” but rather has been said to be satisfied if there is a “genuine dispute,” or if reasonable people could differ as to the appropriateness of the contested action.", "Stein v. Sullivan, 966 F.2d 317, 320 (7th Cir. 1992) (citing Pierce, 487 U.S. at 565).", "Thus, a loss on the merits does not equate with a lack of substantial justification.", "See Pierce, 487 U.S. at 569 (“[O]bviously, the fact that one other court agreed or disagreed with the Government does not establish whether its position was substantially justified.", "Conceivably, the Government could take a position that is not substantially justified, yet win; even more likely, it could take a position that is substantially justified, yet lose.”); United States v. Hallmark Construction Company, 200 F.3d 1076, 1080 (7th Cir. 2000).", "Thus, a court’s statement in its merits decision that a government agency did not have a “rational ground” for denying benefits does not imply a lack of substantial justification for the agency’s position.", "Kolman v. Shalala, 39 F.3d 173, 177 (7th Cir. 1994).", "As the Seventh Circuit explained in Kolman, its statement that the agency did not have a rational ground for its decision was a reference to the test for invalidating agency action; at the EAJA stage, the test is “whether the agency had a rational ground for thinking it had a rational ground for its action.”", "Kolman, 39 F.3d at 177.", "The applicant for EAJA fees has the burden of proving that the fees requested are reasonable.", "See Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 437 (1983) (although Hensley dealt with attorney's fees under 42 U.S.C. § 1988, the standards which it sets out are applicable generally to attorney's fee cases); Ruckelshaus v. Sierra Club, 463 U.S. 680, 691-92 (1983).", "Attorney fees shall not be awarded in excess of $125.00 per hour unless the court determines that an increase in the cost of living or other special factors justifies a higher fee.", "28 U.S.C. § 2412(d) (2) (A).", "The movant bears the burden of producing satisfactory evidence of the prevailing market rate for the kind and quality of legal services rendered.", "Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 892 n. 11, 104 S.Ct. 1541, 1547 n. 11, 79 L.Ed.2d 891 (1984).", "Applicants for EAJA who claim and provide proof of inflation may be awarded attorney fees at an hourly fee in excess of $125.00 for work beginning after 1996 due to inflation.", "Failure to adjust the statutory cap for inflation might be considered an abuse of discretion.", "Sierra Club v. Secretary of the Army, 820 F.2d 513, 521 (1st Cir. 1987);", "Trichilo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services, 823 F.2d 702, 704-07 (2d Cir. 1987); Allen v. Otis Bowen, 821 F.2d 963 (3d Cir. 1987); Ramon-Sepulveda v. INS, 863 F.2d 1458 (9th Cir. 1988); and U.S. v. A Leasehold Interest in Property, 789 F.Supp. 1385, 1394 (E.D. Mich. 1992).", "Some costs may be compensated by the EAJA, including federal court filing fee.", "28 U.S.C. §§ 2412 (a) (1) and (a) (2), and (d) (2) (A).", "In Astrue v. Ratliff, 130 S. Ct. 2521 (June 14, 2010) the Supreme Court unanimously held that an EAJA award is payable to the litigant, not his or her attorney, and is subject to offset to satisfy a pre-existing debt that the litigant owes to the United States.", "The Open Book on Equal Access to Justice Act (H.R. 2919; 113th Congress) was introduced into the United States House of Representatives on August 1, 2013.", "The bill would amend the Equal Access to Justice Act by requiring the Administrative Conference of the United States (ACUS) to prepare a report each year on the amount of fees and other expenses awarded by federal courts to nonfederal entities when they prevail in a case against the United States." ]

[ 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 ]

[ "In the United States of America, the Equal Access to Justice Act (EAJA) authorizes the payment of attorney's fees to a prevailing party in an action against the United States absent a showing by the government that its position in the underlying litigation \"was substantially justified\".", "* 28 U. S. C. §2412 provides that the agency shall pay attorney fees of a prevailing party in a court case against the agency, unless the court finds that the agency position was substantially justified.", "* a showing that the applicant is a \"prevailing party\"\n* a showing that the applicant is \"eligible to receive an award\"\n* a limit on the net worth of the party (see Net worth)\n* an allegation that \"the position of the United States was not substantially justified\" (see Substantial Justification and Special Circumstances and Scarborough v. Principi, 124 S. Ct. 1856, 2004)." ]

[ "In 1963, the Constitution broke down as the Turkish Cypriots involved withdrew from the government, and as a result the Greeks took full control of the government in 1965, as the Turkish Cypriots would not co-operate for constitutional changes, despite the constitutional safeguards to ensure representation of Turks that had previously existed.", "The separation occurred because the two ethnic groups continued to distrust each other after the constitution was signed.", "Another issue that caused the breakdown was the fact that President Makarios III, a Greek Cypriot, supported complete integration between the two ethnic groups, while Vice President Fazil Küçük, a Turkish Cypriot, supported increased separation.", "In addition, President Makarios proposed a constitutional change that year to remove most of the rights given to Turkish Cypriots.", "He said that the original constitution prevented the Turks and Greeks from \"cooperating in the spirit of understanding and friendship.", "\"", "The first five articles of the constitution discuss General Provisions.", "Article One asserts that Cyprus is an independent republic with a President and that the President and Vice President must be Greeks and Turks respectively.", "Article three asserts that the official languages of the Republic of Cyprus are Greek and Turkish, and that all officials documents must be published in both languages.", "Article four requires that Cyprus \"shall have its own flag of neutral design and colour, chosen jointly by the President and the Vice-President of the Republic,\" while article five states that Greek and Turkish Cypriots have a right to celebrate their holidays.", "Articles 6–35 of the constitution deal with Fundamental Rights and Liberties.", "Article six prohibits the discrimination of either Greek or Turkish Cypriots based on their race, while article seven asserts the right to life and states that an individual may only be deprived of his right to life except for when being sentenced by a \"competent court\" for an offense which provides the death penalty by law.", "Article eight prohibits inhumane or degrading punishment or treatment, and prevents torture, and Article nine states that \"every person has the right to a decent existence and to social security.", "\"\nArticle ten prohibits slavery and forced labour, in all cases other than in cases of compulsory military service or work while being imprisoned lawfully by the state.", "It also allows for \"any service exacted in case of an emergency or calamity threatening the life or well-being of the inhabitants.", "\"\nArticle eleven contains several limits on who can be imprisoned.", "It states that people may only be imprisoned when they have been convicted by a court, detained to force them to appear before a court, detained to prevent them from committing an offense or detained to avoid the spread of diseases.", "The article also ensures that \"every person who has been the victim of arrest or detention in contravention of the provisions of this Article shall have an enforceable right to compensation.", "\"\nArticle 12 ensures that Habeas Corpus is followed, that no person may be charged twice for the same offense, that the punishment is proportional to the crime, and that people have the right to a defence while in court.", "Article thirteen says that any person has the right to move freely around Cyprus, and leave when they wish, subject to \"reasonable conditions\" imposed by law, while article fourteen states that no person shall be forced to leave the country.", "Article fifteen defines the right to privacy.", "Is states that every individual has a right to a private life except when infringing on someone's privacy is in accordance of the law and in the national interest.", "Article sixteen prohibits entering someone's property without their prior consent without an arrest warrant, unless you are rescuing the individual from danger.", "Article seventeen also discusses privacy, with its main focus being an individual's right to privacy in all lawful communication.", "Articles eighteen, nineteen and 21 secure freedom of speech, religion and assembly respectively, while twenty and 22 deal with the right to free education and marriage.", "Article 23 adds to the rights laid out in article sixteen, by allowing citizens of Cyprus to purchase property and receive compensation for any damage to it.", "Article 24 requires citizens to pay taxes.", "It states that \"every person is bound to contribute according to his means towards the public burdens.\"", "It also states that no organization may collect a tax without permission in a court.", "Article 25 ensures that every individual in Cyprus has the right to work, subject to conditions that may be in the law.", "Article 26 states that people may freely enter into contracts, and avoid be exploited by people with \"commanding economic power.", "\"\nArticle 27 states that, subject to conditions in the law, citizens have a right to take part in industrial action.", "It also states that members of the armed forces, police and gendarmerie are not allowed to strike." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]

[ "Cypriot government.", "That article ensures the Cypriot government has no right to discriminate against either Turkish or Greek Cypriots.", "In 1964, however, the Cypriot government became dominated by Greeks.", "The constitution of the country collapsed, however, in 1963 due to dispute between the Greek and Turkish Cypriots." ]

[ "In 1963, the Constitution broke down as the Turkish Cypriots involved withdrew from the government, and as a result the Greeks took full control of the government in 1965, as the Turkish Cypriots would not co-operate for constitutional changes, despite the constitutional safeguards to ensure representation of Turks that had previously existed.", "The separation occurred because the two ethnic groups continued to distrust each other after the constitution was signed.", "Another issue that caused the breakdown was the fact that President Makarios III, a Greek Cypriot, supported complete integration between the two ethnic groups, while Vice President Fazil Küçük, a Turkish Cypriot, supported increased separation.", "In addition, President Makarios proposed a constitutional change that year to remove most of the rights given to Turkish Cypriots.", "He said that the original constitution prevented the Turks and Greeks from \"cooperating in the spirit of understanding and friendship.", "\"", "The first five articles of the constitution discuss General Provisions.", "Article One asserts that Cyprus is an independent republic with a President and that the President and Vice President must be Greeks and Turks respectively.", "Article three asserts that the official languages of the Republic of Cyprus are Greek and Turkish, and that all officials documents must be published in both languages.", "Article four requires that Cyprus \"shall have its own flag of neutral design and colour, chosen jointly by the President and the Vice-President of the Republic,\" while article five states that Greek and Turkish Cypriots have a right to celebrate their holidays.", "Articles 6–35 of the constitution deal with Fundamental Rights and Liberties.", "Article six prohibits the discrimination of either Greek or Turkish Cypriots based on their race, while article seven asserts the right to life and states that an individual may only be deprived of his right to life except for when being sentenced by a \"competent court\" for an offense which provides the death penalty by law.", "Article eight prohibits inhumane or degrading punishment or treatment, and prevents torture, and Article nine states that \"every person has the right to a decent existence and to social security.", "\"\nArticle ten prohibits slavery and forced labour, in all cases other than in cases of compulsory military service or work while being imprisoned lawfully by the state.", "It also allows for \"any service exacted in case of an emergency or calamity threatening the life or well-being of the inhabitants.", "\"\nArticle eleven contains several limits on who can be imprisoned.", "It states that people may only be imprisoned when they have been convicted by a court, detained to force them to appear before a court, detained to prevent them from committing an offense or detained to avoid the spread of diseases.", "The article also ensures that \"every person who has been the victim of arrest or detention in contravention of the provisions of this Article shall have an enforceable right to compensation.", "\"\nArticle 12 ensures that Habeas Corpus is followed, that no person may be charged twice for the same offense, that the punishment is proportional to the crime, and that people have the right to a defence while in court.", "Article thirteen says that any person has the right to move freely around Cyprus, and leave when they wish, subject to \"reasonable conditions\" imposed by law, while article fourteen states that no person shall be forced to leave the country.", "Article fifteen defines the right to privacy.", "Is states that every individual has a right to a private life except when infringing on someone's privacy is in accordance of the law and in the national interest.", "Article sixteen prohibits entering someone's property without their prior consent without an arrest warrant, unless you are rescuing the individual from danger.", "Article seventeen also discusses privacy, with its main focus being an individual's right to privacy in all lawful communication.", "Articles eighteen, nineteen and 21 secure freedom of speech, religion and assembly respectively, while twenty and 22 deal with the right to free education and marriage.", "Article 23 adds to the rights laid out in article sixteen, by allowing citizens of Cyprus to purchase property and receive compensation for any damage to it.", "Article 24 requires citizens to pay taxes.", "It states that \"every person is bound to contribute according to his means towards the public burdens.\"", "It also states that no organization may collect a tax without permission in a court.", "Article 25 ensures that every individual in Cyprus has the right to work, subject to conditions that may be in the law.", "Article 26 states that people may freely enter into contracts, and avoid be exploited by people with \"commanding economic power.", "\"\nArticle 27 states that, subject to conditions in the law, citizens have a right to take part in industrial action.", "It also states that members of the armed forces, police and gendarmerie are not allowed to strike." ]

[ 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32 ]

[ "That article ensures the Cypriot government has no right to discriminate against either Turkish or Greek Cypriots.", "The constitution also ensures, in Article 1, that the Vice-President of the country is a Turk and the President is a Greek." ]

[ "In 1963, the Constitution broke down as the Turkish Cypriots involved withdrew from the government, and as a result the Greeks took full control of the government in 1965, as the Turkish Cypriots would not co-operate for constitutional changes, despite the constitutional safeguards to ensure representation of Turks that had previously existed.", "The separation occurred because the two ethnic groups continued to distrust each other after the constitution was signed.", "Another issue that caused the breakdown was the fact that President Makarios III, a Greek Cypriot, supported complete integration between the two ethnic groups, while Vice President Fazil Küçük, a Turkish Cypriot, supported increased separation.", "In addition, President Makarios proposed a constitutional change that year to remove most of the rights given to Turkish Cypriots.", "He said that the original constitution prevented the Turks and Greeks from \"cooperating in the spirit of understanding and friendship.", "\"", "The first five articles of the constitution discuss General Provisions.", "Article One asserts that Cyprus is an independent republic with a President and that the President and Vice President must be Greeks and Turks respectively.", "Article three asserts that the official languages of the Republic of Cyprus are Greek and Turkish, and that all officials documents must be published in both languages.", "Article four requires that Cyprus \"shall have its own flag of neutral design and colour, chosen jointly by the President and the Vice-President of the Republic,\" while article five states that Greek and Turkish Cypriots have a right to celebrate their holidays.", "Articles 6–35 of the constitution deal with Fundamental Rights and Liberties.", "Article six prohibits the discrimination of either Greek or Turkish Cypriots based on their race, while article seven asserts the right to life and states that an individual may only be deprived of his right to life except for when being sentenced by a \"competent court\" for an offense which provides the death penalty by law.", "Article eight prohibits inhumane or degrading punishment or treatment, and prevents torture, and Article nine states that \"every person has the right to a decent existence and to social security.", "\"\nArticle ten prohibits slavery and forced labour, in all cases other than in cases of compulsory military service or work while being imprisoned lawfully by the state.", "It also allows for \"any service exacted in case of an emergency or calamity threatening the life or well-being of the inhabitants.", "\"\nArticle eleven contains several limits on who can be imprisoned.", "It states that people may only be imprisoned when they have been convicted by a court, detained to force them to appear before a court, detained to prevent them from committing an offense or detained to avoid the spread of diseases.", "The article also ensures that \"every person who has been the victim of arrest or detention in contravention of the provisions of this Article shall have an enforceable right to compensation.", "\"\nArticle 12 ensures that Habeas Corpus is followed, that no person may be charged twice for the same offense, that the punishment is proportional to the crime, and that people have the right to a defence while in court.", "Article thirteen says that any person has the right to move freely around Cyprus, and leave when they wish, subject to \"reasonable conditions\" imposed by law, while article fourteen states that no person shall be forced to leave the country.", "Article fifteen defines the right to privacy.", "Is states that every individual has a right to a private life except when infringing on someone's privacy is in accordance of the law and in the national interest.", "Article sixteen prohibits entering someone's property without their prior consent without an arrest warrant, unless you are rescuing the individual from danger.", "Article seventeen also discusses privacy, with its main focus being an individual's right to privacy in all lawful communication.", "Articles eighteen, nineteen and 21 secure freedom of speech, religion and assembly respectively, while twenty and 22 deal with the right to free education and marriage.", "Article 23 adds to the rights laid out in article sixteen, by allowing citizens of Cyprus to purchase property and receive compensation for any damage to it.", "Article 24 requires citizens to pay taxes.", "It states that \"every person is bound to contribute according to his means towards the public burdens.\"", "It also states that no organization may collect a tax without permission in a court.", "Article 25 ensures that every individual in Cyprus has the right to work, subject to conditions that may be in the law.", "Article 26 states that people may freely enter into contracts, and avoid be exploited by people with \"commanding economic power.", "\"\nArticle 27 states that, subject to conditions in the law, citizens have a right to take part in industrial action.", "It also states that members of the armed forces, police and gendarmerie are not allowed to strike." ]

[ 6, 7, 8, 9 ]

[ "The constitution also ensures, in Article 1, that the Vice-President of the country is a Turk and the President is a Greek." ]

[ "In 1963, the Constitution broke down as the Turkish Cypriots involved withdrew from the government, and as a result the Greeks took full control of the government in 1965, as the Turkish Cypriots would not co-operate for constitutional changes, despite the constitutional safeguards to ensure representation of Turks that had previously existed.", "The separation occurred because the two ethnic groups continued to distrust each other after the constitution was signed.", "Another issue that caused the breakdown was the fact that President Makarios III, a Greek Cypriot, supported complete integration between the two ethnic groups, while Vice President Fazil Küçük, a Turkish Cypriot, supported increased separation.", "In addition, President Makarios proposed a constitutional change that year to remove most of the rights given to Turkish Cypriots.", "He said that the original constitution prevented the Turks and Greeks from \"cooperating in the spirit of understanding and friendship.", "\"", "The first five articles of the constitution discuss General Provisions.", "Article One asserts that Cyprus is an independent republic with a President and that the President and Vice President must be Greeks and Turks respectively.", "Article three asserts that the official languages of the Republic of Cyprus are Greek and Turkish, and that all officials documents must be published in both languages.", "Article four requires that Cyprus \"shall have its own flag of neutral design and colour, chosen jointly by the President and the Vice-President of the Republic,\" while article five states that Greek and Turkish Cypriots have a right to celebrate their holidays.", "Articles 6–35 of the constitution deal with Fundamental Rights and Liberties.", "Article six prohibits the discrimination of either Greek or Turkish Cypriots based on their race, while article seven asserts the right to life and states that an individual may only be deprived of his right to life except for when being sentenced by a \"competent court\" for an offense which provides the death penalty by law.", "Article eight prohibits inhumane or degrading punishment or treatment, and prevents torture, and Article nine states that \"every person has the right to a decent existence and to social security.", "\"\nArticle ten prohibits slavery and forced labour, in all cases other than in cases of compulsory military service or work while being imprisoned lawfully by the state.", "It also allows for \"any service exacted in case of an emergency or calamity threatening the life or well-being of the inhabitants.", "\"\nArticle eleven contains several limits on who can be imprisoned.", "It states that people may only be imprisoned when they have been convicted by a court, detained to force them to appear before a court, detained to prevent them from committing an offense or detained to avoid the spread of diseases.", "The article also ensures that \"every person who has been the victim of arrest or detention in contravention of the provisions of this Article shall have an enforceable right to compensation.", "\"\nArticle 12 ensures that Habeas Corpus is followed, that no person may be charged twice for the same offense, that the punishment is proportional to the crime, and that people have the right to a defence while in court.", "Article thirteen says that any person has the right to move freely around Cyprus, and leave when they wish, subject to \"reasonable conditions\" imposed by law, while article fourteen states that no person shall be forced to leave the country.", "Article fifteen defines the right to privacy.", "Is states that every individual has a right to a private life except when infringing on someone's privacy is in accordance of the law and in the national interest.", "Article sixteen prohibits entering someone's property without their prior consent without an arrest warrant, unless you are rescuing the individual from danger.", "Article seventeen also discusses privacy, with its main focus being an individual's right to privacy in all lawful communication.", "Articles eighteen, nineteen and 21 secure freedom of speech, religion and assembly respectively, while twenty and 22 deal with the right to free education and marriage.", "Article 23 adds to the rights laid out in article sixteen, by allowing citizens of Cyprus to purchase property and receive compensation for any damage to it.", "Article 24 requires citizens to pay taxes.", "It states that \"every person is bound to contribute according to his means towards the public burdens.\"", "It also states that no organization may collect a tax without permission in a court.", "Article 25 ensures that every individual in Cyprus has the right to work, subject to conditions that may be in the law.", "Article 26 states that people may freely enter into contracts, and avoid be exploited by people with \"commanding economic power.", "\"\nArticle 27 states that, subject to conditions in the law, citizens have a right to take part in industrial action.", "It also states that members of the armed forces, police and gendarmerie are not allowed to strike." ]

[ 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32 ]

[ "That article ensures the Cypriot government has no right to discriminate against either Turkish or Greek Cypriots." ]

[ "Up until 2016, the first level NUTS regions of France consisted of Ile de France, Bassin Parisien, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Est, Ouest, Sud-Ouest, Centre-Est,\nMediterranee and the Departement d'Outre Mer.", "The Departement d'Outre Mer consisted of all the overseas departments of France, while the remaining eight statistical regions were made up of the 22 regions of France.", "A law passed in 2014 by the French parliament reduced the number of metropolitan regions in the country from 22 to 13.", "The decrease took effect from 1 January 2016.", "As a result of these changes in the regions of France, the first level NUTS statistical regions were altered to reflect the changes.", "The number of first level regions was increased to 14 so that each of the 13 metropolitan regions of France became a separate first level statistical region.", "Although the Départements d'outre mer, as integrated departments of France, have always been a part of the European Union and its predecessors, they were only officially included as a permanent NUTS statistical area of France in 1989.", "When they did appear in previous statistics the first and second level NUTS areas where one and the same, from 1989, Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guiana and La Réunion were designated as separate level 2 regions.", "Below the NUTS levels, the two LAU (Local Administrative Units) levels are:\n\"The LAU codes of France can be downloaded here:\" \"" ]

[ 8 ]

[ "In the NUTS (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics) codes of France (FR), the three levels are:" ]

[ "Cardiff Double Blues ARFC has a history of being one of the founder clubs of the Welsh Australian Rules Football League (WARFL) in 2007.", "Since that date, Cardiff Double Blues ARFC has achieved considerable success.", "The club won the inaugural WARFL Premiership and Caerdydd Cup local derby against arch-rivals, the South Cardiff Panthers, in 2008.", "The club also won the first ever pre-season Cymru Clwb Cup tournament in 2009.", "In March 2021, it was announced that the team would be relocating to the Vale of Glamorgan and as a result would change their name to the Vale Vikings.", "The club has contributed significantly to the growth of Australian-rules football at an international- level in Europe by encouraging its players to strive to represent their national teams and Great Britain.", "Thus far, Cardiff Double Blues ARFC players have represented the following:" ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ]

[ "The Vale Vikings are an Australian Rules Football team based in Vale of Glamorgan, Wales.", "They play in the Welsh Australian Rules Football League under the 9-a-side footy rules.", "The team was formerly known as the Cardiff Double Blues until 2021." ]

[ "Born in 1748 on Réunion, Michelle Sentuary was the younger daughter of Jean Sentuary and of Marie-Catherine Caillou.", "She was educated at Sainte-Suzanne, where her father had a plantation, and at Bordeaux, where in 1768 she married Jean-Cyrille Guesnon de Bonneuil, who had a post in the household of the comtesse d’Artois.", "She then came to Paris where her beauty, charm, conversation and talents in singing and painting (Hubert Robert gave her painting lessons in the Sainte-Pélagie Prison and she exhibited her floral still lifes at the 1795 Salon) made herself famous in artistocratic and intellectual circles.", "Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun, her painting-tutor and friend, called her \"the most beautiful lady in Paris\", and she had her portrait produced by the pastellist Rosalie Filleul, the painter Alexander Roslin (who portrayed her in \"African\" costume), the sculptor Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne and many other artists.", "A friend of poets, she belonged to the anacreontic circle at Marly known as \"la Caserne\", a strong institution freely inspired by Freemasonry.", "Its main hosts were three knight-poets - Évariste de Parny (author of erotic poetry), (who celebrated his sister Marie-Catherine under the name Eucharis) and Michel de Cubières.", "To finance new bribery within the princely household by her husband, Michelle de Bonneuil joined her sisters Marie-Catherine and Augustine-Françoise, Mmme Thilorier - the future Mme Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil - as mistress to the rich financier Nicolas Beaujon, residing for some time at the hôtel d'Évreux.", "It was without doubt during this era of extreme dissipation that she met the Swiss banker Jean-Frédéric Perrégaux who she returned to at intervals until some time during the First Empire On his death, Nicolas Beaujon left her 100,000 livres that he had advanced her during his life.", "According to the painter John Trumbull on a trip to Paris, she moved in the highest spheres of French society and had come to be known as \"comtesse de Bonneuil\" - he wrote \"de Bonouil\" and was one of the most splendid ladies that he had never met.", "A friend of Anne de Caumont-Laforce, comtesse de Balbi, who she courted at the Luxembourg Palace where her husband (elder than her) had become first valet to the count of Provence.", "Mme de Bonneuil there took admiral John Paul Jones as a temporary lover and a lasting liaison with the comte de Vaudreuil, as well as other liaisons with the baron de Bruny de La Tour d'Aygues (who dedicated to her an engraving of a flute-playing satyr), the scholar marquis de Cubières (landowner of the Ermitage on the rue de Maurepas at Versailles, with whom she had a son, Amédée-Louis Despans (taking the name Cubières from 1803 on his adoption by his natural father), comte Charles de Sartines (son of the minister, he offered her a carriage bearing her own arms for a tour of Longchamp - the shield was formed from an open eye surmounted by a count's crown, placed above a cornucopia, surrounded by foxes, of which one was apparently \"éventré\" -, the comte de Caylus (who pretended to initiate her into illuminism).", "She later met the abbot Augustin Barruel who made her \"one of the ladies whom the searching sophists make their adepts, their females apostles\".", "Abbot Raynal especially sought to insinuate that her daily dinners promoted atheism - their attendees replied \"No, there is no God and it has to be said, and, as you repeat to others, in conversations, in circles, the truth must be known and become common\".", "A free and adventurous spirit, Mme de Bonneuil was also initiated into the mysteries of Cagliostro and the rites of Egyptian Freemasonry, of which her brother-in-law Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil was one of the masters.", "Her sister's two husbands - Jacques Thilorier and Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil -both belonged to the Loge des Neuf Sœurs, and it is very possible that Mme de Bonneuil was herself initiated into one of the Loges d'adoption féminine, before turning her back on the new ideas and the principals of philosophy which - after the Reign of Terror - she sincerely thought had led to the \"reign of the Jacobins\".", "In dispatches she wrote from Spain, she alluded to the Jacobins, who she held responsible for the horrors of the Terror, having not only narrowly escaped the guillotine herself but also lost her sister, brother-in-law and many of her friends (including the poet André Chénier who celebrated her in his \"Élégies\" under the names \"Camille\" (anagram of \"Micaëlle\" or Michelle) or \"d.z.n\" (of \"Sentuary d’Azan\") to it.", "On the arrival of the Revolution, Mme de Bonneuil shared ultra-conservative views with Jacques Antoine Marie de Cazalès, her latest lover, and of Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil, noble députés who sat with abbot Jean-Sifrein Maury on the extreme right of the semicircle of seats at the Constituent assembly.", "From 1791, she was implicated in counter-revolutionary projects, of which few were as badly executed as the royal family's planned escape with others from the hôtel d'Esclignac, which ended in the plotters' arrest on 18 April 1791.", "She was linked in friendship with the most famous of the counter-revolutionaries, such as Louis-Alexandre de Launay comte d’Antraigues who she pretended to take to Le Scioto, in the United States, with \"only one of her hair\".", "In spring 1802, profiting from the treaty of Amiens and the opening of England to French men and women (closed to them since 1797), Mme de Bonneuil left for London where the new French ambassador Otto saw her passport in July 1802.", "In September she reached Edinburgh, where she was received in a private audience by the hard-to-meet comte d'Artois, maybe in the presence of his confident the comte de Vaudreuil." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 ]

[ "Michelle Sentuary (7 March 1748, Sainte-Suzanne, île Bourbon – 30 December 1829, Paris), married name Jean-Cyrille Guesnon de Bonneuil, was a French overseas agent during the French Revolution and First French Empire.", "Inspiring André Chénier and others, she was a lady \"celebrated for her beauty and her agreeable spirit\" according to the formula of Charles de Lacretelle himself a friend of Chénier.", "She was the mother of Amédée Despans-Cubières." ]

[ "Born in 1748 on Réunion, Michelle Sentuary was the younger daughter of Jean Sentuary and of Marie-Catherine Caillou.", "She was educated at Sainte-Suzanne, where her father had a plantation, and at Bordeaux, where in 1768 she married Jean-Cyrille Guesnon de Bonneuil, who had a post in the household of the comtesse d’Artois.", "She then came to Paris where her beauty, charm, conversation and talents in singing and painting (Hubert Robert gave her painting lessons in the Sainte-Pélagie Prison and she exhibited her floral still lifes at the 1795 Salon) made herself famous in artistocratic and intellectual circles.", "Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun, her painting-tutor and friend, called her \"the most beautiful lady in Paris\", and she had her portrait produced by the pastellist Rosalie Filleul, the painter Alexander Roslin (who portrayed her in \"African\" costume), the sculptor Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne and many other artists.", "A friend of poets, she belonged to the anacreontic circle at Marly known as \"la Caserne\", a strong institution freely inspired by Freemasonry.", "Its main hosts were three knight-poets - Évariste de Parny (author of erotic poetry), (who celebrated his sister Marie-Catherine under the name Eucharis) and Michel de Cubières.", "To finance new bribery within the princely household by her husband, Michelle de Bonneuil joined her sisters Marie-Catherine and Augustine-Françoise, Mmme Thilorier - the future Mme Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil - as mistress to the rich financier Nicolas Beaujon, residing for some time at the hôtel d'Évreux.", "It was without doubt during this era of extreme dissipation that she met the Swiss banker Jean-Frédéric Perrégaux who she returned to at intervals until some time during the First Empire On his death, Nicolas Beaujon left her 100,000 livres that he had advanced her during his life.", "According to the painter John Trumbull on a trip to Paris, she moved in the highest spheres of French society and had come to be known as \"comtesse de Bonneuil\" - he wrote \"de Bonouil\" and was one of the most splendid ladies that he had never met.", "A friend of Anne de Caumont-Laforce, comtesse de Balbi, who she courted at the Luxembourg Palace where her husband (elder than her) had become first valet to the count of Provence.", "Mme de Bonneuil there took admiral John Paul Jones as a temporary lover and a lasting liaison with the comte de Vaudreuil, as well as other liaisons with the baron de Bruny de La Tour d'Aygues (who dedicated to her an engraving of a flute-playing satyr), the scholar marquis de Cubières (landowner of the Ermitage on the rue de Maurepas at Versailles, with whom she had a son, Amédée-Louis Despans (taking the name Cubières from 1803 on his adoption by his natural father), comte Charles de Sartines (son of the minister, he offered her a carriage bearing her own arms for a tour of Longchamp - the shield was formed from an open eye surmounted by a count's crown, placed above a cornucopia, surrounded by foxes, of which one was apparently \"éventré\" -, the comte de Caylus (who pretended to initiate her into illuminism).", "She later met the abbot Augustin Barruel who made her \"one of the ladies whom the searching sophists make their adepts, their females apostles\".", "Abbot Raynal especially sought to insinuate that her daily dinners promoted atheism - their attendees replied \"No, there is no God and it has to be said, and, as you repeat to others, in conversations, in circles, the truth must be known and become common\".", "A free and adventurous spirit, Mme de Bonneuil was also initiated into the mysteries of Cagliostro and the rites of Egyptian Freemasonry, of which her brother-in-law Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil was one of the masters.", "Her sister's two husbands - Jacques Thilorier and Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil -both belonged to the Loge des Neuf Sœurs, and it is very possible that Mme de Bonneuil was herself initiated into one of the Loges d'adoption féminine, before turning her back on the new ideas and the principals of philosophy which - after the Reign of Terror - she sincerely thought had led to the \"reign of the Jacobins\".", "In dispatches she wrote from Spain, she alluded to the Jacobins, who she held responsible for the horrors of the Terror, having not only narrowly escaped the guillotine herself but also lost her sister, brother-in-law and many of her friends (including the poet André Chénier who celebrated her in his \"Élégies\" under the names \"Camille\" (anagram of \"Micaëlle\" or Michelle) or \"d.z.n\" (of \"Sentuary d’Azan\") to it.", "On the arrival of the Revolution, Mme de Bonneuil shared ultra-conservative views with Jacques Antoine Marie de Cazalès, her latest lover, and of Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil, noble députés who sat with abbot Jean-Sifrein Maury on the extreme right of the semicircle of seats at the Constituent assembly.", "From 1791, she was implicated in counter-revolutionary projects, of which few were as badly executed as the royal family's planned escape with others from the hôtel d'Esclignac, which ended in the plotters' arrest on 18 April 1791.", "She was linked in friendship with the most famous of the counter-revolutionaries, such as Louis-Alexandre de Launay comte d’Antraigues who she pretended to take to Le Scioto, in the United States, with \"only one of her hair\".", "In spring 1802, profiting from the treaty of Amiens and the opening of England to French men and women (closed to them since 1797), Mme de Bonneuil left for London where the new French ambassador Otto saw her passport in July 1802.", "In September she reached Edinburgh, where she was received in a private audience by the hard-to-meet comte d'Artois, maybe in the presence of his confident the comte de Vaudreuil." ]

[ 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 ]

[ "Inspiring André Chénier and others, she was a lady \"celebrated for her beauty and her agreeable spirit\" according to the formula of Charles de Lacretelle himself a friend of Chénier.", "She was the mother of Amédée Despans-Cubières." ]

[ "The theme of the \"Three Living and the Three Dead\" is a relatively common form of \"memento mori\" in mediaeval art.", "The earliest manuscript evidence for the story comes from late 13th-century France.", "A \"Dit des trois morts et des trois vifs\" by Baudoin de Condé has been traced back to 1280.", "In the poem, an unnamed narrator describes seeing a boar hunt, a typical opening of the genre of the \"chanson d'aventure\".", "Three kings are following the hunt; they lose their way in mist and are separated from their retainers.", "Suddenly, \"schokyn out of a schawe\" (42) ('Starting out of a wood') three walking corpses appear, described in graphically hideous terms.", "The kings are terrified, but show a range of reactions to the three Dead, ranging from a desire to flee to a resolve to face them.", "The three corpses, in response, state that they are not demons, but the three kings' forefathers, and criticise their heirs for neglecting their memory and not saying masses for their souls: \"Bot we haue made ȝoue mastyrs amys/ Þat now nyl not mynn us with a mas\" (103-104).", "Once, the three Dead were materialistic and pleasure-loving: \"Wyle I was mon apon mold merþis þai were myne\" (121) ('While I was a man upon earth, pleasures were mine'), and they now suffer for it.", "Eventually, the Dead leave, the red daylight comes, and the kings ride home.", "The final message of the Dead is that the living should always be mindful of them - \"Makis your merour be me\" (120) - and of the transient nature of life.", "Afterwards the kings raise a church \"with masse\" (139) and have the story written on its walls.", "Apart from its complex structure, the poem is distinguished for its vividly descriptive and imaginative language.", "Along with other poems in MS.", "Douce 302, \"The Three Dead Kings\" is written in a dialect of Middle English local to the area of Shropshire and west Staffordshire.", "The poem has an extremely unusual structure, combining a four-stress alliterative line, a tight rhyme scheme, and regular use of assonance.", "The structure of the rhymes, \"ABABABAB\" in the first eight lines of each stanza and \"CDCCD\" in the final five, combines with the alliteration, and the use of the same final consonant on the fourth stress throughout the entire stanza, to produce an additional pararhyme between pairs of lines:\nÞen speke þe henmest kyng, in þe hillis he beholdis,\nHe lokis vnder his hondis and his hed heldis;\nBot soche a carful k[ny]l to his hert coldis,\nSo doþ þe knyf ore þe kye, þat þe knoc kelddus.", "Hit bene warlaws þre þat walkyn on þis woldis.", "Oure Lord wyss us þe rede-way þat al þe word weldus!", "My hert fare[s] fore freȝt as flagge when hit foldus,\nVche fyngyr of my hond fore ferdchip hit feldus.", "Fers am I ferd of oure fare;\nFle we ful fast þer-fore.", "Can Y no cownsel bot care.", "Þese dewyls wil do vs to dare,\nFore drede lest þai duttyn vche a dore.", "A few other Middle English poems use a similar thirteen-line stanza, but \"The Three Dead Kings\" has the most elaborate structure: medievalist Thorlac Turville-Petre refers to it as \"the most highly patterned and technically complex poem in the language\".", "MS.", "Douce 302, now held at the Bodleian Library, is a manuscript of work by John Audelay, a chantry priest at Haughmond Abbey, Shropshire, who is known to have been alive in 1426, when the manuscript may have been compiled.", "By this point he stated that he was old, deaf, and blind, although this complicates the question of how he could have authored the poetry in the manuscript.", "Some scholars have argued that Audelay's other poetry lacks the great technical skill shown in \"The Three Dead Kings\", and that he is therefore unlikely to have written it, especially as it shows signs of a more northerly dialect.", "Others, however, have defended his authorship, noting that he favours both alliteration and thirteen-line stanza forms elsewhere in the manuscript." ]

[ 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 ]

[ "The Three Dead Kings (), is a 15th-century Middle English poem." ]

[ "The theme of the \"Three Living and the Three Dead\" is a relatively common form of \"memento mori\" in mediaeval art.", "The earliest manuscript evidence for the story comes from late 13th-century France.", "A \"Dit des trois morts et des trois vifs\" by Baudoin de Condé has been traced back to 1280.", "In the poem, an unnamed narrator describes seeing a boar hunt, a typical opening of the genre of the \"chanson d'aventure\".", "Three kings are following the hunt; they lose their way in mist and are separated from their retainers.", "Suddenly, \"schokyn out of a schawe\" (42) ('Starting out of a wood') three walking corpses appear, described in graphically hideous terms.", "The kings are terrified, but show a range of reactions to the three Dead, ranging from a desire to flee to a resolve to face them.", "The three corpses, in response, state that they are not demons, but the three kings' forefathers, and criticise their heirs for neglecting their memory and not saying masses for their souls: \"Bot we haue made ȝoue mastyrs amys/ Þat now nyl not mynn us with a mas\" (103-104).", "Once, the three Dead were materialistic and pleasure-loving: \"Wyle I was mon apon mold merþis þai were myne\" (121) ('While I was a man upon earth, pleasures were mine'), and they now suffer for it.", "Eventually, the Dead leave, the red daylight comes, and the kings ride home.", "The final message of the Dead is that the living should always be mindful of them - \"Makis your merour be me\" (120) - and of the transient nature of life.", "Afterwards the kings raise a church \"with masse\" (139) and have the story written on its walls.", "Apart from its complex structure, the poem is distinguished for its vividly descriptive and imaginative language.", "Along with other poems in MS.", "Douce 302, \"The Three Dead Kings\" is written in a dialect of Middle English local to the area of Shropshire and west Staffordshire.", "The poem has an extremely unusual structure, combining a four-stress alliterative line, a tight rhyme scheme, and regular use of assonance.", "The structure of the rhymes, \"ABABABAB\" in the first eight lines of each stanza and \"CDCCD\" in the final five, combines with the alliteration, and the use of the same final consonant on the fourth stress throughout the entire stanza, to produce an additional pararhyme between pairs of lines:\nÞen speke þe henmest kyng, in þe hillis he beholdis,\nHe lokis vnder his hondis and his hed heldis;\nBot soche a carful k[ny]l to his hert coldis,\nSo doþ þe knyf ore þe kye, þat þe knoc kelddus.", "Hit bene warlaws þre þat walkyn on þis woldis.", "Oure Lord wyss us þe rede-way þat al þe word weldus!", "My hert fare[s] fore freȝt as flagge when hit foldus,\nVche fyngyr of my hond fore ferdchip hit feldus.", "Fers am I ferd of oure fare;\nFle we ful fast þer-fore.", "Can Y no cownsel bot care.", "Þese dewyls wil do vs to dare,\nFore drede lest þai duttyn vche a dore.", "A few other Middle English poems use a similar thirteen-line stanza, but \"The Three Dead Kings\" has the most elaborate structure: medievalist Thorlac Turville-Petre refers to it as \"the most highly patterned and technically complex poem in the language\".", "MS.", "Douce 302, now held at the Bodleian Library, is a manuscript of work by John Audelay, a chantry priest at Haughmond Abbey, Shropshire, who is known to have been alive in 1426, when the manuscript may have been compiled.", "By this point he stated that he was old, deaf, and blind, although this complicates the question of how he could have authored the poetry in the manuscript.", "Some scholars have argued that Audelay's other poetry lacks the great technical skill shown in \"The Three Dead Kings\", and that he is therefore unlikely to have written it, especially as it shows signs of a more northerly dialect.", "Others, however, have defended his authorship, noting that he favours both alliteration and thirteen-line stanza forms elsewhere in the manuscript." ]

[ 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 ]

[ "Douce 302 in the Bodleian Library in Oxford, and its authorship is sometimes attributed to a Shropshire priest, John Audelay." ]

[ "Dianne Medina was born Maria Patricia Dianne Perez Medina, on November 5, 1986.", "She graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in communication arts from Miriam College.", "Medina was one of the 12 finalists of \"Wazzup Wazzup\"'s 2006 Tadjock Search.", "After winning the search, she became a regular segment host of the satirical comedy news program and appeared as a guest host of Studio 23's morning news and talk show, \"Breakfast\".", "In 2007, she was cast as Dianne in the ABS-CBN sitcom, \"Let's Go\", directed by Bobot Mortiz.", "She was personally offered by Johnny Manahan to join Star Magic after her guest performance in, the now defunct noontime variety show, \"Wowowee\"--another show directed by Mortiz.", "Medina was included in the 15 celebrity contestants of the second season of \"U Can Dance Version 2\".", "She was also cast as Joy in the second season of Star Magic Presents: Abt Ur Luv--renamed Abt Ur Luv Ur Lyf 2.", "She made her film debut in the Star Cinema film A Love Story.", "She was cast as Teena in the 2008 teen drama, \"Star Magic Presents: Astigs in Luvin' Lyf\".", "She also made a special appearance in \"Komiks Presents: Tiny Tony\".", "October of the same year, she was cast as a series regular in the sexy sketch comedy, \"Banana Split\"--a spin off of the '90s show \"Goin' Bananas\".", "Earlier, she played Agatha in the fantasy drama \"Dyosa\", her character was killed off the show due to her commitments to \"Banana Split\".", "Her stint in \"Banana Split\" ended abruptly in 2008 when the management decided to reformat the program.", "In 2009, Medina started appearing in TV5 shows, aside from her appearances in ABS-CBN.", "She was cast as one of the hosts of \"Flo\", a teenage lifestyle program which aired for one season in TV5.", "She played Kat in Kambal sa Uma and had guest appearances in \"Your Song Presents: Boystown\", \"Your Song Presents: Feb-ibig\" and \"Precious Hearts Romances Presents: Ang Lalaking Nagmahal Sa Akin\".", "She joined the cast of TV5's gag show \"Lokomoko High\" in the middle of 2009.", "She also had a special participation in \"May Bukas Pa\".", "Medina was one of the cast members retained when \"Lokomoko High\" was revamped to \"Lokomoko U\" in 2010.", "She had a special participation in \"Habang May Buhay\"--a premier offering of the ABS-CBN's \"60th celebration of Filipino Soap Opera\" line up.", "She was cast as Chanel in TV5's afternoon teen drama, \"BFGF\", and as a regular host and performer in the TV5 Sunday variety show, \"PO5\".", "The same year, she made guest appearances in \"Midnight DJ\", \"5 Star Specials\" and \"Maynila\".", "She also played supporting roles in the Star Cinema films;", "My Amnesia Girl, Miss You Like Crazy and Till My Heartaches End.", "In 2011, she played Beauty in TV5's \"Babaeng Hampaslupa\", and later appeared in ABS-CBN's \"Kung Ako'y Iiwan Mo\" and \"Mundo Man ay Magunaw\" in 2012.", "In 2013, Medina started a co-hosting PTV 4's \"Good Morning Pilipinas\".", "Medina appeared in \"Beautiful Strangers\" in 2015", "In October 2017, Medina became engaged to actor Rodjun Cruz after dating since July 23, 2007.", "The couple married on December 21, 2019.", "On 10 September 2020 at 1:55 a.m., she gave birth to her first child, a son named Rodolfo Joaquin Diego III." ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "Maria Patricia Dianne Perez Medina-Ilustre (born November 5, 1986) is a Filipino actress, dancer, television host, anchor and part-time model." ]

[ "Dianne Medina was born Maria Patricia Dianne Perez Medina, on November 5, 1986.", "She graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in communication arts from Miriam College.", "Medina was one of the 12 finalists of \"Wazzup Wazzup\"'s 2006 Tadjock Search.", "After winning the search, she became a regular segment host of the satirical comedy news program and appeared as a guest host of Studio 23's morning news and talk show, \"Breakfast\".", "In 2007, she was cast as Dianne in the ABS-CBN sitcom, \"Let's Go\", directed by Bobot Mortiz.", "She was personally offered by Johnny Manahan to join Star Magic after her guest performance in, the now defunct noontime variety show, \"Wowowee\"--another show directed by Mortiz.", "Medina was included in the 15 celebrity contestants of the second season of \"U Can Dance Version 2\".", "She was also cast as Joy in the second season of Star Magic Presents: Abt Ur Luv--renamed Abt Ur Luv Ur Lyf 2.", "She made her film debut in the Star Cinema film A Love Story.", "She was cast as Teena in the 2008 teen drama, \"Star Magic Presents: Astigs in Luvin' Lyf\".", "She also made a special appearance in \"Komiks Presents: Tiny Tony\".", "October of the same year, she was cast as a series regular in the sexy sketch comedy, \"Banana Split\"--a spin off of the '90s show \"Goin' Bananas\".", "Earlier, she played Agatha in the fantasy drama \"Dyosa\", her character was killed off the show due to her commitments to \"Banana Split\".", "Her stint in \"Banana Split\" ended abruptly in 2008 when the management decided to reformat the program.", "In 2009, Medina started appearing in TV5 shows, aside from her appearances in ABS-CBN.", "She was cast as one of the hosts of \"Flo\", a teenage lifestyle program which aired for one season in TV5.", "She played Kat in Kambal sa Uma and had guest appearances in \"Your Song Presents: Boystown\", \"Your Song Presents: Feb-ibig\" and \"Precious Hearts Romances Presents: Ang Lalaking Nagmahal Sa Akin\".", "She joined the cast of TV5's gag show \"Lokomoko High\" in the middle of 2009.", "She also had a special participation in \"May Bukas Pa\".", "Medina was one of the cast members retained when \"Lokomoko High\" was revamped to \"Lokomoko U\" in 2010.", "She had a special participation in \"Habang May Buhay\"--a premier offering of the ABS-CBN's \"60th celebration of Filipino Soap Opera\" line up.", "She was cast as Chanel in TV5's afternoon teen drama, \"BFGF\", and as a regular host and performer in the TV5 Sunday variety show, \"PO5\".", "The same year, she made guest appearances in \"Midnight DJ\", \"5 Star Specials\" and \"Maynila\".", "She also played supporting roles in the Star Cinema films;", "My Amnesia Girl, Miss You Like Crazy and Till My Heartaches End.", "In 2011, she played Beauty in TV5's \"Babaeng Hampaslupa\", and later appeared in ABS-CBN's \"Kung Ako'y Iiwan Mo\" and \"Mundo Man ay Magunaw\" in 2012.", "In 2013, Medina started a co-hosting PTV 4's \"Good Morning Pilipinas\".", "Medina appeared in \"Beautiful Strangers\" in 2015", "In October 2017, Medina became engaged to actor Rodjun Cruz after dating since July 23, 2007.", "The couple married on December 21, 2019.", "On 10 September 2020 at 1:55 a.m., she gave birth to her first child, a son named Rodolfo Joaquin Diego III." ]

[ 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 ]

[ "Medina is also a former member of ABS-CBN's developmental talent agent Star Magic." ]

[ "Dianne Medina was born Maria Patricia Dianne Perez Medina, on November 5, 1986.", "She graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in communication arts from Miriam College.", "Medina was one of the 12 finalists of \"Wazzup Wazzup\"'s 2006 Tadjock Search.", "After winning the search, she became a regular segment host of the satirical comedy news program and appeared as a guest host of Studio 23's morning news and talk show, \"Breakfast\".", "In 2007, she was cast as Dianne in the ABS-CBN sitcom, \"Let's Go\", directed by Bobot Mortiz.", "She was personally offered by Johnny Manahan to join Star Magic after her guest performance in, the now defunct noontime variety show, \"Wowowee\"--another show directed by Mortiz.", "Medina was included in the 15 celebrity contestants of the second season of \"U Can Dance Version 2\".", "She was also cast as Joy in the second season of Star Magic Presents: Abt Ur Luv--renamed Abt Ur Luv Ur Lyf 2.", "She made her film debut in the Star Cinema film A Love Story.", "She was cast as Teena in the 2008 teen drama, \"Star Magic Presents: Astigs in Luvin' Lyf\".", "She also made a special appearance in \"Komiks Presents: Tiny Tony\".", "October of the same year, she was cast as a series regular in the sexy sketch comedy, \"Banana Split\"--a spin off of the '90s show \"Goin' Bananas\".", "Earlier, she played Agatha in the fantasy drama \"Dyosa\", her character was killed off the show due to her commitments to \"Banana Split\".", "Her stint in \"Banana Split\" ended abruptly in 2008 when the management decided to reformat the program.", "In 2009, Medina started appearing in TV5 shows, aside from her appearances in ABS-CBN.", "She was cast as one of the hosts of \"Flo\", a teenage lifestyle program which aired for one season in TV5.", "She played Kat in Kambal sa Uma and had guest appearances in \"Your Song Presents: Boystown\", \"Your Song Presents: Feb-ibig\" and \"Precious Hearts Romances Presents: Ang Lalaking Nagmahal Sa Akin\".", "She joined the cast of TV5's gag show \"Lokomoko High\" in the middle of 2009.", "She also had a special participation in \"May Bukas Pa\".", "Medina was one of the cast members retained when \"Lokomoko High\" was revamped to \"Lokomoko U\" in 2010.", "She had a special participation in \"Habang May Buhay\"--a premier offering of the ABS-CBN's \"60th celebration of Filipino Soap Opera\" line up.", "She was cast as Chanel in TV5's afternoon teen drama, \"BFGF\", and as a regular host and performer in the TV5 Sunday variety show, \"PO5\".", "The same year, she made guest appearances in \"Midnight DJ\", \"5 Star Specials\" and \"Maynila\".", "She also played supporting roles in the Star Cinema films;", "My Amnesia Girl, Miss You Like Crazy and Till My Heartaches End.", "In 2011, she played Beauty in TV5's \"Babaeng Hampaslupa\", and later appeared in ABS-CBN's \"Kung Ako'y Iiwan Mo\" and \"Mundo Man ay Magunaw\" in 2012.", "In 2013, Medina started a co-hosting PTV 4's \"Good Morning Pilipinas\".", "Medina appeared in \"Beautiful Strangers\" in 2015", "In October 2017, Medina became engaged to actor Rodjun Cruz after dating since July 23, 2007.", "The couple married on December 21, 2019.", "On 10 September 2020 at 1:55 a.m., she gave birth to her first child, a son named Rodolfo Joaquin Diego III." ]

[ 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 ]

[ "Medina is also a former member of ABS-CBN's developmental talent agent Star Magic." ]

[ "Benton began her career as a Fashion Designer and moved into directing in 1982 as half of the directing duo Vaughan and Anthea (with Vaughan Arnell).", "The two worked together for over a decade, initially concentrating on music videos, making a number of memorable promos in the burgeoning field including Dead or Alive's \"You Spin Me Round (Like a Record)\", Jamiroquai's \"Space Cowboy\", Take That's \"Back for Good\", Anggun's \"Snow on the Sahara\" and George Michael's \"Fastlove\" and \"Spinning the Wheel\".", "In 1992 the duo moved into commercials, creating Wrangler's DJ commercial, the first European advert to feature young black urban culture.", "The duo's commercials won a large number of awards, with Levi's \"Creek\" picking up two prestigious D&AD awards for Best Direction and Best Commercial.", "Their work for Stella Artois launched the brands distinctive style of honouring European cinema, with its nod to Jean de Florette.", "Their second advert for Stella \"Les Nouvelles Chaussures\" winning that year's D&AD award for Best Direction.", "Their work was defined by strong art direction, an awareness for fashion, and an ability to set trends, especially in terms of the music used.", "For Levi's \"Planet\" the duo selected a little heard track called \"Spaceman\" by Babylon Zoo.", "The track was to go on to sell 418,000 copies in a week, a record at the time, propelling it to number one in the UK singles chart.", "In 1996 the duo decided to split, with both continuing to direct commercials and music videos.", "Anthea went on to direct commercials for brands including Sony, T-Mobile, Audi, Levi's, Peugot, Adidas, Hyundai and Barclaycard.", "She continues to direct acclaimed work, recently working with actresses Anna Friel and Keeley Hawes in commercials for Pantene and Boots No7 respectively and for House of Fraser, represented by Fresh Film.", "Featured in \"Shots\" magazine's list of the top 100 creative people, Anthea is currently working on her first feature script." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 ]

[ "Anthea Benton is a British television commercial and music video director, best known for her adverts for Stella Artois and Levi's." ]

[ "Fouls don't always affect game control, therefore referees need to find a balance for the right opportunities for risks to be let go for the game flow to continue.", "Risks fouls play in sports depend on the sort of action by the guilty player upon an opposing victim.", "Appropriate risks, that are borderline fouls, all falls down to the location on field, whether it was really intentional, the type of 'challenge' posed upon players and whether it will impact on game control and the game outcome.", "Referees try to eliminate unnecessary stoppages, considering the players prior behaviour and whether they have a bad reputation or continual intent to foul.", "Minor fouls that are often overlooked by referees as they are not jeopardising a players safety, having no intent to be reckless, careless or show excessive force.", "They are also overlooked when opposing players do not feel threatened of have any anticipation of the foul happening again and not purposely trying to stop play and slow down the game flow.", "FIFA, the governing body of Football (Soccer), have set rules, which is documented in the association's official handbook.", "The main referee ensures that the game is played fairly and that each player follows the set rules.", "However, if there is an infraction, the referee has the power to stop play and take disciplinary action.", "There are three types of solutions a team can be awarded when a player with possession of the ball is fouled by the defending team.", "Direct Free Kick is issued when an opposing player commits a foul that is careless, reckless, or any act that will cause harm to their opponent.", "Most fouls occur when a defender first makes contact with the player rather than the ball.", "This also applies to a player that handles the ball; depending on the referees decision the offender can receive further punishment (yellow or red card).", "Similar to the Direct Free Kick, the Indirect Free Kick restarts the play.", "The team given an Indirect Free Kick is unable to score from the spot.", "It first has to touch a player on the same team in order to resume play.", "When a free kick is being performed, the opposing team has to be at least 10 yards from where the ball is going to be struck.", "Lastly, the Penalty Kick is another form of advantage play when the opposing team disobeys the rules.", "However, a penalty is only awarded when the offence is committed in the opposing players own box.", "It is then taken in one spot, 12 yards out from the goal, regardless of where the foul was committed.", "Soon after any of these free kicks have been issued.", "The referee has the decision to take further disciplinary action.", "The perpetrator is then issued either a yellow or red card, depending on the severity of the action.", "As fouls are often the result of a defender failing to touch the ball while touching the opponent, the (etymologically paradox) notion is widespread that a normal foul is not incompatible with personal fairness and sportsmanship.", "Certain dangerous acts are considered unfair play in cricket, such as an intentionally bowled beamer (a ball thrown at a batter above the waist, potentially at the head).", "The entitlement of a sports person to commit fouls can be abused and used as an excuse to hurt or injure other players on the field.", "Fouls on the sporting field can be used in a malicious way to purposefully hurt or settle disputes with other players.", "For example, in a game against Manchester City F.C. and Manchester United F.C. held in 2002 Roy Keane claimed that he intentionally committed a horrible foul to injure Alfie Haaland, a member of the opposing team.", "This was done in retaliation for a match between Leeds United F.C. and Manchester United in which Haaland was a player for Leeds at that time.", "When Roy Keane was fouled, Haaland made fun of him and told him to get up and stop faking the injury, thus culminating into the aforementioned revenge tackle.", "Another way in which fouls are controversially abused in sport is when players pretend to be fouled by another player.", "This results in players receiving unfair penalties and the so-called 'victims' receiving free-kicks and other rewards unjustly.", "One sport where this practice is common is Association Football.", "In football players are known to perform Diving (association football) which is the practice of pretending to fall over as a result of an opponent tripping you over.", "Although diving produces outrage and controversy amongst many football fans, it is commonly practised amongst professionals and amateurs alike.", "Referees come across these situations regularly.", "At such a fast tempo, they have to make a rash decision on whether or not the player performed a dive or they were legitimately fouled.", "A test by Peter G. Renden was done to determine if motor experience in football contributes to the ability to recognise dives in potential tackle situations.", "This study showed, experienced players as well as referees were able to pin point the differences.", "In comparison, fans and novice participants that had little experience to recognise the difference between a dive and foul showed a lower result.", "Players also try to intimidate their opposing sides to give them a psychological edge.", "Fans sadly encourage this sort of behaviour, feeling the tension rise and wanting to see reactions from players as a thrilling scene.", "Opposing sides like to get a retaliation from other players, forcing them into an aggressive attitude that will lead them down the track of unnecessary physical conduct.", "This excitement fans get from visualising such unethical behaviour leaves them with the thoughts of such actions being alright.", "In some cases, the actual severity of fouls aren't always picked up by the referee during the game.", "This results in the association of the sport to look into the issue further.", "For example, in 2013 Townsville Fire captain Rachel Flanagan was deliberately tripped by player Brigette Ardossi, although it was not seen at the time.", "The WNBL were considering to take further action on the unsportsmanlike foul." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]

[ "Fouls are used in many different sports.", "Individual sports may have different types of fouls." ]

[ "Fouls don't always affect game control, therefore referees need to find a balance for the right opportunities for risks to be let go for the game flow to continue.", "Risks fouls play in sports depend on the sort of action by the guilty player upon an opposing victim.", "Appropriate risks, that are borderline fouls, all falls down to the location on field, whether it was really intentional, the type of 'challenge' posed upon players and whether it will impact on game control and the game outcome.", "Referees try to eliminate unnecessary stoppages, considering the players prior behaviour and whether they have a bad reputation or continual intent to foul.", "Minor fouls that are often overlooked by referees as they are not jeopardising a players safety, having no intent to be reckless, careless or show excessive force.", "They are also overlooked when opposing players do not feel threatened of have any anticipation of the foul happening again and not purposely trying to stop play and slow down the game flow.", "FIFA, the governing body of Football (Soccer), have set rules, which is documented in the association's official handbook.", "The main referee ensures that the game is played fairly and that each player follows the set rules.", "However, if there is an infraction, the referee has the power to stop play and take disciplinary action.", "There are three types of solutions a team can be awarded when a player with possession of the ball is fouled by the defending team.", "Direct Free Kick is issued when an opposing player commits a foul that is careless, reckless, or any act that will cause harm to their opponent.", "Most fouls occur when a defender first makes contact with the player rather than the ball.", "This also applies to a player that handles the ball; depending on the referees decision the offender can receive further punishment (yellow or red card).", "Similar to the Direct Free Kick, the Indirect Free Kick restarts the play.", "The team given an Indirect Free Kick is unable to score from the spot.", "It first has to touch a player on the same team in order to resume play.", "When a free kick is being performed, the opposing team has to be at least 10 yards from where the ball is going to be struck.", "Lastly, the Penalty Kick is another form of advantage play when the opposing team disobeys the rules.", "However, a penalty is only awarded when the offence is committed in the opposing players own box.", "It is then taken in one spot, 12 yards out from the goal, regardless of where the foul was committed.", "Soon after any of these free kicks have been issued.", "The referee has the decision to take further disciplinary action.", "The perpetrator is then issued either a yellow or red card, depending on the severity of the action.", "As fouls are often the result of a defender failing to touch the ball while touching the opponent, the (etymologically paradox) notion is widespread that a normal foul is not incompatible with personal fairness and sportsmanship.", "Certain dangerous acts are considered unfair play in cricket, such as an intentionally bowled beamer (a ball thrown at a batter above the waist, potentially at the head).", "The entitlement of a sports person to commit fouls can be abused and used as an excuse to hurt or injure other players on the field.", "Fouls on the sporting field can be used in a malicious way to purposefully hurt or settle disputes with other players.", "For example, in a game against Manchester City F.C. and Manchester United F.C. held in 2002 Roy Keane claimed that he intentionally committed a horrible foul to injure Alfie Haaland, a member of the opposing team.", "This was done in retaliation for a match between Leeds United F.C. and Manchester United in which Haaland was a player for Leeds at that time.", "When Roy Keane was fouled, Haaland made fun of him and told him to get up and stop faking the injury, thus culminating into the aforementioned revenge tackle.", "Another way in which fouls are controversially abused in sport is when players pretend to be fouled by another player.", "This results in players receiving unfair penalties and the so-called 'victims' receiving free-kicks and other rewards unjustly.", "One sport where this practice is common is Association Football.", "In football players are known to perform Diving (association football) which is the practice of pretending to fall over as a result of an opponent tripping you over.", "Although diving produces outrage and controversy amongst many football fans, it is commonly practised amongst professionals and amateurs alike.", "Referees come across these situations regularly.", "At such a fast tempo, they have to make a rash decision on whether or not the player performed a dive or they were legitimately fouled.", "A test by Peter G. Renden was done to determine if motor experience in football contributes to the ability to recognise dives in potential tackle situations.", "This study showed, experienced players as well as referees were able to pin point the differences.", "In comparison, fans and novice participants that had little experience to recognise the difference between a dive and foul showed a lower result.", "Players also try to intimidate their opposing sides to give them a psychological edge.", "Fans sadly encourage this sort of behaviour, feeling the tension rise and wanting to see reactions from players as a thrilling scene.", "Opposing sides like to get a retaliation from other players, forcing them into an aggressive attitude that will lead them down the track of unnecessary physical conduct.", "This excitement fans get from visualising such unethical behaviour leaves them with the thoughts of such actions being alright.", "In some cases, the actual severity of fouls aren't always picked up by the referee during the game.", "This results in the association of the sport to look into the issue further.", "For example, in 2013 Townsville Fire captain Rachel Flanagan was deliberately tripped by player Brigette Ardossi, although it was not seen at the time.", "The WNBL were considering to take further action on the unsportsmanlike foul." ]

[ 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 ]

[ "A technical foul refers to unsportsmanlike non-contact behavior, a more serious infraction than a personal foul.", "Players may also receive fines up to $50,000 for committing fighting fouls." ]

[ "Fouls don't always affect game control, therefore referees need to find a balance for the right opportunities for risks to be let go for the game flow to continue.", "Risks fouls play in sports depend on the sort of action by the guilty player upon an opposing victim.", "Appropriate risks, that are borderline fouls, all falls down to the location on field, whether it was really intentional, the type of 'challenge' posed upon players and whether it will impact on game control and the game outcome.", "Referees try to eliminate unnecessary stoppages, considering the players prior behaviour and whether they have a bad reputation or continual intent to foul.", "Minor fouls that are often overlooked by referees as they are not jeopardising a players safety, having no intent to be reckless, careless or show excessive force.", "They are also overlooked when opposing players do not feel threatened of have any anticipation of the foul happening again and not purposely trying to stop play and slow down the game flow.", "FIFA, the governing body of Football (Soccer), have set rules, which is documented in the association's official handbook.", "The main referee ensures that the game is played fairly and that each player follows the set rules.", "However, if there is an infraction, the referee has the power to stop play and take disciplinary action.", "There are three types of solutions a team can be awarded when a player with possession of the ball is fouled by the defending team.", "Direct Free Kick is issued when an opposing player commits a foul that is careless, reckless, or any act that will cause harm to their opponent.", "Most fouls occur when a defender first makes contact with the player rather than the ball.", "This also applies to a player that handles the ball; depending on the referees decision the offender can receive further punishment (yellow or red card).", "Similar to the Direct Free Kick, the Indirect Free Kick restarts the play.", "The team given an Indirect Free Kick is unable to score from the spot.", "It first has to touch a player on the same team in order to resume play.", "When a free kick is being performed, the opposing team has to be at least 10 yards from where the ball is going to be struck.", "Lastly, the Penalty Kick is another form of advantage play when the opposing team disobeys the rules.", "However, a penalty is only awarded when the offence is committed in the opposing players own box.", "It is then taken in one spot, 12 yards out from the goal, regardless of where the foul was committed.", "Soon after any of these free kicks have been issued.", "The referee has the decision to take further disciplinary action.", "The perpetrator is then issued either a yellow or red card, depending on the severity of the action.", "As fouls are often the result of a defender failing to touch the ball while touching the opponent, the (etymologically paradox) notion is widespread that a normal foul is not incompatible with personal fairness and sportsmanship.", "Certain dangerous acts are considered unfair play in cricket, such as an intentionally bowled beamer (a ball thrown at a batter above the waist, potentially at the head).", "The entitlement of a sports person to commit fouls can be abused and used as an excuse to hurt or injure other players on the field.", "Fouls on the sporting field can be used in a malicious way to purposefully hurt or settle disputes with other players.", "For example, in a game against Manchester City F.C. and Manchester United F.C. held in 2002 Roy Keane claimed that he intentionally committed a horrible foul to injure Alfie Haaland, a member of the opposing team.", "This was done in retaliation for a match between Leeds United F.C. and Manchester United in which Haaland was a player for Leeds at that time.", "When Roy Keane was fouled, Haaland made fun of him and told him to get up and stop faking the injury, thus culminating into the aforementioned revenge tackle.", "Another way in which fouls are controversially abused in sport is when players pretend to be fouled by another player.", "This results in players receiving unfair penalties and the so-called 'victims' receiving free-kicks and other rewards unjustly.", "One sport where this practice is common is Association Football.", "In football players are known to perform Diving (association football) which is the practice of pretending to fall over as a result of an opponent tripping you over.", "Although diving produces outrage and controversy amongst many football fans, it is commonly practised amongst professionals and amateurs alike.", "Referees come across these situations regularly.", "At such a fast tempo, they have to make a rash decision on whether or not the player performed a dive or they were legitimately fouled.", "A test by Peter G. Renden was done to determine if motor experience in football contributes to the ability to recognise dives in potential tackle situations.", "This study showed, experienced players as well as referees were able to pin point the differences.", "In comparison, fans and novice participants that had little experience to recognise the difference between a dive and foul showed a lower result.", "Players also try to intimidate their opposing sides to give them a psychological edge.", "Fans sadly encourage this sort of behaviour, feeling the tension rise and wanting to see reactions from players as a thrilling scene.", "Opposing sides like to get a retaliation from other players, forcing them into an aggressive attitude that will lead them down the track of unnecessary physical conduct.", "This excitement fans get from visualising such unethical behaviour leaves them with the thoughts of such actions being alright.", "In some cases, the actual severity of fouls aren't always picked up by the referee during the game.", "This results in the association of the sport to look into the issue further.", "For example, in 2013 Townsville Fire captain Rachel Flanagan was deliberately tripped by player Brigette Ardossi, although it was not seen at the time.", "The WNBL were considering to take further action on the unsportsmanlike foul." ]

[ 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47 ]

[ "In some cases, coaches can also receive fouls.", "An example of when a coach may be immediately ejected from the game is if they commit a punching foul." ]

[ "According to Vertegaal and Poupyrev, there are three general types of organic user interface:\nFlexible (or deformable) user interfaces: When flexible displays are deployed, shape deformation, e.g., through bends, is a key form of input for OUI.", "Flexible display technologies include flexible OLED (FOLED) and flexible E Ink, or can be simulated through 3D active projection mapping.", "Shaped user interfaces: Displays with a static non-flat display.", "The physical shape is chosen so as to better support the main function of the interface.", "Shapes may include spheres, cylinders or take the form of everyday objects.", "Actuated (or kinetic) user interfaces: Displays with a programmable shape controlled by a computer algorithm.", "Here, display shapes can actively adapt to the physical context of the user, the form of the data, or the function of the interface.", "An extreme example is that of Claytronics: fully physical 3D voxels that dynamically constitute physical 3D images.", "Holman and Vertegaal present three design principles that underlie OUI:\nInput equals output: In traditional GUIs, input and output are physically separated: Output is generated graphically on the screen on the basis of input provided by a control device such as a mouse.", "A key feature of OUI is that the display surface, and its physical deformations are always the locus of user interaction.", "Function equals form: Coined by Frank Lloyd Wright, this means the shape of an interface determines its physical functionality, and vice versa.", "Shapes should be chosen such that they best support the functionality of the interface.", "An example is a spherical multitouch interface, which is particularly suited to geographic information interfaces, which were previously limited to distorted flat projections of spherical earth data.", "Form follows flow: OUIs physically adapt to the context of a user's multiple activities, e.g., by taking on multiple shapes.", "An example of this is the \"clamshell\" phone, where the physical metaphor of altering the phone's shape (by opening it) alters the state of the user interface (to open communications).", "Another example is folding a thin-film tablet PC into a smaller, pocket-sized smartphone for mobility.", "Early examples of OUIs include Gummi, a rigid prototype of a flexible credit card display, PaperWindows, featuring active projection-mapped pieces of paper, the Microsoft Sphere, one of the first spherical multitouch computers, and DisplayObjects (rigid objects with displays wrapped around them).", "PaperPhone was one of the first OUIs to introduce bend gestures on a real flexible screen.", "It featured a flexible electrophoretic display and an array of 5 bend sensors that allowed for user navigation of content.", "Examples of actuated OUIs include shape changing prototypes like MorePhone and Morphees.", "The Nokia Kinetic, a flexible smartphone that allows input techniques such as bend, twist and squeeze, and the Samsung Youm, are early commercial prototypes of OUIs.", "It is widely expected that OUIs will be introduced on the market by the year 2018.", "Note that OUIs differ from a natural user interface (NUI) in that NUIs are limited to touch or remote gestural interactions with a flat display only.", "Although remote gestural interaction violates the principle of \"Input Equals Output\", OUIs generally subsume NUIs.", "Also note that OUI is a successor to and form of tangible user interface that always features a bitmapped display skin around its multi-shaped body.", "Finally, note that all OUIs are examples of haptic technologies, as their physical shapes, like real objects, provide passive tactile-kinaesthetic feedback even in non-actuated cases." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ]

[ "In human–computer interaction, an organic user interface (OUI) is defined as a user interface with a non-flat display." ]

[ "The tour began in the fall of 1990 with a three-week European leg featuring Megadeth, Slayer, Testament and Suicidal Tendencies, promoting their then-current albums \"Rust in Peace\", \"Seasons in the Abyss\", \"Souls of Black\" and \"Lights...", "Camera...Revolution!\" respectively.", "A second leg in 1991 in the United States and Canada had a slightly different lineup: Megadeth, Slayer and Anthrax headlined, and Alice in Chains supported; while Megadeth and Slayer were still promoting their respective albums \"Rust in Peace\" and \"Seasons in the Abyss\", Anthrax was supporting their fifth studio album \"Persistence of Time\" and Alice in Chains was touring behind their debut album \"Facelift\".", "Alice in Chains was not originally on the bill for the U.S. tour.", "According to the documentary \"Get Thrashed\", Death Angel was to be the supporting act – however, after a near-fatal tour bus crash, they were forced to bow out.", "Sepultura was also mooted for the tour, but, according to then-frontman Max Cavalera, \"got kicked out\", and instead embarked on the New Titans on the Block tour with Sacred Reich, Napalm Death and Sick of It All.", "Anthrax guitarist Scott Ian stated in an interview with \"Guitar World\" that they wanted Pantera as the opening act of the Clash of the Titans tour.", "Other bands, such as Exodus, Vio-lence, Kreator and Obituary, also reportedly declined to take part in the tour as the opening act.", "About the tour, Ian recalled, \"We didn't start making any money until 1991, on the Clash of the Titans tour in the States – not even a dime.", "I got home from that tour to receive a cheque for a sizeable amount and called my accountant, saying, 'There must be a mistake.'", "We were of Iron Maiden's style of mindset, where we had to have these huge stage sets, and everything went straight back into the band.", "\"\nInteresting to note is that Metallica was the only \"big four\" of thrash metal act that did not take part in the Clash of the Titans tour.", "Slayer guitarist Kerry King told \"Guitar World\" that, \"There might have even been talk of a 'Big Four' tour back then, but we probably couldn't get Metallica onboard.", "But we had three pieces of it, and that was all the management and promoters needed.\"", "The members of Slayer, Megadeth and Anthrax have indicated that one of the reasons Metallica was not part of the Clash of the Titans tour was due to their ascension to popularity, specifically with their self-titled \"black album\", which was not released until five weeks after the tour's conclusion.", "King has been quoted as saying, \"I knew Metallica wouldn't be a part of it 'cause they didn't need us.", "\"", "On November 16, 2009, it was announced that the European Clash of the Titans lineup would be reunited after nineteen years on the American Carnage Tour, featuring Slayer, Megadeth and Testament.", "On July 13, 2010, a second leg of the American Carnage Tour was announced that would feature the American Clash of the Titans lineup: Megadeth, Slayer and Anthrax.", "Neither Suicidal Tendencies nor Alice in Chains were featured in either lineup.", "On December 9, 2017, Ultimate-Guitar.com reported that a rebooted Clash of the Titans tour featuring Megadeth, Slayer, Testament and Sepultura was in the works, and scheduled to take place in 2018 or 2019 in support of new albums from these four bands.", "More speculation about a tour similar to Clash of the Titans was renewed in January 2018, when Megadeth frontman Dave Mustaine mentioned a potential tour featuring Exodus and three of the \"big four\" (Megadeth, Slayer and Anthrax); a month later, Mustaine tweeted another potential tour similar to Clash of the Titans, titled \"The New Big 4\", featuring Megadeth, Anthrax, Exodus and Testament.", "When Slayer announced their farewell tour in January 2018, it was suggested that the recently-rumored Clash of the Titans tour (also featuring Megadeth, Sepultura and Testament) would take place as part of the aforementioned tour.", "Although Mustaine cryptically denied that this tour was in the works, he stated in a June 2018 interview with Rock Talk With Mitch Lafon that, \"I hope that Megadeth and Slayer get to go one more round somewhere.", "I think it would be great, especially if it was a 'Big Four' show, but that's entirely up to them.", "And if it doesn't happen, we've had our share of Slayer and Megadeth shows, and I'll always appreciate those times together.\"", "Testament frontman Chuck Billy also commented on the tour rumors, referring to Slayer's farewell tour, \"I doubt it, this is Slayer's last tour so this is it.", "There will be no more Slayer tours.", "\"\nWhen asked in August 2018 by CBS San Francisco about the possibility of a revival of the Clash of the Titans tour with Slayer and Megadeth, Anthrax bassist Frank Bello stated, \"I wouldn't say it's under wraps because I don't know about it.", "But I would absolutely love for the Big 4 thing to happen again.", "That would be the right thing to do for everybody.", "I would love that.", "I mean, as far as Slayer goes, I'm sure they're going to do more shows next year, but I don't know if we'll be on them, because we do have our album to write.", "It's all about scheduling and agents and all that.", "But we'd be open to any of that, specifically the Big 4.", "I think all four bands that were involved with the Big 4 would love to do it again.", "But that's totally up to Metallica.", "\"\nIn August 2019, the website Metal Addicts reported that a 30th anniversary edition of the Clash of the Titans tour was rumored to be taking place in 2020 and would feature a different lineup, with Megadeth and Testament likely to be included, but added that Slayer was not expected to be on the bill due to their farewell tour, which ended in November 2019.", "When asked a month later by The Metal Voice what the odds were for the revival of the Clash of the Titans tour and their European tour with Testament and Exodus—The Bay Strikes Back, Death Angel frontman Mark Osegueda commented: \"The revival of the Clash of the Titans one, that's of course out of our hand.", "I've seen, some rumors floating around everywhere of course, we've not been approached so I could not tell you that, you know, I've heard anything.", "We've not been approached as a band as far as the Bay Strikes Back to tour that's happening in February–March in Europe.", "\"\nMegadeth Setlist 1990", "# \"Rattlehead\"\n# \"Wake Up Dead\"\n# \"Hangar 18\"\n# \"Hook in Mouth\"\n# \"Skull Beneath the Skin\"\n# \"The Conjuring\"\n# \"In My Darkest Hour\n# \"Devil's Island\n# \"My Last Words\"\n# \"Peace Sells\"\n# \"Holy Wars...", "The Punishment Due\"\n# \"Good Mourning/Black Friday\"\n# \"Liar\"\n# \"Anarchy in the U.K.\" (Sex Pistols cover)\nMegadeth Setlist 1991\n#\"Wake Up Dead\"\n#\"Hook In Mouth\"\n#\"Hangar 18\"\n#\"The Conjuring\"\n#\"In My Darkest Hour\"\n#\"Dawn Patrol\"\n#\"Tornado of Souls\"\n#\"Holy Wars...", "The Punishment Due\"\n#\"Peace Sells\"\n#\"Anarchy in the U.K.\" (Sex Pistols cover)\nSlayer Setlist 1990\n#\"Raining Blood\"\n#\"Black Magic\"\n#\"War Ensemble\"\n#\"Postmortem\"\n#\"Blood Red\"\n#\"Die by the Sword\"\n#\"Dead Skin Mask\"\n#\"Altar of Sacrifice\"\n#\"Jesus Saves\"\n#\"At Dawn", "They Sleep\"\n#\"Spirit in Black\"\n#\"Mandatory Suicide\"\n#\"Live Undead\"\n#\"South of Heaven\"\n#\"Angel of Death\"\nSlayer Setlist 1991\n#\"Hell Awaits\"\n#\"The Antichrist\"\n#\"War Ensemble\"\n#\"South of Heaven\"\n#\"Raining Blood\"\n#\"Altar of Sacrifice\"\n#\"Jesus Saves\"\n#\"Dead Skin Mask\"\n#\"Seasons in the Abyss\"\n#\"Mandatory Suicide\"\n#\"Angel of Death\"\nAnthrax Setlist\n#\"Efilnikufesin (N.F.L.)\"\n#\"Got the Time\" (Joe Jackson cover)\n#\"Caught in a Mosh\"\n#\"Keep It in the Family\"\n#\"Indians\"\n#\"Antisocial\" (Trust cover)\nEncore:\n#<li value=7>\"I'm the Man\"\n#<li value=8>\"Won't Get Fooled Again\" / \"I Am the Law\"", "Megadeth\n\n\nSlayer\n\n\nTestament\n\n\nSuicidal Tendencies\n\n\nAnthrax\n\n\nAlice in Chains" ]

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[ "Clash of the Titans was a concert tour co-headlined by American thrash metal bands Megadeth and Slayer, which took place in September and October 1990 and again from May to July 1991.", "Launched in support of their respective albums \"Rust in Peace\" and \"Seasons in the Abyss\", the tour had two legs, first in Europe (supported by Testament and Suicidal Tendencies) and second in the United States (tri-headlined by Megadeth, Slayer and Anthrax and supported by Alice in Chains)." ]

[ "Born in Wilhelmsburg, Austria, ethnically Hungarian, he begin playing with SK Građanski Sremska Mitrovica a local club in the town where he was living since young, in Vojvodina, still part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire back then.", "There he was spotted by Yugoslav SK Jugoslavija that offered him to move to Belgrade in 1930.", "After one season he moved to their Yugoslav First League main rivals at that time, Zagreb's HŠK Građanski where he will play until 1934.", "By 1934 his skills convinced the Yugoslav Football Association to offer him to play for the Yugoslav national team, having debuted on 18 March 1934 in a match against Bulgaria, a 2–1 win.", "Having represented two of the most notable clubs in Yugoslavia and having become national team player, foreign interest grow, and in summer 1934 he moved to Swiss BSC Young Boys where he will play two seasons until 1936.", "That year he moved to one of the most prominent French clubs from that period, FC Sète.", "In the Ligue 1 he will play a total of 15 matches having scored twice.", "In this period he became a regular in the Yugoslav national team.", "In 1938 Zagreb's HŠK Građanski, with the financial effort of their vice-president Gustav Maceljski, who paid 100.000 Francs to Sète, brought him back, but after one season they sold him to FC Rapid București.", "On 7 May 1939, he played his last match for the Yugoslav national team, against Romania, in a 0–1 defeat.", "By the beginning of the Second World War and the occupation of Yugoslavia, Sipos was playing in Romania.", "During this period he won 4 consecutive Romanian Cups, in 1939, 1940, 1941 and 1942.", "Interest on him grew again, and he moved to Hungarian Ferencváros in 1942.", "The club had been Hungarian league champions in 1940 and 1941, but Sipos will have to wait until 1944 to win the national title which was an unofficial one because the championship was unfinished.", "Being an ethnic Hungarian, and with Yugoslavia occupied, not competing, and with an uncertain future by then, Sipos was invited to play for the Hungarian national team making his debut in 1945.", "At the end of the war in 1945 and with Hungary becoming a communist country, Ferencváros finished in a disappointing 5th place in 1946.", "Sipos decided to move abroad, and in summer 1946 he accepted an offer from Italian Bologna FC, coached by the Hungarian József Viola.", "The club had dominated the Serie A by the late 1930s winning 4 titles between 1935 and 1941, but that season, 1946–47 Bologna finished 5th.", "Sipos left next summer, but stayed in Italy where he will play with several clubs such as Correggio, Grosseto and Arsenale Messina.", "Before retiring he played one season in French Algeria with FC Jeunesse Oran where he was simultaneously the main coach and player.", "After Algeria he moved to France where he kept playing exhibition matches until 1952 with IRO Hungaria, a team formed by Hungarian immigrants.", "Because many data from this period is lost or unavailable, it is believed that his career data is still incomplete.", "After retiring from football he moved to Paris where he lived until his death in 1978.", "Being considered one of the first professional players in Yugoslav football, he played a total of 13 matches for the Yugoslav national team between 1934 and 1939, having scored once, the only goal in the defeat against Czechoslovakia by 1–3, played on 28 May 1938.", "Beside the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Sipos played two matches for the Hungarian national team.", "The first was in Budapest against Romania in 1945, a smashing 7–2 win, where Sipos played in the attack alongside Nándor Hidegkuti, Gyula Zsengellér, Ferenc Puskás and István Nyers, and the second was in Vienna in 1946 against Austria, in a 2–3 defeat, with Sipos playing as right winger.", "Ferencváros", "Rapid București" ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 ]

[ "He played for several important clubs in a number of countries, having represented at national level both Yugoslavia and Hungary." ]

[ "On January 3, William Oliver Reese was near the Yokosuka-Chūō train station when he accosted 56-year-old Yoshie Sato, demanding money.", "Reese was intoxicated at the time.", "At first, he asked her for directions to the nearby naval base, and after she pointed it out to him, he attempted to take her purse.", "When Sato began yelling for help, Reese dragged her to a nearby stairwell and proceeded to beat her for 11 minutes.", "Sato later died of a ruptured kidney.", "He then removed 15,000 yen from her purse and left the scene.", "Some accounts claim that Reese was apprehended by US Navy sentries at the main gate to Yokosuka Naval Base, who became suspicious when they noticed Reese's bloodstained clothes; other accounts state that he was actually caught aboard the Kitty Hawk as he attempted to return to work.", "He would later claim that he had no idea why he killed her.", "When Reese was indicted and subsequently convicted after making a full confession there were many calls for a Status of Forces Agreement revision.", "While judges called the murder \"shocking\" and \"dreadful\", they cited Reese's confession, among other factors, as their justification for sparing him from a possible death sentence.", "Severe liberty restrictions were also enacted by the US Navy upon its sailors stationed in the region.", "The restrictions applied to all sailors and included such measures as curfews and detailed \"liberty plans\" (written statements of a sailor's exact whereabouts throughout the day)." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ]

[ "William Oliver Reese (born 1987) is a US Navy airman who, on January 3, 2006 murdered 56-year-old Japanese woman Yoshie Sato in Yokosuka, Japan.", "Reese was stationed on the USS \"Kitty Hawk\" (CV-63)." ]

[ "\"McGee and Me!\" stars Nicholas Martin, an 11-year-old aspiring artist and cartoonist who lives with his family in the town of Eastfield, Indiana.", "His father, David, is a newspaper journalist while his mother, Elizabeth, works at a counseling center.", "Nick, his parents, his older sister Sarah, and their younger sister Jamie, all first move to Eastfield in the first episode, moving into their grandmother's house to live with her.", "Nick often spends his time drawing and conversing with his imaginary friend, an animated cartoon character named McGee, who has wacky adventures of his own and serves as Nick's constant companion and confidant.", "Nick's life is constantly challenged by worldly trials and tribulations that put his morals and convictions to the test, with Nick learning valuable lessons along the way and, at times, facing the consequences of his actions.", "His friends include Louis Armstrong, a streetwise kid and Nick's best friend, Renee Johnson, a pretty girl and a good student who hangs out with Nick and Louis, Phillip Monroe, a young \"nerdy\" boy in Nick's class who's very smart and sometimes picked on by older kids, and, in the last two episodes, Jordan Michaels, an athletic football-playing student who's also into computer graphics.", "In the first nine episodes, Nick's main adversary is Derrick Cryder, a bully who constantly picks on Nick, Phillip, and other kids, but by the end of the Christmas episode, he reforms when he saves Nick from a gang member after Nick shows him kindness.", "Derrick later serves as a voice of reason for Nick in Episode 12 after Nick strains his friendship with his other friends.", "The first nine episodes feature Nick in waning years of elementary school, while the final three episodes, titled The New Adventures of McGee and Me!, see Nick enter junior high school.", "Though, the actors at the time were much older than their characters' ages, giving Nick the appearance of a high schooler instead, due to the final three episodes having been produced a couple of years after the first nine.", "On January 25, 1992, ABC aired \"The Big Lie\" as a pilot for a possible series run.", "The episode aired as part of the \"ABC Weekend Specials\" series yet ABC spokeswoman Janice Gretemeyer stated that the episode had been edited to allow for commercials, and to remove specific Christian references.", "Another episode, \"Take Me Out of the Ball Game\" aired as part of the \"ABC Weekend Specials\" series on September 12, 1992.", "The entire series has aired on the Trinity Broadcasting Network and on TBN's children network Smile of a Child, but stopped airing sometime before April 2012.", "#\"The Big Lie\" - Eleven-year-old Nick, along with his parents and 14-year-old sister Sarah and little sister Jamie, moves into his grandmother's house in Eastfield, Indiana.", "In an effort to make friends and avoid a bully, Louis tells lies about George Ravenhill's house, Nick sneaks into the old man's cellar, scares himself, and Louis, Renee and the kids at school create stories about the encounter that spiral into lies.", "Derrick and his friends wreck the house and Nick is forced to clean it up as punishment.", "His dad helps him learn an important lesson about lying, elders, fear, speaking up, and bullying.", "#\"A Star in the Breaking\" - Nick, his mom, and his cartoon pal McGee learn a lesson in humility when the fame and popularity of being on a game show goes to Nick's head.", "#\"The Not-So-Great Escape\" - Nick wants to go with Louis to see \"Night Of The Blood Freaks Part 4\" in theaters.", "His parents forbid him to go, saying that the movie's nothing but garbage, and they ground him for arguing and talking back (and telling his sister to shut up).", "Nick sneaks out, betrays and disobeys his parents, regrets seeing the movie, and gets punished more by doing extra chores this week.", "In this episode, Nick learns the lesson of honoring your father and mother, and making right choices.", "#\"Skate Expectations\" - After trying to protect a geeky boy, Phillip, from Derrick and his friends, Nick finds himself in a skateboarding contest, even though he isn't that good at it.", "He practices, but on the day of the race, Derrick's friends try to sabotage it.", "However, Nick's friends notice and even though he loses the race, they disqualify Derrick and so he does end up winning.", "He learns about cheating, practice, friendship, and standing up for others.", "#\"Twister and Shout\" - One Friday night, Nick and Sarah are staying home alone while their sister Jamie and their grandmother are visiting aunt Marie in Columbus, Ohio and their parents are out of town as well as Renee's divorced mother.", "With Louis and Renee staying over as well, Sarah is left in charge, which leads to ensuing conflict between her and Nick.", "However this quickly fades when the kids face the news of an impending tornado, and in the process they deal with fear and faith in God.\n#\"Back to the Drawing Board\" - Nick and Todd, both talented artists, compete for a coveted spot and reward in a contest.", "Neither win, but both learn the meaning of good sportsmanship and fair competition.", "#\"Do the Bright Thing\" - Nick and the others learn another life lesson on making wise decisions, especially when Nick was planning on buying a new drawing table before settling on a sketch pad.", "#\"Take Me Out of the Ball Game\" -", "Sarah tells Nick to learn to trust God rather than men as underdog Eastfield Braves battle the Dodgers.", "#\"Twas the Fight Before Christmas\" - Nick, Louis, and Derrick are cast to play the Three Wise Men in the school's Christmas pageant, but Derrick wants nothing to do with the play.", "When Nick sees Derrick hanging out with a gang of thieves, he decides to check in on Derrick and discovers why Derrick is such a bully: Derrick has an abusive father and is involved with a gang member named Ray.", "When Nick shows Derrick a bit of kindness, Derrick begins to have a change of heart and, after performing in the school play, ends up saving Nick's life when Ray attacks Nick in an alley.", "Derrick fights Ray off and Nick thanks him, with the two ending on good terms with each other.", "#\"In the Nick of Time\" - Nick, Phillip and Renee join their fathers on a mountain climbing trip to California.", "While Phillip's prankster father puts Phillip and the rest of the group on edge, and Renee's father hopes to catch up on lost time since moving to California some years earlier following his divorce from Renee's mother, in a way much to Renee's dismay.", "Nick deals with a staggering fear of heights.", "This fear is pushed to the ultimate limit when Nick must rescue his father after falling off a cliff.", "In the process, Nick learns about courage and believing in yourself.", "#\"The Blunder Years\" - Nick is taken under the wing of Rex Rogers, the most popular guy in junior high, who shows Nick how to act \"cool\", straining Nick's relationship both with his parents and with his real friends, Renee, Phillip, and Jordan.", "The new and improved Derrick must help Nick learn a lesson in peer pressure by reminding him who his true friends are.", "#\"Beauty in the Least\" - Nick and his family learn to \"love your neighbor as yourself\".", "Much to everyone's dismay, Nick's Romanian pen pal and his father pay a surprise visit to the Martins, just in time for Thanksgiving.", "Even though the two visitors seem like an inconvenience, they eventually teach the family a lesson in love, hospitality, and the true meaning of Thanksgiving.", "#McGee TV: Out of Control -", "In this compilation of many of the previous episodes' animated McGee segments and a few of the live action sequences, McGee hosts his own brand new TV network, \"McGee TV\", featuring all new computer-animated sequences accompanied by an announcer voice (provided by Townsend Coleman).", "As McGee tries to operate his network, things get out of hand as the task soon becomes more than he can handle.", "Mary Stevens of the \"Chicago Tribune\" described the children's series as \"exceptional\", and that \"the production quality is top-notch\".", "Stevens goes on to say that the series \"offers an entertaining mixture of live action, animation and well-written stories with positive moral messages\", and despite being based on Bible principles \"the series isn't excessively preachy or pushy\".", "\"Entertainment Weekly\" gave the episode \"A Star in the Breaking\" an A rating, stating \"No matter what your religious orientation, you and your child will likely find the message compelling\".", "In 1990, producer George Taweel received the Michael Landon Award for the series.", "In 1993, Joe Dammann, Sarah Dammann, Chelsea Hertford, Whit Hertford, and Shaylisa Hurte received nominations for \"Outstanding Youth Mini-Video Series\"." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ]

[ "Each half-hour-long episode centers on Nicholas, his cartoon friend, McGee, and the moral lessons they learn as Nick grows up after moving to a new town." ]

[ "\"McGee and Me!\" stars Nicholas Martin, an 11-year-old aspiring artist and cartoonist who lives with his family in the town of Eastfield, Indiana.", "His father, David, is a newspaper journalist while his mother, Elizabeth, works at a counseling center.", "Nick, his parents, his older sister Sarah, and their younger sister Jamie, all first move to Eastfield in the first episode, moving into their grandmother's house to live with her.", "Nick often spends his time drawing and conversing with his imaginary friend, an animated cartoon character named McGee, who has wacky adventures of his own and serves as Nick's constant companion and confidant.", "Nick's life is constantly challenged by worldly trials and tribulations that put his morals and convictions to the test, with Nick learning valuable lessons along the way and, at times, facing the consequences of his actions.", "His friends include Louis Armstrong, a streetwise kid and Nick's best friend, Renee Johnson, a pretty girl and a good student who hangs out with Nick and Louis, Phillip Monroe, a young \"nerdy\" boy in Nick's class who's very smart and sometimes picked on by older kids, and, in the last two episodes, Jordan Michaels, an athletic football-playing student who's also into computer graphics.", "In the first nine episodes, Nick's main adversary is Derrick Cryder, a bully who constantly picks on Nick, Phillip, and other kids, but by the end of the Christmas episode, he reforms when he saves Nick from a gang member after Nick shows him kindness.", "Derrick later serves as a voice of reason for Nick in Episode 12 after Nick strains his friendship with his other friends.", "The first nine episodes feature Nick in waning years of elementary school, while the final three episodes, titled The New Adventures of McGee and Me!, see Nick enter junior high school.", "Though, the actors at the time were much older than their characters' ages, giving Nick the appearance of a high schooler instead, due to the final three episodes having been produced a couple of years after the first nine.", "On January 25, 1992, ABC aired \"The Big Lie\" as a pilot for a possible series run.", "The episode aired as part of the \"ABC Weekend Specials\" series yet ABC spokeswoman Janice Gretemeyer stated that the episode had been edited to allow for commercials, and to remove specific Christian references.", "Another episode, \"Take Me Out of the Ball Game\" aired as part of the \"ABC Weekend Specials\" series on September 12, 1992.", "The entire series has aired on the Trinity Broadcasting Network and on TBN's children network Smile of a Child, but stopped airing sometime before April 2012.", "#\"The Big Lie\" - Eleven-year-old Nick, along with his parents and 14-year-old sister Sarah and little sister Jamie, moves into his grandmother's house in Eastfield, Indiana.", "In an effort to make friends and avoid a bully, Louis tells lies about George Ravenhill's house, Nick sneaks into the old man's cellar, scares himself, and Louis, Renee and the kids at school create stories about the encounter that spiral into lies.", "Derrick and his friends wreck the house and Nick is forced to clean it up as punishment.", "His dad helps him learn an important lesson about lying, elders, fear, speaking up, and bullying.", "#\"A Star in the Breaking\" - Nick, his mom, and his cartoon pal McGee learn a lesson in humility when the fame and popularity of being on a game show goes to Nick's head.", "#\"The Not-So-Great Escape\" - Nick wants to go with Louis to see \"Night Of The Blood Freaks Part 4\" in theaters.", "His parents forbid him to go, saying that the movie's nothing but garbage, and they ground him for arguing and talking back (and telling his sister to shut up).", "Nick sneaks out, betrays and disobeys his parents, regrets seeing the movie, and gets punished more by doing extra chores this week.", "In this episode, Nick learns the lesson of honoring your father and mother, and making right choices.", "#\"Skate Expectations\" - After trying to protect a geeky boy, Phillip, from Derrick and his friends, Nick finds himself in a skateboarding contest, even though he isn't that good at it.", "He practices, but on the day of the race, Derrick's friends try to sabotage it.", "However, Nick's friends notice and even though he loses the race, they disqualify Derrick and so he does end up winning.", "He learns about cheating, practice, friendship, and standing up for others.", "#\"Twister and Shout\" - One Friday night, Nick and Sarah are staying home alone while their sister Jamie and their grandmother are visiting aunt Marie in Columbus, Ohio and their parents are out of town as well as Renee's divorced mother.", "With Louis and Renee staying over as well, Sarah is left in charge, which leads to ensuing conflict between her and Nick.", "However this quickly fades when the kids face the news of an impending tornado, and in the process they deal with fear and faith in God.\n#\"Back to the Drawing Board\" - Nick and Todd, both talented artists, compete for a coveted spot and reward in a contest.", "Neither win, but both learn the meaning of good sportsmanship and fair competition.", "#\"Do the Bright Thing\" - Nick and the others learn another life lesson on making wise decisions, especially when Nick was planning on buying a new drawing table before settling on a sketch pad.", "#\"Take Me Out of the Ball Game\" -", "Sarah tells Nick to learn to trust God rather than men as underdog Eastfield Braves battle the Dodgers.", "#\"Twas the Fight Before Christmas\" - Nick, Louis, and Derrick are cast to play the Three Wise Men in the school's Christmas pageant, but Derrick wants nothing to do with the play.", "When Nick sees Derrick hanging out with a gang of thieves, he decides to check in on Derrick and discovers why Derrick is such a bully: Derrick has an abusive father and is involved with a gang member named Ray.", "When Nick shows Derrick a bit of kindness, Derrick begins to have a change of heart and, after performing in the school play, ends up saving Nick's life when Ray attacks Nick in an alley.", "Derrick fights Ray off and Nick thanks him, with the two ending on good terms with each other.", "#\"In the Nick of Time\" - Nick, Phillip and Renee join their fathers on a mountain climbing trip to California.", "While Phillip's prankster father puts Phillip and the rest of the group on edge, and Renee's father hopes to catch up on lost time since moving to California some years earlier following his divorce from Renee's mother, in a way much to Renee's dismay.", "Nick deals with a staggering fear of heights.", "This fear is pushed to the ultimate limit when Nick must rescue his father after falling off a cliff.", "In the process, Nick learns about courage and believing in yourself.", "#\"The Blunder Years\" - Nick is taken under the wing of Rex Rogers, the most popular guy in junior high, who shows Nick how to act \"cool\", straining Nick's relationship both with his parents and with his real friends, Renee, Phillip, and Jordan.", "The new and improved Derrick must help Nick learn a lesson in peer pressure by reminding him who his true friends are.", "#\"Beauty in the Least\" - Nick and his family learn to \"love your neighbor as yourself\".", "Much to everyone's dismay, Nick's Romanian pen pal and his father pay a surprise visit to the Martins, just in time for Thanksgiving.", "Even though the two visitors seem like an inconvenience, they eventually teach the family a lesson in love, hospitality, and the true meaning of Thanksgiving.", "#McGee TV: Out of Control -", "In this compilation of many of the previous episodes' animated McGee segments and a few of the live action sequences, McGee hosts his own brand new TV network, \"McGee TV\", featuring all new computer-animated sequences accompanied by an announcer voice (provided by Townsend Coleman).", "As McGee tries to operate his network, things get out of hand as the task soon becomes more than he can handle.", "Mary Stevens of the \"Chicago Tribune\" described the children's series as \"exceptional\", and that \"the production quality is top-notch\".", "Stevens goes on to say that the series \"offers an entertaining mixture of live action, animation and well-written stories with positive moral messages\", and despite being based on Bible principles \"the series isn't excessively preachy or pushy\".", "\"Entertainment Weekly\" gave the episode \"A Star in the Breaking\" an A rating, stating \"No matter what your religious orientation, you and your child will likely find the message compelling\".", "In 1990, producer George Taweel received the Michael Landon Award for the series.", "In 1993, Joe Dammann, Sarah Dammann, Chelsea Hertford, Whit Hertford, and Shaylisa Hurte received nominations for \"Outstanding Youth Mini-Video Series\"." ]

[ 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 ]

[ "\"McGee and Me!\" deals with issues such as honesty (\"The Big Lie\"), bullying (\"Skate Expectations\"), and faith in God (\"Twister and Shout\")." ]

[ "\"McGee and Me!\" stars Nicholas Martin, an 11-year-old aspiring artist and cartoonist who lives with his family in the town of Eastfield, Indiana.", "His father, David, is a newspaper journalist while his mother, Elizabeth, works at a counseling center.", "Nick, his parents, his older sister Sarah, and their younger sister Jamie, all first move to Eastfield in the first episode, moving into their grandmother's house to live with her.", "Nick often spends his time drawing and conversing with his imaginary friend, an animated cartoon character named McGee, who has wacky adventures of his own and serves as Nick's constant companion and confidant.", "Nick's life is constantly challenged by worldly trials and tribulations that put his morals and convictions to the test, with Nick learning valuable lessons along the way and, at times, facing the consequences of his actions.", "His friends include Louis Armstrong, a streetwise kid and Nick's best friend, Renee Johnson, a pretty girl and a good student who hangs out with Nick and Louis, Phillip Monroe, a young \"nerdy\" boy in Nick's class who's very smart and sometimes picked on by older kids, and, in the last two episodes, Jordan Michaels, an athletic football-playing student who's also into computer graphics.", "In the first nine episodes, Nick's main adversary is Derrick Cryder, a bully who constantly picks on Nick, Phillip, and other kids, but by the end of the Christmas episode, he reforms when he saves Nick from a gang member after Nick shows him kindness.", "Derrick later serves as a voice of reason for Nick in Episode 12 after Nick strains his friendship with his other friends.", "The first nine episodes feature Nick in waning years of elementary school, while the final three episodes, titled The New Adventures of McGee and Me!, see Nick enter junior high school.", "Though, the actors at the time were much older than their characters' ages, giving Nick the appearance of a high schooler instead, due to the final three episodes having been produced a couple of years after the first nine.", "On January 25, 1992, ABC aired \"The Big Lie\" as a pilot for a possible series run.", "The episode aired as part of the \"ABC Weekend Specials\" series yet ABC spokeswoman Janice Gretemeyer stated that the episode had been edited to allow for commercials, and to remove specific Christian references.", "Another episode, \"Take Me Out of the Ball Game\" aired as part of the \"ABC Weekend Specials\" series on September 12, 1992.", "The entire series has aired on the Trinity Broadcasting Network and on TBN's children network Smile of a Child, but stopped airing sometime before April 2012.", "#\"The Big Lie\" - Eleven-year-old Nick, along with his parents and 14-year-old sister Sarah and little sister Jamie, moves into his grandmother's house in Eastfield, Indiana.", "In an effort to make friends and avoid a bully, Louis tells lies about George Ravenhill's house, Nick sneaks into the old man's cellar, scares himself, and Louis, Renee and the kids at school create stories about the encounter that spiral into lies.", "Derrick and his friends wreck the house and Nick is forced to clean it up as punishment.", "His dad helps him learn an important lesson about lying, elders, fear, speaking up, and bullying.", "#\"A Star in the Breaking\" - Nick, his mom, and his cartoon pal McGee learn a lesson in humility when the fame and popularity of being on a game show goes to Nick's head.", "#\"The Not-So-Great Escape\" - Nick wants to go with Louis to see \"Night Of The Blood Freaks Part 4\" in theaters.", "His parents forbid him to go, saying that the movie's nothing but garbage, and they ground him for arguing and talking back (and telling his sister to shut up).", "Nick sneaks out, betrays and disobeys his parents, regrets seeing the movie, and gets punished more by doing extra chores this week.", "In this episode, Nick learns the lesson of honoring your father and mother, and making right choices.", "#\"Skate Expectations\" - After trying to protect a geeky boy, Phillip, from Derrick and his friends, Nick finds himself in a skateboarding contest, even though he isn't that good at it.", "He practices, but on the day of the race, Derrick's friends try to sabotage it.", "However, Nick's friends notice and even though he loses the race, they disqualify Derrick and so he does end up winning.", "He learns about cheating, practice, friendship, and standing up for others.", "#\"Twister and Shout\" - One Friday night, Nick and Sarah are staying home alone while their sister Jamie and their grandmother are visiting aunt Marie in Columbus, Ohio and their parents are out of town as well as Renee's divorced mother.", "With Louis and Renee staying over as well, Sarah is left in charge, which leads to ensuing conflict between her and Nick.", "However this quickly fades when the kids face the news of an impending tornado, and in the process they deal with fear and faith in God.\n#\"Back to the Drawing Board\" - Nick and Todd, both talented artists, compete for a coveted spot and reward in a contest.", "Neither win, but both learn the meaning of good sportsmanship and fair competition.", "#\"Do the Bright Thing\" - Nick and the others learn another life lesson on making wise decisions, especially when Nick was planning on buying a new drawing table before settling on a sketch pad.", "#\"Take Me Out of the Ball Game\" -", "Sarah tells Nick to learn to trust God rather than men as underdog Eastfield Braves battle the Dodgers.", "#\"Twas the Fight Before Christmas\" - Nick, Louis, and Derrick are cast to play the Three Wise Men in the school's Christmas pageant, but Derrick wants nothing to do with the play.", "When Nick sees Derrick hanging out with a gang of thieves, he decides to check in on Derrick and discovers why Derrick is such a bully: Derrick has an abusive father and is involved with a gang member named Ray.", "When Nick shows Derrick a bit of kindness, Derrick begins to have a change of heart and, after performing in the school play, ends up saving Nick's life when Ray attacks Nick in an alley.", "Derrick fights Ray off and Nick thanks him, with the two ending on good terms with each other.", "#\"In the Nick of Time\" - Nick, Phillip and Renee join their fathers on a mountain climbing trip to California.", "While Phillip's prankster father puts Phillip and the rest of the group on edge, and Renee's father hopes to catch up on lost time since moving to California some years earlier following his divorce from Renee's mother, in a way much to Renee's dismay.", "Nick deals with a staggering fear of heights.", "This fear is pushed to the ultimate limit when Nick must rescue his father after falling off a cliff.", "In the process, Nick learns about courage and believing in yourself.", "#\"The Blunder Years\" - Nick is taken under the wing of Rex Rogers, the most popular guy in junior high, who shows Nick how to act \"cool\", straining Nick's relationship both with his parents and with his real friends, Renee, Phillip, and Jordan.", "The new and improved Derrick must help Nick learn a lesson in peer pressure by reminding him who his true friends are.", "#\"Beauty in the Least\" - Nick and his family learn to \"love your neighbor as yourself\".", "Much to everyone's dismay, Nick's Romanian pen pal and his father pay a surprise visit to the Martins, just in time for Thanksgiving.", "Even though the two visitors seem like an inconvenience, they eventually teach the family a lesson in love, hospitality, and the true meaning of Thanksgiving.", "#McGee TV: Out of Control -", "In this compilation of many of the previous episodes' animated McGee segments and a few of the live action sequences, McGee hosts his own brand new TV network, \"McGee TV\", featuring all new computer-animated sequences accompanied by an announcer voice (provided by Townsend Coleman).", "As McGee tries to operate his network, things get out of hand as the task soon becomes more than he can handle.", "Mary Stevens of the \"Chicago Tribune\" described the children's series as \"exceptional\", and that \"the production quality is top-notch\".", "Stevens goes on to say that the series \"offers an entertaining mixture of live action, animation and well-written stories with positive moral messages\", and despite being based on Bible principles \"the series isn't excessively preachy or pushy\".", "\"Entertainment Weekly\" gave the episode \"A Star in the Breaking\" an A rating, stating \"No matter what your religious orientation, you and your child will likely find the message compelling\".", "In 1990, producer George Taweel received the Michael Landon Award for the series.", "In 1993, Joe Dammann, Sarah Dammann, Chelsea Hertford, Whit Hertford, and Shaylisa Hurte received nominations for \"Outstanding Youth Mini-Video Series\"." ]

[ 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37 ]

[ "\"McGee and Me!\" deals with issues such as honesty (\"The Big Lie\"), bullying (\"Skate Expectations\"), and faith in God (\"Twister and Shout\")." ]

[ "The most common chronic treatment method is the use of medicine.", "Many people try to seek pain relief from analgesic medicines (commonly termed pain killers), such as aspirin, acetaminophen, aspirin compounds, ibuprofen, and opioids.", "The long term use of opioids; however, appears to result in greater harm than benefit.", "Also, abortive medications can be used to \"stop a headache once it has begun\"; such drugs include ergotamine (Cafergot), triptans (Imitrex), and prednisone (Deltasone).", "However, medical professionals advise that abuse of analgesics and abortive medications can actually lead to an increase in headaches.", "The painkiller medicines help headaches temporarily, but as the \"quick fix\" wears off, headaches become more re-current and grow in intensity.", "These \"rebound headaches\" can actually make the body less responsive to preventive medication.", "The conditions keep worsening if one takes paracetamol, aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for 15 days a month or more.", "Therefore, analgesic and abortive medications are often advised for headaches that are not chronic in nature.", "The most common medicines used to treat chronic (daily) headaches are called prophylactic medicines, which are used to prevent headaches.", "Such preventive medication is taken on a daily basis, even when a person may not have a headache.", "Prophylactic medicines are recommended for chronic headache patients because varied experiments prove that the medications \"reduce the frequency, severity, and disability associated with daily headaches\".", "A majority of the prophylactic medications work by inhibiting or increasing neurotransmissions in the brain, often preventing the brain from interpreting pain signals.", "Preventive medicines include gabapentin (Neurontin), tizanidine (Zanaflex), fluoxetine (Prozac), amitriptyline (Elavil), and topiramate (Topamax).", "In testing, gabapentin was found to reduce the number of headache days a month by 9.1%.", "Tizanidine was found to decrease the average frequency of headaches per week, the headache intensity, and the mean headache duration.", "Through studies, Fluoxetine resulted in better mood ratings and \"significant increases in headache-free days\".", "Despite being associated with depression, antidepressants, such as amitriptyline, have been found to effectively treat \"near-daily headaches\" and numerous chronic pain conditions as well as improving mood and sleep—two possible triggers for chronic headache sufferers.", "One study found that the headache frequency over a 28-day period lowered for chronic headache patients on topiramate.", "Another medication to prevent headaches is botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA or BOTOX), which is given by injection instead of being taken orally.", "In a clinical study of botulinum toxin type A, patients participating in the 9-month treatment period with three treatments experienced headache frequency decreases up to 50%.", "As with all medications, the preventive medications may have side effects.", "Since different people respond to drugs differently, chronic headache sufferers may have to go through a \"trial-and-error\" period to find the right medications.", "The previously mentioned medicines can improve headaches, but physicians recommend multiple forms of treatments.", "In addition to medicines, physical therapy is a treatment to help improve chronic headaches.", "In physical therapy, a patient works together with a therapist to help identify and change physical habits or conditions that affect chronic headaches.", "Physical therapy for chronic daily headaches focuses on the upper body, including the upper back, neck, and face.", "Therapists assess and improve the patient's body posture, which can aggravate headaches.", "During office sessions, therapists use manual therapy, such as a massage, stretching, or joint movement to release muscle tension.", "Other methods to relax muscles include heat packs, ice packs, and \"electrical stimulation\".", "Therapists also teach chronic headache sufferers at-home exercises to strengthen and stretch muscles that may be triggering headaches.", "In physical therapy, the patient must take an active role to practice exercises and make changes to his or her lifestyle for there to be improvement.", "Another non-medicinal treatment, which does not require at-home exercises, is acupuncture.", "Acupuncture involves a certified acupuncturist picking particular points on the body to insert acupuncture needles; these points may differ on an individual basis.", "With chronic headache patients, the acupuncturist may needle \"tender points at or near the site of maximal headache pain\".", "A study conducted by the University of North Carolina School of Medicine found that compared to medicinal treatment alone, medicinal treatment plus acupuncture resulted in more improvement for chronic daily headache patients.", "Another acupuncture study in Germany found that 52.6% of patients reported a decrease in headache frequency In both studies, acupuncture was not the only treatment.", "Trials show that acupuncture can cause \"relevant improvements\" for people with chronic headaches.", "Relaxation training is another form of non-pharmacological treatment for chronic headache.", "Relaxation training helps to reduce internal tension, allowing a person to control headaches triggered by stress.", "The different relaxation methods are normally taught by a psychologist or a therapist.", "Relaxation training works as people become in tune with their own body, allowing them to realize when it is necessary to decrease tension before a headache occurs.", "The point of relaxation training is to teach people \"an attitude of consciously setting out to relax but not trying too hard\", enabling people to relax in everyday situations.", "Relaxation training includes two different types of methods: physical and mental.", "Physical relaxation methods involve actual body movement or action.", "One physical method for releasing tension involves \"purposefully tensing and then relaxing groups of muscles in a definite sequence\", which is named accordingly progressive muscle relaxation.", "Another physical method of relaxation is deep breathing.", "Deep breathing is done by breathing from the bottom of the lungs up, which is characterized by the rise and fall of the stomach, not the chest.", "These are the two most common physical methods of relaxation for chronic headache sufferers.", "Also, relaxation therapy can involve mental techniques to decrease body tension.", "The first is called \"focused imagery\".", "Focused imagery involves concentration on relaxed body parts, followed by focus on tense muscles and imagining that the tense areas are being worked on or relaxed.", "The next mental technique involves focus on the whole body, instead of its individual parts.", "In \"deepening imagery\", a person imagines the body's tension as a meter of high to low, and works to reduce tension mentally.", "An additional mental strategy involves creating and experiencing a location of relaxation in the mind.", "The last mental strategy involves the chronic headache patient visualizing a place of stress in his or her life and imagining a relaxed response.", "Meditation in a relaxing environment is also suggested to prevent headaches.", "Meditation often involves repeating a one syllable sound or staring at a visual object to help focus attention.", "Relaxation helps the body to unwind, preventing the formation of headaches.", "Biofeedback is often used to evaluate the effectiveness of relaxation training, because it feeds back information to the chronic headache sufferer about the \"body's (biological) current state\".", "One of the most common biofeedback tests is the Electromyograph (EMG), which evaluates the “electrical activity” produced by muscles.", "Biofeedback also can measure electrical brain activity through a test called the Electroencephalograph (EEG).", "Another test, called the thermograph, measures skin temperature, because when a person is relaxed they have increased blood flow and a higher temperature.", "Another method is BVP biofeedback training, which improves chronic headaches by teaching a patient how to regulate and decrease arterial pulse amplitudes by restricting the arteries.", "When tense, a person's sweat gland activity increases, which is measured by electrodermograph testing of the hands.", "Biofeedback methods have been proven to work.", "A study involving fifteen treatment sessions found that biofeedback was \"successful in reducing both frequency and severity of headache at discharge and over time\".", "Biofeedback allows headache sufferers to identify problems and then seek to reduce them.", "Many physicians also recommend changes in diet to treat chronic headaches.", "Many chronic headache sufferers fail to recognize foods or beverages as headache factors, because the consumption may not consistently cause headaches or the headaches may be delayed.", "Many of the chemicals in certain foods can cause chronic headaches, including caffeine, nitrites, nitrates, tyramine, and alcohols.", "Some of the foods and beverages that chronic headache sufferers are advised to avoid include caffeinated beverages, chocolate, processed meats, cheese and fermented dairy products, fresh yeast-risen baked goods, nuts, and alcohol as well as certain fruits and vegetables.", "Yeast extract may encourage migraines.", "Lowering the consumption of yeast extract may significantly reduce headache days.", "Additionally, people may have differing dietary triggers on an individualized basis, because not all foods affect people the same way.", "Different medical professionals suggest different ways of testing or changing diets.", "Some may suggest eliminating a few of the potentially headache-causing foods at a time for a short period of time, while others suggest removing all the threatening foods from a person's diet and slowly adding a couple back at a time.", "Yet, others may not suggest diet modification at all.", "The treatment of chronic headaches through changes in diet is based on personal opinion, and, therefore, controversial.", "Also, behavioral therapy and psychological therapy are suggested treatments to reduce chronic headaches.", "Behavioral therapy and psychological therapy relate closely in their treatment methods, which include a combination of identifying headache stressors, biofeedback, relaxation training, and cognitive-behavioral therapy.", "Cognitive-behavioral therapy's purpose \"is to identify and resolve the sources of recurrent stress\".", "In treatment studies, patients with medication plus cognitive-behavioral therapy groups did better than groups with medication alone or cognitive-behavioral therapy alone.", "Psychological and behavioral therapies identify stressful situations and teach chronic headache patients to react differently, change their behavior, or adjust attitudes to reduce tension that leads to headaches.", "Treatments especially focus on \"emotional, mental, behavioral, and social factors\" as they impact headaches.", "Patients are advised to simply avoid stressors when plausible or share their burdens with others.", "In this way, studies have found that patients with multimodal treatment in a group setting fare better than patients who follow multimodal treatment alone.", "Another behavioral study, which included multimodal treatment, showed that the \"frequency of severe headaches was reduced by a clinically significant amount for 75% of the patients\".", "Behavioral and psychological therapies work to identify and eliminate or reduce stressful situations that lead to chronic headaches.", "Beyond behavioral modification, psychological therapy has a few distinct characteristics of its own.", "It is important to look at the psychological status of a chronic headache sufferer to \"identify conditions that might interfere with headaches and treatments\", such as depression.", "Also, psychological therapy suggests training in self-hypnosis.", "While hypnotized, patients are given suggestions to relax and use visual imagery to control headache mechanisms, which is very similar to relaxation therapy.", "Psychological therapists also analyze personal issues that may interfere in a chronic headache patient's life, making him or her unable to make changes in lifestyle to improve headaches.", "Psychologist or psychiatric help for chronic headache patients is controversial, as a patient must be open to possible psychological factors in relation to headaches.", "Chiropractic care involves in manipulation of the neck and spine to ensure proper alignment.", "A misalignment can cause headaches along with other problems in the body.", "The misalignment can compress nerves in the lower neck as well as cause muscle contractions in the neck and headaches can result." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 ]

[ "Chronic headache, or chronic daily headache (CDH), is classified as experiencing fifteen or more days with a headache per month.", "The treatments for chronic headache are vast and varied.", "Medicinal and non-medicinal methods exist to help patients cope with chronic headache, because chronic headaches cannot be cured.", "Multiple sources recommend \"multimodal treatment\", which is a combination of medicinal and non-medicinal remedies.", "Some treatments are controversial and are still being tested for effectiveness." ]

[ "The most common chronic treatment method is the use of medicine.", "Many people try to seek pain relief from analgesic medicines (commonly termed pain killers), such as aspirin, acetaminophen, aspirin compounds, ibuprofen, and opioids.", "The long term use of opioids; however, appears to result in greater harm than benefit.", "Also, abortive medications can be used to \"stop a headache once it has begun\"; such drugs include ergotamine (Cafergot), triptans (Imitrex), and prednisone (Deltasone).", "However, medical professionals advise that abuse of analgesics and abortive medications can actually lead to an increase in headaches.", "The painkiller medicines help headaches temporarily, but as the \"quick fix\" wears off, headaches become more re-current and grow in intensity.", "These \"rebound headaches\" can actually make the body less responsive to preventive medication.", "The conditions keep worsening if one takes paracetamol, aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for 15 days a month or more.", "Therefore, analgesic and abortive medications are often advised for headaches that are not chronic in nature.", "The most common medicines used to treat chronic (daily) headaches are called prophylactic medicines, which are used to prevent headaches.", "Such preventive medication is taken on a daily basis, even when a person may not have a headache.", "Prophylactic medicines are recommended for chronic headache patients because varied experiments prove that the medications \"reduce the frequency, severity, and disability associated with daily headaches\".", "A majority of the prophylactic medications work by inhibiting or increasing neurotransmissions in the brain, often preventing the brain from interpreting pain signals.", "Preventive medicines include gabapentin (Neurontin), tizanidine (Zanaflex), fluoxetine (Prozac), amitriptyline (Elavil), and topiramate (Topamax).", "In testing, gabapentin was found to reduce the number of headache days a month by 9.1%.", "Tizanidine was found to decrease the average frequency of headaches per week, the headache intensity, and the mean headache duration.", "Through studies, Fluoxetine resulted in better mood ratings and \"significant increases in headache-free days\".", "Despite being associated with depression, antidepressants, such as amitriptyline, have been found to effectively treat \"near-daily headaches\" and numerous chronic pain conditions as well as improving mood and sleep—two possible triggers for chronic headache sufferers.", "One study found that the headache frequency over a 28-day period lowered for chronic headache patients on topiramate.", "Another medication to prevent headaches is botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA or BOTOX), which is given by injection instead of being taken orally.", "In a clinical study of botulinum toxin type A, patients participating in the 9-month treatment period with three treatments experienced headache frequency decreases up to 50%.", "As with all medications, the preventive medications may have side effects.", "Since different people respond to drugs differently, chronic headache sufferers may have to go through a \"trial-and-error\" period to find the right medications.", "The previously mentioned medicines can improve headaches, but physicians recommend multiple forms of treatments.", "In addition to medicines, physical therapy is a treatment to help improve chronic headaches.", "In physical therapy, a patient works together with a therapist to help identify and change physical habits or conditions that affect chronic headaches.", "Physical therapy for chronic daily headaches focuses on the upper body, including the upper back, neck, and face.", "Therapists assess and improve the patient's body posture, which can aggravate headaches.", "During office sessions, therapists use manual therapy, such as a massage, stretching, or joint movement to release muscle tension.", "Other methods to relax muscles include heat packs, ice packs, and \"electrical stimulation\".", "Therapists also teach chronic headache sufferers at-home exercises to strengthen and stretch muscles that may be triggering headaches.", "In physical therapy, the patient must take an active role to practice exercises and make changes to his or her lifestyle for there to be improvement.", "Another non-medicinal treatment, which does not require at-home exercises, is acupuncture.", "Acupuncture involves a certified acupuncturist picking particular points on the body to insert acupuncture needles; these points may differ on an individual basis.", "With chronic headache patients, the acupuncturist may needle \"tender points at or near the site of maximal headache pain\".", "A study conducted by the University of North Carolina School of Medicine found that compared to medicinal treatment alone, medicinal treatment plus acupuncture resulted in more improvement for chronic daily headache patients.", "Another acupuncture study in Germany found that 52.6% of patients reported a decrease in headache frequency In both studies, acupuncture was not the only treatment.", "Trials show that acupuncture can cause \"relevant improvements\" for people with chronic headaches.", "Relaxation training is another form of non-pharmacological treatment for chronic headache.", "Relaxation training helps to reduce internal tension, allowing a person to control headaches triggered by stress.", "The different relaxation methods are normally taught by a psychologist or a therapist.", "Relaxation training works as people become in tune with their own body, allowing them to realize when it is necessary to decrease tension before a headache occurs.", "The point of relaxation training is to teach people \"an attitude of consciously setting out to relax but not trying too hard\", enabling people to relax in everyday situations.", "Relaxation training includes two different types of methods: physical and mental.", "Physical relaxation methods involve actual body movement or action.", "One physical method for releasing tension involves \"purposefully tensing and then relaxing groups of muscles in a definite sequence\", which is named accordingly progressive muscle relaxation.", "Another physical method of relaxation is deep breathing.", "Deep breathing is done by breathing from the bottom of the lungs up, which is characterized by the rise and fall of the stomach, not the chest.", "These are the two most common physical methods of relaxation for chronic headache sufferers.", "Also, relaxation therapy can involve mental techniques to decrease body tension.", "The first is called \"focused imagery\".", "Focused imagery involves concentration on relaxed body parts, followed by focus on tense muscles and imagining that the tense areas are being worked on or relaxed.", "The next mental technique involves focus on the whole body, instead of its individual parts.", "In \"deepening imagery\", a person imagines the body's tension as a meter of high to low, and works to reduce tension mentally.", "An additional mental strategy involves creating and experiencing a location of relaxation in the mind.", "The last mental strategy involves the chronic headache patient visualizing a place of stress in his or her life and imagining a relaxed response.", "Meditation in a relaxing environment is also suggested to prevent headaches.", "Meditation often involves repeating a one syllable sound or staring at a visual object to help focus attention.", "Relaxation helps the body to unwind, preventing the formation of headaches.", "Biofeedback is often used to evaluate the effectiveness of relaxation training, because it feeds back information to the chronic headache sufferer about the \"body's (biological) current state\".", "One of the most common biofeedback tests is the Electromyograph (EMG), which evaluates the “electrical activity” produced by muscles.", "Biofeedback also can measure electrical brain activity through a test called the Electroencephalograph (EEG).", "Another test, called the thermograph, measures skin temperature, because when a person is relaxed they have increased blood flow and a higher temperature.", "Another method is BVP biofeedback training, which improves chronic headaches by teaching a patient how to regulate and decrease arterial pulse amplitudes by restricting the arteries.", "When tense, a person's sweat gland activity increases, which is measured by electrodermograph testing of the hands.", "Biofeedback methods have been proven to work.", "A study involving fifteen treatment sessions found that biofeedback was \"successful in reducing both frequency and severity of headache at discharge and over time\".", "Biofeedback allows headache sufferers to identify problems and then seek to reduce them.", "Many physicians also recommend changes in diet to treat chronic headaches.", "Many chronic headache sufferers fail to recognize foods or beverages as headache factors, because the consumption may not consistently cause headaches or the headaches may be delayed.", "Many of the chemicals in certain foods can cause chronic headaches, including caffeine, nitrites, nitrates, tyramine, and alcohols.", "Some of the foods and beverages that chronic headache sufferers are advised to avoid include caffeinated beverages, chocolate, processed meats, cheese and fermented dairy products, fresh yeast-risen baked goods, nuts, and alcohol as well as certain fruits and vegetables.", "Yeast extract may encourage migraines.", "Lowering the consumption of yeast extract may significantly reduce headache days.", "Additionally, people may have differing dietary triggers on an individualized basis, because not all foods affect people the same way.", "Different medical professionals suggest different ways of testing or changing diets.", "Some may suggest eliminating a few of the potentially headache-causing foods at a time for a short period of time, while others suggest removing all the threatening foods from a person's diet and slowly adding a couple back at a time.", "Yet, others may not suggest diet modification at all.", "The treatment of chronic headaches through changes in diet is based on personal opinion, and, therefore, controversial.", "Also, behavioral therapy and psychological therapy are suggested treatments to reduce chronic headaches.", "Behavioral therapy and psychological therapy relate closely in their treatment methods, which include a combination of identifying headache stressors, biofeedback, relaxation training, and cognitive-behavioral therapy.", "Cognitive-behavioral therapy's purpose \"is to identify and resolve the sources of recurrent stress\".", "In treatment studies, patients with medication plus cognitive-behavioral therapy groups did better than groups with medication alone or cognitive-behavioral therapy alone.", "Psychological and behavioral therapies identify stressful situations and teach chronic headache patients to react differently, change their behavior, or adjust attitudes to reduce tension that leads to headaches.", "Treatments especially focus on \"emotional, mental, behavioral, and social factors\" as they impact headaches.", "Patients are advised to simply avoid stressors when plausible or share their burdens with others.", "In this way, studies have found that patients with multimodal treatment in a group setting fare better than patients who follow multimodal treatment alone.", "Another behavioral study, which included multimodal treatment, showed that the \"frequency of severe headaches was reduced by a clinically significant amount for 75% of the patients\".", "Behavioral and psychological therapies work to identify and eliminate or reduce stressful situations that lead to chronic headaches.", "Beyond behavioral modification, psychological therapy has a few distinct characteristics of its own.", "It is important to look at the psychological status of a chronic headache sufferer to \"identify conditions that might interfere with headaches and treatments\", such as depression.", "Also, psychological therapy suggests training in self-hypnosis.", "While hypnotized, patients are given suggestions to relax and use visual imagery to control headache mechanisms, which is very similar to relaxation therapy.", "Psychological therapists also analyze personal issues that may interfere in a chronic headache patient's life, making him or her unable to make changes in lifestyle to improve headaches.", "Psychologist or psychiatric help for chronic headache patients is controversial, as a patient must be open to possible psychological factors in relation to headaches.", "Chiropractic care involves in manipulation of the neck and spine to ensure proper alignment.", "A misalignment can cause headaches along with other problems in the body.", "The misalignment can compress nerves in the lower neck as well as cause muscle contractions in the neck and headaches can result." ]

[ 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 ]

[ "Chronic headache, or chronic daily headache (CDH), is classified as experiencing fifteen or more days with a headache per month.", "The treatments for chronic headache are vast and varied.", "Some treatments are controversial and are still being tested for effectiveness." ]

[ "The most common chronic treatment method is the use of medicine.", "Many people try to seek pain relief from analgesic medicines (commonly termed pain killers), such as aspirin, acetaminophen, aspirin compounds, ibuprofen, and opioids.", "The long term use of opioids; however, appears to result in greater harm than benefit.", "Also, abortive medications can be used to \"stop a headache once it has begun\"; such drugs include ergotamine (Cafergot), triptans (Imitrex), and prednisone (Deltasone).", "However, medical professionals advise that abuse of analgesics and abortive medications can actually lead to an increase in headaches.", "The painkiller medicines help headaches temporarily, but as the \"quick fix\" wears off, headaches become more re-current and grow in intensity.", "These \"rebound headaches\" can actually make the body less responsive to preventive medication.", "The conditions keep worsening if one takes paracetamol, aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for 15 days a month or more.", "Therefore, analgesic and abortive medications are often advised for headaches that are not chronic in nature.", "The most common medicines used to treat chronic (daily) headaches are called prophylactic medicines, which are used to prevent headaches.", "Such preventive medication is taken on a daily basis, even when a person may not have a headache.", "Prophylactic medicines are recommended for chronic headache patients because varied experiments prove that the medications \"reduce the frequency, severity, and disability associated with daily headaches\".", "A majority of the prophylactic medications work by inhibiting or increasing neurotransmissions in the brain, often preventing the brain from interpreting pain signals.", "Preventive medicines include gabapentin (Neurontin), tizanidine (Zanaflex), fluoxetine (Prozac), amitriptyline (Elavil), and topiramate (Topamax).", "In testing, gabapentin was found to reduce the number of headache days a month by 9.1%.", "Tizanidine was found to decrease the average frequency of headaches per week, the headache intensity, and the mean headache duration.", "Through studies, Fluoxetine resulted in better mood ratings and \"significant increases in headache-free days\".", "Despite being associated with depression, antidepressants, such as amitriptyline, have been found to effectively treat \"near-daily headaches\" and numerous chronic pain conditions as well as improving mood and sleep—two possible triggers for chronic headache sufferers.", "One study found that the headache frequency over a 28-day period lowered for chronic headache patients on topiramate.", "Another medication to prevent headaches is botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA or BOTOX), which is given by injection instead of being taken orally.", "In a clinical study of botulinum toxin type A, patients participating in the 9-month treatment period with three treatments experienced headache frequency decreases up to 50%.", "As with all medications, the preventive medications may have side effects.", "Since different people respond to drugs differently, chronic headache sufferers may have to go through a \"trial-and-error\" period to find the right medications.", "The previously mentioned medicines can improve headaches, but physicians recommend multiple forms of treatments.", "In addition to medicines, physical therapy is a treatment to help improve chronic headaches.", "In physical therapy, a patient works together with a therapist to help identify and change physical habits or conditions that affect chronic headaches.", "Physical therapy for chronic daily headaches focuses on the upper body, including the upper back, neck, and face.", "Therapists assess and improve the patient's body posture, which can aggravate headaches.", "During office sessions, therapists use manual therapy, such as a massage, stretching, or joint movement to release muscle tension.", "Other methods to relax muscles include heat packs, ice packs, and \"electrical stimulation\".", "Therapists also teach chronic headache sufferers at-home exercises to strengthen and stretch muscles that may be triggering headaches.", "In physical therapy, the patient must take an active role to practice exercises and make changes to his or her lifestyle for there to be improvement.", "Another non-medicinal treatment, which does not require at-home exercises, is acupuncture.", "Acupuncture involves a certified acupuncturist picking particular points on the body to insert acupuncture needles; these points may differ on an individual basis.", "With chronic headache patients, the acupuncturist may needle \"tender points at or near the site of maximal headache pain\".", "A study conducted by the University of North Carolina School of Medicine found that compared to medicinal treatment alone, medicinal treatment plus acupuncture resulted in more improvement for chronic daily headache patients.", "Another acupuncture study in Germany found that 52.6% of patients reported a decrease in headache frequency In both studies, acupuncture was not the only treatment.", "Trials show that acupuncture can cause \"relevant improvements\" for people with chronic headaches.", "Relaxation training is another form of non-pharmacological treatment for chronic headache.", "Relaxation training helps to reduce internal tension, allowing a person to control headaches triggered by stress.", "The different relaxation methods are normally taught by a psychologist or a therapist.", "Relaxation training works as people become in tune with their own body, allowing them to realize when it is necessary to decrease tension before a headache occurs.", "The point of relaxation training is to teach people \"an attitude of consciously setting out to relax but not trying too hard\", enabling people to relax in everyday situations.", "Relaxation training includes two different types of methods: physical and mental.", "Physical relaxation methods involve actual body movement or action.", "One physical method for releasing tension involves \"purposefully tensing and then relaxing groups of muscles in a definite sequence\", which is named accordingly progressive muscle relaxation.", "Another physical method of relaxation is deep breathing.", "Deep breathing is done by breathing from the bottom of the lungs up, which is characterized by the rise and fall of the stomach, not the chest.", "These are the two most common physical methods of relaxation for chronic headache sufferers.", "Also, relaxation therapy can involve mental techniques to decrease body tension.", "The first is called \"focused imagery\".", "Focused imagery involves concentration on relaxed body parts, followed by focus on tense muscles and imagining that the tense areas are being worked on or relaxed.", "The next mental technique involves focus on the whole body, instead of its individual parts.", "In \"deepening imagery\", a person imagines the body's tension as a meter of high to low, and works to reduce tension mentally.", "An additional mental strategy involves creating and experiencing a location of relaxation in the mind.", "The last mental strategy involves the chronic headache patient visualizing a place of stress in his or her life and imagining a relaxed response.", "Meditation in a relaxing environment is also suggested to prevent headaches.", "Meditation often involves repeating a one syllable sound or staring at a visual object to help focus attention.", "Relaxation helps the body to unwind, preventing the formation of headaches.", "Biofeedback is often used to evaluate the effectiveness of relaxation training, because it feeds back information to the chronic headache sufferer about the \"body's (biological) current state\".", "One of the most common biofeedback tests is the Electromyograph (EMG), which evaluates the “electrical activity” produced by muscles.", "Biofeedback also can measure electrical brain activity through a test called the Electroencephalograph (EEG).", "Another test, called the thermograph, measures skin temperature, because when a person is relaxed they have increased blood flow and a higher temperature.", "Another method is BVP biofeedback training, which improves chronic headaches by teaching a patient how to regulate and decrease arterial pulse amplitudes by restricting the arteries.", "When tense, a person's sweat gland activity increases, which is measured by electrodermograph testing of the hands.", "Biofeedback methods have been proven to work.", "A study involving fifteen treatment sessions found that biofeedback was \"successful in reducing both frequency and severity of headache at discharge and over time\".", "Biofeedback allows headache sufferers to identify problems and then seek to reduce them.", "Many physicians also recommend changes in diet to treat chronic headaches.", "Many chronic headache sufferers fail to recognize foods or beverages as headache factors, because the consumption may not consistently cause headaches or the headaches may be delayed.", "Many of the chemicals in certain foods can cause chronic headaches, including caffeine, nitrites, nitrates, tyramine, and alcohols.", "Some of the foods and beverages that chronic headache sufferers are advised to avoid include caffeinated beverages, chocolate, processed meats, cheese and fermented dairy products, fresh yeast-risen baked goods, nuts, and alcohol as well as certain fruits and vegetables.", "Yeast extract may encourage migraines.", "Lowering the consumption of yeast extract may significantly reduce headache days.", "Additionally, people may have differing dietary triggers on an individualized basis, because not all foods affect people the same way.", "Different medical professionals suggest different ways of testing or changing diets.", "Some may suggest eliminating a few of the potentially headache-causing foods at a time for a short period of time, while others suggest removing all the threatening foods from a person's diet and slowly adding a couple back at a time.", "Yet, others may not suggest diet modification at all.", "The treatment of chronic headaches through changes in diet is based on personal opinion, and, therefore, controversial.", "Also, behavioral therapy and psychological therapy are suggested treatments to reduce chronic headaches.", "Behavioral therapy and psychological therapy relate closely in their treatment methods, which include a combination of identifying headache stressors, biofeedback, relaxation training, and cognitive-behavioral therapy.", "Cognitive-behavioral therapy's purpose \"is to identify and resolve the sources of recurrent stress\".", "In treatment studies, patients with medication plus cognitive-behavioral therapy groups did better than groups with medication alone or cognitive-behavioral therapy alone.", "Psychological and behavioral therapies identify stressful situations and teach chronic headache patients to react differently, change their behavior, or adjust attitudes to reduce tension that leads to headaches.", "Treatments especially focus on \"emotional, mental, behavioral, and social factors\" as they impact headaches.", "Patients are advised to simply avoid stressors when plausible or share their burdens with others.", "In this way, studies have found that patients with multimodal treatment in a group setting fare better than patients who follow multimodal treatment alone.", "Another behavioral study, which included multimodal treatment, showed that the \"frequency of severe headaches was reduced by a clinically significant amount for 75% of the patients\".", "Behavioral and psychological therapies work to identify and eliminate or reduce stressful situations that lead to chronic headaches.", "Beyond behavioral modification, psychological therapy has a few distinct characteristics of its own.", "It is important to look at the psychological status of a chronic headache sufferer to \"identify conditions that might interfere with headaches and treatments\", such as depression.", "Also, psychological therapy suggests training in self-hypnosis.", "While hypnotized, patients are given suggestions to relax and use visual imagery to control headache mechanisms, which is very similar to relaxation therapy.", "Psychological therapists also analyze personal issues that may interfere in a chronic headache patient's life, making him or her unable to make changes in lifestyle to improve headaches.", "Psychologist or psychiatric help for chronic headache patients is controversial, as a patient must be open to possible psychological factors in relation to headaches.", "Chiropractic care involves in manipulation of the neck and spine to ensure proper alignment.", "A misalignment can cause headaches along with other problems in the body.", "The misalignment can compress nerves in the lower neck as well as cause muscle contractions in the neck and headaches can result." ]

[ 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97 ]

[ "Chronic headaches consist of different sub-groups, primarily categorized as chronic tension-type headaches and chronic migraine headaches.", "Whether pharmacological or not, treatment plans are often created on an individual basis.", "Some treatments are controversial and are still being tested for effectiveness.", "Suggested treatments for chronic headaches include medication, physical therapy, acupuncture, relaxation training, and biofeedback.", "In addition, dietary alteration and behavioral therapy or psychological therapy are other possible treatments for chronic headaches." ]

[ "The most common chronic treatment method is the use of medicine.", "Many people try to seek pain relief from analgesic medicines (commonly termed pain killers), such as aspirin, acetaminophen, aspirin compounds, ibuprofen, and opioids.", "The long term use of opioids; however, appears to result in greater harm than benefit.", "Also, abortive medications can be used to \"stop a headache once it has begun\"; such drugs include ergotamine (Cafergot), triptans (Imitrex), and prednisone (Deltasone).", "However, medical professionals advise that abuse of analgesics and abortive medications can actually lead to an increase in headaches.", "The painkiller medicines help headaches temporarily, but as the \"quick fix\" wears off, headaches become more re-current and grow in intensity.", "These \"rebound headaches\" can actually make the body less responsive to preventive medication.", "The conditions keep worsening if one takes paracetamol, aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for 15 days a month or more.", "Therefore, analgesic and abortive medications are often advised for headaches that are not chronic in nature.", "The most common medicines used to treat chronic (daily) headaches are called prophylactic medicines, which are used to prevent headaches.", "Such preventive medication is taken on a daily basis, even when a person may not have a headache.", "Prophylactic medicines are recommended for chronic headache patients because varied experiments prove that the medications \"reduce the frequency, severity, and disability associated with daily headaches\".", "A majority of the prophylactic medications work by inhibiting or increasing neurotransmissions in the brain, often preventing the brain from interpreting pain signals.", "Preventive medicines include gabapentin (Neurontin), tizanidine (Zanaflex), fluoxetine (Prozac), amitriptyline (Elavil), and topiramate (Topamax).", "In testing, gabapentin was found to reduce the number of headache days a month by 9.1%.", "Tizanidine was found to decrease the average frequency of headaches per week, the headache intensity, and the mean headache duration.", "Through studies, Fluoxetine resulted in better mood ratings and \"significant increases in headache-free days\".", "Despite being associated with depression, antidepressants, such as amitriptyline, have been found to effectively treat \"near-daily headaches\" and numerous chronic pain conditions as well as improving mood and sleep—two possible triggers for chronic headache sufferers.", "One study found that the headache frequency over a 28-day period lowered for chronic headache patients on topiramate.", "Another medication to prevent headaches is botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA or BOTOX), which is given by injection instead of being taken orally.", "In a clinical study of botulinum toxin type A, patients participating in the 9-month treatment period with three treatments experienced headache frequency decreases up to 50%.", "As with all medications, the preventive medications may have side effects.", "Since different people respond to drugs differently, chronic headache sufferers may have to go through a \"trial-and-error\" period to find the right medications.", "The previously mentioned medicines can improve headaches, but physicians recommend multiple forms of treatments.", "In addition to medicines, physical therapy is a treatment to help improve chronic headaches.", "In physical therapy, a patient works together with a therapist to help identify and change physical habits or conditions that affect chronic headaches.", "Physical therapy for chronic daily headaches focuses on the upper body, including the upper back, neck, and face.", "Therapists assess and improve the patient's body posture, which can aggravate headaches.", "During office sessions, therapists use manual therapy, such as a massage, stretching, or joint movement to release muscle tension.", "Other methods to relax muscles include heat packs, ice packs, and \"electrical stimulation\".", "Therapists also teach chronic headache sufferers at-home exercises to strengthen and stretch muscles that may be triggering headaches.", "In physical therapy, the patient must take an active role to practice exercises and make changes to his or her lifestyle for there to be improvement.", "Another non-medicinal treatment, which does not require at-home exercises, is acupuncture.", "Acupuncture involves a certified acupuncturist picking particular points on the body to insert acupuncture needles; these points may differ on an individual basis.", "With chronic headache patients, the acupuncturist may needle \"tender points at or near the site of maximal headache pain\".", "A study conducted by the University of North Carolina School of Medicine found that compared to medicinal treatment alone, medicinal treatment plus acupuncture resulted in more improvement for chronic daily headache patients.", "Another acupuncture study in Germany found that 52.6% of patients reported a decrease in headache frequency In both studies, acupuncture was not the only treatment.", "Trials show that acupuncture can cause \"relevant improvements\" for people with chronic headaches.", "Relaxation training is another form of non-pharmacological treatment for chronic headache.", "Relaxation training helps to reduce internal tension, allowing a person to control headaches triggered by stress.", "The different relaxation methods are normally taught by a psychologist or a therapist.", "Relaxation training works as people become in tune with their own body, allowing them to realize when it is necessary to decrease tension before a headache occurs.", "The point of relaxation training is to teach people \"an attitude of consciously setting out to relax but not trying too hard\", enabling people to relax in everyday situations.", "Relaxation training includes two different types of methods: physical and mental.", "Physical relaxation methods involve actual body movement or action.", "One physical method for releasing tension involves \"purposefully tensing and then relaxing groups of muscles in a definite sequence\", which is named accordingly progressive muscle relaxation.", "Another physical method of relaxation is deep breathing.", "Deep breathing is done by breathing from the bottom of the lungs up, which is characterized by the rise and fall of the stomach, not the chest.", "These are the two most common physical methods of relaxation for chronic headache sufferers.", "Also, relaxation therapy can involve mental techniques to decrease body tension.", "The first is called \"focused imagery\".", "Focused imagery involves concentration on relaxed body parts, followed by focus on tense muscles and imagining that the tense areas are being worked on or relaxed.", "The next mental technique involves focus on the whole body, instead of its individual parts.", "In \"deepening imagery\", a person imagines the body's tension as a meter of high to low, and works to reduce tension mentally.", "An additional mental strategy involves creating and experiencing a location of relaxation in the mind.", "The last mental strategy involves the chronic headache patient visualizing a place of stress in his or her life and imagining a relaxed response.", "Meditation in a relaxing environment is also suggested to prevent headaches.", "Meditation often involves repeating a one syllable sound or staring at a visual object to help focus attention.", "Relaxation helps the body to unwind, preventing the formation of headaches.", "Biofeedback is often used to evaluate the effectiveness of relaxation training, because it feeds back information to the chronic headache sufferer about the \"body's (biological) current state\".", "One of the most common biofeedback tests is the Electromyograph (EMG), which evaluates the “electrical activity” produced by muscles.", "Biofeedback also can measure electrical brain activity through a test called the Electroencephalograph (EEG).", "Another test, called the thermograph, measures skin temperature, because when a person is relaxed they have increased blood flow and a higher temperature.", "Another method is BVP biofeedback training, which improves chronic headaches by teaching a patient how to regulate and decrease arterial pulse amplitudes by restricting the arteries.", "When tense, a person's sweat gland activity increases, which is measured by electrodermograph testing of the hands.", "Biofeedback methods have been proven to work.", "A study involving fifteen treatment sessions found that biofeedback was \"successful in reducing both frequency and severity of headache at discharge and over time\".", "Biofeedback allows headache sufferers to identify problems and then seek to reduce them.", "Many physicians also recommend changes in diet to treat chronic headaches.", "Many chronic headache sufferers fail to recognize foods or beverages as headache factors, because the consumption may not consistently cause headaches or the headaches may be delayed.", "Many of the chemicals in certain foods can cause chronic headaches, including caffeine, nitrites, nitrates, tyramine, and alcohols.", "Some of the foods and beverages that chronic headache sufferers are advised to avoid include caffeinated beverages, chocolate, processed meats, cheese and fermented dairy products, fresh yeast-risen baked goods, nuts, and alcohol as well as certain fruits and vegetables.", "Yeast extract may encourage migraines.", "Lowering the consumption of yeast extract may significantly reduce headache days.", "Additionally, people may have differing dietary triggers on an individualized basis, because not all foods affect people the same way.", "Different medical professionals suggest different ways of testing or changing diets.", "Some may suggest eliminating a few of the potentially headache-causing foods at a time for a short period of time, while others suggest removing all the threatening foods from a person's diet and slowly adding a couple back at a time.", "Yet, others may not suggest diet modification at all.", "The treatment of chronic headaches through changes in diet is based on personal opinion, and, therefore, controversial.", "Also, behavioral therapy and psychological therapy are suggested treatments to reduce chronic headaches.", "Behavioral therapy and psychological therapy relate closely in their treatment methods, which include a combination of identifying headache stressors, biofeedback, relaxation training, and cognitive-behavioral therapy.", "Cognitive-behavioral therapy's purpose \"is to identify and resolve the sources of recurrent stress\".", "In treatment studies, patients with medication plus cognitive-behavioral therapy groups did better than groups with medication alone or cognitive-behavioral therapy alone.", "Psychological and behavioral therapies identify stressful situations and teach chronic headache patients to react differently, change their behavior, or adjust attitudes to reduce tension that leads to headaches.", "Treatments especially focus on \"emotional, mental, behavioral, and social factors\" as they impact headaches.", "Patients are advised to simply avoid stressors when plausible or share their burdens with others.", "In this way, studies have found that patients with multimodal treatment in a group setting fare better than patients who follow multimodal treatment alone.", "Another behavioral study, which included multimodal treatment, showed that the \"frequency of severe headaches was reduced by a clinically significant amount for 75% of the patients\".", "Behavioral and psychological therapies work to identify and eliminate or reduce stressful situations that lead to chronic headaches.", "Beyond behavioral modification, psychological therapy has a few distinct characteristics of its own.", "It is important to look at the psychological status of a chronic headache sufferer to \"identify conditions that might interfere with headaches and treatments\", such as depression.", "Also, psychological therapy suggests training in self-hypnosis.", "While hypnotized, patients are given suggestions to relax and use visual imagery to control headache mechanisms, which is very similar to relaxation therapy.", "Psychological therapists also analyze personal issues that may interfere in a chronic headache patient's life, making him or her unable to make changes in lifestyle to improve headaches.", "Psychologist or psychiatric help for chronic headache patients is controversial, as a patient must be open to possible psychological factors in relation to headaches.", "Chiropractic care involves in manipulation of the neck and spine to ensure proper alignment.", "A misalignment can cause headaches along with other problems in the body.", "The misalignment can compress nerves in the lower neck as well as cause muscle contractions in the neck and headaches can result." ]

[ 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58 ]

[ "Whether pharmacological or not, treatment plans are often created on an individual basis." ]

[ "The most common chronic treatment method is the use of medicine.", "Many people try to seek pain relief from analgesic medicines (commonly termed pain killers), such as aspirin, acetaminophen, aspirin compounds, ibuprofen, and opioids.", "The long term use of opioids; however, appears to result in greater harm than benefit.", "Also, abortive medications can be used to \"stop a headache once it has begun\"; such drugs include ergotamine (Cafergot), triptans (Imitrex), and prednisone (Deltasone).", "However, medical professionals advise that abuse of analgesics and abortive medications can actually lead to an increase in headaches.", "The painkiller medicines help headaches temporarily, but as the \"quick fix\" wears off, headaches become more re-current and grow in intensity.", "These \"rebound headaches\" can actually make the body less responsive to preventive medication.", "The conditions keep worsening if one takes paracetamol, aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for 15 days a month or more.", "Therefore, analgesic and abortive medications are often advised for headaches that are not chronic in nature.", "The most common medicines used to treat chronic (daily) headaches are called prophylactic medicines, which are used to prevent headaches.", "Such preventive medication is taken on a daily basis, even when a person may not have a headache.", "Prophylactic medicines are recommended for chronic headache patients because varied experiments prove that the medications \"reduce the frequency, severity, and disability associated with daily headaches\".", "A majority of the prophylactic medications work by inhibiting or increasing neurotransmissions in the brain, often preventing the brain from interpreting pain signals.", "Preventive medicines include gabapentin (Neurontin), tizanidine (Zanaflex), fluoxetine (Prozac), amitriptyline (Elavil), and topiramate (Topamax).", "In testing, gabapentin was found to reduce the number of headache days a month by 9.1%.", "Tizanidine was found to decrease the average frequency of headaches per week, the headache intensity, and the mean headache duration.", "Through studies, Fluoxetine resulted in better mood ratings and \"significant increases in headache-free days\".", "Despite being associated with depression, antidepressants, such as amitriptyline, have been found to effectively treat \"near-daily headaches\" and numerous chronic pain conditions as well as improving mood and sleep—two possible triggers for chronic headache sufferers.", "One study found that the headache frequency over a 28-day period lowered for chronic headache patients on topiramate.", "Another medication to prevent headaches is botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA or BOTOX), which is given by injection instead of being taken orally.", "In a clinical study of botulinum toxin type A, patients participating in the 9-month treatment period with three treatments experienced headache frequency decreases up to 50%.", "As with all medications, the preventive medications may have side effects.", "Since different people respond to drugs differently, chronic headache sufferers may have to go through a \"trial-and-error\" period to find the right medications.", "The previously mentioned medicines can improve headaches, but physicians recommend multiple forms of treatments.", "In addition to medicines, physical therapy is a treatment to help improve chronic headaches.", "In physical therapy, a patient works together with a therapist to help identify and change physical habits or conditions that affect chronic headaches.", "Physical therapy for chronic daily headaches focuses on the upper body, including the upper back, neck, and face.", "Therapists assess and improve the patient's body posture, which can aggravate headaches.", "During office sessions, therapists use manual therapy, such as a massage, stretching, or joint movement to release muscle tension.", "Other methods to relax muscles include heat packs, ice packs, and \"electrical stimulation\".", "Therapists also teach chronic headache sufferers at-home exercises to strengthen and stretch muscles that may be triggering headaches.", "In physical therapy, the patient must take an active role to practice exercises and make changes to his or her lifestyle for there to be improvement.", "Another non-medicinal treatment, which does not require at-home exercises, is acupuncture.", "Acupuncture involves a certified acupuncturist picking particular points on the body to insert acupuncture needles; these points may differ on an individual basis.", "With chronic headache patients, the acupuncturist may needle \"tender points at or near the site of maximal headache pain\".", "A study conducted by the University of North Carolina School of Medicine found that compared to medicinal treatment alone, medicinal treatment plus acupuncture resulted in more improvement for chronic daily headache patients.", "Another acupuncture study in Germany found that 52.6% of patients reported a decrease in headache frequency In both studies, acupuncture was not the only treatment.", "Trials show that acupuncture can cause \"relevant improvements\" for people with chronic headaches.", "Relaxation training is another form of non-pharmacological treatment for chronic headache.", "Relaxation training helps to reduce internal tension, allowing a person to control headaches triggered by stress.", "The different relaxation methods are normally taught by a psychologist or a therapist.", "Relaxation training works as people become in tune with their own body, allowing them to realize when it is necessary to decrease tension before a headache occurs.", "The point of relaxation training is to teach people \"an attitude of consciously setting out to relax but not trying too hard\", enabling people to relax in everyday situations.", "Relaxation training includes two different types of methods: physical and mental.", "Physical relaxation methods involve actual body movement or action.", "One physical method for releasing tension involves \"purposefully tensing and then relaxing groups of muscles in a definite sequence\", which is named accordingly progressive muscle relaxation.", "Another physical method of relaxation is deep breathing.", "Deep breathing is done by breathing from the bottom of the lungs up, which is characterized by the rise and fall of the stomach, not the chest.", "These are the two most common physical methods of relaxation for chronic headache sufferers.", "Also, relaxation therapy can involve mental techniques to decrease body tension.", "The first is called \"focused imagery\".", "Focused imagery involves concentration on relaxed body parts, followed by focus on tense muscles and imagining that the tense areas are being worked on or relaxed.", "The next mental technique involves focus on the whole body, instead of its individual parts.", "In \"deepening imagery\", a person imagines the body's tension as a meter of high to low, and works to reduce tension mentally.", "An additional mental strategy involves creating and experiencing a location of relaxation in the mind.", "The last mental strategy involves the chronic headache patient visualizing a place of stress in his or her life and imagining a relaxed response.", "Meditation in a relaxing environment is also suggested to prevent headaches.", "Meditation often involves repeating a one syllable sound or staring at a visual object to help focus attention.", "Relaxation helps the body to unwind, preventing the formation of headaches.", "Biofeedback is often used to evaluate the effectiveness of relaxation training, because it feeds back information to the chronic headache sufferer about the \"body's (biological) current state\".", "One of the most common biofeedback tests is the Electromyograph (EMG), which evaluates the “electrical activity” produced by muscles.", "Biofeedback also can measure electrical brain activity through a test called the Electroencephalograph (EEG).", "Another test, called the thermograph, measures skin temperature, because when a person is relaxed they have increased blood flow and a higher temperature.", "Another method is BVP biofeedback training, which improves chronic headaches by teaching a patient how to regulate and decrease arterial pulse amplitudes by restricting the arteries.", "When tense, a person's sweat gland activity increases, which is measured by electrodermograph testing of the hands.", "Biofeedback methods have been proven to work.", "A study involving fifteen treatment sessions found that biofeedback was \"successful in reducing both frequency and severity of headache at discharge and over time\".", "Biofeedback allows headache sufferers to identify problems and then seek to reduce them.", "Many physicians also recommend changes in diet to treat chronic headaches.", "Many chronic headache sufferers fail to recognize foods or beverages as headache factors, because the consumption may not consistently cause headaches or the headaches may be delayed.", "Many of the chemicals in certain foods can cause chronic headaches, including caffeine, nitrites, nitrates, tyramine, and alcohols.", "Some of the foods and beverages that chronic headache sufferers are advised to avoid include caffeinated beverages, chocolate, processed meats, cheese and fermented dairy products, fresh yeast-risen baked goods, nuts, and alcohol as well as certain fruits and vegetables.", "Yeast extract may encourage migraines.", "Lowering the consumption of yeast extract may significantly reduce headache days.", "Additionally, people may have differing dietary triggers on an individualized basis, because not all foods affect people the same way.", "Different medical professionals suggest different ways of testing or changing diets.", "Some may suggest eliminating a few of the potentially headache-causing foods at a time for a short period of time, while others suggest removing all the threatening foods from a person's diet and slowly adding a couple back at a time.", "Yet, others may not suggest diet modification at all.", "The treatment of chronic headaches through changes in diet is based on personal opinion, and, therefore, controversial.", "Also, behavioral therapy and psychological therapy are suggested treatments to reduce chronic headaches.", "Behavioral therapy and psychological therapy relate closely in their treatment methods, which include a combination of identifying headache stressors, biofeedback, relaxation training, and cognitive-behavioral therapy.", "Cognitive-behavioral therapy's purpose \"is to identify and resolve the sources of recurrent stress\".", "In treatment studies, patients with medication plus cognitive-behavioral therapy groups did better than groups with medication alone or cognitive-behavioral therapy alone.", "Psychological and behavioral therapies identify stressful situations and teach chronic headache patients to react differently, change their behavior, or adjust attitudes to reduce tension that leads to headaches.", "Treatments especially focus on \"emotional, mental, behavioral, and social factors\" as they impact headaches.", "Patients are advised to simply avoid stressors when plausible or share their burdens with others.", "In this way, studies have found that patients with multimodal treatment in a group setting fare better than patients who follow multimodal treatment alone.", "Another behavioral study, which included multimodal treatment, showed that the \"frequency of severe headaches was reduced by a clinically significant amount for 75% of the patients\".", "Behavioral and psychological therapies work to identify and eliminate or reduce stressful situations that lead to chronic headaches.", "Beyond behavioral modification, psychological therapy has a few distinct characteristics of its own.", "It is important to look at the psychological status of a chronic headache sufferer to \"identify conditions that might interfere with headaches and treatments\", such as depression.", "Also, psychological therapy suggests training in self-hypnosis.", "While hypnotized, patients are given suggestions to relax and use visual imagery to control headache mechanisms, which is very similar to relaxation therapy.", "Psychological therapists also analyze personal issues that may interfere in a chronic headache patient's life, making him or her unable to make changes in lifestyle to improve headaches.", "Psychologist or psychiatric help for chronic headache patients is controversial, as a patient must be open to possible psychological factors in relation to headaches.", "Chiropractic care involves in manipulation of the neck and spine to ensure proper alignment.", "A misalignment can cause headaches along with other problems in the body.", "The misalignment can compress nerves in the lower neck as well as cause muscle contractions in the neck and headaches can result." ]

[ 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78 ]

[ "Some treatments are controversial and are still being tested for effectiveness." ]

[ "The most common chronic treatment method is the use of medicine.", "Many people try to seek pain relief from analgesic medicines (commonly termed pain killers), such as aspirin, acetaminophen, aspirin compounds, ibuprofen, and opioids.", "The long term use of opioids; however, appears to result in greater harm than benefit.", "Also, abortive medications can be used to \"stop a headache once it has begun\"; such drugs include ergotamine (Cafergot), triptans (Imitrex), and prednisone (Deltasone).", "However, medical professionals advise that abuse of analgesics and abortive medications can actually lead to an increase in headaches.", "The painkiller medicines help headaches temporarily, but as the \"quick fix\" wears off, headaches become more re-current and grow in intensity.", "These \"rebound headaches\" can actually make the body less responsive to preventive medication.", "The conditions keep worsening if one takes paracetamol, aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for 15 days a month or more.", "Therefore, analgesic and abortive medications are often advised for headaches that are not chronic in nature.", "The most common medicines used to treat chronic (daily) headaches are called prophylactic medicines, which are used to prevent headaches.", "Such preventive medication is taken on a daily basis, even when a person may not have a headache.", "Prophylactic medicines are recommended for chronic headache patients because varied experiments prove that the medications \"reduce the frequency, severity, and disability associated with daily headaches\".", "A majority of the prophylactic medications work by inhibiting or increasing neurotransmissions in the brain, often preventing the brain from interpreting pain signals.", "Preventive medicines include gabapentin (Neurontin), tizanidine (Zanaflex), fluoxetine (Prozac), amitriptyline (Elavil), and topiramate (Topamax).", "In testing, gabapentin was found to reduce the number of headache days a month by 9.1%.", "Tizanidine was found to decrease the average frequency of headaches per week, the headache intensity, and the mean headache duration.", "Through studies, Fluoxetine resulted in better mood ratings and \"significant increases in headache-free days\".", "Despite being associated with depression, antidepressants, such as amitriptyline, have been found to effectively treat \"near-daily headaches\" and numerous chronic pain conditions as well as improving mood and sleep—two possible triggers for chronic headache sufferers.", "One study found that the headache frequency over a 28-day period lowered for chronic headache patients on topiramate.", "Another medication to prevent headaches is botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA or BOTOX), which is given by injection instead of being taken orally.", "In a clinical study of botulinum toxin type A, patients participating in the 9-month treatment period with three treatments experienced headache frequency decreases up to 50%.", "As with all medications, the preventive medications may have side effects.", "Since different people respond to drugs differently, chronic headache sufferers may have to go through a \"trial-and-error\" period to find the right medications.", "The previously mentioned medicines can improve headaches, but physicians recommend multiple forms of treatments.", "In addition to medicines, physical therapy is a treatment to help improve chronic headaches.", "In physical therapy, a patient works together with a therapist to help identify and change physical habits or conditions that affect chronic headaches.", "Physical therapy for chronic daily headaches focuses on the upper body, including the upper back, neck, and face.", "Therapists assess and improve the patient's body posture, which can aggravate headaches.", "During office sessions, therapists use manual therapy, such as a massage, stretching, or joint movement to release muscle tension.", "Other methods to relax muscles include heat packs, ice packs, and \"electrical stimulation\".", "Therapists also teach chronic headache sufferers at-home exercises to strengthen and stretch muscles that may be triggering headaches.", "In physical therapy, the patient must take an active role to practice exercises and make changes to his or her lifestyle for there to be improvement.", "Another non-medicinal treatment, which does not require at-home exercises, is acupuncture.", "Acupuncture involves a certified acupuncturist picking particular points on the body to insert acupuncture needles; these points may differ on an individual basis.", "With chronic headache patients, the acupuncturist may needle \"tender points at or near the site of maximal headache pain\".", "A study conducted by the University of North Carolina School of Medicine found that compared to medicinal treatment alone, medicinal treatment plus acupuncture resulted in more improvement for chronic daily headache patients.", "Another acupuncture study in Germany found that 52.6% of patients reported a decrease in headache frequency In both studies, acupuncture was not the only treatment.", "Trials show that acupuncture can cause \"relevant improvements\" for people with chronic headaches.", "Relaxation training is another form of non-pharmacological treatment for chronic headache.", "Relaxation training helps to reduce internal tension, allowing a person to control headaches triggered by stress.", "The different relaxation methods are normally taught by a psychologist or a therapist.", "Relaxation training works as people become in tune with their own body, allowing them to realize when it is necessary to decrease tension before a headache occurs.", "The point of relaxation training is to teach people \"an attitude of consciously setting out to relax but not trying too hard\", enabling people to relax in everyday situations.", "Relaxation training includes two different types of methods: physical and mental.", "Physical relaxation methods involve actual body movement or action.", "One physical method for releasing tension involves \"purposefully tensing and then relaxing groups of muscles in a definite sequence\", which is named accordingly progressive muscle relaxation.", "Another physical method of relaxation is deep breathing.", "Deep breathing is done by breathing from the bottom of the lungs up, which is characterized by the rise and fall of the stomach, not the chest.", "These are the two most common physical methods of relaxation for chronic headache sufferers.", "Also, relaxation therapy can involve mental techniques to decrease body tension.", "The first is called \"focused imagery\".", "Focused imagery involves concentration on relaxed body parts, followed by focus on tense muscles and imagining that the tense areas are being worked on or relaxed.", "The next mental technique involves focus on the whole body, instead of its individual parts.", "In \"deepening imagery\", a person imagines the body's tension as a meter of high to low, and works to reduce tension mentally.", "An additional mental strategy involves creating and experiencing a location of relaxation in the mind.", "The last mental strategy involves the chronic headache patient visualizing a place of stress in his or her life and imagining a relaxed response.", "Meditation in a relaxing environment is also suggested to prevent headaches.", "Meditation often involves repeating a one syllable sound or staring at a visual object to help focus attention.", "Relaxation helps the body to unwind, preventing the formation of headaches.", "Biofeedback is often used to evaluate the effectiveness of relaxation training, because it feeds back information to the chronic headache sufferer about the \"body's (biological) current state\".", "One of the most common biofeedback tests is the Electromyograph (EMG), which evaluates the “electrical activity” produced by muscles.", "Biofeedback also can measure electrical brain activity through a test called the Electroencephalograph (EEG).", "Another test, called the thermograph, measures skin temperature, because when a person is relaxed they have increased blood flow and a higher temperature.", "Another method is BVP biofeedback training, which improves chronic headaches by teaching a patient how to regulate and decrease arterial pulse amplitudes by restricting the arteries.", "When tense, a person's sweat gland activity increases, which is measured by electrodermograph testing of the hands.", "Biofeedback methods have been proven to work.", "A study involving fifteen treatment sessions found that biofeedback was \"successful in reducing both frequency and severity of headache at discharge and over time\".", "Biofeedback allows headache sufferers to identify problems and then seek to reduce them.", "Many physicians also recommend changes in diet to treat chronic headaches.", "Many chronic headache sufferers fail to recognize foods or beverages as headache factors, because the consumption may not consistently cause headaches or the headaches may be delayed.", "Many of the chemicals in certain foods can cause chronic headaches, including caffeine, nitrites, nitrates, tyramine, and alcohols.", "Some of the foods and beverages that chronic headache sufferers are advised to avoid include caffeinated beverages, chocolate, processed meats, cheese and fermented dairy products, fresh yeast-risen baked goods, nuts, and alcohol as well as certain fruits and vegetables.", "Yeast extract may encourage migraines.", "Lowering the consumption of yeast extract may significantly reduce headache days.", "Additionally, people may have differing dietary triggers on an individualized basis, because not all foods affect people the same way.", "Different medical professionals suggest different ways of testing or changing diets.", "Some may suggest eliminating a few of the potentially headache-causing foods at a time for a short period of time, while others suggest removing all the threatening foods from a person's diet and slowly adding a couple back at a time.", "Yet, others may not suggest diet modification at all.", "The treatment of chronic headaches through changes in diet is based on personal opinion, and, therefore, controversial.", "Also, behavioral therapy and psychological therapy are suggested treatments to reduce chronic headaches.", "Behavioral therapy and psychological therapy relate closely in their treatment methods, which include a combination of identifying headache stressors, biofeedback, relaxation training, and cognitive-behavioral therapy.", "Cognitive-behavioral therapy's purpose \"is to identify and resolve the sources of recurrent stress\".", "In treatment studies, patients with medication plus cognitive-behavioral therapy groups did better than groups with medication alone or cognitive-behavioral therapy alone.", "Psychological and behavioral therapies identify stressful situations and teach chronic headache patients to react differently, change their behavior, or adjust attitudes to reduce tension that leads to headaches.", "Treatments especially focus on \"emotional, mental, behavioral, and social factors\" as they impact headaches.", "Patients are advised to simply avoid stressors when plausible or share their burdens with others.", "In this way, studies have found that patients with multimodal treatment in a group setting fare better than patients who follow multimodal treatment alone.", "Another behavioral study, which included multimodal treatment, showed that the \"frequency of severe headaches was reduced by a clinically significant amount for 75% of the patients\".", "Behavioral and psychological therapies work to identify and eliminate or reduce stressful situations that lead to chronic headaches.", "Beyond behavioral modification, psychological therapy has a few distinct characteristics of its own.", "It is important to look at the psychological status of a chronic headache sufferer to \"identify conditions that might interfere with headaches and treatments\", such as depression.", "Also, psychological therapy suggests training in self-hypnosis.", "While hypnotized, patients are given suggestions to relax and use visual imagery to control headache mechanisms, which is very similar to relaxation therapy.", "Psychological therapists also analyze personal issues that may interfere in a chronic headache patient's life, making him or her unable to make changes in lifestyle to improve headaches.", "Psychologist or psychiatric help for chronic headache patients is controversial, as a patient must be open to possible psychological factors in relation to headaches.", "Chiropractic care involves in manipulation of the neck and spine to ensure proper alignment.", "A misalignment can cause headaches along with other problems in the body.", "The misalignment can compress nerves in the lower neck as well as cause muscle contractions in the neck and headaches can result." ]

[ 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 ]

[ "Suggested treatments for chronic headaches include medication, physical therapy, acupuncture, relaxation training, and biofeedback.", "In addition, dietary alteration and behavioral therapy or psychological therapy are other possible treatments for chronic headaches." ]

[ "Stolle, Sack and Thomasius define binge drinking as episodic excessive drinking.", "There is currently no worldwide consensus on how many drinks constitute a \"binge\", but in the United States, the term has been described in academic research to mean consuming five or more standard drinks (male), or four or more drinks (female), over a two-hour period.", "In 2015, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, citing the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, defines binge drinking as \"a pattern of drinking that brings a person's blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 grams percent or above.", "This typically happens when men consume five or more drinks, and when women consume four or more drinks, in about two hours.\" and estimated that about 16% of American adults met these criteria at least four times per month.", "One 2001 definition from the publication \"Psychology of Addictive Behavior\" states that five drinks for men and four drinks for women must be consumed on one occasion at least once in a two-week period for it to be classed as binge drinking.", "This is colloquially known as the \"5/4 definition\", and depending on the source, the timeframe can vary.", "In the United Kingdom, binge drinking is defined by one academic publication as drinking more than twice the daily limit, that is, drinking eight units or more for men or six units or more for women (roughly equivalent to five or four American standard drinks, respectively).", "In Australia, binge drinking is also known as risky single occasion drinking (RSOD) and can be classified by the drinking of seven or more standard drinks (by males) and five or more standard drinks (by females) within a single day.", "When BEACH (Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health) conducted a study which gathered information of people over the age of 18, it defined binge drinkers as those who consumed six or more standard drinks on one occasion whether that be weekly or monthly.", "The above definitions are limited in that they do not take into account the time period over which the drinking occurs or the body mass of the person drinking.", "A person could be defined as a binge drinker even if he or she never becomes intoxicated.", "The term, however, has succeeded in drawing public awareness to the problem of excess drinking..\nOther, less common definitions rely on blood alcohol concentration (BAC).", "For example, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) defines the term \"binge drinking\" as a pattern of drinking that brings a person's blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 percent or above.", "Whatever the numerical definition used, heavy drinking or rapid consumption over a short period of time with the intention of becoming intoxicated is often implied when the term is used colloquially, since four or five drinks consumed over the course of a whole day and as an accompaniment to meals will not have the same effects as the same amount consumed over a couple of hours on an empty stomach.", "An alternative colloquial term for binge drinking, \"going on a bender\", formerly implied a drinking spree of several days.", "Culture as well as peer pressure play an important role in driving binge drinking.", "In adults, binge drinking is more common in people who have never been married and score a grade B or less in education.", "The reasons for binge drinking by children and adolescents in Europe include:\n\n\nOther causes include feeling more grown-up and fitting in with peers and to increase the chance of sexual encounters.", "Some also drink to alleviate psychological stress or anxiety.", "Research on interpersonal violence focused on mechanisms of victimization and perpetration (specifically stalking, harassment, sexual assault, and teen dating violence) among adolescents reported a significantly higher proportion of teenagers endorsing depressed mood and engagement in binge drinking among those subjected to victimization.", "Semi-structured interview were carried out with 64 14- to 17-year-olds who had an experience of binge drinking.", "These interviews found that motivations included social facilitation which was ease in social situations, individual benefits such as getting a 'buzz' and influences of peer pressure and social norms.", "Risk factors for binge drinking among adolescents include: low socioeconomic status, large amount of disposable (pocket) money, sensation and novelty seeking, low self-control, delinquency and having delinquent friends.", "Other risk factors include: using alcohol as a coping strategy for emotional problems (more common in adolescent girls), excessive drinking among peers, poor relationship with parents, excessive alcohol use by parents.", "Genetic conditions combined with a background of negative environmental factors increase the harmful use of alcohol.", "Additionally the risk-taking behavior associated with adolescence promotes binge drinking.", "Acute intoxication, such as binge drinking and alcoholism, are known potent risk factors for suicide.", "Binge drinking is also associated with an increased risk of unplanned and unprotected sex, unplanned pregnancies, and an increased risk of HIV infection.", "10% of women and 19% of men have reported being assaulted as a result of alcohol.", "Males who drink more than 35 units of alcohol per week report being physically hurt as a result of alcohol, and 15% report physically hurting others as a result of their drinking.", "Almost 16% of binge drinkers report being taken advantage of sexually, and 8% report taking advantage of another person sexually as a result of alcohol within a one-year period.", "Heavy drinkers cause approximately 183,000 rapes and sexual assaults, 197,000 robberies, 661,000 aggravated assaults, and 1.7 million simple assaults each year.", "Binge drinking has been associated with higher probability of divorce, spousal abuse, and poor job performance.", "Binge drinking can cause adverse effects on the body including effects on blood homeostasis and its circadian variation, cardiac rhythm, ischaemic heart disease, blood pressure, white blood cell activity, female reproductive hormone levels as well as adverse effects on the fetus.", "There is also evidence from animal studies that binge drinking causes brain damage.", "Binge drinking has been associated with lower abdominal pain in women.", "Ketoacidosis can occur in individuals who chronically use alcohol excessively and have a recent history of binge drinking.", "Alcohol affects brain development quite significantly especially during adolescence when the brain is still developing.", "The main lobes that are involved in decision making and complex thought processes are undergoing their final development phase during adolescence and binge drinking can negatively stunt the growth of these frontal lobes.", "The high levels of binge drinking among young people and the adverse consequences that include increased risk of alcoholism as an adult and liver disease make binge drinking a major public health issue.", "Recent research has found that young college binge drinkers who drink four or more drinks on more than three occasions in the past two weeks are statistically 19 times more likely to develop alcoholism than non-binge drinkers, though the direction of causality remains unclear.", "This is particularly interesting, as drinking for the sole purpose of getting drunk remains a major health and social problem on college campuses across the United States.", "Heavy and regular binge drinking during adolescence is associated with an increased risk of alcoholism.", "Approximately 40% of alcoholics report heavy drinking during adolescence.", "Repeated episodes of excessive drinking, especially at an early age, are thought to cause a profound increase in the risk of developing an alcohol-related disorder (ICD-10, harmful use/dependence syndrome).", "Heavy drinking is also closely associated with depression.", "Those with severe depression have higher rates of alcohol use disorder than those with low rates of depression.", "College students who are depressed are more susceptible to use alcohol than college students who are not depressed.", "In a study conducted at Harvard University, it was found that about 32% of students surveyed were diagnosable for alcohol use disorder and about 6% were diagnosed as alcohol dependent.", "Binge drinking is also becoming an increasing problem in Australian adolescents, the Australian School Students Alcohol and Drug survey conducted by the National Cancer Council discovered that around 33% of students between years 7 and 11 consumed alcohol in the week leading up to the survey, they also found that 10% of the students participated in binge drinking at a consumption level which is considered dangerous to adults.", "When the survey results were separated into age groups the findings were that 13% of 15-year-old's and 22% of 17-year-old's had alcohol consumption levels above the daily maximum suggested to adults and that 20% of 17-year-old's had a consumption level of alcohol considered risky to adults.", "Other risk factors that influence the development of alcohol use disorder include social and genetic factors.", "Several researchers have found that starting drinking before the age of 15 is associated with a fourfold increased risk for developing alcoholism compared to people that delay drinking until age 20 or later.", "It has been estimated by some that if the age at which people started drinking could be delayed to age 20, there would be a 50% reduction in the number of cases of alcohol use disorder.", "However, it is unclear whether this is a causal relationship, or a function of confounding familial (and other) factors associated with both age at first drink and propensity for alcoholism.", "The main cause of death among adolescents as a result of binge drinking is road traffic accidents; a third of all fatal road traffic accidents among 15- to 20-year-olds are associated with drinking alcohol.", "Cyclists and pedestrians are likely to have less spatial awareness and concentration while travelling after binge drinking and, also, it is more common that adolescents that binge-drink drive drunk or are the passenger of a drunk driver.", "It has been found that 50% of all head injuries in adolescents in the US are associated with alcohol consumption.", "Violence and suicide combine to become the third-most-common cause of death associated with binge drinking among adolescents.", "The suicide risk in adolescents is more than four times higher among binge drinkers than non-binge drinking adolescents.", "Earlier sexual activity, increased changing of sexual partners, higher rate of unwanted pregnancy, higher rate of sexually transmitted diseases, infertility, and alcohol-related damage to the fetus during pregnancy is associated with binge drinking.", "Female binge drinkers are three times more likely to be victims of sexual assault; 50% of adolescent girls reporting sexual assault were under the influence of alcohol or another psychotropic substance at the time.", "Adolescents who regularly participated in binge drinking for several years show a smaller hippocampus brain region, in particular those who began drinking in early adolescence.", "Heavy binge drinking is associated with neurocognitive deficits of frontal lobe processing and impaired working memory as well as delayed auditory and verbal memory deficits.", "Animal studies suggest that the neurodegenerative effects of heavy alcohol use during adolescence can be permanent.", "Research in humans, which utilised sophisticated brain scanning technology suggests that in adolescent teenagers, drinking more than four or five drinks once or twice a month results in subtle damage to the teenagers developing brain tissue, in particular the white matter.", "However, this research is primarily cross-sectional and done with fairly small sample sizes, making causality less certain.", "Several studies have been conducted to discover if there is a link between binge drinking in adolescent years and becoming a chronic alcohol consumer when they transition into adulthood.", "A particular study conducted by the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth found that harmful drinking during adolescent years was significantly associated with the continuance of dangerous levels of alcohol consumption into adulthood years.", "Binge drinking is a way for young adolescents to rely alcohol as a way to cope with certain stress or depression.", "Heavy binge drinkers tend to have delayed auditory and verbal memory and deficits in executive planning function and episodic memory, which are similar to deficits seen in Korsakoff's syndrome.", "Impairments in spatial working memory and pattern recognition tasks also have been found in heavy binge drinkers.", "Impulse control is also impaired in binge drinkers, especially female binge drinkers.", "Additionally, immediate and delayed recall of verbal and visual information is impaired; conversely, semantic organizational ability is better in binge drinkers compared to non-binge drinkers.", "Studies in adolescents have shown that regular binge drinking may cause long-lasting cognitive impairments, though the threshold needed to produce significant effects remains unclear.", "Cognitive impairment in adults is also unclear, as one study found no association between binge drinking and cognitive impairment.", "Binge drinking is believed to increase impulsivity due to altered functioning of prefrontal–subcortical and orbitofrontal circuits.", "Binge drinking and alcoholics who have undergone multiple detoxifications is associated with an inability to interpret facial expressions properly; this is believed to be due to kindling of the amygdala with resultant distortion of neurotransmission.", "Adolescents, females and young adults are most sensitive to the neuropsychological effects of binge drinking.", "Adolescence, in particular early adolescence, is a developmental stage that is particularly vulnerable to the neurotoxic and neurocognitive adverse effects of binge drinking due to it being a time of significant brain development.", "Binge drinking regimes are associated with causing an imbalance between inhibitory and excitatory amino acids and changes in monoamines release in the central nervous system, which increases neurotoxicity and may result in cognitive impairments, psychological problems and in long-term heavy binge drinkers may cause irreversible brain damage in both adolescents and adults.", "While several rat studies indicate that alcohol is more toxic during adolescence than adulthood, some researchers believe that it remains unclear whether this is also the case in humans.", "Though heavy binge drinking adolescent humans show impaired brain activity during memory tests and underdeveloped brain structures compared to adolescents who did not binge-drink, they argue that these findings are similar to adults who did not have alcohol use disorder during adolescence.", "Extrapolation from animal studies to humans is notoriously difficult, and a review by the group Choose Responsibility concluded that alcohol's long-term damage to cognitive processes was the same regardless of whether heavy drinking commenced during adolescence or later.", "Binge drinking is a more important factor rather than average alcohol intake, with regard to the severity of alcohol induced damage to the fetus.", "Alcohol has definite long-term adverse effects on the fetus, in particular impaired attentional skills and may lead to psychiatric disorders when the child grows up.", "In a 2005 study in the US, approximately one in five non-pregnant women binge-drank and one in 25 pregnant women binge-drank.", "Binge drinking during pregnancy is associated with fetal alcohol syndrome, alcohol-related birth defects as well as alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorders.", "The affected children after birth can suffer mental retardation and problems with learning, memory, attention, problem solving and problems with mental health and social interactions.", "Deformities in facial features, skeletal and body organs as well as a smaller head circumference are also sometimes present in these children.", "Studies in sheep indicate that fetal neurotoxicity induced by alcohol may be due to acidaemia and hypercapnia.", "Binge drinking three or more times during pregnancy has been associated with an increased risk of stillbirth.", "Binge drinking is also associated with strokes and sudden death.", "Binge drinking increases the risk of stroke by 10 times.", "In countries where binge drinking is commonplace, rates of sudden death on the weekend in young adults and middle aged people increase significantly.", "The withdrawal phase after an episode of binge drinking is particularly associated with ischaemic stroke as well as subarachnoid haemorrhage and intracerebral haemorrhage in younger men.", "In individuals with an underlying cardiac disorder a binge on alcohol increases the risk of silent myocardial ischaemia as well as angina.", "Binge drinking has negative effects on metabolism, lipid profile, blood coagulation and fibrinolysis, blood pressure and vascular tone and is associated with embolic stroke and acute myocardial infarction.", "Due to these risks experts believe that it is extremely important to warn people of the risks of binge drinking.", "Binge-drinking by people otherwise considered to be light drinkers is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular problems and mortality.", "Binge drinking increases cardiovascular toxicity due to its adverse effects on the electrical conduction system of the heart and the process of atherothrombosis.", "Excessive alcohol consumption is responsible for an average of 80,000 deaths in the U.S. each year1 and $223.5 billion in economic costs in 2006.2 More than half of these deaths and three-quarters of the economic costs are due to binge drinking1 and 2 (≥4 drinks for women; ≥5 drinks for men, per occasion).", "The bladder may rupture if overfilled and not emptied.", "This can occur in the case of binge drinkers having consumed very large quantities, but are not aware, due to stupor, of the need to urinate.", "This condition is very rare in women, but it does occur.", "Symptoms include localized pain and uraemia (poisoning due to reabsorbed waste).", "The recovery rate is high, with most fatalities due to septic blood poisoning.", "A person is more likely to urinate while passed out before the bladder ruptures, as alcohol relaxes the muscles that normally control their bladder.", "The most common risk of consuming massive quantities of alcohol in a short period of time is a dangerously high blood alcohol level.", "The result is called alcohol poisoning (overdose), which can be fatal.", "Choking on (or inhalation of) vomit is also a potential cause of death, as are injuries from falls, fights, motor vehicle and bicycle accidents.", "Nine percent of college students who binge drink drive after binge drinking.", "Another common risk is a blackout (alcohol-related amnesia), which can cause shame, guilt, embarrassment, harm to personal relationships, injury or death, and is also associated with the loss of personal belongings.", "A recent study conducted on an American College tested to discover if excessive binge drinking would have an effect on the cardiovascular system.", "From the results they received they found alterations in the binge drinker's macrocirculation and microcirculation functions which may be sign of a risk in cardiovascular disease.", "The study suggests that binge drinkers with a past history of strong binge drinking should be screened regularly.", "Binge drinking has the propensity to result in brain damage faster as well as more severely than chronic drinking (alcoholism), due to the neurotoxic effects of the repeated rebound withdrawal effects.", "During the repeated alcohol free stages associated with binge drinking, a larger amount of glutamate is released than occurs during withdrawal from chronic heavy alcohol use; additionally this extreme release of glutamate happens on a repeated basis in binge drinkers leading to excitotoxicity.", "The tolerance that occurs during chronic ('non-stop') drinking delays alcohol-related brain damage compared to binge drinking, which induced immediate and repeated insults to the brain.", "Impairments in impulse control in binge drinkers, which is more prominent in female binge drinkers, is due to dysfunction of the frontal lobe.", "The findings in humans have been largely concordant with animal studies.", "Such animal studies find that heavy and regular binge drinking causes neurodegeneration in corticolimbic brain regions areas that are involved in learning and spatial memory, such as the olfactory bulb, piriform cortex, perirhinal cortex, entorhinal cortex, and the hippocampal dentate gyrus.", "A study in rats found that a heavy two-day drinking binge caused extensive neurodegeneration in the entorhinal cortex with resultant learning deficits.", "While brain damage from binge drinking is known to occur as a result of binge drinking patterns, it is unclear how long drinking sessions last and how regular binge drinking is done to cause brain damage in humans.", "One study found that humans who drank at least 100 drinks (male) or 80 drinks (female) per month (concentrated to 21 occasions or less per month) throughout a three-year period had impaired decision making skills compared to non-binge drinkers.", "Repeated acute withdrawal from alcohol, which occurs in heavy binge drinkers, has been shown in several studies to be associated with cognitive deficits as a result of neural kindling; neural kindling due to repeated withdrawals is believed to be the mechanism of cognitive damage in both binge drinkers and alcoholics.", "Neuronal kindling also leads to each subsequent acute withdrawal episode being more severe than previous withdrawal episodes.", "Blackouts, a form of amnesia that occurs in binge drinkers may be due to suppressed hippocampus function with rebound NMDA (glutamate) activity combined with excessive glucocorticoid release induced by the stress of repeated intoxication followed by acute withdrawal/abstinence is the proposed mechanism of neural kindling leading to neurotoxicity of structures involved in learning and memory within the brain of binge drinkers.", "Frontal lobe processing may become impaired as a result of binge drinking with resultant neurocognitive deficits and impaired working memory.", "Alcohol suppresses brain function during intoxication; but upon withdrawal rebound effects occur in the glutamate/NMDA system and with excess glutamate activity glucocorticoid release; due to the repeated intoxication, followed by acute withdrawal, a neurotoxic effect that damages the central nervous system develops, leading to persisting impairments in verbal and nonverbal cognitive abilities as well as impairment of spatial orientation.", "Due to developmental processes occurring during adolescence including myelinization and restructuring of the synapses, adolescents are thought to be more vulnerable to the neurotoxic effects of alcohol.", "Age and genetic factors influence the risk of developing alcohol-related neurotoxicity.", "Adolescence, especially early adolescence (i.e. before age 15), is a critical and delicate developmental stage when specialised neuronal and synaptic systems mature.", "This critical developmental stage is where lifelong adult traits e.g., talents, reasoning and complex skills mature; however alcohol and in particular binge drinking may disrupt and interfere with this developmental process.", "Adolescence is also a period of development characterised by a high level of novel seeking, thrill seeking and risk taking behaviour and thus alcohol and other drug experimentation and abuse is common.", "An adolescent rat study found that a short exposure to high levels of alcohol resulted in long-lasting changes to functional brain activity with corresponding abnormalities in EEG brain waves that persisted into adulthood, including persisting disturbances in sleep EEG with a reduction in slow wave sleep.", "These EEG findings are similar to premature aging.", "According to one review of the literature, if the developmental stage of adolescence is similar to the developmental stage of the fetus with regard to sensitivity to the neurotoxic effects of alcohol, and if long-lasting or permanent damage to the brain occurs similar to what animal studies suggest, then this represents a major public health issue due to the high levels of alcohol use by adolescents.", "Indeed, alcohol can affect the remodeling and functional changes in synaptic plasticity and neuronal connectivity in different brain regions that occurs during adolescence (\"see this related article\").", "An alcohol use disorder may develop when a person continues to drink heavily despite recurrent social, interpersonal, and/or legal problems.", "Behaviorally, frequent binge drinking is usually involved, but not everyone who engages in binge drinking develops an alcohol use disorder.", "For the purpose of identifying an alcohol use disorder when assessing binge drinking, using a time frame of the past 6 months eliminates false negatives.", "For example, it has been found that using a narrow two week window for assessment of binge drinking habits leads to 30% of heavy regular binge drinkers wrongly being classed as not having an alcohol use disorder.", "However, the same researchers also note that recall bias is somewhat enhanced when longer timeframes are used.", "Binge drinking is considered harmful, regardless of a person's age, and there have been calls for healthcare professionals to give increased attention to their patients’ drinking habits, especially binge drinking.", "Some researchers believe that raising the legal drinking age and screening brief interventions by healthcare providers are the most effective means of reducing morbidity and mortality rates associated with binge drinking.", "Programs in the United States have thought of numerous ways to help prevent binge drinking.", "The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggests increasing the cost of alcohol or the excise taxes, restricting the number of stores who may obtain a license to sell liquor (reducing \"outlet density\"), and implementing stricter law enforcement of underage drinking laws.", "There are also a number of individual counseling approaches, such as motivational interviewing and cognitive behavioral approaches, that have been shown to reduce drinking among heavy drinking college students.", "In 2006, the Wisconsin Initiative to Promote Healthy Lifestyles implemented a program that helps primary care physicians identify and address binge drinking problems in patients.", "In August 2008, a group of college presidents calling itself the Amethyst Initiative asserted that lowering the legal drinking age to 18 (presumably) was one way to curb the \"culture of dangerous binge drinking\" among college students.", "This idea is currently the subject of controversy.", "Proponents argue that the 21 law forces drinking underground and makes it more dangerous than it has to be, while opponents have claimed that lowering the age would only make the situation worse.", "Despite health warnings, most Australian women drink at least one night a week.", "But experts are warning they are not only damaging their bodies but are also at risk of attracting sexual predators.", "Research shows ways to reduce binge drinking or engage in dangerous drinking.", "Some computer-based intervention appear to reduce binge drinking, an example of which is \"rethinking drinking\".", "Understanding consumer personality and how people view others is important.", "People were shown ads talking of the harmful effects of binge drinking.", "People who valued close friends as a sense of who they are, were less likely to want to binge drink after seeing an ad featuring them and a close friend.", "People who were loners or who did not see close friends important to their sense of who they were reacted better to ads featuring an individual.", "A similar pattern was shown for ads showing a person driving at dangerous speeds.", "This suggests ads showing potential harm to citizens from binge drinking or dangerous driving are less effective than ads highlighting a person's close friends.", "In 2009 the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing spent $53.5 million Australian Dollars on National Binge Drinking Strategy to target young Australians.", "This campaign titled \"Don't Turn a Night Out Into a Nightmare\" was delivered to the public over many mass media platforms to show the harms and consequences of risky single occasion drinking (RSOD) as binge drinking is defined in Australia.", "Evidence as to the effectiveness of these types of campaigns is mixed.", "Research needs to be completed to ensure that the effectiveness of the messages are resulting in a positive shift in the behaviours of the target audience.", "Due to the risks especially in adolescents, of cognitive impairments and possible irreversible brain damage associated with binge drinking, urgent action has been recommended.", "There is some evidence that interventions by employers such as, health and lifestyle checks, psychosocial skills training and peer referral, can reduce the level of binge drinking.", "In the US brief motivational interventions have shown some benefit in reducing future binge drinking.", "Adolescents who misuse alcohol can benefit from interventions aimed at risk reduction.", "For more severe cases an intervention involving parents, guardians, or a psychotherapist is recommended.", "An effective strategy of intervention for adolescents whose binge drinking leads to admission to hospital, e.g. for alcohol poisoning or injury, is manualised brief interventions at the hospital in one to four counseling sessions each lasting 30 to 60 minutes conducted by trained staff.", "Evaluation of personal pattern of drinking and associated risks and an emphasis on personal responsibility in a non-condescending manner is recommended during the intervention; discussing and informing and educating the adolescent of possible negative short and long-term consequences of drinking is recommended.", "The setting of goals and rules to achieve those goals is also recommended during intervention with problem binge drinking adolescents.", "Motivational enhancement therapy also shows promise as a treatment.", "Increasing public information and awareness regarding the risks of binge drinking, conducting interviews in emergency departments of young people suspected of harmful drinking patterns and trying to persuade them to accept individual counseling in youth addiction counseling services are effective strategies for reducing the harm of binge drinking.", "Encouraging recreational and adventurous training activities such as climbing or driving can be used alternative \"natural buzzes\" to alcohol misuse.", "Additionally, the provision of educational content about the risks of binge drinking and a risk assessment are beneficial during intervention with young binge drinkers and a referral in the case of an alcohol use disorder for specialised help.", "According to the NIAAA definition of \"heavy drinkers\", men may be at risk for alcohol-related problems if their alcohol consumption exceeds 14 standard drinks per week or four drinks per day, and women may be at risk if they have more than seven standard drinks per week or three drinks per day.", "Despite this risk, a 2014 report in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health found that only 10% of either \"heavy drinkers\" or \"binge drinkers\" also met the criteria for alcohol dependence, while only 1.3% of non-binge drinkers met this criteria.", "An inference drawn in this study is that evidence-based policy strategies and clinical preventive services may effectively reduce binge drinking without requiring addiction treatment in most cases.", "Binge drinking is more common in men than it is in women.", "Among students in the US, approximately 50% of men and 39% of women binge drink.", "Racial differences exist among binge drinking with Hispanics followed by Caucasians having the highest level of binge drinking.", "Caucasians have been found to be nearly twice as likely to binge drink than blacks.", "It is a common pattern among Native Americans.", "Among the Australian youth population, 31% of males and 14% of women aged 15–17 years engage in risky alcohol consumption.", "Individuals of African descent have a lower level of binge drinking followed by those of Asian descent.", "In the case of Asians their low level of binge drinking may be due to the presence of the aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (ALDH2, Chromosome 12) in many (but by no means the vast majority) that results in poor metabolism of alcohol, which leads to severe adverse effects such as facial flushing.", "Men are more likely to binge drink (up to 81% of alcohol binges are done by men) than women and men are also more likely to develop alcohol dependence than women.", "People who are homozygous for the ALDH2 gene are less likely to binge-drink due to severe adverse effects that occur even with moderate amounts of alcohol consumption.", "College students have been found to be more likely to binge drink than their same age peers who were not enrolled in college.", "In the US, this effect has caused serious problems with the country's legal drinking age.", "This effect is more prevalent in women than in men.", "Other factors that have been found to correlate with higher levels of binge drinking include low religiosity, marijuana use, living with roommates, and cigarette use.", "Binge drinking costs the UK economy approximately £20 billion a year; 17 million working days are estimated to be lost due to hangovers and drink-related illness each year.", "The cost of binge drinking to employers is estimated to be £6.4 billion and the cost per year of alcohol harm is estimated to cost the National Health Service £2.7 billion.", "Urgent action has been recommended to understand the binge drinking culture and its aetiology and pathogenesis and urgent action has been called for to educate people with regard to the dangers of binge drinking.", "The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released a study in October 2011 that showed that in the United States binge drinking costs society $223 billion a year, which amounts to $2 per drink.", "These costs include health care costs for alcohol-related issues, including liver cirrhosis, loss of work productivity, property damage due to drunk driving, and expenditures related to criminal acts.", "Overall, 11.9% of binge drinkers drove during or within two hours of their most recent binge drinking episode.", "Those drinking in licensed establishments (bars, clubs, and restaurants) accounted for 54.3% of these driving episodes.", "Significant independent risk factors for driving after binge drinking included male gender (AOR=1.75); being aged 35–54 or ≥55 years compared to 18–34 years (AOR=1.58 and 2.37, respectively); and drinking in bars or clubs compared to drinking in the respondent's home (AOR=7.81).", "Drivers who drank most of their alcohol in licensed establishments consumed an average of 8.1 drinks, and 25.7% of them consumed ≥10 drinks.", "Women become intoxicated more quickly than men, and experience a higher blood alcohol level.", "This difference in effect occurs even when a woman's body weight and consumption of alcohol are the same as that of a man.", "Because of these discrepancies, college-age women tend to experience the consequences of binge drinking before their male counterparts.", "There is no known safe level of alcohol consumption either when trying to get pregnant or during pregnancy.", "With alcohol abuse remaining highly stigmatized—particularly in the case of pregnant women—some advocate for treatment programs to focus on a non-judgmental stance, on personal empowerment, and on offering contraceptives to women engaging in sex, in order to prevent fetal alcohol spectrum disorder." ]

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[ "Binge drinking, or irresponsible drinking, is drinking alcoholic beverages with an intention of becoming intoxicated by heavy consumption of alcohol over a short period of time, but definitions (see below) vary considerably." ]

[ "Stolle, Sack and Thomasius define binge drinking as episodic excessive drinking.", "There is currently no worldwide consensus on how many drinks constitute a \"binge\", but in the United States, the term has been described in academic research to mean consuming five or more standard drinks (male), or four or more drinks (female), over a two-hour period.", "In 2015, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, citing the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, defines binge drinking as \"a pattern of drinking that brings a person's blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 grams percent or above.", "This typically happens when men consume five or more drinks, and when women consume four or more drinks, in about two hours.\" and estimated that about 16% of American adults met these criteria at least four times per month.", "One 2001 definition from the publication \"Psychology of Addictive Behavior\" states that five drinks for men and four drinks for women must be consumed on one occasion at least once in a two-week period for it to be classed as binge drinking.", "This is colloquially known as the \"5/4 definition\", and depending on the source, the timeframe can vary.", "In the United Kingdom, binge drinking is defined by one academic publication as drinking more than twice the daily limit, that is, drinking eight units or more for men or six units or more for women (roughly equivalent to five or four American standard drinks, respectively).", "In Australia, binge drinking is also known as risky single occasion drinking (RSOD) and can be classified by the drinking of seven or more standard drinks (by males) and five or more standard drinks (by females) within a single day.", "When BEACH (Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health) conducted a study which gathered information of people over the age of 18, it defined binge drinkers as those who consumed six or more standard drinks on one occasion whether that be weekly or monthly.", "The above definitions are limited in that they do not take into account the time period over which the drinking occurs or the body mass of the person drinking.", "A person could be defined as a binge drinker even if he or she never becomes intoxicated.", "The term, however, has succeeded in drawing public awareness to the problem of excess drinking..\nOther, less common definitions rely on blood alcohol concentration (BAC).", "For example, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) defines the term \"binge drinking\" as a pattern of drinking that brings a person's blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 percent or above.", "Whatever the numerical definition used, heavy drinking or rapid consumption over a short period of time with the intention of becoming intoxicated is often implied when the term is used colloquially, since four or five drinks consumed over the course of a whole day and as an accompaniment to meals will not have the same effects as the same amount consumed over a couple of hours on an empty stomach.", "An alternative colloquial term for binge drinking, \"going on a bender\", formerly implied a drinking spree of several days.", "Culture as well as peer pressure play an important role in driving binge drinking.", "In adults, binge drinking is more common in people who have never been married and score a grade B or less in education.", "The reasons for binge drinking by children and adolescents in Europe include:\n\n\nOther causes include feeling more grown-up and fitting in with peers and to increase the chance of sexual encounters.", "Some also drink to alleviate psychological stress or anxiety.", "Research on interpersonal violence focused on mechanisms of victimization and perpetration (specifically stalking, harassment, sexual assault, and teen dating violence) among adolescents reported a significantly higher proportion of teenagers endorsing depressed mood and engagement in binge drinking among those subjected to victimization.", "Semi-structured interview were carried out with 64 14- to 17-year-olds who had an experience of binge drinking.", "These interviews found that motivations included social facilitation which was ease in social situations, individual benefits such as getting a 'buzz' and influences of peer pressure and social norms.", "Risk factors for binge drinking among adolescents include: low socioeconomic status, large amount of disposable (pocket) money, sensation and novelty seeking, low self-control, delinquency and having delinquent friends.", "Other risk factors include: using alcohol as a coping strategy for emotional problems (more common in adolescent girls), excessive drinking among peers, poor relationship with parents, excessive alcohol use by parents.", "Genetic conditions combined with a background of negative environmental factors increase the harmful use of alcohol.", "Additionally the risk-taking behavior associated with adolescence promotes binge drinking.", "Acute intoxication, such as binge drinking and alcoholism, are known potent risk factors for suicide.", "Binge drinking is also associated with an increased risk of unplanned and unprotected sex, unplanned pregnancies, and an increased risk of HIV infection.", "10% of women and 19% of men have reported being assaulted as a result of alcohol.", "Males who drink more than 35 units of alcohol per week report being physically hurt as a result of alcohol, and 15% report physically hurting others as a result of their drinking.", "Almost 16% of binge drinkers report being taken advantage of sexually, and 8% report taking advantage of another person sexually as a result of alcohol within a one-year period.", "Heavy drinkers cause approximately 183,000 rapes and sexual assaults, 197,000 robberies, 661,000 aggravated assaults, and 1.7 million simple assaults each year.", "Binge drinking has been associated with higher probability of divorce, spousal abuse, and poor job performance.", "Binge drinking can cause adverse effects on the body including effects on blood homeostasis and its circadian variation, cardiac rhythm, ischaemic heart disease, blood pressure, white blood cell activity, female reproductive hormone levels as well as adverse effects on the fetus.", "There is also evidence from animal studies that binge drinking causes brain damage.", "Binge drinking has been associated with lower abdominal pain in women.", "Ketoacidosis can occur in individuals who chronically use alcohol excessively and have a recent history of binge drinking.", "Alcohol affects brain development quite significantly especially during adolescence when the brain is still developing.", "The main lobes that are involved in decision making and complex thought processes are undergoing their final development phase during adolescence and binge drinking can negatively stunt the growth of these frontal lobes.", "The high levels of binge drinking among young people and the adverse consequences that include increased risk of alcoholism as an adult and liver disease make binge drinking a major public health issue.", "Recent research has found that young college binge drinkers who drink four or more drinks on more than three occasions in the past two weeks are statistically 19 times more likely to develop alcoholism than non-binge drinkers, though the direction of causality remains unclear.", "This is particularly interesting, as drinking for the sole purpose of getting drunk remains a major health and social problem on college campuses across the United States.", "Heavy and regular binge drinking during adolescence is associated with an increased risk of alcoholism.", "Approximately 40% of alcoholics report heavy drinking during adolescence.", "Repeated episodes of excessive drinking, especially at an early age, are thought to cause a profound increase in the risk of developing an alcohol-related disorder (ICD-10, harmful use/dependence syndrome).", "Heavy drinking is also closely associated with depression.", "Those with severe depression have higher rates of alcohol use disorder than those with low rates of depression.", "College students who are depressed are more susceptible to use alcohol than college students who are not depressed.", "In a study conducted at Harvard University, it was found that about 32% of students surveyed were diagnosable for alcohol use disorder and about 6% were diagnosed as alcohol dependent.", "Binge drinking is also becoming an increasing problem in Australian adolescents, the Australian School Students Alcohol and Drug survey conducted by the National Cancer Council discovered that around 33% of students between years 7 and 11 consumed alcohol in the week leading up to the survey, they also found that 10% of the students participated in binge drinking at a consumption level which is considered dangerous to adults.", "When the survey results were separated into age groups the findings were that 13% of 15-year-old's and 22% of 17-year-old's had alcohol consumption levels above the daily maximum suggested to adults and that 20% of 17-year-old's had a consumption level of alcohol considered risky to adults.", "Other risk factors that influence the development of alcohol use disorder include social and genetic factors.", "Several researchers have found that starting drinking before the age of 15 is associated with a fourfold increased risk for developing alcoholism compared to people that delay drinking until age 20 or later.", "It has been estimated by some that if the age at which people started drinking could be delayed to age 20, there would be a 50% reduction in the number of cases of alcohol use disorder.", "However, it is unclear whether this is a causal relationship, or a function of confounding familial (and other) factors associated with both age at first drink and propensity for alcoholism.", "The main cause of death among adolescents as a result of binge drinking is road traffic accidents; a third of all fatal road traffic accidents among 15- to 20-year-olds are associated with drinking alcohol.", "Cyclists and pedestrians are likely to have less spatial awareness and concentration while travelling after binge drinking and, also, it is more common that adolescents that binge-drink drive drunk or are the passenger of a drunk driver.", "It has been found that 50% of all head injuries in adolescents in the US are associated with alcohol consumption.", "Violence and suicide combine to become the third-most-common cause of death associated with binge drinking among adolescents.", "The suicide risk in adolescents is more than four times higher among binge drinkers than non-binge drinking adolescents.", "Earlier sexual activity, increased changing of sexual partners, higher rate of unwanted pregnancy, higher rate of sexually transmitted diseases, infertility, and alcohol-related damage to the fetus during pregnancy is associated with binge drinking.", "Female binge drinkers are three times more likely to be victims of sexual assault; 50% of adolescent girls reporting sexual assault were under the influence of alcohol or another psychotropic substance at the time.", "Adolescents who regularly participated in binge drinking for several years show a smaller hippocampus brain region, in particular those who began drinking in early adolescence.", "Heavy binge drinking is associated with neurocognitive deficits of frontal lobe processing and impaired working memory as well as delayed auditory and verbal memory deficits.", "Animal studies suggest that the neurodegenerative effects of heavy alcohol use during adolescence can be permanent.", "Research in humans, which utilised sophisticated brain scanning technology suggests that in adolescent teenagers, drinking more than four or five drinks once or twice a month results in subtle damage to the teenagers developing brain tissue, in particular the white matter.", "However, this research is primarily cross-sectional and done with fairly small sample sizes, making causality less certain.", "Several studies have been conducted to discover if there is a link between binge drinking in adolescent years and becoming a chronic alcohol consumer when they transition into adulthood.", "A particular study conducted by the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth found that harmful drinking during adolescent years was significantly associated with the continuance of dangerous levels of alcohol consumption into adulthood years.", "Binge drinking is a way for young adolescents to rely alcohol as a way to cope with certain stress or depression.", "Heavy binge drinkers tend to have delayed auditory and verbal memory and deficits in executive planning function and episodic memory, which are similar to deficits seen in Korsakoff's syndrome.", "Impairments in spatial working memory and pattern recognition tasks also have been found in heavy binge drinkers.", "Impulse control is also impaired in binge drinkers, especially female binge drinkers.", "Additionally, immediate and delayed recall of verbal and visual information is impaired; conversely, semantic organizational ability is better in binge drinkers compared to non-binge drinkers.", "Studies in adolescents have shown that regular binge drinking may cause long-lasting cognitive impairments, though the threshold needed to produce significant effects remains unclear.", "Cognitive impairment in adults is also unclear, as one study found no association between binge drinking and cognitive impairment.", "Binge drinking is believed to increase impulsivity due to altered functioning of prefrontal–subcortical and orbitofrontal circuits.", "Binge drinking and alcoholics who have undergone multiple detoxifications is associated with an inability to interpret facial expressions properly; this is believed to be due to kindling of the amygdala with resultant distortion of neurotransmission.", "Adolescents, females and young adults are most sensitive to the neuropsychological effects of binge drinking.", "Adolescence, in particular early adolescence, is a developmental stage that is particularly vulnerable to the neurotoxic and neurocognitive adverse effects of binge drinking due to it being a time of significant brain development.", "Binge drinking regimes are associated with causing an imbalance between inhibitory and excitatory amino acids and changes in monoamines release in the central nervous system, which increases neurotoxicity and may result in cognitive impairments, psychological problems and in long-term heavy binge drinkers may cause irreversible brain damage in both adolescents and adults.", "While several rat studies indicate that alcohol is more toxic during adolescence than adulthood, some researchers believe that it remains unclear whether this is also the case in humans.", "Though heavy binge drinking adolescent humans show impaired brain activity during memory tests and underdeveloped brain structures compared to adolescents who did not binge-drink, they argue that these findings are similar to adults who did not have alcohol use disorder during adolescence.", "Extrapolation from animal studies to humans is notoriously difficult, and a review by the group Choose Responsibility concluded that alcohol's long-term damage to cognitive processes was the same regardless of whether heavy drinking commenced during adolescence or later.", "Binge drinking is a more important factor rather than average alcohol intake, with regard to the severity of alcohol induced damage to the fetus.", "Alcohol has definite long-term adverse effects on the fetus, in particular impaired attentional skills and may lead to psychiatric disorders when the child grows up.", "In a 2005 study in the US, approximately one in five non-pregnant women binge-drank and one in 25 pregnant women binge-drank.", "Binge drinking during pregnancy is associated with fetal alcohol syndrome, alcohol-related birth defects as well as alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorders.", "The affected children after birth can suffer mental retardation and problems with learning, memory, attention, problem solving and problems with mental health and social interactions.", "Deformities in facial features, skeletal and body organs as well as a smaller head circumference are also sometimes present in these children.", "Studies in sheep indicate that fetal neurotoxicity induced by alcohol may be due to acidaemia and hypercapnia.", "Binge drinking three or more times during pregnancy has been associated with an increased risk of stillbirth.", "Binge drinking is also associated with strokes and sudden death.", "Binge drinking increases the risk of stroke by 10 times.", "In countries where binge drinking is commonplace, rates of sudden death on the weekend in young adults and middle aged people increase significantly.", "The withdrawal phase after an episode of binge drinking is particularly associated with ischaemic stroke as well as subarachnoid haemorrhage and intracerebral haemorrhage in younger men.", "In individuals with an underlying cardiac disorder a binge on alcohol increases the risk of silent myocardial ischaemia as well as angina.", "Binge drinking has negative effects on metabolism, lipid profile, blood coagulation and fibrinolysis, blood pressure and vascular tone and is associated with embolic stroke and acute myocardial infarction.", "Due to these risks experts believe that it is extremely important to warn people of the risks of binge drinking.", "Binge-drinking by people otherwise considered to be light drinkers is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular problems and mortality.", "Binge drinking increases cardiovascular toxicity due to its adverse effects on the electrical conduction system of the heart and the process of atherothrombosis.", "Excessive alcohol consumption is responsible for an average of 80,000 deaths in the U.S. each year1 and $223.5 billion in economic costs in 2006.2 More than half of these deaths and three-quarters of the economic costs are due to binge drinking1 and 2 (≥4 drinks for women; ≥5 drinks for men, per occasion).", "The bladder may rupture if overfilled and not emptied.", "This can occur in the case of binge drinkers having consumed very large quantities, but are not aware, due to stupor, of the need to urinate.", "This condition is very rare in women, but it does occur.", "Symptoms include localized pain and uraemia (poisoning due to reabsorbed waste).", "The recovery rate is high, with most fatalities due to septic blood poisoning.", "A person is more likely to urinate while passed out before the bladder ruptures, as alcohol relaxes the muscles that normally control their bladder.", "The most common risk of consuming massive quantities of alcohol in a short period of time is a dangerously high blood alcohol level.", "The result is called alcohol poisoning (overdose), which can be fatal.", "Choking on (or inhalation of) vomit is also a potential cause of death, as are injuries from falls, fights, motor vehicle and bicycle accidents.", "Nine percent of college students who binge drink drive after binge drinking.", "Another common risk is a blackout (alcohol-related amnesia), which can cause shame, guilt, embarrassment, harm to personal relationships, injury or death, and is also associated with the loss of personal belongings.", "A recent study conducted on an American College tested to discover if excessive binge drinking would have an effect on the cardiovascular system.", "From the results they received they found alterations in the binge drinker's macrocirculation and microcirculation functions which may be sign of a risk in cardiovascular disease.", "The study suggests that binge drinkers with a past history of strong binge drinking should be screened regularly.", "Binge drinking has the propensity to result in brain damage faster as well as more severely than chronic drinking (alcoholism), due to the neurotoxic effects of the repeated rebound withdrawal effects.", "During the repeated alcohol free stages associated with binge drinking, a larger amount of glutamate is released than occurs during withdrawal from chronic heavy alcohol use; additionally this extreme release of glutamate happens on a repeated basis in binge drinkers leading to excitotoxicity.", "The tolerance that occurs during chronic ('non-stop') drinking delays alcohol-related brain damage compared to binge drinking, which induced immediate and repeated insults to the brain.", "Impairments in impulse control in binge drinkers, which is more prominent in female binge drinkers, is due to dysfunction of the frontal lobe.", "The findings in humans have been largely concordant with animal studies.", "Such animal studies find that heavy and regular binge drinking causes neurodegeneration in corticolimbic brain regions areas that are involved in learning and spatial memory, such as the olfactory bulb, piriform cortex, perirhinal cortex, entorhinal cortex, and the hippocampal dentate gyrus.", "A study in rats found that a heavy two-day drinking binge caused extensive neurodegeneration in the entorhinal cortex with resultant learning deficits.", "While brain damage from binge drinking is known to occur as a result of binge drinking patterns, it is unclear how long drinking sessions last and how regular binge drinking is done to cause brain damage in humans.", "One study found that humans who drank at least 100 drinks (male) or 80 drinks (female) per month (concentrated to 21 occasions or less per month) throughout a three-year period had impaired decision making skills compared to non-binge drinkers.", "Repeated acute withdrawal from alcohol, which occurs in heavy binge drinkers, has been shown in several studies to be associated with cognitive deficits as a result of neural kindling; neural kindling due to repeated withdrawals is believed to be the mechanism of cognitive damage in both binge drinkers and alcoholics.", "Neuronal kindling also leads to each subsequent acute withdrawal episode being more severe than previous withdrawal episodes.", "Blackouts, a form of amnesia that occurs in binge drinkers may be due to suppressed hippocampus function with rebound NMDA (glutamate) activity combined with excessive glucocorticoid release induced by the stress of repeated intoxication followed by acute withdrawal/abstinence is the proposed mechanism of neural kindling leading to neurotoxicity of structures involved in learning and memory within the brain of binge drinkers.", "Frontal lobe processing may become impaired as a result of binge drinking with resultant neurocognitive deficits and impaired working memory.", "Alcohol suppresses brain function during intoxication; but upon withdrawal rebound effects occur in the glutamate/NMDA system and with excess glutamate activity glucocorticoid release; due to the repeated intoxication, followed by acute withdrawal, a neurotoxic effect that damages the central nervous system develops, leading to persisting impairments in verbal and nonverbal cognitive abilities as well as impairment of spatial orientation.", "Due to developmental processes occurring during adolescence including myelinization and restructuring of the synapses, adolescents are thought to be more vulnerable to the neurotoxic effects of alcohol.", "Age and genetic factors influence the risk of developing alcohol-related neurotoxicity.", "Adolescence, especially early adolescence (i.e. before age 15), is a critical and delicate developmental stage when specialised neuronal and synaptic systems mature.", "This critical developmental stage is where lifelong adult traits e.g., talents, reasoning and complex skills mature; however alcohol and in particular binge drinking may disrupt and interfere with this developmental process.", "Adolescence is also a period of development characterised by a high level of novel seeking, thrill seeking and risk taking behaviour and thus alcohol and other drug experimentation and abuse is common.", "An adolescent rat study found that a short exposure to high levels of alcohol resulted in long-lasting changes to functional brain activity with corresponding abnormalities in EEG brain waves that persisted into adulthood, including persisting disturbances in sleep EEG with a reduction in slow wave sleep.", "These EEG findings are similar to premature aging.", "According to one review of the literature, if the developmental stage of adolescence is similar to the developmental stage of the fetus with regard to sensitivity to the neurotoxic effects of alcohol, and if long-lasting or permanent damage to the brain occurs similar to what animal studies suggest, then this represents a major public health issue due to the high levels of alcohol use by adolescents.", "Indeed, alcohol can affect the remodeling and functional changes in synaptic plasticity and neuronal connectivity in different brain regions that occurs during adolescence (\"see this related article\").", "An alcohol use disorder may develop when a person continues to drink heavily despite recurrent social, interpersonal, and/or legal problems.", "Behaviorally, frequent binge drinking is usually involved, but not everyone who engages in binge drinking develops an alcohol use disorder.", "For the purpose of identifying an alcohol use disorder when assessing binge drinking, using a time frame of the past 6 months eliminates false negatives.", "For example, it has been found that using a narrow two week window for assessment of binge drinking habits leads to 30% of heavy regular binge drinkers wrongly being classed as not having an alcohol use disorder.", "However, the same researchers also note that recall bias is somewhat enhanced when longer timeframes are used.", "Binge drinking is considered harmful, regardless of a person's age, and there have been calls for healthcare professionals to give increased attention to their patients’ drinking habits, especially binge drinking.", "Some researchers believe that raising the legal drinking age and screening brief interventions by healthcare providers are the most effective means of reducing morbidity and mortality rates associated with binge drinking.", "Programs in the United States have thought of numerous ways to help prevent binge drinking.", "The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggests increasing the cost of alcohol or the excise taxes, restricting the number of stores who may obtain a license to sell liquor (reducing \"outlet density\"), and implementing stricter law enforcement of underage drinking laws.", "There are also a number of individual counseling approaches, such as motivational interviewing and cognitive behavioral approaches, that have been shown to reduce drinking among heavy drinking college students.", "In 2006, the Wisconsin Initiative to Promote Healthy Lifestyles implemented a program that helps primary care physicians identify and address binge drinking problems in patients.", "In August 2008, a group of college presidents calling itself the Amethyst Initiative asserted that lowering the legal drinking age to 18 (presumably) was one way to curb the \"culture of dangerous binge drinking\" among college students.", "This idea is currently the subject of controversy.", "Proponents argue that the 21 law forces drinking underground and makes it more dangerous than it has to be, while opponents have claimed that lowering the age would only make the situation worse.", "Despite health warnings, most Australian women drink at least one night a week.", "But experts are warning they are not only damaging their bodies but are also at risk of attracting sexual predators.", "Research shows ways to reduce binge drinking or engage in dangerous drinking.", "Some computer-based intervention appear to reduce binge drinking, an example of which is \"rethinking drinking\".", "Understanding consumer personality and how people view others is important.", "People were shown ads talking of the harmful effects of binge drinking.", "People who valued close friends as a sense of who they are, were less likely to want to binge drink after seeing an ad featuring them and a close friend.", "People who were loners or who did not see close friends important to their sense of who they were reacted better to ads featuring an individual.", "A similar pattern was shown for ads showing a person driving at dangerous speeds.", "This suggests ads showing potential harm to citizens from binge drinking or dangerous driving are less effective than ads highlighting a person's close friends.", "In 2009 the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing spent $53.5 million Australian Dollars on National Binge Drinking Strategy to target young Australians.", "This campaign titled \"Don't Turn a Night Out Into a Nightmare\" was delivered to the public over many mass media platforms to show the harms and consequences of risky single occasion drinking (RSOD) as binge drinking is defined in Australia.", "Evidence as to the effectiveness of these types of campaigns is mixed.", "Research needs to be completed to ensure that the effectiveness of the messages are resulting in a positive shift in the behaviours of the target audience.", "Due to the risks especially in adolescents, of cognitive impairments and possible irreversible brain damage associated with binge drinking, urgent action has been recommended.", "There is some evidence that interventions by employers such as, health and lifestyle checks, psychosocial skills training and peer referral, can reduce the level of binge drinking.", "In the US brief motivational interventions have shown some benefit in reducing future binge drinking.", "Adolescents who misuse alcohol can benefit from interventions aimed at risk reduction.", "For more severe cases an intervention involving parents, guardians, or a psychotherapist is recommended.", "An effective strategy of intervention for adolescents whose binge drinking leads to admission to hospital, e.g. for alcohol poisoning or injury, is manualised brief interventions at the hospital in one to four counseling sessions each lasting 30 to 60 minutes conducted by trained staff.", "Evaluation of personal pattern of drinking and associated risks and an emphasis on personal responsibility in a non-condescending manner is recommended during the intervention; discussing and informing and educating the adolescent of possible negative short and long-term consequences of drinking is recommended.", "The setting of goals and rules to achieve those goals is also recommended during intervention with problem binge drinking adolescents.", "Motivational enhancement therapy also shows promise as a treatment.", "Increasing public information and awareness regarding the risks of binge drinking, conducting interviews in emergency departments of young people suspected of harmful drinking patterns and trying to persuade them to accept individual counseling in youth addiction counseling services are effective strategies for reducing the harm of binge drinking.", "Encouraging recreational and adventurous training activities such as climbing or driving can be used alternative \"natural buzzes\" to alcohol misuse.", "Additionally, the provision of educational content about the risks of binge drinking and a risk assessment are beneficial during intervention with young binge drinkers and a referral in the case of an alcohol use disorder for specialised help.", "According to the NIAAA definition of \"heavy drinkers\", men may be at risk for alcohol-related problems if their alcohol consumption exceeds 14 standard drinks per week or four drinks per day, and women may be at risk if they have more than seven standard drinks per week or three drinks per day.", "Despite this risk, a 2014 report in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health found that only 10% of either \"heavy drinkers\" or \"binge drinkers\" also met the criteria for alcohol dependence, while only 1.3% of non-binge drinkers met this criteria.", "An inference drawn in this study is that evidence-based policy strategies and clinical preventive services may effectively reduce binge drinking without requiring addiction treatment in most cases.", "Binge drinking is more common in men than it is in women.", "Among students in the US, approximately 50% of men and 39% of women binge drink.", "Racial differences exist among binge drinking with Hispanics followed by Caucasians having the highest level of binge drinking.", "Caucasians have been found to be nearly twice as likely to binge drink than blacks.", "It is a common pattern among Native Americans.", "Among the Australian youth population, 31% of males and 14% of women aged 15–17 years engage in risky alcohol consumption.", "Individuals of African descent have a lower level of binge drinking followed by those of Asian descent.", "In the case of Asians their low level of binge drinking may be due to the presence of the aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (ALDH2, Chromosome 12) in many (but by no means the vast majority) that results in poor metabolism of alcohol, which leads to severe adverse effects such as facial flushing.", "Men are more likely to binge drink (up to 81% of alcohol binges are done by men) than women and men are also more likely to develop alcohol dependence than women.", "People who are homozygous for the ALDH2 gene are less likely to binge-drink due to severe adverse effects that occur even with moderate amounts of alcohol consumption.", "College students have been found to be more likely to binge drink than their same age peers who were not enrolled in college.", "In the US, this effect has caused serious problems with the country's legal drinking age.", "This effect is more prevalent in women than in men.", "Other factors that have been found to correlate with higher levels of binge drinking include low religiosity, marijuana use, living with roommates, and cigarette use.", "Binge drinking costs the UK economy approximately £20 billion a year; 17 million working days are estimated to be lost due to hangovers and drink-related illness each year.", "The cost of binge drinking to employers is estimated to be £6.4 billion and the cost per year of alcohol harm is estimated to cost the National Health Service £2.7 billion.", "Urgent action has been recommended to understand the binge drinking culture and its aetiology and pathogenesis and urgent action has been called for to educate people with regard to the dangers of binge drinking.", "The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released a study in October 2011 that showed that in the United States binge drinking costs society $223 billion a year, which amounts to $2 per drink.", "These costs include health care costs for alcohol-related issues, including liver cirrhosis, loss of work productivity, property damage due to drunk driving, and expenditures related to criminal acts.", "Overall, 11.9% of binge drinkers drove during or within two hours of their most recent binge drinking episode.", "Those drinking in licensed establishments (bars, clubs, and restaurants) accounted for 54.3% of these driving episodes.", "Significant independent risk factors for driving after binge drinking included male gender (AOR=1.75); being aged 35–54 or ≥55 years compared to 18–34 years (AOR=1.58 and 2.37, respectively); and drinking in bars or clubs compared to drinking in the respondent's home (AOR=7.81).", "Drivers who drank most of their alcohol in licensed establishments consumed an average of 8.1 drinks, and 25.7% of them consumed ≥10 drinks.", "Women become intoxicated more quickly than men, and experience a higher blood alcohol level.", "This difference in effect occurs even when a woman's body weight and consumption of alcohol are the same as that of a man.", "Because of these discrepancies, college-age women tend to experience the consequences of binge drinking before their male counterparts.", "There is no known safe level of alcohol consumption either when trying to get pregnant or during pregnancy.", "With alcohol abuse remaining highly stigmatized—particularly in the case of pregnant women—some advocate for treatment programs to focus on a non-judgmental stance, on personal empowerment, and on offering contraceptives to women engaging in sex, in order to prevent fetal alcohol spectrum disorder." ]

[ 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 ]

[ "The more often a child or adolescent binge drinks and the younger they are the more likely that they will develop an alcohol use disorder including alcoholism.", "A large number of adolescents who binge-drink also consume other psychotropic substances." ]

[ "Stolle, Sack and Thomasius define binge drinking as episodic excessive drinking.", "There is currently no worldwide consensus on how many drinks constitute a \"binge\", but in the United States, the term has been described in academic research to mean consuming five or more standard drinks (male), or four or more drinks (female), over a two-hour period.", "In 2015, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, citing the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, defines binge drinking as \"a pattern of drinking that brings a person's blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 grams percent or above.", "This typically happens when men consume five or more drinks, and when women consume four or more drinks, in about two hours.\" and estimated that about 16% of American adults met these criteria at least four times per month.", "One 2001 definition from the publication \"Psychology of Addictive Behavior\" states that five drinks for men and four drinks for women must be consumed on one occasion at least once in a two-week period for it to be classed as binge drinking.", "This is colloquially known as the \"5/4 definition\", and depending on the source, the timeframe can vary.", "In the United Kingdom, binge drinking is defined by one academic publication as drinking more than twice the daily limit, that is, drinking eight units or more for men or six units or more for women (roughly equivalent to five or four American standard drinks, respectively).", "In Australia, binge drinking is also known as risky single occasion drinking (RSOD) and can be classified by the drinking of seven or more standard drinks (by males) and five or more standard drinks (by females) within a single day.", "When BEACH (Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health) conducted a study which gathered information of people over the age of 18, it defined binge drinkers as those who consumed six or more standard drinks on one occasion whether that be weekly or monthly.", "The above definitions are limited in that they do not take into account the time period over which the drinking occurs or the body mass of the person drinking.", "A person could be defined as a binge drinker even if he or she never becomes intoxicated.", "The term, however, has succeeded in drawing public awareness to the problem of excess drinking..\nOther, less common definitions rely on blood alcohol concentration (BAC).", "For example, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) defines the term \"binge drinking\" as a pattern of drinking that brings a person's blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 percent or above.", "Whatever the numerical definition used, heavy drinking or rapid consumption over a short period of time with the intention of becoming intoxicated is often implied when the term is used colloquially, since four or five drinks consumed over the course of a whole day and as an accompaniment to meals will not have the same effects as the same amount consumed over a couple of hours on an empty stomach.", "An alternative colloquial term for binge drinking, \"going on a bender\", formerly implied a drinking spree of several days.", "Culture as well as peer pressure play an important role in driving binge drinking.", "In adults, binge drinking is more common in people who have never been married and score a grade B or less in education.", "The reasons for binge drinking by children and adolescents in Europe include:\n\n\nOther causes include feeling more grown-up and fitting in with peers and to increase the chance of sexual encounters.", "Some also drink to alleviate psychological stress or anxiety.", "Research on interpersonal violence focused on mechanisms of victimization and perpetration (specifically stalking, harassment, sexual assault, and teen dating violence) among adolescents reported a significantly higher proportion of teenagers endorsing depressed mood and engagement in binge drinking among those subjected to victimization.", "Semi-structured interview were carried out with 64 14- to 17-year-olds who had an experience of binge drinking.", "These interviews found that motivations included social facilitation which was ease in social situations, individual benefits such as getting a 'buzz' and influences of peer pressure and social norms.", "Risk factors for binge drinking among adolescents include: low socioeconomic status, large amount of disposable (pocket) money, sensation and novelty seeking, low self-control, delinquency and having delinquent friends.", "Other risk factors include: using alcohol as a coping strategy for emotional problems (more common in adolescent girls), excessive drinking among peers, poor relationship with parents, excessive alcohol use by parents.", "Genetic conditions combined with a background of negative environmental factors increase the harmful use of alcohol.", "Additionally the risk-taking behavior associated with adolescence promotes binge drinking.", "Acute intoxication, such as binge drinking and alcoholism, are known potent risk factors for suicide.", "Binge drinking is also associated with an increased risk of unplanned and unprotected sex, unplanned pregnancies, and an increased risk of HIV infection.", "10% of women and 19% of men have reported being assaulted as a result of alcohol.", "Males who drink more than 35 units of alcohol per week report being physically hurt as a result of alcohol, and 15% report physically hurting others as a result of their drinking.", "Almost 16% of binge drinkers report being taken advantage of sexually, and 8% report taking advantage of another person sexually as a result of alcohol within a one-year period.", "Heavy drinkers cause approximately 183,000 rapes and sexual assaults, 197,000 robberies, 661,000 aggravated assaults, and 1.7 million simple assaults each year.", "Binge drinking has been associated with higher probability of divorce, spousal abuse, and poor job performance.", "Binge drinking can cause adverse effects on the body including effects on blood homeostasis and its circadian variation, cardiac rhythm, ischaemic heart disease, blood pressure, white blood cell activity, female reproductive hormone levels as well as adverse effects on the fetus.", "There is also evidence from animal studies that binge drinking causes brain damage.", "Binge drinking has been associated with lower abdominal pain in women.", "Ketoacidosis can occur in individuals who chronically use alcohol excessively and have a recent history of binge drinking.", "Alcohol affects brain development quite significantly especially during adolescence when the brain is still developing.", "The main lobes that are involved in decision making and complex thought processes are undergoing their final development phase during adolescence and binge drinking can negatively stunt the growth of these frontal lobes.", "The high levels of binge drinking among young people and the adverse consequences that include increased risk of alcoholism as an adult and liver disease make binge drinking a major public health issue.", "Recent research has found that young college binge drinkers who drink four or more drinks on more than three occasions in the past two weeks are statistically 19 times more likely to develop alcoholism than non-binge drinkers, though the direction of causality remains unclear.", "This is particularly interesting, as drinking for the sole purpose of getting drunk remains a major health and social problem on college campuses across the United States.", "Heavy and regular binge drinking during adolescence is associated with an increased risk of alcoholism.", "Approximately 40% of alcoholics report heavy drinking during adolescence.", "Repeated episodes of excessive drinking, especially at an early age, are thought to cause a profound increase in the risk of developing an alcohol-related disorder (ICD-10, harmful use/dependence syndrome).", "Heavy drinking is also closely associated with depression.", "Those with severe depression have higher rates of alcohol use disorder than those with low rates of depression.", "College students who are depressed are more susceptible to use alcohol than college students who are not depressed.", "In a study conducted at Harvard University, it was found that about 32% of students surveyed were diagnosable for alcohol use disorder and about 6% were diagnosed as alcohol dependent.", "Binge drinking is also becoming an increasing problem in Australian adolescents, the Australian School Students Alcohol and Drug survey conducted by the National Cancer Council discovered that around 33% of students between years 7 and 11 consumed alcohol in the week leading up to the survey, they also found that 10% of the students participated in binge drinking at a consumption level which is considered dangerous to adults.", "When the survey results were separated into age groups the findings were that 13% of 15-year-old's and 22% of 17-year-old's had alcohol consumption levels above the daily maximum suggested to adults and that 20% of 17-year-old's had a consumption level of alcohol considered risky to adults.", "Other risk factors that influence the development of alcohol use disorder include social and genetic factors.", "Several researchers have found that starting drinking before the age of 15 is associated with a fourfold increased risk for developing alcoholism compared to people that delay drinking until age 20 or later.", "It has been estimated by some that if the age at which people started drinking could be delayed to age 20, there would be a 50% reduction in the number of cases of alcohol use disorder.", "However, it is unclear whether this is a causal relationship, or a function of confounding familial (and other) factors associated with both age at first drink and propensity for alcoholism.", "The main cause of death among adolescents as a result of binge drinking is road traffic accidents; a third of all fatal road traffic accidents among 15- to 20-year-olds are associated with drinking alcohol.", "Cyclists and pedestrians are likely to have less spatial awareness and concentration while travelling after binge drinking and, also, it is more common that adolescents that binge-drink drive drunk or are the passenger of a drunk driver.", "It has been found that 50% of all head injuries in adolescents in the US are associated with alcohol consumption.", "Violence and suicide combine to become the third-most-common cause of death associated with binge drinking among adolescents.", "The suicide risk in adolescents is more than four times higher among binge drinkers than non-binge drinking adolescents.", "Earlier sexual activity, increased changing of sexual partners, higher rate of unwanted pregnancy, higher rate of sexually transmitted diseases, infertility, and alcohol-related damage to the fetus during pregnancy is associated with binge drinking.", "Female binge drinkers are three times more likely to be victims of sexual assault; 50% of adolescent girls reporting sexual assault were under the influence of alcohol or another psychotropic substance at the time.", "Adolescents who regularly participated in binge drinking for several years show a smaller hippocampus brain region, in particular those who began drinking in early adolescence.", "Heavy binge drinking is associated with neurocognitive deficits of frontal lobe processing and impaired working memory as well as delayed auditory and verbal memory deficits.", "Animal studies suggest that the neurodegenerative effects of heavy alcohol use during adolescence can be permanent.", "Research in humans, which utilised sophisticated brain scanning technology suggests that in adolescent teenagers, drinking more than four or five drinks once or twice a month results in subtle damage to the teenagers developing brain tissue, in particular the white matter.", "However, this research is primarily cross-sectional and done with fairly small sample sizes, making causality less certain.", "Several studies have been conducted to discover if there is a link between binge drinking in adolescent years and becoming a chronic alcohol consumer when they transition into adulthood.", "A particular study conducted by the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth found that harmful drinking during adolescent years was significantly associated with the continuance of dangerous levels of alcohol consumption into adulthood years.", "Binge drinking is a way for young adolescents to rely alcohol as a way to cope with certain stress or depression.", "Heavy binge drinkers tend to have delayed auditory and verbal memory and deficits in executive planning function and episodic memory, which are similar to deficits seen in Korsakoff's syndrome.", "Impairments in spatial working memory and pattern recognition tasks also have been found in heavy binge drinkers.", "Impulse control is also impaired in binge drinkers, especially female binge drinkers.", "Additionally, immediate and delayed recall of verbal and visual information is impaired; conversely, semantic organizational ability is better in binge drinkers compared to non-binge drinkers.", "Studies in adolescents have shown that regular binge drinking may cause long-lasting cognitive impairments, though the threshold needed to produce significant effects remains unclear.", "Cognitive impairment in adults is also unclear, as one study found no association between binge drinking and cognitive impairment.", "Binge drinking is believed to increase impulsivity due to altered functioning of prefrontal–subcortical and orbitofrontal circuits.", "Binge drinking and alcoholics who have undergone multiple detoxifications is associated with an inability to interpret facial expressions properly; this is believed to be due to kindling of the amygdala with resultant distortion of neurotransmission.", "Adolescents, females and young adults are most sensitive to the neuropsychological effects of binge drinking.", "Adolescence, in particular early adolescence, is a developmental stage that is particularly vulnerable to the neurotoxic and neurocognitive adverse effects of binge drinking due to it being a time of significant brain development.", "Binge drinking regimes are associated with causing an imbalance between inhibitory and excitatory amino acids and changes in monoamines release in the central nervous system, which increases neurotoxicity and may result in cognitive impairments, psychological problems and in long-term heavy binge drinkers may cause irreversible brain damage in both adolescents and adults.", "While several rat studies indicate that alcohol is more toxic during adolescence than adulthood, some researchers believe that it remains unclear whether this is also the case in humans.", "Though heavy binge drinking adolescent humans show impaired brain activity during memory tests and underdeveloped brain structures compared to adolescents who did not binge-drink, they argue that these findings are similar to adults who did not have alcohol use disorder during adolescence.", "Extrapolation from animal studies to humans is notoriously difficult, and a review by the group Choose Responsibility concluded that alcohol's long-term damage to cognitive processes was the same regardless of whether heavy drinking commenced during adolescence or later.", "Binge drinking is a more important factor rather than average alcohol intake, with regard to the severity of alcohol induced damage to the fetus.", "Alcohol has definite long-term adverse effects on the fetus, in particular impaired attentional skills and may lead to psychiatric disorders when the child grows up.", "In a 2005 study in the US, approximately one in five non-pregnant women binge-drank and one in 25 pregnant women binge-drank.", "Binge drinking during pregnancy is associated with fetal alcohol syndrome, alcohol-related birth defects as well as alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorders.", "The affected children after birth can suffer mental retardation and problems with learning, memory, attention, problem solving and problems with mental health and social interactions.", "Deformities in facial features, skeletal and body organs as well as a smaller head circumference are also sometimes present in these children.", "Studies in sheep indicate that fetal neurotoxicity induced by alcohol may be due to acidaemia and hypercapnia.", "Binge drinking three or more times during pregnancy has been associated with an increased risk of stillbirth.", "Binge drinking is also associated with strokes and sudden death.", "Binge drinking increases the risk of stroke by 10 times.", "In countries where binge drinking is commonplace, rates of sudden death on the weekend in young adults and middle aged people increase significantly.", "The withdrawal phase after an episode of binge drinking is particularly associated with ischaemic stroke as well as subarachnoid haemorrhage and intracerebral haemorrhage in younger men.", "In individuals with an underlying cardiac disorder a binge on alcohol increases the risk of silent myocardial ischaemia as well as angina.", "Binge drinking has negative effects on metabolism, lipid profile, blood coagulation and fibrinolysis, blood pressure and vascular tone and is associated with embolic stroke and acute myocardial infarction.", "Due to these risks experts believe that it is extremely important to warn people of the risks of binge drinking.", "Binge-drinking by people otherwise considered to be light drinkers is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular problems and mortality.", "Binge drinking increases cardiovascular toxicity due to its adverse effects on the electrical conduction system of the heart and the process of atherothrombosis.", "Excessive alcohol consumption is responsible for an average of 80,000 deaths in the U.S. each year1 and $223.5 billion in economic costs in 2006.2 More than half of these deaths and three-quarters of the economic costs are due to binge drinking1 and 2 (≥4 drinks for women; ≥5 drinks for men, per occasion).", "The bladder may rupture if overfilled and not emptied.", "This can occur in the case of binge drinkers having consumed very large quantities, but are not aware, due to stupor, of the need to urinate.", "This condition is very rare in women, but it does occur.", "Symptoms include localized pain and uraemia (poisoning due to reabsorbed waste).", "The recovery rate is high, with most fatalities due to septic blood poisoning.", "A person is more likely to urinate while passed out before the bladder ruptures, as alcohol relaxes the muscles that normally control their bladder.", "The most common risk of consuming massive quantities of alcohol in a short period of time is a dangerously high blood alcohol level.", "The result is called alcohol poisoning (overdose), which can be fatal.", "Choking on (or inhalation of) vomit is also a potential cause of death, as are injuries from falls, fights, motor vehicle and bicycle accidents.", "Nine percent of college students who binge drink drive after binge drinking.", "Another common risk is a blackout (alcohol-related amnesia), which can cause shame, guilt, embarrassment, harm to personal relationships, injury or death, and is also associated with the loss of personal belongings.", "A recent study conducted on an American College tested to discover if excessive binge drinking would have an effect on the cardiovascular system.", "From the results they received they found alterations in the binge drinker's macrocirculation and microcirculation functions which may be sign of a risk in cardiovascular disease.", "The study suggests that binge drinkers with a past history of strong binge drinking should be screened regularly.", "Binge drinking has the propensity to result in brain damage faster as well as more severely than chronic drinking (alcoholism), due to the neurotoxic effects of the repeated rebound withdrawal effects.", "During the repeated alcohol free stages associated with binge drinking, a larger amount of glutamate is released than occurs during withdrawal from chronic heavy alcohol use; additionally this extreme release of glutamate happens on a repeated basis in binge drinkers leading to excitotoxicity.", "The tolerance that occurs during chronic ('non-stop') drinking delays alcohol-related brain damage compared to binge drinking, which induced immediate and repeated insults to the brain.", "Impairments in impulse control in binge drinkers, which is more prominent in female binge drinkers, is due to dysfunction of the frontal lobe.", "The findings in humans have been largely concordant with animal studies.", "Such animal studies find that heavy and regular binge drinking causes neurodegeneration in corticolimbic brain regions areas that are involved in learning and spatial memory, such as the olfactory bulb, piriform cortex, perirhinal cortex, entorhinal cortex, and the hippocampal dentate gyrus.", "A study in rats found that a heavy two-day drinking binge caused extensive neurodegeneration in the entorhinal cortex with resultant learning deficits.", "While brain damage from binge drinking is known to occur as a result of binge drinking patterns, it is unclear how long drinking sessions last and how regular binge drinking is done to cause brain damage in humans.", "One study found that humans who drank at least 100 drinks (male) or 80 drinks (female) per month (concentrated to 21 occasions or less per month) throughout a three-year period had impaired decision making skills compared to non-binge drinkers.", "Repeated acute withdrawal from alcohol, which occurs in heavy binge drinkers, has been shown in several studies to be associated with cognitive deficits as a result of neural kindling; neural kindling due to repeated withdrawals is believed to be the mechanism of cognitive damage in both binge drinkers and alcoholics.", "Neuronal kindling also leads to each subsequent acute withdrawal episode being more severe than previous withdrawal episodes.", "Blackouts, a form of amnesia that occurs in binge drinkers may be due to suppressed hippocampus function with rebound NMDA (glutamate) activity combined with excessive glucocorticoid release induced by the stress of repeated intoxication followed by acute withdrawal/abstinence is the proposed mechanism of neural kindling leading to neurotoxicity of structures involved in learning and memory within the brain of binge drinkers.", "Frontal lobe processing may become impaired as a result of binge drinking with resultant neurocognitive deficits and impaired working memory.", "Alcohol suppresses brain function during intoxication; but upon withdrawal rebound effects occur in the glutamate/NMDA system and with excess glutamate activity glucocorticoid release; due to the repeated intoxication, followed by acute withdrawal, a neurotoxic effect that damages the central nervous system develops, leading to persisting impairments in verbal and nonverbal cognitive abilities as well as impairment of spatial orientation.", "Due to developmental processes occurring during adolescence including myelinization and restructuring of the synapses, adolescents are thought to be more vulnerable to the neurotoxic effects of alcohol.", "Age and genetic factors influence the risk of developing alcohol-related neurotoxicity.", "Adolescence, especially early adolescence (i.e. before age 15), is a critical and delicate developmental stage when specialised neuronal and synaptic systems mature.", "This critical developmental stage is where lifelong adult traits e.g., talents, reasoning and complex skills mature; however alcohol and in particular binge drinking may disrupt and interfere with this developmental process.", "Adolescence is also a period of development characterised by a high level of novel seeking, thrill seeking and risk taking behaviour and thus alcohol and other drug experimentation and abuse is common.", "An adolescent rat study found that a short exposure to high levels of alcohol resulted in long-lasting changes to functional brain activity with corresponding abnormalities in EEG brain waves that persisted into adulthood, including persisting disturbances in sleep EEG with a reduction in slow wave sleep.", "These EEG findings are similar to premature aging.", "According to one review of the literature, if the developmental stage of adolescence is similar to the developmental stage of the fetus with regard to sensitivity to the neurotoxic effects of alcohol, and if long-lasting or permanent damage to the brain occurs similar to what animal studies suggest, then this represents a major public health issue due to the high levels of alcohol use by adolescents.", "Indeed, alcohol can affect the remodeling and functional changes in synaptic plasticity and neuronal connectivity in different brain regions that occurs during adolescence (\"see this related article\").", "An alcohol use disorder may develop when a person continues to drink heavily despite recurrent social, interpersonal, and/or legal problems.", "Behaviorally, frequent binge drinking is usually involved, but not everyone who engages in binge drinking develops an alcohol use disorder.", "For the purpose of identifying an alcohol use disorder when assessing binge drinking, using a time frame of the past 6 months eliminates false negatives.", "For example, it has been found that using a narrow two week window for assessment of binge drinking habits leads to 30% of heavy regular binge drinkers wrongly being classed as not having an alcohol use disorder.", "However, the same researchers also note that recall bias is somewhat enhanced when longer timeframes are used.", "Binge drinking is considered harmful, regardless of a person's age, and there have been calls for healthcare professionals to give increased attention to their patients’ drinking habits, especially binge drinking.", "Some researchers believe that raising the legal drinking age and screening brief interventions by healthcare providers are the most effective means of reducing morbidity and mortality rates associated with binge drinking.", "Programs in the United States have thought of numerous ways to help prevent binge drinking.", "The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggests increasing the cost of alcohol or the excise taxes, restricting the number of stores who may obtain a license to sell liquor (reducing \"outlet density\"), and implementing stricter law enforcement of underage drinking laws.", "There are also a number of individual counseling approaches, such as motivational interviewing and cognitive behavioral approaches, that have been shown to reduce drinking among heavy drinking college students.", "In 2006, the Wisconsin Initiative to Promote Healthy Lifestyles implemented a program that helps primary care physicians identify and address binge drinking problems in patients.", "In August 2008, a group of college presidents calling itself the Amethyst Initiative asserted that lowering the legal drinking age to 18 (presumably) was one way to curb the \"culture of dangerous binge drinking\" among college students.", "This idea is currently the subject of controversy.", "Proponents argue that the 21 law forces drinking underground and makes it more dangerous than it has to be, while opponents have claimed that lowering the age would only make the situation worse.", "Despite health warnings, most Australian women drink at least one night a week.", "But experts are warning they are not only damaging their bodies but are also at risk of attracting sexual predators.", "Research shows ways to reduce binge drinking or engage in dangerous drinking.", "Some computer-based intervention appear to reduce binge drinking, an example of which is \"rethinking drinking\".", "Understanding consumer personality and how people view others is important.", "People were shown ads talking of the harmful effects of binge drinking.", "People who valued close friends as a sense of who they are, were less likely to want to binge drink after seeing an ad featuring them and a close friend.", "People who were loners or who did not see close friends important to their sense of who they were reacted better to ads featuring an individual.", "A similar pattern was shown for ads showing a person driving at dangerous speeds.", "This suggests ads showing potential harm to citizens from binge drinking or dangerous driving are less effective than ads highlighting a person's close friends.", "In 2009 the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing spent $53.5 million Australian Dollars on National Binge Drinking Strategy to target young Australians.", "This campaign titled \"Don't Turn a Night Out Into a Nightmare\" was delivered to the public over many mass media platforms to show the harms and consequences of risky single occasion drinking (RSOD) as binge drinking is defined in Australia.", "Evidence as to the effectiveness of these types of campaigns is mixed.", "Research needs to be completed to ensure that the effectiveness of the messages are resulting in a positive shift in the behaviours of the target audience.", "Due to the risks especially in adolescents, of cognitive impairments and possible irreversible brain damage associated with binge drinking, urgent action has been recommended.", "There is some evidence that interventions by employers such as, health and lifestyle checks, psychosocial skills training and peer referral, can reduce the level of binge drinking.", "In the US brief motivational interventions have shown some benefit in reducing future binge drinking.", "Adolescents who misuse alcohol can benefit from interventions aimed at risk reduction.", "For more severe cases an intervention involving parents, guardians, or a psychotherapist is recommended.", "An effective strategy of intervention for adolescents whose binge drinking leads to admission to hospital, e.g. for alcohol poisoning or injury, is manualised brief interventions at the hospital in one to four counseling sessions each lasting 30 to 60 minutes conducted by trained staff.", "Evaluation of personal pattern of drinking and associated risks and an emphasis on personal responsibility in a non-condescending manner is recommended during the intervention; discussing and informing and educating the adolescent of possible negative short and long-term consequences of drinking is recommended.", "The setting of goals and rules to achieve those goals is also recommended during intervention with problem binge drinking adolescents.", "Motivational enhancement therapy also shows promise as a treatment.", "Increasing public information and awareness regarding the risks of binge drinking, conducting interviews in emergency departments of young people suspected of harmful drinking patterns and trying to persuade them to accept individual counseling in youth addiction counseling services are effective strategies for reducing the harm of binge drinking.", "Encouraging recreational and adventurous training activities such as climbing or driving can be used alternative \"natural buzzes\" to alcohol misuse.", "Additionally, the provision of educational content about the risks of binge drinking and a risk assessment are beneficial during intervention with young binge drinkers and a referral in the case of an alcohol use disorder for specialised help.", "According to the NIAAA definition of \"heavy drinkers\", men may be at risk for alcohol-related problems if their alcohol consumption exceeds 14 standard drinks per week or four drinks per day, and women may be at risk if they have more than seven standard drinks per week or three drinks per day.", "Despite this risk, a 2014 report in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health found that only 10% of either \"heavy drinkers\" or \"binge drinkers\" also met the criteria for alcohol dependence, while only 1.3% of non-binge drinkers met this criteria.", "An inference drawn in this study is that evidence-based policy strategies and clinical preventive services may effectively reduce binge drinking without requiring addiction treatment in most cases.", "Binge drinking is more common in men than it is in women.", "Among students in the US, approximately 50% of men and 39% of women binge drink.", "Racial differences exist among binge drinking with Hispanics followed by Caucasians having the highest level of binge drinking.", "Caucasians have been found to be nearly twice as likely to binge drink than blacks.", "It is a common pattern among Native Americans.", "Among the Australian youth population, 31% of males and 14% of women aged 15–17 years engage in risky alcohol consumption.", "Individuals of African descent have a lower level of binge drinking followed by those of Asian descent.", "In the case of Asians their low level of binge drinking may be due to the presence of the aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (ALDH2, Chromosome 12) in many (but by no means the vast majority) that results in poor metabolism of alcohol, which leads to severe adverse effects such as facial flushing.", "Men are more likely to binge drink (up to 81% of alcohol binges are done by men) than women and men are also more likely to develop alcohol dependence than women.", "People who are homozygous for the ALDH2 gene are less likely to binge-drink due to severe adverse effects that occur even with moderate amounts of alcohol consumption.", "College students have been found to be more likely to binge drink than their same age peers who were not enrolled in college.", "In the US, this effect has caused serious problems with the country's legal drinking age.", "This effect is more prevalent in women than in men.", "Other factors that have been found to correlate with higher levels of binge drinking include low religiosity, marijuana use, living with roommates, and cigarette use.", "Binge drinking costs the UK economy approximately £20 billion a year; 17 million working days are estimated to be lost due to hangovers and drink-related illness each year.", "The cost of binge drinking to employers is estimated to be £6.4 billion and the cost per year of alcohol harm is estimated to cost the National Health Service £2.7 billion.", "Urgent action has been recommended to understand the binge drinking culture and its aetiology and pathogenesis and urgent action has been called for to educate people with regard to the dangers of binge drinking.", "The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released a study in October 2011 that showed that in the United States binge drinking costs society $223 billion a year, which amounts to $2 per drink.", "These costs include health care costs for alcohol-related issues, including liver cirrhosis, loss of work productivity, property damage due to drunk driving, and expenditures related to criminal acts.", "Overall, 11.9% of binge drinkers drove during or within two hours of their most recent binge drinking episode.", "Those drinking in licensed establishments (bars, clubs, and restaurants) accounted for 54.3% of these driving episodes.", "Significant independent risk factors for driving after binge drinking included male gender (AOR=1.75); being aged 35–54 or ≥55 years compared to 18–34 years (AOR=1.58 and 2.37, respectively); and drinking in bars or clubs compared to drinking in the respondent's home (AOR=7.81).", "Drivers who drank most of their alcohol in licensed establishments consumed an average of 8.1 drinks, and 25.7% of them consumed ≥10 drinks.", "Women become intoxicated more quickly than men, and experience a higher blood alcohol level.", "This difference in effect occurs even when a woman's body weight and consumption of alcohol are the same as that of a man.", "Because of these discrepancies, college-age women tend to experience the consequences of binge drinking before their male counterparts.", "There is no known safe level of alcohol consumption either when trying to get pregnant or during pregnancy.", "With alcohol abuse remaining highly stigmatized—particularly in the case of pregnant women—some advocate for treatment programs to focus on a non-judgmental stance, on personal empowerment, and on offering contraceptives to women engaging in sex, in order to prevent fetal alcohol spectrum disorder." ]

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[ "Binge drinking is more common in males, during adolescence and young adulthood.", "Heavy regular binge drinking is associated with adverse effects on neurologic, cardiac, gastrointestinal, hematologic, immune, and musculoskeletal organ systems as well as increasing the risk of alcohol induced psychiatric disorders.", "A US-based review of the literature found that up to one-third of adolescents binge-drink, with 6% reaching the threshold of having an alcohol-related substance use disorder.", "Approximately one in 25 women binge-drinks during pregnancy, which can lead to fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.", "Binge drinking during adolescence is associated with traffic accidents and other types of accidents, violent behavior as well as suicide.", "The more often a child or adolescent binge drinks and the younger they are the more likely that they will develop an alcohol use disorder including alcoholism.", "A large number of adolescents who binge-drink also consume other psychotropic substances.", "This results in excitotoxicity, a process which damages or kills neurons (brain cells).", "The developing adolescent brain is thought to be particularly susceptible to the neurotoxic effects of binge drinking, with some evidence of brain damage occurring from drinking more than 10 or 11 drinks once or twice per month.", "A 2020 study found that even a single episode of binge drinking can lead to atrophy of the brain's corpus callosum, from which damage was still detectable by an MRI scanner five weeks later." ]

[ "Stolle, Sack and Thomasius define binge drinking as episodic excessive drinking.", "There is currently no worldwide consensus on how many drinks constitute a \"binge\", but in the United States, the term has been described in academic research to mean consuming five or more standard drinks (male), or four or more drinks (female), over a two-hour period.", "In 2015, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, citing the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, defines binge drinking as \"a pattern of drinking that brings a person's blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 grams percent or above.", "This typically happens when men consume five or more drinks, and when women consume four or more drinks, in about two hours.\" and estimated that about 16% of American adults met these criteria at least four times per month.", "One 2001 definition from the publication \"Psychology of Addictive Behavior\" states that five drinks for men and four drinks for women must be consumed on one occasion at least once in a two-week period for it to be classed as binge drinking.", "This is colloquially known as the \"5/4 definition\", and depending on the source, the timeframe can vary.", "In the United Kingdom, binge drinking is defined by one academic publication as drinking more than twice the daily limit, that is, drinking eight units or more for men or six units or more for women (roughly equivalent to five or four American standard drinks, respectively).", "In Australia, binge drinking is also known as risky single occasion drinking (RSOD) and can be classified by the drinking of seven or more standard drinks (by males) and five or more standard drinks (by females) within a single day.", "When BEACH (Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health) conducted a study which gathered information of people over the age of 18, it defined binge drinkers as those who consumed six or more standard drinks on one occasion whether that be weekly or monthly.", "The above definitions are limited in that they do not take into account the time period over which the drinking occurs or the body mass of the person drinking.", "A person could be defined as a binge drinker even if he or she never becomes intoxicated.", "The term, however, has succeeded in drawing public awareness to the problem of excess drinking..\nOther, less common definitions rely on blood alcohol concentration (BAC).", "For example, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) defines the term \"binge drinking\" as a pattern of drinking that brings a person's blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 percent or above.", "Whatever the numerical definition used, heavy drinking or rapid consumption over a short period of time with the intention of becoming intoxicated is often implied when the term is used colloquially, since four or five drinks consumed over the course of a whole day and as an accompaniment to meals will not have the same effects as the same amount consumed over a couple of hours on an empty stomach.", "An alternative colloquial term for binge drinking, \"going on a bender\", formerly implied a drinking spree of several days.", "Culture as well as peer pressure play an important role in driving binge drinking.", "In adults, binge drinking is more common in people who have never been married and score a grade B or less in education.", "The reasons for binge drinking by children and adolescents in Europe include:\n\n\nOther causes include feeling more grown-up and fitting in with peers and to increase the chance of sexual encounters.", "Some also drink to alleviate psychological stress or anxiety.", "Research on interpersonal violence focused on mechanisms of victimization and perpetration (specifically stalking, harassment, sexual assault, and teen dating violence) among adolescents reported a significantly higher proportion of teenagers endorsing depressed mood and engagement in binge drinking among those subjected to victimization.", "Semi-structured interview were carried out with 64 14- to 17-year-olds who had an experience of binge drinking.", "These interviews found that motivations included social facilitation which was ease in social situations, individual benefits such as getting a 'buzz' and influences of peer pressure and social norms.", "Risk factors for binge drinking among adolescents include: low socioeconomic status, large amount of disposable (pocket) money, sensation and novelty seeking, low self-control, delinquency and having delinquent friends.", "Other risk factors include: using alcohol as a coping strategy for emotional problems (more common in adolescent girls), excessive drinking among peers, poor relationship with parents, excessive alcohol use by parents.", "Genetic conditions combined with a background of negative environmental factors increase the harmful use of alcohol.", "Additionally the risk-taking behavior associated with adolescence promotes binge drinking.", "Acute intoxication, such as binge drinking and alcoholism, are known potent risk factors for suicide.", "Binge drinking is also associated with an increased risk of unplanned and unprotected sex, unplanned pregnancies, and an increased risk of HIV infection.", "10% of women and 19% of men have reported being assaulted as a result of alcohol.", "Males who drink more than 35 units of alcohol per week report being physically hurt as a result of alcohol, and 15% report physically hurting others as a result of their drinking.", "Almost 16% of binge drinkers report being taken advantage of sexually, and 8% report taking advantage of another person sexually as a result of alcohol within a one-year period.", "Heavy drinkers cause approximately 183,000 rapes and sexual assaults, 197,000 robberies, 661,000 aggravated assaults, and 1.7 million simple assaults each year.", "Binge drinking has been associated with higher probability of divorce, spousal abuse, and poor job performance.", "Binge drinking can cause adverse effects on the body including effects on blood homeostasis and its circadian variation, cardiac rhythm, ischaemic heart disease, blood pressure, white blood cell activity, female reproductive hormone levels as well as adverse effects on the fetus.", "There is also evidence from animal studies that binge drinking causes brain damage.", "Binge drinking has been associated with lower abdominal pain in women.", "Ketoacidosis can occur in individuals who chronically use alcohol excessively and have a recent history of binge drinking.", "Alcohol affects brain development quite significantly especially during adolescence when the brain is still developing.", "The main lobes that are involved in decision making and complex thought processes are undergoing their final development phase during adolescence and binge drinking can negatively stunt the growth of these frontal lobes.", "The high levels of binge drinking among young people and the adverse consequences that include increased risk of alcoholism as an adult and liver disease make binge drinking a major public health issue.", "Recent research has found that young college binge drinkers who drink four or more drinks on more than three occasions in the past two weeks are statistically 19 times more likely to develop alcoholism than non-binge drinkers, though the direction of causality remains unclear.", "This is particularly interesting, as drinking for the sole purpose of getting drunk remains a major health and social problem on college campuses across the United States.", "Heavy and regular binge drinking during adolescence is associated with an increased risk of alcoholism.", "Approximately 40% of alcoholics report heavy drinking during adolescence.", "Repeated episodes of excessive drinking, especially at an early age, are thought to cause a profound increase in the risk of developing an alcohol-related disorder (ICD-10, harmful use/dependence syndrome).", "Heavy drinking is also closely associated with depression.", "Those with severe depression have higher rates of alcohol use disorder than those with low rates of depression.", "College students who are depressed are more susceptible to use alcohol than college students who are not depressed.", "In a study conducted at Harvard University, it was found that about 32% of students surveyed were diagnosable for alcohol use disorder and about 6% were diagnosed as alcohol dependent.", "Binge drinking is also becoming an increasing problem in Australian adolescents, the Australian School Students Alcohol and Drug survey conducted by the National Cancer Council discovered that around 33% of students between years 7 and 11 consumed alcohol in the week leading up to the survey, they also found that 10% of the students participated in binge drinking at a consumption level which is considered dangerous to adults.", "When the survey results were separated into age groups the findings were that 13% of 15-year-old's and 22% of 17-year-old's had alcohol consumption levels above the daily maximum suggested to adults and that 20% of 17-year-old's had a consumption level of alcohol considered risky to adults.", "Other risk factors that influence the development of alcohol use disorder include social and genetic factors.", "Several researchers have found that starting drinking before the age of 15 is associated with a fourfold increased risk for developing alcoholism compared to people that delay drinking until age 20 or later.", "It has been estimated by some that if the age at which people started drinking could be delayed to age 20, there would be a 50% reduction in the number of cases of alcohol use disorder.", "However, it is unclear whether this is a causal relationship, or a function of confounding familial (and other) factors associated with both age at first drink and propensity for alcoholism.", "The main cause of death among adolescents as a result of binge drinking is road traffic accidents; a third of all fatal road traffic accidents among 15- to 20-year-olds are associated with drinking alcohol.", "Cyclists and pedestrians are likely to have less spatial awareness and concentration while travelling after binge drinking and, also, it is more common that adolescents that binge-drink drive drunk or are the passenger of a drunk driver.", "It has been found that 50% of all head injuries in adolescents in the US are associated with alcohol consumption.", "Violence and suicide combine to become the third-most-common cause of death associated with binge drinking among adolescents.", "The suicide risk in adolescents is more than four times higher among binge drinkers than non-binge drinking adolescents.", "Earlier sexual activity, increased changing of sexual partners, higher rate of unwanted pregnancy, higher rate of sexually transmitted diseases, infertility, and alcohol-related damage to the fetus during pregnancy is associated with binge drinking.", "Female binge drinkers are three times more likely to be victims of sexual assault; 50% of adolescent girls reporting sexual assault were under the influence of alcohol or another psychotropic substance at the time.", "Adolescents who regularly participated in binge drinking for several years show a smaller hippocampus brain region, in particular those who began drinking in early adolescence.", "Heavy binge drinking is associated with neurocognitive deficits of frontal lobe processing and impaired working memory as well as delayed auditory and verbal memory deficits.", "Animal studies suggest that the neurodegenerative effects of heavy alcohol use during adolescence can be permanent.", "Research in humans, which utilised sophisticated brain scanning technology suggests that in adolescent teenagers, drinking more than four or five drinks once or twice a month results in subtle damage to the teenagers developing brain tissue, in particular the white matter.", "However, this research is primarily cross-sectional and done with fairly small sample sizes, making causality less certain.", "Several studies have been conducted to discover if there is a link between binge drinking in adolescent years and becoming a chronic alcohol consumer when they transition into adulthood.", "A particular study conducted by the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth found that harmful drinking during adolescent years was significantly associated with the continuance of dangerous levels of alcohol consumption into adulthood years.", "Binge drinking is a way for young adolescents to rely alcohol as a way to cope with certain stress or depression.", "Heavy binge drinkers tend to have delayed auditory and verbal memory and deficits in executive planning function and episodic memory, which are similar to deficits seen in Korsakoff's syndrome.", "Impairments in spatial working memory and pattern recognition tasks also have been found in heavy binge drinkers.", "Impulse control is also impaired in binge drinkers, especially female binge drinkers.", "Additionally, immediate and delayed recall of verbal and visual information is impaired; conversely, semantic organizational ability is better in binge drinkers compared to non-binge drinkers.", "Studies in adolescents have shown that regular binge drinking may cause long-lasting cognitive impairments, though the threshold needed to produce significant effects remains unclear.", "Cognitive impairment in adults is also unclear, as one study found no association between binge drinking and cognitive impairment.", "Binge drinking is believed to increase impulsivity due to altered functioning of prefrontal–subcortical and orbitofrontal circuits.", "Binge drinking and alcoholics who have undergone multiple detoxifications is associated with an inability to interpret facial expressions properly; this is believed to be due to kindling of the amygdala with resultant distortion of neurotransmission.", "Adolescents, females and young adults are most sensitive to the neuropsychological effects of binge drinking.", "Adolescence, in particular early adolescence, is a developmental stage that is particularly vulnerable to the neurotoxic and neurocognitive adverse effects of binge drinking due to it being a time of significant brain development.", "Binge drinking regimes are associated with causing an imbalance between inhibitory and excitatory amino acids and changes in monoamines release in the central nervous system, which increases neurotoxicity and may result in cognitive impairments, psychological problems and in long-term heavy binge drinkers may cause irreversible brain damage in both adolescents and adults.", "While several rat studies indicate that alcohol is more toxic during adolescence than adulthood, some researchers believe that it remains unclear whether this is also the case in humans.", "Though heavy binge drinking adolescent humans show impaired brain activity during memory tests and underdeveloped brain structures compared to adolescents who did not binge-drink, they argue that these findings are similar to adults who did not have alcohol use disorder during adolescence.", "Extrapolation from animal studies to humans is notoriously difficult, and a review by the group Choose Responsibility concluded that alcohol's long-term damage to cognitive processes was the same regardless of whether heavy drinking commenced during adolescence or later.", "Binge drinking is a more important factor rather than average alcohol intake, with regard to the severity of alcohol induced damage to the fetus.", "Alcohol has definite long-term adverse effects on the fetus, in particular impaired attentional skills and may lead to psychiatric disorders when the child grows up.", "In a 2005 study in the US, approximately one in five non-pregnant women binge-drank and one in 25 pregnant women binge-drank.", "Binge drinking during pregnancy is associated with fetal alcohol syndrome, alcohol-related birth defects as well as alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorders.", "The affected children after birth can suffer mental retardation and problems with learning, memory, attention, problem solving and problems with mental health and social interactions.", "Deformities in facial features, skeletal and body organs as well as a smaller head circumference are also sometimes present in these children.", "Studies in sheep indicate that fetal neurotoxicity induced by alcohol may be due to acidaemia and hypercapnia.", "Binge drinking three or more times during pregnancy has been associated with an increased risk of stillbirth.", "Binge drinking is also associated with strokes and sudden death.", "Binge drinking increases the risk of stroke by 10 times.", "In countries where binge drinking is commonplace, rates of sudden death on the weekend in young adults and middle aged people increase significantly.", "The withdrawal phase after an episode of binge drinking is particularly associated with ischaemic stroke as well as subarachnoid haemorrhage and intracerebral haemorrhage in younger men.", "In individuals with an underlying cardiac disorder a binge on alcohol increases the risk of silent myocardial ischaemia as well as angina.", "Binge drinking has negative effects on metabolism, lipid profile, blood coagulation and fibrinolysis, blood pressure and vascular tone and is associated with embolic stroke and acute myocardial infarction.", "Due to these risks experts believe that it is extremely important to warn people of the risks of binge drinking.", "Binge-drinking by people otherwise considered to be light drinkers is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular problems and mortality.", "Binge drinking increases cardiovascular toxicity due to its adverse effects on the electrical conduction system of the heart and the process of atherothrombosis.", "Excessive alcohol consumption is responsible for an average of 80,000 deaths in the U.S. each year1 and $223.5 billion in economic costs in 2006.2 More than half of these deaths and three-quarters of the economic costs are due to binge drinking1 and 2 (≥4 drinks for women; ≥5 drinks for men, per occasion).", "The bladder may rupture if overfilled and not emptied.", "This can occur in the case of binge drinkers having consumed very large quantities, but are not aware, due to stupor, of the need to urinate.", "This condition is very rare in women, but it does occur.", "Symptoms include localized pain and uraemia (poisoning due to reabsorbed waste).", "The recovery rate is high, with most fatalities due to septic blood poisoning.", "A person is more likely to urinate while passed out before the bladder ruptures, as alcohol relaxes the muscles that normally control their bladder.", "The most common risk of consuming massive quantities of alcohol in a short period of time is a dangerously high blood alcohol level.", "The result is called alcohol poisoning (overdose), which can be fatal.", "Choking on (or inhalation of) vomit is also a potential cause of death, as are injuries from falls, fights, motor vehicle and bicycle accidents.", "Nine percent of college students who binge drink drive after binge drinking.", "Another common risk is a blackout (alcohol-related amnesia), which can cause shame, guilt, embarrassment, harm to personal relationships, injury or death, and is also associated with the loss of personal belongings.", "A recent study conducted on an American College tested to discover if excessive binge drinking would have an effect on the cardiovascular system.", "From the results they received they found alterations in the binge drinker's macrocirculation and microcirculation functions which may be sign of a risk in cardiovascular disease.", "The study suggests that binge drinkers with a past history of strong binge drinking should be screened regularly.", "Binge drinking has the propensity to result in brain damage faster as well as more severely than chronic drinking (alcoholism), due to the neurotoxic effects of the repeated rebound withdrawal effects.", "During the repeated alcohol free stages associated with binge drinking, a larger amount of glutamate is released than occurs during withdrawal from chronic heavy alcohol use; additionally this extreme release of glutamate happens on a repeated basis in binge drinkers leading to excitotoxicity.", "The tolerance that occurs during chronic ('non-stop') drinking delays alcohol-related brain damage compared to binge drinking, which induced immediate and repeated insults to the brain.", "Impairments in impulse control in binge drinkers, which is more prominent in female binge drinkers, is due to dysfunction of the frontal lobe.", "The findings in humans have been largely concordant with animal studies.", "Such animal studies find that heavy and regular binge drinking causes neurodegeneration in corticolimbic brain regions areas that are involved in learning and spatial memory, such as the olfactory bulb, piriform cortex, perirhinal cortex, entorhinal cortex, and the hippocampal dentate gyrus.", "A study in rats found that a heavy two-day drinking binge caused extensive neurodegeneration in the entorhinal cortex with resultant learning deficits.", "While brain damage from binge drinking is known to occur as a result of binge drinking patterns, it is unclear how long drinking sessions last and how regular binge drinking is done to cause brain damage in humans.", "One study found that humans who drank at least 100 drinks (male) or 80 drinks (female) per month (concentrated to 21 occasions or less per month) throughout a three-year period had impaired decision making skills compared to non-binge drinkers.", "Repeated acute withdrawal from alcohol, which occurs in heavy binge drinkers, has been shown in several studies to be associated with cognitive deficits as a result of neural kindling; neural kindling due to repeated withdrawals is believed to be the mechanism of cognitive damage in both binge drinkers and alcoholics.", "Neuronal kindling also leads to each subsequent acute withdrawal episode being more severe than previous withdrawal episodes.", "Blackouts, a form of amnesia that occurs in binge drinkers may be due to suppressed hippocampus function with rebound NMDA (glutamate) activity combined with excessive glucocorticoid release induced by the stress of repeated intoxication followed by acute withdrawal/abstinence is the proposed mechanism of neural kindling leading to neurotoxicity of structures involved in learning and memory within the brain of binge drinkers.", "Frontal lobe processing may become impaired as a result of binge drinking with resultant neurocognitive deficits and impaired working memory.", "Alcohol suppresses brain function during intoxication; but upon withdrawal rebound effects occur in the glutamate/NMDA system and with excess glutamate activity glucocorticoid release; due to the repeated intoxication, followed by acute withdrawal, a neurotoxic effect that damages the central nervous system develops, leading to persisting impairments in verbal and nonverbal cognitive abilities as well as impairment of spatial orientation.", "Due to developmental processes occurring during adolescence including myelinization and restructuring of the synapses, adolescents are thought to be more vulnerable to the neurotoxic effects of alcohol.", "Age and genetic factors influence the risk of developing alcohol-related neurotoxicity.", "Adolescence, especially early adolescence (i.e. before age 15), is a critical and delicate developmental stage when specialised neuronal and synaptic systems mature.", "This critical developmental stage is where lifelong adult traits e.g., talents, reasoning and complex skills mature; however alcohol and in particular binge drinking may disrupt and interfere with this developmental process.", "Adolescence is also a period of development characterised by a high level of novel seeking, thrill seeking and risk taking behaviour and thus alcohol and other drug experimentation and abuse is common.", "An adolescent rat study found that a short exposure to high levels of alcohol resulted in long-lasting changes to functional brain activity with corresponding abnormalities in EEG brain waves that persisted into adulthood, including persisting disturbances in sleep EEG with a reduction in slow wave sleep.", "These EEG findings are similar to premature aging.", "According to one review of the literature, if the developmental stage of adolescence is similar to the developmental stage of the fetus with regard to sensitivity to the neurotoxic effects of alcohol, and if long-lasting or permanent damage to the brain occurs similar to what animal studies suggest, then this represents a major public health issue due to the high levels of alcohol use by adolescents.", "Indeed, alcohol can affect the remodeling and functional changes in synaptic plasticity and neuronal connectivity in different brain regions that occurs during adolescence (\"see this related article\").", "An alcohol use disorder may develop when a person continues to drink heavily despite recurrent social, interpersonal, and/or legal problems.", "Behaviorally, frequent binge drinking is usually involved, but not everyone who engages in binge drinking develops an alcohol use disorder.", "For the purpose of identifying an alcohol use disorder when assessing binge drinking, using a time frame of the past 6 months eliminates false negatives.", "For example, it has been found that using a narrow two week window for assessment of binge drinking habits leads to 30% of heavy regular binge drinkers wrongly being classed as not having an alcohol use disorder.", "However, the same researchers also note that recall bias is somewhat enhanced when longer timeframes are used.", "Binge drinking is considered harmful, regardless of a person's age, and there have been calls for healthcare professionals to give increased attention to their patients’ drinking habits, especially binge drinking.", "Some researchers believe that raising the legal drinking age and screening brief interventions by healthcare providers are the most effective means of reducing morbidity and mortality rates associated with binge drinking.", "Programs in the United States have thought of numerous ways to help prevent binge drinking.", "The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggests increasing the cost of alcohol or the excise taxes, restricting the number of stores who may obtain a license to sell liquor (reducing \"outlet density\"), and implementing stricter law enforcement of underage drinking laws.", "There are also a number of individual counseling approaches, such as motivational interviewing and cognitive behavioral approaches, that have been shown to reduce drinking among heavy drinking college students.", "In 2006, the Wisconsin Initiative to Promote Healthy Lifestyles implemented a program that helps primary care physicians identify and address binge drinking problems in patients.", "In August 2008, a group of college presidents calling itself the Amethyst Initiative asserted that lowering the legal drinking age to 18 (presumably) was one way to curb the \"culture of dangerous binge drinking\" among college students.", "This idea is currently the subject of controversy.", "Proponents argue that the 21 law forces drinking underground and makes it more dangerous than it has to be, while opponents have claimed that lowering the age would only make the situation worse.", "Despite health warnings, most Australian women drink at least one night a week.", "But experts are warning they are not only damaging their bodies but are also at risk of attracting sexual predators.", "Research shows ways to reduce binge drinking or engage in dangerous drinking.", "Some computer-based intervention appear to reduce binge drinking, an example of which is \"rethinking drinking\".", "Understanding consumer personality and how people view others is important.", "People were shown ads talking of the harmful effects of binge drinking.", "People who valued close friends as a sense of who they are, were less likely to want to binge drink after seeing an ad featuring them and a close friend.", "People who were loners or who did not see close friends important to their sense of who they were reacted better to ads featuring an individual.", "A similar pattern was shown for ads showing a person driving at dangerous speeds.", "This suggests ads showing potential harm to citizens from binge drinking or dangerous driving are less effective than ads highlighting a person's close friends.", "In 2009 the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing spent $53.5 million Australian Dollars on National Binge Drinking Strategy to target young Australians.", "This campaign titled \"Don't Turn a Night Out Into a Nightmare\" was delivered to the public over many mass media platforms to show the harms and consequences of risky single occasion drinking (RSOD) as binge drinking is defined in Australia.", "Evidence as to the effectiveness of these types of campaigns is mixed.", "Research needs to be completed to ensure that the effectiveness of the messages are resulting in a positive shift in the behaviours of the target audience.", "Due to the risks especially in adolescents, of cognitive impairments and possible irreversible brain damage associated with binge drinking, urgent action has been recommended.", "There is some evidence that interventions by employers such as, health and lifestyle checks, psychosocial skills training and peer referral, can reduce the level of binge drinking.", "In the US brief motivational interventions have shown some benefit in reducing future binge drinking.", "Adolescents who misuse alcohol can benefit from interventions aimed at risk reduction.", "For more severe cases an intervention involving parents, guardians, or a psychotherapist is recommended.", "An effective strategy of intervention for adolescents whose binge drinking leads to admission to hospital, e.g. for alcohol poisoning or injury, is manualised brief interventions at the hospital in one to four counseling sessions each lasting 30 to 60 minutes conducted by trained staff.", "Evaluation of personal pattern of drinking and associated risks and an emphasis on personal responsibility in a non-condescending manner is recommended during the intervention; discussing and informing and educating the adolescent of possible negative short and long-term consequences of drinking is recommended.", "The setting of goals and rules to achieve those goals is also recommended during intervention with problem binge drinking adolescents.", "Motivational enhancement therapy also shows promise as a treatment.", "Increasing public information and awareness regarding the risks of binge drinking, conducting interviews in emergency departments of young people suspected of harmful drinking patterns and trying to persuade them to accept individual counseling in youth addiction counseling services are effective strategies for reducing the harm of binge drinking.", "Encouraging recreational and adventurous training activities such as climbing or driving can be used alternative \"natural buzzes\" to alcohol misuse.", "Additionally, the provision of educational content about the risks of binge drinking and a risk assessment are beneficial during intervention with young binge drinkers and a referral in the case of an alcohol use disorder for specialised help.", "According to the NIAAA definition of \"heavy drinkers\", men may be at risk for alcohol-related problems if their alcohol consumption exceeds 14 standard drinks per week or four drinks per day, and women may be at risk if they have more than seven standard drinks per week or three drinks per day.", "Despite this risk, a 2014 report in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health found that only 10% of either \"heavy drinkers\" or \"binge drinkers\" also met the criteria for alcohol dependence, while only 1.3% of non-binge drinkers met this criteria.", "An inference drawn in this study is that evidence-based policy strategies and clinical preventive services may effectively reduce binge drinking without requiring addiction treatment in most cases.", "Binge drinking is more common in men than it is in women.", "Among students in the US, approximately 50% of men and 39% of women binge drink.", "Racial differences exist among binge drinking with Hispanics followed by Caucasians having the highest level of binge drinking.", "Caucasians have been found to be nearly twice as likely to binge drink than blacks.", "It is a common pattern among Native Americans.", "Among the Australian youth population, 31% of males and 14% of women aged 15–17 years engage in risky alcohol consumption.", "Individuals of African descent have a lower level of binge drinking followed by those of Asian descent.", "In the case of Asians their low level of binge drinking may be due to the presence of the aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (ALDH2, Chromosome 12) in many (but by no means the vast majority) that results in poor metabolism of alcohol, which leads to severe adverse effects such as facial flushing.", "Men are more likely to binge drink (up to 81% of alcohol binges are done by men) than women and men are also more likely to develop alcohol dependence than women.", "People who are homozygous for the ALDH2 gene are less likely to binge-drink due to severe adverse effects that occur even with moderate amounts of alcohol consumption.", "College students have been found to be more likely to binge drink than their same age peers who were not enrolled in college.", "In the US, this effect has caused serious problems with the country's legal drinking age.", "This effect is more prevalent in women than in men.", "Other factors that have been found to correlate with higher levels of binge drinking include low religiosity, marijuana use, living with roommates, and cigarette use.", "Binge drinking costs the UK economy approximately £20 billion a year; 17 million working days are estimated to be lost due to hangovers and drink-related illness each year.", "The cost of binge drinking to employers is estimated to be £6.4 billion and the cost per year of alcohol harm is estimated to cost the National Health Service £2.7 billion.", "Urgent action has been recommended to understand the binge drinking culture and its aetiology and pathogenesis and urgent action has been called for to educate people with regard to the dangers of binge drinking.", "The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released a study in October 2011 that showed that in the United States binge drinking costs society $223 billion a year, which amounts to $2 per drink.", "These costs include health care costs for alcohol-related issues, including liver cirrhosis, loss of work productivity, property damage due to drunk driving, and expenditures related to criminal acts.", "Overall, 11.9% of binge drinkers drove during or within two hours of their most recent binge drinking episode.", "Those drinking in licensed establishments (bars, clubs, and restaurants) accounted for 54.3% of these driving episodes.", "Significant independent risk factors for driving after binge drinking included male gender (AOR=1.75); being aged 35–54 or ≥55 years compared to 18–34 years (AOR=1.58 and 2.37, respectively); and drinking in bars or clubs compared to drinking in the respondent's home (AOR=7.81).", "Drivers who drank most of their alcohol in licensed establishments consumed an average of 8.1 drinks, and 25.7% of them consumed ≥10 drinks.", "Women become intoxicated more quickly than men, and experience a higher blood alcohol level.", "This difference in effect occurs even when a woman's body weight and consumption of alcohol are the same as that of a man.", "Because of these discrepancies, college-age women tend to experience the consequences of binge drinking before their male counterparts.", "There is no known safe level of alcohol consumption either when trying to get pregnant or during pregnancy.", "With alcohol abuse remaining highly stigmatized—particularly in the case of pregnant women—some advocate for treatment programs to focus on a non-judgmental stance, on personal empowerment, and on offering contraceptives to women engaging in sex, in order to prevent fetal alcohol spectrum disorder." ]

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[ "Binge drinking is more common in males, during adolescence and young adulthood.", "A US-based review of the literature found that up to one-third of adolescents binge-drink, with 6% reaching the threshold of having an alcohol-related substance use disorder.", "Binge drinking during adolescence is associated with traffic accidents and other types of accidents, violent behavior as well as suicide.", "A large number of adolescents who binge-drink also consume other psychotropic substances.", "The developing adolescent brain is thought to be particularly susceptible to the neurotoxic effects of binge drinking, with some evidence of brain damage occurring from drinking more than 10 or 11 drinks once or twice per month." ]

[ "Stolle, Sack and Thomasius define binge drinking as episodic excessive drinking.", "There is currently no worldwide consensus on how many drinks constitute a \"binge\", but in the United States, the term has been described in academic research to mean consuming five or more standard drinks (male), or four or more drinks (female), over a two-hour period.", "In 2015, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, citing the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, defines binge drinking as \"a pattern of drinking that brings a person's blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 grams percent or above.", "This typically happens when men consume five or more drinks, and when women consume four or more drinks, in about two hours.\" and estimated that about 16% of American adults met these criteria at least four times per month.", "One 2001 definition from the publication \"Psychology of Addictive Behavior\" states that five drinks for men and four drinks for women must be consumed on one occasion at least once in a two-week period for it to be classed as binge drinking.", "This is colloquially known as the \"5/4 definition\", and depending on the source, the timeframe can vary.", "In the United Kingdom, binge drinking is defined by one academic publication as drinking more than twice the daily limit, that is, drinking eight units or more for men or six units or more for women (roughly equivalent to five or four American standard drinks, respectively).", "In Australia, binge drinking is also known as risky single occasion drinking (RSOD) and can be classified by the drinking of seven or more standard drinks (by males) and five or more standard drinks (by females) within a single day.", "When BEACH (Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health) conducted a study which gathered information of people over the age of 18, it defined binge drinkers as those who consumed six or more standard drinks on one occasion whether that be weekly or monthly.", "The above definitions are limited in that they do not take into account the time period over which the drinking occurs or the body mass of the person drinking.", "A person could be defined as a binge drinker even if he or she never becomes intoxicated.", "The term, however, has succeeded in drawing public awareness to the problem of excess drinking..\nOther, less common definitions rely on blood alcohol concentration (BAC).", "For example, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) defines the term \"binge drinking\" as a pattern of drinking that brings a person's blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 percent or above.", "Whatever the numerical definition used, heavy drinking or rapid consumption over a short period of time with the intention of becoming intoxicated is often implied when the term is used colloquially, since four or five drinks consumed over the course of a whole day and as an accompaniment to meals will not have the same effects as the same amount consumed over a couple of hours on an empty stomach.", "An alternative colloquial term for binge drinking, \"going on a bender\", formerly implied a drinking spree of several days.", "Culture as well as peer pressure play an important role in driving binge drinking.", "In adults, binge drinking is more common in people who have never been married and score a grade B or less in education.", "The reasons for binge drinking by children and adolescents in Europe include:\n\n\nOther causes include feeling more grown-up and fitting in with peers and to increase the chance of sexual encounters.", "Some also drink to alleviate psychological stress or anxiety.", "Research on interpersonal violence focused on mechanisms of victimization and perpetration (specifically stalking, harassment, sexual assault, and teen dating violence) among adolescents reported a significantly higher proportion of teenagers endorsing depressed mood and engagement in binge drinking among those subjected to victimization.", "Semi-structured interview were carried out with 64 14- to 17-year-olds who had an experience of binge drinking.", "These interviews found that motivations included social facilitation which was ease in social situations, individual benefits such as getting a 'buzz' and influences of peer pressure and social norms.", "Risk factors for binge drinking among adolescents include: low socioeconomic status, large amount of disposable (pocket) money, sensation and novelty seeking, low self-control, delinquency and having delinquent friends.", "Other risk factors include: using alcohol as a coping strategy for emotional problems (more common in adolescent girls), excessive drinking among peers, poor relationship with parents, excessive alcohol use by parents.", "Genetic conditions combined with a background of negative environmental factors increase the harmful use of alcohol.", "Additionally the risk-taking behavior associated with adolescence promotes binge drinking.", "Acute intoxication, such as binge drinking and alcoholism, are known potent risk factors for suicide.", "Binge drinking is also associated with an increased risk of unplanned and unprotected sex, unplanned pregnancies, and an increased risk of HIV infection.", "10% of women and 19% of men have reported being assaulted as a result of alcohol.", "Males who drink more than 35 units of alcohol per week report being physically hurt as a result of alcohol, and 15% report physically hurting others as a result of their drinking.", "Almost 16% of binge drinkers report being taken advantage of sexually, and 8% report taking advantage of another person sexually as a result of alcohol within a one-year period.", "Heavy drinkers cause approximately 183,000 rapes and sexual assaults, 197,000 robberies, 661,000 aggravated assaults, and 1.7 million simple assaults each year.", "Binge drinking has been associated with higher probability of divorce, spousal abuse, and poor job performance.", "Binge drinking can cause adverse effects on the body including effects on blood homeostasis and its circadian variation, cardiac rhythm, ischaemic heart disease, blood pressure, white blood cell activity, female reproductive hormone levels as well as adverse effects on the fetus.", "There is also evidence from animal studies that binge drinking causes brain damage.", "Binge drinking has been associated with lower abdominal pain in women.", "Ketoacidosis can occur in individuals who chronically use alcohol excessively and have a recent history of binge drinking.", "Alcohol affects brain development quite significantly especially during adolescence when the brain is still developing.", "The main lobes that are involved in decision making and complex thought processes are undergoing their final development phase during adolescence and binge drinking can negatively stunt the growth of these frontal lobes.", "The high levels of binge drinking among young people and the adverse consequences that include increased risk of alcoholism as an adult and liver disease make binge drinking a major public health issue.", "Recent research has found that young college binge drinkers who drink four or more drinks on more than three occasions in the past two weeks are statistically 19 times more likely to develop alcoholism than non-binge drinkers, though the direction of causality remains unclear.", "This is particularly interesting, as drinking for the sole purpose of getting drunk remains a major health and social problem on college campuses across the United States.", "Heavy and regular binge drinking during adolescence is associated with an increased risk of alcoholism.", "Approximately 40% of alcoholics report heavy drinking during adolescence.", "Repeated episodes of excessive drinking, especially at an early age, are thought to cause a profound increase in the risk of developing an alcohol-related disorder (ICD-10, harmful use/dependence syndrome).", "Heavy drinking is also closely associated with depression.", "Those with severe depression have higher rates of alcohol use disorder than those with low rates of depression.", "College students who are depressed are more susceptible to use alcohol than college students who are not depressed.", "In a study conducted at Harvard University, it was found that about 32% of students surveyed were diagnosable for alcohol use disorder and about 6% were diagnosed as alcohol dependent.", "Binge drinking is also becoming an increasing problem in Australian adolescents, the Australian School Students Alcohol and Drug survey conducted by the National Cancer Council discovered that around 33% of students between years 7 and 11 consumed alcohol in the week leading up to the survey, they also found that 10% of the students participated in binge drinking at a consumption level which is considered dangerous to adults.", "When the survey results were separated into age groups the findings were that 13% of 15-year-old's and 22% of 17-year-old's had alcohol consumption levels above the daily maximum suggested to adults and that 20% of 17-year-old's had a consumption level of alcohol considered risky to adults.", "Other risk factors that influence the development of alcohol use disorder include social and genetic factors.", "Several researchers have found that starting drinking before the age of 15 is associated with a fourfold increased risk for developing alcoholism compared to people that delay drinking until age 20 or later.", "It has been estimated by some that if the age at which people started drinking could be delayed to age 20, there would be a 50% reduction in the number of cases of alcohol use disorder.", "However, it is unclear whether this is a causal relationship, or a function of confounding familial (and other) factors associated with both age at first drink and propensity for alcoholism.", "The main cause of death among adolescents as a result of binge drinking is road traffic accidents; a third of all fatal road traffic accidents among 15- to 20-year-olds are associated with drinking alcohol.", "Cyclists and pedestrians are likely to have less spatial awareness and concentration while travelling after binge drinking and, also, it is more common that adolescents that binge-drink drive drunk or are the passenger of a drunk driver.", "It has been found that 50% of all head injuries in adolescents in the US are associated with alcohol consumption.", "Violence and suicide combine to become the third-most-common cause of death associated with binge drinking among adolescents.", "The suicide risk in adolescents is more than four times higher among binge drinkers than non-binge drinking adolescents.", "Earlier sexual activity, increased changing of sexual partners, higher rate of unwanted pregnancy, higher rate of sexually transmitted diseases, infertility, and alcohol-related damage to the fetus during pregnancy is associated with binge drinking.", "Female binge drinkers are three times more likely to be victims of sexual assault; 50% of adolescent girls reporting sexual assault were under the influence of alcohol or another psychotropic substance at the time.", "Adolescents who regularly participated in binge drinking for several years show a smaller hippocampus brain region, in particular those who began drinking in early adolescence.", "Heavy binge drinking is associated with neurocognitive deficits of frontal lobe processing and impaired working memory as well as delayed auditory and verbal memory deficits.", "Animal studies suggest that the neurodegenerative effects of heavy alcohol use during adolescence can be permanent.", "Research in humans, which utilised sophisticated brain scanning technology suggests that in adolescent teenagers, drinking more than four or five drinks once or twice a month results in subtle damage to the teenagers developing brain tissue, in particular the white matter.", "However, this research is primarily cross-sectional and done with fairly small sample sizes, making causality less certain.", "Several studies have been conducted to discover if there is a link between binge drinking in adolescent years and becoming a chronic alcohol consumer when they transition into adulthood.", "A particular study conducted by the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth found that harmful drinking during adolescent years was significantly associated with the continuance of dangerous levels of alcohol consumption into adulthood years.", "Binge drinking is a way for young adolescents to rely alcohol as a way to cope with certain stress or depression.", "Heavy binge drinkers tend to have delayed auditory and verbal memory and deficits in executive planning function and episodic memory, which are similar to deficits seen in Korsakoff's syndrome.", "Impairments in spatial working memory and pattern recognition tasks also have been found in heavy binge drinkers.", "Impulse control is also impaired in binge drinkers, especially female binge drinkers.", "Additionally, immediate and delayed recall of verbal and visual information is impaired; conversely, semantic organizational ability is better in binge drinkers compared to non-binge drinkers.", "Studies in adolescents have shown that regular binge drinking may cause long-lasting cognitive impairments, though the threshold needed to produce significant effects remains unclear.", "Cognitive impairment in adults is also unclear, as one study found no association between binge drinking and cognitive impairment.", "Binge drinking is believed to increase impulsivity due to altered functioning of prefrontal–subcortical and orbitofrontal circuits.", "Binge drinking and alcoholics who have undergone multiple detoxifications is associated with an inability to interpret facial expressions properly; this is believed to be due to kindling of the amygdala with resultant distortion of neurotransmission.", "Adolescents, females and young adults are most sensitive to the neuropsychological effects of binge drinking.", "Adolescence, in particular early adolescence, is a developmental stage that is particularly vulnerable to the neurotoxic and neurocognitive adverse effects of binge drinking due to it being a time of significant brain development.", "Binge drinking regimes are associated with causing an imbalance between inhibitory and excitatory amino acids and changes in monoamines release in the central nervous system, which increases neurotoxicity and may result in cognitive impairments, psychological problems and in long-term heavy binge drinkers may cause irreversible brain damage in both adolescents and adults.", "While several rat studies indicate that alcohol is more toxic during adolescence than adulthood, some researchers believe that it remains unclear whether this is also the case in humans.", "Though heavy binge drinking adolescent humans show impaired brain activity during memory tests and underdeveloped brain structures compared to adolescents who did not binge-drink, they argue that these findings are similar to adults who did not have alcohol use disorder during adolescence.", "Extrapolation from animal studies to humans is notoriously difficult, and a review by the group Choose Responsibility concluded that alcohol's long-term damage to cognitive processes was the same regardless of whether heavy drinking commenced during adolescence or later.", "Binge drinking is a more important factor rather than average alcohol intake, with regard to the severity of alcohol induced damage to the fetus.", "Alcohol has definite long-term adverse effects on the fetus, in particular impaired attentional skills and may lead to psychiatric disorders when the child grows up.", "In a 2005 study in the US, approximately one in five non-pregnant women binge-drank and one in 25 pregnant women binge-drank.", "Binge drinking during pregnancy is associated with fetal alcohol syndrome, alcohol-related birth defects as well as alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorders.", "The affected children after birth can suffer mental retardation and problems with learning, memory, attention, problem solving and problems with mental health and social interactions.", "Deformities in facial features, skeletal and body organs as well as a smaller head circumference are also sometimes present in these children.", "Studies in sheep indicate that fetal neurotoxicity induced by alcohol may be due to acidaemia and hypercapnia.", "Binge drinking three or more times during pregnancy has been associated with an increased risk of stillbirth.", "Binge drinking is also associated with strokes and sudden death.", "Binge drinking increases the risk of stroke by 10 times.", "In countries where binge drinking is commonplace, rates of sudden death on the weekend in young adults and middle aged people increase significantly.", "The withdrawal phase after an episode of binge drinking is particularly associated with ischaemic stroke as well as subarachnoid haemorrhage and intracerebral haemorrhage in younger men.", "In individuals with an underlying cardiac disorder a binge on alcohol increases the risk of silent myocardial ischaemia as well as angina.", "Binge drinking has negative effects on metabolism, lipid profile, blood coagulation and fibrinolysis, blood pressure and vascular tone and is associated with embolic stroke and acute myocardial infarction.", "Due to these risks experts believe that it is extremely important to warn people of the risks of binge drinking.", "Binge-drinking by people otherwise considered to be light drinkers is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular problems and mortality.", "Binge drinking increases cardiovascular toxicity due to its adverse effects on the electrical conduction system of the heart and the process of atherothrombosis.", "Excessive alcohol consumption is responsible for an average of 80,000 deaths in the U.S. each year1 and $223.5 billion in economic costs in 2006.2 More than half of these deaths and three-quarters of the economic costs are due to binge drinking1 and 2 (≥4 drinks for women; ≥5 drinks for men, per occasion).", "The bladder may rupture if overfilled and not emptied.", "This can occur in the case of binge drinkers having consumed very large quantities, but are not aware, due to stupor, of the need to urinate.", "This condition is very rare in women, but it does occur.", "Symptoms include localized pain and uraemia (poisoning due to reabsorbed waste).", "The recovery rate is high, with most fatalities due to septic blood poisoning.", "A person is more likely to urinate while passed out before the bladder ruptures, as alcohol relaxes the muscles that normally control their bladder.", "The most common risk of consuming massive quantities of alcohol in a short period of time is a dangerously high blood alcohol level.", "The result is called alcohol poisoning (overdose), which can be fatal.", "Choking on (or inhalation of) vomit is also a potential cause of death, as are injuries from falls, fights, motor vehicle and bicycle accidents.", "Nine percent of college students who binge drink drive after binge drinking.", "Another common risk is a blackout (alcohol-related amnesia), which can cause shame, guilt, embarrassment, harm to personal relationships, injury or death, and is also associated with the loss of personal belongings.", "A recent study conducted on an American College tested to discover if excessive binge drinking would have an effect on the cardiovascular system.", "From the results they received they found alterations in the binge drinker's macrocirculation and microcirculation functions which may be sign of a risk in cardiovascular disease.", "The study suggests that binge drinkers with a past history of strong binge drinking should be screened regularly.", "Binge drinking has the propensity to result in brain damage faster as well as more severely than chronic drinking (alcoholism), due to the neurotoxic effects of the repeated rebound withdrawal effects.", "During the repeated alcohol free stages associated with binge drinking, a larger amount of glutamate is released than occurs during withdrawal from chronic heavy alcohol use; additionally this extreme release of glutamate happens on a repeated basis in binge drinkers leading to excitotoxicity.", "The tolerance that occurs during chronic ('non-stop') drinking delays alcohol-related brain damage compared to binge drinking, which induced immediate and repeated insults to the brain.", "Impairments in impulse control in binge drinkers, which is more prominent in female binge drinkers, is due to dysfunction of the frontal lobe.", "The findings in humans have been largely concordant with animal studies.", "Such animal studies find that heavy and regular binge drinking causes neurodegeneration in corticolimbic brain regions areas that are involved in learning and spatial memory, such as the olfactory bulb, piriform cortex, perirhinal cortex, entorhinal cortex, and the hippocampal dentate gyrus.", "A study in rats found that a heavy two-day drinking binge caused extensive neurodegeneration in the entorhinal cortex with resultant learning deficits.", "While brain damage from binge drinking is known to occur as a result of binge drinking patterns, it is unclear how long drinking sessions last and how regular binge drinking is done to cause brain damage in humans.", "One study found that humans who drank at least 100 drinks (male) or 80 drinks (female) per month (concentrated to 21 occasions or less per month) throughout a three-year period had impaired decision making skills compared to non-binge drinkers.", "Repeated acute withdrawal from alcohol, which occurs in heavy binge drinkers, has been shown in several studies to be associated with cognitive deficits as a result of neural kindling; neural kindling due to repeated withdrawals is believed to be the mechanism of cognitive damage in both binge drinkers and alcoholics.", "Neuronal kindling also leads to each subsequent acute withdrawal episode being more severe than previous withdrawal episodes.", "Blackouts, a form of amnesia that occurs in binge drinkers may be due to suppressed hippocampus function with rebound NMDA (glutamate) activity combined with excessive glucocorticoid release induced by the stress of repeated intoxication followed by acute withdrawal/abstinence is the proposed mechanism of neural kindling leading to neurotoxicity of structures involved in learning and memory within the brain of binge drinkers.", "Frontal lobe processing may become impaired as a result of binge drinking with resultant neurocognitive deficits and impaired working memory.", "Alcohol suppresses brain function during intoxication; but upon withdrawal rebound effects occur in the glutamate/NMDA system and with excess glutamate activity glucocorticoid release; due to the repeated intoxication, followed by acute withdrawal, a neurotoxic effect that damages the central nervous system develops, leading to persisting impairments in verbal and nonverbal cognitive abilities as well as impairment of spatial orientation.", "Due to developmental processes occurring during adolescence including myelinization and restructuring of the synapses, adolescents are thought to be more vulnerable to the neurotoxic effects of alcohol.", "Age and genetic factors influence the risk of developing alcohol-related neurotoxicity.", "Adolescence, especially early adolescence (i.e. before age 15), is a critical and delicate developmental stage when specialised neuronal and synaptic systems mature.", "This critical developmental stage is where lifelong adult traits e.g., talents, reasoning and complex skills mature; however alcohol and in particular binge drinking may disrupt and interfere with this developmental process.", "Adolescence is also a period of development characterised by a high level of novel seeking, thrill seeking and risk taking behaviour and thus alcohol and other drug experimentation and abuse is common.", "An adolescent rat study found that a short exposure to high levels of alcohol resulted in long-lasting changes to functional brain activity with corresponding abnormalities in EEG brain waves that persisted into adulthood, including persisting disturbances in sleep EEG with a reduction in slow wave sleep.", "These EEG findings are similar to premature aging.", "According to one review of the literature, if the developmental stage of adolescence is similar to the developmental stage of the fetus with regard to sensitivity to the neurotoxic effects of alcohol, and if long-lasting or permanent damage to the brain occurs similar to what animal studies suggest, then this represents a major public health issue due to the high levels of alcohol use by adolescents.", "Indeed, alcohol can affect the remodeling and functional changes in synaptic plasticity and neuronal connectivity in different brain regions that occurs during adolescence (\"see this related article\").", "An alcohol use disorder may develop when a person continues to drink heavily despite recurrent social, interpersonal, and/or legal problems.", "Behaviorally, frequent binge drinking is usually involved, but not everyone who engages in binge drinking develops an alcohol use disorder.", "For the purpose of identifying an alcohol use disorder when assessing binge drinking, using a time frame of the past 6 months eliminates false negatives.", "For example, it has been found that using a narrow two week window for assessment of binge drinking habits leads to 30% of heavy regular binge drinkers wrongly being classed as not having an alcohol use disorder.", "However, the same researchers also note that recall bias is somewhat enhanced when longer timeframes are used.", "Binge drinking is considered harmful, regardless of a person's age, and there have been calls for healthcare professionals to give increased attention to their patients’ drinking habits, especially binge drinking.", "Some researchers believe that raising the legal drinking age and screening brief interventions by healthcare providers are the most effective means of reducing morbidity and mortality rates associated with binge drinking.", "Programs in the United States have thought of numerous ways to help prevent binge drinking.", "The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggests increasing the cost of alcohol or the excise taxes, restricting the number of stores who may obtain a license to sell liquor (reducing \"outlet density\"), and implementing stricter law enforcement of underage drinking laws.", "There are also a number of individual counseling approaches, such as motivational interviewing and cognitive behavioral approaches, that have been shown to reduce drinking among heavy drinking college students.", "In 2006, the Wisconsin Initiative to Promote Healthy Lifestyles implemented a program that helps primary care physicians identify and address binge drinking problems in patients.", "In August 2008, a group of college presidents calling itself the Amethyst Initiative asserted that lowering the legal drinking age to 18 (presumably) was one way to curb the \"culture of dangerous binge drinking\" among college students.", "This idea is currently the subject of controversy.", "Proponents argue that the 21 law forces drinking underground and makes it more dangerous than it has to be, while opponents have claimed that lowering the age would only make the situation worse.", "Despite health warnings, most Australian women drink at least one night a week.", "But experts are warning they are not only damaging their bodies but are also at risk of attracting sexual predators.", "Research shows ways to reduce binge drinking or engage in dangerous drinking.", "Some computer-based intervention appear to reduce binge drinking, an example of which is \"rethinking drinking\".", "Understanding consumer personality and how people view others is important.", "People were shown ads talking of the harmful effects of binge drinking.", "People who valued close friends as a sense of who they are, were less likely to want to binge drink after seeing an ad featuring them and a close friend.", "People who were loners or who did not see close friends important to their sense of who they were reacted better to ads featuring an individual.", "A similar pattern was shown for ads showing a person driving at dangerous speeds.", "This suggests ads showing potential harm to citizens from binge drinking or dangerous driving are less effective than ads highlighting a person's close friends.", "In 2009 the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing spent $53.5 million Australian Dollars on National Binge Drinking Strategy to target young Australians.", "This campaign titled \"Don't Turn a Night Out Into a Nightmare\" was delivered to the public over many mass media platforms to show the harms and consequences of risky single occasion drinking (RSOD) as binge drinking is defined in Australia.", "Evidence as to the effectiveness of these types of campaigns is mixed.", "Research needs to be completed to ensure that the effectiveness of the messages are resulting in a positive shift in the behaviours of the target audience.", "Due to the risks especially in adolescents, of cognitive impairments and possible irreversible brain damage associated with binge drinking, urgent action has been recommended.", "There is some evidence that interventions by employers such as, health and lifestyle checks, psychosocial skills training and peer referral, can reduce the level of binge drinking.", "In the US brief motivational interventions have shown some benefit in reducing future binge drinking.", "Adolescents who misuse alcohol can benefit from interventions aimed at risk reduction.", "For more severe cases an intervention involving parents, guardians, or a psychotherapist is recommended.", "An effective strategy of intervention for adolescents whose binge drinking leads to admission to hospital, e.g. for alcohol poisoning or injury, is manualised brief interventions at the hospital in one to four counseling sessions each lasting 30 to 60 minutes conducted by trained staff.", "Evaluation of personal pattern of drinking and associated risks and an emphasis on personal responsibility in a non-condescending manner is recommended during the intervention; discussing and informing and educating the adolescent of possible negative short and long-term consequences of drinking is recommended.", "The setting of goals and rules to achieve those goals is also recommended during intervention with problem binge drinking adolescents.", "Motivational enhancement therapy also shows promise as a treatment.", "Increasing public information and awareness regarding the risks of binge drinking, conducting interviews in emergency departments of young people suspected of harmful drinking patterns and trying to persuade them to accept individual counseling in youth addiction counseling services are effective strategies for reducing the harm of binge drinking.", "Encouraging recreational and adventurous training activities such as climbing or driving can be used alternative \"natural buzzes\" to alcohol misuse.", "Additionally, the provision of educational content about the risks of binge drinking and a risk assessment are beneficial during intervention with young binge drinkers and a referral in the case of an alcohol use disorder for specialised help.", "According to the NIAAA definition of \"heavy drinkers\", men may be at risk for alcohol-related problems if their alcohol consumption exceeds 14 standard drinks per week or four drinks per day, and women may be at risk if they have more than seven standard drinks per week or three drinks per day.", "Despite this risk, a 2014 report in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health found that only 10% of either \"heavy drinkers\" or \"binge drinkers\" also met the criteria for alcohol dependence, while only 1.3% of non-binge drinkers met this criteria.", "An inference drawn in this study is that evidence-based policy strategies and clinical preventive services may effectively reduce binge drinking without requiring addiction treatment in most cases.", "Binge drinking is more common in men than it is in women.", "Among students in the US, approximately 50% of men and 39% of women binge drink.", "Racial differences exist among binge drinking with Hispanics followed by Caucasians having the highest level of binge drinking.", "Caucasians have been found to be nearly twice as likely to binge drink than blacks.", "It is a common pattern among Native Americans.", "Among the Australian youth population, 31% of males and 14% of women aged 15–17 years engage in risky alcohol consumption.", "Individuals of African descent have a lower level of binge drinking followed by those of Asian descent.", "In the case of Asians their low level of binge drinking may be due to the presence of the aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (ALDH2, Chromosome 12) in many (but by no means the vast majority) that results in poor metabolism of alcohol, which leads to severe adverse effects such as facial flushing.", "Men are more likely to binge drink (up to 81% of alcohol binges are done by men) than women and men are also more likely to develop alcohol dependence than women.", "People who are homozygous for the ALDH2 gene are less likely to binge-drink due to severe adverse effects that occur even with moderate amounts of alcohol consumption.", "College students have been found to be more likely to binge drink than their same age peers who were not enrolled in college.", "In the US, this effect has caused serious problems with the country's legal drinking age.", "This effect is more prevalent in women than in men.", "Other factors that have been found to correlate with higher levels of binge drinking include low religiosity, marijuana use, living with roommates, and cigarette use.", "Binge drinking costs the UK economy approximately £20 billion a year; 17 million working days are estimated to be lost due to hangovers and drink-related illness each year.", "The cost of binge drinking to employers is estimated to be £6.4 billion and the cost per year of alcohol harm is estimated to cost the National Health Service £2.7 billion.", "Urgent action has been recommended to understand the binge drinking culture and its aetiology and pathogenesis and urgent action has been called for to educate people with regard to the dangers of binge drinking.", "The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released a study in October 2011 that showed that in the United States binge drinking costs society $223 billion a year, which amounts to $2 per drink.", "These costs include health care costs for alcohol-related issues, including liver cirrhosis, loss of work productivity, property damage due to drunk driving, and expenditures related to criminal acts.", "Overall, 11.9% of binge drinkers drove during or within two hours of their most recent binge drinking episode.", "Those drinking in licensed establishments (bars, clubs, and restaurants) accounted for 54.3% of these driving episodes.", "Significant independent risk factors for driving after binge drinking included male gender (AOR=1.75); being aged 35–54 or ≥55 years compared to 18–34 years (AOR=1.58 and 2.37, respectively); and drinking in bars or clubs compared to drinking in the respondent's home (AOR=7.81).", "Drivers who drank most of their alcohol in licensed establishments consumed an average of 8.1 drinks, and 25.7% of them consumed ≥10 drinks.", "Women become intoxicated more quickly than men, and experience a higher blood alcohol level.", "This difference in effect occurs even when a woman's body weight and consumption of alcohol are the same as that of a man.", "Because of these discrepancies, college-age women tend to experience the consequences of binge drinking before their male counterparts.", "There is no known safe level of alcohol consumption either when trying to get pregnant or during pregnancy.", "With alcohol abuse remaining highly stigmatized—particularly in the case of pregnant women—some advocate for treatment programs to focus on a non-judgmental stance, on personal empowerment, and on offering contraceptives to women engaging in sex, in order to prevent fetal alcohol spectrum disorder." ]

[ 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91 ]

[ "Approximately one in 25 women binge-drinks during pregnancy, which can lead to fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders." ]

[ "Stolle, Sack and Thomasius define binge drinking as episodic excessive drinking.", "There is currently no worldwide consensus on how many drinks constitute a \"binge\", but in the United States, the term has been described in academic research to mean consuming five or more standard drinks (male), or four or more drinks (female), over a two-hour period.", "In 2015, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, citing the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, defines binge drinking as \"a pattern of drinking that brings a person's blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 grams percent or above.", "This typically happens when men consume five or more drinks, and when women consume four or more drinks, in about two hours.\" and estimated that about 16% of American adults met these criteria at least four times per month.", "One 2001 definition from the publication \"Psychology of Addictive Behavior\" states that five drinks for men and four drinks for women must be consumed on one occasion at least once in a two-week period for it to be classed as binge drinking.", "This is colloquially known as the \"5/4 definition\", and depending on the source, the timeframe can vary.", "In the United Kingdom, binge drinking is defined by one academic publication as drinking more than twice the daily limit, that is, drinking eight units or more for men or six units or more for women (roughly equivalent to five or four American standard drinks, respectively).", "In Australia, binge drinking is also known as risky single occasion drinking (RSOD) and can be classified by the drinking of seven or more standard drinks (by males) and five or more standard drinks (by females) within a single day.", "When BEACH (Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health) conducted a study which gathered information of people over the age of 18, it defined binge drinkers as those who consumed six or more standard drinks on one occasion whether that be weekly or monthly.", "The above definitions are limited in that they do not take into account the time period over which the drinking occurs or the body mass of the person drinking.", "A person could be defined as a binge drinker even if he or she never becomes intoxicated.", "The term, however, has succeeded in drawing public awareness to the problem of excess drinking..\nOther, less common definitions rely on blood alcohol concentration (BAC).", "For example, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) defines the term \"binge drinking\" as a pattern of drinking that brings a person's blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 percent or above.", "Whatever the numerical definition used, heavy drinking or rapid consumption over a short period of time with the intention of becoming intoxicated is often implied when the term is used colloquially, since four or five drinks consumed over the course of a whole day and as an accompaniment to meals will not have the same effects as the same amount consumed over a couple of hours on an empty stomach.", "An alternative colloquial term for binge drinking, \"going on a bender\", formerly implied a drinking spree of several days.", "Culture as well as peer pressure play an important role in driving binge drinking.", "In adults, binge drinking is more common in people who have never been married and score a grade B or less in education.", "The reasons for binge drinking by children and adolescents in Europe include:\n\n\nOther causes include feeling more grown-up and fitting in with peers and to increase the chance of sexual encounters.", "Some also drink to alleviate psychological stress or anxiety.", "Research on interpersonal violence focused on mechanisms of victimization and perpetration (specifically stalking, harassment, sexual assault, and teen dating violence) among adolescents reported a significantly higher proportion of teenagers endorsing depressed mood and engagement in binge drinking among those subjected to victimization.", "Semi-structured interview were carried out with 64 14- to 17-year-olds who had an experience of binge drinking.", "These interviews found that motivations included social facilitation which was ease in social situations, individual benefits such as getting a 'buzz' and influences of peer pressure and social norms.", "Risk factors for binge drinking among adolescents include: low socioeconomic status, large amount of disposable (pocket) money, sensation and novelty seeking, low self-control, delinquency and having delinquent friends.", "Other risk factors include: using alcohol as a coping strategy for emotional problems (more common in adolescent girls), excessive drinking among peers, poor relationship with parents, excessive alcohol use by parents.", "Genetic conditions combined with a background of negative environmental factors increase the harmful use of alcohol.", "Additionally the risk-taking behavior associated with adolescence promotes binge drinking.", "Acute intoxication, such as binge drinking and alcoholism, are known potent risk factors for suicide.", "Binge drinking is also associated with an increased risk of unplanned and unprotected sex, unplanned pregnancies, and an increased risk of HIV infection.", "10% of women and 19% of men have reported being assaulted as a result of alcohol.", "Males who drink more than 35 units of alcohol per week report being physically hurt as a result of alcohol, and 15% report physically hurting others as a result of their drinking.", "Almost 16% of binge drinkers report being taken advantage of sexually, and 8% report taking advantage of another person sexually as a result of alcohol within a one-year period.", "Heavy drinkers cause approximately 183,000 rapes and sexual assaults, 197,000 robberies, 661,000 aggravated assaults, and 1.7 million simple assaults each year.", "Binge drinking has been associated with higher probability of divorce, spousal abuse, and poor job performance.", "Binge drinking can cause adverse effects on the body including effects on blood homeostasis and its circadian variation, cardiac rhythm, ischaemic heart disease, blood pressure, white blood cell activity, female reproductive hormone levels as well as adverse effects on the fetus.", "There is also evidence from animal studies that binge drinking causes brain damage.", "Binge drinking has been associated with lower abdominal pain in women.", "Ketoacidosis can occur in individuals who chronically use alcohol excessively and have a recent history of binge drinking.", "Alcohol affects brain development quite significantly especially during adolescence when the brain is still developing.", "The main lobes that are involved in decision making and complex thought processes are undergoing their final development phase during adolescence and binge drinking can negatively stunt the growth of these frontal lobes.", "The high levels of binge drinking among young people and the adverse consequences that include increased risk of alcoholism as an adult and liver disease make binge drinking a major public health issue.", "Recent research has found that young college binge drinkers who drink four or more drinks on more than three occasions in the past two weeks are statistically 19 times more likely to develop alcoholism than non-binge drinkers, though the direction of causality remains unclear.", "This is particularly interesting, as drinking for the sole purpose of getting drunk remains a major health and social problem on college campuses across the United States.", "Heavy and regular binge drinking during adolescence is associated with an increased risk of alcoholism.", "Approximately 40% of alcoholics report heavy drinking during adolescence.", "Repeated episodes of excessive drinking, especially at an early age, are thought to cause a profound increase in the risk of developing an alcohol-related disorder (ICD-10, harmful use/dependence syndrome).", "Heavy drinking is also closely associated with depression.", "Those with severe depression have higher rates of alcohol use disorder than those with low rates of depression.", "College students who are depressed are more susceptible to use alcohol than college students who are not depressed.", "In a study conducted at Harvard University, it was found that about 32% of students surveyed were diagnosable for alcohol use disorder and about 6% were diagnosed as alcohol dependent.", "Binge drinking is also becoming an increasing problem in Australian adolescents, the Australian School Students Alcohol and Drug survey conducted by the National Cancer Council discovered that around 33% of students between years 7 and 11 consumed alcohol in the week leading up to the survey, they also found that 10% of the students participated in binge drinking at a consumption level which is considered dangerous to adults.", "When the survey results were separated into age groups the findings were that 13% of 15-year-old's and 22% of 17-year-old's had alcohol consumption levels above the daily maximum suggested to adults and that 20% of 17-year-old's had a consumption level of alcohol considered risky to adults.", "Other risk factors that influence the development of alcohol use disorder include social and genetic factors.", "Several researchers have found that starting drinking before the age of 15 is associated with a fourfold increased risk for developing alcoholism compared to people that delay drinking until age 20 or later.", "It has been estimated by some that if the age at which people started drinking could be delayed to age 20, there would be a 50% reduction in the number of cases of alcohol use disorder.", "However, it is unclear whether this is a causal relationship, or a function of confounding familial (and other) factors associated with both age at first drink and propensity for alcoholism.", "The main cause of death among adolescents as a result of binge drinking is road traffic accidents; a third of all fatal road traffic accidents among 15- to 20-year-olds are associated with drinking alcohol.", "Cyclists and pedestrians are likely to have less spatial awareness and concentration while travelling after binge drinking and, also, it is more common that adolescents that binge-drink drive drunk or are the passenger of a drunk driver.", "It has been found that 50% of all head injuries in adolescents in the US are associated with alcohol consumption.", "Violence and suicide combine to become the third-most-common cause of death associated with binge drinking among adolescents.", "The suicide risk in adolescents is more than four times higher among binge drinkers than non-binge drinking adolescents.", "Earlier sexual activity, increased changing of sexual partners, higher rate of unwanted pregnancy, higher rate of sexually transmitted diseases, infertility, and alcohol-related damage to the fetus during pregnancy is associated with binge drinking.", "Female binge drinkers are three times more likely to be victims of sexual assault; 50% of adolescent girls reporting sexual assault were under the influence of alcohol or another psychotropic substance at the time.", "Adolescents who regularly participated in binge drinking for several years show a smaller hippocampus brain region, in particular those who began drinking in early adolescence.", "Heavy binge drinking is associated with neurocognitive deficits of frontal lobe processing and impaired working memory as well as delayed auditory and verbal memory deficits.", "Animal studies suggest that the neurodegenerative effects of heavy alcohol use during adolescence can be permanent.", "Research in humans, which utilised sophisticated brain scanning technology suggests that in adolescent teenagers, drinking more than four or five drinks once or twice a month results in subtle damage to the teenagers developing brain tissue, in particular the white matter.", "However, this research is primarily cross-sectional and done with fairly small sample sizes, making causality less certain.", "Several studies have been conducted to discover if there is a link between binge drinking in adolescent years and becoming a chronic alcohol consumer when they transition into adulthood.", "A particular study conducted by the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth found that harmful drinking during adolescent years was significantly associated with the continuance of dangerous levels of alcohol consumption into adulthood years.", "Binge drinking is a way for young adolescents to rely alcohol as a way to cope with certain stress or depression.", "Heavy binge drinkers tend to have delayed auditory and verbal memory and deficits in executive planning function and episodic memory, which are similar to deficits seen in Korsakoff's syndrome.", "Impairments in spatial working memory and pattern recognition tasks also have been found in heavy binge drinkers.", "Impulse control is also impaired in binge drinkers, especially female binge drinkers.", "Additionally, immediate and delayed recall of verbal and visual information is impaired; conversely, semantic organizational ability is better in binge drinkers compared to non-binge drinkers.", "Studies in adolescents have shown that regular binge drinking may cause long-lasting cognitive impairments, though the threshold needed to produce significant effects remains unclear.", "Cognitive impairment in adults is also unclear, as one study found no association between binge drinking and cognitive impairment.", "Binge drinking is believed to increase impulsivity due to altered functioning of prefrontal–subcortical and orbitofrontal circuits.", "Binge drinking and alcoholics who have undergone multiple detoxifications is associated with an inability to interpret facial expressions properly; this is believed to be due to kindling of the amygdala with resultant distortion of neurotransmission.", "Adolescents, females and young adults are most sensitive to the neuropsychological effects of binge drinking.", "Adolescence, in particular early adolescence, is a developmental stage that is particularly vulnerable to the neurotoxic and neurocognitive adverse effects of binge drinking due to it being a time of significant brain development.", "Binge drinking regimes are associated with causing an imbalance between inhibitory and excitatory amino acids and changes in monoamines release in the central nervous system, which increases neurotoxicity and may result in cognitive impairments, psychological problems and in long-term heavy binge drinkers may cause irreversible brain damage in both adolescents and adults.", "While several rat studies indicate that alcohol is more toxic during adolescence than adulthood, some researchers believe that it remains unclear whether this is also the case in humans.", "Though heavy binge drinking adolescent humans show impaired brain activity during memory tests and underdeveloped brain structures compared to adolescents who did not binge-drink, they argue that these findings are similar to adults who did not have alcohol use disorder during adolescence.", "Extrapolation from animal studies to humans is notoriously difficult, and a review by the group Choose Responsibility concluded that alcohol's long-term damage to cognitive processes was the same regardless of whether heavy drinking commenced during adolescence or later.", "Binge drinking is a more important factor rather than average alcohol intake, with regard to the severity of alcohol induced damage to the fetus.", "Alcohol has definite long-term adverse effects on the fetus, in particular impaired attentional skills and may lead to psychiatric disorders when the child grows up.", "In a 2005 study in the US, approximately one in five non-pregnant women binge-drank and one in 25 pregnant women binge-drank.", "Binge drinking during pregnancy is associated with fetal alcohol syndrome, alcohol-related birth defects as well as alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorders.", "The affected children after birth can suffer mental retardation and problems with learning, memory, attention, problem solving and problems with mental health and social interactions.", "Deformities in facial features, skeletal and body organs as well as a smaller head circumference are also sometimes present in these children.", "Studies in sheep indicate that fetal neurotoxicity induced by alcohol may be due to acidaemia and hypercapnia.", "Binge drinking three or more times during pregnancy has been associated with an increased risk of stillbirth.", "Binge drinking is also associated with strokes and sudden death.", "Binge drinking increases the risk of stroke by 10 times.", "In countries where binge drinking is commonplace, rates of sudden death on the weekend in young adults and middle aged people increase significantly.", "The withdrawal phase after an episode of binge drinking is particularly associated with ischaemic stroke as well as subarachnoid haemorrhage and intracerebral haemorrhage in younger men.", "In individuals with an underlying cardiac disorder a binge on alcohol increases the risk of silent myocardial ischaemia as well as angina.", "Binge drinking has negative effects on metabolism, lipid profile, blood coagulation and fibrinolysis, blood pressure and vascular tone and is associated with embolic stroke and acute myocardial infarction.", "Due to these risks experts believe that it is extremely important to warn people of the risks of binge drinking.", "Binge-drinking by people otherwise considered to be light drinkers is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular problems and mortality.", "Binge drinking increases cardiovascular toxicity due to its adverse effects on the electrical conduction system of the heart and the process of atherothrombosis.", "Excessive alcohol consumption is responsible for an average of 80,000 deaths in the U.S. each year1 and $223.5 billion in economic costs in 2006.2 More than half of these deaths and three-quarters of the economic costs are due to binge drinking1 and 2 (≥4 drinks for women; ≥5 drinks for men, per occasion).", "The bladder may rupture if overfilled and not emptied.", "This can occur in the case of binge drinkers having consumed very large quantities, but are not aware, due to stupor, of the need to urinate.", "This condition is very rare in women, but it does occur.", "Symptoms include localized pain and uraemia (poisoning due to reabsorbed waste).", "The recovery rate is high, with most fatalities due to septic blood poisoning.", "A person is more likely to urinate while passed out before the bladder ruptures, as alcohol relaxes the muscles that normally control their bladder.", "The most common risk of consuming massive quantities of alcohol in a short period of time is a dangerously high blood alcohol level.", "The result is called alcohol poisoning (overdose), which can be fatal.", "Choking on (or inhalation of) vomit is also a potential cause of death, as are injuries from falls, fights, motor vehicle and bicycle accidents.", "Nine percent of college students who binge drink drive after binge drinking.", "Another common risk is a blackout (alcohol-related amnesia), which can cause shame, guilt, embarrassment, harm to personal relationships, injury or death, and is also associated with the loss of personal belongings.", "A recent study conducted on an American College tested to discover if excessive binge drinking would have an effect on the cardiovascular system.", "From the results they received they found alterations in the binge drinker's macrocirculation and microcirculation functions which may be sign of a risk in cardiovascular disease.", "The study suggests that binge drinkers with a past history of strong binge drinking should be screened regularly.", "Binge drinking has the propensity to result in brain damage faster as well as more severely than chronic drinking (alcoholism), due to the neurotoxic effects of the repeated rebound withdrawal effects.", "During the repeated alcohol free stages associated with binge drinking, a larger amount of glutamate is released than occurs during withdrawal from chronic heavy alcohol use; additionally this extreme release of glutamate happens on a repeated basis in binge drinkers leading to excitotoxicity.", "The tolerance that occurs during chronic ('non-stop') drinking delays alcohol-related brain damage compared to binge drinking, which induced immediate and repeated insults to the brain.", "Impairments in impulse control in binge drinkers, which is more prominent in female binge drinkers, is due to dysfunction of the frontal lobe.", "The findings in humans have been largely concordant with animal studies.", "Such animal studies find that heavy and regular binge drinking causes neurodegeneration in corticolimbic brain regions areas that are involved in learning and spatial memory, such as the olfactory bulb, piriform cortex, perirhinal cortex, entorhinal cortex, and the hippocampal dentate gyrus.", "A study in rats found that a heavy two-day drinking binge caused extensive neurodegeneration in the entorhinal cortex with resultant learning deficits.", "While brain damage from binge drinking is known to occur as a result of binge drinking patterns, it is unclear how long drinking sessions last and how regular binge drinking is done to cause brain damage in humans.", "One study found that humans who drank at least 100 drinks (male) or 80 drinks (female) per month (concentrated to 21 occasions or less per month) throughout a three-year period had impaired decision making skills compared to non-binge drinkers.", "Repeated acute withdrawal from alcohol, which occurs in heavy binge drinkers, has been shown in several studies to be associated with cognitive deficits as a result of neural kindling; neural kindling due to repeated withdrawals is believed to be the mechanism of cognitive damage in both binge drinkers and alcoholics.", "Neuronal kindling also leads to each subsequent acute withdrawal episode being more severe than previous withdrawal episodes.", "Blackouts, a form of amnesia that occurs in binge drinkers may be due to suppressed hippocampus function with rebound NMDA (glutamate) activity combined with excessive glucocorticoid release induced by the stress of repeated intoxication followed by acute withdrawal/abstinence is the proposed mechanism of neural kindling leading to neurotoxicity of structures involved in learning and memory within the brain of binge drinkers.", "Frontal lobe processing may become impaired as a result of binge drinking with resultant neurocognitive deficits and impaired working memory.", "Alcohol suppresses brain function during intoxication; but upon withdrawal rebound effects occur in the glutamate/NMDA system and with excess glutamate activity glucocorticoid release; due to the repeated intoxication, followed by acute withdrawal, a neurotoxic effect that damages the central nervous system develops, leading to persisting impairments in verbal and nonverbal cognitive abilities as well as impairment of spatial orientation.", "Due to developmental processes occurring during adolescence including myelinization and restructuring of the synapses, adolescents are thought to be more vulnerable to the neurotoxic effects of alcohol.", "Age and genetic factors influence the risk of developing alcohol-related neurotoxicity.", "Adolescence, especially early adolescence (i.e. before age 15), is a critical and delicate developmental stage when specialised neuronal and synaptic systems mature.", "This critical developmental stage is where lifelong adult traits e.g., talents, reasoning and complex skills mature; however alcohol and in particular binge drinking may disrupt and interfere with this developmental process.", "Adolescence is also a period of development characterised by a high level of novel seeking, thrill seeking and risk taking behaviour and thus alcohol and other drug experimentation and abuse is common.", "An adolescent rat study found that a short exposure to high levels of alcohol resulted in long-lasting changes to functional brain activity with corresponding abnormalities in EEG brain waves that persisted into adulthood, including persisting disturbances in sleep EEG with a reduction in slow wave sleep.", "These EEG findings are similar to premature aging.", "According to one review of the literature, if the developmental stage of adolescence is similar to the developmental stage of the fetus with regard to sensitivity to the neurotoxic effects of alcohol, and if long-lasting or permanent damage to the brain occurs similar to what animal studies suggest, then this represents a major public health issue due to the high levels of alcohol use by adolescents.", "Indeed, alcohol can affect the remodeling and functional changes in synaptic plasticity and neuronal connectivity in different brain regions that occurs during adolescence (\"see this related article\").", "An alcohol use disorder may develop when a person continues to drink heavily despite recurrent social, interpersonal, and/or legal problems.", "Behaviorally, frequent binge drinking is usually involved, but not everyone who engages in binge drinking develops an alcohol use disorder.", "For the purpose of identifying an alcohol use disorder when assessing binge drinking, using a time frame of the past 6 months eliminates false negatives.", "For example, it has been found that using a narrow two week window for assessment of binge drinking habits leads to 30% of heavy regular binge drinkers wrongly being classed as not having an alcohol use disorder.", "However, the same researchers also note that recall bias is somewhat enhanced when longer timeframes are used.", "Binge drinking is considered harmful, regardless of a person's age, and there have been calls for healthcare professionals to give increased attention to their patients’ drinking habits, especially binge drinking.", "Some researchers believe that raising the legal drinking age and screening brief interventions by healthcare providers are the most effective means of reducing morbidity and mortality rates associated with binge drinking.", "Programs in the United States have thought of numerous ways to help prevent binge drinking.", "The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggests increasing the cost of alcohol or the excise taxes, restricting the number of stores who may obtain a license to sell liquor (reducing \"outlet density\"), and implementing stricter law enforcement of underage drinking laws.", "There are also a number of individual counseling approaches, such as motivational interviewing and cognitive behavioral approaches, that have been shown to reduce drinking among heavy drinking college students.", "In 2006, the Wisconsin Initiative to Promote Healthy Lifestyles implemented a program that helps primary care physicians identify and address binge drinking problems in patients.", "In August 2008, a group of college presidents calling itself the Amethyst Initiative asserted that lowering the legal drinking age to 18 (presumably) was one way to curb the \"culture of dangerous binge drinking\" among college students.", "This idea is currently the subject of controversy.", "Proponents argue that the 21 law forces drinking underground and makes it more dangerous than it has to be, while opponents have claimed that lowering the age would only make the situation worse.", "Despite health warnings, most Australian women drink at least one night a week.", "But experts are warning they are not only damaging their bodies but are also at risk of attracting sexual predators.", "Research shows ways to reduce binge drinking or engage in dangerous drinking.", "Some computer-based intervention appear to reduce binge drinking, an example of which is \"rethinking drinking\".", "Understanding consumer personality and how people view others is important.", "People were shown ads talking of the harmful effects of binge drinking.", "People who valued close friends as a sense of who they are, were less likely to want to binge drink after seeing an ad featuring them and a close friend.", "People who were loners or who did not see close friends important to their sense of who they were reacted better to ads featuring an individual.", "A similar pattern was shown for ads showing a person driving at dangerous speeds.", "This suggests ads showing potential harm to citizens from binge drinking or dangerous driving are less effective than ads highlighting a person's close friends.", "In 2009 the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing spent $53.5 million Australian Dollars on National Binge Drinking Strategy to target young Australians.", "This campaign titled \"Don't Turn a Night Out Into a Nightmare\" was delivered to the public over many mass media platforms to show the harms and consequences of risky single occasion drinking (RSOD) as binge drinking is defined in Australia.", "Evidence as to the effectiveness of these types of campaigns is mixed.", "Research needs to be completed to ensure that the effectiveness of the messages are resulting in a positive shift in the behaviours of the target audience.", "Due to the risks especially in adolescents, of cognitive impairments and possible irreversible brain damage associated with binge drinking, urgent action has been recommended.", "There is some evidence that interventions by employers such as, health and lifestyle checks, psychosocial skills training and peer referral, can reduce the level of binge drinking.", "In the US brief motivational interventions have shown some benefit in reducing future binge drinking.", "Adolescents who misuse alcohol can benefit from interventions aimed at risk reduction.", "For more severe cases an intervention involving parents, guardians, or a psychotherapist is recommended.", "An effective strategy of intervention for adolescents whose binge drinking leads to admission to hospital, e.g. for alcohol poisoning or injury, is manualised brief interventions at the hospital in one to four counseling sessions each lasting 30 to 60 minutes conducted by trained staff.", "Evaluation of personal pattern of drinking and associated risks and an emphasis on personal responsibility in a non-condescending manner is recommended during the intervention; discussing and informing and educating the adolescent of possible negative short and long-term consequences of drinking is recommended.", "The setting of goals and rules to achieve those goals is also recommended during intervention with problem binge drinking adolescents.", "Motivational enhancement therapy also shows promise as a treatment.", "Increasing public information and awareness regarding the risks of binge drinking, conducting interviews in emergency departments of young people suspected of harmful drinking patterns and trying to persuade them to accept individual counseling in youth addiction counseling services are effective strategies for reducing the harm of binge drinking.", "Encouraging recreational and adventurous training activities such as climbing or driving can be used alternative \"natural buzzes\" to alcohol misuse.", "Additionally, the provision of educational content about the risks of binge drinking and a risk assessment are beneficial during intervention with young binge drinkers and a referral in the case of an alcohol use disorder for specialised help.", "According to the NIAAA definition of \"heavy drinkers\", men may be at risk for alcohol-related problems if their alcohol consumption exceeds 14 standard drinks per week or four drinks per day, and women may be at risk if they have more than seven standard drinks per week or three drinks per day.", "Despite this risk, a 2014 report in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health found that only 10% of either \"heavy drinkers\" or \"binge drinkers\" also met the criteria for alcohol dependence, while only 1.3% of non-binge drinkers met this criteria.", "An inference drawn in this study is that evidence-based policy strategies and clinical preventive services may effectively reduce binge drinking without requiring addiction treatment in most cases.", "Binge drinking is more common in men than it is in women.", "Among students in the US, approximately 50% of men and 39% of women binge drink.", "Racial differences exist among binge drinking with Hispanics followed by Caucasians having the highest level of binge drinking.", "Caucasians have been found to be nearly twice as likely to binge drink than blacks.", "It is a common pattern among Native Americans.", "Among the Australian youth population, 31% of males and 14% of women aged 15–17 years engage in risky alcohol consumption.", "Individuals of African descent have a lower level of binge drinking followed by those of Asian descent.", "In the case of Asians their low level of binge drinking may be due to the presence of the aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (ALDH2, Chromosome 12) in many (but by no means the vast majority) that results in poor metabolism of alcohol, which leads to severe adverse effects such as facial flushing.", "Men are more likely to binge drink (up to 81% of alcohol binges are done by men) than women and men are also more likely to develop alcohol dependence than women.", "People who are homozygous for the ALDH2 gene are less likely to binge-drink due to severe adverse effects that occur even with moderate amounts of alcohol consumption.", "College students have been found to be more likely to binge drink than their same age peers who were not enrolled in college.", "In the US, this effect has caused serious problems with the country's legal drinking age.", "This effect is more prevalent in women than in men.", "Other factors that have been found to correlate with higher levels of binge drinking include low religiosity, marijuana use, living with roommates, and cigarette use.", "Binge drinking costs the UK economy approximately £20 billion a year; 17 million working days are estimated to be lost due to hangovers and drink-related illness each year.", "The cost of binge drinking to employers is estimated to be £6.4 billion and the cost per year of alcohol harm is estimated to cost the National Health Service £2.7 billion.", "Urgent action has been recommended to understand the binge drinking culture and its aetiology and pathogenesis and urgent action has been called for to educate people with regard to the dangers of binge drinking.", "The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released a study in October 2011 that showed that in the United States binge drinking costs society $223 billion a year, which amounts to $2 per drink.", "These costs include health care costs for alcohol-related issues, including liver cirrhosis, loss of work productivity, property damage due to drunk driving, and expenditures related to criminal acts.", "Overall, 11.9% of binge drinkers drove during or within two hours of their most recent binge drinking episode.", "Those drinking in licensed establishments (bars, clubs, and restaurants) accounted for 54.3% of these driving episodes.", "Significant independent risk factors for driving after binge drinking included male gender (AOR=1.75); being aged 35–54 or ≥55 years compared to 18–34 years (AOR=1.58 and 2.37, respectively); and drinking in bars or clubs compared to drinking in the respondent's home (AOR=7.81).", "Drivers who drank most of their alcohol in licensed establishments consumed an average of 8.1 drinks, and 25.7% of them consumed ≥10 drinks.", "Women become intoxicated more quickly than men, and experience a higher blood alcohol level.", "This difference in effect occurs even when a woman's body weight and consumption of alcohol are the same as that of a man.", "Because of these discrepancies, college-age women tend to experience the consequences of binge drinking before their male counterparts.", "There is no known safe level of alcohol consumption either when trying to get pregnant or during pregnancy.", "With alcohol abuse remaining highly stigmatized—particularly in the case of pregnant women—some advocate for treatment programs to focus on a non-judgmental stance, on personal empowerment, and on offering contraceptives to women engaging in sex, in order to prevent fetal alcohol spectrum disorder." ]

[ 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138 ]

[ "Due to the long term effects of excessive alcohol use, binge drinking is considered to be a major public health issue.", "Frequent binge drinking can lead to brain damage faster and more severely than chronic drinking (alcoholism).", "The neurotoxic insults are due to very large amounts of glutamate which are released and over-stimulate the brain as a binge finishes.", "Each binge drinking episode immediately insults the brain; repeat episodes result in accumulating harm.", "With prolonged abstinence neurogenesis occurs which can potentially reverse the damage from heavy alcohol use." ]

[ "Tracks 1, 3, 4, 9 & 10 written by Linda Perry Track 2 written by Linda Perry & Katrina Sirdofsky Track 6 written by Linda Perry & Shaunna Hall Tracks 7 & 11 written by Linda Perry, Shaunna Hall, Christa Hillhouse & Wanda Day Track 8 written by Linda Perry, Shaunna Hall, Christa Hillhouse, Wanda Day & Dawn Richardson", "Written by Linda Perry & Roger Rocha", "Written by Linda Perry & Janis Ian in middle of 1995", "Tracks 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11 & 12 mixed by Linda Perry & Devon Powers\nAll tracks produced by Linda Perry", "Tracks 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9 & 12 written by Linda Perry Track 4 written by Linda Perry & Bill Bottrell Track 7 written by Linda Perry, Marty Wilson Piper & Grace Slick Track 10 written by Linda Perry, Bill Bottrell, Brian MacLeod, Kevin Gilbert & Dan Schwartz Track 11 written by Linda Perry, Brian MacLeod, Kevin Gilbert & Dan Schwartz\nAll tracks co-produced by Linda Perry", "Written by Linda Perry & Bill Botrell\nCo-produced by Linda Perry", "Written by Linda Perry\nProduced by Linda Perry & Bill Bottrell", "Written by Brad Olsen, Linda Perry, Brian MacLeod, Paul Ill & Eric Schermerhorn in 1998", "Tracks 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 12 written by Linda Perry\nTracks 4 & 11 written by Linda Perry, Brian MacLeod & Paul Ill\nTrack 9 written by Linda Perry, D.C. Collard & Paul Ill\nProduced by Bob Salcedo & Linda Perry", "Tracks 1, 5, 9, 10, 13, 14 & 15 written by Pink & Linda Perry\nTracks 4 & 11 written by Linda Perry\nTracks 1, 5, 13, 14 & 15 produced by Linda Perry & Damon Elliott\nTracks 4, 9, 10 & 11 produced by Linda Perry", "Produced by Linda Perry", "Written by Linda Perry & Pink", "Track 11 written by Linda Perry\nTrack 12, 13 & 19 written by Christina Aguilera & Linda Perry\nProduced by Linda Perry\n\"Make Over written by Linda Perry, Christina Aguilera, Jonathan Lipsey, Felix Howard, Cameron McVey & Paul Simm (ASCAP, 2003)\"", "Written by Linda Perry, Solange Knowles & Rockwilder in middle of 2002", "Written by Linda Perry, Louise Burns, Tasha-Ray Evin & Lacey-Lee Evin\nProduced by Linda Perry", "Written by Gina Gershon & Linda Perry\nOriginal Score composed by Gina Gershon, Cheri Lovedog & Linda Perry", "Written by Linda Perry, Keisha Buchanan, Mutya Buena & Heidi Range \nProduced by Linda Perry", "Tracks 6 & 9 written by Pink & Linda Perry\nTrack 7 written by Pink, Linda Perry, Eric Schermerhorn, Paul Ill & Brian MaCleod\nProduced by Linda Perry", "Track 14 written by Pink & Linda Perry\nTrack 15 written by Pink, Linda Perry, Eric Schermerhorn, Paul Ill & Brian MacLeod\nProduced by Linda Perry", "Written by Linda Perry, Natina Reed, Shamari Fears & Brandi Williams\nProduced by Linda Perry\n\"Never officially released\"", "Track 1 written by Courtney Love, Linda Perry, Patty Schemel & Larry Schemel\nTracks 4, 7, 9, 10 & 12 written by Courtney Love, Linda Perry, Patty Schemel & Jerry Best\nTrack 5 written by Courtney Love, Linda Perry, Patty Schemel, Jerry Best & Chris Whitemeyer\nTrack 8 written by Courtney Love, Linda Perry, Bernie Taupin, Patty Schemel & Jerry Best\nTrack 11 written by Courtney Love & Linda Perry\n\"Zeplin Song written by Courtney Love, Linda Perry & Samantha Maloney (ASCAP, 2006)\"", "Track 2 written by Courtney Love, Linda Perry, Patty Schemel & Jerry Best\nTrack 3 written by Courtney Love, Linda Perry, Patty Schemel & Larry Schemel", "Written by Linda Perry\nProduced by Linda Perry", "Written by Laura Pergolizzi & Linda Perry", "Tracks 1 & 9 written by Gwen Stefani & Linda Perry\nTrack 11 written by Gwen Stefani, Dallas Austin & Linda Perry\nTrack 1 co-produced by Linda Perry (uncredited)\nGuitars & keyboards on track 1 engineered by Linda Perry", "Written by Joan Jett, Linda Perry & Kenny Laguna", "Produced by Linda Perry", "Written by Scott Russo, Linda Perry & Aimee Allen\nProduced by Linda Perry & Sean Beavan", "Lyrics by Lisa Marie Presley; music by Lisa Marie Presley & Linda Perry", "Track 4 written by Linda Perry, Warren Fischer & Casey Spooner\nTracks 9 & 11 written by Linda Perry, Nicolas Vernhes, Warren Fischer & Casey Spooner", "Tracks 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 & 10 written by Linda Perry\nTracks 4, 6, 7 & 9 written by Linda Perry & Kelly Osbourne\nProduced by Linda Perry\n\"One Word written by Billy Currie, Christopher Payne & Midge Ure (ASCAP)\"\n\"Secret Lover written by Leslie Bricusse, Anthony Newley, Linda Perry & Kelly Osbourne (ASCAP)\"", "Written by Juliette Lewis & Linda Perry", "Written by Linda Perry & Goapele Mohlabane\nProduced by Linda Perry", "Produced by Linda Perry", "Written by Natalie Maines, Martie Maguire, Linda Perry, Emily Robison & Dan Wilson", "Written by Robin Zander, Bun E. Carlos, Rick Nielsen, Linda Perry, Tom Petersson\nProduced by Linda Perry", "Written by Joan Jett, Linda Perry & Kenny Laguna", "Tracks 1, 9 & 10 written by Sierra Swan& Linda Perry\nTrack 5 written by Linda Perry\nTracks 3, 5, 6, 7, 9 & 10 produced by Linda Perry", "Written by Linda Perry\nProduced by Linda Perry", "Tracks 1, 3, 4, 5, 7 & 9 written by Christina Aguilera & Linda Perry\nTrack 2 written by Christina Aguilera, Linda Perry, Mark Ronson & Paul Ill\nTrack 6 written by Christina Aguilera, Linda Perry & Mark Ronson\nTrack 8 written by Christina Aguilera, Linda Perry & Bill Bottrell\nProduced by Linda Perry", "Produced & recorded by Linda Perry", "Written by Linda Perry, Nate Ruess & Sam Means", "Written by Gwen Stefani & Linda Perry", "Written by Linda Perry\nProduced by Linda Perry", "Mixed, engineered & produced by Linda Perry", "Tracks 1, 2 & 9 written by Ben Jelen & Linda Perry\nTrack 4 written by Ben Jelen, Matt Scannell & Linda Perry\nTracks 5 & 6 written by Linda Perry\nProduced & engineered by Linda Perry", "Produced & engineered by Linda Perry", "Written by Jamie Scott & Linda Perry", "Track 1 written by Linda Perry\nTrack 7 written by Gina Gershon & Linda Perry\nTracks 7 & 10 produced, mixed & engineered by Linda Perry\nTrack 5 engineered by Linda Perry", "Tracks 3 & 8 written by Vanessa Carlton & Linda Perry\nTrack 6 written by Vanessa Carlton, Linda Perry & Stephan Jenkins\nTracks 3 & 8 produced & engineered by Linda Perry", "Track 3 written by Alicia Keys, Linda Perry, Steve Mostyn and Michael Jordan (Bauer)Track 8 & 14 written by Alicia Keys & Linda Perry\nTracks 8 & 14 produced by Alicia Keys & Linda Perry", "Written by Linda Perry\nProduced & engineered by Linda Perry", "Written by Sam Means, Linda Perry & Nate Ruess\nRecorded by Linda Perry", "Produced & engineered by Linda Perry", "Written by Sierra Swan & Linda Perry\nProduced by Linda Perry", "Written by Gavin Rossdale & Linda Perry", "Written by Christina Aguilera & Linda Perry\nProduced & engineered by Linda Perry", "Track 9 written by Daniel Powter & Linda Perry\nTrack 10 written by Linda Perry\nProduced & engineered by Linda Perry", "Written by Linda Perry\nItalian translation by Tiziano Ferro", "Unreleased Tracks", "2015", "2015", "2015 Target Bonus Track", "2017", "2018" ]

[ 3, 4, 5, 6 ]

[ "Songs written, co-written and produced by Linda Perry." ]

[ "Tracks 1, 3, 4, 9 & 10 written by Linda Perry Track 2 written by Linda Perry & Katrina Sirdofsky Track 6 written by Linda Perry & Shaunna Hall Tracks 7 & 11 written by Linda Perry, Shaunna Hall, Christa Hillhouse & Wanda Day Track 8 written by Linda Perry, Shaunna Hall, Christa Hillhouse, Wanda Day & Dawn Richardson", "Written by Linda Perry & Roger Rocha", "Written by Linda Perry & Janis Ian in middle of 1995", "Tracks 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11 & 12 mixed by Linda Perry & Devon Powers\nAll tracks produced by Linda Perry", "Tracks 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9 & 12 written by Linda Perry Track 4 written by Linda Perry & Bill Bottrell Track 7 written by Linda Perry, Marty Wilson Piper & Grace Slick Track 10 written by Linda Perry, Bill Bottrell, Brian MacLeod, Kevin Gilbert & Dan Schwartz Track 11 written by Linda Perry, Brian MacLeod, Kevin Gilbert & Dan Schwartz\nAll tracks co-produced by Linda Perry", "Written by Linda Perry & Bill Botrell\nCo-produced by Linda Perry", "Written by Linda Perry\nProduced by Linda Perry & Bill Bottrell", "Written by Brad Olsen, Linda Perry, Brian MacLeod, Paul Ill & Eric Schermerhorn in 1998", "Tracks 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 12 written by Linda Perry\nTracks 4 & 11 written by Linda Perry, Brian MacLeod & Paul Ill\nTrack 9 written by Linda Perry, D.C. Collard & Paul Ill\nProduced by Bob Salcedo & Linda Perry", "Tracks 1, 5, 9, 10, 13, 14 & 15 written by Pink & Linda Perry\nTracks 4 & 11 written by Linda Perry\nTracks 1, 5, 13, 14 & 15 produced by Linda Perry & Damon Elliott\nTracks 4, 9, 10 & 11 produced by Linda Perry", "Produced by Linda Perry", "Written by Linda Perry & Pink", "Track 11 written by Linda Perry\nTrack 12, 13 & 19 written by Christina Aguilera & Linda Perry\nProduced by Linda Perry\n\"Make Over written by Linda Perry, Christina Aguilera, Jonathan Lipsey, Felix Howard, Cameron McVey & Paul Simm (ASCAP, 2003)\"", "Written by Linda Perry, Solange Knowles & Rockwilder in middle of 2002", "Written by Linda Perry, Louise Burns, Tasha-Ray Evin & Lacey-Lee Evin\nProduced by Linda Perry", "Written by Gina Gershon & Linda Perry\nOriginal Score composed by Gina Gershon, Cheri Lovedog & Linda Perry", "Written by Linda Perry, Keisha Buchanan, Mutya Buena & Heidi Range \nProduced by Linda Perry", "Tracks 6 & 9 written by Pink & Linda Perry\nTrack 7 written by Pink, Linda Perry, Eric Schermerhorn, Paul Ill & Brian MaCleod\nProduced by Linda Perry", "Track 14 written by Pink & Linda Perry\nTrack 15 written by Pink, Linda Perry, Eric Schermerhorn, Paul Ill & Brian MacLeod\nProduced by Linda Perry", "Written by Linda Perry, Natina Reed, Shamari Fears & Brandi Williams\nProduced by Linda Perry\n\"Never officially released\"", "Track 1 written by Courtney Love, Linda Perry, Patty Schemel & Larry Schemel\nTracks 4, 7, 9, 10 & 12 written by Courtney Love, Linda Perry, Patty Schemel & Jerry Best\nTrack 5 written by Courtney Love, Linda Perry, Patty Schemel, Jerry Best & Chris Whitemeyer\nTrack 8 written by Courtney Love, Linda Perry, Bernie Taupin, Patty Schemel & Jerry Best\nTrack 11 written by Courtney Love & Linda Perry\n\"Zeplin Song written by Courtney Love, Linda Perry & Samantha Maloney (ASCAP, 2006)\"", "Track 2 written by Courtney Love, Linda Perry, Patty Schemel & Jerry Best\nTrack 3 written by Courtney Love, Linda Perry, Patty Schemel & Larry Schemel", "Written by Linda Perry\nProduced by Linda Perry", "Written by Laura Pergolizzi & Linda Perry", "Tracks 1 & 9 written by Gwen Stefani & Linda Perry\nTrack 11 written by Gwen Stefani, Dallas Austin & Linda Perry\nTrack 1 co-produced by Linda Perry (uncredited)\nGuitars & keyboards on track 1 engineered by Linda Perry", "Written by Joan Jett, Linda Perry & Kenny Laguna", "Produced by Linda Perry", "Written by Scott Russo, Linda Perry & Aimee Allen\nProduced by Linda Perry & Sean Beavan", "Lyrics by Lisa Marie Presley; music by Lisa Marie Presley & Linda Perry", "Track 4 written by Linda Perry, Warren Fischer & Casey Spooner\nTracks 9 & 11 written by Linda Perry, Nicolas Vernhes, Warren Fischer & Casey Spooner", "Tracks 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 & 10 written by Linda Perry\nTracks 4, 6, 7 & 9 written by Linda Perry & Kelly Osbourne\nProduced by Linda Perry\n\"One Word written by Billy Currie, Christopher Payne & Midge Ure (ASCAP)\"\n\"Secret Lover written by Leslie Bricusse, Anthony Newley, Linda Perry & Kelly Osbourne (ASCAP)\"", "Written by Juliette Lewis & Linda Perry", "Written by Linda Perry & Goapele Mohlabane\nProduced by Linda Perry", "Produced by Linda Perry", "Written by Natalie Maines, Martie Maguire, Linda Perry, Emily Robison & Dan Wilson", "Written by Robin Zander, Bun E. Carlos, Rick Nielsen, Linda Perry, Tom Petersson\nProduced by Linda Perry", "Written by Joan Jett, Linda Perry & Kenny Laguna", "Tracks 1, 9 & 10 written by Sierra Swan& Linda Perry\nTrack 5 written by Linda Perry\nTracks 3, 5, 6, 7, 9 & 10 produced by Linda Perry", "Written by Linda Perry\nProduced by Linda Perry", "Tracks 1, 3, 4, 5, 7 & 9 written by Christina Aguilera & Linda Perry\nTrack 2 written by Christina Aguilera, Linda Perry, Mark Ronson & Paul Ill\nTrack 6 written by Christina Aguilera, Linda Perry & Mark Ronson\nTrack 8 written by Christina Aguilera, Linda Perry & Bill Bottrell\nProduced by Linda Perry", "Produced & recorded by Linda Perry", "Written by Linda Perry, Nate Ruess & Sam Means", "Written by Gwen Stefani & Linda Perry", "Written by Linda Perry\nProduced by Linda Perry", "Mixed, engineered & produced by Linda Perry", "Tracks 1, 2 & 9 written by Ben Jelen & Linda Perry\nTrack 4 written by Ben Jelen, Matt Scannell & Linda Perry\nTracks 5 & 6 written by Linda Perry\nProduced & engineered by Linda Perry", "Produced & engineered by Linda Perry", "Written by Jamie Scott & Linda Perry", "Track 1 written by Linda Perry\nTrack 7 written by Gina Gershon & Linda Perry\nTracks 7 & 10 produced, mixed & engineered by Linda Perry\nTrack 5 engineered by Linda Perry", "Tracks 3 & 8 written by Vanessa Carlton & Linda Perry\nTrack 6 written by Vanessa Carlton, Linda Perry & Stephan Jenkins\nTracks 3 & 8 produced & engineered by Linda Perry", "Track 3 written by Alicia Keys, Linda Perry, Steve Mostyn and Michael Jordan (Bauer)Track 8 & 14 written by Alicia Keys & Linda Perry\nTracks 8 & 14 produced by Alicia Keys & Linda Perry", "Written by Linda Perry\nProduced & engineered by Linda Perry", "Written by Sam Means, Linda Perry & Nate Ruess\nRecorded by Linda Perry", "Produced & engineered by Linda Perry", "Written by Sierra Swan & Linda Perry\nProduced by Linda Perry", "Written by Gavin Rossdale & Linda Perry", "Written by Christina Aguilera & Linda Perry\nProduced & engineered by Linda Perry", "Track 9 written by Daniel Powter & Linda Perry\nTrack 10 written by Linda Perry\nProduced & engineered by Linda Perry", "Written by Linda Perry\nItalian translation by Tiziano Ferro", "Unreleased Tracks", "2015", "2015", "2015 Target Bonus Track", "2017", "2018" ]

[ 4 ]

[ "Songs written, co-written and produced by Linda Perry." ]

[ "Tracks 1, 3, 4, 9 & 10 written by Linda Perry Track 2 written by Linda Perry & Katrina Sirdofsky Track 6 written by Linda Perry & Shaunna Hall Tracks 7 & 11 written by Linda Perry, Shaunna Hall, Christa Hillhouse & Wanda Day Track 8 written by Linda Perry, Shaunna Hall, Christa Hillhouse, Wanda Day & Dawn Richardson", "Written by Linda Perry & Roger Rocha", "Written by Linda Perry & Janis Ian in middle of 1995", "Tracks 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11 & 12 mixed by Linda Perry & Devon Powers\nAll tracks produced by Linda Perry", "Tracks 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9 & 12 written by Linda Perry Track 4 written by Linda Perry & Bill Bottrell Track 7 written by Linda Perry, Marty Wilson Piper & Grace Slick Track 10 written by Linda Perry, Bill Bottrell, Brian MacLeod, Kevin Gilbert & Dan Schwartz Track 11 written by Linda Perry, Brian MacLeod, Kevin Gilbert & Dan Schwartz\nAll tracks co-produced by Linda Perry", "Written by Linda Perry & Bill Botrell\nCo-produced by Linda Perry", "Written by Linda Perry\nProduced by Linda Perry & Bill Bottrell", "Written by Brad Olsen, Linda Perry, Brian MacLeod, Paul Ill & Eric Schermerhorn in 1998", "Tracks 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 12 written by Linda Perry\nTracks 4 & 11 written by Linda Perry, Brian MacLeod & Paul Ill\nTrack 9 written by Linda Perry, D.C. Collard & Paul Ill\nProduced by Bob Salcedo & Linda Perry", "Tracks 1, 5, 9, 10, 13, 14 & 15 written by Pink & Linda Perry\nTracks 4 & 11 written by Linda Perry\nTracks 1, 5, 13, 14 & 15 produced by Linda Perry & Damon Elliott\nTracks 4, 9, 10 & 11 produced by Linda Perry", "Produced by Linda Perry", "Written by Linda Perry & Pink", "Track 11 written by Linda Perry\nTrack 12, 13 & 19 written by Christina Aguilera & Linda Perry\nProduced by Linda Perry\n\"Make Over written by Linda Perry, Christina Aguilera, Jonathan Lipsey, Felix Howard, Cameron McVey & Paul Simm (ASCAP, 2003)\"", "Written by Linda Perry, Solange Knowles & Rockwilder in middle of 2002", "Written by Linda Perry, Louise Burns, Tasha-Ray Evin & Lacey-Lee Evin\nProduced by Linda Perry", "Written by Gina Gershon & Linda Perry\nOriginal Score composed by Gina Gershon, Cheri Lovedog & Linda Perry", "Written by Linda Perry, Keisha Buchanan, Mutya Buena & Heidi Range \nProduced by Linda Perry", "Tracks 6 & 9 written by Pink & Linda Perry\nTrack 7 written by Pink, Linda Perry, Eric Schermerhorn, Paul Ill & Brian MaCleod\nProduced by Linda Perry", "Track 14 written by Pink & Linda Perry\nTrack 15 written by Pink, Linda Perry, Eric Schermerhorn, Paul Ill & Brian MacLeod\nProduced by Linda Perry", "Written by Linda Perry, Natina Reed, Shamari Fears & Brandi Williams\nProduced by Linda Perry\n\"Never officially released\"", "Track 1 written by Courtney Love, Linda Perry, Patty Schemel & Larry Schemel\nTracks 4, 7, 9, 10 & 12 written by Courtney Love, Linda Perry, Patty Schemel & Jerry Best\nTrack 5 written by Courtney Love, Linda Perry, Patty Schemel, Jerry Best & Chris Whitemeyer\nTrack 8 written by Courtney Love, Linda Perry, Bernie Taupin, Patty Schemel & Jerry Best\nTrack 11 written by Courtney Love & Linda Perry\n\"Zeplin Song written by Courtney Love, Linda Perry & Samantha Maloney (ASCAP, 2006)\"", "Track 2 written by Courtney Love, Linda Perry, Patty Schemel & Jerry Best\nTrack 3 written by Courtney Love, Linda Perry, Patty Schemel & Larry Schemel", "Written by Linda Perry\nProduced by Linda Perry", "Written by Laura Pergolizzi & Linda Perry", "Tracks 1 & 9 written by Gwen Stefani & Linda Perry\nTrack 11 written by Gwen Stefani, Dallas Austin & Linda Perry\nTrack 1 co-produced by Linda Perry (uncredited)\nGuitars & keyboards on track 1 engineered by Linda Perry", "Written by Joan Jett, Linda Perry & Kenny Laguna", "Produced by Linda Perry", "Written by Scott Russo, Linda Perry & Aimee Allen\nProduced by Linda Perry & Sean Beavan", "Lyrics by Lisa Marie Presley; music by Lisa Marie Presley & Linda Perry", "Track 4 written by Linda Perry, Warren Fischer & Casey Spooner\nTracks 9 & 11 written by Linda Perry, Nicolas Vernhes, Warren Fischer & Casey Spooner", "Tracks 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 & 10 written by Linda Perry\nTracks 4, 6, 7 & 9 written by Linda Perry & Kelly Osbourne\nProduced by Linda Perry\n\"One Word written by Billy Currie, Christopher Payne & Midge Ure (ASCAP)\"\n\"Secret Lover written by Leslie Bricusse, Anthony Newley, Linda Perry & Kelly Osbourne (ASCAP)\"", "Written by Juliette Lewis & Linda Perry", "Written by Linda Perry & Goapele Mohlabane\nProduced by Linda Perry", "Produced by Linda Perry", "Written by Natalie Maines, Martie Maguire, Linda Perry, Emily Robison & Dan Wilson", "Written by Robin Zander, Bun E. Carlos, Rick Nielsen, Linda Perry, Tom Petersson\nProduced by Linda Perry", "Written by Joan Jett, Linda Perry & Kenny Laguna", "Tracks 1, 9 & 10 written by Sierra Swan& Linda Perry\nTrack 5 written by Linda Perry\nTracks 3, 5, 6, 7, 9 & 10 produced by Linda Perry", "Written by Linda Perry\nProduced by Linda Perry", "Tracks 1, 3, 4, 5, 7 & 9 written by Christina Aguilera & Linda Perry\nTrack 2 written by Christina Aguilera, Linda Perry, Mark Ronson & Paul Ill\nTrack 6 written by Christina Aguilera, Linda Perry & Mark Ronson\nTrack 8 written by Christina Aguilera, Linda Perry & Bill Bottrell\nProduced by Linda Perry", "Produced & recorded by Linda Perry", "Written by Linda Perry, Nate Ruess & Sam Means", "Written by Gwen Stefani & Linda Perry", "Written by Linda Perry\nProduced by Linda Perry", "Mixed, engineered & produced by Linda Perry", "Tracks 1, 2 & 9 written by Ben Jelen & Linda Perry\nTrack 4 written by Ben Jelen, Matt Scannell & Linda Perry\nTracks 5 & 6 written by Linda Perry\nProduced & engineered by Linda Perry", "Produced & engineered by Linda Perry", "Written by Jamie Scott & Linda Perry", "Track 1 written by Linda Perry\nTrack 7 written by Gina Gershon & Linda Perry\nTracks 7 & 10 produced, mixed & engineered by Linda Perry\nTrack 5 engineered by Linda Perry", "Tracks 3 & 8 written by Vanessa Carlton & Linda Perry\nTrack 6 written by Vanessa Carlton, Linda Perry & Stephan Jenkins\nTracks 3 & 8 produced & engineered by Linda Perry", "Track 3 written by Alicia Keys, Linda Perry, Steve Mostyn and Michael Jordan (Bauer)Track 8 & 14 written by Alicia Keys & Linda Perry\nTracks 8 & 14 produced by Alicia Keys & Linda Perry", "Written by Linda Perry\nProduced & engineered by Linda Perry", "Written by Sam Means, Linda Perry & Nate Ruess\nRecorded by Linda Perry", "Produced & engineered by Linda Perry", "Written by Sierra Swan & Linda Perry\nProduced by Linda Perry", "Written by Gavin Rossdale & Linda Perry", "Written by Christina Aguilera & Linda Perry\nProduced & engineered by Linda Perry", "Track 9 written by Daniel Powter & Linda Perry\nTrack 10 written by Linda Perry\nProduced & engineered by Linda Perry", "Written by Linda Perry\nItalian translation by Tiziano Ferro", "Unreleased Tracks", "2015", "2015", "2015 Target Bonus Track", "2017", "2018" ]

[ 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 ]

[ "Songs written, co-written and produced by Linda Perry." ]

[ "Tracks 1, 3, 4, 9 & 10 written by Linda Perry Track 2 written by Linda Perry & Katrina Sirdofsky Track 6 written by Linda Perry & Shaunna Hall Tracks 7 & 11 written by Linda Perry, Shaunna Hall, Christa Hillhouse & Wanda Day Track 8 written by Linda Perry, Shaunna Hall, Christa Hillhouse, Wanda Day & Dawn Richardson", "Written by Linda Perry & Roger Rocha", "Written by Linda Perry & Janis Ian in middle of 1995", "Tracks 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11 & 12 mixed by Linda Perry & Devon Powers\nAll tracks produced by Linda Perry", "Tracks 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9 & 12 written by Linda Perry Track 4 written by Linda Perry & Bill Bottrell Track 7 written by Linda Perry, Marty Wilson Piper & Grace Slick Track 10 written by Linda Perry, Bill Bottrell, Brian MacLeod, Kevin Gilbert & Dan Schwartz Track 11 written by Linda Perry, Brian MacLeod, Kevin Gilbert & Dan Schwartz\nAll tracks co-produced by Linda Perry", "Written by Linda Perry & Bill Botrell\nCo-produced by Linda Perry", "Written by Linda Perry\nProduced by Linda Perry & Bill Bottrell", "Written by Brad Olsen, Linda Perry, Brian MacLeod, Paul Ill & Eric Schermerhorn in 1998", "Tracks 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 12 written by Linda Perry\nTracks 4 & 11 written by Linda Perry, Brian MacLeod & Paul Ill\nTrack 9 written by Linda Perry, D.C. Collard & Paul Ill\nProduced by Bob Salcedo & Linda Perry", "Tracks 1, 5, 9, 10, 13, 14 & 15 written by Pink & Linda Perry\nTracks 4 & 11 written by Linda Perry\nTracks 1, 5, 13, 14 & 15 produced by Linda Perry & Damon Elliott\nTracks 4, 9, 10 & 11 produced by Linda Perry", "Produced by Linda Perry", "Written by Linda Perry & Pink", "Track 11 written by Linda Perry\nTrack 12, 13 & 19 written by Christina Aguilera & Linda Perry\nProduced by Linda Perry\n\"Make Over written by Linda Perry, Christina Aguilera, Jonathan Lipsey, Felix Howard, Cameron McVey & Paul Simm (ASCAP, 2003)\"", "Written by Linda Perry, Solange Knowles & Rockwilder in middle of 2002", "Written by Linda Perry, Louise Burns, Tasha-Ray Evin & Lacey-Lee Evin\nProduced by Linda Perry", "Written by Gina Gershon & Linda Perry\nOriginal Score composed by Gina Gershon, Cheri Lovedog & Linda Perry", "Written by Linda Perry, Keisha Buchanan, Mutya Buena & Heidi Range \nProduced by Linda Perry", "Tracks 6 & 9 written by Pink & Linda Perry\nTrack 7 written by Pink, Linda Perry, Eric Schermerhorn, Paul Ill & Brian MaCleod\nProduced by Linda Perry", "Track 14 written by Pink & Linda Perry\nTrack 15 written by Pink, Linda Perry, Eric Schermerhorn, Paul Ill & Brian MacLeod\nProduced by Linda Perry", "Written by Linda Perry, Natina Reed, Shamari Fears & Brandi Williams\nProduced by Linda Perry\n\"Never officially released\"", "Track 1 written by Courtney Love, Linda Perry, Patty Schemel & Larry Schemel\nTracks 4, 7, 9, 10 & 12 written by Courtney Love, Linda Perry, Patty Schemel & Jerry Best\nTrack 5 written by Courtney Love, Linda Perry, Patty Schemel, Jerry Best & Chris Whitemeyer\nTrack 8 written by Courtney Love, Linda Perry, Bernie Taupin, Patty Schemel & Jerry Best\nTrack 11 written by Courtney Love & Linda Perry\n\"Zeplin Song written by Courtney Love, Linda Perry & Samantha Maloney (ASCAP, 2006)\"", "Track 2 written by Courtney Love, Linda Perry, Patty Schemel & Jerry Best\nTrack 3 written by Courtney Love, Linda Perry, Patty Schemel & Larry Schemel", "Written by Linda Perry\nProduced by Linda Perry", "Written by Laura Pergolizzi & Linda Perry", "Tracks 1 & 9 written by Gwen Stefani & Linda Perry\nTrack 11 written by Gwen Stefani, Dallas Austin & Linda Perry\nTrack 1 co-produced by Linda Perry (uncredited)\nGuitars & keyboards on track 1 engineered by Linda Perry", "Written by Joan Jett, Linda Perry & Kenny Laguna", "Produced by Linda Perry", "Written by Scott Russo, Linda Perry & Aimee Allen\nProduced by Linda Perry & Sean Beavan", "Lyrics by Lisa Marie Presley; music by Lisa Marie Presley & Linda Perry", "Track 4 written by Linda Perry, Warren Fischer & Casey Spooner\nTracks 9 & 11 written by Linda Perry, Nicolas Vernhes, Warren Fischer & Casey Spooner", "Tracks 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 & 10 written by Linda Perry\nTracks 4, 6, 7 & 9 written by Linda Perry & Kelly Osbourne\nProduced by Linda Perry\n\"One Word written by Billy Currie, Christopher Payne & Midge Ure (ASCAP)\"\n\"Secret Lover written by Leslie Bricusse, Anthony Newley, Linda Perry & Kelly Osbourne (ASCAP)\"", "Written by Juliette Lewis & Linda Perry", "Written by Linda Perry & Goapele Mohlabane\nProduced by Linda Perry", "Produced by Linda Perry", "Written by Natalie Maines, Martie Maguire, Linda Perry, Emily Robison & Dan Wilson", "Written by Robin Zander, Bun E. Carlos, Rick Nielsen, Linda Perry, Tom Petersson\nProduced by Linda Perry", "Written by Joan Jett, Linda Perry & Kenny Laguna", "Tracks 1, 9 & 10 written by Sierra Swan& Linda Perry\nTrack 5 written by Linda Perry\nTracks 3, 5, 6, 7, 9 & 10 produced by Linda Perry", "Written by Linda Perry\nProduced by Linda Perry", "Tracks 1, 3, 4, 5, 7 & 9 written by Christina Aguilera & Linda Perry\nTrack 2 written by Christina Aguilera, Linda Perry, Mark Ronson & Paul Ill\nTrack 6 written by Christina Aguilera, Linda Perry & Mark Ronson\nTrack 8 written by Christina Aguilera, Linda Perry & Bill Bottrell\nProduced by Linda Perry", "Produced & recorded by Linda Perry", "Written by Linda Perry, Nate Ruess & Sam Means", "Written by Gwen Stefani & Linda Perry", "Written by Linda Perry\nProduced by Linda Perry", "Mixed, engineered & produced by Linda Perry", "Tracks 1, 2 & 9 written by Ben Jelen & Linda Perry\nTrack 4 written by Ben Jelen, Matt Scannell & Linda Perry\nTracks 5 & 6 written by Linda Perry\nProduced & engineered by Linda Perry", "Produced & engineered by Linda Perry", "Written by Jamie Scott & Linda Perry", "Track 1 written by Linda Perry\nTrack 7 written by Gina Gershon & Linda Perry\nTracks 7 & 10 produced, mixed & engineered by Linda Perry\nTrack 5 engineered by Linda Perry", "Tracks 3 & 8 written by Vanessa Carlton & Linda Perry\nTrack 6 written by Vanessa Carlton, Linda Perry & Stephan Jenkins\nTracks 3 & 8 produced & engineered by Linda Perry", "Track 3 written by Alicia Keys, Linda Perry, Steve Mostyn and Michael Jordan (Bauer)Track 8 & 14 written by Alicia Keys & Linda Perry\nTracks 8 & 14 produced by Alicia Keys & Linda Perry", "Written by Linda Perry\nProduced & engineered by Linda Perry", "Written by Sam Means, Linda Perry & Nate Ruess\nRecorded by Linda Perry", "Produced & engineered by Linda Perry", "Written by Sierra Swan & Linda Perry\nProduced by Linda Perry", "Written by Gavin Rossdale & Linda Perry", "Written by Christina Aguilera & Linda Perry\nProduced & engineered by Linda Perry", "Track 9 written by Daniel Powter & Linda Perry\nTrack 10 written by Linda Perry\nProduced & engineered by Linda Perry", "Written by Linda Perry\nItalian translation by Tiziano Ferro", "Unreleased Tracks", "2015", "2015", "2015 Target Bonus Track", "2017", "2018" ]

[ 20 ]

[ "Songs written, co-written and produced by Linda Perry." ]

[ "Schiller wrote the first version of the poem when he was staying in Gohlis, Leipzig.", "In the year 1785 from the beginning of May till mid September, he stayed with his publisher, Georg Joachim Göschen, in Leipzig and wrote \"An die Freude\" along with his play \"Don Carlos\".", "Schiller later made some revisions to the poem, which was then republished posthumously in 1808, and it was this latter version that forms the basis for Beethoven's setting.", "Despite the lasting popularity of the ode, Schiller himself regarded it as a failure later in his life, going so far as to call it \"detached from reality\" and \"of value maybe for us two, but not for the world, nor for the art of poetry\" in an 1800 letter to his longtime friend and patron Christian Gottfried Körner (whose friendship had originally inspired him to write the ode).", "The lines marked with", "Academic speculation remains as to whether Schiller originally wrote an ode \"To Freedom\" (\"An die Freiheit\") and changed it to \"To Joy\".", "Thayer wrote in his biography of Beethoven, \"the thought lies near that it was the early form of the poem, when it was still an 'Ode to Freedom' (not 'to Joy'), which first aroused enthusiastic admiration for it in Beethoven's mind\".", "The musicologist Alexander Rehding points out that even Bernstein, who used \"Freiheit\" in two performances in 1989, called it conjecture whether Schiller used \"joy\" as code for \"freedom\" and that scholarly consensus holds that there is no factual basis for this myth.", "Over the years, Beethoven's \"Ode to Joy\" has remained a protest anthem and a celebration of music.", "Other musical settings of the poem include:" ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ]

[ "A slightly revised version appeared in 1808, changing two lines of the first and omitting the last stanza." ]