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[ "The Federal Transit Administration (FTA) defines bus rapid transit (BRT) is a “rapid mode of transportation that can combine\nthe quality of rail transit and the flexibility of buses.”", "BRT systems can be designed for specific locations and conditions to incorporate any number of features to enhance bus priority traffic circulation and passenger convenience and can operate on exclusive bus lanes or shared roadways and can combine both limited-stops and skip-stops.", "Characteristics can include bus stops with kiosks for passengers to easily and quickly pre-purchase bus tickets to reduce boarding time, digitalized countdown timetables for real-time bus arrivals and bus information at the bus shelter and via internet websites.", "Roadways can have signal synchronization, queue jumping, changeable message signs and pavement striping included.", "Specific BRT branding (wrapping) and specialized vehicles for faster boarding and alighting can be used.", "New Jersey is the most densely populated state in the United States.", "In the early part of the 20th century, it was served by an extensive system of interurban and streetcar systems, which were replaced during the era of bustitution in the mid century, partially due to the phenomenon known as the Great American streetcar scandal.", "New Jersey Transit, created in the 1970s to take over Conrail commuter rail service, assumed control of several floundering bus companies in the 1980s, including the largest, Transport of New Jersey.", "The government agency has subsequently grown to be third largest provider of commuter rail, light-rail, and bus service in the nation.", "Additionally, numerous privately operated bus companies also provide regional and local service within the state and to New York and Pennsylvania.", "The Northeast Corridor runs diagonally across New Jersey between New York City and Philadelphia, cities to which many residents regularly travel.", "Additionally, commuters of Rockland and Orange counties, west of the Hudson River above the New York state line, and exurban towns in the Lehigh Valley and Pike County, Pennsylvania travel to or through the state.", "Real-time locating is a vehicle tracking or fleet tracking system using Global Positioning System (GPS) technology.", "NJ Transit (NJT) is expanding real-time service information for bus customers to all routes in the state using what has been dubbed \"smart bus\" technology that can provide real-time bus location and arrival information to web-enabled devices and to “next bus” signage at key locations.", "In February 2011, NJT authorized a $22 million contract with Clever Devices LTD to install devices on 1,040 buses serving NJT-operated routes.", "In November 2011, it authorized another $6 million for Clever Devices to equip NJT contracted bus routes with the devices.", "Completion of the installation is projected for 2013.", "More than 1,100 new buses coming on line during the period are pre-equipped, thus making the entire fleet \"real-time\" capable.", "Real-time customer use was begun with a pilot involving the Trenton and Princeton areas on routes numbered 600 in December 2012.", "The \"MyBus Now\" service allows those with smart phones and computers to access NJT's website to see in-transit buses and expected arrival times for those buses within 30 minutes of a bus stop.", "Commuters can also text MyBus (69287) with the stop and route number to get the arrival time of the next bus.", "The service was expanded in 2013 to more than 150 NJT routes for Atlantic City, Camden, Philadelphia, and intrastate routes in North Jersey.", "It will be expanded to buses traveling to the Port Authority Bus Terminal and the George Washington Bridge Bus Station in early 2014.", "NJT sells monthly passes, 10-trip discount tickets and single-fare tickets, which are accepted on most private and contracted buses as well as its own.", "Cash payment, with many routes being exact-fare lines, is also possible.", "except for departures from the Port Authority Bus Terminal, where since 2011 tickets or passes are required.", "In October 2011, NJT began a pilot project and become the first transportation agency in the USA enabling passengers to use Google Wallet, a contactless payment system, initially available at ticket vending machines at Port Authority Bus Terminal, New York Penn Station, Newark Liberty Airport Station and on certain Hudson County bus routes.", "In April 2015 NJT announced that using mobile phone apps to purchase tickets and passes system-wide would be completed.", "SmartLink is a smart card used by the Port Authority Trans Hudson, the rapid transit rail system linking Newark, Jersey City, Hoboken, and Manhattan.", "The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which operates the system introduced the card in 2007, as the initial step in creating a universal fare card for the New York metropolitan area.", "In 2006, estimates for New Jersey Transit to implement use of the card were $100 million.", "NJ has various policies to promote its \"smart growth\" strategy, intended to reduce urban sprawl and preserve open space, to reduce traffic congestion and travel times though decreased automobile dependency, to promote intrastate public transportation use, and to revitalize older urban and suburban areas through transit-oriented development.", "In 2009, NJDOT adopted a complete streets policy with one of its stated aims to make access to bus stops easier and safer.", "The areas targeted for BRT systems are commercial/commuter corridors or high density population or employment centers with a regional transit hub.", "Some are included in the state's Urban Transit Hub Tax Credit scheme which offers tax relief for developers and employers who relocate or build within walking distance from them.", "Others have been designated transit villages, meant to promote higher density, pedestrian/public transportation oriented development.", "In some areas traditional rural and suburban land-use have given way to corporate complexes and shopping malls.", "While there are express bus routes and some dedicated bus lanes within the state, the only specifically designed BRT system, the \"go bus\", runs through Newark, the state's largest city, to Newark Liberty International Airport and adjacent communities.", "Elsewhere exclusive bus lanes (XBL) and bus bypass shoulders (BBS) provide for bus priority traffic patterning.", "Other proposed BRT and BBS projects are in various stages of study and implementation.", "While some new systems are geared to improved access to Midtown Manhattan and Center City, Philadelphia most are oriented to developing a comprehensive network of intrastate travel.", "Newark is the largest city in NJ and lies at the heart of the Gateway Region and the Liberty Corridor, the extensive network of road, rail, shipping, and air transportation infrastructure radiating from Newark Liberty International Airport and Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal.", "In terms of number of buses in use and passengers served, the Greater Newark bus network is the 20th largest in the United States.", "NJT began service on the first BRT line, \"go bus 25\", in 2008.", "During peak periods, the line makes limited stops at eleven points between Newark Penn Station and Irvington, running for most of its length along the busy Springfield Avenue transit corridor.", "The second BRT line is part of the planned Liberty Corridor Bus Rapid Transit Service network.", "Funded by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, the enhanced bus service was initiated in 2009.", "The $2 million project includes new bus shelters, signaling priority, and express-limited stop service.", "The \"go bus 28\" is a full-time service between the airport's North Area Transit Center, its three terminals, the city's central business or campus districts, Branch Brook Park, the Roseville neighborhood, and Bloomfield.", "Connections to Montclair-Boonton Line and Newark Light Rail (NLR) are possible on the line's northern segment.", "There are proposals to extend the service westward to Montclair University.", "A XBL in the vicinity of Newark Penn Station, origination point for numerous Greater Newark bus routes, was conceived in 2007 to improve traffic circulation and pedestrian safety and has been in place since 2008.", "The dedicated center bus lane is implemented in the PM rush hour to serve westbound buses along Raymond Boulevard between the station and McCarter Highway.", "The system includes traffic signal synchronization, changeable message signs and pavement striping.", "The Lincoln Tunnel Approach and Helix (Route 495) in Hudson County passes through a cut and descends the Hudson Palisades to the Lincoln Tunnel at the other end of which is the Port Authority Bus Terminal (PABT).", "Starting in 1964, studies were conducted to address the feasibility of an Exclusive Bus Lane (XBL) during the weekday morning peak period.", "The XBL was first approved on a trial basis in September 1970, since buses from New Jersey would be stuck in the heavy congestion within the tunnel approaches.", "This bus lane was implemented in December of the same year, exclusively carrying buses during morning rush hours.", "Due to the success of the bus lane, it was made permanent after the year-long trial ended.", "The XBL serves weekday eastbound bus traffic between 6:00 a.m.–10:00 a.m.", "It is fed by the New Jersey Turnpike at Exits 16E and 17, and New Jersey Route 3.", "The helix, tunnel, and terminal are owned and operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, the bi-state agency that also operates the contraflow lane along the left lane of three westbound lanes.", "The XBL serves over 1,800 buses, which transport more than 65,000 persons, each morning and is a major component of the morning \"inbound\" commutation crossing the Hudson River.", "Over 100 bus carriers utilize the Exclusive Bus Lane.", "New Jersey Transit operates fifty-seven interstate bus routes through the Lincoln Tunnel, as do numerous regional and long distance companies.", "The PABT is the gateway for most bus and jitney traffic entering Manhattan with around 225,000 passengers on 8,000 bus trips made through the tunnel and terminal on an average weekday.", "Despite the XBL to the tunnel, there are often long delays due to congestion caused by the limited capacity of bus lanes for deboarding passengers at the bus terminal, which has reached its capacity.", "This has led to re-routing and overflow on local streets In December 2011, the New Jersey Assembly passed a resolution calling upon the PANYNJ to address the issue of congestion.", "Thomas Duane, representing New York's 29th Senate District which includes the area around the PABT, has also called for reduced congestion in the neighborhood.", "A consortium of regional transportation advocates, the Tri-State Transportation Campaign, have proposed a reconfiguration and expansion of the terminal, a PM westbound XBL, bus stops at other Manhattan locations, and a new bus storage depot.", "Originally part of the PANYNJ 2007-2016 Capital Plan, construction of a bus garage in Midtown Manhattan, so that day-time turnover buses could avoid unnecessarily traveling through the tunnel without passengers, was scrapped by the agency in October 2011.", "In May 2012, the commissioner of NJDOT suggested that some NJ Transit routes could originate/terminate at other Manhattan locations, notably the East Side, an arrangement requiring approval of the NYC Department of Transportation (NYCDOT) to use bus stops.", "In June 2013, the PANYNJ commissioned an 18-month Midtown Bus Master Plan study to address enhanced terminal and bus depot facilities.", "There have also been studies to add a second express bus lane.", "Shoulder lanes, or bus bypass shoulders (BBS), along Route 9 are a part of the express bus system in Monmouth-Middlesex.", "The highway is used by NJT's routes 63, 64, 67 to Hudson County, the 130, 132, 136, 139 to PABT, and Academy Bus to Lower Manhattan.", "In 2006, NJDOT reconstructed two stretches of shoulders and made improvements in signals and sidewalks for exclusive bus use during peak hours.", "The bus lanes, which run for approximately from just south of Sayreville in Old Bridge, are the first component of a planned BBS corridor in Monmouth and northern Ocean counties.", "The southern terminus of the extended BBS corridor would be in Lakewood, which along with adjacent Toms River saw major population between 2000 and 2010 and are now respectively the 7th and 8th largest municipalities in the state by population.", "As of 2011, a $588 million project for expansion of the segment of Route 9 in the towns was in a \"design concept\" phase with funding earmarked for 2016-2017 construction.", "Concurrently, studies are being conducted to explore the possibility of providing rail service to the region.", "Known as the MOM (Monmouth-Ocean-Middlesex) project various alignments are being considered as to where the line would join either the Northeast Corridor Line or the North Jersey Coast Line.", "An extensive analysis by consulting and planning firm Stantec released in 2010 includes recommendations regarding design, construction, and implementation of the BBS extension.", "The 2nd phase of the project would start at the project's southern end near the Lakewood Bus Terminal near Route 88.", "The third phase and final phase would connect the northern and southern segments passing through Freehold Township and proximate towns, where work would include some widening and deepening of the roadbed to handle bus traffic.", "Compressed natural gas buses were introduced in 2015.", "An early use of a BBS (originally called a BOS or \"bus on shoulder\" lane) is in Mountainside.", "Unlike most towns along Route 22, zoning in Mountainside does not allow for much commercial development adjacent to the freeway.", "For a stretch in the town, the eastbound shoulder on the arterial road can be used by peak hour buses and allows for queue jumping.", "In 2009, NJDOT funded construction of two bus turnouts along the road in nearby Union In 2012, NJDOT regulated the BBS as an exclusive bus lane from 6 to 7:30am.", "In 2003, NJT funded a BRT feasibility study to be conducted by STV for Route 1 in Mercer County.", "After assessments conducted in 2006 NJT and the Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission (DVRPC) determined that a BRT system would be appropriate and have since authorized various studies.", "The hub of the Route 1 Corridor BRT system would be Princeton Junction in West Windsor.", "The two trunks of system which would incorporate some of NJT's 600 series intrastate routes and would radiate from the intersection of the Princeton Branch rail line and Route 1 freeway.", "Princeton Junction is served by NJT's Northeast Corridor Line and as well as peak-hour Amtrak service.", "Parts of Route 1 are known as the Trenton Freeway and the Brunswick Turnpike in Mercer County, which travels between Trenton and New Brunswick in Middlesex County.", "While both cities are at the periphery of the system, the core of the Route 1 Corridor BRT would operate within a smaller area and use regional shopping malls as termination/origination points.", "The north-south axis of the BRT system would parallel the right-of-way (ROW) of the Princeton Branch, which runs for just under and is served by a shuttle called the \"Dinky\" between Princeton Junction and Princeton Station, located on the Princeton University campus.", "A greenway providing pedestrian and bicycle paths, as well as exclusive bus lane would be incorporated into the plan.", "While continued service on the branch is a component of the transitway, relocation of the Princeton Station has been a matter of controversy since at least 2006 when the university announced its intention to construct a new arts center calling for the adaptive re-use of current station house, the shortening of the trackage ROW, and the creation of new terminus to the south.", "Rail advocates fear that access to the new station would be less convenient, resulting in decreased ridership that would \"threaten the train's existence.\"", "The proposal has prompted protest from local residents, as well as students, faculty, and alumni and the creation of the organization \"Save the Dinky\".", "In October 2010, the Princeton Regional Planning Board passed a resolution supporting the continuation of train service.", "On October 3, 2011, the \"Save the Dinky\" and residents filed suit against the university and NJT to stop the move.", "Soon after the borough, township, and university entered into a memo of understanding in which the school promises to fund a transit study and provide other benefits in exchange for rezoning for the combine arts/transit project.", "The station house has been the property of the university since 1984, when it purchased it form NJT, with guarantees of public use.", "That year it was listed on the state (ID#1742) and national registers of historic places.", "In 2012, NJT requested abandonment of that public use from the State Historic Preservation Office, \"Save the Dinky\" contends that the move would breach the original agreement when the property was transferred, would cause inconvenience, and is poor planning.", "The university believes it is an improvement and necessary in order to redevelop the neighborhood.", "In April 2012, the university submitted revised plans for the arts and transit center, which calls for the extension of the station house onto the right of way for possible use as a restaurant.", "The Regional Planning Board has passed an ordinance requiring the land be preserved for transportation right-of-way that could eventually extend farther into the central business district at Nassau Street.", "The new station house plans would require the board's approval before construction could start.", "According to the university, trackage rights would have to change hands in order for the transitway to implemented.", "New Brunswick lies at the heart of Central Jersey and is a key transit hub for the region.", "The city is served by Amtrak and NJT on the Northeast Corridor, several NJT intrastate bus routes 800 series, the extensive Rutgers Campus bus network, the MCAT shuttle system, DASH buses, Brunsquick shuttles and NYC bound Suburban Trails buses.", "The hub of the New Brunswick BRT system would be New Brunswick Station in the city's central business district.", "It is located near the intersection of Route 18 and Route 27 which would function as the two major corridors for bus network that would connect downtown, residential neighborhoods, the five campuses of Rutgers University in the city and adjacent Piscataway, proximate communities, as well as to the proposed Route One BRT system.", "A BRT system in the Delaware Valley is part of a broader plan to expand a regional multimodal transportation network in adjacent Camden and Gloucester counties and across the Delaware River to the city of Philadelphia.", "Other elements of network would include additions and adjustments to PATCO Hi-Speed Line and Atlantic City Line and construction of the Glassboro–Camden Line, an extension or connection to the light rail River LINE.", "The region is served by NJT buses 400–499.", "The BRT component would be developed along the heavily traveled corridor comprising I-676, Route 42, and Route 55 \nThe southern end of the system would be a newly constructed park and ride in Deptford on Route 55 and an expanded one in Winslow with peak hour buses running at 10–15 minute intervals.", "Travelling northwest the two lines would converge to pass through downtown Camden, where transfers would be possible for other components of the network, including at the Walter Rand Transportation Center.", "They would then continue over the Benjamin Franklin Bridge, equipped with reversible or contra-flow lanes to a point near Philadelphia City Hall.", "Depending on approval and funding, the BRT system could be completed by 2020.", "In July 2012, NJT received $2.6 million in federal funding to advance the project.", "The opening of the Hudson Bergen Light Rail (HBLR) in 2000 and the increased use of jitneys, locally known as dollar vans, have greatly affected travel patterns in Hudson County, leading to decreased bus ridership on traditional transit corridors.", "After studies conducted examine existing systems and to address the changes in public transportation it was determined that BRT systems would be appropriate for certain parts of the densely populated urban core of northeastern New Jersey.", "Kennedy Boulevard runs the entire length of the peninsula that encompasses much of Hudson, its northern and southern sections meeting at Journal Square, the traditional hub of the county, and site of the Journal Square Transportation Center.", "The boulevard travels south from the square through the Bergen Section and Greenville in Jersey City to Bergen Point in Bayonne.", "Service along the corridor had been provided by privately operated Coach USA on two routes: the #10 local service and the #99s (with continuing service to Jersey City Heights and the PABT).", "Citing reduced ridership and increased competition the company in late 2011/early 2012, announced that it would abandon the routes.", "After negotiations service was continued in a diminished form and operated by Academy Bus under contract with NJT.", "The company's #4 route was taken over by A&C Bus Corporation.", "The routes have since returned to Coach USA in June 2021.", "The \"Bayonne / Greenville / Journal Square Bus Rapid Transit Study\", funded by NJTPA and the Hudson County Board of Chosen Freeholders and conducted by Parsons Brinkerhoff, does not propose a dedicated bus ROW for the BRT, but similar to Newark's \"go bus\" or New York's Select Bus Service, using city streets.", "Its ultimate goal is to explore \"the feasibility of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) service along the north-south roadway corridors to improve bus service between Bayonne and Jersey City.\"", "It will examine the optimal location of boarding kiosks with scheduling amenities, appropriate vehicles, and branding and explore possible corridors on Broadway, Avenue C, Garfield Avenue, and Ocean Avenue and connections to the Staten Island-bound S89 bus at the HBLR 34th Street Station.", "As of March 2013, preliminary studies identified Kennedy Boulevard as the best potential corridor perhaps in hybrid route with Bergen Avenue and MLK Drive.", "In anticipation of a general increase of activity at Port Jersey and new development on West Side and Hackensack Riverront in Jersey City studies are being conducted to transform routes 440 and 1/9 into a multi-use urban boulevard that includes possible grade separations, meridians, and traffic circle, thus creating a viable BRT corridor.", "As envisioned, the BRT corridor would run from Droyer's Point and reach Journal Square via Sip Avenue.", "The proposed Union County \"go bus\" system is part of the planned Liberty Corridor Bus Rapid Transit Service network centered around Newark Liberty International Airport.", "The hub of the Union network would be the unused former Central Railroad of New Jersey (CNJ) station in Elizabeth which is adjacent to the NJT's Elizabeth Broad Street Station that is served by the Northeast Corridor Line and the North Jersey Coast Line.", "Proposals call for reconstruction and better integration of the two stations as Midtown Station.", "The district has been identified as one of the state's major potential transit-oriented development (TOD) centers.", "The northern end of the system would travel through Midtown and the parking areas, the terminals, and freight shipping facilities and the North Transit Area at Newark Liberty, (partially following Union County Light Rail route plan that was scrapped in 2006).", "A spur on this portion would travel to Jersey Gardens, a regional shopping mall.", "In a southwesterly direction the system would utilize an abandoned portion of the CNJ's mainline, now the Raritan Valley Line (RVL), right-of-way between Midtown Station and the Aldene Connection ().", "A parallel greenway providing pedestrian and bicycle paths, would be incorporated into the plan.", "Once joining the RVL the busway would allow for transfers at Cranford Station and Garwood Station, where it would end.", "The \"go bus\" expressway would generally parallel New Jersey Route 28", "While served in part by rail, adjacent Bergen and Passaic counties nonetheless rely heavily on bus mass transit for public transportation.", "The Passaic-Bergen Rail Line is a now dormant project that would have created a cross-county (east-west) system using DMUs.", "The Northern Branch Corridor Project, advanced to environmental impact statement stage, is a planned extension of the Hudson Bergen Light Rail serving the eastern part of region closest to the Hudson Palisades.", "Various studies have been conducted and proposals have been made to create a comprehensive bus network, including the development of BRT routes concentrated in the vicinity of NJ Route 17, a frequently congested commercial and commuter corridor between the Meadowlands Sports Complex and the New York State line, running on a southeast-northwest diagonal between NJT's Main-Bergen and Pascack Valley rail lines.", "Of particular focus is the Hackensack/Paramus area, where there is a concentration of \"activity generators\" -shopping malls, colleges, hospitals, and government offices - both north and south of Route 4, an important east-west corridor.", "The intersection of Routes 4 and 17 is one of the busiest in the world.", "Largely \"built-out\", Bergen and Passaic are seeing a trend toward transit oriented development conducive to BRT.", "In the 2006 final report \"Route 17 Bergen Rapid Transit Study\" STV Incorporated proposed two BRT lines would have originated/terminated at Secaucus Junction, a major NJT rail interchange station between New York Penn Station and Newark Penn Station.", "At the time Access to the Region's Core (ARC), an extensive rail infrastructure project which included new Hudson River tunnel was in its planning stages with the presumption it would be built.", "ARC was canceled in 2010.", "The Blue Route would have travelled from the northern part of the county and then run express from Hackensack along Interstate 80 and the New Jersey Turnpike.", "The Orange Route would have travelled from Paramus through the southern part of the county.", "Initiated in 2009 with the participation NJTPA, NJT, and Coach USA, a wide-ranging \"Northeast New Jersey Metro Mobility Study\" is examining improvements to bus service in bi-county region and proximate areas in Essex, Hudson, Orange, Rockland and Manhattan.", "Particular attention is given to the plaza, bridge and bus station named for George Washington.", "Potential improvements include new and restructured bus and shuttle routes; vanpool, carpool, or other non-traditional transit programs and subsidies; BBS lanes, queue jumping, and transit signal priority to expedite buses through congested intersections; new or enhanced park and ride facilities and transit hubs; improved passenger facilities and access at bus stops; and informational enhancements and better coordination of various transit services.", "In 2012, NJDOT allocated nearly $1million in funding.", "In 2010, Parsons Brinkerhoff's \"Vision Bergen: Blueprint For Our Future Networking Transportation To Make It Work Route 17\" identified a number of trunk and branch BRT routes for the county, and recommended the Blue Route as the best alternative for a pilot project.", "It is estimated that implementing the route would cost $45 million.", "In October 2011, NJT said that there is no funding available for implementation of a BRT system, but that a study would establish an \"action plan\" should any become available.", "In November 2011 the Bergen County Board of Chosen Freeholders and NJT agreed jointly fund $600,000 for the \"Bus Rapid Transit Implementation Study\", the purpose of which is to identify two or more BRT routes and enhancements between bus and rail service.", "The study addresses changing travel patterns, particularly the fact that nearly 60% of commuter trips are made within the county.", "In June 2014, it was announced that five \"preferred\" routes had been established.", "Two originate/terminate at the Port Authority Bus Terminal, with one travelling along the Hudson Waterfront and local streets to Garden State Plaza and the other along Route 17 to the Montvale Park & Ride.", "Two originate/terminate a Secaucus Junction, one to Bergen Community College via Route 17 and one to Englewood Hospital via local streets and the New Jersey Turnpike.", "The fifth route would travel between Broadway Bus Terminal and George Washington Bridge Bus Station along Route 4 Parson Brinkerhoof intends to bring out it recommendations from the study in January 2015.", "In November 2014, it was announced that three potential routes would be studied:", "In September 2017, a new study was released which identified four (A,B,C,D) preferred BRT routes.", "The New Meadowlands plan was developed in response to the effects of Hurricane Sandy in towns in the New Jersey Meadowlands.", "The proposed Meadowband would be a series of berms constructed along the perimeter of the Meadowlnds District in Bergen and Hudson.", "The raised areas would provide flood mitigation in the Hackensack River floodplain and would provide new corridors for the development of BRT systems in the region.", "The first phase, funded with $150 million by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), will begin with construction of berms in Little Ferry, Moonachie, Carlstadt, and Teterboro in 2014-2015.", "In 2014 the North Jersey Transportation Planning Authority completed a study for guidance for the implementation of BRT and BRT-like services along previously-identified potential BRT corridors in North Jersey.", "The analysis considers various types of systems and conditions such as: urban, suburban, grade separated, and rural/hybrid rights of ways." ]

[ 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 ]

[ "Bus rapid transit in New Jersey comprises limited-stop bus service, exclusive bus lanes (XBL) and bus bypass shoulders (BBS)." ]

[ "Pwllbach Colliery sublet land in Glamorganshire from a tinplate company, whose memorandum authorised mining to be carried on.", "A neighbouring butcher, Mr Woodman, had a later lease from the tinplate company too, but ‘subject to all rights and easements belonging to any adjoining and neighbouring property’.", "He built a slaughter house and a sausage factory.", "Then the colliery erected a screening apparatus which threw up coal dust.", "Mr Woodman brought an action for nuisance.", "The jury found there was a nuisance but the screening was reasonable and usual for the district, without negligence.", "House of Lords held the memorandum allowing carrying on the trade of mining did not authorise the nuisance, unless it could be proven that the trade could not otherwise be continued.", "There was no easement for making coal dust.", "Earl Loreburn said it was unnecessary to answer whether creating coal dust could be an easement because the company was never authorised to do a nuisance.", "Lord Parker said that the coal dust emission could be classified as an easement, but there was no common intention on which such an easement could be based.", "The first class consisted of easements of necessity.", "As to the second, he said this:" ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]

[ "Pwllbach Colliery Co Ltd v Woodman" ]

[ "Shaffir was born in Netanya, Israel, to a family of both Ashkenazi Jewish (Polish-Jewish, Lithuanian-Jewish, and Romanian-Jewish) and Mizrahi Jewish (Iraqi-Jewish) descent.", "At the age of 12, Shaffir's family moved to Pardesiya, a small town in the Sharon area, where her parents had an accounting firm.", "Shaffir joined HaNoar HaOved VeHaLomed", "(Federation of Working and Studying Youth).", "After high school, Shaffir worked for a year in Tiberias as a part of a volunteer group affiliated with the Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel.", "She served in the Israel Defense Forces as a cadet in the flight academy of the Israeli Air Force.", "After five months, she began to write for the IDF magazine, \"Bamahane\".", "In this position she covered the Israeli disengagement from Gaza and the 2006 Lebanon war.", "After completing her military service, Shaffir was accepted into the Olive Tree Scholarship Program by the City University of London, an initiative to support future leaders who desire to change the status quo of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.", "During her studies in London, Shaffir worked as an intern in the British Parliament as part of the Undergraduate ParliaMentors program and was awarded runner up in the JRS Competition for Student Journalists in 2008 for her piece covering Iraqi refugees in England.", "Shaffir received a B.A in Sociology and Journalism in 2009.", "Shaffir, who plays the piano, drums, guitar, violin and oud, continued her studies in Israel at the Rimon School of Jazz and Contemporary Music in Ramat-HaSharon for a year.", "She then enrolled in the M.A program at the Cohn Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Ideas at Tel Aviv University.", "Shaffir worked as a freelance journalist and an editor for \"National Geographic\", the \"Ha'ir\" weekly newspaper, the \"Mako\" Magazine and \"Yedioth Ahronoth\" internet site Xnet, where she published the first article to appear in the Israeli media about the 2011 Israeli social justice protests.", "In 2021, Shaffir took part in the second season of \"The Singer in the Mask\" as the Beetle (Ladybug) and was the ninth contestant eliminated.", "Shaffir, along with Daphni Leef and Itzik Shmuli, was a founder, organizer and unofficial leader of the 2011 Israeli social justice protests, when about 400,000 Israelis went to the streets in a series of public demonstrations.", "On 17 July 2011, Shaffir debated with Likud MK Miri Regev on the current events television program \"Erev Hadash\" about the protest against the housing prices.", "In the following months, she helped found over 120 tent camps throughout Israel, led demonstrations, including the March of the Million, and lobbied with members of the Knesset to pursue a social justice agenda.", "She served as spokesperson for the Israeli media and represented the protest movement in foreign media outlets.", "In 2012, Shaffir was a keynote speaker at three U.S.-based conferences: J Street, together with Israeli writer Amos Oz, the Jewish Federations of North America's TribeFest and the Personal Democracy Forum.", "In February 2012, Shaffir and fellow tent protesters Alon Lee-Green and Yonatan Levi founded the Israeli Social Movement.", "In August 2012, Shaffir and her colleagues embarked on a tour from the southern sea port of Eilat to Kiryat Shmona on the Lebanese border, to listen to activists and citizens regarding their concerns.", "Their last status was published in Facebook on 9 September 2012, and a month later Shaffir announced her intent to run for the Knesset as a member of the Labor Party.", "Shaffir was approached by the Labor Party in May 2012 to join its ranks in preparation for the 2013 general elections held on 22 January 2013.", "She officially declared her candidacy for the Labor Party list on 12 October 2012.", "Shaffir placed 9th (moving up to 8th after Amir Peretz's resignation) as a result of the 29 November 2012 primaries, securing her a seat in the Knesset following the 22 January 2013 general elections.", "After the 13 January 2015 primaries, Shaffir placed second, and so holds the third place on the internal party list (after party leader Isaac Herzog and Shelly Yachimovich).", "In the combined Labor-Hatnuah party, Shaffir holds the fourth place due to Hatnuah Leader Tzipi Livni's placement behind Herzog.\nInitially elected at age 27, Shaffir became the youngest female Knesset member in its history.", "She was also the MK with the lowest net worth, a total of $20,000, owning neither an apartment nor a car.", "She was one of eight MKs to forgo their 2015 pay raise calling it \"distasteful\" in light of wage stagnation in the Israeli job market.", "On 2 July 2019, Shaffir ran for the head of the Labor Party, and got 27% of the votes after Peretz, who received 47% of the votes.", "Shmuli reached third after Shaffir, and got 26% of the votes.", "Shaffir's key accomplishment during her first term was instituting greater financial transparency in the Israeli State budget as a member of the Knesset Finance Committee.", "In May 2012, Shaffir joined 10,000 protestors demanding that the proposed 2013 Israeli State Budget be made more favorable to middle and lower income Israelis.", "Shaffir appointed a team of volunteers to investigate the budgetary transfers and eventually brought her concerns to the Supreme Court, which ruled that the Finance Ministry must reach a compromise with Shaffir on a new method for budget transfers by February 2015.", "Shaffir was an advocate of fair compensation for residents of southern Israel who were most impacted by the 2014 Operation Protective Shield in Gaza.", "She objected to a political deal to transfer millions of shekels to settlements and nothing to the South.", "Shaffir got funds allocated to local authorities impacted by rocket fire in the South, but 73 days after Operation Protective Shield began, the funds had yet to be transferred.", "In response, Shaffir called for a meeting to address the lack of action.", "Shaffir objected to the transfer of millions of shekels to the World Zionist Organization Settlement Division, which circumvents oversight because legally it is under no obligation to report what it does with government funding.", "She wrote a letter complaining that Finance Committee Chair Slomiansky should not be allowed to conduct meetings on the World Zionist Organization Settlement Division’s budget.", "Shaffir also argued against funding for the Jewish Identity Administration which she considered a ploy to promote a right wing political agenda.", "Following the dismissal of Finance Minister Yair Lapid by Prime Minister Netanyahu on 2 December 2014, the Finance Committee transferred millions of shekels to the settlements, despite objections by Shaffir.", "She was repeatedly forcibly removed from Committee meetings for complaining about the lack of clear information about what was being voted on.", "On 19 February 2015, the World Zionist Organization (WZO) announced that it would end the Prime Minister Office's oversight over the Settlement Division.", "Shaffir had publicly criticized their secret dealings that included extensive indirect funding for building West Bank settlements.", "\"Coupled with reports of possibly illegal abuse of funds, the division has faced calls for reform from both the left and center, especially ahead of the March 17 election.\"", "The WZO also said it would increase transparency and make its records public, with the appointment of a special comptroller to look into the division's workings.", "In July 2015 it was decided that Shaffir would start and chair a new semi permanent committee in parliament, The Special Committee for the Transparency and Accessibility of Government Information (also known as the 'Transparency committee').", "The committee deals with transparency and accountability, open government, open data and e-gov in all branches of government in Israel.", "Shaffir donned a tallit and joined Women of the Wall in prayer at the Western Wall in Jerusalem in March 2013.", "Shaffir and her fellow parliamentarians were initially barred from attending – according to the police, women wearing tallit were a \"disturbance of public order\" – but their legal status as legislators forced the police to let them pray.", "She joined the women in solidarity with their equal right to pray, but also for the broader struggle for freedom of religion in Israel – \"our freedom to live how we want to live, with our own beliefs and our own personal way of practicing Judaism or other religions.", "\"\nIn spring 2014, Shaffir traveled to the US as a member of a delegation of female Knesset members studying the role of women in legislatures.", "When it was reported during the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict that shelters in the city of Ashdod were excluding women from so-called \"men only\" shelters, Shaffir filed an urgent complaint with the Religious Affairs Ministry, demanding to put an immediate halt to the segregation.", "It was promptly ended.", "Shaffir proposed legislation in May 2013 that would allow same-sex couples to get government recognition for civil unions.", "Despite wide support within the Labor Party and from individual Knesset members from Likud and Hatnua, Yesh Atid blocked the bill in favor of their own civil unions bill.", "After a \"Haaretz\" poll showed support from 70% of Israelis for full and equal rights for the gay community, Shaffir with the help of attorneys and community activists, compiled a list of 12 ways to benefit the LGBTQ community through ministerial regulatory action, sidestepping the need for legislation.", "These include rules making it easier for same-sex couples to adopt and to enter into surrogacy arrangements.", "Shaffir spoke about connecting socioeconomic issues with the Israeli-Palestinian peace process at the Fall 2013 J Street Conference in Washington, DC.", "She also spoke to the need for cautious exploration of non-violent means for Israel to resolve its conflict with Iran.", "In her keynote speech at the 2015 J Street Conference, Shaffir spoke of her vision of an Israel that celebrates diversity and treats the poor with compassion but above all \"an Israel that does not control millions of Palestinians.\"\nShaffir with MKs Yehiel Bar and Orly Levi launched a lobby for the advancement of fair rent after a report prepared by the Knesset Research and Information Center found that rents across Israel had increased by 49% since 2007.", "On 13 February 2014, Shaffir proposed legislation to regulate the rental housing market.", "The Housing Cabinet adopted her proposed fair rental law.", "Shaffir advocated for Israel to adopt a formal asylum policy that distinguishes between refugees and migrants with quotas based on Israel’s capacity for absorption.", "She supported the Supreme Court’s quashing of the 2012 Law for the Prevention of Infiltration (Amendment no. 3) (temporary order), which mandated an almost automatic three-year detention of ‘infiltrators.’", "She said, \"We are a country based on refugees.", "My grandmother escaped from Iraq and my grandfather escaped during the Holocaust.", "It is a country that knows what it means to escape with your life.", "\"", "On 11 February 2017, Shaffir was appointed Chair of the newly established Committee of Government transparency in the OECD organization.", "The Committee is a joint initiative led by Shaffir, the Israeli Foreign Affairs ministry and the OECD representative in Israel.", "The first meeting took place in Paris, on 12 February 2017 and had representatives from more than 90 countries.", "In July 2019, Shaffir left the Labor party to run as part of the Democratic Union party, a union of the Green Movement (which Shaffir now leads), Meretz and Israel Democratic Party.", "She resigned from the Knesset and was replaced by the next person on the Labor list, Merav Michaeli.", "In December 2019, Shaffir announced that she would be renaming the Green Movement the Green Party, and would run independently in the 2020 elections.", "Shaffir was re-elected as the head of the party on 29 January 2021." ]

[ 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 ]

[ "She came to national prominence as one of the leaders of the 2011 Israeli social justice protests, focusing on housing, public services, income inequality and democracy, and later became spokeswoman of the movement." ]

[ "Shaffir was born in Netanya, Israel, to a family of both Ashkenazi Jewish (Polish-Jewish, Lithuanian-Jewish, and Romanian-Jewish) and Mizrahi Jewish (Iraqi-Jewish) descent.", "At the age of 12, Shaffir's family moved to Pardesiya, a small town in the Sharon area, where her parents had an accounting firm.", "Shaffir joined HaNoar HaOved VeHaLomed", "(Federation of Working and Studying Youth).", "After high school, Shaffir worked for a year in Tiberias as a part of a volunteer group affiliated with the Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel.", "She served in the Israel Defense Forces as a cadet in the flight academy of the Israeli Air Force.", "After five months, she began to write for the IDF magazine, \"Bamahane\".", "In this position she covered the Israeli disengagement from Gaza and the 2006 Lebanon war.", "After completing her military service, Shaffir was accepted into the Olive Tree Scholarship Program by the City University of London, an initiative to support future leaders who desire to change the status quo of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.", "During her studies in London, Shaffir worked as an intern in the British Parliament as part of the Undergraduate ParliaMentors program and was awarded runner up in the JRS Competition for Student Journalists in 2008 for her piece covering Iraqi refugees in England.", "Shaffir received a B.A in Sociology and Journalism in 2009.", "Shaffir, who plays the piano, drums, guitar, violin and oud, continued her studies in Israel at the Rimon School of Jazz and Contemporary Music in Ramat-HaSharon for a year.", "She then enrolled in the M.A program at the Cohn Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Ideas at Tel Aviv University.", "Shaffir worked as a freelance journalist and an editor for \"National Geographic\", the \"Ha'ir\" weekly newspaper, the \"Mako\" Magazine and \"Yedioth Ahronoth\" internet site Xnet, where she published the first article to appear in the Israeli media about the 2011 Israeli social justice protests.", "In 2021, Shaffir took part in the second season of \"The Singer in the Mask\" as the Beetle (Ladybug) and was the ninth contestant eliminated.", "Shaffir, along with Daphni Leef and Itzik Shmuli, was a founder, organizer and unofficial leader of the 2011 Israeli social justice protests, when about 400,000 Israelis went to the streets in a series of public demonstrations.", "On 17 July 2011, Shaffir debated with Likud MK Miri Regev on the current events television program \"Erev Hadash\" about the protest against the housing prices.", "In the following months, she helped found over 120 tent camps throughout Israel, led demonstrations, including the March of the Million, and lobbied with members of the Knesset to pursue a social justice agenda.", "She served as spokesperson for the Israeli media and represented the protest movement in foreign media outlets.", "In 2012, Shaffir was a keynote speaker at three U.S.-based conferences: J Street, together with Israeli writer Amos Oz, the Jewish Federations of North America's TribeFest and the Personal Democracy Forum.", "In February 2012, Shaffir and fellow tent protesters Alon Lee-Green and Yonatan Levi founded the Israeli Social Movement.", "In August 2012, Shaffir and her colleagues embarked on a tour from the southern sea port of Eilat to Kiryat Shmona on the Lebanese border, to listen to activists and citizens regarding their concerns.", "Their last status was published in Facebook on 9 September 2012, and a month later Shaffir announced her intent to run for the Knesset as a member of the Labor Party.", "Shaffir was approached by the Labor Party in May 2012 to join its ranks in preparation for the 2013 general elections held on 22 January 2013.", "She officially declared her candidacy for the Labor Party list on 12 October 2012.", "Shaffir placed 9th (moving up to 8th after Amir Peretz's resignation) as a result of the 29 November 2012 primaries, securing her a seat in the Knesset following the 22 January 2013 general elections.", "After the 13 January 2015 primaries, Shaffir placed second, and so holds the third place on the internal party list (after party leader Isaac Herzog and Shelly Yachimovich).", "In the combined Labor-Hatnuah party, Shaffir holds the fourth place due to Hatnuah Leader Tzipi Livni's placement behind Herzog.\nInitially elected at age 27, Shaffir became the youngest female Knesset member in its history.", "She was also the MK with the lowest net worth, a total of $20,000, owning neither an apartment nor a car.", "She was one of eight MKs to forgo their 2015 pay raise calling it \"distasteful\" in light of wage stagnation in the Israeli job market.", "On 2 July 2019, Shaffir ran for the head of the Labor Party, and got 27% of the votes after Peretz, who received 47% of the votes.", "Shmuli reached third after Shaffir, and got 26% of the votes.", "Shaffir's key accomplishment during her first term was instituting greater financial transparency in the Israeli State budget as a member of the Knesset Finance Committee.", "In May 2012, Shaffir joined 10,000 protestors demanding that the proposed 2013 Israeli State Budget be made more favorable to middle and lower income Israelis.", "Shaffir appointed a team of volunteers to investigate the budgetary transfers and eventually brought her concerns to the Supreme Court, which ruled that the Finance Ministry must reach a compromise with Shaffir on a new method for budget transfers by February 2015.", "Shaffir was an advocate of fair compensation for residents of southern Israel who were most impacted by the 2014 Operation Protective Shield in Gaza.", "She objected to a political deal to transfer millions of shekels to settlements and nothing to the South.", "Shaffir got funds allocated to local authorities impacted by rocket fire in the South, but 73 days after Operation Protective Shield began, the funds had yet to be transferred.", "In response, Shaffir called for a meeting to address the lack of action.", "Shaffir objected to the transfer of millions of shekels to the World Zionist Organization Settlement Division, which circumvents oversight because legally it is under no obligation to report what it does with government funding.", "She wrote a letter complaining that Finance Committee Chair Slomiansky should not be allowed to conduct meetings on the World Zionist Organization Settlement Division’s budget.", "Shaffir also argued against funding for the Jewish Identity Administration which she considered a ploy to promote a right wing political agenda.", "Following the dismissal of Finance Minister Yair Lapid by Prime Minister Netanyahu on 2 December 2014, the Finance Committee transferred millions of shekels to the settlements, despite objections by Shaffir.", "She was repeatedly forcibly removed from Committee meetings for complaining about the lack of clear information about what was being voted on.", "On 19 February 2015, the World Zionist Organization (WZO) announced that it would end the Prime Minister Office's oversight over the Settlement Division.", "Shaffir had publicly criticized their secret dealings that included extensive indirect funding for building West Bank settlements.", "\"Coupled with reports of possibly illegal abuse of funds, the division has faced calls for reform from both the left and center, especially ahead of the March 17 election.\"", "The WZO also said it would increase transparency and make its records public, with the appointment of a special comptroller to look into the division's workings.", "In July 2015 it was decided that Shaffir would start and chair a new semi permanent committee in parliament, The Special Committee for the Transparency and Accessibility of Government Information (also known as the 'Transparency committee').", "The committee deals with transparency and accountability, open government, open data and e-gov in all branches of government in Israel.", "Shaffir donned a tallit and joined Women of the Wall in prayer at the Western Wall in Jerusalem in March 2013.", "Shaffir and her fellow parliamentarians were initially barred from attending – according to the police, women wearing tallit were a \"disturbance of public order\" – but their legal status as legislators forced the police to let them pray.", "She joined the women in solidarity with their equal right to pray, but also for the broader struggle for freedom of religion in Israel – \"our freedom to live how we want to live, with our own beliefs and our own personal way of practicing Judaism or other religions.", "\"\nIn spring 2014, Shaffir traveled to the US as a member of a delegation of female Knesset members studying the role of women in legislatures.", "When it was reported during the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict that shelters in the city of Ashdod were excluding women from so-called \"men only\" shelters, Shaffir filed an urgent complaint with the Religious Affairs Ministry, demanding to put an immediate halt to the segregation.", "It was promptly ended.", "Shaffir proposed legislation in May 2013 that would allow same-sex couples to get government recognition for civil unions.", "Despite wide support within the Labor Party and from individual Knesset members from Likud and Hatnua, Yesh Atid blocked the bill in favor of their own civil unions bill.", "After a \"Haaretz\" poll showed support from 70% of Israelis for full and equal rights for the gay community, Shaffir with the help of attorneys and community activists, compiled a list of 12 ways to benefit the LGBTQ community through ministerial regulatory action, sidestepping the need for legislation.", "These include rules making it easier for same-sex couples to adopt and to enter into surrogacy arrangements.", "Shaffir spoke about connecting socioeconomic issues with the Israeli-Palestinian peace process at the Fall 2013 J Street Conference in Washington, DC.", "She also spoke to the need for cautious exploration of non-violent means for Israel to resolve its conflict with Iran.", "In her keynote speech at the 2015 J Street Conference, Shaffir spoke of her vision of an Israel that celebrates diversity and treats the poor with compassion but above all \"an Israel that does not control millions of Palestinians.\"\nShaffir with MKs Yehiel Bar and Orly Levi launched a lobby for the advancement of fair rent after a report prepared by the Knesset Research and Information Center found that rents across Israel had increased by 49% since 2007.", "On 13 February 2014, Shaffir proposed legislation to regulate the rental housing market.", "The Housing Cabinet adopted her proposed fair rental law.", "Shaffir advocated for Israel to adopt a formal asylum policy that distinguishes between refugees and migrants with quotas based on Israel’s capacity for absorption.", "She supported the Supreme Court’s quashing of the 2012 Law for the Prevention of Infiltration (Amendment no. 3) (temporary order), which mandated an almost automatic three-year detention of ‘infiltrators.’", "She said, \"We are a country based on refugees.", "My grandmother escaped from Iraq and my grandfather escaped during the Holocaust.", "It is a country that knows what it means to escape with your life.", "\"", "On 11 February 2017, Shaffir was appointed Chair of the newly established Committee of Government transparency in the OECD organization.", "The Committee is a joint initiative led by Shaffir, the Israeli Foreign Affairs ministry and the OECD representative in Israel.", "The first meeting took place in Paris, on 12 February 2017 and had representatives from more than 90 countries.", "In July 2019, Shaffir left the Labor party to run as part of the Democratic Union party, a union of the Green Movement (which Shaffir now leads), Meretz and Israel Democratic Party.", "She resigned from the Knesset and was replaced by the next person on the Labor list, Merav Michaeli.", "In December 2019, Shaffir announced that she would be renaming the Green Movement the Green Party, and would run independently in the 2020 elections.", "Shaffir was re-elected as the head of the party on 29 January 2021." ]

[ 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77 ]

[ "She is the leader of the Green Party and was a member of the Knesset for the Democratic Union alliance.", "She was subsequently elected to the Knesset as a member of the Labor Party in 2013.", "The party contested the 2015 elections as part of the Zionist Union alliance, with Shaffir retaining her seat.", "She was re-elected again in the April 2019 elections, in which Labor ran alone.", "However, after losing a Labor leadership election to Amir Peretz in June 2019, she left the party and resigned from the Knesset and became head of the Green Movement.", "Her new party formed the Democratic Union alongside Meretz and the Israel Democratic Party.", "Shaffir lost her Knesset seat in the 2020 election." ]

[ "Shaffir was born in Netanya, Israel, to a family of both Ashkenazi Jewish (Polish-Jewish, Lithuanian-Jewish, and Romanian-Jewish) and Mizrahi Jewish (Iraqi-Jewish) descent.", "At the age of 12, Shaffir's family moved to Pardesiya, a small town in the Sharon area, where her parents had an accounting firm.", "Shaffir joined HaNoar HaOved VeHaLomed", "(Federation of Working and Studying Youth).", "After high school, Shaffir worked for a year in Tiberias as a part of a volunteer group affiliated with the Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel.", "She served in the Israel Defense Forces as a cadet in the flight academy of the Israeli Air Force.", "After five months, she began to write for the IDF magazine, \"Bamahane\".", "In this position she covered the Israeli disengagement from Gaza and the 2006 Lebanon war.", "After completing her military service, Shaffir was accepted into the Olive Tree Scholarship Program by the City University of London, an initiative to support future leaders who desire to change the status quo of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.", "During her studies in London, Shaffir worked as an intern in the British Parliament as part of the Undergraduate ParliaMentors program and was awarded runner up in the JRS Competition for Student Journalists in 2008 for her piece covering Iraqi refugees in England.", "Shaffir received a B.A in Sociology and Journalism in 2009.", "Shaffir, who plays the piano, drums, guitar, violin and oud, continued her studies in Israel at the Rimon School of Jazz and Contemporary Music in Ramat-HaSharon for a year.", "She then enrolled in the M.A program at the Cohn Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Ideas at Tel Aviv University.", "Shaffir worked as a freelance journalist and an editor for \"National Geographic\", the \"Ha'ir\" weekly newspaper, the \"Mako\" Magazine and \"Yedioth Ahronoth\" internet site Xnet, where she published the first article to appear in the Israeli media about the 2011 Israeli social justice protests.", "In 2021, Shaffir took part in the second season of \"The Singer in the Mask\" as the Beetle (Ladybug) and was the ninth contestant eliminated.", "Shaffir, along with Daphni Leef and Itzik Shmuli, was a founder, organizer and unofficial leader of the 2011 Israeli social justice protests, when about 400,000 Israelis went to the streets in a series of public demonstrations.", "On 17 July 2011, Shaffir debated with Likud MK Miri Regev on the current events television program \"Erev Hadash\" about the protest against the housing prices.", "In the following months, she helped found over 120 tent camps throughout Israel, led demonstrations, including the March of the Million, and lobbied with members of the Knesset to pursue a social justice agenda.", "She served as spokesperson for the Israeli media and represented the protest movement in foreign media outlets.", "In 2012, Shaffir was a keynote speaker at three U.S.-based conferences: J Street, together with Israeli writer Amos Oz, the Jewish Federations of North America's TribeFest and the Personal Democracy Forum.", "In February 2012, Shaffir and fellow tent protesters Alon Lee-Green and Yonatan Levi founded the Israeli Social Movement.", "In August 2012, Shaffir and her colleagues embarked on a tour from the southern sea port of Eilat to Kiryat Shmona on the Lebanese border, to listen to activists and citizens regarding their concerns.", "Their last status was published in Facebook on 9 September 2012, and a month later Shaffir announced her intent to run for the Knesset as a member of the Labor Party.", "Shaffir was approached by the Labor Party in May 2012 to join its ranks in preparation for the 2013 general elections held on 22 January 2013.", "She officially declared her candidacy for the Labor Party list on 12 October 2012.", "Shaffir placed 9th (moving up to 8th after Amir Peretz's resignation) as a result of the 29 November 2012 primaries, securing her a seat in the Knesset following the 22 January 2013 general elections.", "After the 13 January 2015 primaries, Shaffir placed second, and so holds the third place on the internal party list (after party leader Isaac Herzog and Shelly Yachimovich).", "In the combined Labor-Hatnuah party, Shaffir holds the fourth place due to Hatnuah Leader Tzipi Livni's placement behind Herzog.\nInitially elected at age 27, Shaffir became the youngest female Knesset member in its history.", "She was also the MK with the lowest net worth, a total of $20,000, owning neither an apartment nor a car.", "She was one of eight MKs to forgo their 2015 pay raise calling it \"distasteful\" in light of wage stagnation in the Israeli job market.", "On 2 July 2019, Shaffir ran for the head of the Labor Party, and got 27% of the votes after Peretz, who received 47% of the votes.", "Shmuli reached third after Shaffir, and got 26% of the votes.", "Shaffir's key accomplishment during her first term was instituting greater financial transparency in the Israeli State budget as a member of the Knesset Finance Committee.", "In May 2012, Shaffir joined 10,000 protestors demanding that the proposed 2013 Israeli State Budget be made more favorable to middle and lower income Israelis.", "Shaffir appointed a team of volunteers to investigate the budgetary transfers and eventually brought her concerns to the Supreme Court, which ruled that the Finance Ministry must reach a compromise with Shaffir on a new method for budget transfers by February 2015.", "Shaffir was an advocate of fair compensation for residents of southern Israel who were most impacted by the 2014 Operation Protective Shield in Gaza.", "She objected to a political deal to transfer millions of shekels to settlements and nothing to the South.", "Shaffir got funds allocated to local authorities impacted by rocket fire in the South, but 73 days after Operation Protective Shield began, the funds had yet to be transferred.", "In response, Shaffir called for a meeting to address the lack of action.", "Shaffir objected to the transfer of millions of shekels to the World Zionist Organization Settlement Division, which circumvents oversight because legally it is under no obligation to report what it does with government funding.", "She wrote a letter complaining that Finance Committee Chair Slomiansky should not be allowed to conduct meetings on the World Zionist Organization Settlement Division’s budget.", "Shaffir also argued against funding for the Jewish Identity Administration which she considered a ploy to promote a right wing political agenda.", "Following the dismissal of Finance Minister Yair Lapid by Prime Minister Netanyahu on 2 December 2014, the Finance Committee transferred millions of shekels to the settlements, despite objections by Shaffir.", "She was repeatedly forcibly removed from Committee meetings for complaining about the lack of clear information about what was being voted on.", "On 19 February 2015, the World Zionist Organization (WZO) announced that it would end the Prime Minister Office's oversight over the Settlement Division.", "Shaffir had publicly criticized their secret dealings that included extensive indirect funding for building West Bank settlements.", "\"Coupled with reports of possibly illegal abuse of funds, the division has faced calls for reform from both the left and center, especially ahead of the March 17 election.\"", "The WZO also said it would increase transparency and make its records public, with the appointment of a special comptroller to look into the division's workings.", "In July 2015 it was decided that Shaffir would start and chair a new semi permanent committee in parliament, The Special Committee for the Transparency and Accessibility of Government Information (also known as the 'Transparency committee').", "The committee deals with transparency and accountability, open government, open data and e-gov in all branches of government in Israel.", "Shaffir donned a tallit and joined Women of the Wall in prayer at the Western Wall in Jerusalem in March 2013.", "Shaffir and her fellow parliamentarians were initially barred from attending – according to the police, women wearing tallit were a \"disturbance of public order\" – but their legal status as legislators forced the police to let them pray.", "She joined the women in solidarity with their equal right to pray, but also for the broader struggle for freedom of religion in Israel – \"our freedom to live how we want to live, with our own beliefs and our own personal way of practicing Judaism or other religions.", "\"\nIn spring 2014, Shaffir traveled to the US as a member of a delegation of female Knesset members studying the role of women in legislatures.", "When it was reported during the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict that shelters in the city of Ashdod were excluding women from so-called \"men only\" shelters, Shaffir filed an urgent complaint with the Religious Affairs Ministry, demanding to put an immediate halt to the segregation.", "It was promptly ended.", "Shaffir proposed legislation in May 2013 that would allow same-sex couples to get government recognition for civil unions.", "Despite wide support within the Labor Party and from individual Knesset members from Likud and Hatnua, Yesh Atid blocked the bill in favor of their own civil unions bill.", "After a \"Haaretz\" poll showed support from 70% of Israelis for full and equal rights for the gay community, Shaffir with the help of attorneys and community activists, compiled a list of 12 ways to benefit the LGBTQ community through ministerial regulatory action, sidestepping the need for legislation.", "These include rules making it easier for same-sex couples to adopt and to enter into surrogacy arrangements.", "Shaffir spoke about connecting socioeconomic issues with the Israeli-Palestinian peace process at the Fall 2013 J Street Conference in Washington, DC.", "She also spoke to the need for cautious exploration of non-violent means for Israel to resolve its conflict with Iran.", "In her keynote speech at the 2015 J Street Conference, Shaffir spoke of her vision of an Israel that celebrates diversity and treats the poor with compassion but above all \"an Israel that does not control millions of Palestinians.\"\nShaffir with MKs Yehiel Bar and Orly Levi launched a lobby for the advancement of fair rent after a report prepared by the Knesset Research and Information Center found that rents across Israel had increased by 49% since 2007.", "On 13 February 2014, Shaffir proposed legislation to regulate the rental housing market.", "The Housing Cabinet adopted her proposed fair rental law.", "Shaffir advocated for Israel to adopt a formal asylum policy that distinguishes between refugees and migrants with quotas based on Israel’s capacity for absorption.", "She supported the Supreme Court’s quashing of the 2012 Law for the Prevention of Infiltration (Amendment no. 3) (temporary order), which mandated an almost automatic three-year detention of ‘infiltrators.’", "She said, \"We are a country based on refugees.", "My grandmother escaped from Iraq and my grandfather escaped during the Holocaust.", "It is a country that knows what it means to escape with your life.", "\"", "On 11 February 2017, Shaffir was appointed Chair of the newly established Committee of Government transparency in the OECD organization.", "The Committee is a joint initiative led by Shaffir, the Israeli Foreign Affairs ministry and the OECD representative in Israel.", "The first meeting took place in Paris, on 12 February 2017 and had representatives from more than 90 countries.", "In July 2019, Shaffir left the Labor party to run as part of the Democratic Union party, a union of the Green Movement (which Shaffir now leads), Meretz and Israel Democratic Party.", "She resigned from the Knesset and was replaced by the next person on the Labor list, Merav Michaeli.", "In December 2019, Shaffir announced that she would be renaming the Green Movement the Green Party, and would run independently in the 2020 elections.", "Shaffir was re-elected as the head of the party on 29 January 2021." ]

[ 74, 75 ]

[ "She is the leader of the Green Party and was a member of the Knesset for the Democratic Union alliance.", "Her new party formed the Democratic Union alongside Meretz and the Israel Democratic Party." ]

[ "Shaffir was born in Netanya, Israel, to a family of both Ashkenazi Jewish (Polish-Jewish, Lithuanian-Jewish, and Romanian-Jewish) and Mizrahi Jewish (Iraqi-Jewish) descent.", "At the age of 12, Shaffir's family moved to Pardesiya, a small town in the Sharon area, where her parents had an accounting firm.", "Shaffir joined HaNoar HaOved VeHaLomed", "(Federation of Working and Studying Youth).", "After high school, Shaffir worked for a year in Tiberias as a part of a volunteer group affiliated with the Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel.", "She served in the Israel Defense Forces as a cadet in the flight academy of the Israeli Air Force.", "After five months, she began to write for the IDF magazine, \"Bamahane\".", "In this position she covered the Israeli disengagement from Gaza and the 2006 Lebanon war.", "After completing her military service, Shaffir was accepted into the Olive Tree Scholarship Program by the City University of London, an initiative to support future leaders who desire to change the status quo of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.", "During her studies in London, Shaffir worked as an intern in the British Parliament as part of the Undergraduate ParliaMentors program and was awarded runner up in the JRS Competition for Student Journalists in 2008 for her piece covering Iraqi refugees in England.", "Shaffir received a B.A in Sociology and Journalism in 2009.", "Shaffir, who plays the piano, drums, guitar, violin and oud, continued her studies in Israel at the Rimon School of Jazz and Contemporary Music in Ramat-HaSharon for a year.", "She then enrolled in the M.A program at the Cohn Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Ideas at Tel Aviv University.", "Shaffir worked as a freelance journalist and an editor for \"National Geographic\", the \"Ha'ir\" weekly newspaper, the \"Mako\" Magazine and \"Yedioth Ahronoth\" internet site Xnet, where she published the first article to appear in the Israeli media about the 2011 Israeli social justice protests.", "In 2021, Shaffir took part in the second season of \"The Singer in the Mask\" as the Beetle (Ladybug) and was the ninth contestant eliminated.", "Shaffir, along with Daphni Leef and Itzik Shmuli, was a founder, organizer and unofficial leader of the 2011 Israeli social justice protests, when about 400,000 Israelis went to the streets in a series of public demonstrations.", "On 17 July 2011, Shaffir debated with Likud MK Miri Regev on the current events television program \"Erev Hadash\" about the protest against the housing prices.", "In the following months, she helped found over 120 tent camps throughout Israel, led demonstrations, including the March of the Million, and lobbied with members of the Knesset to pursue a social justice agenda.", "She served as spokesperson for the Israeli media and represented the protest movement in foreign media outlets.", "In 2012, Shaffir was a keynote speaker at three U.S.-based conferences: J Street, together with Israeli writer Amos Oz, the Jewish Federations of North America's TribeFest and the Personal Democracy Forum.", "In February 2012, Shaffir and fellow tent protesters Alon Lee-Green and Yonatan Levi founded the Israeli Social Movement.", "In August 2012, Shaffir and her colleagues embarked on a tour from the southern sea port of Eilat to Kiryat Shmona on the Lebanese border, to listen to activists and citizens regarding their concerns.", "Their last status was published in Facebook on 9 September 2012, and a month later Shaffir announced her intent to run for the Knesset as a member of the Labor Party.", "Shaffir was approached by the Labor Party in May 2012 to join its ranks in preparation for the 2013 general elections held on 22 January 2013.", "She officially declared her candidacy for the Labor Party list on 12 October 2012.", "Shaffir placed 9th (moving up to 8th after Amir Peretz's resignation) as a result of the 29 November 2012 primaries, securing her a seat in the Knesset following the 22 January 2013 general elections.", "After the 13 January 2015 primaries, Shaffir placed second, and so holds the third place on the internal party list (after party leader Isaac Herzog and Shelly Yachimovich).", "In the combined Labor-Hatnuah party, Shaffir holds the fourth place due to Hatnuah Leader Tzipi Livni's placement behind Herzog.\nInitially elected at age 27, Shaffir became the youngest female Knesset member in its history.", "She was also the MK with the lowest net worth, a total of $20,000, owning neither an apartment nor a car.", "She was one of eight MKs to forgo their 2015 pay raise calling it \"distasteful\" in light of wage stagnation in the Israeli job market.", "On 2 July 2019, Shaffir ran for the head of the Labor Party, and got 27% of the votes after Peretz, who received 47% of the votes.", "Shmuli reached third after Shaffir, and got 26% of the votes.", "Shaffir's key accomplishment during her first term was instituting greater financial transparency in the Israeli State budget as a member of the Knesset Finance Committee.", "In May 2012, Shaffir joined 10,000 protestors demanding that the proposed 2013 Israeli State Budget be made more favorable to middle and lower income Israelis.", "Shaffir appointed a team of volunteers to investigate the budgetary transfers and eventually brought her concerns to the Supreme Court, which ruled that the Finance Ministry must reach a compromise with Shaffir on a new method for budget transfers by February 2015.", "Shaffir was an advocate of fair compensation for residents of southern Israel who were most impacted by the 2014 Operation Protective Shield in Gaza.", "She objected to a political deal to transfer millions of shekels to settlements and nothing to the South.", "Shaffir got funds allocated to local authorities impacted by rocket fire in the South, but 73 days after Operation Protective Shield began, the funds had yet to be transferred.", "In response, Shaffir called for a meeting to address the lack of action.", "Shaffir objected to the transfer of millions of shekels to the World Zionist Organization Settlement Division, which circumvents oversight because legally it is under no obligation to report what it does with government funding.", "She wrote a letter complaining that Finance Committee Chair Slomiansky should not be allowed to conduct meetings on the World Zionist Organization Settlement Division’s budget.", "Shaffir also argued against funding for the Jewish Identity Administration which she considered a ploy to promote a right wing political agenda.", "Following the dismissal of Finance Minister Yair Lapid by Prime Minister Netanyahu on 2 December 2014, the Finance Committee transferred millions of shekels to the settlements, despite objections by Shaffir.", "She was repeatedly forcibly removed from Committee meetings for complaining about the lack of clear information about what was being voted on.", "On 19 February 2015, the World Zionist Organization (WZO) announced that it would end the Prime Minister Office's oversight over the Settlement Division.", "Shaffir had publicly criticized their secret dealings that included extensive indirect funding for building West Bank settlements.", "\"Coupled with reports of possibly illegal abuse of funds, the division has faced calls for reform from both the left and center, especially ahead of the March 17 election.\"", "The WZO also said it would increase transparency and make its records public, with the appointment of a special comptroller to look into the division's workings.", "In July 2015 it was decided that Shaffir would start and chair a new semi permanent committee in parliament, The Special Committee for the Transparency and Accessibility of Government Information (also known as the 'Transparency committee').", "The committee deals with transparency and accountability, open government, open data and e-gov in all branches of government in Israel.", "Shaffir donned a tallit and joined Women of the Wall in prayer at the Western Wall in Jerusalem in March 2013.", "Shaffir and her fellow parliamentarians were initially barred from attending – according to the police, women wearing tallit were a \"disturbance of public order\" – but their legal status as legislators forced the police to let them pray.", "She joined the women in solidarity with their equal right to pray, but also for the broader struggle for freedom of religion in Israel – \"our freedom to live how we want to live, with our own beliefs and our own personal way of practicing Judaism or other religions.", "\"\nIn spring 2014, Shaffir traveled to the US as a member of a delegation of female Knesset members studying the role of women in legislatures.", "When it was reported during the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict that shelters in the city of Ashdod were excluding women from so-called \"men only\" shelters, Shaffir filed an urgent complaint with the Religious Affairs Ministry, demanding to put an immediate halt to the segregation.", "It was promptly ended.", "Shaffir proposed legislation in May 2013 that would allow same-sex couples to get government recognition for civil unions.", "Despite wide support within the Labor Party and from individual Knesset members from Likud and Hatnua, Yesh Atid blocked the bill in favor of their own civil unions bill.", "After a \"Haaretz\" poll showed support from 70% of Israelis for full and equal rights for the gay community, Shaffir with the help of attorneys and community activists, compiled a list of 12 ways to benefit the LGBTQ community through ministerial regulatory action, sidestepping the need for legislation.", "These include rules making it easier for same-sex couples to adopt and to enter into surrogacy arrangements.", "Shaffir spoke about connecting socioeconomic issues with the Israeli-Palestinian peace process at the Fall 2013 J Street Conference in Washington, DC.", "She also spoke to the need for cautious exploration of non-violent means for Israel to resolve its conflict with Iran.", "In her keynote speech at the 2015 J Street Conference, Shaffir spoke of her vision of an Israel that celebrates diversity and treats the poor with compassion but above all \"an Israel that does not control millions of Palestinians.\"\nShaffir with MKs Yehiel Bar and Orly Levi launched a lobby for the advancement of fair rent after a report prepared by the Knesset Research and Information Center found that rents across Israel had increased by 49% since 2007.", "On 13 February 2014, Shaffir proposed legislation to regulate the rental housing market.", "The Housing Cabinet adopted her proposed fair rental law.", "Shaffir advocated for Israel to adopt a formal asylum policy that distinguishes between refugees and migrants with quotas based on Israel’s capacity for absorption.", "She supported the Supreme Court’s quashing of the 2012 Law for the Prevention of Infiltration (Amendment no. 3) (temporary order), which mandated an almost automatic three-year detention of ‘infiltrators.’", "She said, \"We are a country based on refugees.", "My grandmother escaped from Iraq and my grandfather escaped during the Holocaust.", "It is a country that knows what it means to escape with your life.", "\"", "On 11 February 2017, Shaffir was appointed Chair of the newly established Committee of Government transparency in the OECD organization.", "The Committee is a joint initiative led by Shaffir, the Israeli Foreign Affairs ministry and the OECD representative in Israel.", "The first meeting took place in Paris, on 12 February 2017 and had representatives from more than 90 countries.", "In July 2019, Shaffir left the Labor party to run as part of the Democratic Union party, a union of the Green Movement (which Shaffir now leads), Meretz and Israel Democratic Party.", "She resigned from the Knesset and was replaced by the next person on the Labor list, Merav Michaeli.", "In December 2019, Shaffir announced that she would be renaming the Green Movement the Green Party, and would run independently in the 2020 elections.", "Shaffir was re-elected as the head of the party on 29 January 2021." ]

[ 76, 77 ]

[ "Shaffir lost her Knesset seat in the 2020 election." ]

[ "Green had substantial lower land straddling two, parallel, long-established dykes in St Olaves in the Norfolk Broads.", "Green admitted he was responsible for keeping the dykes in working order.", "Water from Lord Someleyton's higher land drained into the dykes, and Green brought an action in nuisance to stop flooding happening after a deep winter flood.", "He attributed the topping of the dykes to the damming with a weir in 1954 of a Middle Ages-enlarged lake (Fritton Decoy) and other features of Somerleyton's upper land.", "Water topped the dykes into Priory Marsh which Green used as summer pasture for his cattle at Priory Farm.", "Under a 1958 drainage deed, if Green chose to accept his predecessor's burdens under it as to the dyke, then Somerleyton was responsible to renew but not to repair or maintain a 4.5 to 5 ton electric water pump at the bottom of Green's land, but nothing further; its exclusion proviso was extensive such as a breach in the sea wall (below) or exceptional rainfall.", "The old main drainage channel was long silted up at the tidal sluice which occurred ... within the length which the claimant's predecessors had undertaken to maintain.", "Green's re-amended particulars of claim before the hearings plead that Fritton Lake is not \"present naturally\" on the Upper Land...a \"reservoir\" which Lord Somerleyton has at all material times \"maintained\"; that it is of such a size that it is reasonably foreseeable that water escaping from it is likely to damage Priory Marshes; and that Lord Somerleyton is accordingly liable for the damage to Priory Marshes caused by the flooding, under the rule in Rylands v Fletcher (1868).", "The judge rejected that claim, and the Court of Appeal refused grounds to appeal against that part of the decision.", "The trustees of Lord Somerleyton's land counterclaimed that they had an easement for the water drainage from a 1921 conveyance by implied reservation, showing it attempted to incorporate a deed of covenant and to bind the property.", "Green countered (by amended reply and defence to counterclaim)", "that any such easement would be of a limited nature, and not such as to vest in the upper land owners a general right to discharge water (including, in particular, water emanating from the lake) into the dykes on Priory Marshes.", "The judge held there was no remedy in nuisance for naturally flowing water, applying \"Leakey v National Trust\"", "[1980].", "Jonathan Parker 's judgment approved by the rest of the panel, held that nuisance could cover floodwater relating to a shared conduit.", "But Green had not made clear what action they ought to take, nor had he taken action to reduce risk himself.", "As the downstream owner he had abrogated his responsibilities.", "Somerleyton's counterclaim was upheld.", "The provisions in the drainage deed were incorporated by reference into the conveyance to Green – the test in the final court of appeal's decision in \"Pwllbach Colliery Co Ltd v Woodman\" was expressly applied (similar to section 54 of the Law of Property Act 1925), and by implication those drainage rights were intended to be proprietary.", "So Somerleyton did have an easement of drainage.", "The Court of Appeal held also the defendant's land enjoyed a duplicative easement by prescription, applying the test for that set in \"Honey v Silversprings\" [1992] EWHC that the use(r) relied on had the requisite certainty and uniformity to establish a prescriptive right." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 ]

[ "The dykes lay in the claimant's own land who had failed to maintain them and failed to account for the flows caused by reduction of water extraction from the lake upstream.", "The claimant had failed to repair the pump and clear ditches on his own land which had been agreed between the previous owners to give channelled drainage from a lake above." ]

[ "Blood samples containing the required precursors for CD4+ helper T-cell, CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell, and natural killer (NK) cell are extracted from the patient and activated before being re-administered to the patient to induce anti-tumor activity.", "These cells are activated in a process called “in vitro immunization”, which allows for selection and expansion of T-cells of varying specificity and has been validated in patients with advanced melanoma skin cancer.", "In order to have efficient eradication of cancer cells, the immune system cells should be able to both populate in the secondary lymphoid organs for a long-lasting effect and target a shared variety of tumor cells as opposed to one, specific cancer cell.", "In the ALECSAT method, several different cells are activated to accomplish this.", "Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are activated to target the cells that present proteins characteristic of tumor cells Some tumor cells, however, do not present an antigen due to lack of a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and therefore cannot be recognized by the CTLs.", "The cells that do not present an antigen are targeted by activated NK cells, leaving little opportunity for any cancer cells to escape.", "CTLs and NK cells are both effector cells so helper T-cells (Th) are also prepared in order to create memory cells for long term resistance toward tumor cells.", "T helper 1 (TH1) cells, when injected with overexpressed tumor antigens, have been shown to enhance migration of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) into the draining lymph node in mice, further enhancing immune response through activation of CTLs.", "Tumor antigens are typically cancer/testis antigens.", "Chemically inducing this antigen in T-cells by DNA demethylation allows the immune system to recognize a wide range of tumors.", "This method of activation may be used for the preparation of anti-tumor vaccines or for ex vivo activation of the cytotoxic T-cells which can then be followed by the expansion of T-cells through normal, mature dendritic cells.", "The latter method is utilized for ALECSAT to treat cancer by adoptive T-cell immunotherapy.", "Refer to the adjacent diagram for a depiction the ALECSAT protocol of immunization that occurs over a period of 26 days:\nThe first step is the isolation of the blood into lymphocytes and monocytes.", "The lymphocytes are frozen and the monocytes are differentiated into dendritic cells.", "After 6 days, the lymphocytes are mixed with dendritic cells and incubated for eight days.", "This process creates CD4+ enriched lymphocytes.", "After this, the lymphocytes are treated for three days in order to induce the expression of CGL antigen.", "Next, another set of frozen lymphocytes are mixed with the CD4+ expressing CGL antigens and incubated for 11 days.", "After that, dendritic cells are added to the lymphocytes to induce further lymphocyte proliferation.", "Lastly, after seven days of culture, the cells are prepared for injection.", "This whole process takes a total of 26 days.", "Research on adoptive transfer in melanoma patients laid the groundwork for companies focusing on adoptive transfer research in other types of cancer.", "Research carried out at the Department of Tumour Cell Biology in Copenhagen has shown that CTL clones targeting specific melanoma tumor associated antigens (gp100 and MART-1) can successfully proliferate if melanoma cell lines are carefully preselected.", "At the same department, the SCID mouse model was demonstrated as “an excellent model system” for studying interaction between tumors and CTLs.", "Using this model, eradication of a human melanoma tumor by in vitro generating CTL clone was accomplished.", "In a study run at the University de la Sante, the adoptive transfer of cloned T cells in “in vitro immunization” caused increased frequencies of cancer fighting T cells in 18 out of 35 melanoma patients." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 ]

[ "ALECSAT (Autologous Lymphoid Effector Cells Specific Against Tumor cells) technology is a novel method of epigenetic cancer immunotherapy being used by the company CytoVac.", "It uses a patient's own immune system to target tumor cells in prostate cancer, glioblastomas, and potentially pancreatic cancer." ]

[ "Morrells of Oxford Ltd trading as Morrells Brewery, were the successors in title to the original purchaser of a pub (i.e. they are the current owners).", "They sought to enforce a covenant against the developers of adjoining land, who were the successors in title to the local authority and whose registered land referred also to the same deed.", "In selling this adjoining farmland four decades before, the council had agreed not to allow the (alcohol-) licensing of premises within half a mile of the pub which they licensed and allowed to be built on that basis in the 1960s.", "The covenant was clear enough to qualify for enforcement if the local authority proposed to breach the covenant by selling alcohol on its own land but they did not and were in the process of selling the land to independent developers who ultimately built the Kassam Stadium of Oxford United FC.", "The stadium's developer calculated it was a commercial necessity for an on-site alcohol consumption licence to be legally permissible on the site before completing their purchase of the stadium.", "The relevant, contentious Deed of Conveyance dated to 1962.", "Morrells argued that it bound and benefitted both sets of successors (respectively) by meeting the requirements of the Law of Property Act 1925, section 79.", "Robert Walker LJ held the purpose of s 79 was to remove the difficulty of expressing an intention to bind successors by allowing in some cases that intention to be presumed unless a contrary intention was apparent.", "Here the other covenants in the conveyance made it clear they should bind successors.", "The court held that the absence of such words in the covenant amounted to the contrary intention, that is an intention not to bind successors.", "The covenant was thus personal in nature (\"inter partes\") and could not be enforced against successors in title.", "He said that Law of Property Act 1925, section 79 ‘extends the number of persons whose acts or omissions are within the reach of the covenant in the sense of making equitable remedies available, provided that the other conditions for equity’s intervention are satisfied.’", "The section on its own (\"per se\") does not make all covenants bind all successors, it leaves latitude as to construction (wording) as whether certain covenants are to be considered personal, those which are imposed so as not to bind the land itself.", "He summarised the applicable test for whether a covenant touches and concerns the land: \"A’s duty is a duty not to make a particular use of A’s land; and A’s duty enhances B’s Freehold or Lease (i.e. benefits B’s land); and A’s duty, when created, is not intended to impose only a personal duty on A.\"" ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ]

[ "Morrells of Oxford Ltd v Oxford United Football Club" ]

[ "Progenitors of the genre include Andrei Tarkovsky, Ingmar Bergman, Michelangelo Antonioni, Robert Bresson, František Vláčil, Pier Paolo Pasolini, G. Aravindan, Aleksandr Sokurov, Béla Tarr, Chantal Akerman, Theo Angelopoulos, Abbas Kiarostami and Franco Piavoli.", "Tarkovsky argued that \"I think that what a person normally goes to cinema for is time\".", "Greek director Theo Angelopoulos has been described as an \"icon of the so-called Slow Cinema movement\".", "Recent underground film movements such as Remodernist film share the sensibility of slow or contemplative cinema.", "Examples include \"The Turin Horse\" by Béla Tarr, \"Horse Money\" by Pedro Costa, the works of Fred Kelemen and \"The Earth Still Moves\" by Pablo Chavarría Gutiérrez.", "G. Aravindan was a filmmaker whose works such as \"Kanchana Sita\", \"Thampu\" and \"Esthappan\" have been regarded as embodying a uniquely original style of contemplative cinema where the aesthetic sensibility and philosophical insights of Indian culture could find a meditative mode of expression within more universal contexts of humanism and transcendentalism.", "The AV Festival held a Slow Cinema Weekend at the Star and Shadow Cinema in Newcastle, UK in March 2012, including the films of Rivers, Lav Diaz, Lisandro Alonso and Fred Kelemen.", "Recent examples also include films by Kelly Reichardt, Bruno Dumont, Albert Serra, Lech Majewski, Benedek Fliegauf, Apichatpong Weerasethakul, Anocha Suwichakornpong, Vimukthi Jayasundara, Hou Hsiao-hsien, Tsai Ming-Liang, Lav Diaz, Sergei Loznitsa, Carlos Reygadas, Amat Escalante, Nicolas Pereda, Nuri Bilge Ceylan, Sharunas Bartas, Pedro Costa, and Scott Barley.", "\"Sight & Sound\" noted of the definition of slow cinema that \"The length of a shot, on which much of the debate revolves, is a quite abstract measure if divorced from what takes place within it\".", "\"The Guardian\" contrasted the long takes of the genre with the two-second average shot length in Hollywood action movies, and noted that \"they opt for ambient noises or field recordings rather than bombastic sound design, embrace subdued visual schemes that require the viewer's eye to do more work, and evoke a sense of mystery that springs from the landscapes and local customs they depict more than it does from generic convention.\"", "The genre has been described as an \"act of organized resistance\" similar to the Slow food movement.", "It has been criticized as being indifferent or even hostile to audiences.", "A backlash by \"Sight & Sound\"'s Nick James, and picked up by online writers, argued that early uses of long takes were \"adventurous provocations created by extremists\" whereas recent films are \"operating within a recognized, default artistic idiom.\"", "\"The Guardian\"'s film blog concluded that \"being less overweeningly precious about films that are likely to be impenetrable to even the most well-informed audiences would seem an idea.\"", "Dan Fox of \"Frieze\" criticized both the dichotomy of the argument into 'philistine' vs 'pretentious' and the reductiveness of the term \"slow cinema\".", "The American director Paul Schrader wrote about Slow Cinema in his book \"Transcendental Style in Film,\" and he described it as an aesthetic tool.", "He argues that most viewers find slow cinema boring, yet he answers why \"..viewers put up with such abuse?", "Such boredom\".", "And that's because \"..slow film director keeps his viewer on the hook, thinking there's a reward, a payoff just around the corner.", "\"", "Recently, film scholars Katherine Fusco and Nicole Seymour have written that the slow cinema movement has been mischaracterized by both supporters and detractors.", "As they argue, much \"commentary posits slow cinema as a kind of pastoral for the present moment, a respite from our technologically saturated ...", "Hollywood-blockbuster-centered era.\"", "Such commentary therefore associates the movement with pleasure and relaxation.", "But in reality, slow cinema films often focus on down-and-out laborers; as Fusco and Seymour argue, \"for those on the fringes of society, modernity is actually experienced as slowness, and usually to their great detriment.", "\"" ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ]

[ "It is sometimes called \"contemplative cinema\"." ]

[ "Robert Dolphin, owner of Selly Hill Estate, Birmingham, died and the plots were sold in nine conveyances.", "The first four by his sisters, the last five by his nephew, all on the same legal terms, with covenants about the house type to be built on each plot.", "These sellers covenanted they would impose similar covenants on the other sale of plots.", "The current owner, a subsequent owner of one of the houses, wished to redevelop in breach of covenants and asked the Court whether they were enforceable.", "Stamp J held that even though there was no common vendor and the estate had not been laid out prior to sale, there was a building scheme created." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3 ]

[ "Re Dolphin’s Conveyance" ]

[ "On 7 October 1907 in Christchurch, New Zealand, kitchen maid Hobbs gave birth to an infant in the lavatory of the restaurant where she worked.", "A coworker had noticed her pregnancy for the last three months, but Miss Hobbs appeared shortly after giving birth and stated that she was recovering from cholera.", "However, there were bloodstains found in the lavatory and the body of a newborn infant was found, wrapped in Miss Hobbs' skirt and clothing underneath a pile of clothes.", "When questioned by police, Miss Hobbs stated that she was not aware whether the newborn infant was dead or alive, as it had not cried since its birth.", "Miss Hobbs was tried before the Supreme Court for child murder but the defence argued that the young woman was experiencing anguish, psychological disorientation and intense pain during unassisted childbirth.", "Furthermore, the infant's father was nowhere to be found.", "Under such circumstances, the court decided to show leniency toward Hobbs and she was acquitted.", "She married Samuel Blackburn in 1912 (they later divorced) and died on September 30, 1952, having apparently had no more children." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ]

[ "Lillian Fanny Jane Hobbs (1882–1952) was a New Zealand woman who was acquitted of killing her newborn infant through neglect and therefore was not found guilty of infanticide." ]

[ "In the autumn of 1810, the French forces of Marshal Masséna are invading Portugal and are temporarily halted by the Anglo-Portuguese army under Viscount Wellington at the Battle of Bussaco.", "As a bitter winter approaches, Wellington withdraws his troops towards the fortifications he has prepared in secret at the Lines of Torres Vedras.", "Using a scorched earth defence, he forces the inhabitants to evacuate the land in front of the Lines and destroys all supplies which could be useful to the French.", "The film illustrates these dramatic events by a series of vignettes which show the effects on combatants, both regular soldiers and guerrillas, and on the civilian population.", "Jaime N. Christley of \"Slant Magazine\" wrote \"Dull but never dreary, \"Lines of Wellington\" was one of the projects in Raúl Ruiz's pipeline before he passed away last year\".", "According to Xan Brooks of \"The Guardian\" \"This epic historical pageant 'conceived by' the late director Raoul Ruiz won't win the top prize in Venice, but it's full of life\"" ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3 ]

[ "Its title refers to the historical Lines of Torres Vedras." ]

[ "The series is about Mike whose father, the King, is a knight who is away exploring other lands.", "Looking up to his father, Mike wants to be a knight too.", "However, he is still a knight-in-training.", "With his two dragon friends, Sparkie and Squirt; his sister, witch-in-training Evie; and his horse, Galahad, Mike tries to be the bravest knight of all.", "Throughout his adventures, he learns from the mistakes he makes—eventually realising, in every episode, how to 'be a knight—and do it right!'", "The series premiered on Treehouse TV in Canada on September 6, 2011, and CBeebies in the United Kingdom on November 29, 2011.", "The first Canadian season consisted of 26 episodes of 30 minutes (two fifteen-minute segments).", "The first British series was 53 segments while the second was 52.", "It still airs on those channels along with Tiny Pop in the United Kingdom, Discovery Kids in Latin America, ABC Kids in Australia and TV2 in New Zealand.", "In the United States, it aired on Nick Jr. from March 1, 2012 to November 30, 2018 and aired on Qubo from December 30, 2019 to December 4, 2020.", "It also aired in other languages including in Arabic on Spacetoon and in Welsh as 'Meic y Marchog' on S4C.", "Son is an advertising character, first appearing and released in September 2022, animated by HiT Entertainment and Nelvana Limited, in the same style as the Mike the Knight figures, but wearing bandages, promoting the Injury Claim Specialist Accident Compensation Helpline." ]

[ 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 ]

[ "The series premiered in Treehouse TV in 2011." ]

[ "REDi (pronounced red-eye) was originally formed in 2012 in Los Angeles, California as a four-member Urban Pop ensemble.", "Founding members include producer and songwriter Jean-Robert Redwine, who previously worked with Mario, Tabi Bonney and Loick Essien, and singer-songwriter Robby Blackwell.", "Both Redwine and Blackwell are from Dallas, Texas.", "Other founders include rapper Aundrus Poole who formerly acted on NBC's \"Friday Night Lights\" as series regular Reggie Seale, and Grammy-nominated songwriter and producer Rob.", "A! from New Jersey.", "Active since 2008, Rob.", "A! has written material for Curt Chambers, Chris Brown (\"Forever\") and Rihanna (\"Disturbia\").", "The members met as collaborators with Redwine.", "According to Blackwell, \"We were all working with Redwine and respected each other’s music, so it just made sense for us to further our collaborations with a group.”", "Responding to the perception that REDi is a boy band, Blackwell also stated, \"We are not.", "We were not methodically constructed.", "The formation of REDi was organic in every way.”", "Their name has various meanings: \"We like the symbolism of the color red – power, passion, love etc.", "With Redwine being our producer it made sense to keep the word 'RED' in the name, then we added the 'I' to represent the individuality that we each maintain and contribute to the group.”", "The group made their debut performance in March 2012 at SXSW in Austin, Texas, at the KORG Fuse Frequency showcase.", "They performed after groups Idle Warship, Dawn Richard, Schoolboy Q, J\nThey released their debut single \"Light the Club\" in May 2012.", "Their debut mixtape, \"Red Pill\", was released in November 2012, with key tracks including \"Love Fast\" and \"Give a F\nCurrent members", "Previous members\nSingles", "Albums" ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 ]

[ "REDi (pronounced red-eye) is a 3 member Urban Pop ensemble from the United States.", "Formed in 2012, founding members included singer-songwriter Robby Blackwell, Grammy-nominated songwriter Rob.", "A, producer and songwriter Redwine, and actor/rapper Aundrus Poole.", "The group made their debut performance at SXSW, releasing their mix-tape \"Red Pill\" in late 2012." ]

[ "REDi (pronounced red-eye) was originally formed in 2012 in Los Angeles, California as a four-member Urban Pop ensemble.", "Founding members include producer and songwriter Jean-Robert Redwine, who previously worked with Mario, Tabi Bonney and Loick Essien, and singer-songwriter Robby Blackwell.", "Both Redwine and Blackwell are from Dallas, Texas.", "Other founders include rapper Aundrus Poole who formerly acted on NBC's \"Friday Night Lights\" as series regular Reggie Seale, and Grammy-nominated songwriter and producer Rob.", "A! from New Jersey.", "Active since 2008, Rob.", "A! has written material for Curt Chambers, Chris Brown (\"Forever\") and Rihanna (\"Disturbia\").", "The members met as collaborators with Redwine.", "According to Blackwell, \"We were all working with Redwine and respected each other’s music, so it just made sense for us to further our collaborations with a group.”", "Responding to the perception that REDi is a boy band, Blackwell also stated, \"We are not.", "We were not methodically constructed.", "The formation of REDi was organic in every way.”", "Their name has various meanings: \"We like the symbolism of the color red – power, passion, love etc.", "With Redwine being our producer it made sense to keep the word 'RED' in the name, then we added the 'I' to represent the individuality that we each maintain and contribute to the group.”", "The group made their debut performance in March 2012 at SXSW in Austin, Texas, at the KORG Fuse Frequency showcase.", "They performed after groups Idle Warship, Dawn Richard, Schoolboy Q, J\nThey released their debut single \"Light the Club\" in May 2012.", "Their debut mixtape, \"Red Pill\", was released in November 2012, with key tracks including \"Love Fast\" and \"Give a F\nCurrent members", "Previous members\nSingles", "Albums" ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 ]

[ "REDi (pronounced red-eye) is a 3 member Urban Pop ensemble from the United States.", "Formed in 2012, founding members included singer-songwriter Robby Blackwell, Grammy-nominated songwriter Rob.", "A, producer and songwriter Redwine, and actor/rapper Aundrus Poole." ]

[ "REDi (pronounced red-eye) was originally formed in 2012 in Los Angeles, California as a four-member Urban Pop ensemble.", "Founding members include producer and songwriter Jean-Robert Redwine, who previously worked with Mario, Tabi Bonney and Loick Essien, and singer-songwriter Robby Blackwell.", "Both Redwine and Blackwell are from Dallas, Texas.", "Other founders include rapper Aundrus Poole who formerly acted on NBC's \"Friday Night Lights\" as series regular Reggie Seale, and Grammy-nominated songwriter and producer Rob.", "A! from New Jersey.", "Active since 2008, Rob.", "A! has written material for Curt Chambers, Chris Brown (\"Forever\") and Rihanna (\"Disturbia\").", "The members met as collaborators with Redwine.", "According to Blackwell, \"We were all working with Redwine and respected each other’s music, so it just made sense for us to further our collaborations with a group.”", "Responding to the perception that REDi is a boy band, Blackwell also stated, \"We are not.", "We were not methodically constructed.", "The formation of REDi was organic in every way.”", "Their name has various meanings: \"We like the symbolism of the color red – power, passion, love etc.", "With Redwine being our producer it made sense to keep the word 'RED' in the name, then we added the 'I' to represent the individuality that we each maintain and contribute to the group.”", "The group made their debut performance in March 2012 at SXSW in Austin, Texas, at the KORG Fuse Frequency showcase.", "They performed after groups Idle Warship, Dawn Richard, Schoolboy Q, J\nThey released their debut single \"Light the Club\" in May 2012.", "Their debut mixtape, \"Red Pill\", was released in November 2012, with key tracks including \"Love Fast\" and \"Give a F\nCurrent members", "Previous members\nSingles", "Albums" ]

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[ "The group made their debut performance at SXSW, releasing their mix-tape \"Red Pill\" in late 2012." ]

[ "At around 3 am on 1 August 2003, the Federal Investigations Agency (AFI) confronted a group of armed men in the streets of Nuevo Laredo.", "Members of the AFI were staying at a hotel when Juan Manuel Muñoz Morales, the attorney general of the city, called for help.", "He was reportedly being chased by several individuals in a dark-colored truck.", "Consequently, the AFI officers followed the truck with seven of their vehicles, triggering a shootout between the police officers and alleged drug traffickers.", "The armed confrontation lasted for more than 40 minutes, provoking \"panic\" and turning Nuevo Laredo into a \"battlefield.\"", "The gun detonations were heard throughout most of the city.", "Some witnesses, who preferred to remain anonymous, claimed that they saw over \"18 armed men in black with ski-masks.\"\nDuring the chase, five armed men in another vehicle shot at the police convoy.", "The triggermen in the two vehicles then engaged in a gunfight with the AFI for minutes, but one of the vehicles collided with a police truck.", "The vehicle the drug traffickers were in then caught on fire, and two of the gunmen were burned to death.", "The third one died on the sidewalk.", "According to PGR, the three gunmen that were killed were members of Los Negros, a group of hitmen under the tutelage of Joaquín Guzmán Loera (a.k.a. \"El Chapo\") and of the Juárez Cartel.", "Rocket-launchers, along with an \"inexact number of assault rifles,\" were reportedly used in the attack.", "In addition, the government agency stated that 198 municipal police officers were to be investigated for possible connections with the Gulf Cartel; Manuel Muñoz, the attorney general who was being chased, was detained by the Mexican authorities.", "It is believed that he had liberated five members of Los Zetas who had been detained during the armed confrontation.", "According to Esmas.com, this shooting was the first major gunfire in Nuevo Laredo between the Mexican authorities and cartel members in over thirty years.", "Between 1 January and 1 August 2003, 45 homicides were reported in Nuevo Laredo, along with 40 kidnappings.", "After the apprehension of Osiel Cárdenas Guillén in 2003, the former leader of the Gulf Cartel, his criminal organization went through a leadership crisis, since there was no visible leader to take the lead of the cartel.", "Nonetheless, Joaquín Guzmán Loera, the drug boss of the Sinaloa cartel who is best known as \"El Chapo\", \"broke the rules\" and penetrated into Tamaulipas.", "His organization began to kill police officers—forcing many to take a side with or against him—and assassinating rival cartel members.", "The Mexican Armed Forces and the program \"México Seguro\" were unable to put down the violence.", "For the first time in many years, the Mexican State was limited in its actions—and even surpassed—by the criminal organizations.", "The Sinaloa Cartel stood to its firm intention to become the \"hegemonic drug trafficking organization in Mexico.\"", "And to do so, it had to control the cities along the U.S.-Mexico border.", "Back in the early 2000s, if a different drug trafficking organization wanted to traffic narcotics through a different corridor, they had to pay a fee to the cartel that controlled it.", "Hence, it often resulted in a high prize, since Osiel Cárdenas Guillén \"knew how much every millimeter in his turf cost.", "\"\nNo drug trafficking organization before the Sinaloa cartel had dared to take on the Gulf Cartel.", "But Juan José Esparragoza Moreno and \"El Chapo Guzmán\" were persuasive in moving on into Nuevo Laredo and the rest of Tamaulipas.", "One of the first steps in the war between the Gulf and Sinaloa cartels began when Arturo Beltrán Leyva, alias \"El Barbas\", hired Dionisio Román García (\"El Chacho\"), the leader of a gang who operated in Nuevo Laredo under the permission of Osiel in 2002.", "Nevertheless, \"El Chacho\" turned against the Osiel and the Gulf organization by deciding to work for the Sinaloa cartel and killing a Zeta member.", "This triggered a series of attacks and executions in Tamaulipas.", "And, in order to put down the violence, \"El Barbas\" sought Arturo Guzmán Decena, one of the founders of Los Zetas, and told him that he \"did not want any problems\" with the Zetas, and that he would do his best to turn in \"El Chacho\".", "Guzmán Decena accepted his apology, but told him that if anyone from the Sinaloa cartel wanted to traffic drugs inside the Gulf Cartel's territory, they had to be unarmed and under supervision.", "In May 2002, \"El Chacho\" was kidnapped in the city of Monterrey by members of Los Zetas, and eventually found dead in Tamaulipas, bearing signs of torture.", "\"El Barbas\" then asked Osiel if Edgar Valdez Villarreal (\"La Barbie\") could replace \"El Chacho\", and he accepted.", "Los Zetas, however, were not convinced nor happy with Osiel's decision, because for them, \"a betrayal is a betrayal.\"", "Fifteen days after the capture of Osiel, Valdez Villarreal called Heriberto Lazcano Lazcano (who had taken the lead of Los Zetas after the death of Guzmán Decena in 2002)", "and said: \"You have a week to leave the territories from Reynosa to Nuevo Laredo.\"", "With this, the war had started.", "Dismembered remains of 14 men were found in several plastic bags inside a Chrysler Voyager in the border city of Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas on 17 April 2012.", "All of those killed were between the ages of 30 and 35.", "Mexican officials stated that they found a \"messaged signed by a criminal group,\" but they did not release the content of the note, nor if those killed were members of Los Zetas or of the Gulf Cartel.", "\"CNNMéxico\" stated that the message left behind by the criminal group said that they were going to \"clean up Nuevo Laredo\" by killing Zeta members.", "\"The Monitor\" newspaper, however, said that a source outside law enforcement but with direct knowledge of the attacks stated the 14 bodies belonged to members of Los Zetas who had been killed by the Jalisco New Generation Cartel, now a branch of the Sinaloa Cartel.", "Following the attacks, the Sinaloa cartel's kingpin, Joaquín Guzmán Loera—better known as \"El Chapo Guzmán\"—sent a message to Los Zetas that they will fight for the control of the Nuevo Laredo plaza.", "The message read the following:\nNuevo Laredo is considered a stronghold of Los Zetas, although there were incursions by the Sinaloa Cartel in March 2012.", "Consequently, Los Zetas responded two days later with incursions to Sinaloa, the home state of the Sinaloa Cartel.", "The Sinaloa Cartel's first attempt to take over Nuevo Laredo happened in 2005, when Los Zetas was working as the armed wing of the Gulf Cartel.", "InSight Crime analysis\nThe \"40\" in the message is a reference to Miguel Treviño Morales, a top leader of Los Zetas based in Nuevo Laredo, and longtime adversary of \"El Chapo\" Guzmán.", "The \"H\" is presumably Héctor Beltrán Leyva, the last remaining brother of the Beltrán Leyva Cartel.", "The Beltrán Leyva organization, unlike the Zetas, has presence in Sinaloa state, and would probably have an easier time attacking the Sinaloa Cartel on its own turf.", "The message does not mention the fact that the Gulf Cartel is probably supporting the Sinaloa Cartel in carrying out the executions.", "In addition, the banner suggests that the alliance between Los Zetas and the Beltrán Leyva Cartel remains intact as of 2012 despite its losses it lived in 2008.", "The message also suggests the differences in the modus operandi of Los Zetas and the Sinaloa Cartel, because as authors of InSight Crime allege, the Zetas have a reputation of operating through extortions, kidnappings, robberies, and other illicit activities; in contrast, the Sinaloa Cartel is known simply for drug trafficking.", "(Both assertions are not wholly true, but often reflect a popular sentiment).", "Guzmán attempted to take over Nuevo Laredo after the capture of the Gulf Cartel leader, Osiel Cárdenas Guillén, in 2003.", "Nevertheless, Guzmán retreated after a few years of bloody turf wars.", "The Sinaloa Cartel's return to Nuevo Laredo, however, was seen again in March 2012 after Guzmán reportedly left several corpses and a message heralding his return.", "According to the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Nuevo Laredo is the busiest border crossing in terms of truck crossings with over 1.7 million trucks a year, more than double than any other crossing in the Mexico–United States border.", "Nuevo Laredo is the fourth-busiest border crossing in terms of passenger vehicles.", "Patrick Corcoran of InSight Crime believes that the turf war in Nuevo Laredo will bring a huge wave of violence, but also mentioned that the circumstances have changed since the split of the Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas in early 2010.", "The current alliance between Guzmán's Sinaloa Cartel and the Gulf Cartel may successfully extract Los Zetas and give \"El Chapo\" the upper hand.", "And once the Sinaloa Cartel gets established in Nuevo Laredo, it may possibly make moves to control Reynosa and Matamoros, Tamaulipas.", "Investigations\nOn 24 April 2012, the attorney general of the state of Tamaulipas identified 10 of the 14 people killed.", "In addition, the Mexican authorities stated that those killed had \"no relationship with the criminal group Los Zetas,\" and that they were in fact innocent civilians.", "The U.S. Customs and Border Protection indicated that 7 out of the 14 who were killed were reportedly deported immigrants who were working illegally in the United States.", "The authorities said that the massacre was carried out to generate \"psychosis,\" because there is no concrete evidence of a \"war between drug cartels\" nor elements that indicate the presence of a group representing the Sinaloa Cartel in the border city of Nuevo Laredo.", "Some of the bodies have been returned to their families.", "The rest of the corpses have not been identified and remain in the Forensic Medical Services (SEMEFO).", "23 bodies—14 of them decapitated and 9 of them hanged from a bridge—were discovered in Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, in an escalation of brutal violence involving rival drug gangs on the U.S. border.", "In the first incident, at around 1:00 am on 4 May 2012, nine people were hanged from a bridge on the Mexican Federal Highway 85D with a message left behind by the killers.", "Horrified motorists encountered the blood-stained bodies of four women and five men hanging off a bridge.", "The banner left behind reportedly stated that those killed were the perpetrators of the car bomb in the city on 24 April 2012.", "In addition, the 9 people who were hanged on the bridge were reportedly members of the Gulf Cartel who were killed by Los Zetas for \"heating up\" their turf.", "The message read the following:\nIn the second incident, which occurred hours later, 14 decapitated bodies were abandoned inside a vehicle in front of the Customs Agency; the severed heads were left inside several ice coolers in front of the municipal palace.", "The Mexican police said the second massacre could have been an act of revenge by the Gulf Cartel to Los Zetas for the earlier killings.", "Along with the decapitated bodies was a message allegedly signed by Joaquín Guzmán Loera, where he demanded the municipality mayor of Nuevo Laredo, Benjamín Galván, along with other municipal and state leaders and public safety officials to recognize the Sinaloa cartel's presence in the area and stop insisting he is not in the city.", "The message read the following:", "At around 8:00 a.m. on 24 April 2012 in Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, a car bomb exploded outside the city's police department.", "When the Mexican military arrived at the area of the explosion, they engaged in a confrontation with cartel members who shot them upon their arrival.", "There was one civilian who was injured as a result of the car bomb.", "The \"Blog del Narco\" credited the attacks to Joaquín Guzmán Loera (a.k.a. \"El Chapo\"), who reportedly left another message for Los Zetas about the Sinaloa cartel's incursion in Nuevo Laredo.", "In the second incident, suspected members of a drug trafficking organization opened fire at a hotel that the Federal police was using as barracks on 23 May 2012, and then set off a car bomb in front of the police dormitories.", "A Chevrolet pickup truck exploded at around 5:30 a.m. inside the parking lot of Hotel Santa Cecilia in southern Nuevo Laredo, injuring 2 civilians and 8 police officers.", "The blast was strong enough to partially damage several rooms in the hotel and a couple of vehicles.", "Three of the ten police officers were wounded with third degree burns in half of their bodies, while the rest were treated for non-life-threatening wounds.", "Many residents living in Nuevo Laredo and across the international border in Laredo, Texas were reportedly awaken by the car explosion.", "Some Laredo residents also began calling 9-1-1 early in the morning as the cartel battles in Nuevo Laredo reached their peak.", "One resident even said that the explosions in Nuevo Laredo made his house shake across the border.", "Soon after the attacks, the Mexican Army put up a military checkpoint in the avenue where the hotel is situated.", "In addition, this attack was the first attack directed to Tamaulipas' new state police force, which took over the duties of the municipal police forces that were considered ineffective and corrupt.", "The authorities in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas believe that Los Zetas, one of Mexico's most powerful criminal groups, carried out the attack.", "Los Zetas are known for carrying out a number of attacks, but this one was described as \"one of the most elaborate.", "\"\nA third car bomb was abandoned on 29 June 2012 in front of the municipal palace at around 11:00 a.m., and exploded just below the office of Benjamín Galván Gómez, the mayor of Nuevo Laredo.", "Explosives were planted inside a gray Ford Ranger pickup truck, damaging more than ten vehicles that were parked near the car bomb and destroying dozens of windows in its surroundings.", "The detonation was heard on both sides of the U.S.-Mexico border.", "Laredo police said they received calls from several residents reporting an explosion, and dispatched officiers to the international bridges in the Texan city.", "A plume of smoke was seen from the U.S. side too.", "In addition, seven people who were near the explosion were injured.", "The Federal police and the Mexican Army cordoned the crime scene, as paramedics stabilized the bystanders and transported them to the nearest hospital.", "The Mexican authorities believe this car bomb attack was a form of \"expression\" by the criminal syndicates who operate in Nuevo Laredo and want to make their presence known.", "The state of Tamaulipas pledged to intensify the security measures in Nuevo Laredo.", "On 19 March 2004, journalist Roberto Javier Mora García was stabbed 26 times outside his home in Nuevo Laredo.", "On 6 February 2006, two armed men broke into the offices of \"El Mañana\" and detonated a grenade.", "They also shot the outside walls of the installation with AK-47s and AR-15s before fleeing the scene.", "According to \"La Jornada\", the armed men shot the installation more than 100 times, injuring Jaime Orozco Tey, a journalist.", "On 30 July 2010, a group of armed men in a vehicle threw a grenade at the offices of Televisa in Nuevo Laredo, damaging two vehicles.", "On 26 September 2011, María Elizabeth Macías Castro, an editor of la \"Primera Hora\" newspaper, was decapitated; a note was left behind by Los Zetas, claiming responsibility for the killing.", "The message read the following: \"For those who don't want to believe, this happened to [María Elizabeth Macías Castro] because of [her] actions, for believing in the army and the navy.", "Thank you for your attention, respectfully, Los Zetas.", "On 13 September 2011, a man and a woman in their early twenties were hanged from a pedestrian bridge in Nuevo Laredo.", "Their fingers and ears were mutilated, and both bore signs of torture.", "The signs left behind declared that the pair were killed for posting denouncements of the drug cartel activities on the Internet.", "The message read: \"This is going to happen to all of those posting funny things on the Internet,\" one sign said.", "\"You better (expletive) pay attention.", "I'm about to get you.\"", "The killing was carried out by Los Zetas.", "On 9 November 2011, a blogger was tortured and decapitated for allegedly denouncing against the organized crime groups online.", "The man killed reportedly used the username \"Rascatripa\" in the site known as \"Nuevo Laredo en Vivo\", where civilians post on the activities of Los Zetas.", "The killers left another message on top of the corpse stating the following: \"Hello!", "I'm Rascatripas and this happened to me for failing to understand that I should not report things on social media websites.", "With this last report I bid farewell to Nuevo Laredo en Vivo.\"", "This man was the fourth killed by the cartels for posting against them on the Internet in less than two months.", "The brutal killings sent \"shock waves\" to the online community, and Twitter users from Nuevo Laredo, Reynosa, and the Rio Grande Valley, along with other border communities, issued a joint statement asking for protection in November 2011.", "The bloggers asked the Mexican government to solve the murders and protect freedom of speech.", "Even the \"hacker group\" known as Anonymous stepped in and gave recommendations to the community in Nuevo Laredo to \"be careful\" when denouncing Los Zetas.", "In another incident, a group of armed men attacked the offices of \"El Mañana\" newspaper at around 23:00 hours on 11 May 2012.", "The Mexican authorities stated that no one was injured in the 5-minute shootout, but the offices and some vehicles were damaged when bullets impacted from the outside.", "When the employees of \"El Mañana\" heard the detonations, they threw themselves on the floor, while others suffered nervous breakdowns.", "Some witnesses mentioned that they heard grenade explosions during the attack.", "In addition, a message was reportedly left behind by the perpetrators.", "The damage was minimal, but the message was understood.", "\"El Mañana\" took the attack as a warning from the Sinaloa Cartel that it wants coverage claiming that they are taking over Nuevo Laredo and beating Los Zetas, therefore making the Sinaloa cartel look \"tough\" and Los Zetas \"look weak.\"", "The problem is that if the journalists decide to favor the Sinaloa cartel or Los Zetas, they will find themselves threatened by one of the cartels.", "In other words, one cartel threatens if there isn't coverage (Sinaloa cartel) and the other cartel threatens if there is coverage (Los Zetas).", "Following the attacks, \"El Mañana\" declared that it will no longer report on news relating to drug-violence.", "They may in fact be the first newspaper to publicly step down and stop covering all crime incidents involving stories of mafia groups fighting for control.", "The day that the editorial stepped down, 49 decapitated bodies were found along a highway near Monterrey, Mexico's third largest city, and just 120 miles south of Nuevo Laredo.", "Most newspapers covered this incident, but \"El Mañana\" did not.", "Again, on 10 June 2012, \"El Mañana\" suffered another grenade attack but only material damages were reported.", "In response to the attacks, the newspaper issued the following message to the public:\nMany Mexicans have been relying on social media chatrooms and sites like Facebook and Twitter as traditional media \"self-censor in the face of cartel violence.\"", "Moreover, due to the violent attacks the press has received in Nuevo Laredo, news media have practiced \"self-censorship,\" where local journalist prefer to silence the press and refuse to report on important incidents for fears of reprisals by the cartels.", "Events that would go on the front-page of any newspaper—mass murders with over six dead, shooting incidents wounding three soldiers—often go unreported in Nuevo Laredo.", "The cartels want the cities they control to appear calm in order to prevent the government from sending federal troops.", "Consequently, the press, tired of extortions and death threats, prefers to go silent because there is no guarantee for their safety.", "On 21 May 2012, the Mexican authorities were alerted that a casino was on fire in Nuevo Laredo.", "At around six in the morning, an anonymous call alerted the police that smoke was coming from a building.", "By 8:00 a.m.", "the fire had been put down, but a portion of the casino was consumed by the flames.", "Nonetheless, only material damages were reported.", "Inside the casino were several containers holding large amounts of gasoline, which helped the authorities conclude that the arson was intentional.", "The 'Amazonas' casino, as it was known, opened in February 2010; however, it was closed in March 2012 for operating illegally.", "According to the \"Blog del Narco\", several people from Nuevo Laredo knew that the casino was owned by Los Zetas.", "The article was also mentioned that the Zetas ordered the closure of another casino known as 'El Juega Juega' to benefit 'Amazonas.'\nThree days later on 24 May 2012, the 'Maranho' nightclub, considered among the most popular in Nuevo Laredo, was set on fire between 2:00 and 3:00 a.m.", "And according to unofficial accounts, a group of gunmen were the perpetrators, while some accounts mention that they used grenades and bombs.", "The nightclub was \"completely destroyed,\" but no victims were reported.", "Other grenade explosions were heard across the border in Laredo, Texas, while the residents turned to #LaredoFollow hashtag on Twitter to report on the violence.", "Unconfirmed reports from KGNS-TV state that several places in Nuevo Laredo, including educational institutions, are under bomb threats.", "However, the main targets in the bomb attacks have been entertainment businesses with supposed ties with the mafias that operate in the city." ]

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[ "The drug-violence in Nuevo Laredo began back in 2003, when the city was controlled by the Gulf Cartel.", "It is for the same reason that Tijuana and Ciudad Juárez are so valuable for the drug trafficking organizations." ]

[ "At around 3 am on 1 August 2003, the Federal Investigations Agency (AFI) confronted a group of armed men in the streets of Nuevo Laredo.", "Members of the AFI were staying at a hotel when Juan Manuel Muñoz Morales, the attorney general of the city, called for help.", "He was reportedly being chased by several individuals in a dark-colored truck.", "Consequently, the AFI officers followed the truck with seven of their vehicles, triggering a shootout between the police officers and alleged drug traffickers.", "The armed confrontation lasted for more than 40 minutes, provoking \"panic\" and turning Nuevo Laredo into a \"battlefield.\"", "The gun detonations were heard throughout most of the city.", "Some witnesses, who preferred to remain anonymous, claimed that they saw over \"18 armed men in black with ski-masks.\"\nDuring the chase, five armed men in another vehicle shot at the police convoy.", "The triggermen in the two vehicles then engaged in a gunfight with the AFI for minutes, but one of the vehicles collided with a police truck.", "The vehicle the drug traffickers were in then caught on fire, and two of the gunmen were burned to death.", "The third one died on the sidewalk.", "According to PGR, the three gunmen that were killed were members of Los Negros, a group of hitmen under the tutelage of Joaquín Guzmán Loera (a.k.a. \"El Chapo\") and of the Juárez Cartel.", "Rocket-launchers, along with an \"inexact number of assault rifles,\" were reportedly used in the attack.", "In addition, the government agency stated that 198 municipal police officers were to be investigated for possible connections with the Gulf Cartel; Manuel Muñoz, the attorney general who was being chased, was detained by the Mexican authorities.", "It is believed that he had liberated five members of Los Zetas who had been detained during the armed confrontation.", "According to Esmas.com, this shooting was the first major gunfire in Nuevo Laredo between the Mexican authorities and cartel members in over thirty years.", "Between 1 January and 1 August 2003, 45 homicides were reported in Nuevo Laredo, along with 40 kidnappings.", "After the apprehension of Osiel Cárdenas Guillén in 2003, the former leader of the Gulf Cartel, his criminal organization went through a leadership crisis, since there was no visible leader to take the lead of the cartel.", "Nonetheless, Joaquín Guzmán Loera, the drug boss of the Sinaloa cartel who is best known as \"El Chapo\", \"broke the rules\" and penetrated into Tamaulipas.", "His organization began to kill police officers—forcing many to take a side with or against him—and assassinating rival cartel members.", "The Mexican Armed Forces and the program \"México Seguro\" were unable to put down the violence.", "For the first time in many years, the Mexican State was limited in its actions—and even surpassed—by the criminal organizations.", "The Sinaloa Cartel stood to its firm intention to become the \"hegemonic drug trafficking organization in Mexico.\"", "And to do so, it had to control the cities along the U.S.-Mexico border.", "Back in the early 2000s, if a different drug trafficking organization wanted to traffic narcotics through a different corridor, they had to pay a fee to the cartel that controlled it.", "Hence, it often resulted in a high prize, since Osiel Cárdenas Guillén \"knew how much every millimeter in his turf cost.", "\"\nNo drug trafficking organization before the Sinaloa cartel had dared to take on the Gulf Cartel.", "But Juan José Esparragoza Moreno and \"El Chapo Guzmán\" were persuasive in moving on into Nuevo Laredo and the rest of Tamaulipas.", "One of the first steps in the war between the Gulf and Sinaloa cartels began when Arturo Beltrán Leyva, alias \"El Barbas\", hired Dionisio Román García (\"El Chacho\"), the leader of a gang who operated in Nuevo Laredo under the permission of Osiel in 2002.", "Nevertheless, \"El Chacho\" turned against the Osiel and the Gulf organization by deciding to work for the Sinaloa cartel and killing a Zeta member.", "This triggered a series of attacks and executions in Tamaulipas.", "And, in order to put down the violence, \"El Barbas\" sought Arturo Guzmán Decena, one of the founders of Los Zetas, and told him that he \"did not want any problems\" with the Zetas, and that he would do his best to turn in \"El Chacho\".", "Guzmán Decena accepted his apology, but told him that if anyone from the Sinaloa cartel wanted to traffic drugs inside the Gulf Cartel's territory, they had to be unarmed and under supervision.", "In May 2002, \"El Chacho\" was kidnapped in the city of Monterrey by members of Los Zetas, and eventually found dead in Tamaulipas, bearing signs of torture.", "\"El Barbas\" then asked Osiel if Edgar Valdez Villarreal (\"La Barbie\") could replace \"El Chacho\", and he accepted.", "Los Zetas, however, were not convinced nor happy with Osiel's decision, because for them, \"a betrayal is a betrayal.\"", "Fifteen days after the capture of Osiel, Valdez Villarreal called Heriberto Lazcano Lazcano (who had taken the lead of Los Zetas after the death of Guzmán Decena in 2002)", "and said: \"You have a week to leave the territories from Reynosa to Nuevo Laredo.\"", "With this, the war had started.", "Dismembered remains of 14 men were found in several plastic bags inside a Chrysler Voyager in the border city of Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas on 17 April 2012.", "All of those killed were between the ages of 30 and 35.", "Mexican officials stated that they found a \"messaged signed by a criminal group,\" but they did not release the content of the note, nor if those killed were members of Los Zetas or of the Gulf Cartel.", "\"CNNMéxico\" stated that the message left behind by the criminal group said that they were going to \"clean up Nuevo Laredo\" by killing Zeta members.", "\"The Monitor\" newspaper, however, said that a source outside law enforcement but with direct knowledge of the attacks stated the 14 bodies belonged to members of Los Zetas who had been killed by the Jalisco New Generation Cartel, now a branch of the Sinaloa Cartel.", "Following the attacks, the Sinaloa cartel's kingpin, Joaquín Guzmán Loera—better known as \"El Chapo Guzmán\"—sent a message to Los Zetas that they will fight for the control of the Nuevo Laredo plaza.", "The message read the following:\nNuevo Laredo is considered a stronghold of Los Zetas, although there were incursions by the Sinaloa Cartel in March 2012.", "Consequently, Los Zetas responded two days later with incursions to Sinaloa, the home state of the Sinaloa Cartel.", "The Sinaloa Cartel's first attempt to take over Nuevo Laredo happened in 2005, when Los Zetas was working as the armed wing of the Gulf Cartel.", "InSight Crime analysis\nThe \"40\" in the message is a reference to Miguel Treviño Morales, a top leader of Los Zetas based in Nuevo Laredo, and longtime adversary of \"El Chapo\" Guzmán.", "The \"H\" is presumably Héctor Beltrán Leyva, the last remaining brother of the Beltrán Leyva Cartel.", "The Beltrán Leyva organization, unlike the Zetas, has presence in Sinaloa state, and would probably have an easier time attacking the Sinaloa Cartel on its own turf.", "The message does not mention the fact that the Gulf Cartel is probably supporting the Sinaloa Cartel in carrying out the executions.", "In addition, the banner suggests that the alliance between Los Zetas and the Beltrán Leyva Cartel remains intact as of 2012 despite its losses it lived in 2008.", "The message also suggests the differences in the modus operandi of Los Zetas and the Sinaloa Cartel, because as authors of InSight Crime allege, the Zetas have a reputation of operating through extortions, kidnappings, robberies, and other illicit activities; in contrast, the Sinaloa Cartel is known simply for drug trafficking.", "(Both assertions are not wholly true, but often reflect a popular sentiment).", "Guzmán attempted to take over Nuevo Laredo after the capture of the Gulf Cartel leader, Osiel Cárdenas Guillén, in 2003.", "Nevertheless, Guzmán retreated after a few years of bloody turf wars.", "The Sinaloa Cartel's return to Nuevo Laredo, however, was seen again in March 2012 after Guzmán reportedly left several corpses and a message heralding his return.", "According to the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Nuevo Laredo is the busiest border crossing in terms of truck crossings with over 1.7 million trucks a year, more than double than any other crossing in the Mexico–United States border.", "Nuevo Laredo is the fourth-busiest border crossing in terms of passenger vehicles.", "Patrick Corcoran of InSight Crime believes that the turf war in Nuevo Laredo will bring a huge wave of violence, but also mentioned that the circumstances have changed since the split of the Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas in early 2010.", "The current alliance between Guzmán's Sinaloa Cartel and the Gulf Cartel may successfully extract Los Zetas and give \"El Chapo\" the upper hand.", "And once the Sinaloa Cartel gets established in Nuevo Laredo, it may possibly make moves to control Reynosa and Matamoros, Tamaulipas.", "Investigations\nOn 24 April 2012, the attorney general of the state of Tamaulipas identified 10 of the 14 people killed.", "In addition, the Mexican authorities stated that those killed had \"no relationship with the criminal group Los Zetas,\" and that they were in fact innocent civilians.", "The U.S. Customs and Border Protection indicated that 7 out of the 14 who were killed were reportedly deported immigrants who were working illegally in the United States.", "The authorities said that the massacre was carried out to generate \"psychosis,\" because there is no concrete evidence of a \"war between drug cartels\" nor elements that indicate the presence of a group representing the Sinaloa Cartel in the border city of Nuevo Laredo.", "Some of the bodies have been returned to their families.", "The rest of the corpses have not been identified and remain in the Forensic Medical Services (SEMEFO).", "23 bodies—14 of them decapitated and 9 of them hanged from a bridge—were discovered in Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, in an escalation of brutal violence involving rival drug gangs on the U.S. border.", "In the first incident, at around 1:00 am on 4 May 2012, nine people were hanged from a bridge on the Mexican Federal Highway 85D with a message left behind by the killers.", "Horrified motorists encountered the blood-stained bodies of four women and five men hanging off a bridge.", "The banner left behind reportedly stated that those killed were the perpetrators of the car bomb in the city on 24 April 2012.", "In addition, the 9 people who were hanged on the bridge were reportedly members of the Gulf Cartel who were killed by Los Zetas for \"heating up\" their turf.", "The message read the following:\nIn the second incident, which occurred hours later, 14 decapitated bodies were abandoned inside a vehicle in front of the Customs Agency; the severed heads were left inside several ice coolers in front of the municipal palace.", "The Mexican police said the second massacre could have been an act of revenge by the Gulf Cartel to Los Zetas for the earlier killings.", "Along with the decapitated bodies was a message allegedly signed by Joaquín Guzmán Loera, where he demanded the municipality mayor of Nuevo Laredo, Benjamín Galván, along with other municipal and state leaders and public safety officials to recognize the Sinaloa cartel's presence in the area and stop insisting he is not in the city.", "The message read the following:", "At around 8:00 a.m. on 24 April 2012 in Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, a car bomb exploded outside the city's police department.", "When the Mexican military arrived at the area of the explosion, they engaged in a confrontation with cartel members who shot them upon their arrival.", "There was one civilian who was injured as a result of the car bomb.", "The \"Blog del Narco\" credited the attacks to Joaquín Guzmán Loera (a.k.a. \"El Chapo\"), who reportedly left another message for Los Zetas about the Sinaloa cartel's incursion in Nuevo Laredo.", "In the second incident, suspected members of a drug trafficking organization opened fire at a hotel that the Federal police was using as barracks on 23 May 2012, and then set off a car bomb in front of the police dormitories.", "A Chevrolet pickup truck exploded at around 5:30 a.m. inside the parking lot of Hotel Santa Cecilia in southern Nuevo Laredo, injuring 2 civilians and 8 police officers.", "The blast was strong enough to partially damage several rooms in the hotel and a couple of vehicles.", "Three of the ten police officers were wounded with third degree burns in half of their bodies, while the rest were treated for non-life-threatening wounds.", "Many residents living in Nuevo Laredo and across the international border in Laredo, Texas were reportedly awaken by the car explosion.", "Some Laredo residents also began calling 9-1-1 early in the morning as the cartel battles in Nuevo Laredo reached their peak.", "One resident even said that the explosions in Nuevo Laredo made his house shake across the border.", "Soon after the attacks, the Mexican Army put up a military checkpoint in the avenue where the hotel is situated.", "In addition, this attack was the first attack directed to Tamaulipas' new state police force, which took over the duties of the municipal police forces that were considered ineffective and corrupt.", "The authorities in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas believe that Los Zetas, one of Mexico's most powerful criminal groups, carried out the attack.", "Los Zetas are known for carrying out a number of attacks, but this one was described as \"one of the most elaborate.", "\"\nA third car bomb was abandoned on 29 June 2012 in front of the municipal palace at around 11:00 a.m., and exploded just below the office of Benjamín Galván Gómez, the mayor of Nuevo Laredo.", "Explosives were planted inside a gray Ford Ranger pickup truck, damaging more than ten vehicles that were parked near the car bomb and destroying dozens of windows in its surroundings.", "The detonation was heard on both sides of the U.S.-Mexico border.", "Laredo police said they received calls from several residents reporting an explosion, and dispatched officiers to the international bridges in the Texan city.", "A plume of smoke was seen from the U.S. side too.", "In addition, seven people who were near the explosion were injured.", "The Federal police and the Mexican Army cordoned the crime scene, as paramedics stabilized the bystanders and transported them to the nearest hospital.", "The Mexican authorities believe this car bomb attack was a form of \"expression\" by the criminal syndicates who operate in Nuevo Laredo and want to make their presence known.", "The state of Tamaulipas pledged to intensify the security measures in Nuevo Laredo.", "On 19 March 2004, journalist Roberto Javier Mora García was stabbed 26 times outside his home in Nuevo Laredo.", "On 6 February 2006, two armed men broke into the offices of \"El Mañana\" and detonated a grenade.", "They also shot the outside walls of the installation with AK-47s and AR-15s before fleeing the scene.", "According to \"La Jornada\", the armed men shot the installation more than 100 times, injuring Jaime Orozco Tey, a journalist.", "On 30 July 2010, a group of armed men in a vehicle threw a grenade at the offices of Televisa in Nuevo Laredo, damaging two vehicles.", "On 26 September 2011, María Elizabeth Macías Castro, an editor of la \"Primera Hora\" newspaper, was decapitated; a note was left behind by Los Zetas, claiming responsibility for the killing.", "The message read the following: \"For those who don't want to believe, this happened to [María Elizabeth Macías Castro] because of [her] actions, for believing in the army and the navy.", "Thank you for your attention, respectfully, Los Zetas.", "On 13 September 2011, a man and a woman in their early twenties were hanged from a pedestrian bridge in Nuevo Laredo.", "Their fingers and ears were mutilated, and both bore signs of torture.", "The signs left behind declared that the pair were killed for posting denouncements of the drug cartel activities on the Internet.", "The message read: \"This is going to happen to all of those posting funny things on the Internet,\" one sign said.", "\"You better (expletive) pay attention.", "I'm about to get you.\"", "The killing was carried out by Los Zetas.", "On 9 November 2011, a blogger was tortured and decapitated for allegedly denouncing against the organized crime groups online.", "The man killed reportedly used the username \"Rascatripa\" in the site known as \"Nuevo Laredo en Vivo\", where civilians post on the activities of Los Zetas.", "The killers left another message on top of the corpse stating the following: \"Hello!", "I'm Rascatripas and this happened to me for failing to understand that I should not report things on social media websites.", "With this last report I bid farewell to Nuevo Laredo en Vivo.\"", "This man was the fourth killed by the cartels for posting against them on the Internet in less than two months.", "The brutal killings sent \"shock waves\" to the online community, and Twitter users from Nuevo Laredo, Reynosa, and the Rio Grande Valley, along with other border communities, issued a joint statement asking for protection in November 2011.", "The bloggers asked the Mexican government to solve the murders and protect freedom of speech.", "Even the \"hacker group\" known as Anonymous stepped in and gave recommendations to the community in Nuevo Laredo to \"be careful\" when denouncing Los Zetas.", "In another incident, a group of armed men attacked the offices of \"El Mañana\" newspaper at around 23:00 hours on 11 May 2012.", "The Mexican authorities stated that no one was injured in the 5-minute shootout, but the offices and some vehicles were damaged when bullets impacted from the outside.", "When the employees of \"El Mañana\" heard the detonations, they threw themselves on the floor, while others suffered nervous breakdowns.", "Some witnesses mentioned that they heard grenade explosions during the attack.", "In addition, a message was reportedly left behind by the perpetrators.", "The damage was minimal, but the message was understood.", "\"El Mañana\" took the attack as a warning from the Sinaloa Cartel that it wants coverage claiming that they are taking over Nuevo Laredo and beating Los Zetas, therefore making the Sinaloa cartel look \"tough\" and Los Zetas \"look weak.\"", "The problem is that if the journalists decide to favor the Sinaloa cartel or Los Zetas, they will find themselves threatened by one of the cartels.", "In other words, one cartel threatens if there isn't coverage (Sinaloa cartel) and the other cartel threatens if there is coverage (Los Zetas).", "Following the attacks, \"El Mañana\" declared that it will no longer report on news relating to drug-violence.", "They may in fact be the first newspaper to publicly step down and stop covering all crime incidents involving stories of mafia groups fighting for control.", "The day that the editorial stepped down, 49 decapitated bodies were found along a highway near Monterrey, Mexico's third largest city, and just 120 miles south of Nuevo Laredo.", "Most newspapers covered this incident, but \"El Mañana\" did not.", "Again, on 10 June 2012, \"El Mañana\" suffered another grenade attack but only material damages were reported.", "In response to the attacks, the newspaper issued the following message to the public:\nMany Mexicans have been relying on social media chatrooms and sites like Facebook and Twitter as traditional media \"self-censor in the face of cartel violence.\"", "Moreover, due to the violent attacks the press has received in Nuevo Laredo, news media have practiced \"self-censorship,\" where local journalist prefer to silence the press and refuse to report on important incidents for fears of reprisals by the cartels.", "Events that would go on the front-page of any newspaper—mass murders with over six dead, shooting incidents wounding three soldiers—often go unreported in Nuevo Laredo.", "The cartels want the cities they control to appear calm in order to prevent the government from sending federal troops.", "Consequently, the press, tired of extortions and death threats, prefers to go silent because there is no guarantee for their safety.", "On 21 May 2012, the Mexican authorities were alerted that a casino was on fire in Nuevo Laredo.", "At around six in the morning, an anonymous call alerted the police that smoke was coming from a building.", "By 8:00 a.m.", "the fire had been put down, but a portion of the casino was consumed by the flames.", "Nonetheless, only material damages were reported.", "Inside the casino were several containers holding large amounts of gasoline, which helped the authorities conclude that the arson was intentional.", "The 'Amazonas' casino, as it was known, opened in February 2010; however, it was closed in March 2012 for operating illegally.", "According to the \"Blog del Narco\", several people from Nuevo Laredo knew that the casino was owned by Los Zetas.", "The article was also mentioned that the Zetas ordered the closure of another casino known as 'El Juega Juega' to benefit 'Amazonas.'\nThree days later on 24 May 2012, the 'Maranho' nightclub, considered among the most popular in Nuevo Laredo, was set on fire between 2:00 and 3:00 a.m.", "And according to unofficial accounts, a group of gunmen were the perpetrators, while some accounts mention that they used grenades and bombs.", "The nightclub was \"completely destroyed,\" but no victims were reported.", "Other grenade explosions were heard across the border in Laredo, Texas, while the residents turned to #LaredoFollow hashtag on Twitter to report on the violence.", "Unconfirmed reports from KGNS-TV state that several places in Nuevo Laredo, including educational institutions, are under bomb threats.", "However, the main targets in the bomb attacks have been entertainment businesses with supposed ties with the mafias that operate in the city." ]

[ 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37 ]

[ "The drug-violence in Nuevo Laredo began back in 2003, when the city was controlled by the Gulf Cartel." ]

[ "At around 3 am on 1 August 2003, the Federal Investigations Agency (AFI) confronted a group of armed men in the streets of Nuevo Laredo.", "Members of the AFI were staying at a hotel when Juan Manuel Muñoz Morales, the attorney general of the city, called for help.", "He was reportedly being chased by several individuals in a dark-colored truck.", "Consequently, the AFI officers followed the truck with seven of their vehicles, triggering a shootout between the police officers and alleged drug traffickers.", "The armed confrontation lasted for more than 40 minutes, provoking \"panic\" and turning Nuevo Laredo into a \"battlefield.\"", "The gun detonations were heard throughout most of the city.", "Some witnesses, who preferred to remain anonymous, claimed that they saw over \"18 armed men in black with ski-masks.\"\nDuring the chase, five armed men in another vehicle shot at the police convoy.", "The triggermen in the two vehicles then engaged in a gunfight with the AFI for minutes, but one of the vehicles collided with a police truck.", "The vehicle the drug traffickers were in then caught on fire, and two of the gunmen were burned to death.", "The third one died on the sidewalk.", "According to PGR, the three gunmen that were killed were members of Los Negros, a group of hitmen under the tutelage of Joaquín Guzmán Loera (a.k.a. \"El Chapo\") and of the Juárez Cartel.", "Rocket-launchers, along with an \"inexact number of assault rifles,\" were reportedly used in the attack.", "In addition, the government agency stated that 198 municipal police officers were to be investigated for possible connections with the Gulf Cartel; Manuel Muñoz, the attorney general who was being chased, was detained by the Mexican authorities.", "It is believed that he had liberated five members of Los Zetas who had been detained during the armed confrontation.", "According to Esmas.com, this shooting was the first major gunfire in Nuevo Laredo between the Mexican authorities and cartel members in over thirty years.", "Between 1 January and 1 August 2003, 45 homicides were reported in Nuevo Laredo, along with 40 kidnappings.", "After the apprehension of Osiel Cárdenas Guillén in 2003, the former leader of the Gulf Cartel, his criminal organization went through a leadership crisis, since there was no visible leader to take the lead of the cartel.", "Nonetheless, Joaquín Guzmán Loera, the drug boss of the Sinaloa cartel who is best known as \"El Chapo\", \"broke the rules\" and penetrated into Tamaulipas.", "His organization began to kill police officers—forcing many to take a side with or against him—and assassinating rival cartel members.", "The Mexican Armed Forces and the program \"México Seguro\" were unable to put down the violence.", "For the first time in many years, the Mexican State was limited in its actions—and even surpassed—by the criminal organizations.", "The Sinaloa Cartel stood to its firm intention to become the \"hegemonic drug trafficking organization in Mexico.\"", "And to do so, it had to control the cities along the U.S.-Mexico border.", "Back in the early 2000s, if a different drug trafficking organization wanted to traffic narcotics through a different corridor, they had to pay a fee to the cartel that controlled it.", "Hence, it often resulted in a high prize, since Osiel Cárdenas Guillén \"knew how much every millimeter in his turf cost.", "\"\nNo drug trafficking organization before the Sinaloa cartel had dared to take on the Gulf Cartel.", "But Juan José Esparragoza Moreno and \"El Chapo Guzmán\" were persuasive in moving on into Nuevo Laredo and the rest of Tamaulipas.", "One of the first steps in the war between the Gulf and Sinaloa cartels began when Arturo Beltrán Leyva, alias \"El Barbas\", hired Dionisio Román García (\"El Chacho\"), the leader of a gang who operated in Nuevo Laredo under the permission of Osiel in 2002.", "Nevertheless, \"El Chacho\" turned against the Osiel and the Gulf organization by deciding to work for the Sinaloa cartel and killing a Zeta member.", "This triggered a series of attacks and executions in Tamaulipas.", "And, in order to put down the violence, \"El Barbas\" sought Arturo Guzmán Decena, one of the founders of Los Zetas, and told him that he \"did not want any problems\" with the Zetas, and that he would do his best to turn in \"El Chacho\".", "Guzmán Decena accepted his apology, but told him that if anyone from the Sinaloa cartel wanted to traffic drugs inside the Gulf Cartel's territory, they had to be unarmed and under supervision.", "In May 2002, \"El Chacho\" was kidnapped in the city of Monterrey by members of Los Zetas, and eventually found dead in Tamaulipas, bearing signs of torture.", "\"El Barbas\" then asked Osiel if Edgar Valdez Villarreal (\"La Barbie\") could replace \"El Chacho\", and he accepted.", "Los Zetas, however, were not convinced nor happy with Osiel's decision, because for them, \"a betrayal is a betrayal.\"", "Fifteen days after the capture of Osiel, Valdez Villarreal called Heriberto Lazcano Lazcano (who had taken the lead of Los Zetas after the death of Guzmán Decena in 2002)", "and said: \"You have a week to leave the territories from Reynosa to Nuevo Laredo.\"", "With this, the war had started.", "Dismembered remains of 14 men were found in several plastic bags inside a Chrysler Voyager in the border city of Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas on 17 April 2012.", "All of those killed were between the ages of 30 and 35.", "Mexican officials stated that they found a \"messaged signed by a criminal group,\" but they did not release the content of the note, nor if those killed were members of Los Zetas or of the Gulf Cartel.", "\"CNNMéxico\" stated that the message left behind by the criminal group said that they were going to \"clean up Nuevo Laredo\" by killing Zeta members.", "\"The Monitor\" newspaper, however, said that a source outside law enforcement but with direct knowledge of the attacks stated the 14 bodies belonged to members of Los Zetas who had been killed by the Jalisco New Generation Cartel, now a branch of the Sinaloa Cartel.", "Following the attacks, the Sinaloa cartel's kingpin, Joaquín Guzmán Loera—better known as \"El Chapo Guzmán\"—sent a message to Los Zetas that they will fight for the control of the Nuevo Laredo plaza.", "The message read the following:\nNuevo Laredo is considered a stronghold of Los Zetas, although there were incursions by the Sinaloa Cartel in March 2012.", "Consequently, Los Zetas responded two days later with incursions to Sinaloa, the home state of the Sinaloa Cartel.", "The Sinaloa Cartel's first attempt to take over Nuevo Laredo happened in 2005, when Los Zetas was working as the armed wing of the Gulf Cartel.", "InSight Crime analysis\nThe \"40\" in the message is a reference to Miguel Treviño Morales, a top leader of Los Zetas based in Nuevo Laredo, and longtime adversary of \"El Chapo\" Guzmán.", "The \"H\" is presumably Héctor Beltrán Leyva, the last remaining brother of the Beltrán Leyva Cartel.", "The Beltrán Leyva organization, unlike the Zetas, has presence in Sinaloa state, and would probably have an easier time attacking the Sinaloa Cartel on its own turf.", "The message does not mention the fact that the Gulf Cartel is probably supporting the Sinaloa Cartel in carrying out the executions.", "In addition, the banner suggests that the alliance between Los Zetas and the Beltrán Leyva Cartel remains intact as of 2012 despite its losses it lived in 2008.", "The message also suggests the differences in the modus operandi of Los Zetas and the Sinaloa Cartel, because as authors of InSight Crime allege, the Zetas have a reputation of operating through extortions, kidnappings, robberies, and other illicit activities; in contrast, the Sinaloa Cartel is known simply for drug trafficking.", "(Both assertions are not wholly true, but often reflect a popular sentiment).", "Guzmán attempted to take over Nuevo Laredo after the capture of the Gulf Cartel leader, Osiel Cárdenas Guillén, in 2003.", "Nevertheless, Guzmán retreated after a few years of bloody turf wars.", "The Sinaloa Cartel's return to Nuevo Laredo, however, was seen again in March 2012 after Guzmán reportedly left several corpses and a message heralding his return.", "According to the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Nuevo Laredo is the busiest border crossing in terms of truck crossings with over 1.7 million trucks a year, more than double than any other crossing in the Mexico–United States border.", "Nuevo Laredo is the fourth-busiest border crossing in terms of passenger vehicles.", "Patrick Corcoran of InSight Crime believes that the turf war in Nuevo Laredo will bring a huge wave of violence, but also mentioned that the circumstances have changed since the split of the Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas in early 2010.", "The current alliance between Guzmán's Sinaloa Cartel and the Gulf Cartel may successfully extract Los Zetas and give \"El Chapo\" the upper hand.", "And once the Sinaloa Cartel gets established in Nuevo Laredo, it may possibly make moves to control Reynosa and Matamoros, Tamaulipas.", "Investigations\nOn 24 April 2012, the attorney general of the state of Tamaulipas identified 10 of the 14 people killed.", "In addition, the Mexican authorities stated that those killed had \"no relationship with the criminal group Los Zetas,\" and that they were in fact innocent civilians.", "The U.S. Customs and Border Protection indicated that 7 out of the 14 who were killed were reportedly deported immigrants who were working illegally in the United States.", "The authorities said that the massacre was carried out to generate \"psychosis,\" because there is no concrete evidence of a \"war between drug cartels\" nor elements that indicate the presence of a group representing the Sinaloa Cartel in the border city of Nuevo Laredo.", "Some of the bodies have been returned to their families.", "The rest of the corpses have not been identified and remain in the Forensic Medical Services (SEMEFO).", "23 bodies—14 of them decapitated and 9 of them hanged from a bridge—were discovered in Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, in an escalation of brutal violence involving rival drug gangs on the U.S. border.", "In the first incident, at around 1:00 am on 4 May 2012, nine people were hanged from a bridge on the Mexican Federal Highway 85D with a message left behind by the killers.", "Horrified motorists encountered the blood-stained bodies of four women and five men hanging off a bridge.", "The banner left behind reportedly stated that those killed were the perpetrators of the car bomb in the city on 24 April 2012.", "In addition, the 9 people who were hanged on the bridge were reportedly members of the Gulf Cartel who were killed by Los Zetas for \"heating up\" their turf.", "The message read the following:\nIn the second incident, which occurred hours later, 14 decapitated bodies were abandoned inside a vehicle in front of the Customs Agency; the severed heads were left inside several ice coolers in front of the municipal palace.", "The Mexican police said the second massacre could have been an act of revenge by the Gulf Cartel to Los Zetas for the earlier killings.", "Along with the decapitated bodies was a message allegedly signed by Joaquín Guzmán Loera, where he demanded the municipality mayor of Nuevo Laredo, Benjamín Galván, along with other municipal and state leaders and public safety officials to recognize the Sinaloa cartel's presence in the area and stop insisting he is not in the city.", "The message read the following:", "At around 8:00 a.m. on 24 April 2012 in Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, a car bomb exploded outside the city's police department.", "When the Mexican military arrived at the area of the explosion, they engaged in a confrontation with cartel members who shot them upon their arrival.", "There was one civilian who was injured as a result of the car bomb.", "The \"Blog del Narco\" credited the attacks to Joaquín Guzmán Loera (a.k.a. \"El Chapo\"), who reportedly left another message for Los Zetas about the Sinaloa cartel's incursion in Nuevo Laredo.", "In the second incident, suspected members of a drug trafficking organization opened fire at a hotel that the Federal police was using as barracks on 23 May 2012, and then set off a car bomb in front of the police dormitories.", "A Chevrolet pickup truck exploded at around 5:30 a.m. inside the parking lot of Hotel Santa Cecilia in southern Nuevo Laredo, injuring 2 civilians and 8 police officers.", "The blast was strong enough to partially damage several rooms in the hotel and a couple of vehicles.", "Three of the ten police officers were wounded with third degree burns in half of their bodies, while the rest were treated for non-life-threatening wounds.", "Many residents living in Nuevo Laredo and across the international border in Laredo, Texas were reportedly awaken by the car explosion.", "Some Laredo residents also began calling 9-1-1 early in the morning as the cartel battles in Nuevo Laredo reached their peak.", "One resident even said that the explosions in Nuevo Laredo made his house shake across the border.", "Soon after the attacks, the Mexican Army put up a military checkpoint in the avenue where the hotel is situated.", "In addition, this attack was the first attack directed to Tamaulipas' new state police force, which took over the duties of the municipal police forces that were considered ineffective and corrupt.", "The authorities in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas believe that Los Zetas, one of Mexico's most powerful criminal groups, carried out the attack.", "Los Zetas are known for carrying out a number of attacks, but this one was described as \"one of the most elaborate.", "\"\nA third car bomb was abandoned on 29 June 2012 in front of the municipal palace at around 11:00 a.m., and exploded just below the office of Benjamín Galván Gómez, the mayor of Nuevo Laredo.", "Explosives were planted inside a gray Ford Ranger pickup truck, damaging more than ten vehicles that were parked near the car bomb and destroying dozens of windows in its surroundings.", "The detonation was heard on both sides of the U.S.-Mexico border.", "Laredo police said they received calls from several residents reporting an explosion, and dispatched officiers to the international bridges in the Texan city.", "A plume of smoke was seen from the U.S. side too.", "In addition, seven people who were near the explosion were injured.", "The Federal police and the Mexican Army cordoned the crime scene, as paramedics stabilized the bystanders and transported them to the nearest hospital.", "The Mexican authorities believe this car bomb attack was a form of \"expression\" by the criminal syndicates who operate in Nuevo Laredo and want to make their presence known.", "The state of Tamaulipas pledged to intensify the security measures in Nuevo Laredo.", "On 19 March 2004, journalist Roberto Javier Mora García was stabbed 26 times outside his home in Nuevo Laredo.", "On 6 February 2006, two armed men broke into the offices of \"El Mañana\" and detonated a grenade.", "They also shot the outside walls of the installation with AK-47s and AR-15s before fleeing the scene.", "According to \"La Jornada\", the armed men shot the installation more than 100 times, injuring Jaime Orozco Tey, a journalist.", "On 30 July 2010, a group of armed men in a vehicle threw a grenade at the offices of Televisa in Nuevo Laredo, damaging two vehicles.", "On 26 September 2011, María Elizabeth Macías Castro, an editor of la \"Primera Hora\" newspaper, was decapitated; a note was left behind by Los Zetas, claiming responsibility for the killing.", "The message read the following: \"For those who don't want to believe, this happened to [María Elizabeth Macías Castro] because of [her] actions, for believing in the army and the navy.", "Thank you for your attention, respectfully, Los Zetas.", "On 13 September 2011, a man and a woman in their early twenties were hanged from a pedestrian bridge in Nuevo Laredo.", "Their fingers and ears were mutilated, and both bore signs of torture.", "The signs left behind declared that the pair were killed for posting denouncements of the drug cartel activities on the Internet.", "The message read: \"This is going to happen to all of those posting funny things on the Internet,\" one sign said.", "\"You better (expletive) pay attention.", "I'm about to get you.\"", "The killing was carried out by Los Zetas.", "On 9 November 2011, a blogger was tortured and decapitated for allegedly denouncing against the organized crime groups online.", "The man killed reportedly used the username \"Rascatripa\" in the site known as \"Nuevo Laredo en Vivo\", where civilians post on the activities of Los Zetas.", "The killers left another message on top of the corpse stating the following: \"Hello!", "I'm Rascatripas and this happened to me for failing to understand that I should not report things on social media websites.", "With this last report I bid farewell to Nuevo Laredo en Vivo.\"", "This man was the fourth killed by the cartels for posting against them on the Internet in less than two months.", "The brutal killings sent \"shock waves\" to the online community, and Twitter users from Nuevo Laredo, Reynosa, and the Rio Grande Valley, along with other border communities, issued a joint statement asking for protection in November 2011.", "The bloggers asked the Mexican government to solve the murders and protect freedom of speech.", "Even the \"hacker group\" known as Anonymous stepped in and gave recommendations to the community in Nuevo Laredo to \"be careful\" when denouncing Los Zetas.", "In another incident, a group of armed men attacked the offices of \"El Mañana\" newspaper at around 23:00 hours on 11 May 2012.", "The Mexican authorities stated that no one was injured in the 5-minute shootout, but the offices and some vehicles were damaged when bullets impacted from the outside.", "When the employees of \"El Mañana\" heard the detonations, they threw themselves on the floor, while others suffered nervous breakdowns.", "Some witnesses mentioned that they heard grenade explosions during the attack.", "In addition, a message was reportedly left behind by the perpetrators.", "The damage was minimal, but the message was understood.", "\"El Mañana\" took the attack as a warning from the Sinaloa Cartel that it wants coverage claiming that they are taking over Nuevo Laredo and beating Los Zetas, therefore making the Sinaloa cartel look \"tough\" and Los Zetas \"look weak.\"", "The problem is that if the journalists decide to favor the Sinaloa cartel or Los Zetas, they will find themselves threatened by one of the cartels.", "In other words, one cartel threatens if there isn't coverage (Sinaloa cartel) and the other cartel threatens if there is coverage (Los Zetas).", "Following the attacks, \"El Mañana\" declared that it will no longer report on news relating to drug-violence.", "They may in fact be the first newspaper to publicly step down and stop covering all crime incidents involving stories of mafia groups fighting for control.", "The day that the editorial stepped down, 49 decapitated bodies were found along a highway near Monterrey, Mexico's third largest city, and just 120 miles south of Nuevo Laredo.", "Most newspapers covered this incident, but \"El Mañana\" did not.", "Again, on 10 June 2012, \"El Mañana\" suffered another grenade attack but only material damages were reported.", "In response to the attacks, the newspaper issued the following message to the public:\nMany Mexicans have been relying on social media chatrooms and sites like Facebook and Twitter as traditional media \"self-censor in the face of cartel violence.\"", "Moreover, due to the violent attacks the press has received in Nuevo Laredo, news media have practiced \"self-censorship,\" where local journalist prefer to silence the press and refuse to report on important incidents for fears of reprisals by the cartels.", "Events that would go on the front-page of any newspaper—mass murders with over six dead, shooting incidents wounding three soldiers—often go unreported in Nuevo Laredo.", "The cartels want the cities they control to appear calm in order to prevent the government from sending federal troops.", "Consequently, the press, tired of extortions and death threats, prefers to go silent because there is no guarantee for their safety.", "On 21 May 2012, the Mexican authorities were alerted that a casino was on fire in Nuevo Laredo.", "At around six in the morning, an anonymous call alerted the police that smoke was coming from a building.", "By 8:00 a.m.", "the fire had been put down, but a portion of the casino was consumed by the flames.", "Nonetheless, only material damages were reported.", "Inside the casino were several containers holding large amounts of gasoline, which helped the authorities conclude that the arson was intentional.", "The 'Amazonas' casino, as it was known, opened in February 2010; however, it was closed in March 2012 for operating illegally.", "According to the \"Blog del Narco\", several people from Nuevo Laredo knew that the casino was owned by Los Zetas.", "The article was also mentioned that the Zetas ordered the closure of another casino known as 'El Juega Juega' to benefit 'Amazonas.'\nThree days later on 24 May 2012, the 'Maranho' nightclub, considered among the most popular in Nuevo Laredo, was set on fire between 2:00 and 3:00 a.m.", "And according to unofficial accounts, a group of gunmen were the perpetrators, while some accounts mention that they used grenades and bombs.", "The nightclub was \"completely destroyed,\" but no victims were reported.", "Other grenade explosions were heard across the border in Laredo, Texas, while the residents turned to #LaredoFollow hashtag on Twitter to report on the violence.", "Unconfirmed reports from KGNS-TV state that several places in Nuevo Laredo, including educational institutions, are under bomb threats.", "However, the main targets in the bomb attacks have been entertainment businesses with supposed ties with the mafias that operate in the city." ]

[ 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76 ]

[ "The 2012 Nuevo Laredo massacres were a series of mass murder attacks between the allied Sinaloa Cartel and Gulf Cartel against Los Zetas in the border city of Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, across the U.S.-Mexico border from Laredo, Texas.", "When Osiel Cárdenas Guillén, the former leader of the Gulf Cartel, was arrested in 2003, the Sinaloa Cartel, sensing weakness, tried to move in on Nuevo Laredo, unleashing a bloody battle.", "Los Zetas, however, were successful in expelling the Sinaloa organization out of Nuevo Laredo, and have ruled the city \"with fear\" ever since.", "Nevertheless, the Gulf cartel and Los Zetas broke relations in early 2010, worsening the violence across northeast Mexico.", "Over 40% of all cargo crossings from Mexico to the United States crosses through the border checkpoints in Nuevo Laredo." ]

[ "At around 3 am on 1 August 2003, the Federal Investigations Agency (AFI) confronted a group of armed men in the streets of Nuevo Laredo.", "Members of the AFI were staying at a hotel when Juan Manuel Muñoz Morales, the attorney general of the city, called for help.", "He was reportedly being chased by several individuals in a dark-colored truck.", "Consequently, the AFI officers followed the truck with seven of their vehicles, triggering a shootout between the police officers and alleged drug traffickers.", "The armed confrontation lasted for more than 40 minutes, provoking \"panic\" and turning Nuevo Laredo into a \"battlefield.\"", "The gun detonations were heard throughout most of the city.", "Some witnesses, who preferred to remain anonymous, claimed that they saw over \"18 armed men in black with ski-masks.\"\nDuring the chase, five armed men in another vehicle shot at the police convoy.", "The triggermen in the two vehicles then engaged in a gunfight with the AFI for minutes, but one of the vehicles collided with a police truck.", "The vehicle the drug traffickers were in then caught on fire, and two of the gunmen were burned to death.", "The third one died on the sidewalk.", "According to PGR, the three gunmen that were killed were members of Los Negros, a group of hitmen under the tutelage of Joaquín Guzmán Loera (a.k.a. \"El Chapo\") and of the Juárez Cartel.", "Rocket-launchers, along with an \"inexact number of assault rifles,\" were reportedly used in the attack.", "In addition, the government agency stated that 198 municipal police officers were to be investigated for possible connections with the Gulf Cartel; Manuel Muñoz, the attorney general who was being chased, was detained by the Mexican authorities.", "It is believed that he had liberated five members of Los Zetas who had been detained during the armed confrontation.", "According to Esmas.com, this shooting was the first major gunfire in Nuevo Laredo between the Mexican authorities and cartel members in over thirty years.", "Between 1 January and 1 August 2003, 45 homicides were reported in Nuevo Laredo, along with 40 kidnappings.", "After the apprehension of Osiel Cárdenas Guillén in 2003, the former leader of the Gulf Cartel, his criminal organization went through a leadership crisis, since there was no visible leader to take the lead of the cartel.", "Nonetheless, Joaquín Guzmán Loera, the drug boss of the Sinaloa cartel who is best known as \"El Chapo\", \"broke the rules\" and penetrated into Tamaulipas.", "His organization began to kill police officers—forcing many to take a side with or against him—and assassinating rival cartel members.", "The Mexican Armed Forces and the program \"México Seguro\" were unable to put down the violence.", "For the first time in many years, the Mexican State was limited in its actions—and even surpassed—by the criminal organizations.", "The Sinaloa Cartel stood to its firm intention to become the \"hegemonic drug trafficking organization in Mexico.\"", "And to do so, it had to control the cities along the U.S.-Mexico border.", "Back in the early 2000s, if a different drug trafficking organization wanted to traffic narcotics through a different corridor, they had to pay a fee to the cartel that controlled it.", "Hence, it often resulted in a high prize, since Osiel Cárdenas Guillén \"knew how much every millimeter in his turf cost.", "\"\nNo drug trafficking organization before the Sinaloa cartel had dared to take on the Gulf Cartel.", "But Juan José Esparragoza Moreno and \"El Chapo Guzmán\" were persuasive in moving on into Nuevo Laredo and the rest of Tamaulipas.", "One of the first steps in the war between the Gulf and Sinaloa cartels began when Arturo Beltrán Leyva, alias \"El Barbas\", hired Dionisio Román García (\"El Chacho\"), the leader of a gang who operated in Nuevo Laredo under the permission of Osiel in 2002.", "Nevertheless, \"El Chacho\" turned against the Osiel and the Gulf organization by deciding to work for the Sinaloa cartel and killing a Zeta member.", "This triggered a series of attacks and executions in Tamaulipas.", "And, in order to put down the violence, \"El Barbas\" sought Arturo Guzmán Decena, one of the founders of Los Zetas, and told him that he \"did not want any problems\" with the Zetas, and that he would do his best to turn in \"El Chacho\".", "Guzmán Decena accepted his apology, but told him that if anyone from the Sinaloa cartel wanted to traffic drugs inside the Gulf Cartel's territory, they had to be unarmed and under supervision.", "In May 2002, \"El Chacho\" was kidnapped in the city of Monterrey by members of Los Zetas, and eventually found dead in Tamaulipas, bearing signs of torture.", "\"El Barbas\" then asked Osiel if Edgar Valdez Villarreal (\"La Barbie\") could replace \"El Chacho\", and he accepted.", "Los Zetas, however, were not convinced nor happy with Osiel's decision, because for them, \"a betrayal is a betrayal.\"", "Fifteen days after the capture of Osiel, Valdez Villarreal called Heriberto Lazcano Lazcano (who had taken the lead of Los Zetas after the death of Guzmán Decena in 2002)", "and said: \"You have a week to leave the territories from Reynosa to Nuevo Laredo.\"", "With this, the war had started.", "Dismembered remains of 14 men were found in several plastic bags inside a Chrysler Voyager in the border city of Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas on 17 April 2012.", "All of those killed were between the ages of 30 and 35.", "Mexican officials stated that they found a \"messaged signed by a criminal group,\" but they did not release the content of the note, nor if those killed were members of Los Zetas or of the Gulf Cartel.", "\"CNNMéxico\" stated that the message left behind by the criminal group said that they were going to \"clean up Nuevo Laredo\" by killing Zeta members.", "\"The Monitor\" newspaper, however, said that a source outside law enforcement but with direct knowledge of the attacks stated the 14 bodies belonged to members of Los Zetas who had been killed by the Jalisco New Generation Cartel, now a branch of the Sinaloa Cartel.", "Following the attacks, the Sinaloa cartel's kingpin, Joaquín Guzmán Loera—better known as \"El Chapo Guzmán\"—sent a message to Los Zetas that they will fight for the control of the Nuevo Laredo plaza.", "The message read the following:\nNuevo Laredo is considered a stronghold of Los Zetas, although there were incursions by the Sinaloa Cartel in March 2012.", "Consequently, Los Zetas responded two days later with incursions to Sinaloa, the home state of the Sinaloa Cartel.", "The Sinaloa Cartel's first attempt to take over Nuevo Laredo happened in 2005, when Los Zetas was working as the armed wing of the Gulf Cartel.", "InSight Crime analysis\nThe \"40\" in the message is a reference to Miguel Treviño Morales, a top leader of Los Zetas based in Nuevo Laredo, and longtime adversary of \"El Chapo\" Guzmán.", "The \"H\" is presumably Héctor Beltrán Leyva, the last remaining brother of the Beltrán Leyva Cartel.", "The Beltrán Leyva organization, unlike the Zetas, has presence in Sinaloa state, and would probably have an easier time attacking the Sinaloa Cartel on its own turf.", "The message does not mention the fact that the Gulf Cartel is probably supporting the Sinaloa Cartel in carrying out the executions.", "In addition, the banner suggests that the alliance between Los Zetas and the Beltrán Leyva Cartel remains intact as of 2012 despite its losses it lived in 2008.", "The message also suggests the differences in the modus operandi of Los Zetas and the Sinaloa Cartel, because as authors of InSight Crime allege, the Zetas have a reputation of operating through extortions, kidnappings, robberies, and other illicit activities; in contrast, the Sinaloa Cartel is known simply for drug trafficking.", "(Both assertions are not wholly true, but often reflect a popular sentiment).", "Guzmán attempted to take over Nuevo Laredo after the capture of the Gulf Cartel leader, Osiel Cárdenas Guillén, in 2003.", "Nevertheless, Guzmán retreated after a few years of bloody turf wars.", "The Sinaloa Cartel's return to Nuevo Laredo, however, was seen again in March 2012 after Guzmán reportedly left several corpses and a message heralding his return.", "According to the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Nuevo Laredo is the busiest border crossing in terms of truck crossings with over 1.7 million trucks a year, more than double than any other crossing in the Mexico–United States border.", "Nuevo Laredo is the fourth-busiest border crossing in terms of passenger vehicles.", "Patrick Corcoran of InSight Crime believes that the turf war in Nuevo Laredo will bring a huge wave of violence, but also mentioned that the circumstances have changed since the split of the Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas in early 2010.", "The current alliance between Guzmán's Sinaloa Cartel and the Gulf Cartel may successfully extract Los Zetas and give \"El Chapo\" the upper hand.", "And once the Sinaloa Cartel gets established in Nuevo Laredo, it may possibly make moves to control Reynosa and Matamoros, Tamaulipas.", "Investigations\nOn 24 April 2012, the attorney general of the state of Tamaulipas identified 10 of the 14 people killed.", "In addition, the Mexican authorities stated that those killed had \"no relationship with the criminal group Los Zetas,\" and that they were in fact innocent civilians.", "The U.S. Customs and Border Protection indicated that 7 out of the 14 who were killed were reportedly deported immigrants who were working illegally in the United States.", "The authorities said that the massacre was carried out to generate \"psychosis,\" because there is no concrete evidence of a \"war between drug cartels\" nor elements that indicate the presence of a group representing the Sinaloa Cartel in the border city of Nuevo Laredo.", "Some of the bodies have been returned to their families.", "The rest of the corpses have not been identified and remain in the Forensic Medical Services (SEMEFO).", "23 bodies—14 of them decapitated and 9 of them hanged from a bridge—were discovered in Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, in an escalation of brutal violence involving rival drug gangs on the U.S. border.", "In the first incident, at around 1:00 am on 4 May 2012, nine people were hanged from a bridge on the Mexican Federal Highway 85D with a message left behind by the killers.", "Horrified motorists encountered the blood-stained bodies of four women and five men hanging off a bridge.", "The banner left behind reportedly stated that those killed were the perpetrators of the car bomb in the city on 24 April 2012.", "In addition, the 9 people who were hanged on the bridge were reportedly members of the Gulf Cartel who were killed by Los Zetas for \"heating up\" their turf.", "The message read the following:\nIn the second incident, which occurred hours later, 14 decapitated bodies were abandoned inside a vehicle in front of the Customs Agency; the severed heads were left inside several ice coolers in front of the municipal palace.", "The Mexican police said the second massacre could have been an act of revenge by the Gulf Cartel to Los Zetas for the earlier killings.", "Along with the decapitated bodies was a message allegedly signed by Joaquín Guzmán Loera, where he demanded the municipality mayor of Nuevo Laredo, Benjamín Galván, along with other municipal and state leaders and public safety officials to recognize the Sinaloa cartel's presence in the area and stop insisting he is not in the city.", "The message read the following:", "At around 8:00 a.m. on 24 April 2012 in Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, a car bomb exploded outside the city's police department.", "When the Mexican military arrived at the area of the explosion, they engaged in a confrontation with cartel members who shot them upon their arrival.", "There was one civilian who was injured as a result of the car bomb.", "The \"Blog del Narco\" credited the attacks to Joaquín Guzmán Loera (a.k.a. \"El Chapo\"), who reportedly left another message for Los Zetas about the Sinaloa cartel's incursion in Nuevo Laredo.", "In the second incident, suspected members of a drug trafficking organization opened fire at a hotel that the Federal police was using as barracks on 23 May 2012, and then set off a car bomb in front of the police dormitories.", "A Chevrolet pickup truck exploded at around 5:30 a.m. inside the parking lot of Hotel Santa Cecilia in southern Nuevo Laredo, injuring 2 civilians and 8 police officers.", "The blast was strong enough to partially damage several rooms in the hotel and a couple of vehicles.", "Three of the ten police officers were wounded with third degree burns in half of their bodies, while the rest were treated for non-life-threatening wounds.", "Many residents living in Nuevo Laredo and across the international border in Laredo, Texas were reportedly awaken by the car explosion.", "Some Laredo residents also began calling 9-1-1 early in the morning as the cartel battles in Nuevo Laredo reached their peak.", "One resident even said that the explosions in Nuevo Laredo made his house shake across the border.", "Soon after the attacks, the Mexican Army put up a military checkpoint in the avenue where the hotel is situated.", "In addition, this attack was the first attack directed to Tamaulipas' new state police force, which took over the duties of the municipal police forces that were considered ineffective and corrupt.", "The authorities in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas believe that Los Zetas, one of Mexico's most powerful criminal groups, carried out the attack.", "Los Zetas are known for carrying out a number of attacks, but this one was described as \"one of the most elaborate.", "\"\nA third car bomb was abandoned on 29 June 2012 in front of the municipal palace at around 11:00 a.m., and exploded just below the office of Benjamín Galván Gómez, the mayor of Nuevo Laredo.", "Explosives were planted inside a gray Ford Ranger pickup truck, damaging more than ten vehicles that were parked near the car bomb and destroying dozens of windows in its surroundings.", "The detonation was heard on both sides of the U.S.-Mexico border.", "Laredo police said they received calls from several residents reporting an explosion, and dispatched officiers to the international bridges in the Texan city.", "A plume of smoke was seen from the U.S. side too.", "In addition, seven people who were near the explosion were injured.", "The Federal police and the Mexican Army cordoned the crime scene, as paramedics stabilized the bystanders and transported them to the nearest hospital.", "The Mexican authorities believe this car bomb attack was a form of \"expression\" by the criminal syndicates who operate in Nuevo Laredo and want to make their presence known.", "The state of Tamaulipas pledged to intensify the security measures in Nuevo Laredo.", "On 19 March 2004, journalist Roberto Javier Mora García was stabbed 26 times outside his home in Nuevo Laredo.", "On 6 February 2006, two armed men broke into the offices of \"El Mañana\" and detonated a grenade.", "They also shot the outside walls of the installation with AK-47s and AR-15s before fleeing the scene.", "According to \"La Jornada\", the armed men shot the installation more than 100 times, injuring Jaime Orozco Tey, a journalist.", "On 30 July 2010, a group of armed men in a vehicle threw a grenade at the offices of Televisa in Nuevo Laredo, damaging two vehicles.", "On 26 September 2011, María Elizabeth Macías Castro, an editor of la \"Primera Hora\" newspaper, was decapitated; a note was left behind by Los Zetas, claiming responsibility for the killing.", "The message read the following: \"For those who don't want to believe, this happened to [María Elizabeth Macías Castro] because of [her] actions, for believing in the army and the navy.", "Thank you for your attention, respectfully, Los Zetas.", "On 13 September 2011, a man and a woman in their early twenties were hanged from a pedestrian bridge in Nuevo Laredo.", "Their fingers and ears were mutilated, and both bore signs of torture.", "The signs left behind declared that the pair were killed for posting denouncements of the drug cartel activities on the Internet.", "The message read: \"This is going to happen to all of those posting funny things on the Internet,\" one sign said.", "\"You better (expletive) pay attention.", "I'm about to get you.\"", "The killing was carried out by Los Zetas.", "On 9 November 2011, a blogger was tortured and decapitated for allegedly denouncing against the organized crime groups online.", "The man killed reportedly used the username \"Rascatripa\" in the site known as \"Nuevo Laredo en Vivo\", where civilians post on the activities of Los Zetas.", "The killers left another message on top of the corpse stating the following: \"Hello!", "I'm Rascatripas and this happened to me for failing to understand that I should not report things on social media websites.", "With this last report I bid farewell to Nuevo Laredo en Vivo.\"", "This man was the fourth killed by the cartels for posting against them on the Internet in less than two months.", "The brutal killings sent \"shock waves\" to the online community, and Twitter users from Nuevo Laredo, Reynosa, and the Rio Grande Valley, along with other border communities, issued a joint statement asking for protection in November 2011.", "The bloggers asked the Mexican government to solve the murders and protect freedom of speech.", "Even the \"hacker group\" known as Anonymous stepped in and gave recommendations to the community in Nuevo Laredo to \"be careful\" when denouncing Los Zetas.", "In another incident, a group of armed men attacked the offices of \"El Mañana\" newspaper at around 23:00 hours on 11 May 2012.", "The Mexican authorities stated that no one was injured in the 5-minute shootout, but the offices and some vehicles were damaged when bullets impacted from the outside.", "When the employees of \"El Mañana\" heard the detonations, they threw themselves on the floor, while others suffered nervous breakdowns.", "Some witnesses mentioned that they heard grenade explosions during the attack.", "In addition, a message was reportedly left behind by the perpetrators.", "The damage was minimal, but the message was understood.", "\"El Mañana\" took the attack as a warning from the Sinaloa Cartel that it wants coverage claiming that they are taking over Nuevo Laredo and beating Los Zetas, therefore making the Sinaloa cartel look \"tough\" and Los Zetas \"look weak.\"", "The problem is that if the journalists decide to favor the Sinaloa cartel or Los Zetas, they will find themselves threatened by one of the cartels.", "In other words, one cartel threatens if there isn't coverage (Sinaloa cartel) and the other cartel threatens if there is coverage (Los Zetas).", "Following the attacks, \"El Mañana\" declared that it will no longer report on news relating to drug-violence.", "They may in fact be the first newspaper to publicly step down and stop covering all crime incidents involving stories of mafia groups fighting for control.", "The day that the editorial stepped down, 49 decapitated bodies were found along a highway near Monterrey, Mexico's third largest city, and just 120 miles south of Nuevo Laredo.", "Most newspapers covered this incident, but \"El Mañana\" did not.", "Again, on 10 June 2012, \"El Mañana\" suffered another grenade attack but only material damages were reported.", "In response to the attacks, the newspaper issued the following message to the public:\nMany Mexicans have been relying on social media chatrooms and sites like Facebook and Twitter as traditional media \"self-censor in the face of cartel violence.\"", "Moreover, due to the violent attacks the press has received in Nuevo Laredo, news media have practiced \"self-censorship,\" where local journalist prefer to silence the press and refuse to report on important incidents for fears of reprisals by the cartels.", "Events that would go on the front-page of any newspaper—mass murders with over six dead, shooting incidents wounding three soldiers—often go unreported in Nuevo Laredo.", "The cartels want the cities they control to appear calm in order to prevent the government from sending federal troops.", "Consequently, the press, tired of extortions and death threats, prefers to go silent because there is no guarantee for their safety.", "On 21 May 2012, the Mexican authorities were alerted that a casino was on fire in Nuevo Laredo.", "At around six in the morning, an anonymous call alerted the police that smoke was coming from a building.", "By 8:00 a.m.", "the fire had been put down, but a portion of the casino was consumed by the flames.", "Nonetheless, only material damages were reported.", "Inside the casino were several containers holding large amounts of gasoline, which helped the authorities conclude that the arson was intentional.", "The 'Amazonas' casino, as it was known, opened in February 2010; however, it was closed in March 2012 for operating illegally.", "According to the \"Blog del Narco\", several people from Nuevo Laredo knew that the casino was owned by Los Zetas.", "The article was also mentioned that the Zetas ordered the closure of another casino known as 'El Juega Juega' to benefit 'Amazonas.'\nThree days later on 24 May 2012, the 'Maranho' nightclub, considered among the most popular in Nuevo Laredo, was set on fire between 2:00 and 3:00 a.m.", "And according to unofficial accounts, a group of gunmen were the perpetrators, while some accounts mention that they used grenades and bombs.", "The nightclub was \"completely destroyed,\" but no victims were reported.", "Other grenade explosions were heard across the border in Laredo, Texas, while the residents turned to #LaredoFollow hashtag on Twitter to report on the violence.", "Unconfirmed reports from KGNS-TV state that several places in Nuevo Laredo, including educational institutions, are under bomb threats.", "However, the main targets in the bomb attacks have been entertainment businesses with supposed ties with the mafias that operate in the city." ]

[ 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67 ]

[ "The 2012 Nuevo Laredo massacres were a series of mass murder attacks between the allied Sinaloa Cartel and Gulf Cartel against Los Zetas in the border city of Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, across the U.S.-Mexico border from Laredo, Texas.", "When Osiel Cárdenas Guillén, the former leader of the Gulf Cartel, was arrested in 2003, the Sinaloa Cartel, sensing weakness, tried to move in on Nuevo Laredo, unleashing a bloody battle.", "Los Zetas, however, were successful in expelling the Sinaloa organization out of Nuevo Laredo, and have ruled the city \"with fear\" ever since.", "Nevertheless, the Gulf cartel and Los Zetas broke relations in early 2010, worsening the violence across northeast Mexico.", "Over 40% of all cargo crossings from Mexico to the United States crosses through the border checkpoints in Nuevo Laredo." ]

[ "\"Lord Ligonier\" was originally laid down in 1763.", "The ship was built for hauling cargo such as slaves, tobacco, spice, and lumber.", "In June 1765 the ship's owner, Horace Andrews, hired a crew of 40 men and a captain named Davies.", "The ship had six decks in all, four for carrying slaves and two for hauling spice, lumber, and tobacco.", "\"Lord Ligonier\" was a sailing ship, built to weather Atlantic storms.", "It could carry 170 slaves, 40 crew members, and various amounts of other cargo.", "Although it could carry 170 slaves if they were packed in sideways, the ship's capacity was reduced to 140 when they lay on their backs.", "\"Lord Ligonier\" visited the Gambia at least once before the slave trading voyage for which she became famous.", "In April 1766 she was reported to have returned from there with dispatches from Governor Debatt of Fort James reporting that the French were establishing armed factories on the coast in violation of their treaty undertakings.", "Captain Thomas Davis sailed from London on 17 July 1766 and arrived in Africa on 13 September.", "\"Lord Ligonier\" acquired her slaves at the Gambia and sailed from Africa on 5 July 1767.", "She arrived at Annapolis on 29 September.", "She had embarked 140 slaves and she arrived with 96.", "She had left London with 26 crew members and she arrived with 18.", "She arrived back in London on 25 January 1768.", "A surviving advertisement records the arrival of the ship with a cargo of slaves at Annapolis in 1767.", "The ship was the basis for Alex Haley's assertion in his novel, \"Roots: The Saga of an American Family\", that his ancestor, Kunta Kinte, was brought on that voyage.", "The miniseries based on the book invented a failed slave uprising during the voyage.", "This is the only voyage of the \"Lord Ligonier\" recorded in the \"Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database\".", "\"Lord Ligonier\"s subsequent fate is unknown.", "There is proof that it sailed on another slave voyage but nothing is known of it.", "The ship did not appear in the 1776 volume of \"Lloyd's Register\"." ]

[ 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 ]

[ "The ship was made famous by Alex Haley's novel, \"Roots: The Saga of an American Family\", in which it brought his ancestor, Kunta Kinte, from The Gambia to the colonial United States." ]

[ "Zhuge Xu was from Yangdu County (), Langya Commandery (), which is in present-day Yinan County, Shandong.", "He was probably a distant relative of other famous Zhuges in the Three Kingdoms period, such as Zhuge Jin, Zhuge Liang and Zhuge Dan, since he shared the same ancestral home as them.", "He served in the state of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period.", "In 255, when the Wei generals Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin started a rebellion in Shouchun (壽春; present-day Shou County, Anhui), Zhuge Xu was then serving as the Administrator () of Taishan Commandery (泰山郡; around present-day Tai'an, Shandong).", "He led troops from Taishan Commandery to assist other Wei imperial forces led by the regent Sima Shi to suppress the rebellion.", "Zhuge Xu was later promoted to the position of Inspector () of Yong Province in an unknown year.", "In 263, he participated in the campaign against one of Wei's rival states, Shu.", "His mission was to lead 30,000 troops to block the Shu general Jiang Wei at a bridge in Yinping () and stop him from reinforcing Yang'an Pass ().", "When Jiang Wei heard about it, he pretended to launch an attack on Yong Province via Konghan Valley ().", "Zhuge Xu fell for the ruse, thought that Jiang Wei wanted to attack his base, so he ordered his troops to retreat from Yinping by 30 \"li\".", "Jiang Wei then seized the opportunity to cross the bridge at Yinping.", "When Zhuge Xu found out and tried to stop Jiang Wei, he was already one day behind time.", "Later, the Wei general Zhong Hui advanced south from Yang'an Pass and reached Baishui ().", "At the time, another Wei general Deng Ai wanted to link up with Zhuge Xu and attack the enemy position at Jiangyou () together, but Zhuge Xu refused and moved to Baishui to join Zhong Hui instead.", "At Baishui, Zhong Hui accused Zhuge Xu of cowardice, seized command of his troops and sent him as a prisoner back to Yong Province.", "Zhuge Xu later served in the Jin dynasty (266–420), which replaced the Cao Wei state in 265 after the regent Sima Yan usurped the throne from the last Wei emperor Cao Huan.", "He served as Minister of Ceremonies () and Minister of the Guards () under the Jin government." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 ]

[ "Zhuge Xu ( 255–260s) was a Chinese general and politician of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China." ]

[ "The museum had the Lonsdale Cup (NZOC) on permanent display, as well as the Te Mahutonga Cloak when it was not attending the games.", "On Olympic Day 23 June 2004, Te Runanga O Ngai Tahu presented two greenstone taonga to the New Zealand Olympic Committee a pendant that would travel with the Te Mahutonga Cloak and a Maori touchstone that would travel with the New Zealand Olympic Team to all future games.", "The Te Kohatu Mauri Stone is a pounamu touchstone that works on the principle that each person who views or touches it passes on their life-force (mauri), imparting their energy towards the competing athletes." ]

[ 0, 1, 2 ]

[ "The New Zealand Olympic Museum, was situated on Queens Wharf, Wellington, New Zealand.", "It was established on 23 June 1998 and closed in January 2013 after the New Zealand Olympic Committee (NZOC) relocated to Auckland." ]

[ "The museum had the Lonsdale Cup (NZOC) on permanent display, as well as the Te Mahutonga Cloak when it was not attending the games.", "On Olympic Day 23 June 2004, Te Runanga O Ngai Tahu presented two greenstone taonga to the New Zealand Olympic Committee a pendant that would travel with the Te Mahutonga Cloak and a Maori touchstone that would travel with the New Zealand Olympic Team to all future games.", "The Te Kohatu Mauri Stone is a pounamu touchstone that works on the principle that each person who views or touches it passes on their life-force (mauri), imparting their energy towards the competing athletes." ]

[ 1, 2 ]

[ "The New Zealand Olympic Museum, was situated on Queens Wharf, Wellington, New Zealand." ]

[ "This song was produced by David Garcia and Christopher Stevens, and was written by Garcia, Ben Glover, and Britt Nicole.", "The song was recorded at Fabmusic in Franklin, Tennessee.", "The song is about her life growing up and to the present day, when as a seven-year-old girl, her life was torn apart by her parents' divorce.", "During this time, she kept feeling God's presence in her life, specifically when she opened her 'Precious Moments' Bible.", "Additionally, Nicole said this song is about when she moved to Nashville to pursue her career in music at the age of 19, and this was the first time she was on her own.", "So, this song is about God's faithfulness to sustain us in the moments in our lives, when things seem uncertain.", "\"All This Time\" is composed in the key of E Major.", "This song has been described as an intimate and testimonial power ballad that is about Nicole's struggles throughout her life.", "It has been described as a slow song that showcases vulnerability from Nicole in her voice, but at the same time explodes in the chorus.", "\"All This Time\" was digitally released as the lead single from \"Gold\" on January 31, 2012.", "AllMusic's Jared Johnson described the song as \"one of the more intimate tracks, describing the singer's story of personal belief (and incidentally not sounding too unlike the well-known poem \"Footprints\") with the chorus 'You've been walking with me all this time.'\"", "Christian Music Zine's Joshua Andre highlighted the song as being \"Britt’s salvation testimony 'All This Time'.", "The first single of the album also, Britt vulnerably shares her story about how she became a Christian in the midst of her parents’ divorce.", "A song which will impact everyone, Britt picks off where she left with inspirational ballads 'The Lost Get Found' and 'Walk on the Water', showcasing a vibrant and unique singing voice.", "With different styles and tempos present in this song, what has impacted me most of all is the bridge '...", "I hear this people asking me, how do I know what I believe, well I'm not the same and that's all the proof I need...'.", "When we are changed by God, the effect is instant, and we won't even want to go back to life before.", "Guaranteed ‘All This Time’ will impact lives!\"", "Andre put it as one of the eight favorite tracks.", "Jesus Freak Hideout's Jen Rose evoked how \"is one of her most personal songs, telling the story of how she met Jesus in a warm, accessible way.\"", "Louder Than The Music's Jono Davies called the song \"a power ballad that could easily have been in an episode of \"Glee\" sung by Katy Perry.\"", "New Release Tuesday's Kevin Davis alluded to the \"sincere autobiographical style where Britt shares her testimony of when she...first met God and celebrates her salvation in Christ.", "It’s the type of song that I've come to really love from Britt's albums in the style of 'Set The World On Fire.'\"", "Kevin Davis called it a standout track, and so did Jono Davies.", "Lastly, \"CCM Magazine\" highlighted the track as their \"We Like\" pick.", "This song has had an official lyric video made of it, so far." ]

[ 9 ]

[ "It was released on January 31, 2012, as the first single from the album." ]

[ "This song was produced by David Garcia and Christopher Stevens, and was written by Garcia, Ben Glover, and Britt Nicole.", "The song was recorded at Fabmusic in Franklin, Tennessee.", "The song is about her life growing up and to the present day, when as a seven-year-old girl, her life was torn apart by her parents' divorce.", "During this time, she kept feeling God's presence in her life, specifically when she opened her 'Precious Moments' Bible.", "Additionally, Nicole said this song is about when she moved to Nashville to pursue her career in music at the age of 19, and this was the first time she was on her own.", "So, this song is about God's faithfulness to sustain us in the moments in our lives, when things seem uncertain.", "\"All This Time\" is composed in the key of E Major.", "This song has been described as an intimate and testimonial power ballad that is about Nicole's struggles throughout her life.", "It has been described as a slow song that showcases vulnerability from Nicole in her voice, but at the same time explodes in the chorus.", "\"All This Time\" was digitally released as the lead single from \"Gold\" on January 31, 2012.", "AllMusic's Jared Johnson described the song as \"one of the more intimate tracks, describing the singer's story of personal belief (and incidentally not sounding too unlike the well-known poem \"Footprints\") with the chorus 'You've been walking with me all this time.'\"", "Christian Music Zine's Joshua Andre highlighted the song as being \"Britt’s salvation testimony 'All This Time'.", "The first single of the album also, Britt vulnerably shares her story about how she became a Christian in the midst of her parents’ divorce.", "A song which will impact everyone, Britt picks off where she left with inspirational ballads 'The Lost Get Found' and 'Walk on the Water', showcasing a vibrant and unique singing voice.", "With different styles and tempos present in this song, what has impacted me most of all is the bridge '...", "I hear this people asking me, how do I know what I believe, well I'm not the same and that's all the proof I need...'.", "When we are changed by God, the effect is instant, and we won't even want to go back to life before.", "Guaranteed ‘All This Time’ will impact lives!\"", "Andre put it as one of the eight favorite tracks.", "Jesus Freak Hideout's Jen Rose evoked how \"is one of her most personal songs, telling the story of how she met Jesus in a warm, accessible way.\"", "Louder Than The Music's Jono Davies called the song \"a power ballad that could easily have been in an episode of \"Glee\" sung by Katy Perry.\"", "New Release Tuesday's Kevin Davis alluded to the \"sincere autobiographical style where Britt shares her testimony of when she...first met God and celebrates her salvation in Christ.", "It’s the type of song that I've come to really love from Britt's albums in the style of 'Set The World On Fire.'\"", "Kevin Davis called it a standout track, and so did Jono Davies.", "Lastly, \"CCM Magazine\" highlighted the track as their \"We Like\" pick.", "This song has had an official lyric video made of it, so far." ]

[ 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 ]

[ "\"All This Time\" is a song by contemporary Christian musician Britt Nicole from her fourth album, \"Gold\"." ]

[ "South of the U.S. border, Don José Tostado, a Mexican cabellero, falls in love with Dolores Romero, a dance-hall girl.", "Owning one of the larger ranches in the area, Tostado is not used to people telling him no.", "When Romero resists his advances, using a fictional boyfriend as her excuse, this only increases his interest in her, and his attempts to win her favor.", "As part of that attempt, he plans to throw a gala in her honor.", "Meanwhile, Romero falls for Johnny Powell, a dealer at a nearby casino.", "She confides in him that she has no interest in Tostado, but doesn't know how to get him to leave her alone.", "Powell offers to take her away and get married.", "They make their plans, but before they can carry them out, Tostado learns of them and hatches a plot of his own: he frames Powell for a murder and has him arrested.", "When Dolores hears that Tostado has paid the jailer to kill Johnny during an escape attempt, she makes a deal with Tostado to give herself to him in exchange for Johnny's life and freedom.", "Tostado agrees.", "When Johnny is freed, Dolores makes it clear that she is no longer interested in him, and that she intends to marry Tostado.", "Dolores leaves with Tostado, heading for his ranch.", "On the way, she attempts to commit suicide, but is stopped by Tostado, who is startled to discover that she would rather be dead than be stuck with him for the rest of her life.", "When they arrive back at his hacienda, they are surprised by Johnny, who fights Tostado.", "When they police arrive, they arrest Johnny, and are ready to execute him summarily, on Tostado's orders.", "Dolores intercedes on Johnny's behalf, and her pleas have their desired effect.", "Realizing that he's beaten, Tostado calls off the police, and lets Dolores leave with Johnny.", "The short story, \"The Blue Ribbon\", written by Gerald Beaumont, was printed in Red Book Magazine in their January 1923 issue.", "Willard Mack used that story as the basis for his play, \"The Dove\", which was produced by David Belasco on Broadway at the Empire Theatre, premiering on August 24, 1925.", "In the leads were Judith Anderson as Dolores, Holbrook Blinn as Tostado, and William Harrigan as Johnny.", "In 1927 United Artists purchased the rights to the play, and produced a silent version of Mack's play, \"The Dove\", starring Norma Talmadge, Noah Beery, Sr., and Gilbert Roland.", "RKO Pictures purchased the rights in 1931.", "The film was in production from September to November 1931.", "The film was Dolores del Río's first feature for RKO Pictures.", "In 1939, RKO would remake the film, this time under the title \"The Girl and the Gambler\", starring Tim Holt as Johnny and Steffi Duna as Dolores.", "Carillo would reprise his role as the Don, although this time the character's name would be El Rayo." ]

[ 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 ]

[ "The film is a remake of the 1927 silent film, \"The Dove\", starring Norma Talmadge." ]

[ "British Hi-NRG singer Hazell Dean covered the song and released it as a single in September 1985.", "Having scored two top 10 singles in 1984 with an independent dance label, Dean was offered to sign major label EMI Records in 1985, and this single marked her first release with them.", "Dean's version was produced by Stock Aitken & Waterman, with whom Dean had recorded most of her debut album.", "She changed some parts of the lyrics, most notably, she substituted the line on the chorus \"though you can break my heart\" with \"they say it's gonna rain\"; the title of the song not being present on the chorus on Delius' version but was instead ad-libbed over the chorus at the end of the song.", "The song was also reworked at a faster tempo than the original.", "Two main mixes were commissioned for the song, the Zulu Mix and the Indian Summer Mix.", "Dean favored the former and it's the one she used on her live performances.", "The Zulu Mix of \"They Say It's Gonna Rain\" was included on Dean's second album, \"Always\", which was released three years after the single, in 1988.", "In 2012, both mixes, as well as the 7\" version and the single's b-side \"Can't Get You Out Of My Mind\" were included on a reissue of the album.", "Dean released an updated version with re-recorded vocals and new mixes as a digital single on 14 February 2011.", "The song was Dean's debut videoclip for a single.", "Shot on location in Malta, the video depicts Dean reminiscing a love affair in the island while on the way for a TV performance.", "Released in October 1985 in the United Kingdom, the single only managed to chart at number 58 on the UK Singles Chart.", "Internationally, the song fared better, becoming a number-one hit on the South African Springbok Radio chart (eventually attaining the number-11 spot on that country's 1986 year-end chart) and peaking at number 6 in both Norway and Sweden." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 ]

[ "She released the song as a single in 1984 and while it failed to chart, it became an underground club hit.", "The song achieved a bigger popularity when it was covered by Hazell Dean the following year." ]

[ "Detweiler was born in Louisville, Kentucky in 1881 and graduated from high school in Kansas City, Missouri in 1897.", "In 1908 he earned a degree from Rochester Theological Seminary (now Colgate Rochester Crozer Divinity School) in Rochester, New York, and became a Baptist clergyman.", "He served parishes in several Ohio cities, and was active in Baptist organizations at the state and national levels.", "In 1915 he enrolled as an undergraduate at Denison University in Granville, Ohio and began serving on the faculty while earning a B.A. degree, awarded in 1917.", "In 1919 Denison awarded him an M.A. degree, and in 1922 Detweiler earned a PhD from the University of Chicago where he studied under Robert E. Park.", "That same year he published \"The Negro Press in the United States\", the first sociological study of the subject.", "Detweiler returned to Denison where he taught sociology and later became head of the sociology department and the university's Dean of Men.", "After retiring from Dennison in 1949, he taught at Wheaton College and several other universities including the University of Colorado.", "Detweiler died in Dallas, Texas on March 31, 1960.", "He had two children: a daughter, Muriel, and a son, Frederick O. Detweiler (1911-1991), who became an executive in the aircraft industry.", "\"The Negro Press in the United States\" was described by Jeffrey Babcock Perry as a major study on the subject, and in 1992 it was still considered an \"indispensable reference\" on African-American urban migration.", "Building on Robert T. Kerlin's \"The Voice of the Negro\" (1920), Detweiler's book sought to inform the white community about the largely-ignored Negro news media, which in the early 1920s included about 500 printed publications in the United States.", "At a time when interest in the immigrant press was high, owning largely to recent concerns of native-born Americans about immigrants' wartime loyalties, \"The Negro Press in the United States\" dismissed suspicions that black media had sympathized with Germany during World War I. Such suspicions, wrote Detweiler, were \"the result of a few sporadic utterances.\"", "Detweiler also concluded that there was little evidence of sympathy for bolshevism or socialism in the African-American press at the time.", "According to Shirley E. Thompson, Detweiler's study was \"ultimately a vindication of the protest role of the black press\", a role that was \"reassuringly American in tone\".", "\"The Rise of Modern Race Antagonisms\" was published in the \"American Journal of Sociology\" in March, 1932 and takes a broadly historic view of race consciousness and conflict.", "\"In the ancient world,\" Detweiler wrote, \"wars and animosities between states do not seem to have been felt as antagonisms of race,\" though he did acknowledge sharp distinctions had been made between Greeks and barbarians.", "In the Oxford English Dictionary, the first reference he could find to race, in its contemporary 20th century meaning, was in relation to a natural history book written by Oliver Goldsmith, published in 1774.", "Detweiler cited the work of 18th century scholars (Linnaeus and Blumenbach) in establishing racial classifications, and the experience of white Americans in racializing Native Americans.", "He also thought the development of the European slave trade, with origins in the 14th and 15th centuries, had an \"effect on the rank and file of English-speaking people {which} was to make all slaves members of a permanently inferior caste.", "All Africans, also, were thought of as potential slaves.", "\"\nAccording to Detweiler, a work on comparative grammar by the German linguist Franz Bopp (A comparative grammar of the Sanskrit, Zend, Greek, Latin, Lithuanian, Gothic, German, and Sclavonic languages), whose first volume was published in 1833, \"lent tremendous impetus to the idea of an Aryan race and its superiority.\"\nWhile maintaining a belief that race differences were superficial, Detweiler concluded in 1932 that \"in the world in which we live there is now a powerful belief that race is a hidden and decisive force lurking, tigerlike, in the essential makeup of the man above, the man below, or the man outside.\"" ]

[ 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 ]

[ "Frederick German Detweiler (1881–1960) was an American sociologist and expert on race relations, best known for his 1922 book \"The Negro Press in the United States\", published by University of Chicago Press." ]

[ "The conquest of Acadia by Great Britain began with the 1710 capture of the provincial capital, Port Royal (which the British renamed Annapolis Royal.", "In the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht, France formally ceded Acadia to Britain.", "However, there was disagreement about the provincial boundaries, and some Acadians also resisted British rule.", "During King George's War, the French began to retake what the British called Nova Scotia with an assault on the capital.", "There were only two British outposts in the colony: Canso and Annapolis Royal.", "The French under the command of Devier immediately defeated Canso and then made an unsuccessful attempt on the capital.", "The French made another attempt on the capital the following year.", "Within days of New England starting to lay siege to Louisbourg, French officer Paul Marin de la Malgue led 200 troops, and hundreds of Mi'kmaq on a three-week siege against the British at Annapolis Royal.", "This force was twice the size of French officer Duvivier's expedition against Annapolis Royal the previous year.", "During the siege the English destroyed their own officers fences, houses and buildings that the attackers might be able to use.", "Marin captured two schooners and took one prisoner.", "The siege was ended when Marin was recalled to assist with defending the French during the Siege of Louisbourg (1745) and commodore Edward Tyng arrived to raise the siege.", "During the Siege, the Mi'kmaq and Maliseet took prisoner William Pote and some of Gorham's Rangers.", "(John Gorham himself was not at Annapolis because he was fighting alongside his father in the Siege of Louisbourg).", "During his captivity, Pote wrote one of the most important captivity narratives from Acadia and Nova Scotia.", "While at Cobequid, Pote reported that an Acadian said that the French soldiers should have \"left their [the English] carcasses behind and brought their skins.\"", "The following year, among other places, Pote was taken to the Maliseet village Aukpaque on the Saint John River.", "While at the village, Mi'kmaq from Nova Scotia arrived and, on July 6, 1745, tortured him and a Mohawk ranger from Gorham's company named Jacob, as retribution for the killing of their family members by Ranger John Gorham during the Siege of Annapolis Royal (1744).", "On July 10, Pote witnessed another act of revenge when the Mi'kmaq tortured a Mohawk ranger from Gorham's company at Meductic.", "Martin was not able to assist Louisbourg because the New Englanders stopped him in the Naval battle off Tatamagouche.", "Grand Pre had been the staging ground for the French and Mi'kmaq sieges of Annapolis Royal.", "This led Gorham to demand to take control of Grand Pre after the first siege in 1744 and again after the second.", "The French made one final attempt with the Duc d’Anville Expedition to regain Annapolis Royal." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ]

[ "The siege of Annapolis Royal in 1745 involved the third of four attempts by the French, along with their Acadian and native allies, to regain the capital of Nova Scotia/Acadia, Annapolis Royal, during King George's War." ]

[ "The conquest of Acadia by Great Britain began with the 1710 capture of the provincial capital, Port Royal (which the British renamed Annapolis Royal.", "In the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht, France formally ceded Acadia to Britain.", "However, there was disagreement about the provincial boundaries, and some Acadians also resisted British rule.", "During King George's War, the French began to retake what the British called Nova Scotia with an assault on the capital.", "There were only two British outposts in the colony: Canso and Annapolis Royal.", "The French under the command of Devier immediately defeated Canso and then made an unsuccessful attempt on the capital.", "The French made another attempt on the capital the following year.", "Within days of New England starting to lay siege to Louisbourg, French officer Paul Marin de la Malgue led 200 troops, and hundreds of Mi'kmaq on a three-week siege against the British at Annapolis Royal.", "This force was twice the size of French officer Duvivier's expedition against Annapolis Royal the previous year.", "During the siege the English destroyed their own officers fences, houses and buildings that the attackers might be able to use.", "Marin captured two schooners and took one prisoner.", "The siege was ended when Marin was recalled to assist with defending the French during the Siege of Louisbourg (1745) and commodore Edward Tyng arrived to raise the siege.", "During the Siege, the Mi'kmaq and Maliseet took prisoner William Pote and some of Gorham's Rangers.", "(John Gorham himself was not at Annapolis because he was fighting alongside his father in the Siege of Louisbourg).", "During his captivity, Pote wrote one of the most important captivity narratives from Acadia and Nova Scotia.", "While at Cobequid, Pote reported that an Acadian said that the French soldiers should have \"left their [the English] carcasses behind and brought their skins.\"", "The following year, among other places, Pote was taken to the Maliseet village Aukpaque on the Saint John River.", "While at the village, Mi'kmaq from Nova Scotia arrived and, on July 6, 1745, tortured him and a Mohawk ranger from Gorham's company named Jacob, as retribution for the killing of their family members by Ranger John Gorham during the Siege of Annapolis Royal (1744).", "On July 10, Pote witnessed another act of revenge when the Mi'kmaq tortured a Mohawk ranger from Gorham's company at Meductic.", "Martin was not able to assist Louisbourg because the New Englanders stopped him in the Naval battle off Tatamagouche.", "Grand Pre had been the staging ground for the French and Mi'kmaq sieges of Annapolis Royal.", "This led Gorham to demand to take control of Grand Pre after the first siege in 1744 and again after the second.", "The French made one final attempt with the Duc d’Anville Expedition to regain Annapolis Royal." ]

[ 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 ]

[ "During the siege William Pote was taken prisoner and wrote one of the rare captivity narratives that exist from Nova Scotia and Acadia." ]

[ "Keith E. Gubbins was born in Southampton, England, and spent most of his childhood there.", "He began his academic training at Queen Mary College in the University of London, where he received his BSc in Chemistry with First Class honours in 1958.", "He went on to receive his PhD degree in Chemical Engineering from King's College at the University of London in 1962.", "The topic of his doctoral research, which was largely experimental, was the kinetics of reactions in fluidised beds.", "He then joined the University of Florida in Gainesville as a postdoctoral fellow to work on the mass transport of gases in fuel cells with Robert D. Walker.", "In 1964 he became an assistant professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at Florida, and then moved rapidly through the ranks to become a full professor in 1972.", "On joining the Florida faculty, he was asked to teach thermodynamics, and this led to his interest in statistical mechanics of fluids.", "Much of his early interest in statistical mechanics was focused on the diffusion and solubility of gases in electrolyte solutions.", "While at University of Florida he co-authored, with the late Tim Reed, Applied Statistical Mechanics (McGraw-Hill, 1973), the first such text aimed at practical applications to fluids, with a particular orientation towards chemical engineering.", "In 1973 very few chemical engineers were aware of the potential of statistical mechanics in their field.", "It was also during his time at Florida that he began a long and very productive collaboration with Chris Gray and Peter Egelstaff at the University of Guelph in Canada.", "This began as a result of a sabbatical leave spent with Egelstaff, the leading expert in neutron scattering from liquids, a topic Keith was eager to become familiar with.", "In 1976 he moved to Cornell University as the Thomas R. Briggs Professor of Engineering, where he spent the next 22 years, serving 7 years as Director of the School of Chemical Engineering there (1983–1990).", "At Cornell he was a member of the Graduate Fields of Chemistry, Applied Physics, Applied Mathematics and History of Science, in addition to Engineering.", "During his period as Director he led a successful effort to raise funds for a renovation of all of the teaching and research laboratories, and was responsible for hiring seven new faculty members.", "While at Cornell, Keith established a style of conducting research that has become synonymous with him.", "Using the resources of Cornell and those of various funding agencies he built a vibrant international collaborative laboratory in statistical mechanics and molecular modelling, to which he welcomed many international visiting scientists.", "It was while at Cornell that he teamed up with a fellow faculty member, William ('Bill') B. Streett, an internationally renowned expert in high-pressure phase equilibria and molecular simulation of fluids.", "It was from Bill that he learned about the potential of molecular simulation methods.", "Together they formed a successful joint program involving experimental and theoretical studies of liquid mixtures.", "In 1998 he moved to North Carolina State University as the W.H. Clark Distinguished University Professor.", "Following his largely experimental studies in his doctoral and postdoctoral research, his interests turned increasingly to the application of statistical mechanics to problems in chemical engineering and applied physics.", "Much of chemical engineering involves the handling and processing of dense fluids and liquids, so that a knowledge of their thermodynamic and transport behaviour is essential to design of process equipment.", "It was to these areas that he addressed himself, and he has been largely responsible for the introduction of statistical mechanics and atomistic simulation methods (Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics) into chemical engineering.", "His research has focused on the development of reliable predictive methods based in statistical mechanics for phase and chemical equilibria for mixtures; equations of state for complex fluid mixtures, particularly those involving associating liquids and polymers; thermodynamics, transport in interfaces, including small droplets, gas-liquid and liquid-liquid interfaces and nano-porous media; prediction of viscosity, diffusion coefficients, and thermal conductivities; natural gas storage in porous media.", "Among his most significant contributions are the development of much improved equations of state for complex fluids and fluid mixtures, based on statistical mechanical perturbation theory.", "During the 1960s Barker, Henderson and others had developed a successful perturbation theory for liquids composed of spherical molecules.", "While this was a milestone, such simple liquids play very almost no role in chemical engineering processes, which involve mixtures containing molecules that are non-spherical, polar, associating and so on.", "In 1972 Keith, together with Chris Gray of Guelph, proposed a perturbation theory for liquids of non-spherical molecules, and then applied it to more complex mixtures, including polar liquids.", "This led to many joint papers over the coming decade in which the theory was tested and successfully applied to a wide range of liquid mixtures.", "However, there still remained an important limitation, the failure of these existing theories to describe molecular association due to strongly attractive forces, such as hydrogen bonding.", "In the late 1980s Michael Wertheim developed a highly successful theory for dense fluids in which the molecules exhibited association to form complexing, through hydrogen-bonding, charge transfer and other mechanisms.", "In 1989 Keith, together with co-workers Walter Chapman, George Jackson and Mac Radosz, proposed an equation of state, which they termed statistical associating fluid theory (SAFT), that combined the merits of Werheim's associating liquid theory with a perturbation treatment that described the non-polar interactions.", "The theory proved to be both accurate and highly versatile, encompassing mixtures containing non-polar, associating and chain molecules, including polymers.", "Unlike most existing equations of state at that time, SAFT has a firm foundation in statistical mechanics, and works well for strongly associated liquids.", "It was quickly embraced by many researchers and industries, who went on to apply it to polymers, liquid crystals, electrolytes, surfactant solutions and interfaces.", "The SAFT equation is now widely used worldwide, in both industry and academia, and has become the standard approach in describing complex mixtures.", "He was among the first to realise and exploit the power of statistical mechanical treatments for the adsorption of gases and liquids in nano-porous materials (such as carbons, silicas and metal-organic framework materials).", "Such adsorption processes are central to many separation and purification processes, as well as catalysis.", "The density functional theory method developed by Gubbins and coworkers is now universally used in analysing adsorption isotherms to calculate pore size distributions and porosity of nano-porous materials.", "More recently he has made major contributions to the characterisation of amorphous porous materials through application of statistical mechanical methods, and to the understanding of diffusion processes and chemical reactions in these materials.", "Keith is the author or co-author of approximately 500 research publications in refereed scientific journals.", "These, together with his 4 books, have received more than 36,000 citations.", "He has received numerous awards for his research.", "Among the most notable are a Guggenheim Fellowship (1986–87, Oxford University); Fulbright Senior Scholar (1993–94, Australian National University); Senior Visiting Fellow (SERC Award, UK, Oxford University 1986–87 and Imperial College London 1994); election to the National Academy of Engineering (1989); American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Alpha Chi Sigma Research Award, 1986; William H. Walker Award for distinguished research, 2000; Fellow 2003); American Chemical Society (Joel H. Hildebrand Award for research on liquids); Chercheur de Haute Niveau (French Ministry of Education, 2001); Royal Society (London) Visiting Professor, University of Hong Kong, 2007; named one of the \"One Hundred Engineers of the Modern Era (Second World War onwards)\" for significant contributions to the profession and society by the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2008; Distinguished Visiting Fellow, Royal Academy of Engineering (London), 2009; named Honorary Professor, Nanjing University of Technology, China, 2009; Rossini Lecture Award, International Association for Chemical Thermodynamics, International Union of Pure & Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), 2012; FOMMS (Foundations of Molecular Modeling and Simulation)", "Medal 2012, to honour \"profound and lasting contribution by one or more individuals to the development of computational methods and their application to the field of molecular-based modeling and simulation\"; Lennard-Jones Prize and Lectureship, Royal Society of Chemistry, London, 2013 (recognising distinguished contributions to statistical mechanics).", "In addition he has won five awards for undergraduate teaching, from the University of Florida and Cornell University.", "He served as Delegate to the Press for Oxford University Press (1991–2007), and is the founder and Editor of the OUP book series Topics in Chemical Engineering.", "In addition he is the founder and Editor of the OUP book series Topics in Chemical Engineering.", "He has been the supervisor of 47 PhD students and 53 postdoctoral associates, of whom 56 now hold faculty positions in the United States, Europe (Czech Republic, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain, UK), Asia (Mainland China, Hong Kong (China), India, Japan, Singapore) and Australia, among them Coray Colina and George Jackson, FRS." ]

[ 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48 ]

[ "Gubbins was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1989 for pioneering development of computer simulation and perturbation theory for extending statistical mechanical techniques to systems of engineering interest." ]

[ "The United Nations Climate Change Conferences are annual multi-lateral meetings of governments held in different locations around the world under the sponsorship of the United Nations that serve as a forum for countries to discuss climate change matters.", "The conferences seek to address the threat of global warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions like carbon dioxide.", "Between 2000 and 2011 carbon dioxide growth in the atmosphere was 20% of the total concentration growth since prehistoric level (391,57 ppm in 2011 and 369,52 ppm in 2000)", "The concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere has reached 391 ppm (parts per million) versus the pre-industrial concentration was 280 ppm which the consensus of world climate scientists agree is unsustainable.", "The conferences are attended by dignitaries and sometimes heads of state from most countries and generally draw significant activity by various environmental advocacy groups.", "Consequently, the conferences are generally well covered by the world media agencies.", "The 2012 conference is held at the Qatar National Convention Centre in Doha, and with a projected attendance of 17,000 participants it is expected to be the largest conference to have ever been held in Qatar.", "The conference is casually called the COP18/CMP 8 conference but these are technically different but closely related and sometimes integrated conferences.", "In 2012, the UNFCCC conference serves as an umbrella for seven concurrent and interrelated meeting groups collectively called the Doha 2012 UNFCCC conference.", "The main conference is also preceded by several topical pre-sessions.", "# 70th meeting of the Clean Development Mechanism Executive Board (19 to 23 November)\n# Least Developed Countries Preparatory Meetings (20 to 21 November)\n# Small Island Developing States Preparatory Meetings (22 to 23 November)\n# African Group Preparatory Meetings (22 to 23 November)\n# Informal pre-sessional meeting of Parties to exchange further views on the possible recommendations on loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change(24 November)\n# G7 & China Preparatory Meetings (24 to 25 November)", "The Doha 2012 United Nations Climate Change Conference is an agglomeration of multiple related conferences being conducted roughly in parallel and in a semi-integrated fashion over the two weeks that the conference is in session:\n# Eighteenth session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 18)\n# Eighth session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP 8)\n# Thirty-seventh session of the Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI 37)\n# Thirty-seventh session of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and TechnologicalAdvice (SBSTA 37)\n# Seventeenth session of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol (second part) (AWG-KP 17.2)\n# Fifteenth session of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the convention (second part) (AWG-LCA 15.2)\n# First session of the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (second part) (ADP 1.2)", "The conference focused on five aspects of climate change:", "The conference is generally a two-week conference consisting of the following activities:\n\n\n\nThe conference will sometimes see late night (or all night) working sessions when diplomats cannot agree to the terms and conditions of agreements and sometimes staged walk-outs by some parties is not uncommon.", "The last several conferences of this type have suffered from impasses in the first week and a half of talks, followed by a series of rounds of very late night discussions, sometimes followed by an extension of the conference which finally yields a modest progress agreement.", "External to the conference, the conference generally attracts well organized protests, rallies and demonstrations by various environmental groups urging the participants to reach agreement on the topic of climate change policy.", "In recent conferences, some activist groups have given daily informal awards to countries that they see as advancing or detracting from their particular ideological position.", "The Conference produced a package of documents collectively titled \"The Doha Climate Gateway\" over objections from Russia and other countries at the session.", "The documents collectively contained:\n# An eight-year extension of the Kyoto Protocol until 2020 limited in scope to only 15% of the global carbon dioxide emissions due to the lack of participation of Canada, Japan, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, New Zealand and the United States and due to the fact that developing countries like China (the world's largest emitter), India and Brazil are not subject to any emissions reductions under the Kyoto Protocol.", "# Language on loss and damage, formalized for the first time in the conference documents.", "# The conference made little progress towards the funding of the Green Climate Fund.", "Russia, Belarus and Ukraine objected at the end of the session, as they have a right to under the session's rules.", "In closing the conference, the President said that he would note these objections in his final report.", "Reaction to the conference outcomes was characterized as \"modest, at best\" by NPR.", "Kieren Keke, Foreign Minister of Nauru and the representative of the Alliance of Small Island States at the conference, was quoted by the BBC as saying,\nOthers like Martin Khor of the South Center, an association of developing nations saw a more positive outcome, specifically regarding the Loss and Damage Mechanism:\nJennifer Morgan of the World Resources Institute told NPR about the Loss and Damage Mechanism that:\nRegarding the path to the $100 billion in Green Climate Fund financing, Jennifer Morgan told NPR the following:", "The overall umbrella and processes of the UNFCCC and the adopted Kyoto Protocol have been criticized by some as not having achieved its stated goals of reducing the emission of carbon dioxide (the primary culprit blamed for rising global temperatures of the 21st century).", "At a speech given at his alma mater, Todd Stern — the US Climate Change envoy — has expressed the challenges with the UNFCCC process as follows, \"Climate change is not a conventional environmental issue...", "It implicates virtually every aspect of a state's economy, so it makes countries nervous about growth and development.", "This is an economic issue every bit as it is an environmental one.\"", "He went on to explain that, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is a multilateral body concerned with climate change and can be an inefficient system for enacting international policy.", "Because the framework system includes over 190 countries and because negotiations are governed by consensus, small groups of countries can often block progress.", "Governments will decide how and timetable to reach an effective universal climate agreement adopted in 2015 and to enter into force from 2020.", "Christiana Figueres, the UNFCCC executive secretary: \"The necessary technology and policy tools are available to governments and societies, but time is very short — only 36 months to reach a universal agreement before 2015.", "What we now need is to urgently implement the decisions that have been taken at the inter-governmental level and to further strengthen actions already under way,\" she said.", "The New Zealand government said it would not be signing up to a second commitment to the Kyoto Protocol, a decision criticised by the World Wildlife Fund.", "Prime Minister John Key said New Zealand would not lead the way on climate change, instead opting to be a \"fast follower\".", "The Philippine Government called for urgent action to halt climate change, emphasizing their recent experience with a deadly typhoon and believing that countries may face more extreme weather disturbances frequently if climate change is left unchecked.", "\"As we vacillate and procrastinate here, we are suffering.", "There is massive and widespread devastation back home.", "Heartbreaking tragedies like this are not unique to the Philippines.\" said Philippine envoy Naderev Sano, who is a member of the Philippines' Climate Change Commission.", "\"Only developed countries are legally bound by the Kyoto protocol and their emissions are only 26% [of global emissions].", "If we continue the same, only one quarter of the world is legally bound and three-quarters of countries are not bound at all.\"", "The United Nations gave a strong warning on the threat to the climate from methane in the thawing permafrost.", "This has not yet been included in models of the future climate.", "Permafrost contain 1,700 gigatonnes of carbon – twice the amount currently in the atmosphere.", "When it thaws, it could push global warming past one of the key \"tipping points\" that scientists believe could lead to runaway climate change.", "UNEP called IPCC to provide governments with the most up-to-date knowledge in the next IPCC reports next year.", "World Bank published a report in November 2012 demanding the moral responsibility to take action on behalf of future generations.", "4 °C warmer world must be avoided – we need to hold warming below 2 °C.", "Even with the current mitigation commitments there is roughly a 20 percent likelihood of exceeding 4 °C by 2100.", "The World Bank and the International Energy Agency warned that the world is heading for unprecedented warming – of between 4 °C and 6 °C – if trends are not reversed.", "That scale would result in droughts, floods, heatwaves and fiercer storms, decline agricultural productivity, bring plant and animal extinctions, and wide human migration.", "The first time in history an Arab country is hosting the U.N. conference for climate change negotiations.", "Youth in more than 13 Arab countries, launch the Arab Youth Climate Movement, a group established to lobby the region's governments on an ongoing basis to take action against climate change: \"It's basically our role as civil society to make sure that the government is doing its best to provide us with the best quality of life and it's our right as human beings to ensure a healthy future for us and generations to come.", "\"\nThe New Zealand Youth Delegation heavily criticised its own government at the start of the conference, saying New Zealand's withdrawal from a second period of commitment under the Kyoto Protocol was \"embarrassing, short-sighted and irresponsible\".", "New Zealand received two 'Fossil of the Day' awards for \"actively hampering international progress\".", "\"An open letter to governments and their negotiators\" posted on Friends of the Earth International's website stated, \"To really address climate change UNFCCC-COP18 should decide to leave under the soil more than 2/3 of the fossil reserves.", "\"", "Lauri Myllyvirta from Greenpeace Nordic states that the key reason we are heading for 4 °C of warming is coal burning.", "Massive expansion in the use of coal has caused more than two-thirds of the increase in global CO2 emissions in recent years.", "Also the World Bank made plea for governments to avoid 4 °C Warmer World.", "No new coal plants were constructed in Europe after 2007, but 1,200 coal plants are now being planned elsewhere: they can be stopped.", "The EU spent two-thirds of its energy research funding on nuclear technologies in 2011.", "Some countries maintain direct subsidies to oil consumption and coal mining.", "Others are providing decisive economic benefits to nuclear, oil and gas installations by legislation socialising the costs of accidents and of decommissioning.", "According to Greenpeace removing these subsidies and imposing environmental taxes would increase the cost and price of old energy supplies, and make energy efficiency more profitable.", "Eren Swobodan of the German group \"Keepers of prosperity - Bewahrer des Wohlstandes\" criticized the inaction of the German government.", "He called for crime charges against people who express doubts on the scientific consensus.", "In an open letter to non-attendees of his group's 2012 meeting he wrote \"the world can't afford another event like 2004 and 2007\" and \"everything has to be done to avoid it\", but he also added for consideration that \"they won't make it easy for us\".", "According to Swobodan there is time until 2018, anything beyond that would be too late.", "In a national campaign published by several German newspapers the group showed heartbreaking pictures of children getting a sunburn and some more severe injuries from to the climate change-enhanced sunny weather in many parts of Germany.", "Although the campaign raised awareness of global warning in Germany and some German speaking parts of France and even 4 TV stations reported about it, some observers doubt whether it would convince enough politicians to \"do what it takes to make it happen\"." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ]

[ "The conference took place from Monday 26 November to Saturday 8 December 2012, at the Qatar National Convention Centre in Doha." ]

[ "The United Nations Climate Change Conferences are annual multi-lateral meetings of governments held in different locations around the world under the sponsorship of the United Nations that serve as a forum for countries to discuss climate change matters.", "The conferences seek to address the threat of global warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions like carbon dioxide.", "Between 2000 and 2011 carbon dioxide growth in the atmosphere was 20% of the total concentration growth since prehistoric level (391,57 ppm in 2011 and 369,52 ppm in 2000)", "The concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere has reached 391 ppm (parts per million) versus the pre-industrial concentration was 280 ppm which the consensus of world climate scientists agree is unsustainable.", "The conferences are attended by dignitaries and sometimes heads of state from most countries and generally draw significant activity by various environmental advocacy groups.", "Consequently, the conferences are generally well covered by the world media agencies.", "The 2012 conference is held at the Qatar National Convention Centre in Doha, and with a projected attendance of 17,000 participants it is expected to be the largest conference to have ever been held in Qatar.", "The conference is casually called the COP18/CMP 8 conference but these are technically different but closely related and sometimes integrated conferences.", "In 2012, the UNFCCC conference serves as an umbrella for seven concurrent and interrelated meeting groups collectively called the Doha 2012 UNFCCC conference.", "The main conference is also preceded by several topical pre-sessions.", "# 70th meeting of the Clean Development Mechanism Executive Board (19 to 23 November)\n# Least Developed Countries Preparatory Meetings (20 to 21 November)\n# Small Island Developing States Preparatory Meetings (22 to 23 November)\n# African Group Preparatory Meetings (22 to 23 November)\n# Informal pre-sessional meeting of Parties to exchange further views on the possible recommendations on loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change(24 November)\n# G7 & China Preparatory Meetings (24 to 25 November)", "The Doha 2012 United Nations Climate Change Conference is an agglomeration of multiple related conferences being conducted roughly in parallel and in a semi-integrated fashion over the two weeks that the conference is in session:\n# Eighteenth session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 18)\n# Eighth session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP 8)\n# Thirty-seventh session of the Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI 37)\n# Thirty-seventh session of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and TechnologicalAdvice (SBSTA 37)\n# Seventeenth session of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol (second part) (AWG-KP 17.2)\n# Fifteenth session of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the convention (second part) (AWG-LCA 15.2)\n# First session of the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (second part) (ADP 1.2)", "The conference focused on five aspects of climate change:", "The conference is generally a two-week conference consisting of the following activities:\n\n\n\nThe conference will sometimes see late night (or all night) working sessions when diplomats cannot agree to the terms and conditions of agreements and sometimes staged walk-outs by some parties is not uncommon.", "The last several conferences of this type have suffered from impasses in the first week and a half of talks, followed by a series of rounds of very late night discussions, sometimes followed by an extension of the conference which finally yields a modest progress agreement.", "External to the conference, the conference generally attracts well organized protests, rallies and demonstrations by various environmental groups urging the participants to reach agreement on the topic of climate change policy.", "In recent conferences, some activist groups have given daily informal awards to countries that they see as advancing or detracting from their particular ideological position.", "The Conference produced a package of documents collectively titled \"The Doha Climate Gateway\" over objections from Russia and other countries at the session.", "The documents collectively contained:\n# An eight-year extension of the Kyoto Protocol until 2020 limited in scope to only 15% of the global carbon dioxide emissions due to the lack of participation of Canada, Japan, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, New Zealand and the United States and due to the fact that developing countries like China (the world's largest emitter), India and Brazil are not subject to any emissions reductions under the Kyoto Protocol.", "# Language on loss and damage, formalized for the first time in the conference documents.", "# The conference made little progress towards the funding of the Green Climate Fund.", "Russia, Belarus and Ukraine objected at the end of the session, as they have a right to under the session's rules.", "In closing the conference, the President said that he would note these objections in his final report.", "Reaction to the conference outcomes was characterized as \"modest, at best\" by NPR.", "Kieren Keke, Foreign Minister of Nauru and the representative of the Alliance of Small Island States at the conference, was quoted by the BBC as saying,\nOthers like Martin Khor of the South Center, an association of developing nations saw a more positive outcome, specifically regarding the Loss and Damage Mechanism:\nJennifer Morgan of the World Resources Institute told NPR about the Loss and Damage Mechanism that:\nRegarding the path to the $100 billion in Green Climate Fund financing, Jennifer Morgan told NPR the following:", "The overall umbrella and processes of the UNFCCC and the adopted Kyoto Protocol have been criticized by some as not having achieved its stated goals of reducing the emission of carbon dioxide (the primary culprit blamed for rising global temperatures of the 21st century).", "At a speech given at his alma mater, Todd Stern — the US Climate Change envoy — has expressed the challenges with the UNFCCC process as follows, \"Climate change is not a conventional environmental issue...", "It implicates virtually every aspect of a state's economy, so it makes countries nervous about growth and development.", "This is an economic issue every bit as it is an environmental one.\"", "He went on to explain that, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is a multilateral body concerned with climate change and can be an inefficient system for enacting international policy.", "Because the framework system includes over 190 countries and because negotiations are governed by consensus, small groups of countries can often block progress.", "Governments will decide how and timetable to reach an effective universal climate agreement adopted in 2015 and to enter into force from 2020.", "Christiana Figueres, the UNFCCC executive secretary: \"The necessary technology and policy tools are available to governments and societies, but time is very short — only 36 months to reach a universal agreement before 2015.", "What we now need is to urgently implement the decisions that have been taken at the inter-governmental level and to further strengthen actions already under way,\" she said.", "The New Zealand government said it would not be signing up to a second commitment to the Kyoto Protocol, a decision criticised by the World Wildlife Fund.", "Prime Minister John Key said New Zealand would not lead the way on climate change, instead opting to be a \"fast follower\".", "The Philippine Government called for urgent action to halt climate change, emphasizing their recent experience with a deadly typhoon and believing that countries may face more extreme weather disturbances frequently if climate change is left unchecked.", "\"As we vacillate and procrastinate here, we are suffering.", "There is massive and widespread devastation back home.", "Heartbreaking tragedies like this are not unique to the Philippines.\" said Philippine envoy Naderev Sano, who is a member of the Philippines' Climate Change Commission.", "\"Only developed countries are legally bound by the Kyoto protocol and their emissions are only 26% [of global emissions].", "If we continue the same, only one quarter of the world is legally bound and three-quarters of countries are not bound at all.\"", "The United Nations gave a strong warning on the threat to the climate from methane in the thawing permafrost.", "This has not yet been included in models of the future climate.", "Permafrost contain 1,700 gigatonnes of carbon – twice the amount currently in the atmosphere.", "When it thaws, it could push global warming past one of the key \"tipping points\" that scientists believe could lead to runaway climate change.", "UNEP called IPCC to provide governments with the most up-to-date knowledge in the next IPCC reports next year.", "World Bank published a report in November 2012 demanding the moral responsibility to take action on behalf of future generations.", "4 °C warmer world must be avoided – we need to hold warming below 2 °C.", "Even with the current mitigation commitments there is roughly a 20 percent likelihood of exceeding 4 °C by 2100.", "The World Bank and the International Energy Agency warned that the world is heading for unprecedented warming – of between 4 °C and 6 °C – if trends are not reversed.", "That scale would result in droughts, floods, heatwaves and fiercer storms, decline agricultural productivity, bring plant and animal extinctions, and wide human migration.", "The first time in history an Arab country is hosting the U.N. conference for climate change negotiations.", "Youth in more than 13 Arab countries, launch the Arab Youth Climate Movement, a group established to lobby the region's governments on an ongoing basis to take action against climate change: \"It's basically our role as civil society to make sure that the government is doing its best to provide us with the best quality of life and it's our right as human beings to ensure a healthy future for us and generations to come.", "\"\nThe New Zealand Youth Delegation heavily criticised its own government at the start of the conference, saying New Zealand's withdrawal from a second period of commitment under the Kyoto Protocol was \"embarrassing, short-sighted and irresponsible\".", "New Zealand received two 'Fossil of the Day' awards for \"actively hampering international progress\".", "\"An open letter to governments and their negotiators\" posted on Friends of the Earth International's website stated, \"To really address climate change UNFCCC-COP18 should decide to leave under the soil more than 2/3 of the fossil reserves.", "\"", "Lauri Myllyvirta from Greenpeace Nordic states that the key reason we are heading for 4 °C of warming is coal burning.", "Massive expansion in the use of coal has caused more than two-thirds of the increase in global CO2 emissions in recent years.", "Also the World Bank made plea for governments to avoid 4 °C Warmer World.", "No new coal plants were constructed in Europe after 2007, but 1,200 coal plants are now being planned elsewhere: they can be stopped.", "The EU spent two-thirds of its energy research funding on nuclear technologies in 2011.", "Some countries maintain direct subsidies to oil consumption and coal mining.", "Others are providing decisive economic benefits to nuclear, oil and gas installations by legislation socialising the costs of accidents and of decommissioning.", "According to Greenpeace removing these subsidies and imposing environmental taxes would increase the cost and price of old energy supplies, and make energy efficiency more profitable.", "Eren Swobodan of the German group \"Keepers of prosperity - Bewahrer des Wohlstandes\" criticized the inaction of the German government.", "He called for crime charges against people who express doubts on the scientific consensus.", "In an open letter to non-attendees of his group's 2012 meeting he wrote \"the world can't afford another event like 2004 and 2007\" and \"everything has to be done to avoid it\", but he also added for consideration that \"they won't make it easy for us\".", "According to Swobodan there is time until 2018, anything beyond that would be too late.", "In a national campaign published by several German newspapers the group showed heartbreaking pictures of children getting a sunburn and some more severe injuries from to the climate change-enhanced sunny weather in many parts of Germany.", "Although the campaign raised awareness of global warning in Germany and some German speaking parts of France and even 4 TV stations reported about it, some observers doubt whether it would convince enough politicians to \"do what it takes to make it happen\"." ]

[ 11 ]

[ "The 2012 United Nations Climate Change Conference was the 18th yearly session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the 8th session of the Meeting of the Parties (CMP) to the 1997 Kyoto Protocol (the protocol having been developed under the UNFCCC's charter)." ]

[ "This series is a lively and informative talk show which features Texas Immigration Lawyer Roy Petty who answers caller questions about legal matters, principally immigration and consumer advocacy.", "The show's \"Scams Exposed!\"", "segment has led to judgments and criminal prosecutions against con artists who have defrauded immigrants.", "In March 2005, the show exposed a multimillion-dollar document fraud scam orchestrated by an undocumented Mexican Fidelina Cuevas.", "In 2013, the Roy Petty Show exposed fraud which led to a civil fraud judgment against Mundo Latino of Dallas and Cecilia McDaniel.", "As a result of the investigation, Mundo Latino filed for bankruptcy and shut down.", "In April 2006, the Show organised undocumented youths to march for passage of the DREAM Act and to demonstrate in front of the Earle Cabell Federal Building and Courthouse.", "In September 2008, Roy Petty won a court judgment overturning the prohibition on granting citizenship to immigrants with recent DWI convictions.", "In April 2012, the Show urged listeners to call the White House to demand work permits for undocumented youth as a response to the failed passage of the DREAM Act.", "On 15 June 2012, the Obama Administration announced the creation of DACA, formally called the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program.", "The Roy Petty Show broadcasts a weekly segment for victims of domestic violence and advises victims how to leave abusive relationships and how to obtain a U visa and legal status as the victim of crime." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 ]

[ "It also is broadcast on KTNO radio Dallas." ]

[ "Born in Dunedoo, in Central Western New South Wales, Greg Schiemer attended Holy Cross College, Ryde, and finished high school in the Passionist minor seminary at St Ives and at the Sydney Technical College, Ultimo.", "He completed a B.Mus at Sydney University where he studied composition with Peter Sculthorpe to whom he owes an enduring interest in music from Asia and the world of Harry Partch.", "Through David Ahern, he discovered experimental music and in particular, the work of Cornelius Cardew and John Cage.\nThe foundations of his work as composer and instrument-builder were laid while he was a musical collaborator of Philippa Cullen.", "Working with her electronic dance ensemble, he learned the craft of electronics under the tutelage of electronic engineer Phil Connor and organ builder Arthur Spring and between 1972 and 1975 together they built some of the earliest electronic music systems that react to dance movement.", "Between 1976 and 1981 he worked for Digital Equipment Australia, a division of Digital Equipment Corporation, initially in computer field service and later as senior design technician and in 1999 he was awarded a PhD in electronics from Macquarie University.", "He first taught electronic music composition at the Canberra School of Music from 1983, before moving in 1986 to the Sydney Conservatorium.", "There he mentored musicians working with new technology and participated in the activities of \"watt\", the electro-acoustic group co-founded by composers Martin Wesley-Smith and Ian Fredericks.", "In 2003 he moved to the University of Wollongong where he supervised postgraduate composers and coordinated interdisciplinary research involving sound across a variety of disciplines within creative arts and informatics.", "He was also the lead chief investigator for Australian Research Council projects focused on mobile technology, haptic instruments and microtonal performance.", "His electronic instruments include:" ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ]

[ "Gregory Marcellus Schiemer (born 16 January 1949) is an Australian electronic music composer, instrument builder, and teacher." ]

[ "In the 2012 general election the PCs lost a portion of their caucus, but were able to continue as majority government, despite their share of the popular vote decreasing to under 50%.", "The Wildrose Party formed the official opposition for the first time, while the other two parties in the Assembly, the Alberta Liberal Party and Alberta New Democratic Party (NDP), both held official party status with five and four seats respectively.", "On September 4, 2014, the PCs became the longest serving political dynasty in Canadian history, at 43 years, 5 days.", "Prentice, who succeeded former premier and interim leader of the Progressive Conservatives Dave Hancock in September 2014, was not obligated to call an election until 2016.", "However, seeking a new mandate to pass his budget, he asked Lieutenant Governor Donald Ethell to dissolve the legislature on April 7.", "In accordance with Canadian constitutional practice, Ethell granted the request, beginning a month long campaign.", "The early election call was criticized by some as unethical, as it violated the fixed election dates specified in the \"Elections Act\", but it was constitutionally valid and followed the general practice of the reserve powers of the Crown, specifically the constitutional convention of following the advice of the premier.", "The NDP received the most votes, receiving 40.6 percent of the vote and capturing 62 percent of the seats.", "NDP candidates received over 50% of the votes in all Edmonton ridings as well as the ridings of Sherwood Park, St. Albert and Lethbridge-West.", "All opposition candidates won with less than half the votes in the riding where they ran, except for\nthe Wildrose candidates in Cypress-Medicine Hat, Strathmore-Brooks and Olds-Disbury, each of whom captured over a majority of its respective votes.", "The election produced some very close races and small leads for some winning candidates.", "In Calgary Glenmore the winning candidate won with a lead of six votes over her leading contender.", "In Calgary McCall an NDP candidate won with less than 30 percent of the vote; in Calgary Shaw an NDP candidate won with but 31 percent of the vote; in Calgary South-East a PC won with only 32.5 percent of the votes cast.", "In many ridings the combined votes of the Progressive Conservative and the Wildrose candidates surpassed that of the NDP.", "In some ridings such as Red Deer North, Spruce Grove-St. Albert, Calgary-Buffalo, Calgary-Varsity, Lethbridge East and Lethbridge West, the combined vote of the NDP and the Liberal candidates totalled more than 50 percent of the district's votes, thus overwhelming the combined vote of the Conservative and Wild Rose candidate.", "This also held true for Calgary Mountain View where a Liberal was elected.", "In many ridings no Liberal ran, which probably aided the NDP victory in those ridings.", "These included Lesser Slave Lake, Peace River, Edmonton-McClung, Sherwood Park, West Yellowhead and Whitecourt.\n!rowspan=\"2\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:left;\" |Party\n!rowspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:left;\" |Party leader\n!rowspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center;\" |Number ofcandidates\n!colspan=\"4\" style=\"text-align:center;\" |Seats\n!colspan=\"3\" style=\"text-align:center;\" |Popular vote\n!400 !!", "87 !!", "87 !!", "87 !!", "100.0% !!1,488,248 !!", "100.00% !!", "The election resulted in a majority government led by the New Democratic Party.", "The result in Calgary-Glenmore remained unresolved on election night, as incumbent PC MLA Linda Johnson and NDP challenger Anam Kazim finished the vote count in an exact tie of 7,015 votes each, necessitating a recount process.", "On May 15, the recount determined NDP candidate Anam Kazim won the riding by six votes.", "The Alberta NDP had been leading in most polls since late April.", "They had been expected to do well in Edmonton, which historically had been more favourable to centre-left parties and candidates than Alberta in general.", "However, in a result that exceeded even the most optimistic projections for the NDP, Edmonton swung dramatically to support Notley, who represents an Edmonton riding.", "The NDP took every seat in the city, all by very large margins (4,000 votes or more with absolute majority support).", "The NDP also won 15 of the 25 seats in Calgary, the power base of the PCs for most of the previous four decades.", "The NDP also swept the province's third and fourth-largest cities, Lethbridge and Red Deer.", "NDP support remained relatively lower in rural Alberta, where they won only a handful of ridings in the north of the province, as well as some rural ridings around Edmonton.", "Notley later said that she had known a week before the election that the NDP would win.", "She told the Canadian Press that she had been sitting in a hotel room in either Calgary or Lethbridge when she saw a very credible poll showing the NDP was poised to rebound from a mere four seats in the legislature – the minimum for official party status – to an outright majority.", "She was stunned at first, but recovered long enough to drop her plans for a whirlwind schedule to close out the campaign.", "Her original plan would have not only resulted in her looking extremely haggard in her first speech as premier-elect, but would have left her without time to begin a transition.", "The PCs finished second in the popular vote, 53,099 votes ahead of the Wildrose.", "However, their caucus was decimated due to a near-total collapse in the major cities, as well as a more pronounced split in the right-of-centre vote.", "They were completely shut out in Edmonton, Lethbridge, and Red Deer, and lost 12 of their 20 seats in Calgary.", "Since the first-past-the-post system awards power solely on the basis of seats won (not by proportional representation), the PCs were knocked down to third place with 10 seats, and only two outside Calgary.", "This was further reduced to nine when Prentice disclaimed victory in his riding.", "The PCs were reduced to their smallest presence in the Legislative Assembly since 1967.", "With a few exceptions, their support in the cities transferred to the NDP, while their rural support moved to the Wildrose.", "All but three members of Prentice's cabinet were defeated.", "The Wildrose had its legislative caucus greatly reduced in 2014 when then-leader and Leader of the Official Opposition Danielle Smith and all but 5 Wildrose MLAs crossed the floor to sit with the governing PCs.", "In the 2015 general election, the party rebounded to 21 seats and retained Official Opposition status.", "All of their gains were in rural ridings taken from the PCs, and they failed to win a seat in Edmonton or Calgary.", "Greg Clark, leader of the Alberta Party, won the first ever seat for his party in the Legislative Assembly.", "For the first time since the 1920s, centre-left candidates won a majority of seats in Calgary (15 NDP, 1 Liberal, 1 Alberta Party).", "Bold indicates cabinet members, and \"party leaders\" are \"italicized\".", "Candidate names appear as they appeared on the ballot.", "Colour band in gulley indictes winner of the election.", "All results are sourced from Elections Alberta.", "Progressive Conservative", "Wildrose\n\nLiberal", "The following is a summary of published polls of voter intentions.", "The following media outlets endorsed the Progressive Conservatives during the campaign:\n\n\nNo media endorsements were made for any of the other parties." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ]

[ "The 2015 Alberta general election was held on May 5, 2015, following a request of Premier Jim Prentice to the Lieutenant Governor of Alberta Donald Ethell to dissolve the Legislative Assembly on April 7, 2015.", "This election elected members to the 29th Alberta Legislature.", "The provincial Election Act fixed the election date to a three-month period between March 1 and May 31 in the fourth calendar year after the preceding election day – in this case, April 23, 2012.", "However, the Act does not affect the powers of the Lieutenant Governor to dissolve the Legislature before this period.", "The Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta (PCs) had a majority in the outgoing Assembly.", "As a result of the election, the Alberta New Democratic Party (NDP) were elected to a majority government under leader Rachel Notley.", "The NDP formed Government for the first time in Alberta history, ousting the PCs, who were reduced to third place in seats.", "The Progressive Conservatives had won every provincial election since the 1971 election, making them the longest-serving provincial government in Canadian history—being in office for 44 years.", "The Alberta Liberal Party and Alberta Party each won a single seat with Alberta Party leader Greg Clark becoming the party's first MLA.", "The Alberta Liberal Party lost four seats, only returning interim leader David Swann to the Legislative Assembly." ]

[ "In the 2012 general election the PCs lost a portion of their caucus, but were able to continue as majority government, despite their share of the popular vote decreasing to under 50%.", "The Wildrose Party formed the official opposition for the first time, while the other two parties in the Assembly, the Alberta Liberal Party and Alberta New Democratic Party (NDP), both held official party status with five and four seats respectively.", "On September 4, 2014, the PCs became the longest serving political dynasty in Canadian history, at 43 years, 5 days.", "Prentice, who succeeded former premier and interim leader of the Progressive Conservatives Dave Hancock in September 2014, was not obligated to call an election until 2016.", "However, seeking a new mandate to pass his budget, he asked Lieutenant Governor Donald Ethell to dissolve the legislature on April 7.", "In accordance with Canadian constitutional practice, Ethell granted the request, beginning a month long campaign.", "The early election call was criticized by some as unethical, as it violated the fixed election dates specified in the \"Elections Act\", but it was constitutionally valid and followed the general practice of the reserve powers of the Crown, specifically the constitutional convention of following the advice of the premier.", "The NDP received the most votes, receiving 40.6 percent of the vote and capturing 62 percent of the seats.", "NDP candidates received over 50% of the votes in all Edmonton ridings as well as the ridings of Sherwood Park, St. Albert and Lethbridge-West.", "All opposition candidates won with less than half the votes in the riding where they ran, except for\nthe Wildrose candidates in Cypress-Medicine Hat, Strathmore-Brooks and Olds-Disbury, each of whom captured over a majority of its respective votes.", "The election produced some very close races and small leads for some winning candidates.", "In Calgary Glenmore the winning candidate won with a lead of six votes over her leading contender.", "In Calgary McCall an NDP candidate won with less than 30 percent of the vote; in Calgary Shaw an NDP candidate won with but 31 percent of the vote; in Calgary South-East a PC won with only 32.5 percent of the votes cast.", "In many ridings the combined votes of the Progressive Conservative and the Wildrose candidates surpassed that of the NDP.", "In some ridings such as Red Deer North, Spruce Grove-St. Albert, Calgary-Buffalo, Calgary-Varsity, Lethbridge East and Lethbridge West, the combined vote of the NDP and the Liberal candidates totalled more than 50 percent of the district's votes, thus overwhelming the combined vote of the Conservative and Wild Rose candidate.", "This also held true for Calgary Mountain View where a Liberal was elected.", "In many ridings no Liberal ran, which probably aided the NDP victory in those ridings.", "These included Lesser Slave Lake, Peace River, Edmonton-McClung, Sherwood Park, West Yellowhead and Whitecourt.\n!rowspan=\"2\" colspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:left;\" |Party\n!rowspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:left;\" |Party leader\n!rowspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center;\" |Number ofcandidates\n!colspan=\"4\" style=\"text-align:center;\" |Seats\n!colspan=\"3\" style=\"text-align:center;\" |Popular vote\n!400 !!", "87 !!", "87 !!", "87 !!", "100.0% !!1,488,248 !!", "100.00% !!", "The election resulted in a majority government led by the New Democratic Party.", "The result in Calgary-Glenmore remained unresolved on election night, as incumbent PC MLA Linda Johnson and NDP challenger Anam Kazim finished the vote count in an exact tie of 7,015 votes each, necessitating a recount process.", "On May 15, the recount determined NDP candidate Anam Kazim won the riding by six votes.", "The Alberta NDP had been leading in most polls since late April.", "They had been expected to do well in Edmonton, which historically had been more favourable to centre-left parties and candidates than Alberta in general.", "However, in a result that exceeded even the most optimistic projections for the NDP, Edmonton swung dramatically to support Notley, who represents an Edmonton riding.", "The NDP took every seat in the city, all by very large margins (4,000 votes or more with absolute majority support).", "The NDP also won 15 of the 25 seats in Calgary, the power base of the PCs for most of the previous four decades.", "The NDP also swept the province's third and fourth-largest cities, Lethbridge and Red Deer.", "NDP support remained relatively lower in rural Alberta, where they won only a handful of ridings in the north of the province, as well as some rural ridings around Edmonton.", "Notley later said that she had known a week before the election that the NDP would win.", "She told the Canadian Press that she had been sitting in a hotel room in either Calgary or Lethbridge when she saw a very credible poll showing the NDP was poised to rebound from a mere four seats in the legislature – the minimum for official party status – to an outright majority.", "She was stunned at first, but recovered long enough to drop her plans for a whirlwind schedule to close out the campaign.", "Her original plan would have not only resulted in her looking extremely haggard in her first speech as premier-elect, but would have left her without time to begin a transition.", "The PCs finished second in the popular vote, 53,099 votes ahead of the Wildrose.", "However, their caucus was decimated due to a near-total collapse in the major cities, as well as a more pronounced split in the right-of-centre vote.", "They were completely shut out in Edmonton, Lethbridge, and Red Deer, and lost 12 of their 20 seats in Calgary.", "Since the first-past-the-post system awards power solely on the basis of seats won (not by proportional representation), the PCs were knocked down to third place with 10 seats, and only two outside Calgary.", "This was further reduced to nine when Prentice disclaimed victory in his riding.", "The PCs were reduced to their smallest presence in the Legislative Assembly since 1967.", "With a few exceptions, their support in the cities transferred to the NDP, while their rural support moved to the Wildrose.", "All but three members of Prentice's cabinet were defeated.", "The Wildrose had its legislative caucus greatly reduced in 2014 when then-leader and Leader of the Official Opposition Danielle Smith and all but 5 Wildrose MLAs crossed the floor to sit with the governing PCs.", "In the 2015 general election, the party rebounded to 21 seats and retained Official Opposition status.", "All of their gains were in rural ridings taken from the PCs, and they failed to win a seat in Edmonton or Calgary.", "Greg Clark, leader of the Alberta Party, won the first ever seat for his party in the Legislative Assembly.", "For the first time since the 1920s, centre-left candidates won a majority of seats in Calgary (15 NDP, 1 Liberal, 1 Alberta Party).", "Bold indicates cabinet members, and \"party leaders\" are \"italicized\".", "Candidate names appear as they appeared on the ballot.", "Colour band in gulley indictes winner of the election.", "All results are sourced from Elections Alberta.", "Progressive Conservative", "Wildrose\n\nLiberal", "The following is a summary of published polls of voter intentions.", "The following media outlets endorsed the Progressive Conservatives during the campaign:\n\n\nNo media endorsements were made for any of the other parties." ]

[ 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54 ]

[ "As a result of the election, the Alberta New Democratic Party (NDP) were elected to a majority government under leader Rachel Notley.", "Prentice resigned as PC leader and MLA for Calgary-Foothills on election night.", "The Alberta Liberal Party and Alberta Party each won a single seat with Alberta Party leader Greg Clark becoming the party's first MLA.", "The Alberta Liberal Party lost four seats, only returning interim leader David Swann to the Legislative Assembly.", "Following the election, Notley and her cabinet were sworn in on May 24, 2015." ]

[ "India and Belgium have strong trading links, with India being the second largest importer of and fifth largest exporter to Belgian products.", "In 2008, The Government of India spoke about how Belgium and India were \"partners in a globalised world\".", "In November 2017, King Phillipe and Queen Mathilde of Belgium visited India for seven days.", "There are many Indian diamond merchants from Gujarat and Rajasthan in Antwerp.", "Apart from the Embassy of Belgium, New Delhi, The Belgian Government has further opened two Consulates-General and two Honorary Consulates: in Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata and Ahmedabad.", "The Mumbai Consulate General is located at Bandra-Kurla Complex, the Chennai Consulate General at Khader Nawaz Khan Road - Nungambakkam, the Kolkata Honorary Consulate at Camac Street( Abanindranath Thakur Sarani ), while the latest one, opened on April 26, 2017, is at GIFT City, Ahmedabad.", "Opening the Honorary Consulate made Belgium the first country to do so at India's first International Financial Services Centre(IFSC).", "The Embassy of India, Brussels is located at Chaussee de Vleurgat 217, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.", "India also has its honorary consulates in Antwerp (Belgium) and Capellen (Luxembourg)" ]

[ 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ]

[ "India's Embassy in Brussels was opened in 1948.", "Belgium's embassy in New Delhi was opened in 1947." ]

[ "The Alta Gracia factory opened in 2010 as a subsidiary of Knights Apparel.", "The company was founded with the promise to pays its employees a living wage, as established by the Workers Rights Consortium, for adequate food and shelter, which is about three and a half times the average income of apparel workers in the Dominican Republic.", "This Living Wage, which is established independently by the WRC (Worker's Rights Consortium) is set to provide a family of four the basic needs of housing, food, healthcare etc.", "The factory employs about 150 unionized people who, in 2013, made about $3 per hour, or $500 per month.", "This compares to the average wage in Bangladesh of $40 to $64 per month, according to a May 2013 survey reported by Reuters.", "Alta Gracia is located in a former apparel sweatshop, that made baseball caps for Reebok and Nike until 2007.", "Its owner, BJ+B moved its clothing manufacture operations to Vietnam and Bangladesh where there were lower employment costs.", "Offering workers a fair wage came as the result of co-founders Donnie Hodge and Joe Bozich's response to student concerns regarding conditions under which collegiate apparel were produced.", "The Workers Rights Consortium along with student activist groups like the United Students Against Sweatshops, and James Wilkerson, Director of Trademark Licensing and Stores Operations at Duke University, were early leaders in the movement.", "In 2018, the company was acquired by AG Triada and moved headquarters to Atlanta, GA.", "Alta Gracia makes collegiate and professional logo apparel, selling at over 700 collegiate bookstores as well as through online retailers such as Fanatics.", "They are the only Living Wage Verified apparel company." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ]

[ "Their factory, located in Villa Altagracia, Dominican Republic is the first and only verified Living Wage company of its kind." ]

[ "The Alta Gracia factory opened in 2010 as a subsidiary of Knights Apparel.", "The company was founded with the promise to pays its employees a living wage, as established by the Workers Rights Consortium, for adequate food and shelter, which is about three and a half times the average income of apparel workers in the Dominican Republic.", "This Living Wage, which is established independently by the WRC (Worker's Rights Consortium) is set to provide a family of four the basic needs of housing, food, healthcare etc.", "The factory employs about 150 unionized people who, in 2013, made about $3 per hour, or $500 per month.", "This compares to the average wage in Bangladesh of $40 to $64 per month, according to a May 2013 survey reported by Reuters.", "Alta Gracia is located in a former apparel sweatshop, that made baseball caps for Reebok and Nike until 2007.", "Its owner, BJ+B moved its clothing manufacture operations to Vietnam and Bangladesh where there were lower employment costs.", "Offering workers a fair wage came as the result of co-founders Donnie Hodge and Joe Bozich's response to student concerns regarding conditions under which collegiate apparel were produced.", "The Workers Rights Consortium along with student activist groups like the United Students Against Sweatshops, and James Wilkerson, Director of Trademark Licensing and Stores Operations at Duke University, were early leaders in the movement.", "In 2018, the company was acquired by AG Triada and moved headquarters to Atlanta, GA.", "Alta Gracia makes collegiate and professional logo apparel, selling at over 700 collegiate bookstores as well as through online retailers such as Fanatics.", "They are the only Living Wage Verified apparel company." ]

[ 10, 11 ]

[ "Alta Gracia Apparel is a living wage apparel company manufacturing that sells licensed collegiate and professional sports apparel to university bookstores and online retailers." ]

[ "In April and May the Polish successful Kiev Offensive reached Kiev and pushed the Red forces south of the Pripet Marshes behind the Dneper.", "However, Soviet forces evaded encirclement and retreated across the river.", "Quite unexpectedly to the Poles, on 14 May 1920 the forces of Mikhail Tukhachevsky's Western Front started a major counter-offensive in the northern sector of the front, aimed at Głębokie-Święciany area.", "The objective of the offensive was to outflank the Poles from the north, along the lines occupied by Lithuanian forces, and push them south-west.", "The Polish Commander-in-Chief General Józef Piłsudski redirected some forces from the rear and the southern sector of the front and ordered the First Polish Army under Gen. Stanisław Szeptycki to immediately counter-attack on both flanks: from Polesia northwards and from the northernmost sector southwards.", "Despite Polish efforts, the Russian forces broke through towards Igumen and Głębokie.", "In two weeks Tukhachevsky created a 150 kilometres-deep bulge in Polish lines.", "To counter the threat, Piłsudski ordered yet another counter-offensive.", "The Polish plan demanded that the Soviet 15th Army be rapidly encircled by two pincers in front of Głębokie, while the rest of Soviet forces be pushed back behind Berezina.", "One pincer was formed by an Operational Group of Gen. Leonard Skierski formed of the bulk of the First and Fourth Armies.", "It was to attack the Soviets from the south, from Minsk towards Dokszyce and Głębokie.", "The other group was an \"ad hoc\" Reserve Army under Gen. Kazimierz Sosnkowski that was to drive through Pastavy and Duniłowicze, and reach Głębokie as well.", "The counter-offensive started on 2 June 1920.", "The Russians offered stiff resistance at the line of 1915 Russian trenches from World War I. Despite heavy resistance, Sosnkowski's group broke through enemy right flank and forced Tukhachevsky to retreat behind the Avuta River.", "Although bad timing and poor coordination between both Operational Groups prevented the Poles from encircling the Soviets holding ground between Głębokie and Mołodeczno, Tukhachevsky nevertheless suffered a defeat.", "His 15th Army lost 12,000 soldiers while the Poles lost less than 4,000.", "Also, until June 10 the front was yet again stabilised and almost returned to the lines of early May.", "In late June, Tukhachevsky prepared a plan for a new offensive that was aimed at encircling the Polish 1st Army in the - - Głębokie triangle, thus creating a \"little Sedan for the White Poles\".", "The 15th Army (under August Kork) was to attack the Poles frontally, while the 3rd and 4th Armies were to start a pincer movement around the Polish forces.", "The northernmost sector of the Polish front was attacked by the 4th Army under Sergeyev.", "The 18th Rifle Division was to attack the Poles to draw their reinforcements, while the remaining forces (12th and 53rd Rifle Divisions, as well as the 164th Rifle Brigade) was to break through a narrow () strip of land between Daugava River and Yelnya Lake.", "The bulk of the 4th Army was then to turn south towards Hermanowicze and Szarkowszczyzna, while the cavalry was to push further west, to outflank the Poles and disrupt their rear.", "To catch up with the enemy, the forces of the 4th Red Army were to cross between 22 and 40 versts (23.5 to 42.7 km) on the first day and between 18 and 24 versts (19.2 to 25.6 km) the second day.", "The attack, postponed until 8:00 hours due to the morning fog, was reinforced with 70 field guns and 8 pieces of heavy artillery.", "The Polish line in the area was lightly held by a token force of two battalions from the 33rd Infantry Regiment of the 8th Infantry Division, with one battalion in reserve, deep behind the line and 10 pieces of divisional artillery.", "By 9:00 the Reds captured the first lines.", "However, by then the element of surprise was gone.", "Despite numerical inferiority, the 33rd Regiment counter-attacked several times and the Russian advance stalled until 16:00 hours, when the two Polish battalions withdrew with their heavy equipment.", "It was not until 18:00 hours that the Russian 4th Army started its forced march towards the Polish rear.", "The diversionary attack by the 18th Rifle Division was even less successful.", "Despite heavy losses on both sides, the division was stopped by an infantry brigade from the 10th Infantry Division.", "The southernmost 3rd Army had equally ambitious aims: by the end of the first day it was to capture Dokszyce some behind Polish line, while on the second day it was to capture the entire Polotsk-Mołodeczno railway and cut all the retreat routes for the Polish 1st Army.", "The 3rd Army faced elements of the 11th Infantry Division and a single brigade from the 1st Lithuanian–Belarusian Division.", "Despite huge numerical superiority, by the end of the day the Russians managed to establish isolated bridgeheads across Berezina some behind the Polish trenches, but most of the units covered at most.", "Both flanks thus failed to achieve their objectives and did not threaten the Polish rear.", "The Soviet centre was formed by the 15th Army with four rifle divisions spread across a front of .", "Polish line in this sector was manned by a single brigade of the 5th Infantry Division (the IX Infantry Brigade, 38th and 39th \"Lwów Rifles\" Regiments), VII Reserve Brigade and the 11th Infantry Division holding the area north of the Polotsk-Mołodeczno railway.", "The entire 17th Infantry Division was held in reserve.", "During the first day of the offensive the Russian forces south of the railway successfully pushed the Poles back approximately , behind the Mniuta River near the town of Plisa.", "However, the bulk of the 15th Army fighting north of the railway was less successful.", "The Polish 10th and 17th Divisions successfully counter-attacked and by the end of the day the Russians gained not more than of land.", "This success came at a price: the brigade of the 5th Division and the VII Reserve Brigade suffered catastrophic losses and had to be withdrawn from the front.", "Furthermore, by that point the 1st Army had committed all of its assets and reserves to the fight except for the 8th Infantry Division in the far north.", "The following day the 4th Army resumed its march on the right flank of the Bolshevik forces, this time practically unopposed as the two battalions it had been facing the previous day withdrew westwards, away from the rest of the 8th Division.", "Only in the afternoon the remaining two battalions of the division were attacked by the front guard of the Russian force near the village of Pohost.", "In a series of skirmishes neither side gained an upper hand.", "However, because of those fights the 12th and 53rd Russian Rifle Divisions stopped their march westwards and faced south, giving the Polish units some badly-needed time to regroup and evade encirclement.", "Gen. Lucjan Żeligowski withdrew his 10th Infantry Division behind Mniuta River to shorten the line, but the Russian force did not follow.", "In the centre the Russian offensive slowed down to a crawl.", "Despite the weakness of the Polish lines, the southernmost Russian divisions (11th and 33rd) pushed only a couple of kilometres forward, while the northern group (16th and 54th Rifle Divisions) did not even reach the new Polish line along the Mniuta River.", "However, Polish forces were equally exhausted.", "Despite orders to counter-attack and regain the initiative, the Polish centre remained mostly inactive, with only the Polish 10th Division fighting heavily against the Russian 54th along the Mniuta River in the village of Łużki.", "The 3rd Army also slowed down and by noon did not enter into contact with the Polish forces, limiting the battle to sporadic artillery duels.", "To regain the initiative, around noon the 1st Army ordered a tactical withdrawal to break off from the enemy and mount a renewed counter-offensive.", "However, not all Polish units received the order simultaneously while the northernmost group under Gen. Żeligowski did not receive it at all.", "Shortly before 14:00 Gen. Rządkowski's forces, including the 1st Lithuanian-Belarusian Division, started a forced march towards Mołodeczno.", "The central group under Gen. Jędrzejowski (including 17th Division and the VII Reserve Brigade) was already performing a withdrawal westwards, towards Duniłowicze, when the order reached his headquarters to change the direction and move south, to cover the flank of the Polish 4th Army.", "By that time Jędrzejowski had already dispatched his supply trains and services westwards.", "The battered units under Jędrzejowski's command thus started a march along the front of the entire Russian army, under constant artillery barrage, deprived of supplies and even field kitchens.", "The new orders also exposed the flank of Gen. Żeligowski's forces, still successfully fighting in the north.", "Despite this obvious mistake, the Russians did not take advantage of the situation and their 4th and 15th Armies remained mostly stationary for the remainder of the day in that sector, which allowed Jędrzejowski's force to reach the new line the next day.", "The Russian forces, still shaken from their previous defeats, often overestimated the Polish forces they were facing and followed orders reluctantly, which caused further disarray in their ranks.", "By the end of the day Gen. Żeligowski's group became increasingly exposed to enemy action and enemy patrols started appearing behind his 10th Division, fighting in Łużki on the Mniuta River.", "Both his divisions (8th and 10th) were also pressed from the front by the remainder of the 4th Army.", "Unable to establish contact with his southern neighbours, in the evening Żeligowski also ordered a retreat towards Duniłowicze, where he expected to find the forces of Gen. Jędrzejowski.", "Overnight the 10th Division reached Mosarz, while the 8th reached Szarkowszczyzna.", "Unable to find friendly units there, he continued the withdrawal towards Duniłowicze, a town he occupied by the end of the day.", "With no sign of either friendly or enemy forces, and no pressure from the east, Żeligowski became convinced that his forces are already behind enemy lines and that the Russians are attacking towards south-west, in the direction of Mołodeczno.", "Although tempted to attack the centre of what he considered the rear of enemy front, the town of Głębokie which had been abandoned by Polish forces the previous day, eventually he ordered further withdrawal westwards.", "In reality, the town of Głębokie was free from enemy presence and no enemy units were following Gen. Jędrzejowski's force.", "Only in the evening was the town captured by a weak Kuban Brigade and front guard of the badly-beaten 54th Rifle Division.", "Simultaneously the entire Russian force was regrouping for a renewed offensive against what Mikhail Tukhachevsky perceived as the main group of Polish forces due south.", "By noon of July 7 Żeligowski reached the shores of Myadzel Lake.", "The pursuing forces, namely the 18th Rifle Division, did not reach that area until the evening of July 10.", "While the battle for Głębokie proved a tactical victory for the Russian side, it was a strategic defeat.", "The town was taken, but the basic aims of the entire operation were not met.", "The Polish 1st Army successfully withdrew and evaded three enemy armies trying to encircle it.", "Only a small Corps-sized Operational Group of Gen. Lucjan Żeligowski (8th and 10th Infantry Divisions) did not receive the orders to withdraw and offered some resistance before finally breaking off and retreating westwards.", "The bulk of the 1st Army, namely the Operational Group of Gen. Władysław Jędrzejewski, reached Mołodeczno without further contact with the enemy.", "In his post-war memoirs E.N. Sergeyev, the commanding officer of the 4th Army, recalled that Tukhachevsky was unaware that his plan failed and after the battle ordered the Poles to be surrounded in the area of Osinogródek and Kuryłowicze, some west of Głębokie, even though the 1st Army had already been withdrawn further west.", "Despite retaining cohesion, the 1st Army suffered serious losses in manpower and, more importantly, morale.", "It tried to form a new front line at the line of 1916 German and Russian trenches of World War I, running in front of Wilno (modern Vilnius, Lithuania).", "However, Hayk Bzhishkyan's Cavalry Corps joined the fight against the battle-weary 1st Army and achieved what the forces of Tukhachevski couldn't.", "The trench line had to be abandoned, and the 1st Army withdrew further west, to the Grodno-Neman River-Shchara River-Ogiński Canal.", "The Cavalry Corps broke through that line as well in the aftermath of a three-day-long First Battle of Grodno of 20 July 1920.", "The 1st Army then set up a new defensive line along the Bug River, but its defence was equally unsuccessful.", "It was not until the victorious Battle of Warsaw of mid-August that the retreat stopped and the Polish forces regained initiative.", "By the end of October the Poles regained Głębokie and reached more or less the line they had lost in July.", "Books" ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 ]

[ "It was a part of a larger offensive by three armies of Red Army's Western Front, aimed at encircling the 1st Polish Army operating in central Belarus.", "While the town of Głębokie was captured by the Soviets, they failed at outflanking the Polish defenders." ]

[ "In April and May the Polish successful Kiev Offensive reached Kiev and pushed the Red forces south of the Pripet Marshes behind the Dneper.", "However, Soviet forces evaded encirclement and retreated across the river.", "Quite unexpectedly to the Poles, on 14 May 1920 the forces of Mikhail Tukhachevsky's Western Front started a major counter-offensive in the northern sector of the front, aimed at Głębokie-Święciany area.", "The objective of the offensive was to outflank the Poles from the north, along the lines occupied by Lithuanian forces, and push them south-west.", "The Polish Commander-in-Chief General Józef Piłsudski redirected some forces from the rear and the southern sector of the front and ordered the First Polish Army under Gen. Stanisław Szeptycki to immediately counter-attack on both flanks: from Polesia northwards and from the northernmost sector southwards.", "Despite Polish efforts, the Russian forces broke through towards Igumen and Głębokie.", "In two weeks Tukhachevsky created a 150 kilometres-deep bulge in Polish lines.", "To counter the threat, Piłsudski ordered yet another counter-offensive.", "The Polish plan demanded that the Soviet 15th Army be rapidly encircled by two pincers in front of Głębokie, while the rest of Soviet forces be pushed back behind Berezina.", "One pincer was formed by an Operational Group of Gen. Leonard Skierski formed of the bulk of the First and Fourth Armies.", "It was to attack the Soviets from the south, from Minsk towards Dokszyce and Głębokie.", "The other group was an \"ad hoc\" Reserve Army under Gen. Kazimierz Sosnkowski that was to drive through Pastavy and Duniłowicze, and reach Głębokie as well.", "The counter-offensive started on 2 June 1920.", "The Russians offered stiff resistance at the line of 1915 Russian trenches from World War I. Despite heavy resistance, Sosnkowski's group broke through enemy right flank and forced Tukhachevsky to retreat behind the Avuta River.", "Although bad timing and poor coordination between both Operational Groups prevented the Poles from encircling the Soviets holding ground between Głębokie and Mołodeczno, Tukhachevsky nevertheless suffered a defeat.", "His 15th Army lost 12,000 soldiers while the Poles lost less than 4,000.", "Also, until June 10 the front was yet again stabilised and almost returned to the lines of early May.", "In late June, Tukhachevsky prepared a plan for a new offensive that was aimed at encircling the Polish 1st Army in the - - Głębokie triangle, thus creating a \"little Sedan for the White Poles\".", "The 15th Army (under August Kork) was to attack the Poles frontally, while the 3rd and 4th Armies were to start a pincer movement around the Polish forces.", "The northernmost sector of the Polish front was attacked by the 4th Army under Sergeyev.", "The 18th Rifle Division was to attack the Poles to draw their reinforcements, while the remaining forces (12th and 53rd Rifle Divisions, as well as the 164th Rifle Brigade) was to break through a narrow () strip of land between Daugava River and Yelnya Lake.", "The bulk of the 4th Army was then to turn south towards Hermanowicze and Szarkowszczyzna, while the cavalry was to push further west, to outflank the Poles and disrupt their rear.", "To catch up with the enemy, the forces of the 4th Red Army were to cross between 22 and 40 versts (23.5 to 42.7 km) on the first day and between 18 and 24 versts (19.2 to 25.6 km) the second day.", "The attack, postponed until 8:00 hours due to the morning fog, was reinforced with 70 field guns and 8 pieces of heavy artillery.", "The Polish line in the area was lightly held by a token force of two battalions from the 33rd Infantry Regiment of the 8th Infantry Division, with one battalion in reserve, deep behind the line and 10 pieces of divisional artillery.", "By 9:00 the Reds captured the first lines.", "However, by then the element of surprise was gone.", "Despite numerical inferiority, the 33rd Regiment counter-attacked several times and the Russian advance stalled until 16:00 hours, when the two Polish battalions withdrew with their heavy equipment.", "It was not until 18:00 hours that the Russian 4th Army started its forced march towards the Polish rear.", "The diversionary attack by the 18th Rifle Division was even less successful.", "Despite heavy losses on both sides, the division was stopped by an infantry brigade from the 10th Infantry Division.", "The southernmost 3rd Army had equally ambitious aims: by the end of the first day it was to capture Dokszyce some behind Polish line, while on the second day it was to capture the entire Polotsk-Mołodeczno railway and cut all the retreat routes for the Polish 1st Army.", "The 3rd Army faced elements of the 11th Infantry Division and a single brigade from the 1st Lithuanian–Belarusian Division.", "Despite huge numerical superiority, by the end of the day the Russians managed to establish isolated bridgeheads across Berezina some behind the Polish trenches, but most of the units covered at most.", "Both flanks thus failed to achieve their objectives and did not threaten the Polish rear.", "The Soviet centre was formed by the 15th Army with four rifle divisions spread across a front of .", "Polish line in this sector was manned by a single brigade of the 5th Infantry Division (the IX Infantry Brigade, 38th and 39th \"Lwów Rifles\" Regiments), VII Reserve Brigade and the 11th Infantry Division holding the area north of the Polotsk-Mołodeczno railway.", "The entire 17th Infantry Division was held in reserve.", "During the first day of the offensive the Russian forces south of the railway successfully pushed the Poles back approximately , behind the Mniuta River near the town of Plisa.", "However, the bulk of the 15th Army fighting north of the railway was less successful.", "The Polish 10th and 17th Divisions successfully counter-attacked and by the end of the day the Russians gained not more than of land.", "This success came at a price: the brigade of the 5th Division and the VII Reserve Brigade suffered catastrophic losses and had to be withdrawn from the front.", "Furthermore, by that point the 1st Army had committed all of its assets and reserves to the fight except for the 8th Infantry Division in the far north.", "The following day the 4th Army resumed its march on the right flank of the Bolshevik forces, this time practically unopposed as the two battalions it had been facing the previous day withdrew westwards, away from the rest of the 8th Division.", "Only in the afternoon the remaining two battalions of the division were attacked by the front guard of the Russian force near the village of Pohost.", "In a series of skirmishes neither side gained an upper hand.", "However, because of those fights the 12th and 53rd Russian Rifle Divisions stopped their march westwards and faced south, giving the Polish units some badly-needed time to regroup and evade encirclement.", "Gen. Lucjan Żeligowski withdrew his 10th Infantry Division behind Mniuta River to shorten the line, but the Russian force did not follow.", "In the centre the Russian offensive slowed down to a crawl.", "Despite the weakness of the Polish lines, the southernmost Russian divisions (11th and 33rd) pushed only a couple of kilometres forward, while the northern group (16th and 54th Rifle Divisions) did not even reach the new Polish line along the Mniuta River.", "However, Polish forces were equally exhausted.", "Despite orders to counter-attack and regain the initiative, the Polish centre remained mostly inactive, with only the Polish 10th Division fighting heavily against the Russian 54th along the Mniuta River in the village of Łużki.", "The 3rd Army also slowed down and by noon did not enter into contact with the Polish forces, limiting the battle to sporadic artillery duels.", "To regain the initiative, around noon the 1st Army ordered a tactical withdrawal to break off from the enemy and mount a renewed counter-offensive.", "However, not all Polish units received the order simultaneously while the northernmost group under Gen. Żeligowski did not receive it at all.", "Shortly before 14:00 Gen. Rządkowski's forces, including the 1st Lithuanian-Belarusian Division, started a forced march towards Mołodeczno.", "The central group under Gen. Jędrzejowski (including 17th Division and the VII Reserve Brigade) was already performing a withdrawal westwards, towards Duniłowicze, when the order reached his headquarters to change the direction and move south, to cover the flank of the Polish 4th Army.", "By that time Jędrzejowski had already dispatched his supply trains and services westwards.", "The battered units under Jędrzejowski's command thus started a march along the front of the entire Russian army, under constant artillery barrage, deprived of supplies and even field kitchens.", "The new orders also exposed the flank of Gen. Żeligowski's forces, still successfully fighting in the north.", "Despite this obvious mistake, the Russians did not take advantage of the situation and their 4th and 15th Armies remained mostly stationary for the remainder of the day in that sector, which allowed Jędrzejowski's force to reach the new line the next day.", "The Russian forces, still shaken from their previous defeats, often overestimated the Polish forces they were facing and followed orders reluctantly, which caused further disarray in their ranks.", "By the end of the day Gen. Żeligowski's group became increasingly exposed to enemy action and enemy patrols started appearing behind his 10th Division, fighting in Łużki on the Mniuta River.", "Both his divisions (8th and 10th) were also pressed from the front by the remainder of the 4th Army.", "Unable to establish contact with his southern neighbours, in the evening Żeligowski also ordered a retreat towards Duniłowicze, where he expected to find the forces of Gen. Jędrzejowski.", "Overnight the 10th Division reached Mosarz, while the 8th reached Szarkowszczyzna.", "Unable to find friendly units there, he continued the withdrawal towards Duniłowicze, a town he occupied by the end of the day.", "With no sign of either friendly or enemy forces, and no pressure from the east, Żeligowski became convinced that his forces are already behind enemy lines and that the Russians are attacking towards south-west, in the direction of Mołodeczno.", "Although tempted to attack the centre of what he considered the rear of enemy front, the town of Głębokie which had been abandoned by Polish forces the previous day, eventually he ordered further withdrawal westwards.", "In reality, the town of Głębokie was free from enemy presence and no enemy units were following Gen. Jędrzejowski's force.", "Only in the evening was the town captured by a weak Kuban Brigade and front guard of the badly-beaten 54th Rifle Division.", "Simultaneously the entire Russian force was regrouping for a renewed offensive against what Mikhail Tukhachevsky perceived as the main group of Polish forces due south.", "By noon of July 7 Żeligowski reached the shores of Myadzel Lake.", "The pursuing forces, namely the 18th Rifle Division, did not reach that area until the evening of July 10.", "While the battle for Głębokie proved a tactical victory for the Russian side, it was a strategic defeat.", "The town was taken, but the basic aims of the entire operation were not met.", "The Polish 1st Army successfully withdrew and evaded three enemy armies trying to encircle it.", "Only a small Corps-sized Operational Group of Gen. Lucjan Żeligowski (8th and 10th Infantry Divisions) did not receive the orders to withdraw and offered some resistance before finally breaking off and retreating westwards.", "The bulk of the 1st Army, namely the Operational Group of Gen. Władysław Jędrzejewski, reached Mołodeczno without further contact with the enemy.", "In his post-war memoirs E.N. Sergeyev, the commanding officer of the 4th Army, recalled that Tukhachevsky was unaware that his plan failed and after the battle ordered the Poles to be surrounded in the area of Osinogródek and Kuryłowicze, some west of Głębokie, even though the 1st Army had already been withdrawn further west.", "Despite retaining cohesion, the 1st Army suffered serious losses in manpower and, more importantly, morale.", "It tried to form a new front line at the line of 1916 German and Russian trenches of World War I, running in front of Wilno (modern Vilnius, Lithuania).", "However, Hayk Bzhishkyan's Cavalry Corps joined the fight against the battle-weary 1st Army and achieved what the forces of Tukhachevski couldn't.", "The trench line had to be abandoned, and the 1st Army withdrew further west, to the Grodno-Neman River-Shchara River-Ogiński Canal.", "The Cavalry Corps broke through that line as well in the aftermath of a three-day-long First Battle of Grodno of 20 July 1920.", "The 1st Army then set up a new defensive line along the Bug River, but its defence was equally unsuccessful.", "It was not until the victorious Battle of Warsaw of mid-August that the retreat stopped and the Polish forces regained initiative.", "By the end of October the Poles regained Głębokie and reached more or less the line they had lost in July.", "Books" ]

[ 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73 ]

[ "In the battle both sides suffered heavy losses." ]

[ "In April and May the Polish successful Kiev Offensive reached Kiev and pushed the Red forces south of the Pripet Marshes behind the Dneper.", "However, Soviet forces evaded encirclement and retreated across the river.", "Quite unexpectedly to the Poles, on 14 May 1920 the forces of Mikhail Tukhachevsky's Western Front started a major counter-offensive in the northern sector of the front, aimed at Głębokie-Święciany area.", "The objective of the offensive was to outflank the Poles from the north, along the lines occupied by Lithuanian forces, and push them south-west.", "The Polish Commander-in-Chief General Józef Piłsudski redirected some forces from the rear and the southern sector of the front and ordered the First Polish Army under Gen. Stanisław Szeptycki to immediately counter-attack on both flanks: from Polesia northwards and from the northernmost sector southwards.", "Despite Polish efforts, the Russian forces broke through towards Igumen and Głębokie.", "In two weeks Tukhachevsky created a 150 kilometres-deep bulge in Polish lines.", "To counter the threat, Piłsudski ordered yet another counter-offensive.", "The Polish plan demanded that the Soviet 15th Army be rapidly encircled by two pincers in front of Głębokie, while the rest of Soviet forces be pushed back behind Berezina.", "One pincer was formed by an Operational Group of Gen. Leonard Skierski formed of the bulk of the First and Fourth Armies.", "It was to attack the Soviets from the south, from Minsk towards Dokszyce and Głębokie.", "The other group was an \"ad hoc\" Reserve Army under Gen. Kazimierz Sosnkowski that was to drive through Pastavy and Duniłowicze, and reach Głębokie as well.", "The counter-offensive started on 2 June 1920.", "The Russians offered stiff resistance at the line of 1915 Russian trenches from World War I. Despite heavy resistance, Sosnkowski's group broke through enemy right flank and forced Tukhachevsky to retreat behind the Avuta River.", "Although bad timing and poor coordination between both Operational Groups prevented the Poles from encircling the Soviets holding ground between Głębokie and Mołodeczno, Tukhachevsky nevertheless suffered a defeat.", "His 15th Army lost 12,000 soldiers while the Poles lost less than 4,000.", "Also, until June 10 the front was yet again stabilised and almost returned to the lines of early May.", "In late June, Tukhachevsky prepared a plan for a new offensive that was aimed at encircling the Polish 1st Army in the - - Głębokie triangle, thus creating a \"little Sedan for the White Poles\".", "The 15th Army (under August Kork) was to attack the Poles frontally, while the 3rd and 4th Armies were to start a pincer movement around the Polish forces.", "The northernmost sector of the Polish front was attacked by the 4th Army under Sergeyev.", "The 18th Rifle Division was to attack the Poles to draw their reinforcements, while the remaining forces (12th and 53rd Rifle Divisions, as well as the 164th Rifle Brigade) was to break through a narrow () strip of land between Daugava River and Yelnya Lake.", "The bulk of the 4th Army was then to turn south towards Hermanowicze and Szarkowszczyzna, while the cavalry was to push further west, to outflank the Poles and disrupt their rear.", "To catch up with the enemy, the forces of the 4th Red Army were to cross between 22 and 40 versts (23.5 to 42.7 km) on the first day and between 18 and 24 versts (19.2 to 25.6 km) the second day.", "The attack, postponed until 8:00 hours due to the morning fog, was reinforced with 70 field guns and 8 pieces of heavy artillery.", "The Polish line in the area was lightly held by a token force of two battalions from the 33rd Infantry Regiment of the 8th Infantry Division, with one battalion in reserve, deep behind the line and 10 pieces of divisional artillery.", "By 9:00 the Reds captured the first lines.", "However, by then the element of surprise was gone.", "Despite numerical inferiority, the 33rd Regiment counter-attacked several times and the Russian advance stalled until 16:00 hours, when the two Polish battalions withdrew with their heavy equipment.", "It was not until 18:00 hours that the Russian 4th Army started its forced march towards the Polish rear.", "The diversionary attack by the 18th Rifle Division was even less successful.", "Despite heavy losses on both sides, the division was stopped by an infantry brigade from the 10th Infantry Division.", "The southernmost 3rd Army had equally ambitious aims: by the end of the first day it was to capture Dokszyce some behind Polish line, while on the second day it was to capture the entire Polotsk-Mołodeczno railway and cut all the retreat routes for the Polish 1st Army.", "The 3rd Army faced elements of the 11th Infantry Division and a single brigade from the 1st Lithuanian–Belarusian Division.", "Despite huge numerical superiority, by the end of the day the Russians managed to establish isolated bridgeheads across Berezina some behind the Polish trenches, but most of the units covered at most.", "Both flanks thus failed to achieve their objectives and did not threaten the Polish rear.", "The Soviet centre was formed by the 15th Army with four rifle divisions spread across a front of .", "Polish line in this sector was manned by a single brigade of the 5th Infantry Division (the IX Infantry Brigade, 38th and 39th \"Lwów Rifles\" Regiments), VII Reserve Brigade and the 11th Infantry Division holding the area north of the Polotsk-Mołodeczno railway.", "The entire 17th Infantry Division was held in reserve.", "During the first day of the offensive the Russian forces south of the railway successfully pushed the Poles back approximately , behind the Mniuta River near the town of Plisa.", "However, the bulk of the 15th Army fighting north of the railway was less successful.", "The Polish 10th and 17th Divisions successfully counter-attacked and by the end of the day the Russians gained not more than of land.", "This success came at a price: the brigade of the 5th Division and the VII Reserve Brigade suffered catastrophic losses and had to be withdrawn from the front.", "Furthermore, by that point the 1st Army had committed all of its assets and reserves to the fight except for the 8th Infantry Division in the far north.", "The following day the 4th Army resumed its march on the right flank of the Bolshevik forces, this time practically unopposed as the two battalions it had been facing the previous day withdrew westwards, away from the rest of the 8th Division.", "Only in the afternoon the remaining two battalions of the division were attacked by the front guard of the Russian force near the village of Pohost.", "In a series of skirmishes neither side gained an upper hand.", "However, because of those fights the 12th and 53rd Russian Rifle Divisions stopped their march westwards and faced south, giving the Polish units some badly-needed time to regroup and evade encirclement.", "Gen. Lucjan Żeligowski withdrew his 10th Infantry Division behind Mniuta River to shorten the line, but the Russian force did not follow.", "In the centre the Russian offensive slowed down to a crawl.", "Despite the weakness of the Polish lines, the southernmost Russian divisions (11th and 33rd) pushed only a couple of kilometres forward, while the northern group (16th and 54th Rifle Divisions) did not even reach the new Polish line along the Mniuta River.", "However, Polish forces were equally exhausted.", "Despite orders to counter-attack and regain the initiative, the Polish centre remained mostly inactive, with only the Polish 10th Division fighting heavily against the Russian 54th along the Mniuta River in the village of Łużki.", "The 3rd Army also slowed down and by noon did not enter into contact with the Polish forces, limiting the battle to sporadic artillery duels.", "To regain the initiative, around noon the 1st Army ordered a tactical withdrawal to break off from the enemy and mount a renewed counter-offensive.", "However, not all Polish units received the order simultaneously while the northernmost group under Gen. Żeligowski did not receive it at all.", "Shortly before 14:00 Gen. Rządkowski's forces, including the 1st Lithuanian-Belarusian Division, started a forced march towards Mołodeczno.", "The central group under Gen. Jędrzejowski (including 17th Division and the VII Reserve Brigade) was already performing a withdrawal westwards, towards Duniłowicze, when the order reached his headquarters to change the direction and move south, to cover the flank of the Polish 4th Army.", "By that time Jędrzejowski had already dispatched his supply trains and services westwards.", "The battered units under Jędrzejowski's command thus started a march along the front of the entire Russian army, under constant artillery barrage, deprived of supplies and even field kitchens.", "The new orders also exposed the flank of Gen. Żeligowski's forces, still successfully fighting in the north.", "Despite this obvious mistake, the Russians did not take advantage of the situation and their 4th and 15th Armies remained mostly stationary for the remainder of the day in that sector, which allowed Jędrzejowski's force to reach the new line the next day.", "The Russian forces, still shaken from their previous defeats, often overestimated the Polish forces they were facing and followed orders reluctantly, which caused further disarray in their ranks.", "By the end of the day Gen. Żeligowski's group became increasingly exposed to enemy action and enemy patrols started appearing behind his 10th Division, fighting in Łużki on the Mniuta River.", "Both his divisions (8th and 10th) were also pressed from the front by the remainder of the 4th Army.", "Unable to establish contact with his southern neighbours, in the evening Żeligowski also ordered a retreat towards Duniłowicze, where he expected to find the forces of Gen. Jędrzejowski.", "Overnight the 10th Division reached Mosarz, while the 8th reached Szarkowszczyzna.", "Unable to find friendly units there, he continued the withdrawal towards Duniłowicze, a town he occupied by the end of the day.", "With no sign of either friendly or enemy forces, and no pressure from the east, Żeligowski became convinced that his forces are already behind enemy lines and that the Russians are attacking towards south-west, in the direction of Mołodeczno.", "Although tempted to attack the centre of what he considered the rear of enemy front, the town of Głębokie which had been abandoned by Polish forces the previous day, eventually he ordered further withdrawal westwards.", "In reality, the town of Głębokie was free from enemy presence and no enemy units were following Gen. Jędrzejowski's force.", "Only in the evening was the town captured by a weak Kuban Brigade and front guard of the badly-beaten 54th Rifle Division.", "Simultaneously the entire Russian force was regrouping for a renewed offensive against what Mikhail Tukhachevsky perceived as the main group of Polish forces due south.", "By noon of July 7 Żeligowski reached the shores of Myadzel Lake.", "The pursuing forces, namely the 18th Rifle Division, did not reach that area until the evening of July 10.", "While the battle for Głębokie proved a tactical victory for the Russian side, it was a strategic defeat.", "The town was taken, but the basic aims of the entire operation were not met.", "The Polish 1st Army successfully withdrew and evaded three enemy armies trying to encircle it.", "Only a small Corps-sized Operational Group of Gen. Lucjan Żeligowski (8th and 10th Infantry Divisions) did not receive the orders to withdraw and offered some resistance before finally breaking off and retreating westwards.", "The bulk of the 1st Army, namely the Operational Group of Gen. Władysław Jędrzejewski, reached Mołodeczno without further contact with the enemy.", "In his post-war memoirs E.N. Sergeyev, the commanding officer of the 4th Army, recalled that Tukhachevsky was unaware that his plan failed and after the battle ordered the Poles to be surrounded in the area of Osinogródek and Kuryłowicze, some west of Głębokie, even though the 1st Army had already been withdrawn further west.", "Despite retaining cohesion, the 1st Army suffered serious losses in manpower and, more importantly, morale.", "It tried to form a new front line at the line of 1916 German and Russian trenches of World War I, running in front of Wilno (modern Vilnius, Lithuania).", "However, Hayk Bzhishkyan's Cavalry Corps joined the fight against the battle-weary 1st Army and achieved what the forces of Tukhachevski couldn't.", "The trench line had to be abandoned, and the 1st Army withdrew further west, to the Grodno-Neman River-Shchara River-Ogiński Canal.", "The Cavalry Corps broke through that line as well in the aftermath of a three-day-long First Battle of Grodno of 20 July 1920.", "The 1st Army then set up a new defensive line along the Bug River, but its defence was equally unsuccessful.", "It was not until the victorious Battle of Warsaw of mid-August that the retreat stopped and the Polish forces regained initiative.", "By the end of October the Poles regained Głębokie and reached more or less the line they had lost in July.", "Books" ]

[ 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42 ]

[ "In the battle both sides suffered heavy losses." ]

[ "In April and May the Polish successful Kiev Offensive reached Kiev and pushed the Red forces south of the Pripet Marshes behind the Dneper.", "However, Soviet forces evaded encirclement and retreated across the river.", "Quite unexpectedly to the Poles, on 14 May 1920 the forces of Mikhail Tukhachevsky's Western Front started a major counter-offensive in the northern sector of the front, aimed at Głębokie-Święciany area.", "The objective of the offensive was to outflank the Poles from the north, along the lines occupied by Lithuanian forces, and push them south-west.", "The Polish Commander-in-Chief General Józef Piłsudski redirected some forces from the rear and the southern sector of the front and ordered the First Polish Army under Gen. Stanisław Szeptycki to immediately counter-attack on both flanks: from Polesia northwards and from the northernmost sector southwards.", "Despite Polish efforts, the Russian forces broke through towards Igumen and Głębokie.", "In two weeks Tukhachevsky created a 150 kilometres-deep bulge in Polish lines.", "To counter the threat, Piłsudski ordered yet another counter-offensive.", "The Polish plan demanded that the Soviet 15th Army be rapidly encircled by two pincers in front of Głębokie, while the rest of Soviet forces be pushed back behind Berezina.", "One pincer was formed by an Operational Group of Gen. Leonard Skierski formed of the bulk of the First and Fourth Armies.", "It was to attack the Soviets from the south, from Minsk towards Dokszyce and Głębokie.", "The other group was an \"ad hoc\" Reserve Army under Gen. Kazimierz Sosnkowski that was to drive through Pastavy and Duniłowicze, and reach Głębokie as well.", "The counter-offensive started on 2 June 1920.", "The Russians offered stiff resistance at the line of 1915 Russian trenches from World War I. Despite heavy resistance, Sosnkowski's group broke through enemy right flank and forced Tukhachevsky to retreat behind the Avuta River.", "Although bad timing and poor coordination between both Operational Groups prevented the Poles from encircling the Soviets holding ground between Głębokie and Mołodeczno, Tukhachevsky nevertheless suffered a defeat.", "His 15th Army lost 12,000 soldiers while the Poles lost less than 4,000.", "Also, until June 10 the front was yet again stabilised and almost returned to the lines of early May.", "In late June, Tukhachevsky prepared a plan for a new offensive that was aimed at encircling the Polish 1st Army in the - - Głębokie triangle, thus creating a \"little Sedan for the White Poles\".", "The 15th Army (under August Kork) was to attack the Poles frontally, while the 3rd and 4th Armies were to start a pincer movement around the Polish forces.", "The northernmost sector of the Polish front was attacked by the 4th Army under Sergeyev.", "The 18th Rifle Division was to attack the Poles to draw their reinforcements, while the remaining forces (12th and 53rd Rifle Divisions, as well as the 164th Rifle Brigade) was to break through a narrow () strip of land between Daugava River and Yelnya Lake.", "The bulk of the 4th Army was then to turn south towards Hermanowicze and Szarkowszczyzna, while the cavalry was to push further west, to outflank the Poles and disrupt their rear.", "To catch up with the enemy, the forces of the 4th Red Army were to cross between 22 and 40 versts (23.5 to 42.7 km) on the first day and between 18 and 24 versts (19.2 to 25.6 km) the second day.", "The attack, postponed until 8:00 hours due to the morning fog, was reinforced with 70 field guns and 8 pieces of heavy artillery.", "The Polish line in the area was lightly held by a token force of two battalions from the 33rd Infantry Regiment of the 8th Infantry Division, with one battalion in reserve, deep behind the line and 10 pieces of divisional artillery.", "By 9:00 the Reds captured the first lines.", "However, by then the element of surprise was gone.", "Despite numerical inferiority, the 33rd Regiment counter-attacked several times and the Russian advance stalled until 16:00 hours, when the two Polish battalions withdrew with their heavy equipment.", "It was not until 18:00 hours that the Russian 4th Army started its forced march towards the Polish rear.", "The diversionary attack by the 18th Rifle Division was even less successful.", "Despite heavy losses on both sides, the division was stopped by an infantry brigade from the 10th Infantry Division.", "The southernmost 3rd Army had equally ambitious aims: by the end of the first day it was to capture Dokszyce some behind Polish line, while on the second day it was to capture the entire Polotsk-Mołodeczno railway and cut all the retreat routes for the Polish 1st Army.", "The 3rd Army faced elements of the 11th Infantry Division and a single brigade from the 1st Lithuanian–Belarusian Division.", "Despite huge numerical superiority, by the end of the day the Russians managed to establish isolated bridgeheads across Berezina some behind the Polish trenches, but most of the units covered at most.", "Both flanks thus failed to achieve their objectives and did not threaten the Polish rear.", "The Soviet centre was formed by the 15th Army with four rifle divisions spread across a front of .", "Polish line in this sector was manned by a single brigade of the 5th Infantry Division (the IX Infantry Brigade, 38th and 39th \"Lwów Rifles\" Regiments), VII Reserve Brigade and the 11th Infantry Division holding the area north of the Polotsk-Mołodeczno railway.", "The entire 17th Infantry Division was held in reserve.", "During the first day of the offensive the Russian forces south of the railway successfully pushed the Poles back approximately , behind the Mniuta River near the town of Plisa.", "However, the bulk of the 15th Army fighting north of the railway was less successful.", "The Polish 10th and 17th Divisions successfully counter-attacked and by the end of the day the Russians gained not more than of land.", "This success came at a price: the brigade of the 5th Division and the VII Reserve Brigade suffered catastrophic losses and had to be withdrawn from the front.", "Furthermore, by that point the 1st Army had committed all of its assets and reserves to the fight except for the 8th Infantry Division in the far north.", "The following day the 4th Army resumed its march on the right flank of the Bolshevik forces, this time practically unopposed as the two battalions it had been facing the previous day withdrew westwards, away from the rest of the 8th Division.", "Only in the afternoon the remaining two battalions of the division were attacked by the front guard of the Russian force near the village of Pohost.", "In a series of skirmishes neither side gained an upper hand.", "However, because of those fights the 12th and 53rd Russian Rifle Divisions stopped their march westwards and faced south, giving the Polish units some badly-needed time to regroup and evade encirclement.", "Gen. Lucjan Żeligowski withdrew his 10th Infantry Division behind Mniuta River to shorten the line, but the Russian force did not follow.", "In the centre the Russian offensive slowed down to a crawl.", "Despite the weakness of the Polish lines, the southernmost Russian divisions (11th and 33rd) pushed only a couple of kilometres forward, while the northern group (16th and 54th Rifle Divisions) did not even reach the new Polish line along the Mniuta River.", "However, Polish forces were equally exhausted.", "Despite orders to counter-attack and regain the initiative, the Polish centre remained mostly inactive, with only the Polish 10th Division fighting heavily against the Russian 54th along the Mniuta River in the village of Łużki.", "The 3rd Army also slowed down and by noon did not enter into contact with the Polish forces, limiting the battle to sporadic artillery duels.", "To regain the initiative, around noon the 1st Army ordered a tactical withdrawal to break off from the enemy and mount a renewed counter-offensive.", "However, not all Polish units received the order simultaneously while the northernmost group under Gen. Żeligowski did not receive it at all.", "Shortly before 14:00 Gen. Rządkowski's forces, including the 1st Lithuanian-Belarusian Division, started a forced march towards Mołodeczno.", "The central group under Gen. Jędrzejowski (including 17th Division and the VII Reserve Brigade) was already performing a withdrawal westwards, towards Duniłowicze, when the order reached his headquarters to change the direction and move south, to cover the flank of the Polish 4th Army.", "By that time Jędrzejowski had already dispatched his supply trains and services westwards.", "The battered units under Jędrzejowski's command thus started a march along the front of the entire Russian army, under constant artillery barrage, deprived of supplies and even field kitchens.", "The new orders also exposed the flank of Gen. Żeligowski's forces, still successfully fighting in the north.", "Despite this obvious mistake, the Russians did not take advantage of the situation and their 4th and 15th Armies remained mostly stationary for the remainder of the day in that sector, which allowed Jędrzejowski's force to reach the new line the next day.", "The Russian forces, still shaken from their previous defeats, often overestimated the Polish forces they were facing and followed orders reluctantly, which caused further disarray in their ranks.", "By the end of the day Gen. Żeligowski's group became increasingly exposed to enemy action and enemy patrols started appearing behind his 10th Division, fighting in Łużki on the Mniuta River.", "Both his divisions (8th and 10th) were also pressed from the front by the remainder of the 4th Army.", "Unable to establish contact with his southern neighbours, in the evening Żeligowski also ordered a retreat towards Duniłowicze, where he expected to find the forces of Gen. Jędrzejowski.", "Overnight the 10th Division reached Mosarz, while the 8th reached Szarkowszczyzna.", "Unable to find friendly units there, he continued the withdrawal towards Duniłowicze, a town he occupied by the end of the day.", "With no sign of either friendly or enemy forces, and no pressure from the east, Żeligowski became convinced that his forces are already behind enemy lines and that the Russians are attacking towards south-west, in the direction of Mołodeczno.", "Although tempted to attack the centre of what he considered the rear of enemy front, the town of Głębokie which had been abandoned by Polish forces the previous day, eventually he ordered further withdrawal westwards.", "In reality, the town of Głębokie was free from enemy presence and no enemy units were following Gen. Jędrzejowski's force.", "Only in the evening was the town captured by a weak Kuban Brigade and front guard of the badly-beaten 54th Rifle Division.", "Simultaneously the entire Russian force was regrouping for a renewed offensive against what Mikhail Tukhachevsky perceived as the main group of Polish forces due south.", "By noon of July 7 Żeligowski reached the shores of Myadzel Lake.", "The pursuing forces, namely the 18th Rifle Division, did not reach that area until the evening of July 10.", "While the battle for Głębokie proved a tactical victory for the Russian side, it was a strategic defeat.", "The town was taken, but the basic aims of the entire operation were not met.", "The Polish 1st Army successfully withdrew and evaded three enemy armies trying to encircle it.", "Only a small Corps-sized Operational Group of Gen. Lucjan Żeligowski (8th and 10th Infantry Divisions) did not receive the orders to withdraw and offered some resistance before finally breaking off and retreating westwards.", "The bulk of the 1st Army, namely the Operational Group of Gen. Władysław Jędrzejewski, reached Mołodeczno without further contact with the enemy.", "In his post-war memoirs E.N. Sergeyev, the commanding officer of the 4th Army, recalled that Tukhachevsky was unaware that his plan failed and after the battle ordered the Poles to be surrounded in the area of Osinogródek and Kuryłowicze, some west of Głębokie, even though the 1st Army had already been withdrawn further west.", "Despite retaining cohesion, the 1st Army suffered serious losses in manpower and, more importantly, morale.", "It tried to form a new front line at the line of 1916 German and Russian trenches of World War I, running in front of Wilno (modern Vilnius, Lithuania).", "However, Hayk Bzhishkyan's Cavalry Corps joined the fight against the battle-weary 1st Army and achieved what the forces of Tukhachevski couldn't.", "The trench line had to be abandoned, and the 1st Army withdrew further west, to the Grodno-Neman River-Shchara River-Ogiński Canal.", "The Cavalry Corps broke through that line as well in the aftermath of a three-day-long First Battle of Grodno of 20 July 1920.", "The 1st Army then set up a new defensive line along the Bug River, but its defence was equally unsuccessful.", "It was not until the victorious Battle of Warsaw of mid-August that the retreat stopped and the Polish forces regained initiative.", "By the end of October the Poles regained Głębokie and reached more or less the line they had lost in July.", "Books" ]

[ 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87 ]

[ "Because of that, the battle, being less decisive than the Soviets hoped for, was both a tactical victory and a strategic defeat for them." ]

[ "Sansa awakens from a nightmare to find she has had her first period, meaning she can bear Joffrey’s children.", "Shae tries to help conceal the blood, but the Hound sees the sheet.", "Cersei tells Sansa it will be impossible to love Joffrey, and to find comfort in their children instead.", "Tyrion tells Cersei his doubts about Joffrey's plan to repel Stannis' fleet.", "Cersei confesses her belief that Joffrey is punishment for her incest with Jaime.", "Jon searches for his companions, and captive Ygritte tells him life would be better with the wildlings.", "Ygritte escapes, and Jon pursues her until he is surrounded by wildlings.", "Tywin orders the Mountain to find Lorch's killer, believing the murder was an attempt on his own life.", "Dining with Arya, Tywin deduces she is highborn.", "Robb hears Alton Lannister's unfavorable reply to the peace terms brought to Cersei and, with his prisons full, orders Alton placed with Jaime.", "Talisa agrees to accompany Robb to the Crag for medical supplies.", "Jaime kills Alton to draw the jailer, Torrhen Karstark, into the pen, strangling him before fleeing.", "Jaime is recaptured, and Lord Rickard Karstark demands his head for murdering his son, but Catelyn delays the execution until Robb's return.", "Confronting Jaime, Catelyn calls him \"a man without honor\", and Jaime bitterly explains the contradictions he faced in his vows as a knight.", "He provokes Catelyn, who asks for Brienne's sword.", "Daenerys has difficulty trusting Xaro, who claims he did not take her dragons.", "Vowing to find them, Jorah confronts Quaithe, who tells him that the person who stole the dragons is with Daenerys.", "At a meeting of the Thirteen, Pyat Pree tells Daenerys that he has her dragons in the \"House of the Undying\".", "Xaro proclaims himself King of Qarth as Pree, having multiplied himself around the room, assassinates the remaining Thirteen, and Daenerys flees with Jorah and Kovarro.", "Realizing Osha has fled with Bran, Rickon, and Hodor, Theon hunts for the fugitives against Maester Luwin's wishes, following the trail of Bran and Rickon with bloodhounds.", "They trace them to a farm, where Dagmer finds evidence that the Starks have been there.", "Returning from the hunt, Theon then reveals the charred remains of two boys as a public warning.", "Luwin cries out in horror for Bran and Rickon, while Theon struggles to hide his remorse.", "The episode was written by producers David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, their fourth of six scripts for the second season.", "This episode adapts content from the second novel, \"A Clash of Kings\", chapters Theon IV, Sansa IV and parts of Catelyn V and Catelyn VII.", "\"A Man Without Honor\" achieved a viewership of 3.69 million in the United States in its initial telecast on HBO.", "In the United Kingdom, the episode was seen by 0.935 million viewers on Sky Atlantic, being the channel's highest-rated broadcast that week.", "The episode received positive reviews from critics.", "Review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes surveyed 12 reviews of the episode and judged 96% of them to be positive, with an average score of 8.85 out of 10.", "The website's critical consensus reads, \"Quieter and more meditative than previous episodes, 'A Man Without Honor' is bolstered by incredible performances and a welcome return to an unlikely but surprisingly satisfying onscreen duo.\"", "IGN's Matt Fowler gave the episode a 9 out of 10, noting that \"While \"A Man Without Honor\" didn't have as many big, striking scenes as some of the past few episodes, it made up for its lack of face-melting moments with some absolutely fantastic one-on-one scenes.\"", "The A.V. Club's Emily VanDerWerff gave it an A−." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 ]

[ "In the episode, Tywin Lannister investigates a suspicious murder at Harrenhal; Jon Snow searches for his companions beyond the Wall with his prisoner, Ygritte; Osha and Hodor help Bran and Rickon Stark escape Winterfell as Theon Greyjoy pursues them; Daenerys Targaryen searches for her stolen dragons in Qarth; and Jaime Lannister attempts to escape captivity.", "The name of the episode comes from Catelyn Stark's assessment of Jaime as being \"a man without honor,\" after he kills a member of his own family to attempt escape." ]

[ "Sansa awakens from a nightmare to find she has had her first period, meaning she can bear Joffrey’s children.", "Shae tries to help conceal the blood, but the Hound sees the sheet.", "Cersei tells Sansa it will be impossible to love Joffrey, and to find comfort in their children instead.", "Tyrion tells Cersei his doubts about Joffrey's plan to repel Stannis' fleet.", "Cersei confesses her belief that Joffrey is punishment for her incest with Jaime.", "Jon searches for his companions, and captive Ygritte tells him life would be better with the wildlings.", "Ygritte escapes, and Jon pursues her until he is surrounded by wildlings.", "Tywin orders the Mountain to find Lorch's killer, believing the murder was an attempt on his own life.", "Dining with Arya, Tywin deduces she is highborn.", "Robb hears Alton Lannister's unfavorable reply to the peace terms brought to Cersei and, with his prisons full, orders Alton placed with Jaime.", "Talisa agrees to accompany Robb to the Crag for medical supplies.", "Jaime kills Alton to draw the jailer, Torrhen Karstark, into the pen, strangling him before fleeing.", "Jaime is recaptured, and Lord Rickard Karstark demands his head for murdering his son, but Catelyn delays the execution until Robb's return.", "Confronting Jaime, Catelyn calls him \"a man without honor\", and Jaime bitterly explains the contradictions he faced in his vows as a knight.", "He provokes Catelyn, who asks for Brienne's sword.", "Daenerys has difficulty trusting Xaro, who claims he did not take her dragons.", "Vowing to find them, Jorah confronts Quaithe, who tells him that the person who stole the dragons is with Daenerys.", "At a meeting of the Thirteen, Pyat Pree tells Daenerys that he has her dragons in the \"House of the Undying\".", "Xaro proclaims himself King of Qarth as Pree, having multiplied himself around the room, assassinates the remaining Thirteen, and Daenerys flees with Jorah and Kovarro.", "Realizing Osha has fled with Bran, Rickon, and Hodor, Theon hunts for the fugitives against Maester Luwin's wishes, following the trail of Bran and Rickon with bloodhounds.", "They trace them to a farm, where Dagmer finds evidence that the Starks have been there.", "Returning from the hunt, Theon then reveals the charred remains of two boys as a public warning.", "Luwin cries out in horror for Bran and Rickon, while Theon struggles to hide his remorse.", "The episode was written by producers David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, their fourth of six scripts for the second season.", "This episode adapts content from the second novel, \"A Clash of Kings\", chapters Theon IV, Sansa IV and parts of Catelyn V and Catelyn VII.", "\"A Man Without Honor\" achieved a viewership of 3.69 million in the United States in its initial telecast on HBO.", "In the United Kingdom, the episode was seen by 0.935 million viewers on Sky Atlantic, being the channel's highest-rated broadcast that week.", "The episode received positive reviews from critics.", "Review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes surveyed 12 reviews of the episode and judged 96% of them to be positive, with an average score of 8.85 out of 10.", "The website's critical consensus reads, \"Quieter and more meditative than previous episodes, 'A Man Without Honor' is bolstered by incredible performances and a welcome return to an unlikely but surprisingly satisfying onscreen duo.\"", "IGN's Matt Fowler gave the episode a 9 out of 10, noting that \"While \"A Man Without Honor\" didn't have as many big, striking scenes as some of the past few episodes, it made up for its lack of face-melting moments with some absolutely fantastic one-on-one scenes.\"", "The A.V. Club's Emily VanDerWerff gave it an A−." ]

[ 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 ]

[ "The episode received positive reviews from critics." ]

[ "Sansa awakens from a nightmare to find she has had her first period, meaning she can bear Joffrey’s children.", "Shae tries to help conceal the blood, but the Hound sees the sheet.", "Cersei tells Sansa it will be impossible to love Joffrey, and to find comfort in their children instead.", "Tyrion tells Cersei his doubts about Joffrey's plan to repel Stannis' fleet.", "Cersei confesses her belief that Joffrey is punishment for her incest with Jaime.", "Jon searches for his companions, and captive Ygritte tells him life would be better with the wildlings.", "Ygritte escapes, and Jon pursues her until he is surrounded by wildlings.", "Tywin orders the Mountain to find Lorch's killer, believing the murder was an attempt on his own life.", "Dining with Arya, Tywin deduces she is highborn.", "Robb hears Alton Lannister's unfavorable reply to the peace terms brought to Cersei and, with his prisons full, orders Alton placed with Jaime.", "Talisa agrees to accompany Robb to the Crag for medical supplies.", "Jaime kills Alton to draw the jailer, Torrhen Karstark, into the pen, strangling him before fleeing.", "Jaime is recaptured, and Lord Rickard Karstark demands his head for murdering his son, but Catelyn delays the execution until Robb's return.", "Confronting Jaime, Catelyn calls him \"a man without honor\", and Jaime bitterly explains the contradictions he faced in his vows as a knight.", "He provokes Catelyn, who asks for Brienne's sword.", "Daenerys has difficulty trusting Xaro, who claims he did not take her dragons.", "Vowing to find them, Jorah confronts Quaithe, who tells him that the person who stole the dragons is with Daenerys.", "At a meeting of the Thirteen, Pyat Pree tells Daenerys that he has her dragons in the \"House of the Undying\".", "Xaro proclaims himself King of Qarth as Pree, having multiplied himself around the room, assassinates the remaining Thirteen, and Daenerys flees with Jorah and Kovarro.", "Realizing Osha has fled with Bran, Rickon, and Hodor, Theon hunts for the fugitives against Maester Luwin's wishes, following the trail of Bran and Rickon with bloodhounds.", "They trace them to a farm, where Dagmer finds evidence that the Starks have been there.", "Returning from the hunt, Theon then reveals the charred remains of two boys as a public warning.", "Luwin cries out in horror for Bran and Rickon, while Theon struggles to hide his remorse.", "The episode was written by producers David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, their fourth of six scripts for the second season.", "This episode adapts content from the second novel, \"A Clash of Kings\", chapters Theon IV, Sansa IV and parts of Catelyn V and Catelyn VII.", "\"A Man Without Honor\" achieved a viewership of 3.69 million in the United States in its initial telecast on HBO.", "In the United Kingdom, the episode was seen by 0.935 million viewers on Sky Atlantic, being the channel's highest-rated broadcast that week.", "The episode received positive reviews from critics.", "Review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes surveyed 12 reviews of the episode and judged 96% of them to be positive, with an average score of 8.85 out of 10.", "The website's critical consensus reads, \"Quieter and more meditative than previous episodes, 'A Man Without Honor' is bolstered by incredible performances and a welcome return to an unlikely but surprisingly satisfying onscreen duo.\"", "IGN's Matt Fowler gave the episode a 9 out of 10, noting that \"While \"A Man Without Honor\" didn't have as many big, striking scenes as some of the past few episodes, it made up for its lack of face-melting moments with some absolutely fantastic one-on-one scenes.\"", "The A.V. Club's Emily VanDerWerff gave it an A−." ]

[ 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 ]

[ "The episode received positive reviews from critics." ]

[ "Tremonti first announced that he would be releasing a solo album in 2010, and later announced the title of the album to be \"All I Was\".", "\"Billboard\" later reported that \"You Waste Your Time\" would be the first single from the album, a song which had previously been released by Tremonti as a 90-second clip on Loudwire.com.", "\"FMQB\" reported that the song would be released to active rock radio stations in May 2012.", "It was released on May 7, 2012, one day after Tremonti and FRET12 Records made it available for listening on Loudwire, after which it entered the iTunes Rock Songs Chart at number 10 one day later.", "Tremonti and his band — consisting of rhythm guitarist Eric Friedman, bassist Brian Marshall, and drummer Garrett Whitlock — debuted their live music video of the single later that month.", "\"You Waste Your Time\" is three minutes and forty-seven seconds long, and was written by Tremonti with Eric Friedman and Garrett Whitlock.", "It features a speed metal influence, of which Tremonti had spoken since the beginning stages of his solo album.", "\"You Waste Your Time\" was well received by music critics.", "It received its first professional review from Mary Ouellette of Loudwire, who gave it 4 out of 5 stars and praised the song's speed metal style and melodic chorus, as well as Tremonti's vocals and guitar work.", "Rick Florino from Artistdirect also gave the song a positive review and a rating of 4.5 stars out of 5.", "He wrote: \"If 'You Waste Your Time' doesn't solidify Mark Tremonti as one of heavy metal and hard rock's greatest guitarists, then the complete solo album \"All I Was\" will when it drops July 10.", "Otherwise, there's something horribly wrong with the world.\"", "The song has received an average of 5 out of 5 stars on the iTunes Store.", "An unofficial music video for \"You Waste Your Time\" was released on Noisecreep on May 17, 2012, and features Tremonti and his band performing the song live in a studio.", "The video uses the actual live audio from the performance.", "# \"You Waste Your Time\" – 3:47\nMusicians", "Production" ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ]

[ "\"You Waste Your Time\" is a song by Tremonti that was released by FRET12 Records as the debut single from his debut solo album \"All I Was\" on May 7, 2012." ]

[ "Tremonti first announced that he would be releasing a solo album in 2010, and later announced the title of the album to be \"All I Was\".", "\"Billboard\" later reported that \"You Waste Your Time\" would be the first single from the album, a song which had previously been released by Tremonti as a 90-second clip on Loudwire.com.", "\"FMQB\" reported that the song would be released to active rock radio stations in May 2012.", "It was released on May 7, 2012, one day after Tremonti and FRET12 Records made it available for listening on Loudwire, after which it entered the iTunes Rock Songs Chart at number 10 one day later.", "Tremonti and his band — consisting of rhythm guitarist Eric Friedman, bassist Brian Marshall, and drummer Garrett Whitlock — debuted their live music video of the single later that month.", "\"You Waste Your Time\" is three minutes and forty-seven seconds long, and was written by Tremonti with Eric Friedman and Garrett Whitlock.", "It features a speed metal influence, of which Tremonti had spoken since the beginning stages of his solo album.", "\"You Waste Your Time\" was well received by music critics.", "It received its first professional review from Mary Ouellette of Loudwire, who gave it 4 out of 5 stars and praised the song's speed metal style and melodic chorus, as well as Tremonti's vocals and guitar work.", "Rick Florino from Artistdirect also gave the song a positive review and a rating of 4.5 stars out of 5.", "He wrote: \"If 'You Waste Your Time' doesn't solidify Mark Tremonti as one of heavy metal and hard rock's greatest guitarists, then the complete solo album \"All I Was\" will when it drops July 10.", "Otherwise, there's something horribly wrong with the world.\"", "The song has received an average of 5 out of 5 stars on the iTunes Store.", "An unofficial music video for \"You Waste Your Time\" was released on Noisecreep on May 17, 2012, and features Tremonti and his band performing the song live in a studio.", "The video uses the actual live audio from the performance.", "# \"You Waste Your Time\" – 3:47\nMusicians", "Production" ]

[ 13, 14 ]

[ "The song received positive reviews and its live music video premiered on May 17, 2012." ]

[ "This series concerned the Chevaliers, a middle-class family in Quebec City's upper town.", "Accountant Fred Chevalier, originally from the less affluent Lower Town, lived with his wife Pauline and children Denis, Diane, and Pierre.", "However, the accountant's salary was not sufficient to support the upscale lifestyle the family attempted to enjoy.", "Denis knew of the discrepancy between the family's financial situation and lifestyle while Pierre belonged to a gang and Diane joined her mother in presenting the family as affluent.", "Roger Lemelin (\"La famille Plouffe\") was the series writer.", "It was produced in French for Radio-Canada with scripts translated to English for the CBC by Richard Daignault.", "The French version of the series was broadcast on Radio-Canada from 1959 to 1961.", "The English half-hour series was telecast on CBC Mondays at 10:30 p.m. (Eastern) from 12 October 1959 to 27 June 1960." ]

[ 6, 7 ]

[ "It was broadcast on Radio-Canada and CBC Television from 1959 to 1960." ]

[ "Following the cancellations of \"Close-Up\", \"Sunday\" and \"This Hour Has Seven Days\", this new journalistic program occupied the traditional Sunday night current affairs time slot on CBC.", "The set included three screens which displayed images projected from behind.", "Jan Tennant was a script assistant who later became one of the network's announcers.", "Story editors included Barbara Amiel and Tim Kotcheff.\nJohn Saywell, a Toronto professor, hosted the program.", "Other presenters included Warren Davis, Peter Desbarats, Ken Lefolii, Percy Saltzman, Patrick Watson and Moses Znaimer.", "Pierre Trudeau was among the program's guests.", "The program often featured long-form documentaries.", "\"Mr. Pearson\", a profile of Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson, was originally completed in the mid-1960s.", "It was not broadcast until this program, after director Richard Ballentine made minor edits, added some narration and adjusted the audio mix.", "Douglas Leiterman (\"This Hour Has Seven Days\") produced \"Fasten Your Seatbelts: A Report On Airline Safety\" as a co-production with the US Public Broadcasting Service.", "Donald Shebib produced films such as \"San Francisco Summer 1967\" and \"Good Times Bad Times\" for the program.", "Beryl Fox's documentary \"Vietnam, Last Reflections on a War\" was also featured.", "Joni Mitchell wrote a theme song.(page 5)\n\"The Way It Is\" was cancelled in 1969 by Knowlton Nash when he became chief of the CBC's news and public affairs.", "This hour-long program was broadcast on Sundays at 10:00 p.m. (Eastern).", "Its first season ran from 24 September 1967 to 23 June 1968, then its second season was from 29 September 1968 to 29 June 1969." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 ]

[ "The Way It Is is a Canadian public affairs television program which aired on CBC Television from 1967 to 1969." ]

[ "John Hirsch was appointed chief of CBC's drama department in 1974.", "He temporarily brought back the practice of presenting televised productions of stage dramas for the network in broadcasts such as '\"Front Row Centre\", \"Opening Night\" and \"Performance\".", "Four videotaped versions of theatrical works were presented during the 1974-75 season (times in Eastern):\n\n\nThese productions are not to be confused with CBC's later \"Opening Night\" series (2002)." ]

[ 0, 1, 2 ]

[ "Opening Night was a Canadian theatrical drama television miniseries which aired on CBC Television 1974 to 1975." ]

[ ", Qatar Charity is headed by its president, Hamad bin Nasser al-Thani, and its CEO, Yousef bin Ahmed al-Kuwari.", "Among QC's major long-term projects are \"Tayf,\" a charity program to collect in-kind donations, and the annual \"Iftar\" project for the month of Ramadan, which aims to provide meals to thousands of fasting Muslims in targeted countries.", "In July 2015, Vodafone Qatar and Qatar Charity created a partnership.", "Employees of Vodafone helped feed workers at camps in the Ras Laffan Industrial City with Iftar meals during Ramadan.", "Vodafone promised to donate $275 per hour that each employee volunteers.", "The donations will go to Qatar Charity's Family Sponsorship program.", "The program helps low-income families throughout the Gulf area.", "Recently, Qatar Charity has also launched a website (\"Travel and Aid\") to attract participation in charitable work.", "Qatar Charity is at the forefront of relief work in the face of major natural disasters.", "This was the case in Nepal, where Qatar Charity distributed $100.000 in food, blankets, mattresses and other non-food items including hygiene kits.", "In Sierra Leone, the charity supported the purchase of vital equipment at an Ebola Treatment Center (ETC) in Lunsar.", "It also played a part in the 2008–2009 Gaza Strip aid delivering around $140,000 worth of medical supplies.", "In other international efforts, it had raised around QAR 2 million as relief for the 2010 Pakistan floods.", "In Niger, Qatar Charity supported local efforts to combat drought and improve the overall desperate conditions in the villages of Sowna and Aichign by funding the installation of modern solar-powered artesian wells.", "In southern Mali, it opened shelters for displaced children.", "During 2014, Qatar Charity's long-standing commitment to the people of Somalia was renewed as the charity provided QAR 25.5 million ($7 million) in life-saving relief, recovery and rehabilitation programs and activities.", "QC launched a project to construct the village of 'Doha Alkhair' in Djibouti at an estimated cost of QAR 4 million in September 2015.", "One-hundred houses, basic amenities and public utilities were among the planned infrastructure.", "QC sent relief convoys to refugees in South Sudan, and funded programs in support of Syrian refugees in Lebanon.", "As of October 2015, the organization had carried out four housing projects in Syria, during which it repaired and built new villages.", "The most notable housing project is Al Rayyan, an under-construction village designed to accommodate 7,000 people.", "QC also deployed around 400 pre-fabricated housing units in Syria.", "The charity promotes engagement, employment and enterprise development for young people in the Arab world.", "One of the latest such efforts includes the renovation project of Al-Quds University at a cost of QAR 4.5 million.", "1. OCHA", "Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs\n2011: MoU to establish a stand-by roster of specialized personnel and a team of technical specialists to field offices managed by OCHA\n2017: MoU to allocate a $500,000 dollar grant to support activities by OCHA in Syria\n2.", "UNHCHR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees\n2013: MoU to allocate a $2 million grant to the UNHCR emergency response in Rakhine State, Myanmar ($1,401,869 for temporary shelter construction and $467,290 in community kitchen infrastructure)\n2017: MoU for a $5 million joint funding to support UNHCR programs in promoting protection and assistance to refugees and others persons falling under UNHCR mandate \nMoU to allocate a $500,000 grant from QC to the UNHCR emergency support to internally displaced people in Yemen\nMoU for a $300,000 funding from QC to the UNHCR's temporary shelter for the newly displaced in Mosul\nMoU for a $200,000 funding from QC to the UNHCR's life saving referral healthcare for Syrian Refugees in Lebanon\nMoU for a $500,000 funding from QC to the UNHCR's provision of shelter support to the internally displaced persons in Myanmar\nMoU for a $955,167 funding from QC to the UNHCR's provision emergency shelters for Iraqi displaced persons\nMoU for a $2,000,000 funding from QC to the UNHCR's operating budget of 2 community centers for the provision of protection services and assistance ($800,000), the operating budget of two primary healthcare clinics ($360,000), and the provision of street lighting infrastructure ($700,000) in Aleppo, Syria.\n2018 : MoU for a $9,630,000 grant from QC to the UNHCR for the reintegration and livelihood support to the refugees, the IDPs, returnees and hosting communities in Somalia\nMoU for a $2,387,304 grant provided by Qatar Fund For Development to the UNHCR for disaster risk reduction in Bangladesh\nMoU for a $6,440,951 grant provided by QC to the UNHCR for disaster risk reduction and response ($4,940,276) and emergency support with basic needs and essential services ($1,500,675) for Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh.\n3.", "UNRWA UNRWA\n2013: Support to the UNRWA Health Programme in Gaza through $1 million funding\n4.", "WFP United Nations World Food Program\n2015: MoU: Qatar Charity pledges to facilitate the official authorization of initiatives led by local companies and branches of multinationals operating in Qatar that seek to support WFP's food assistance programmes in the Middle East and around the world, including cash contributions and fundraising and advocacy campaigns and events\n2017: MoU: Support to the humanitarian project in Syria \"Food, Nutrition and Livelihood assistance to the People affected by the Crisis in Syria\" through a $2 million funding from the \"Halab Labbeh\" fundraising campaign(1.023.850 beneficiaries)\n5.", "UNICEF United Nations Children's Emergency Fund\n2013:", "MoU: Framework for cooperation between QC and UNICEF to strengthen humanitarian prevention and response\n2017: MoU: Enhance cooperation at Syrian humanitarian crisis level through a $2 million from the \"Halab Labbeh\" fundraising campaign funding and implementing of humanitarian projects\n6.", "WHO World Health Organization\n2017: MoU: Enhance cooperation at Syrian humanitarian crisis level through a $2 million funding from the \"Halab Labbeh\" fundraising campaign for the implementation of humanitarian projects", "Local documentary produced by the Qatar Charity Society and represented his idea by a group of Qatari youth excellence in the areas of advocacy and media and Message Board and poetic adventures charity and entertainment filmed in the turkey to the definition of the difficult circumstances experienced by the population there.", "Tayef is a map-based web application that helps donors to connect people in need in Qatar.", "Shop And Aid is a program that helps individuals to donate for Qatar Charity works by buying several products from the internet and the profit will go to Qatar Charity efforts.", "Dal ala alkheer is a program where individuals can share different cases over the internet from the organization website and then win points as a reward.", "the program aim is to help individuals to donate to the organization without spending any money The name of the program means \"the one who tells about good\" it was taken from a quote for prophet Muhmmed", "That say \"God reward the one who tells others about good the same reward as the one who actually made it\".", "Travel And Aid is a booking website for flights and hotels that help individuals and organization to book flights and hotels and donate to the organization with the broker fee for each booking.", "As one of the leading Gulf-origin nongovernmental organizations, Qatar Charity has made many partnerships with many of the lead charities in the world.", "In 2013, Qatar Charity signed an agreement with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to raise funds in support of a six-year plan backed by the World Health Organization to eradicate polio globally.", "Qatar Charity signed a partnership agreement with Vodafone in August 2010 to create and implement charitable and socially beneficial initiatives.", "Qatar Charity operates according to a set of internally developed standards but is also fully compliant with international codes of conduct and security.", "Qatar Charity is a signatory of the code of conduct for the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and NGOs for disaster relief.", "Qatar Charity also uses the Sphere Project Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response and ensures their implementation in its operations.", "Lastly, Qatar Charity has implemented quality standards that enabled it to obtain ISO / IEC 27001, a certification from the Bureau Veritas Certification Holding SAS, which is specialized in audit and international certification services.", "The Nectar Trust was founded in March 2012, and was known as the Qatar Charity UK (or QCUK) until October 2017.", "The Nectar Trust is the British subsidiary of the Qatar Charity, from which it received more than £28 million in 2016/17.", "Saleh Mohammed Fahad Gharrab Al-Marri, born in January 1952, is a Qatari national and director and trustee of the Nectar Trust since February 2018.", "Al-Marri is also the adviser of the executive chairman of the Qatar Charity main organisation.", "The Emaan Trust of Sheffield lists Aiman Mohammed Ebrahim Saeed as a person with significant control.", "Saeed was given a suspended 18-month jail sentence and ordered to pay £300 compensation each to seven victims whose stolen phones were found in his possession.", "The Nectar Trust has also donated over £1.5 million over 2015/16 to the Human Relief Foundation, which was banned by Israel due to its support for Hamas.", "The Nectar Trust continues to support Muslim Brotherhood groups in Europe, notably UCOII (Italy's main Islamic association) and Fonds de Dotation Passerelles (Passerelles Endowment Fund), a regional French Islamic organisation.", "British media revealed that the Qatari official who ran the British arm of Qatar Charity also founded an anti-Semitic website.", "It is worth noting that Qatar Charity has always been cleared from any accusations of support to terrorism by the United Nations", "According to Foreign Policy, Osama Bin Laden named the organization “one of several charities that were used to fund al Qaeda’s overseas operations”.", "On February 11, 2015, \"Sudan Tribune\" reported controversial statements by Yahia Sadam, an official of the Minni Minnawi Sudanese liberation movement who accused Qatar of endorsing the genocide perpetrated by Sudanese militiamen in Darfur by funneling money though the Sudanese branch of Qatar Charity, active in Darfur since 2010.", "Sadam claimed that Qatar Charity, which had purportedly signed a cooperation agreement with the Sudanese troops, was \"building housing complexes in remote and isolated areas to harbor and train extremist groups.\"", "Those camps are believed to be hosting ISIS fighters, a concern voiced by attendees from the intelligence community at a March 2015 event at the United States Institute for Peace.", "Cables leaked through WikiLeaks show that Qatar Charity was an organization of concern to the U.S. Government for “its suspect activities abroad and reported links with extremists” and its “intent and willingness to provide financial support to terrorist organizations willing to attack US persons or interests.”", "These cables were created in 2009, years before Al-Kuwari became CEO of Qatar Charity but controversies surrounding Qatar Charity have persisted under Al-Kuwari's leadership.", "While Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and other countries in the region designated Qatar Charity as a terrorist organization along with a dozen organizations in the aftermath of the blockade imposed on Qatar in June 2017, the United Nations continues to work with Qatar Charity.", "It is worth noting that Qatar Charity had won numerous Saudi Arabian awards just months before the feud, among which the 1st prize at the Arab Gulf Programme for Development (AGFUND) for its project in Sudan: 'Promoting Voluntary Return and Peace Building in Darfur' \nIn 2013, while Al-Kuwari was CEO of Qatar Charity, a Washington Institute for Near East Policy report emerged that Qatar Charity assistance had made its way to the Syrian Islamic Front, an umbrella group of powerful jihadist organizations operating in the Syrian Civil War.", "The Qatar Charity logo reportedly appeared in the video showing Syrian Islamic Front affiliates distributing the Qatar Charity-labelled aid.", "In 2013, Iranian news agency FARS reported that Qatar had wired $5 billion to Syrian rebel groups through Qatar Charity.", "In May 2016, Hamad bin Nasser al-Thani, a member of the Qatari royal family, and Yusuf Ahmed Al-Kuwari traveled to Italy, where Qatar Charity reportedly donated 25 million euros over three years for the construction of mosques and Islamic centers.", "These donations led to questions over how religious instruction will be implemented in the religious centers.", "1997:", "Accredited in Special Status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council ECOSOC\n2004:", "Observer membership at International Organization for Migration IOM\n2008: Won Voluntary Award as \"best organization\" – Qatar\n2009:", "Certificate of appreciation at Dubai International Humanitarian Aid & Development Conference & Exhibition DIHAD – Dubai, UAE\n2010: Certificate of Honor from Ajman Ruler – Ajman, UAE\n2011: Won 3rd prize at Sheikh Fahad Al Ahmad Al Sabah International Award for Charitable Work – Kuwait\n2012: Award of Pioneering Projects in the social work category from the GCC Council of Ministers of Social Affairs- Saudi Arabia\n2013:", "Sicily International Prize – Italy\n2014: Excellence Reward for Orphans' care in the GCC Countries (KAFEL) by the Regional Network for Social Responsibility – Bahrein\n2015: Won Sanabel Award for Community Responsibility in Orphan Care Institutions of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) for the category of Community Initiatives in the Field of Orphan Care at the GCC level-", "Bahrain\nBest Smart Applications' award – Kuwait\n2016: Won 1st prize at the Arab Gulf Programme for Development (AGFUND) for its pioneering development projects in Saudi Arabia and for its project in Sudan: 'Promoting Voluntary Return and Peace Building in Darfur' – Switzerland\n2 gold medals for the 'Safari Charity' Program produced by QC at Al Haytham Arab Media Awards instituted by the United Arab Media Council (UAMC) of Jordan\n5 awards at the Bahrain Technical Innovation Conference in Bahrain\n2017: Membership at Start Network – United Kingdom\nBest Charitable Organization Arab Best Awards – Morocco\nUK ISO27001 Security Certification – United Kingdom\n2018 : Won \"Change Maker Award\" at Aid & Trade – London United Kingdom\n2013, 2014, 2015, 2017 : Ranked in the top 10 NGOs for humanitarian work in Syria, Palestine and Somalia.", "The ranking was reported by the Financial Tracking Service (FTS) managed by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).", "2018: Full membership in the Somalia NGO Consortium\n2018: Best Charitable Organization Arab Best Awards" ]

[ 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 ]

[ "Between 2012 and 2017, Qatar Charity has spent over US$1.3 Billion on humanitarian and development operations and projects which provided relief and assistance to more than 178 million people in over 50 countries." ]

[ "FM 1450 begins at US 285 approximately southeast of Pecos in Reeves County, and the two-lane road proceeds to the southeast.", "After crossing into Pecos County, FM 1776 joins the road from the south and briefly runs concurrently with FM 1450 before FM 1776 turns off to the north.", "The road continues to the southeast and crosses SH 18.", "RM 2593 turns off the road to the north before the route ends at FM 1053.", "The roadway continues to the southeast as a county road.", "FM 1450 passes through agricultural land and encounters no cities or towns.", "FM 1450 was originally designated on July 20, 1949 as a route in Freestone County stretching from SH 14 in Wortham westward to the Limestone County line.", "That designation was short-lived, and was cancelled on February 15, 1950 when the route was combined with FM 27 as an extension.", "The designation was quickly reused on May 23, 1951 along the present route in Pecos County between SH 18 (then known as SH 82) and FM 1053.", "On January 28, 1954, the route was extended to the Reeves County line and then to US 285 on September 29 of that year." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]

[ "The road, located in southeastern Reeves and northern Pecos counties, begins at U.S. Route 285 (US 285) near Pecos and intersects FM 1776, State Highway 18 (SH 18), and Ranch to Market Road 2593 (RM 2503) before terminating at FM 1053." ]

[ "FM 1450 begins at US 285 approximately southeast of Pecos in Reeves County, and the two-lane road proceeds to the southeast.", "After crossing into Pecos County, FM 1776 joins the road from the south and briefly runs concurrently with FM 1450 before FM 1776 turns off to the north.", "The road continues to the southeast and crosses SH 18.", "RM 2593 turns off the road to the north before the route ends at FM 1053.", "The roadway continues to the southeast as a county road.", "FM 1450 passes through agricultural land and encounters no cities or towns.", "FM 1450 was originally designated on July 20, 1949 as a route in Freestone County stretching from SH 14 in Wortham westward to the Limestone County line.", "That designation was short-lived, and was cancelled on February 15, 1950 when the route was combined with FM 27 as an extension.", "The designation was quickly reused on May 23, 1951 along the present route in Pecos County between SH 18 (then known as SH 82) and FM 1053.", "On January 28, 1954, the route was extended to the Reeves County line and then to US 285 on September 29 of that year." ]

[ 6, 7, 8, 9 ]

[ "The route number was formerly designated over a road in Freestone County." ]

[ "Various legends explain how the Fiery Gizzard creek, and thereby the trail alongside it, might have gotten its name.", "One suggests that, while eating a turkey at his camp along the creek, Davy Crockett burned his tongue on a gizzard and spit it into the gorge.", "Another holds that an Indian chief threw a turkey gizzard into the fire to get the attention of Europeans at a peace conference.", "This was the former reservation property of Eight Killer, a renowned Cherokee warrior who had a 640 acre Reservation on the Firey Gizzard, north of the Cherokee Reservation of Susannah Lowry.", "This area was also known as \"Battle Creek\".", "The Cherokee name \"Eight Killer\" was actually a title of rank, that was used in place of a name and would be spelled ᏣᏁᎳᏗᎯ using the syllabary.", "A historical marker near the Tracy City terminus recalls a \"crude experimental blast furnace\" built by Tennessee Coal and Railroad Company in the 1870s to determine if the coal could produce iron.", "The furnace, called \"Fiery Gizzard,\" burned for three days, producing \"only\" , then the stovepipe collapsed.", "In the 1930s, the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) company 1475 established camp near Tracy City where they dug several lakes and worked to prevent forest fires in the surrounding area.", "The CCC made improvements to the Fiery Gizzard Trail by building steps near the Fruit Bowl rock feature.", "They also built a pump house above the Blue Hole.", "The trail, maintained as part of the South Cumberland State Park by the State of Tennessee, goes through the Grundy Forest State Natural Area and through the Foster Falls Wild Area owned by TVA, but half crosses private property, and a large portion of the views from the trail were, in 2010, owned by a timber investment company.", "The state and a coalition of conservation groups have purchased land to secure the vistas for the future.", "The Tracy City end of the Fiery Gizzard Trail is accessed via the relatively flat Grundy Forest Day Loop.", "The loop begins at the Grundy Forest State Natural Area Picnic Shelter, and after just presents hikers with a waterfall.", "Vestiges of the Civilian Conservation Corps camp S-67 can be seen another half mile down the walk.", "Hikers can see the confluence of Little and Big Fiery Gizzard Creeks, can cool off in three swimming holes, two with waterfalls.", "The Fiery Gizzard trail begins roughly midway along the Day Loop, crossing a bridge across Little Fiery Gizzard Creek while the loop continues without crossing the bridge.", "Sights along the trail begin with a large rock shelter and a five-century-old Hemlock tree, the deep Blue Hole with waterfall, then Sycamore Falls, a \"superb swimming hole\" at the base of a fall.", "The trail then passes through the \"Fruit Bowl,\" a pile of house-sized boulders with CCC-built stairs through them.", "Other features in this portion of the hike include Chimney Rock, a rock column, Black Canyon - so named because of organic stain on the rocks, and Crumbling Bluff - an area \"honeycombed with pits and small caves.", "\"\nAfter , the trail begins an arduous climb to Raven Point, \"possibly one of the most rugged and difficult trails in Tennessee.\"", "Raven Point offers a \"spectacular overlook\" on a spur off the main trail.", "Continuing from there, the path mostly follows the flatter top of the Cumberland Plateau, except for a precarious horizontal vertical (each way) dip into Laurel Branch Gorge across myriad rocks that \"all seem to move as you step on them.", "\"\nThere are four camping areas along the hike.", "A camping permit is required.", "Visitors are encouraged to leave the place as they found it.", "The Fiery Gizzard Trail offers hikers views of 636 types of vascular plants including mountain laurel, hemlock trees, beefsteak fungus, violets, Solomon's seals, Hepatica, trillium, dwarf crested iris, reindeer moss, and galax.", "Myriad animals can also be found along the hike including bumblebees, hummingbirds, rattlesnakes, green snakes, red salamanders, crayfish.", "The snakes are not a special cause for concern as they are not particularly aggressive.", "One might even find oneself swimming with a mink at one of the many swimming holes.", "As of August, 2015, South Cumberland State Park announced that the trail as it currently existed might have to close.", "Jim Southard Jr., a private property owner that had granted access to hikers, intended to sell his property and believed that the hikers negatively affected its value.", "In 2016, a second property owner, Hugh P. Liebert, asked the trail to be removed from his property as well.", "As a result, a massive volunteer effort, led by the park's managers and the Friends of South Cumberland group, was organized to build nearly two miles of new trail, below the properties in question, on state park property.", "Nearly 10,000 hours of volunteer effort resulted in getting the rerouted trail completed by the end of 2016." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 ]

[ "From there, the trail runs along the canyon rim to Foster Falls.", "The trail is part of the South Cumberland State Park." ]

[ "Various legends explain how the Fiery Gizzard creek, and thereby the trail alongside it, might have gotten its name.", "One suggests that, while eating a turkey at his camp along the creek, Davy Crockett burned his tongue on a gizzard and spit it into the gorge.", "Another holds that an Indian chief threw a turkey gizzard into the fire to get the attention of Europeans at a peace conference.", "This was the former reservation property of Eight Killer, a renowned Cherokee warrior who had a 640 acre Reservation on the Firey Gizzard, north of the Cherokee Reservation of Susannah Lowry.", "This area was also known as \"Battle Creek\".", "The Cherokee name \"Eight Killer\" was actually a title of rank, that was used in place of a name and would be spelled ᏣᏁᎳᏗᎯ using the syllabary.", "A historical marker near the Tracy City terminus recalls a \"crude experimental blast furnace\" built by Tennessee Coal and Railroad Company in the 1870s to determine if the coal could produce iron.", "The furnace, called \"Fiery Gizzard,\" burned for three days, producing \"only\" , then the stovepipe collapsed.", "In the 1930s, the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) company 1475 established camp near Tracy City where they dug several lakes and worked to prevent forest fires in the surrounding area.", "The CCC made improvements to the Fiery Gizzard Trail by building steps near the Fruit Bowl rock feature.", "They also built a pump house above the Blue Hole.", "The trail, maintained as part of the South Cumberland State Park by the State of Tennessee, goes through the Grundy Forest State Natural Area and through the Foster Falls Wild Area owned by TVA, but half crosses private property, and a large portion of the views from the trail were, in 2010, owned by a timber investment company.", "The state and a coalition of conservation groups have purchased land to secure the vistas for the future.", "The Tracy City end of the Fiery Gizzard Trail is accessed via the relatively flat Grundy Forest Day Loop.", "The loop begins at the Grundy Forest State Natural Area Picnic Shelter, and after just presents hikers with a waterfall.", "Vestiges of the Civilian Conservation Corps camp S-67 can be seen another half mile down the walk.", "Hikers can see the confluence of Little and Big Fiery Gizzard Creeks, can cool off in three swimming holes, two with waterfalls.", "The Fiery Gizzard trail begins roughly midway along the Day Loop, crossing a bridge across Little Fiery Gizzard Creek while the loop continues without crossing the bridge.", "Sights along the trail begin with a large rock shelter and a five-century-old Hemlock tree, the deep Blue Hole with waterfall, then Sycamore Falls, a \"superb swimming hole\" at the base of a fall.", "The trail then passes through the \"Fruit Bowl,\" a pile of house-sized boulders with CCC-built stairs through them.", "Other features in this portion of the hike include Chimney Rock, a rock column, Black Canyon - so named because of organic stain on the rocks, and Crumbling Bluff - an area \"honeycombed with pits and small caves.", "\"\nAfter , the trail begins an arduous climb to Raven Point, \"possibly one of the most rugged and difficult trails in Tennessee.\"", "Raven Point offers a \"spectacular overlook\" on a spur off the main trail.", "Continuing from there, the path mostly follows the flatter top of the Cumberland Plateau, except for a precarious horizontal vertical (each way) dip into Laurel Branch Gorge across myriad rocks that \"all seem to move as you step on them.", "\"\nThere are four camping areas along the hike.", "A camping permit is required.", "Visitors are encouraged to leave the place as they found it.", "The Fiery Gizzard Trail offers hikers views of 636 types of vascular plants including mountain laurel, hemlock trees, beefsteak fungus, violets, Solomon's seals, Hepatica, trillium, dwarf crested iris, reindeer moss, and galax.", "Myriad animals can also be found along the hike including bumblebees, hummingbirds, rattlesnakes, green snakes, red salamanders, crayfish.", "The snakes are not a special cause for concern as they are not particularly aggressive.", "One might even find oneself swimming with a mink at one of the many swimming holes.", "As of August, 2015, South Cumberland State Park announced that the trail as it currently existed might have to close.", "Jim Southard Jr., a private property owner that had granted access to hikers, intended to sell his property and believed that the hikers negatively affected its value.", "In 2016, a second property owner, Hugh P. Liebert, asked the trail to be removed from his property as well.", "As a result, a massive volunteer effort, led by the park's managers and the Friends of South Cumberland group, was organized to build nearly two miles of new trail, below the properties in question, on state park property.", "Nearly 10,000 hours of volunteer effort resulted in getting the rerouted trail completed by the end of 2016." ]

[ 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 ]

[ "The trail offers scenic views, waterfalls, rock formations, and hemlock trees over 200 years old.", "The trail follows Fiery Gizzard Creek for a time, then ascends to Raven Point which offers a \"spectacular overlook.\"" ]

[ "There are a number of hypotheses that attempt to explain how children acquire various aspects of language, such as syntax and word meanings.", "Even within the community of those who believe in bootstrapping, there are various hypotheses that attempt to explain how children acquire the same aspect of language.", "For example, under semantic bootstrapping, learning word meanings to understand the difference between physical objects, agents and actions is used to acquire the syntax of a language.", "However, prosodic bootstrapping also attempts to explain how children acquire the syntax of their language, but through prosodic cues.", "Finally, syntactic bootstrapping proposes that word meanings are acquired through knowledge of a language's syntactic structure.", "However, regardless of the method of acquisitions, there is a consensus among bootstrappers that bootstrapping theories of lexical acquisition depend on the natural link between semantic meaning and syntactic function.", "This syntactic-semantic link must be readily available for children to begin learning language and, therefore, must be innate.", "The link functions to map semantic concepts of objects, actions and attributes to syntactic categories of nouns, verbs and adjectives, respectively.", "Diesendruck (2007) characterized these different mapping proposals as being on two dimensions: specificity to word learning and the source of support for word learning.", "For specificity to word learning, knowledge of lexical constraints is only useful for learning new words whereas attention to novelty is a characteristic of attention that applies beyond the domain of language.", "The latter dimension involves whether the source of support for word learning is endogenous (within the child) or exogenous (outside the child).", "For the word-learning task, the child brings their own conceptual understandings about the world, but their input comes from outside them.\nAs mentioned above, the different theories of lexical acquisition are not mutually exclusive and do overlap each other.", "P. Bloom (2000) argued that there are three basic capacities that underlie child word learning: understanding mental states, understanding the kinds of things that get labeled, and understanding syntactic cues; these capacities correspond to social-cognitive understandings, cognitive biases and syntax, respectively.", "These underlying aspects of word learning may also change over time as the child develops.", "Older children have some syntax and word meanings acquired already so they may be less dependent on their input compared to children just beginning lexical development.", "One of the earliest demonstrations of the existence of syntactic bootstrapping is an experiment done by Roger Brown at Harvard University in 1957.", "In his research, Brown demonstrated that preschool-aged children could use their knowledge of different parts of speech to distinguish the meaning of nonsense words in English.", "The results of Brown's experiment provided the first evidence showing that children could use syntax to infer meaning for newly encountered words and that they acquired grammar and semantics simultaneously.", "Brown's experiment was the beginning of the framework needed in order for the theory to thrive.", "This led developmental psycholinguists like Lila Gleitman, who coined the term syntactic bootstrapping in 1990, to argue that syntax was pivotal for language learning, as it also gives a learner clues about semantics.", "According to Gleitman's hypothesis, verbs are learned with a delay compared to other parts of speech because the linguistic information that supports their acquisition is not available during the early stages of language acquisition.", "The acquisition of verb meaning in children is pivotal to their language development.", "Syntactic bootstrapping seeks to explain how children acquire these words.", "The syntactic bootstrapping hypothesis is based on the idea that there are universal/innate links between syntactic categories and semantic categories.", "Learners can therefore use their observations about the syntactic categories of novel words to make inferences about their meanings.", "This hypothesis is intended to solve the problem that the extralinguistic context is uninformative by itself to make conclusions about a novel word's meaning.", "For example, a child hears the sentence, “The cat meeped the bird.”", "If the child is familiar with the way arguments of verbs interact with the verb, he will infer that \"the cat\" is the agent and that \"the bird\" is the patient.", "Then, he can use these syntactic observations to infer that \"meep\" is a behaviour that the cat is doing to the bird.", "Children's ability to identify syntactic categories may be supported by Prosodic bootstrapping.", "Prosodic bootstrapping is the hypothesis that children use prosodic cues, such as intonation and stress, to identify word boundaries.", "Landau and Gleitman (1985) found when studying the acquisition of the verbs \"look\" and \"see\" by blind children that contextual clues appeared to be insufficient to explain their ability to differentiate these verbs \".\"", "They considered the possibility that perceptual verbs might be used more by the blind child's mother when talking about nearby objects, since the child had to touch objects to perceive them.", "An analysis of the mother's utterances however, found this not to be the case.", "The solution investigated by Gleitman et al. was that syntactic categories (referred to as 'Sentence Frames' by Gleitman), narrow down the contexts in which verbs are present, allowing children to learn their specific meanings in isolation.", "This narrowing provided evidence for their original hypothesis.", "When utterances that selected for \"perception verbs only\" were analyzed, the mother's use of the verbs \"look\" and \"see\" for nearby objects increased significantly.", "Gleitman concluded that a narrowing of contexts, \"then\" contextual support were required for the blind children to learn verbs (in which they had no direct experience).", "By proxy, since there are many verbs that sighted children do not have direct experience with, they must use the same mechanism as well.", "In Gleitman's example, it is shown how direct experience is rarely present, as events are not labelled with their corresponding verb words.", "When a person returns home they say \"Hi!", "How was your day?\" as opposed to \"I'm opening the door!\"\nGleitman (1990) has this example to provide for the cases of the words \"/put/\" and", "\"/look/\": /put/ takes three noun entries in the example string \"John put the ball on the table\" (John, ball, table), as opposed to the two noun entries in \"John looked at me.\"", "This distinction allows \"/put/\" to be a candidate for a \"transfer\" type semantic description, as a \"transfer\" type verb must have a mover, destination, and object partaking in movement (three nouns).", "Gleitman identifies the matching of these semantic types as the crux of context narrowing, and asserts that many other types exist, such as \"perceptual,\" \"mental,\" \"cause,\" \"symmetry,\" and \"cognition.", "\"\nAdditionally, Waxman and Booth (2001) found that children who heard nouns focused on the object categories and children who focused on adjectives focused on an object's properties and categories.", "This shows that children are sensitive to different syntactic categories and can use their observations of syntax to infer word meaning.", "In Roger Brown's 1957 experiment, children between the ages of three and five were shown various pictures depicting nonsense words that represented either singular nouns, mass nouns, count nouns or verbs.", "When the novel words were positioned in a question format, the children were able to use the placement of the novel word in the sentence to draw conclusions focus on different aspects of the image shown and adjusted their answer.", "For example, when Brown wanted the child to identify a mass noun, he would ask the children \"do you see any sib\", and the child would point at the pictured mass noun or noun indicating quantity.", "When children made guesses, they were correct more than half of the time.", "This shows that children are sensitive to the syntactic position of words, and can correctly associate a novel word with its syntactic category.", "Harrigan, Hacquard, and Lidz (2016) —Found that children's interpretation of a new attitude verb depended on the syntactic frame in which it was introduced.", "In the experiment, children who heard the word 'hope' presented in the same syntactic frame as 'want' (i.e. followed by an infinitival verb) connected the new verb 'hope' with a meaning of desire.", "On the other hand, those that heard 'hope' presented in the same frame as 'think' (i.e. followed by a finite verb) made no such association between desire and the new verb, instead of associating the novel verb with belief.", "This provides evidence that children use syntax to some extent in learning the meaning behind these sorts of abstract verbs.", "Papafragou, Cassidy, Gleitman (2007) —Participants were asked to identify verbs within the context of a video.", "Papafragou et al. had children watch 12 videotaped stories.", "4 stories about the subject's desires and 8 stories that varied in the subject's beliefs and the framing of a novel verb.", "At the end of the tape, they would hear a sentence describing the scene but the sentence's verb was replaced with a novel word.", "Children were asked to respond with what they thought the word meant.", "Their responses were categorized 4 ways: Action, Belief, Desire, and Other.", "They found that action words were easily interpreted by children.", "However, false belief scenes with the complementizer phrase caused for children to respond with belief words more often.", "Results showed that participants in the experiment identified the verb most accurately when they could use both the video and sentence contexts.", "When it comes to attitude verbs, children are sensitive to the syntactic framing of the verb in question.", "Wellwood, Gagliardi, and Lidz (2016) — showed that four-year-olds can understand the difference between a quantitative or qualitative word, based on its syntactic position within a sentence.", "In “Gleebest of the cows are by the barn,” the novel word “gleebest” is in a determiner position, and is inferred to mean “most” or “many.”", "In “the gleebest cows are by the barn,” “gleebest” is in an adjective position, and children infer it to mean “spotty” or another quality.", "These results are significant because they show children using syntax to understand word meanings.", "In the Gillette et al. (1999) study—, the researchers tested adults to see what difficulties they would face when asked to identify a word from a muted, videotaped scene.", "They found that adults had trouble identifying the word, especially verbs, when they could only refer to the scene.", "Their performance increased once they were given the syntactic context for the mystery word.", "These results indicate that word learning is aided by the presence of syntactic context.", "Gillette et al. (1999) performed experiments which found that participants who were provided both environmental and syntactic contexts were better able to infer what muted word was uttered at a particular point in a video than when only the environmental context was provided.", "In the experiment, participants were shown muted videos of a mother and infant playing.", "At a particular point in the video, a beep would sound and participants had to guess what word the beep stood for.", "It was always a verb or noun.", "Experimental results showed that participants were correct on identifying nouns more often than verbs.", "This shows that certain contexts are conducive to learning certain categories of words, like nouns, while the same context is not conducive to learning other categories, like verbs.", "However, when the scene was paired with a sentence containing all novel words, but the same syntactic structure as the original sentence, adults were better able to guess the verb.", "This shows that syntactic context is useful in the acquisition of verbs.\nAn early demonstration by Naigles (1990) of syntactic bootstrapping involved showing 2-year-olds a video of a duck using its left hand to push a rabbit down into a squatting position while both the animals wave their right arms in circles.", "Initial video: Duck uses left hand to push rabbit into squatting position while both animals wave their right arms in circles\nDuring the video, children are presented with one of the following two descriptions:\n (6) Utterance A: \"The duck is kradding the rabbit.", "\"\n (describes a situation where the duck does something to the rabbit)\n (7) Utterance B: \"The rabbit and duck are kradding.", "\"\n (describes a situation where the duck and the rabbit perform the same action)\nChildren were then presented two distinct follow-up videos.", "Follow-up video 1: the duck pushing the rabbit\n Follow-up video 2: the duck and the rabbit are both waving their arms in the air.", "When instructed to \"find kradding\", children looked to the video that illustrated the utterance they heard during the initial video.", "Children who heard utterance A interpreted \"kradding\" to mean the act of the duck pushing on the rabbit, while children who heard utterance B assumed \"kradding\" was the action of arm waving.", "This indicates that children arrive at interpretations of a novel verb based on the utterance context and the syntactic structure in which it was embedded.", "In 1990, Lila Gleitman took this idea further by examining the acquisition of verbs in more detail.", "In her study, she found that children could differentiate between verbs that take one or more arguments and that this knowledge was used to help them narrow down the potential meanings for the verb in question.", "This discovery explains how children can learn the meaning of verbs that cannot be observed, like ‘think’.", "In later studies, this was exemplified by Fisher as she proposed that children can use the number of noun phrases in a sentence as evidence about a verb's meaning.", "She argues that children expect the noun phrases in a sentence to map one-to-one with participant roles in the event described by that sentence.", "For example, if a toddler hears a sentence that contains two noun phrases, she can infer that that sentence describes an event with two participants.", "This constrains the meaning that the verb in that sentence can have.", "Fisher presented 3 and 5-year-old children a video in which one participant caused a second participant to move.", "Children who heard that scene described by a transitive clause containing a novel verb, associated the subject of the verb with the agent.", "Children who heard the scene described by an intransitive clause associated the subject with either the agent or the patient.", "This shows that children make different inferences about meaning depending on the transitivity of the sentence.", "Acquiring the meaning of attitude verbs, which refer to an individual's mental state, provides a challenge for word learners since these verbs do not correlate with any physical aspects of the environment.", "Words such as 'think' and 'want' do not have physically observable qualities.", "Thus, there must be something deeper going on that enables children to learn these verbs referring to abstract mental concepts, such as syntactic frames as described in a study above by Harrigan, Hacquard, and Lidz.", "Because children have no initial idea about the meaning or usage of the words, syntactic bootstrapping aids them in figuring out when verbs refer to mental concepts.", "If a child hears the statement, \"Matt thinks his grandmother is under the covers,\" three- to four-year-old children will understand that the sentence is about Matt's belief.", "Children will understand from the syntactic frame in which it was uttered that the verb for mental state, \"thinks\", refers to Matt's beliefs and not to his grandmother's.", "In addition, Gillette et al. (1999) show that mental state verbs cannot easily be identified when only visual context is available and that these verbs showed the greatest improvement when syntactic context was provided.", "The acquisition of nouns is related to the acquisition of the mass/count contrast.", "In 1969, Willard Van Orman Quine claimed that children cannot learn new nouns unless they have already acquired this semantic distinction.", "Otherwise, the word “apples” might refer to the individual objects in a pile or the pile itself, and the child would have no way to know without already understanding the difference between a mass and a count noun.", "Nancy N. Soja argues that Quine is mistaken, and that children can learn new nouns without fully understanding the mass/count distinction.", "She found in her study that 2-year-old children were able to learn new nouns (some mass, some count nouns) from inferring meaning from the syntactic structure of the sentence the words were introduced in.", "The syntax of an utterance with a noun provides children with cues to whether the noun is a mass noun or count noun.", "Mass nouns are used for objects whose components are not treated as individuals but as one entity or mass.", "For example, \"dirt\" is a mass noun because it is grammatical in sentences like \"There is a pile of dirt,\" but not \"There is a dirt\" which is ungrammatical.", "Count nouns are used for objects viewed as individuals, unlike mass nouns.", "For example, \"cat\" is a count noun because it is grammatical in sentences like \"There is a cat,\" but not \"There is a pile of cat\" which is ungrammatical.", "Children can make the distinction between mass and count nouns based on the article that precedes a new word.", "If a new word immediately follows the article \"a\", then children infer that the noun is a count noun.", "If a new word immediately follows \"some,\" then the new word is inferred as a mass noun.", "In a 2010 study, Syrett and Lidz show that children learn the meaning of novel gradable adjectives on the basis of the adverbs that modify them.", "Gradable adjectives have a scale associated with them.", "For example, the adjective “large” places the noun that it modifies on a size scale, while the adjective “expensive” places the noun that is modifiers on a price scale.", "In addition, gradable adjectives (GA's) subdivide into two classes: relative and maximal GA's.", "Relative GA's are words like “big” in (5), and require a reference point: a big mouse is not the same size as a big elephant.", "As shown in (6) and (7), while relative GAs can be modified by the adverb \"very\" they cannot be modified by the adverb \"completely\".", "relative gradable adjectives\n (5) a. \"a big mouse\"\n b. \"a big elephant\"\n (6) a. \"a very big mouse\"\n b. \"a very big elephant\"\n (7) a. \n b. \nMaximal GA's are words like, “full” in (8); they operate on a close-ended scale.", "As shown in (9) and (10), while relative GAs cannot be modified by the adverb \"very\" they can be modified by the adverb \"completely\".", "maximal gradable adjectives\n (8) a. \"a full pool\"\n b. \"a full tank\"\n (9) a. ??", "\"a very full pool\"\n b. ??", "\"a very full tank\"\n (10) a. \"a completely full pool\"\n b. \"a completely full tank\"", "In the 2010 study, Syrett and Lidz showed children pictures of objects that could be described in terms of both relative and maximal GA's.", "For example, a picture of a container that could be described as both \"tall\" (a relative GA) and \"clear\" (a maximal GA).", "When showing these objects to the children, the novel adjective used to describe them was prefaced with either adverb \"very\" (which usually modifies relative GA's) or the adverb \"completely\" (which modifies maximal GA's).", "As a control, in some contexts, no adverb was present.", "When the novel adjective was presented with the adverb \"very\", the children assigned a relative GA meaning to it, and when it was presented with adverb \"completely\", a maximal GA.", "When no adverb was present, the children were unable to assign a meaning to the adjective.", "This shows that, in order for children to learn the meaning of a new adjective, they depend on grammatical information provide by adverbs about the semantic class of the novel adjective.", "An experiment by Wellwood, Gagliardi, and Lidz (2016) showed that four-year-olds associate unknown words with a quality meaning when they are presented with adjective syntax, and with a quantitative meaning when they are presented with determiner syntax.", "For example, in \"Gleebest of the cows are by the barn,\" \"gleebest\" would be interpreted as \"many\" or \"four,\" a quantity.", "Yet children associate the same unknown word with a quality interpretation when the word is presented in an adjective position.", "In the sentence \"The gleebest cows are by the barn,\" \"gleebest\" would be interpreted as \"striped\" or \"purple,\" a quality.", "This shows that children use syntax to identify whether a word is an adjective or a determiner, and use that category information to infer aspects of the word's meaning.", "There is a basic contrast between lexical categories (which include open-class items such as verbs, nouns, and adjectives), and functional categories (which include closed-class items such auxiliary verbs, case markers, complementizers, conjunctions and determiners.", "The acquisition functional categories has been studied significantly less than the lexical class, so much remains unknown.", "A 1998 study led by Rushen Shi shows that, at a very young age, Mandarin and Turkish learners use phonological, acoustic and distributional cues to distinguish between words that are lexical categories from words that are functional categories.", "11 to 20-month old children were observed speaking with their mothers to evaluate whether speech directed at the children contained clues that they could then use to categorize words as \"lexical\" or \"function\".", "Compared to as lexical category words, functional category words were found to have the following properties:", "As mentioned above, the observation often cited by Gleitman and collaborators as the major empirical basis of the syntactic bootstrapping theory is the seeming insufficiency of contextual cues to explain blind children’s ability to learn the perceptual verbs look and see.", "Gleitman (1990) claimed that if verb acquisition is to be explained by contextual cues, it should be the case that such perceptual verbs are used more by the blind child's mother when talking about nearby objects, since the child had to touch objects to perceive them.", "According to her analysis this is not the case, unless the relevant input utterance provides the syntactic subcategorization frame of the verbs.", "Importantly, by her analysis, ‘nearbyness’ is a much more reliable cue for sentences than for utterances where no syntactic context is given for these verbs.", "This conclusion yielded the Syntactic Bootstrapping Hypothesis that, for verb learning, full sentences are needed to demonstrate the semantic arguments of verbs.", "However, reanalysis of Gleitman’s crucial data regarding the sentences used by the blind child’s mother revealed that this conclusion stems from a misclassification of the maternal sentences as single-word or multiword.", "The most frequent sentence type for the verb ‘look’ was Look!,", "This is NP and for ‘see’ it is See?,", "This is NP, for example \"Look!,", "That's a frog!\"", "and \"See?, That's a frog!\"", "(Gleitman, 1990, p.26).", "Gleitman classified these as sentences with syntactic context for the perceptual verbs, which is unfortunately incorrect.", "Such utterances consist of two sentences, not one, and the verb itself occurs as a single-word utterance, not part of a multiword, syntactically connected sentence.", "In particular, the additional sentence ‘This is NP’ does not provide information on the subcategorization frame or on the argument structure of the verbs 'look' or 'see'; it is, simply, an additional and separate sentence.", "Anat Ninio (2016) pointed out that when this error is corrected, it is found that utterances containing a single-word perception verb are much more likely to have a near and available object than the same verbs in multiword sentence-frames.", "This raises the possibility that what makes acquisition of the canonical meaning of these verbs possible for young blind children is not the syntactic sentence-frame but, rather, the lack of one.", "Thus, the conclusions of the paper that children learn these perception verbs (and, by extension, all verbs) only when they can rely on the input from a full sentence’s syntactic and semantic information, are unfounded.", "In two studies examining the production of transitive verbs by young speakers of Hebrew (Ninio, 2015) and English (Ninio, 2016), it was found that children most probably learn their earliest transitive verbs from parental single-word utterances and not from their multiword utterances, although the latter are much more frequent in their speech to young children.", "Similar results were achieved by Swingley and Humphrey (2018) regarding English-speaking young children’s comprehension and production of verbs.", "Steven Pinker presents his theory of semantic bootstrapping, which hypothesizes that children use the meaning of words to start to learn the syntax of their language.", "Gleitman (1990) counters Pinker's ideas by asserting that context is insufficient to supply word meaning, as a single context can allow for multiple interpretations of an uttered sentence.", "She explains that simply observing objects and events in the world does not provide sufficient information to infer the meanings of words and sentences.", "Pinker, however, argues that semantic bootstrapping and syntactic bootstrapping aren't conflicting ideas, and that semantic bootstrapping makes no claims about learning word meanings.", "He argues that since semantic bootstrapping is a hypothesis about how children acquire syntax, while syntactic bootstrapping is a hypothesis about how children acquire word meanings, the opposition between the two theories does not necessarily exist.", "Pinker agrees that syntactic categories are in fact used by children to learn semantics and accepts syntactic bootstrapping, but argues that Gleitman applies the hypothesis too broadly, and that is insufficient evidence to account for all of Gleitman's claims.", "Pinker argues that while children can use syntax to learn certain semantic properties within a single frame, like the number of arguments a verb takes or the types of arguments such as agent and patient, there are serious problems with the argument that children pick up on these semantic properties from the syntax when a verb is found in a wide range of syntactic frames.", "Pinker uses the verb \"sew\" as an example:\nPinker argues that the syntax provides information about possible verb frames, but does not help a learner \"zoom in\" on a verb's meaning after hearing it in multiple frames.", "According to Pinker, the frames presented above for \"sew\" can do nothing for learners other than clue them into the fact that \"sewing\" is some sort of activity.", "Furthermore, Pinker disagrees with Gleitman's claim that the ambiguities in the situations where a word is used could only be solved by using information about how the word behaves syntactically.", "Becker briefly introduces an explanation of subject/object identification that relies on statistics rather than syntactic categories, once the meaning of the verb has been established.", "In his example, the string \"John hit the chair\" can have \"John\" deduced as the subject by a child, as a \"chair\" is unlikely to \"hit\" (rare (extraneous) examples include \"I was hit by a car\").", "After several of these strings with the verb \"hit,\" the child observes that inanimate objects, unlikely to possess the ability to \"hit,\" consistently occur in the post-verb position (object).", "Thus, when approached by the ambiguous case, such as \"John hit Bill,\" where both nouns are fully capable of \"hitting,\" the child asserts that Bill is in the object position, and is the one getting hit.", "Wilkins proposes a direct counterexample to Gleitman's example of \"/put/\" and \"/look/\", attested in the Central Australian Aboriginal language of Mparntwe Arrernte.", "In this case, the verbs \"/arrerne-/ 'put'\" and \"/are-/ 'look, see'\" share the same case array of {Ergative, Accusative, Dative} arguments (three nouns).", "Wilkins proposes that this is not a challenge against Gleitman's theory, rather data that may force reconsideration of Gleitman's claim that the theory manifests equally in all languages.", "While \"/are-/ 'look, see'\" shares the same three noun structure, it serves as an equal candidate for Gleitman's \"transfer\" type, losing the important context narrowing.", "Losing this early distinction should lead the child astray, yet they develop the language just the same, therefore a more subtle difference than the argument frame must exist.", "With all of the studies above supporting or challenging syntactic bootstrapping, how does the theory hold up cross-linguistically?", "Two studies focusing on French and German were determining the use of syntactic contexts to classify novel words as nouns or verbs.", "The German study found that children between 14 and 16 months could use determiners to classify a novel word as a noun.", "However, they could not show the same ability mapping pronoun environments to verbs.", "Overall, this exemplifies their ability to determine the categories of function words and shows a sensitivity to syntactic framing.", "Following this conclusion, Christophe et al. found that children can use this ability along with prosodic bootstrapping to infer the syntactic category of the neighboring content words, as at 23 months they can classify novel nouns as well as verbs based on their surrounding syntactic environment.", "These studies follow the Syntactic Bootstrapping model of language acquisition.", "However, the determiner/noun and pronoun/verb environments are also found in English.", "So, how well does this theory apply to a language structurally different from English?", "In Lee and Naigles’ 2005 experiment, they are the very first to demonstrate that Mandarin, a language with pervasive NP ellipsis, has the necessary syntactic information for children learning Mandarin.", "In the experiment they found a potential challenge to the use of syntactic bootstrapping, which is the fact that transitive and intransitive verbs exist in practically the same syntactic frame:\nTransitive verb: \n (1) 背 到 婆婆 那", "Bei dao po po na \n Carry arrive grandma there\n Carry (it to) grandma (who is over there)\nIntransitive verb:\n (1) 走 去 婆婆 那", "Zou qu po po na \n Walk go grandma there\n Walk (over to) grandma there\nLee and Naigles looked into how Mandarin children use the transitive versus intransitive environments to infer meaning in a language that allows the noun phrase (subject or object) argument to go unpronounced.", "They focused on the naturalistic adult input provided to children under 2 years of age.", "Following Fisher's studies where children use the number of NP's to make conclusions about the causation in the sentence, 1 NP is an intransitive sentence and involves only the agent while 2 NP's is a transitive environment and involves an action being taken upon something or someone.", "Other verb tokens were categorized into each frame as follows:\nReduplicated verb: the target verb was immediately followed by a second identical verb, as the example in (3)\n (3) 你 快 给 爸爸 看看 \n ni kuai gei baba kan kan\n you quickly give daddy look look\n you (let) daddy (take a quick) look\nCompounding verb: the target verb was immediately followed by a second, nonidentical verb, as the example in (4)\n (4) 你 这", "就 吃 完 饭 \n ni zhe jiu chi wan fan\n you this then eat finish rice\n you already finished eating your rice\nThe environment above was presented in the study and then altered to test the change of interpretation the Mandarin children might have.", "Due to the pervasive ellipsis in Mandarin, the number of NP's in a phrase is a weaker clue in mapping causation or non-causation of a verb.", "Presented with an elided transitive environment \"The dog brings,\" the children determined the sentence to be intransitive, meaning they changed their interpretation of the verb based on the number of noun phrases presented.", "This was shown as the children used toys to act out the scenario they heard; if their interpretation were to be independent of the number of NP's they would have shown the dog bringing the lion.", "However, they showed the dog going on its own, showing their interpretation of the verb to be non-causative.", "This follows the syntactic bootstrapping theory as their mapping of verb meaning relied on the syntactic frame and content in the sentence.", "However, it poses another question about how Mandarin children can go on to map transitive or intransitive environments properly during their development.", "A few studies have begun to look at how children learning languages with different word orders represent syntactic structures which are required for children to map word meanings or categories using syntactic bootstrapping.", "For example, the research on the acquisition of verbs presents English children as using information about the subject and objects to determine if the verb is causative or non-causative.", "However, will this ability change in a language which has the object occurring before the verb?", "One could assume this to be a difficult task if both an English child and child leaning an SOV language have the same mental representation of syntactic structure.", "To address this, a Gervain, et al., looked at an infant's mental representation of Japanese, which is a complement – head language with an object-verb (OV) word order, and Italian, which like English, is head-complement and therefore has a verb-object (VO) word order.", "They found that 8-month-olds have a general knowledge of word order specific to their language preceding their acquisition of lexical items or syntactic categories.", "Their attuning of structural relations of syntactic categories (verbs, nouns, etc.)", "within their language allows them to then apply this knowledge later in their development, possibly allowing for language-specific syntactic bootstrapping.", "Cleave, Kay-Raining Bird have conducted a group study of bilingualism in children with DS.", "This study involved both monolingual and bilingual children with DS (DS-M, DS-B) and monolingual and bilingual typically developing children (TD-M, TD-B).", "Children's age of these four groups were matched on developmental level.", "The monolingual children are native English speakers.", "The bilingual children were English-dominant or balanced bilinguals, most of them have French as their second language.", "In the experiment, participants’ English proficiency was compared and contrasted.", "No significant differences were observed on standardized tests or language sample measures between the monolingual and bilingual DS groups.", "This suggests that, at least in the dominant language, bilingualism did not have a harmful effect on syntactic bootstrapping and language development.", "In Cleave, Kay-Raining Bird, Trudeau and Sutton's 2014 experiment, researchers included four groups of children: i) bilingual children and youth with DS (DS-B), ii) monolingual children and youth with DS (DS-M), iii) bilingual typically developing children (TD-B) and iv) monolingual typically developing children (TD-M).", "These four groups were compared on a receptive syntactic bootstrapping task (fast mapping task).", "The task materials included the presentation of familiar and novel actors and actions in a computer-generated task.", "The root form of all novel words had a CVC syllabic structure and followed the phonotactic constraints of English (e.g., moit, zug).", "A total of 14 trials including 2 test trials were shown to the participants.", "Each trial included a familiar and a novel actor.", "The 14 familiar actions were represented by common intransitive verbs.", "(e.g. flying or running)", "The unfamiliar actions consisted of verb does not exist.", "(e.g. doing face-up push-ups).", "The trial message are shown below: \nThus, in trials with novel words, it was only the linguistic cue of “a” or “ing” which indicated whether the novel word referred to the creature or the unfamiliar action.", "Researchers recorded message “point to X” to test if the child comprehended the stimulus word.", "It requires the participant to attend to language form and meaning simultaneously.", "The proportion correct on syntactic bootstrapping task by group is shown below: \nThe current study included both nouns and verbs and found correlational results similar to those of previous studies involving nouns only.", "Previous fast mapping studies with bilingual children have involved novel objects but not actions.", "The results showed a higher matching rate of unfamiliar nouns among all the four groups.", "This is in accordance with previous studies involving only monolingual children that have reported better performance on nouns than verbs However, in a similar research conducted in 1990 which incorporated both nouns and verbs have found similar performance for the both word types.", "Factors such as different attentional demands, stability of the referen and imageability have been proposed to explain the noun advantage seen in young children's vocabularies.", "Researchers examined the impact of bilingualism on task performance by comparing the two TD groups and the two DS groups.", "As the rate of their successful syntactic bootstrapping did not differ on the fast mapping task, no evidence of an impact was obtained from the group analyses nor were there any advantages.", "This finding is consistent with the previous work that found comparable language skills in monolingual and bilingual children and youth with DS using product measures and extends such findings to a dynamic syntactic bootstrapping task.", "Children with Down Syndrome display a broad range of deficits including both cognitive and language impairments.", "In Cleave et al.’s 2014 experiment mentioned above, it is claimed that TD-M performed significantly better than DS-M, TD-B performed better than DS-B, however, no significant difference was reached.", "The major finding of this study was that there was no evidence that bilingualism negatively affects syntactic bootstrapping skills in children with DS.", "Studies in oral language development of monolingual children with DS show that they have a relative strength in receptive language skills.", "In particular, an advantage at vocabulary skills which are often equivalent to non-verbal cognitive development with individual variability have been found.", "Meanwhile, their expressive language skills were proven to be lagged behind receptive skills and they display a particular deficit in expressive morphosyntactic skills.", "This is seen in both a smaller mean length of utterance (MLU) in comparison to mental age matches and poorer grammatical morpheme use compared to typically developing children matched for MLU", "Research on syntactic bootstrapping performance of bilingual children with DS is very limited.", "In a 2011 experiment, researchers explored the effects of second language exposure on a number of specific cognitive tasks.", "Monolingual children with DS who have been exposed only to English were compared to Bilingual children with DS who had exposure to a second language.", "The age, IQ, gender and socio-economic status of participants were matched.", "No significant differences of language acquisition abilities were found on any of the measures administered." ]

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[ "Syntactic bootstrapping is a theory in developmental psycholinguistics and language acquisition which proposes that children learn word meanings by recognizing syntactic categories (such as nouns, adjectives, etc.) and the structure of their language.", "It is proposed that children have innate knowledge of the links between syntactic and semantic categories and can use these observations to make inferences about word meaning." ]

[ "There are a number of hypotheses that attempt to explain how children acquire various aspects of language, such as syntax and word meanings.", "Even within the community of those who believe in bootstrapping, there are various hypotheses that attempt to explain how children acquire the same aspect of language.", "For example, under semantic bootstrapping, learning word meanings to understand the difference between physical objects, agents and actions is used to acquire the syntax of a language.", "However, prosodic bootstrapping also attempts to explain how children acquire the syntax of their language, but through prosodic cues.", "Finally, syntactic bootstrapping proposes that word meanings are acquired through knowledge of a language's syntactic structure.", "However, regardless of the method of acquisitions, there is a consensus among bootstrappers that bootstrapping theories of lexical acquisition depend on the natural link between semantic meaning and syntactic function.", "This syntactic-semantic link must be readily available for children to begin learning language and, therefore, must be innate.", "The link functions to map semantic concepts of objects, actions and attributes to syntactic categories of nouns, verbs and adjectives, respectively.", "Diesendruck (2007) characterized these different mapping proposals as being on two dimensions: specificity to word learning and the source of support for word learning.", "For specificity to word learning, knowledge of lexical constraints is only useful for learning new words whereas attention to novelty is a characteristic of attention that applies beyond the domain of language.", "The latter dimension involves whether the source of support for word learning is endogenous (within the child) or exogenous (outside the child).", "For the word-learning task, the child brings their own conceptual understandings about the world, but their input comes from outside them.\nAs mentioned above, the different theories of lexical acquisition are not mutually exclusive and do overlap each other.", "P. Bloom (2000) argued that there are three basic capacities that underlie child word learning: understanding mental states, understanding the kinds of things that get labeled, and understanding syntactic cues; these capacities correspond to social-cognitive understandings, cognitive biases and syntax, respectively.", "These underlying aspects of word learning may also change over time as the child develops.", "Older children have some syntax and word meanings acquired already so they may be less dependent on their input compared to children just beginning lexical development.", "One of the earliest demonstrations of the existence of syntactic bootstrapping is an experiment done by Roger Brown at Harvard University in 1957.", "In his research, Brown demonstrated that preschool-aged children could use their knowledge of different parts of speech to distinguish the meaning of nonsense words in English.", "The results of Brown's experiment provided the first evidence showing that children could use syntax to infer meaning for newly encountered words and that they acquired grammar and semantics simultaneously.", "Brown's experiment was the beginning of the framework needed in order for the theory to thrive.", "This led developmental psycholinguists like Lila Gleitman, who coined the term syntactic bootstrapping in 1990, to argue that syntax was pivotal for language learning, as it also gives a learner clues about semantics.", "According to Gleitman's hypothesis, verbs are learned with a delay compared to other parts of speech because the linguistic information that supports their acquisition is not available during the early stages of language acquisition.", "The acquisition of verb meaning in children is pivotal to their language development.", "Syntactic bootstrapping seeks to explain how children acquire these words.", "The syntactic bootstrapping hypothesis is based on the idea that there are universal/innate links between syntactic categories and semantic categories.", "Learners can therefore use their observations about the syntactic categories of novel words to make inferences about their meanings.", "This hypothesis is intended to solve the problem that the extralinguistic context is uninformative by itself to make conclusions about a novel word's meaning.", "For example, a child hears the sentence, “The cat meeped the bird.”", "If the child is familiar with the way arguments of verbs interact with the verb, he will infer that \"the cat\" is the agent and that \"the bird\" is the patient.", "Then, he can use these syntactic observations to infer that \"meep\" is a behaviour that the cat is doing to the bird.", "Children's ability to identify syntactic categories may be supported by Prosodic bootstrapping.", "Prosodic bootstrapping is the hypothesis that children use prosodic cues, such as intonation and stress, to identify word boundaries.", "Landau and Gleitman (1985) found when studying the acquisition of the verbs \"look\" and \"see\" by blind children that contextual clues appeared to be insufficient to explain their ability to differentiate these verbs \".\"", "They considered the possibility that perceptual verbs might be used more by the blind child's mother when talking about nearby objects, since the child had to touch objects to perceive them.", "An analysis of the mother's utterances however, found this not to be the case.", "The solution investigated by Gleitman et al. was that syntactic categories (referred to as 'Sentence Frames' by Gleitman), narrow down the contexts in which verbs are present, allowing children to learn their specific meanings in isolation.", "This narrowing provided evidence for their original hypothesis.", "When utterances that selected for \"perception verbs only\" were analyzed, the mother's use of the verbs \"look\" and \"see\" for nearby objects increased significantly.", "Gleitman concluded that a narrowing of contexts, \"then\" contextual support were required for the blind children to learn verbs (in which they had no direct experience).", "By proxy, since there are many verbs that sighted children do not have direct experience with, they must use the same mechanism as well.", "In Gleitman's example, it is shown how direct experience is rarely present, as events are not labelled with their corresponding verb words.", "When a person returns home they say \"Hi!", "How was your day?\" as opposed to \"I'm opening the door!\"\nGleitman (1990) has this example to provide for the cases of the words \"/put/\" and", "\"/look/\": /put/ takes three noun entries in the example string \"John put the ball on the table\" (John, ball, table), as opposed to the two noun entries in \"John looked at me.\"", "This distinction allows \"/put/\" to be a candidate for a \"transfer\" type semantic description, as a \"transfer\" type verb must have a mover, destination, and object partaking in movement (three nouns).", "Gleitman identifies the matching of these semantic types as the crux of context narrowing, and asserts that many other types exist, such as \"perceptual,\" \"mental,\" \"cause,\" \"symmetry,\" and \"cognition.", "\"\nAdditionally, Waxman and Booth (2001) found that children who heard nouns focused on the object categories and children who focused on adjectives focused on an object's properties and categories.", "This shows that children are sensitive to different syntactic categories and can use their observations of syntax to infer word meaning.", "In Roger Brown's 1957 experiment, children between the ages of three and five were shown various pictures depicting nonsense words that represented either singular nouns, mass nouns, count nouns or verbs.", "When the novel words were positioned in a question format, the children were able to use the placement of the novel word in the sentence to draw conclusions focus on different aspects of the image shown and adjusted their answer.", "For example, when Brown wanted the child to identify a mass noun, he would ask the children \"do you see any sib\", and the child would point at the pictured mass noun or noun indicating quantity.", "When children made guesses, they were correct more than half of the time.", "This shows that children are sensitive to the syntactic position of words, and can correctly associate a novel word with its syntactic category.", "Harrigan, Hacquard, and Lidz (2016) —Found that children's interpretation of a new attitude verb depended on the syntactic frame in which it was introduced.", "In the experiment, children who heard the word 'hope' presented in the same syntactic frame as 'want' (i.e. followed by an infinitival verb) connected the new verb 'hope' with a meaning of desire.", "On the other hand, those that heard 'hope' presented in the same frame as 'think' (i.e. followed by a finite verb) made no such association between desire and the new verb, instead of associating the novel verb with belief.", "This provides evidence that children use syntax to some extent in learning the meaning behind these sorts of abstract verbs.", "Papafragou, Cassidy, Gleitman (2007) —Participants were asked to identify verbs within the context of a video.", "Papafragou et al. had children watch 12 videotaped stories.", "4 stories about the subject's desires and 8 stories that varied in the subject's beliefs and the framing of a novel verb.", "At the end of the tape, they would hear a sentence describing the scene but the sentence's verb was replaced with a novel word.", "Children were asked to respond with what they thought the word meant.", "Their responses were categorized 4 ways: Action, Belief, Desire, and Other.", "They found that action words were easily interpreted by children.", "However, false belief scenes with the complementizer phrase caused for children to respond with belief words more often.", "Results showed that participants in the experiment identified the verb most accurately when they could use both the video and sentence contexts.", "When it comes to attitude verbs, children are sensitive to the syntactic framing of the verb in question.", "Wellwood, Gagliardi, and Lidz (2016) — showed that four-year-olds can understand the difference between a quantitative or qualitative word, based on its syntactic position within a sentence.", "In “Gleebest of the cows are by the barn,” the novel word “gleebest” is in a determiner position, and is inferred to mean “most” or “many.”", "In “the gleebest cows are by the barn,” “gleebest” is in an adjective position, and children infer it to mean “spotty” or another quality.", "These results are significant because they show children using syntax to understand word meanings.", "In the Gillette et al. (1999) study—, the researchers tested adults to see what difficulties they would face when asked to identify a word from a muted, videotaped scene.", "They found that adults had trouble identifying the word, especially verbs, when they could only refer to the scene.", "Their performance increased once they were given the syntactic context for the mystery word.", "These results indicate that word learning is aided by the presence of syntactic context.", "Gillette et al. (1999) performed experiments which found that participants who were provided both environmental and syntactic contexts were better able to infer what muted word was uttered at a particular point in a video than when only the environmental context was provided.", "In the experiment, participants were shown muted videos of a mother and infant playing.", "At a particular point in the video, a beep would sound and participants had to guess what word the beep stood for.", "It was always a verb or noun.", "Experimental results showed that participants were correct on identifying nouns more often than verbs.", "This shows that certain contexts are conducive to learning certain categories of words, like nouns, while the same context is not conducive to learning other categories, like verbs.", "However, when the scene was paired with a sentence containing all novel words, but the same syntactic structure as the original sentence, adults were better able to guess the verb.", "This shows that syntactic context is useful in the acquisition of verbs.\nAn early demonstration by Naigles (1990) of syntactic bootstrapping involved showing 2-year-olds a video of a duck using its left hand to push a rabbit down into a squatting position while both the animals wave their right arms in circles.", "Initial video: Duck uses left hand to push rabbit into squatting position while both animals wave their right arms in circles\nDuring the video, children are presented with one of the following two descriptions:\n (6) Utterance A: \"The duck is kradding the rabbit.", "\"\n (describes a situation where the duck does something to the rabbit)\n (7) Utterance B: \"The rabbit and duck are kradding.", "\"\n (describes a situation where the duck and the rabbit perform the same action)\nChildren were then presented two distinct follow-up videos.", "Follow-up video 1: the duck pushing the rabbit\n Follow-up video 2: the duck and the rabbit are both waving their arms in the air.", "When instructed to \"find kradding\", children looked to the video that illustrated the utterance they heard during the initial video.", "Children who heard utterance A interpreted \"kradding\" to mean the act of the duck pushing on the rabbit, while children who heard utterance B assumed \"kradding\" was the action of arm waving.", "This indicates that children arrive at interpretations of a novel verb based on the utterance context and the syntactic structure in which it was embedded.", "In 1990, Lila Gleitman took this idea further by examining the acquisition of verbs in more detail.", "In her study, she found that children could differentiate between verbs that take one or more arguments and that this knowledge was used to help them narrow down the potential meanings for the verb in question.", "This discovery explains how children can learn the meaning of verbs that cannot be observed, like ‘think’.", "In later studies, this was exemplified by Fisher as she proposed that children can use the number of noun phrases in a sentence as evidence about a verb's meaning.", "She argues that children expect the noun phrases in a sentence to map one-to-one with participant roles in the event described by that sentence.", "For example, if a toddler hears a sentence that contains two noun phrases, she can infer that that sentence describes an event with two participants.", "This constrains the meaning that the verb in that sentence can have.", "Fisher presented 3 and 5-year-old children a video in which one participant caused a second participant to move.", "Children who heard that scene described by a transitive clause containing a novel verb, associated the subject of the verb with the agent.", "Children who heard the scene described by an intransitive clause associated the subject with either the agent or the patient.", "This shows that children make different inferences about meaning depending on the transitivity of the sentence.", "Acquiring the meaning of attitude verbs, which refer to an individual's mental state, provides a challenge for word learners since these verbs do not correlate with any physical aspects of the environment.", "Words such as 'think' and 'want' do not have physically observable qualities.", "Thus, there must be something deeper going on that enables children to learn these verbs referring to abstract mental concepts, such as syntactic frames as described in a study above by Harrigan, Hacquard, and Lidz.", "Because children have no initial idea about the meaning or usage of the words, syntactic bootstrapping aids them in figuring out when verbs refer to mental concepts.", "If a child hears the statement, \"Matt thinks his grandmother is under the covers,\" three- to four-year-old children will understand that the sentence is about Matt's belief.", "Children will understand from the syntactic frame in which it was uttered that the verb for mental state, \"thinks\", refers to Matt's beliefs and not to his grandmother's.", "In addition, Gillette et al. (1999) show that mental state verbs cannot easily be identified when only visual context is available and that these verbs showed the greatest improvement when syntactic context was provided.", "The acquisition of nouns is related to the acquisition of the mass/count contrast.", "In 1969, Willard Van Orman Quine claimed that children cannot learn new nouns unless they have already acquired this semantic distinction.", "Otherwise, the word “apples” might refer to the individual objects in a pile or the pile itself, and the child would have no way to know without already understanding the difference between a mass and a count noun.", "Nancy N. Soja argues that Quine is mistaken, and that children can learn new nouns without fully understanding the mass/count distinction.", "She found in her study that 2-year-old children were able to learn new nouns (some mass, some count nouns) from inferring meaning from the syntactic structure of the sentence the words were introduced in.", "The syntax of an utterance with a noun provides children with cues to whether the noun is a mass noun or count noun.", "Mass nouns are used for objects whose components are not treated as individuals but as one entity or mass.", "For example, \"dirt\" is a mass noun because it is grammatical in sentences like \"There is a pile of dirt,\" but not \"There is a dirt\" which is ungrammatical.", "Count nouns are used for objects viewed as individuals, unlike mass nouns.", "For example, \"cat\" is a count noun because it is grammatical in sentences like \"There is a cat,\" but not \"There is a pile of cat\" which is ungrammatical.", "Children can make the distinction between mass and count nouns based on the article that precedes a new word.", "If a new word immediately follows the article \"a\", then children infer that the noun is a count noun.", "If a new word immediately follows \"some,\" then the new word is inferred as a mass noun.", "In a 2010 study, Syrett and Lidz show that children learn the meaning of novel gradable adjectives on the basis of the adverbs that modify them.", "Gradable adjectives have a scale associated with them.", "For example, the adjective “large” places the noun that it modifies on a size scale, while the adjective “expensive” places the noun that is modifiers on a price scale.", "In addition, gradable adjectives (GA's) subdivide into two classes: relative and maximal GA's.", "Relative GA's are words like “big” in (5), and require a reference point: a big mouse is not the same size as a big elephant.", "As shown in (6) and (7), while relative GAs can be modified by the adverb \"very\" they cannot be modified by the adverb \"completely\".", "relative gradable adjectives\n (5) a. \"a big mouse\"\n b. \"a big elephant\"\n (6) a. \"a very big mouse\"\n b. \"a very big elephant\"\n (7) a. \n b. \nMaximal GA's are words like, “full” in (8); they operate on a close-ended scale.", "As shown in (9) and (10), while relative GAs cannot be modified by the adverb \"very\" they can be modified by the adverb \"completely\".", "maximal gradable adjectives\n (8) a. \"a full pool\"\n b. \"a full tank\"\n (9) a. ??", "\"a very full pool\"\n b. ??", "\"a very full tank\"\n (10) a. \"a completely full pool\"\n b. \"a completely full tank\"", "In the 2010 study, Syrett and Lidz showed children pictures of objects that could be described in terms of both relative and maximal GA's.", "For example, a picture of a container that could be described as both \"tall\" (a relative GA) and \"clear\" (a maximal GA).", "When showing these objects to the children, the novel adjective used to describe them was prefaced with either adverb \"very\" (which usually modifies relative GA's) or the adverb \"completely\" (which modifies maximal GA's).", "As a control, in some contexts, no adverb was present.", "When the novel adjective was presented with the adverb \"very\", the children assigned a relative GA meaning to it, and when it was presented with adverb \"completely\", a maximal GA.", "When no adverb was present, the children were unable to assign a meaning to the adjective.", "This shows that, in order for children to learn the meaning of a new adjective, they depend on grammatical information provide by adverbs about the semantic class of the novel adjective.", "An experiment by Wellwood, Gagliardi, and Lidz (2016) showed that four-year-olds associate unknown words with a quality meaning when they are presented with adjective syntax, and with a quantitative meaning when they are presented with determiner syntax.", "For example, in \"Gleebest of the cows are by the barn,\" \"gleebest\" would be interpreted as \"many\" or \"four,\" a quantity.", "Yet children associate the same unknown word with a quality interpretation when the word is presented in an adjective position.", "In the sentence \"The gleebest cows are by the barn,\" \"gleebest\" would be interpreted as \"striped\" or \"purple,\" a quality.", "This shows that children use syntax to identify whether a word is an adjective or a determiner, and use that category information to infer aspects of the word's meaning.", "There is a basic contrast between lexical categories (which include open-class items such as verbs, nouns, and adjectives), and functional categories (which include closed-class items such auxiliary verbs, case markers, complementizers, conjunctions and determiners.", "The acquisition functional categories has been studied significantly less than the lexical class, so much remains unknown.", "A 1998 study led by Rushen Shi shows that, at a very young age, Mandarin and Turkish learners use phonological, acoustic and distributional cues to distinguish between words that are lexical categories from words that are functional categories.", "11 to 20-month old children were observed speaking with their mothers to evaluate whether speech directed at the children contained clues that they could then use to categorize words as \"lexical\" or \"function\".", "Compared to as lexical category words, functional category words were found to have the following properties:", "As mentioned above, the observation often cited by Gleitman and collaborators as the major empirical basis of the syntactic bootstrapping theory is the seeming insufficiency of contextual cues to explain blind children’s ability to learn the perceptual verbs look and see.", "Gleitman (1990) claimed that if verb acquisition is to be explained by contextual cues, it should be the case that such perceptual verbs are used more by the blind child's mother when talking about nearby objects, since the child had to touch objects to perceive them.", "According to her analysis this is not the case, unless the relevant input utterance provides the syntactic subcategorization frame of the verbs.", "Importantly, by her analysis, ‘nearbyness’ is a much more reliable cue for sentences than for utterances where no syntactic context is given for these verbs.", "This conclusion yielded the Syntactic Bootstrapping Hypothesis that, for verb learning, full sentences are needed to demonstrate the semantic arguments of verbs.", "However, reanalysis of Gleitman’s crucial data regarding the sentences used by the blind child’s mother revealed that this conclusion stems from a misclassification of the maternal sentences as single-word or multiword.", "The most frequent sentence type for the verb ‘look’ was Look!,", "This is NP and for ‘see’ it is See?,", "This is NP, for example \"Look!,", "That's a frog!\"", "and \"See?, That's a frog!\"", "(Gleitman, 1990, p.26).", "Gleitman classified these as sentences with syntactic context for the perceptual verbs, which is unfortunately incorrect.", "Such utterances consist of two sentences, not one, and the verb itself occurs as a single-word utterance, not part of a multiword, syntactically connected sentence.", "In particular, the additional sentence ‘This is NP’ does not provide information on the subcategorization frame or on the argument structure of the verbs 'look' or 'see'; it is, simply, an additional and separate sentence.", "Anat Ninio (2016) pointed out that when this error is corrected, it is found that utterances containing a single-word perception verb are much more likely to have a near and available object than the same verbs in multiword sentence-frames.", "This raises the possibility that what makes acquisition of the canonical meaning of these verbs possible for young blind children is not the syntactic sentence-frame but, rather, the lack of one.", "Thus, the conclusions of the paper that children learn these perception verbs (and, by extension, all verbs) only when they can rely on the input from a full sentence’s syntactic and semantic information, are unfounded.", "In two studies examining the production of transitive verbs by young speakers of Hebrew (Ninio, 2015) and English (Ninio, 2016), it was found that children most probably learn their earliest transitive verbs from parental single-word utterances and not from their multiword utterances, although the latter are much more frequent in their speech to young children.", "Similar results were achieved by Swingley and Humphrey (2018) regarding English-speaking young children’s comprehension and production of verbs.", "Steven Pinker presents his theory of semantic bootstrapping, which hypothesizes that children use the meaning of words to start to learn the syntax of their language.", "Gleitman (1990) counters Pinker's ideas by asserting that context is insufficient to supply word meaning, as a single context can allow for multiple interpretations of an uttered sentence.", "She explains that simply observing objects and events in the world does not provide sufficient information to infer the meanings of words and sentences.", "Pinker, however, argues that semantic bootstrapping and syntactic bootstrapping aren't conflicting ideas, and that semantic bootstrapping makes no claims about learning word meanings.", "He argues that since semantic bootstrapping is a hypothesis about how children acquire syntax, while syntactic bootstrapping is a hypothesis about how children acquire word meanings, the opposition between the two theories does not necessarily exist.", "Pinker agrees that syntactic categories are in fact used by children to learn semantics and accepts syntactic bootstrapping, but argues that Gleitman applies the hypothesis too broadly, and that is insufficient evidence to account for all of Gleitman's claims.", "Pinker argues that while children can use syntax to learn certain semantic properties within a single frame, like the number of arguments a verb takes or the types of arguments such as agent and patient, there are serious problems with the argument that children pick up on these semantic properties from the syntax when a verb is found in a wide range of syntactic frames.", "Pinker uses the verb \"sew\" as an example:\nPinker argues that the syntax provides information about possible verb frames, but does not help a learner \"zoom in\" on a verb's meaning after hearing it in multiple frames.", "According to Pinker, the frames presented above for \"sew\" can do nothing for learners other than clue them into the fact that \"sewing\" is some sort of activity.", "Furthermore, Pinker disagrees with Gleitman's claim that the ambiguities in the situations where a word is used could only be solved by using information about how the word behaves syntactically.", "Becker briefly introduces an explanation of subject/object identification that relies on statistics rather than syntactic categories, once the meaning of the verb has been established.", "In his example, the string \"John hit the chair\" can have \"John\" deduced as the subject by a child, as a \"chair\" is unlikely to \"hit\" (rare (extraneous) examples include \"I was hit by a car\").", "After several of these strings with the verb \"hit,\" the child observes that inanimate objects, unlikely to possess the ability to \"hit,\" consistently occur in the post-verb position (object).", "Thus, when approached by the ambiguous case, such as \"John hit Bill,\" where both nouns are fully capable of \"hitting,\" the child asserts that Bill is in the object position, and is the one getting hit.", "Wilkins proposes a direct counterexample to Gleitman's example of \"/put/\" and \"/look/\", attested in the Central Australian Aboriginal language of Mparntwe Arrernte.", "In this case, the verbs \"/arrerne-/ 'put'\" and \"/are-/ 'look, see'\" share the same case array of {Ergative, Accusative, Dative} arguments (three nouns).", "Wilkins proposes that this is not a challenge against Gleitman's theory, rather data that may force reconsideration of Gleitman's claim that the theory manifests equally in all languages.", "While \"/are-/ 'look, see'\" shares the same three noun structure, it serves as an equal candidate for Gleitman's \"transfer\" type, losing the important context narrowing.", "Losing this early distinction should lead the child astray, yet they develop the language just the same, therefore a more subtle difference than the argument frame must exist.", "With all of the studies above supporting or challenging syntactic bootstrapping, how does the theory hold up cross-linguistically?", "Two studies focusing on French and German were determining the use of syntactic contexts to classify novel words as nouns or verbs.", "The German study found that children between 14 and 16 months could use determiners to classify a novel word as a noun.", "However, they could not show the same ability mapping pronoun environments to verbs.", "Overall, this exemplifies their ability to determine the categories of function words and shows a sensitivity to syntactic framing.", "Following this conclusion, Christophe et al. found that children can use this ability along with prosodic bootstrapping to infer the syntactic category of the neighboring content words, as at 23 months they can classify novel nouns as well as verbs based on their surrounding syntactic environment.", "These studies follow the Syntactic Bootstrapping model of language acquisition.", "However, the determiner/noun and pronoun/verb environments are also found in English.", "So, how well does this theory apply to a language structurally different from English?", "In Lee and Naigles’ 2005 experiment, they are the very first to demonstrate that Mandarin, a language with pervasive NP ellipsis, has the necessary syntactic information for children learning Mandarin.", "In the experiment they found a potential challenge to the use of syntactic bootstrapping, which is the fact that transitive and intransitive verbs exist in practically the same syntactic frame:\nTransitive verb: \n (1) 背 到 婆婆 那", "Bei dao po po na \n Carry arrive grandma there\n Carry (it to) grandma (who is over there)\nIntransitive verb:\n (1) 走 去 婆婆 那", "Zou qu po po na \n Walk go grandma there\n Walk (over to) grandma there\nLee and Naigles looked into how Mandarin children use the transitive versus intransitive environments to infer meaning in a language that allows the noun phrase (subject or object) argument to go unpronounced.", "They focused on the naturalistic adult input provided to children under 2 years of age.", "Following Fisher's studies where children use the number of NP's to make conclusions about the causation in the sentence, 1 NP is an intransitive sentence and involves only the agent while 2 NP's is a transitive environment and involves an action being taken upon something or someone.", "Other verb tokens were categorized into each frame as follows:\nReduplicated verb: the target verb was immediately followed by a second identical verb, as the example in (3)\n (3) 你 快 给 爸爸 看看 \n ni kuai gei baba kan kan\n you quickly give daddy look look\n you (let) daddy (take a quick) look\nCompounding verb: the target verb was immediately followed by a second, nonidentical verb, as the example in (4)\n (4) 你 这", "就 吃 完 饭 \n ni zhe jiu chi wan fan\n you this then eat finish rice\n you already finished eating your rice\nThe environment above was presented in the study and then altered to test the change of interpretation the Mandarin children might have.", "Due to the pervasive ellipsis in Mandarin, the number of NP's in a phrase is a weaker clue in mapping causation or non-causation of a verb.", "Presented with an elided transitive environment \"The dog brings,\" the children determined the sentence to be intransitive, meaning they changed their interpretation of the verb based on the number of noun phrases presented.", "This was shown as the children used toys to act out the scenario they heard; if their interpretation were to be independent of the number of NP's they would have shown the dog bringing the lion.", "However, they showed the dog going on its own, showing their interpretation of the verb to be non-causative.", "This follows the syntactic bootstrapping theory as their mapping of verb meaning relied on the syntactic frame and content in the sentence.", "However, it poses another question about how Mandarin children can go on to map transitive or intransitive environments properly during their development.", "A few studies have begun to look at how children learning languages with different word orders represent syntactic structures which are required for children to map word meanings or categories using syntactic bootstrapping.", "For example, the research on the acquisition of verbs presents English children as using information about the subject and objects to determine if the verb is causative or non-causative.", "However, will this ability change in a language which has the object occurring before the verb?", "One could assume this to be a difficult task if both an English child and child leaning an SOV language have the same mental representation of syntactic structure.", "To address this, a Gervain, et al., looked at an infant's mental representation of Japanese, which is a complement – head language with an object-verb (OV) word order, and Italian, which like English, is head-complement and therefore has a verb-object (VO) word order.", "They found that 8-month-olds have a general knowledge of word order specific to their language preceding their acquisition of lexical items or syntactic categories.", "Their attuning of structural relations of syntactic categories (verbs, nouns, etc.)", "within their language allows them to then apply this knowledge later in their development, possibly allowing for language-specific syntactic bootstrapping.", "Cleave, Kay-Raining Bird have conducted a group study of bilingualism in children with DS.", "This study involved both monolingual and bilingual children with DS (DS-M, DS-B) and monolingual and bilingual typically developing children (TD-M, TD-B).", "Children's age of these four groups were matched on developmental level.", "The monolingual children are native English speakers.", "The bilingual children were English-dominant or balanced bilinguals, most of them have French as their second language.", "In the experiment, participants’ English proficiency was compared and contrasted.", "No significant differences were observed on standardized tests or language sample measures between the monolingual and bilingual DS groups.", "This suggests that, at least in the dominant language, bilingualism did not have a harmful effect on syntactic bootstrapping and language development.", "In Cleave, Kay-Raining Bird, Trudeau and Sutton's 2014 experiment, researchers included four groups of children: i) bilingual children and youth with DS (DS-B), ii) monolingual children and youth with DS (DS-M), iii) bilingual typically developing children (TD-B) and iv) monolingual typically developing children (TD-M).", "These four groups were compared on a receptive syntactic bootstrapping task (fast mapping task).", "The task materials included the presentation of familiar and novel actors and actions in a computer-generated task.", "The root form of all novel words had a CVC syllabic structure and followed the phonotactic constraints of English (e.g., moit, zug).", "A total of 14 trials including 2 test trials were shown to the participants.", "Each trial included a familiar and a novel actor.", "The 14 familiar actions were represented by common intransitive verbs.", "(e.g. flying or running)", "The unfamiliar actions consisted of verb does not exist.", "(e.g. doing face-up push-ups).", "The trial message are shown below: \nThus, in trials with novel words, it was only the linguistic cue of “a” or “ing” which indicated whether the novel word referred to the creature or the unfamiliar action.", "Researchers recorded message “point to X” to test if the child comprehended the stimulus word.", "It requires the participant to attend to language form and meaning simultaneously.", "The proportion correct on syntactic bootstrapping task by group is shown below: \nThe current study included both nouns and verbs and found correlational results similar to those of previous studies involving nouns only.", "Previous fast mapping studies with bilingual children have involved novel objects but not actions.", "The results showed a higher matching rate of unfamiliar nouns among all the four groups.", "This is in accordance with previous studies involving only monolingual children that have reported better performance on nouns than verbs However, in a similar research conducted in 1990 which incorporated both nouns and verbs have found similar performance for the both word types.", "Factors such as different attentional demands, stability of the referen and imageability have been proposed to explain the noun advantage seen in young children's vocabularies.", "Researchers examined the impact of bilingualism on task performance by comparing the two TD groups and the two DS groups.", "As the rate of their successful syntactic bootstrapping did not differ on the fast mapping task, no evidence of an impact was obtained from the group analyses nor were there any advantages.", "This finding is consistent with the previous work that found comparable language skills in monolingual and bilingual children and youth with DS using product measures and extends such findings to a dynamic syntactic bootstrapping task.", "Children with Down Syndrome display a broad range of deficits including both cognitive and language impairments.", "In Cleave et al.’s 2014 experiment mentioned above, it is claimed that TD-M performed significantly better than DS-M, TD-B performed better than DS-B, however, no significant difference was reached.", "The major finding of this study was that there was no evidence that bilingualism negatively affects syntactic bootstrapping skills in children with DS.", "Studies in oral language development of monolingual children with DS show that they have a relative strength in receptive language skills.", "In particular, an advantage at vocabulary skills which are often equivalent to non-verbal cognitive development with individual variability have been found.", "Meanwhile, their expressive language skills were proven to be lagged behind receptive skills and they display a particular deficit in expressive morphosyntactic skills.", "This is seen in both a smaller mean length of utterance (MLU) in comparison to mental age matches and poorer grammatical morpheme use compared to typically developing children matched for MLU", "Research on syntactic bootstrapping performance of bilingual children with DS is very limited.", "In a 2011 experiment, researchers explored the effects of second language exposure on a number of specific cognitive tasks.", "Monolingual children with DS who have been exposed only to English were compared to Bilingual children with DS who had exposure to a second language.", "The age, IQ, gender and socio-economic status of participants were matched.", "No significant differences of language acquisition abilities were found on any of the measures administered." ]

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[ "Syntactic bootstrapping is a theory in developmental psycholinguistics and language acquisition which proposes that children learn word meanings by recognizing syntactic categories (such as nouns, adjectives, etc.) and the structure of their language.", "It is proposed that children have innate knowledge of the links between syntactic and semantic categories and can use these observations to make inferences about word meaning." ]

[ "There are a number of hypotheses that attempt to explain how children acquire various aspects of language, such as syntax and word meanings.", "Even within the community of those who believe in bootstrapping, there are various hypotheses that attempt to explain how children acquire the same aspect of language.", "For example, under semantic bootstrapping, learning word meanings to understand the difference between physical objects, agents and actions is used to acquire the syntax of a language.", "However, prosodic bootstrapping also attempts to explain how children acquire the syntax of their language, but through prosodic cues.", "Finally, syntactic bootstrapping proposes that word meanings are acquired through knowledge of a language's syntactic structure.", "However, regardless of the method of acquisitions, there is a consensus among bootstrappers that bootstrapping theories of lexical acquisition depend on the natural link between semantic meaning and syntactic function.", "This syntactic-semantic link must be readily available for children to begin learning language and, therefore, must be innate.", "The link functions to map semantic concepts of objects, actions and attributes to syntactic categories of nouns, verbs and adjectives, respectively.", "Diesendruck (2007) characterized these different mapping proposals as being on two dimensions: specificity to word learning and the source of support for word learning.", "For specificity to word learning, knowledge of lexical constraints is only useful for learning new words whereas attention to novelty is a characteristic of attention that applies beyond the domain of language.", "The latter dimension involves whether the source of support for word learning is endogenous (within the child) or exogenous (outside the child).", "For the word-learning task, the child brings their own conceptual understandings about the world, but their input comes from outside them.\nAs mentioned above, the different theories of lexical acquisition are not mutually exclusive and do overlap each other.", "P. Bloom (2000) argued that there are three basic capacities that underlie child word learning: understanding mental states, understanding the kinds of things that get labeled, and understanding syntactic cues; these capacities correspond to social-cognitive understandings, cognitive biases and syntax, respectively.", "These underlying aspects of word learning may also change over time as the child develops.", "Older children have some syntax and word meanings acquired already so they may be less dependent on their input compared to children just beginning lexical development.", "One of the earliest demonstrations of the existence of syntactic bootstrapping is an experiment done by Roger Brown at Harvard University in 1957.", "In his research, Brown demonstrated that preschool-aged children could use their knowledge of different parts of speech to distinguish the meaning of nonsense words in English.", "The results of Brown's experiment provided the first evidence showing that children could use syntax to infer meaning for newly encountered words and that they acquired grammar and semantics simultaneously.", "Brown's experiment was the beginning of the framework needed in order for the theory to thrive.", "This led developmental psycholinguists like Lila Gleitman, who coined the term syntactic bootstrapping in 1990, to argue that syntax was pivotal for language learning, as it also gives a learner clues about semantics.", "According to Gleitman's hypothesis, verbs are learned with a delay compared to other parts of speech because the linguistic information that supports their acquisition is not available during the early stages of language acquisition.", "The acquisition of verb meaning in children is pivotal to their language development.", "Syntactic bootstrapping seeks to explain how children acquire these words.", "The syntactic bootstrapping hypothesis is based on the idea that there are universal/innate links between syntactic categories and semantic categories.", "Learners can therefore use their observations about the syntactic categories of novel words to make inferences about their meanings.", "This hypothesis is intended to solve the problem that the extralinguistic context is uninformative by itself to make conclusions about a novel word's meaning.", "For example, a child hears the sentence, “The cat meeped the bird.”", "If the child is familiar with the way arguments of verbs interact with the verb, he will infer that \"the cat\" is the agent and that \"the bird\" is the patient.", "Then, he can use these syntactic observations to infer that \"meep\" is a behaviour that the cat is doing to the bird.", "Children's ability to identify syntactic categories may be supported by Prosodic bootstrapping.", "Prosodic bootstrapping is the hypothesis that children use prosodic cues, such as intonation and stress, to identify word boundaries.", "Landau and Gleitman (1985) found when studying the acquisition of the verbs \"look\" and \"see\" by blind children that contextual clues appeared to be insufficient to explain their ability to differentiate these verbs \".\"", "They considered the possibility that perceptual verbs might be used more by the blind child's mother when talking about nearby objects, since the child had to touch objects to perceive them.", "An analysis of the mother's utterances however, found this not to be the case.", "The solution investigated by Gleitman et al. was that syntactic categories (referred to as 'Sentence Frames' by Gleitman), narrow down the contexts in which verbs are present, allowing children to learn their specific meanings in isolation.", "This narrowing provided evidence for their original hypothesis.", "When utterances that selected for \"perception verbs only\" were analyzed, the mother's use of the verbs \"look\" and \"see\" for nearby objects increased significantly.", "Gleitman concluded that a narrowing of contexts, \"then\" contextual support were required for the blind children to learn verbs (in which they had no direct experience).", "By proxy, since there are many verbs that sighted children do not have direct experience with, they must use the same mechanism as well.", "In Gleitman's example, it is shown how direct experience is rarely present, as events are not labelled with their corresponding verb words.", "When a person returns home they say \"Hi!", "How was your day?\" as opposed to \"I'm opening the door!\"\nGleitman (1990) has this example to provide for the cases of the words \"/put/\" and", "\"/look/\": /put/ takes three noun entries in the example string \"John put the ball on the table\" (John, ball, table), as opposed to the two noun entries in \"John looked at me.\"", "This distinction allows \"/put/\" to be a candidate for a \"transfer\" type semantic description, as a \"transfer\" type verb must have a mover, destination, and object partaking in movement (three nouns).", "Gleitman identifies the matching of these semantic types as the crux of context narrowing, and asserts that many other types exist, such as \"perceptual,\" \"mental,\" \"cause,\" \"symmetry,\" and \"cognition.", "\"\nAdditionally, Waxman and Booth (2001) found that children who heard nouns focused on the object categories and children who focused on adjectives focused on an object's properties and categories.", "This shows that children are sensitive to different syntactic categories and can use their observations of syntax to infer word meaning.", "In Roger Brown's 1957 experiment, children between the ages of three and five were shown various pictures depicting nonsense words that represented either singular nouns, mass nouns, count nouns or verbs.", "When the novel words were positioned in a question format, the children were able to use the placement of the novel word in the sentence to draw conclusions focus on different aspects of the image shown and adjusted their answer.", "For example, when Brown wanted the child to identify a mass noun, he would ask the children \"do you see any sib\", and the child would point at the pictured mass noun or noun indicating quantity.", "When children made guesses, they were correct more than half of the time.", "This shows that children are sensitive to the syntactic position of words, and can correctly associate a novel word with its syntactic category.", "Harrigan, Hacquard, and Lidz (2016) —Found that children's interpretation of a new attitude verb depended on the syntactic frame in which it was introduced.", "In the experiment, children who heard the word 'hope' presented in the same syntactic frame as 'want' (i.e. followed by an infinitival verb) connected the new verb 'hope' with a meaning of desire.", "On the other hand, those that heard 'hope' presented in the same frame as 'think' (i.e. followed by a finite verb) made no such association between desire and the new verb, instead of associating the novel verb with belief.", "This provides evidence that children use syntax to some extent in learning the meaning behind these sorts of abstract verbs.", "Papafragou, Cassidy, Gleitman (2007) —Participants were asked to identify verbs within the context of a video.", "Papafragou et al. had children watch 12 videotaped stories.", "4 stories about the subject's desires and 8 stories that varied in the subject's beliefs and the framing of a novel verb.", "At the end of the tape, they would hear a sentence describing the scene but the sentence's verb was replaced with a novel word.", "Children were asked to respond with what they thought the word meant.", "Their responses were categorized 4 ways: Action, Belief, Desire, and Other.", "They found that action words were easily interpreted by children.", "However, false belief scenes with the complementizer phrase caused for children to respond with belief words more often.", "Results showed that participants in the experiment identified the verb most accurately when they could use both the video and sentence contexts.", "When it comes to attitude verbs, children are sensitive to the syntactic framing of the verb in question.", "Wellwood, Gagliardi, and Lidz (2016) — showed that four-year-olds can understand the difference between a quantitative or qualitative word, based on its syntactic position within a sentence.", "In “Gleebest of the cows are by the barn,” the novel word “gleebest” is in a determiner position, and is inferred to mean “most” or “many.”", "In “the gleebest cows are by the barn,” “gleebest” is in an adjective position, and children infer it to mean “spotty” or another quality.", "These results are significant because they show children using syntax to understand word meanings.", "In the Gillette et al. (1999) study—, the researchers tested adults to see what difficulties they would face when asked to identify a word from a muted, videotaped scene.", "They found that adults had trouble identifying the word, especially verbs, when they could only refer to the scene.", "Their performance increased once they were given the syntactic context for the mystery word.", "These results indicate that word learning is aided by the presence of syntactic context.", "Gillette et al. (1999) performed experiments which found that participants who were provided both environmental and syntactic contexts were better able to infer what muted word was uttered at a particular point in a video than when only the environmental context was provided.", "In the experiment, participants were shown muted videos of a mother and infant playing.", "At a particular point in the video, a beep would sound and participants had to guess what word the beep stood for.", "It was always a verb or noun.", "Experimental results showed that participants were correct on identifying nouns more often than verbs.", "This shows that certain contexts are conducive to learning certain categories of words, like nouns, while the same context is not conducive to learning other categories, like verbs.", "However, when the scene was paired with a sentence containing all novel words, but the same syntactic structure as the original sentence, adults were better able to guess the verb.", "This shows that syntactic context is useful in the acquisition of verbs.\nAn early demonstration by Naigles (1990) of syntactic bootstrapping involved showing 2-year-olds a video of a duck using its left hand to push a rabbit down into a squatting position while both the animals wave their right arms in circles.", "Initial video: Duck uses left hand to push rabbit into squatting position while both animals wave their right arms in circles\nDuring the video, children are presented with one of the following two descriptions:\n (6) Utterance A: \"The duck is kradding the rabbit.", "\"\n (describes a situation where the duck does something to the rabbit)\n (7) Utterance B: \"The rabbit and duck are kradding.", "\"\n (describes a situation where the duck and the rabbit perform the same action)\nChildren were then presented two distinct follow-up videos.", "Follow-up video 1: the duck pushing the rabbit\n Follow-up video 2: the duck and the rabbit are both waving their arms in the air.", "When instructed to \"find kradding\", children looked to the video that illustrated the utterance they heard during the initial video.", "Children who heard utterance A interpreted \"kradding\" to mean the act of the duck pushing on the rabbit, while children who heard utterance B assumed \"kradding\" was the action of arm waving.", "This indicates that children arrive at interpretations of a novel verb based on the utterance context and the syntactic structure in which it was embedded.", "In 1990, Lila Gleitman took this idea further by examining the acquisition of verbs in more detail.", "In her study, she found that children could differentiate between verbs that take one or more arguments and that this knowledge was used to help them narrow down the potential meanings for the verb in question.", "This discovery explains how children can learn the meaning of verbs that cannot be observed, like ‘think’.", "In later studies, this was exemplified by Fisher as she proposed that children can use the number of noun phrases in a sentence as evidence about a verb's meaning.", "She argues that children expect the noun phrases in a sentence to map one-to-one with participant roles in the event described by that sentence.", "For example, if a toddler hears a sentence that contains two noun phrases, she can infer that that sentence describes an event with two participants.", "This constrains the meaning that the verb in that sentence can have.", "Fisher presented 3 and 5-year-old children a video in which one participant caused a second participant to move.", "Children who heard that scene described by a transitive clause containing a novel verb, associated the subject of the verb with the agent.", "Children who heard the scene described by an intransitive clause associated the subject with either the agent or the patient.", "This shows that children make different inferences about meaning depending on the transitivity of the sentence.", "Acquiring the meaning of attitude verbs, which refer to an individual's mental state, provides a challenge for word learners since these verbs do not correlate with any physical aspects of the environment.", "Words such as 'think' and 'want' do not have physically observable qualities.", "Thus, there must be something deeper going on that enables children to learn these verbs referring to abstract mental concepts, such as syntactic frames as described in a study above by Harrigan, Hacquard, and Lidz.", "Because children have no initial idea about the meaning or usage of the words, syntactic bootstrapping aids them in figuring out when verbs refer to mental concepts.", "If a child hears the statement, \"Matt thinks his grandmother is under the covers,\" three- to four-year-old children will understand that the sentence is about Matt's belief.", "Children will understand from the syntactic frame in which it was uttered that the verb for mental state, \"thinks\", refers to Matt's beliefs and not to his grandmother's.", "In addition, Gillette et al. (1999) show that mental state verbs cannot easily be identified when only visual context is available and that these verbs showed the greatest improvement when syntactic context was provided.", "The acquisition of nouns is related to the acquisition of the mass/count contrast.", "In 1969, Willard Van Orman Quine claimed that children cannot learn new nouns unless they have already acquired this semantic distinction.", "Otherwise, the word “apples” might refer to the individual objects in a pile or the pile itself, and the child would have no way to know without already understanding the difference between a mass and a count noun.", "Nancy N. Soja argues that Quine is mistaken, and that children can learn new nouns without fully understanding the mass/count distinction.", "She found in her study that 2-year-old children were able to learn new nouns (some mass, some count nouns) from inferring meaning from the syntactic structure of the sentence the words were introduced in.", "The syntax of an utterance with a noun provides children with cues to whether the noun is a mass noun or count noun.", "Mass nouns are used for objects whose components are not treated as individuals but as one entity or mass.", "For example, \"dirt\" is a mass noun because it is grammatical in sentences like \"There is a pile of dirt,\" but not \"There is a dirt\" which is ungrammatical.", "Count nouns are used for objects viewed as individuals, unlike mass nouns.", "For example, \"cat\" is a count noun because it is grammatical in sentences like \"There is a cat,\" but not \"There is a pile of cat\" which is ungrammatical.", "Children can make the distinction between mass and count nouns based on the article that precedes a new word.", "If a new word immediately follows the article \"a\", then children infer that the noun is a count noun.", "If a new word immediately follows \"some,\" then the new word is inferred as a mass noun.", "In a 2010 study, Syrett and Lidz show that children learn the meaning of novel gradable adjectives on the basis of the adverbs that modify them.", "Gradable adjectives have a scale associated with them.", "For example, the adjective “large” places the noun that it modifies on a size scale, while the adjective “expensive” places the noun that is modifiers on a price scale.", "In addition, gradable adjectives (GA's) subdivide into two classes: relative and maximal GA's.", "Relative GA's are words like “big” in (5), and require a reference point: a big mouse is not the same size as a big elephant.", "As shown in (6) and (7), while relative GAs can be modified by the adverb \"very\" they cannot be modified by the adverb \"completely\".", "relative gradable adjectives\n (5) a. \"a big mouse\"\n b. \"a big elephant\"\n (6) a. \"a very big mouse\"\n b. \"a very big elephant\"\n (7) a. \n b. \nMaximal GA's are words like, “full” in (8); they operate on a close-ended scale.", "As shown in (9) and (10), while relative GAs cannot be modified by the adverb \"very\" they can be modified by the adverb \"completely\".", "maximal gradable adjectives\n (8) a. \"a full pool\"\n b. \"a full tank\"\n (9) a. ??", "\"a very full pool\"\n b. ??", "\"a very full tank\"\n (10) a. \"a completely full pool\"\n b. \"a completely full tank\"", "In the 2010 study, Syrett and Lidz showed children pictures of objects that could be described in terms of both relative and maximal GA's.", "For example, a picture of a container that could be described as both \"tall\" (a relative GA) and \"clear\" (a maximal GA).", "When showing these objects to the children, the novel adjective used to describe them was prefaced with either adverb \"very\" (which usually modifies relative GA's) or the adverb \"completely\" (which modifies maximal GA's).", "As a control, in some contexts, no adverb was present.", "When the novel adjective was presented with the adverb \"very\", the children assigned a relative GA meaning to it, and when it was presented with adverb \"completely\", a maximal GA.", "When no adverb was present, the children were unable to assign a meaning to the adjective.", "This shows that, in order for children to learn the meaning of a new adjective, they depend on grammatical information provide by adverbs about the semantic class of the novel adjective.", "An experiment by Wellwood, Gagliardi, and Lidz (2016) showed that four-year-olds associate unknown words with a quality meaning when they are presented with adjective syntax, and with a quantitative meaning when they are presented with determiner syntax.", "For example, in \"Gleebest of the cows are by the barn,\" \"gleebest\" would be interpreted as \"many\" or \"four,\" a quantity.", "Yet children associate the same unknown word with a quality interpretation when the word is presented in an adjective position.", "In the sentence \"The gleebest cows are by the barn,\" \"gleebest\" would be interpreted as \"striped\" or \"purple,\" a quality.", "This shows that children use syntax to identify whether a word is an adjective or a determiner, and use that category information to infer aspects of the word's meaning.", "There is a basic contrast between lexical categories (which include open-class items such as verbs, nouns, and adjectives), and functional categories (which include closed-class items such auxiliary verbs, case markers, complementizers, conjunctions and determiners.", "The acquisition functional categories has been studied significantly less than the lexical class, so much remains unknown.", "A 1998 study led by Rushen Shi shows that, at a very young age, Mandarin and Turkish learners use phonological, acoustic and distributional cues to distinguish between words that are lexical categories from words that are functional categories.", "11 to 20-month old children were observed speaking with their mothers to evaluate whether speech directed at the children contained clues that they could then use to categorize words as \"lexical\" or \"function\".", "Compared to as lexical category words, functional category words were found to have the following properties:", "As mentioned above, the observation often cited by Gleitman and collaborators as the major empirical basis of the syntactic bootstrapping theory is the seeming insufficiency of contextual cues to explain blind children’s ability to learn the perceptual verbs look and see.", "Gleitman (1990) claimed that if verb acquisition is to be explained by contextual cues, it should be the case that such perceptual verbs are used more by the blind child's mother when talking about nearby objects, since the child had to touch objects to perceive them.", "According to her analysis this is not the case, unless the relevant input utterance provides the syntactic subcategorization frame of the verbs.", "Importantly, by her analysis, ‘nearbyness’ is a much more reliable cue for sentences than for utterances where no syntactic context is given for these verbs.", "This conclusion yielded the Syntactic Bootstrapping Hypothesis that, for verb learning, full sentences are needed to demonstrate the semantic arguments of verbs.", "However, reanalysis of Gleitman’s crucial data regarding the sentences used by the blind child’s mother revealed that this conclusion stems from a misclassification of the maternal sentences as single-word or multiword.", "The most frequent sentence type for the verb ‘look’ was Look!,", "This is NP and for ‘see’ it is See?,", "This is NP, for example \"Look!,", "That's a frog!\"", "and \"See?, That's a frog!\"", "(Gleitman, 1990, p.26).", "Gleitman classified these as sentences with syntactic context for the perceptual verbs, which is unfortunately incorrect.", "Such utterances consist of two sentences, not one, and the verb itself occurs as a single-word utterance, not part of a multiword, syntactically connected sentence.", "In particular, the additional sentence ‘This is NP’ does not provide information on the subcategorization frame or on the argument structure of the verbs 'look' or 'see'; it is, simply, an additional and separate sentence.", "Anat Ninio (2016) pointed out that when this error is corrected, it is found that utterances containing a single-word perception verb are much more likely to have a near and available object than the same verbs in multiword sentence-frames.", "This raises the possibility that what makes acquisition of the canonical meaning of these verbs possible for young blind children is not the syntactic sentence-frame but, rather, the lack of one.", "Thus, the conclusions of the paper that children learn these perception verbs (and, by extension, all verbs) only when they can rely on the input from a full sentence’s syntactic and semantic information, are unfounded.", "In two studies examining the production of transitive verbs by young speakers of Hebrew (Ninio, 2015) and English (Ninio, 2016), it was found that children most probably learn their earliest transitive verbs from parental single-word utterances and not from their multiword utterances, although the latter are much more frequent in their speech to young children.", "Similar results were achieved by Swingley and Humphrey (2018) regarding English-speaking young children’s comprehension and production of verbs.", "Steven Pinker presents his theory of semantic bootstrapping, which hypothesizes that children use the meaning of words to start to learn the syntax of their language.", "Gleitman (1990) counters Pinker's ideas by asserting that context is insufficient to supply word meaning, as a single context can allow for multiple interpretations of an uttered sentence.", "She explains that simply observing objects and events in the world does not provide sufficient information to infer the meanings of words and sentences.", "Pinker, however, argues that semantic bootstrapping and syntactic bootstrapping aren't conflicting ideas, and that semantic bootstrapping makes no claims about learning word meanings.", "He argues that since semantic bootstrapping is a hypothesis about how children acquire syntax, while syntactic bootstrapping is a hypothesis about how children acquire word meanings, the opposition between the two theories does not necessarily exist.", "Pinker agrees that syntactic categories are in fact used by children to learn semantics and accepts syntactic bootstrapping, but argues that Gleitman applies the hypothesis too broadly, and that is insufficient evidence to account for all of Gleitman's claims.", "Pinker argues that while children can use syntax to learn certain semantic properties within a single frame, like the number of arguments a verb takes or the types of arguments such as agent and patient, there are serious problems with the argument that children pick up on these semantic properties from the syntax when a verb is found in a wide range of syntactic frames.", "Pinker uses the verb \"sew\" as an example:\nPinker argues that the syntax provides information about possible verb frames, but does not help a learner \"zoom in\" on a verb's meaning after hearing it in multiple frames.", "According to Pinker, the frames presented above for \"sew\" can do nothing for learners other than clue them into the fact that \"sewing\" is some sort of activity.", "Furthermore, Pinker disagrees with Gleitman's claim that the ambiguities in the situations where a word is used could only be solved by using information about how the word behaves syntactically.", "Becker briefly introduces an explanation of subject/object identification that relies on statistics rather than syntactic categories, once the meaning of the verb has been established.", "In his example, the string \"John hit the chair\" can have \"John\" deduced as the subject by a child, as a \"chair\" is unlikely to \"hit\" (rare (extraneous) examples include \"I was hit by a car\").", "After several of these strings with the verb \"hit,\" the child observes that inanimate objects, unlikely to possess the ability to \"hit,\" consistently occur in the post-verb position (object).", "Thus, when approached by the ambiguous case, such as \"John hit Bill,\" where both nouns are fully capable of \"hitting,\" the child asserts that Bill is in the object position, and is the one getting hit.", "Wilkins proposes a direct counterexample to Gleitman's example of \"/put/\" and \"/look/\", attested in the Central Australian Aboriginal language of Mparntwe Arrernte.", "In this case, the verbs \"/arrerne-/ 'put'\" and \"/are-/ 'look, see'\" share the same case array of {Ergative, Accusative, Dative} arguments (three nouns).", "Wilkins proposes that this is not a challenge against Gleitman's theory, rather data that may force reconsideration of Gleitman's claim that the theory manifests equally in all languages.", "While \"/are-/ 'look, see'\" shares the same three noun structure, it serves as an equal candidate for Gleitman's \"transfer\" type, losing the important context narrowing.", "Losing this early distinction should lead the child astray, yet they develop the language just the same, therefore a more subtle difference than the argument frame must exist.", "With all of the studies above supporting or challenging syntactic bootstrapping, how does the theory hold up cross-linguistically?", "Two studies focusing on French and German were determining the use of syntactic contexts to classify novel words as nouns or verbs.", "The German study found that children between 14 and 16 months could use determiners to classify a novel word as a noun.", "However, they could not show the same ability mapping pronoun environments to verbs.", "Overall, this exemplifies their ability to determine the categories of function words and shows a sensitivity to syntactic framing.", "Following this conclusion, Christophe et al. found that children can use this ability along with prosodic bootstrapping to infer the syntactic category of the neighboring content words, as at 23 months they can classify novel nouns as well as verbs based on their surrounding syntactic environment.", "These studies follow the Syntactic Bootstrapping model of language acquisition.", "However, the determiner/noun and pronoun/verb environments are also found in English.", "So, how well does this theory apply to a language structurally different from English?", "In Lee and Naigles’ 2005 experiment, they are the very first to demonstrate that Mandarin, a language with pervasive NP ellipsis, has the necessary syntactic information for children learning Mandarin.", "In the experiment they found a potential challenge to the use of syntactic bootstrapping, which is the fact that transitive and intransitive verbs exist in practically the same syntactic frame:\nTransitive verb: \n (1) 背 到 婆婆 那", "Bei dao po po na \n Carry arrive grandma there\n Carry (it to) grandma (who is over there)\nIntransitive verb:\n (1) 走 去 婆婆 那", "Zou qu po po na \n Walk go grandma there\n Walk (over to) grandma there\nLee and Naigles looked into how Mandarin children use the transitive versus intransitive environments to infer meaning in a language that allows the noun phrase (subject or object) argument to go unpronounced.", "They focused on the naturalistic adult input provided to children under 2 years of age.", "Following Fisher's studies where children use the number of NP's to make conclusions about the causation in the sentence, 1 NP is an intransitive sentence and involves only the agent while 2 NP's is a transitive environment and involves an action being taken upon something or someone.", "Other verb tokens were categorized into each frame as follows:\nReduplicated verb: the target verb was immediately followed by a second identical verb, as the example in (3)\n (3) 你 快 给 爸爸 看看 \n ni kuai gei baba kan kan\n you quickly give daddy look look\n you (let) daddy (take a quick) look\nCompounding verb: the target verb was immediately followed by a second, nonidentical verb, as the example in (4)\n (4) 你 这", "就 吃 完 饭 \n ni zhe jiu chi wan fan\n you this then eat finish rice\n you already finished eating your rice\nThe environment above was presented in the study and then altered to test the change of interpretation the Mandarin children might have.", "Due to the pervasive ellipsis in Mandarin, the number of NP's in a phrase is a weaker clue in mapping causation or non-causation of a verb.", "Presented with an elided transitive environment \"The dog brings,\" the children determined the sentence to be intransitive, meaning they changed their interpretation of the verb based on the number of noun phrases presented.", "This was shown as the children used toys to act out the scenario they heard; if their interpretation were to be independent of the number of NP's they would have shown the dog bringing the lion.", "However, they showed the dog going on its own, showing their interpretation of the verb to be non-causative.", "This follows the syntactic bootstrapping theory as their mapping of verb meaning relied on the syntactic frame and content in the sentence.", "However, it poses another question about how Mandarin children can go on to map transitive or intransitive environments properly during their development.", "A few studies have begun to look at how children learning languages with different word orders represent syntactic structures which are required for children to map word meanings or categories using syntactic bootstrapping.", "For example, the research on the acquisition of verbs presents English children as using information about the subject and objects to determine if the verb is causative or non-causative.", "However, will this ability change in a language which has the object occurring before the verb?", "One could assume this to be a difficult task if both an English child and child leaning an SOV language have the same mental representation of syntactic structure.", "To address this, a Gervain, et al., looked at an infant's mental representation of Japanese, which is a complement – head language with an object-verb (OV) word order, and Italian, which like English, is head-complement and therefore has a verb-object (VO) word order.", "They found that 8-month-olds have a general knowledge of word order specific to their language preceding their acquisition of lexical items or syntactic categories.", "Their attuning of structural relations of syntactic categories (verbs, nouns, etc.)", "within their language allows them to then apply this knowledge later in their development, possibly allowing for language-specific syntactic bootstrapping.", "Cleave, Kay-Raining Bird have conducted a group study of bilingualism in children with DS.", "This study involved both monolingual and bilingual children with DS (DS-M, DS-B) and monolingual and bilingual typically developing children (TD-M, TD-B).", "Children's age of these four groups were matched on developmental level.", "The monolingual children are native English speakers.", "The bilingual children were English-dominant or balanced bilinguals, most of them have French as their second language.", "In the experiment, participants’ English proficiency was compared and contrasted.", "No significant differences were observed on standardized tests or language sample measures between the monolingual and bilingual DS groups.", "This suggests that, at least in the dominant language, bilingualism did not have a harmful effect on syntactic bootstrapping and language development.", "In Cleave, Kay-Raining Bird, Trudeau and Sutton's 2014 experiment, researchers included four groups of children: i) bilingual children and youth with DS (DS-B), ii) monolingual children and youth with DS (DS-M), iii) bilingual typically developing children (TD-B) and iv) monolingual typically developing children (TD-M).", "These four groups were compared on a receptive syntactic bootstrapping task (fast mapping task).", "The task materials included the presentation of familiar and novel actors and actions in a computer-generated task.", "The root form of all novel words had a CVC syllabic structure and followed the phonotactic constraints of English (e.g., moit, zug).", "A total of 14 trials including 2 test trials were shown to the participants.", "Each trial included a familiar and a novel actor.", "The 14 familiar actions were represented by common intransitive verbs.", "(e.g. flying or running)", "The unfamiliar actions consisted of verb does not exist.", "(e.g. doing face-up push-ups).", "The trial message are shown below: \nThus, in trials with novel words, it was only the linguistic cue of “a” or “ing” which indicated whether the novel word referred to the creature or the unfamiliar action.", "Researchers recorded message “point to X” to test if the child comprehended the stimulus word.", "It requires the participant to attend to language form and meaning simultaneously.", "The proportion correct on syntactic bootstrapping task by group is shown below: \nThe current study included both nouns and verbs and found correlational results similar to those of previous studies involving nouns only.", "Previous fast mapping studies with bilingual children have involved novel objects but not actions.", "The results showed a higher matching rate of unfamiliar nouns among all the four groups.", "This is in accordance with previous studies involving only monolingual children that have reported better performance on nouns than verbs However, in a similar research conducted in 1990 which incorporated both nouns and verbs have found similar performance for the both word types.", "Factors such as different attentional demands, stability of the referen and imageability have been proposed to explain the noun advantage seen in young children's vocabularies.", "Researchers examined the impact of bilingualism on task performance by comparing the two TD groups and the two DS groups.", "As the rate of their successful syntactic bootstrapping did not differ on the fast mapping task, no evidence of an impact was obtained from the group analyses nor were there any advantages.", "This finding is consistent with the previous work that found comparable language skills in monolingual and bilingual children and youth with DS using product measures and extends such findings to a dynamic syntactic bootstrapping task.", "Children with Down Syndrome display a broad range of deficits including both cognitive and language impairments.", "In Cleave et al.’s 2014 experiment mentioned above, it is claimed that TD-M performed significantly better than DS-M, TD-B performed better than DS-B, however, no significant difference was reached.", "The major finding of this study was that there was no evidence that bilingualism negatively affects syntactic bootstrapping skills in children with DS.", "Studies in oral language development of monolingual children with DS show that they have a relative strength in receptive language skills.", "In particular, an advantage at vocabulary skills which are often equivalent to non-verbal cognitive development with individual variability have been found.", "Meanwhile, their expressive language skills were proven to be lagged behind receptive skills and they display a particular deficit in expressive morphosyntactic skills.", "This is seen in both a smaller mean length of utterance (MLU) in comparison to mental age matches and poorer grammatical morpheme use compared to typically developing children matched for MLU", "Research on syntactic bootstrapping performance of bilingual children with DS is very limited.", "In a 2011 experiment, researchers explored the effects of second language exposure on a number of specific cognitive tasks.", "Monolingual children with DS who have been exposed only to English were compared to Bilingual children with DS who had exposure to a second language.", "The age, IQ, gender and socio-economic status of participants were matched.", "No significant differences of language acquisition abilities were found on any of the measures administered." ]

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[ "It is proposed that children have innate knowledge of the links between syntactic and semantic categories and can use these observations to make inferences about word meaning.", "Therefore, in addition to extralinguistic cues, conclusions about syntactic categories are made which then lead to inferences about a word's meaning." ]