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[ "This was the 12th appearance of the event, which is one of 12 athletics events to have been held at every Summer Olympics.", "Eight of the top nine finishers from the 1948 Games returned: gold medalist Adolfo Consolini and silver medalist Giuseppe Tosi of Italy, bronze medalist Fortune Gordien of the United States, fifth-place finisher Ferenc Klics of Hungary, sixth-place finisher Veikko Nyqvist and ninth-place finisher Arvo Huutoniemi of Finland, seventh-place finisher (and 1936 finalist)", "Nikolaos Syllas of Greece, and eighth-place finisher Stein Johnson of Norway.", "Consolini, also the 1950 European champion, was favored to repeat.", "The American team was also strong, as usual, with Gordien holding the world record and Sim Iness winning the U.S. Olympic trials.", "Australia, Iceland, Israel, and the Soviet Union each made their debut in the men's discus throw.", "The United States made its 12th appearance, having competed in every edition of the Olympic men's discus throw to date.", "The competition used the two-round format introduced in 1936, with the qualifying round completely separate from the divided final.", "In qualifying, each athlete received three attempts; those recording a mark of at least 46.00 metres advanced to the final.", "If fewer than 12 athletes achieved that distance, the top 12 would advance.", "The results of the qualifying round were then ignored.", "Finalists received three throws each, with the top six competitors receiving an additional three attempts.", "The best distance among those six throws counted.", "Prior to the competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows.", "The three medalists (Sim Iness, Adolfo Consolini, and James Dillion) all bettered the old Olympic record.", "Iness was the first to do so, throwing 53.47 metres in the first set of throws in the final.", "Iness improved on his new record with 54.60 metres in the second set and 55.03 metres in the third.", "Qualification:", "Qualifying Performance 46.00 advance to the final." ]

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[ "The men's discus throw event at the 1952 Summer Olympics took place on 22 July at the Helsinki Olympic Stadium.", "The event was won by Sim Iness of the United States, the nation's eighth victory in the men's discus throw.", "Defending champion Adolfo Consolini of Italy took silver, becoming the fourth man to win two medals in the event." ]

[ "Kanjin usually means the solicitation of donations for temple construction or repair.", "It originally meant the action of monks who encourage the recitation of chanted sutras and who collect donations, thereby spreading Buddhism, but later meant chiefly raising money through fundraisers.", "In the medieval age, construction of bridges or repairs of roads, and construction of official temples were also beneficiaries of Kanjin.", "These public works should have been funded by the governing bodies or local officials.", "However, those who did the job were Kanjins and they carried a scroll of Kanjin or \"Kanjincho\" and traveled in many areas of Japan and collected donations at temples or shrines or checkpoints called Sekisho.", "The money people paid respectively was very small, as in the idiomatic 4-letter phrase \"Isshi-Hansen\" which meant a piece of paper and a half sen (one hundredth of yen).", "The work of kanjin was conducted by the monks who were called \"Kanjin-hijiri\" (literally \"Kanjin saint\") or Kanjin-monk, Kanjin-shōnin; they traveled and preached and received donations in money or rice.", "They took necessary costs and others were used for the original purposes.", "The most famous Kanjin monks included Gyōki (668 - 749) of the Nara period, Kūya (903 - 972) and Engyō (? - 1004- ?) of the Heian period.", "There were female kanjin called Kanjin-bikuni (priestess), including Seijun (? - 1566) of Rinzai school who devoted herself to the restoration of the Ise Grand Shrine.", "Formal recognition of priestesses was delayed because the Imperial Household had not recognized them.", "The custom of Kanjin became popular in the 12th century and afterwards.", "The bell of Kimpusen-ji, Nara Prefecture, was founded by the kanjin of Dojaku (?- 1147).", "The Uji bridge of Kyoto and the Seta-no-Karahashi(Chinese Bridge of Seta), located at the southern end of Lake Biwa, now Shiga Prefecture were maintained by the kanjins in the 12th century.", "The restoration of Omi-no-Sekiji, a temple, was completed in 1179 by the kanjin of Namua-shōnin.", "Tōdai-ji, in Nara, which housed the Japan's largest Daibutsu burned down in 1180.", "Emperor Go-Shirakawa wanted to reconstruct it.", "He nominated Chōgen as Daikanjinshoku, the head of kanjin shoku in 1181.", "Chogen recruited various technicians and collected money.", "He sent Saigyo Hoshi to the Tōhoku region to obtain gold.", "Tōdai-ji was reconstructed in 1185.", "The post of Daikanjinshoku of Tōdai-ji continued to Eisai (2nd, 1141–1215), Gyoyu (3rd, 1163–1241), Enni (10th), Enkan (24th, 1281–1358).", "After years of interruption in the Edo period, Kokei(1648–1705) maintained the Tōdai-ji and its Daibutsu.", "Chōgen had a letter, which he read aloud, for the donations for the reconstruction of Tōdai-ji and the Daibutsu).", "The post of Kanjin was adopted by other temples.", "The monks of the Risshu Buddhist sect were favored for this appointment since the Risshu sect was unbiased and favored the fair distribution of money and strengthened relationships with the people.", "However, over time, the post of Kanjinshoku became a post of \"rights and interests.\"", "For instance, Todai-ji was given a district responsible for its maintenance.", "The position of Kanjinshoku became degraded since some Kanjin-hijiri negotiated with bakufu for their works.", "Some pursued this post for self-aggrandizement.", "Kanjin-bikuni (women) were not allowed in this avocation in the medieval era.", "Nonetheless, Oguni kabuki women joined to obtain money in exchange for sexual favors.", "The original Kanjincho was a scroll on which the purposes or goals of the Kanjin were described.", "\"Kanjincho\"(勧進帳) is a Japanese kabuki play by Namiki Gohei III based on the Noh play Ataka.", "It is one of the most popular plays in the modern kabuki repertory.", "The hero, Benkei, cleverly \"reads\" a blank scroll as if it were a scroll of Kanjin for the restoration of Todai-ji.", "He does this in order to pass the checkpoint of Ataka, with his companion, who is being hunted by his enemies.", "Alternate meanings of \"Kanjin\" have evolved over the years:", "A Kanjin ship was a ship or boat on which a kanjin preached for donations, in some boats, people of various amusements were on the ship for the same purpose.", "Biwa hoshi chanted \"The Tale of the Heike\" for the construction or repair of temples.", "It was said that the whole story needed 90 to 120 hours.", "Sumo had been enjoyed in the Japanese Imperial Household but discontinued in 1174.", "In the early Edo period, Kanjin Sumo started in order to build temples and shrines, especially in Kyoto, Osaka and Edo.", "At that time, groups of sumo wrestlers were in various parts of Japan, including Akita, Nanbu, Tsugaru, Sendai, Osaka, Kyoto, Nagoya, Wakayama, Takamatsu, Inba, Nagasaki, Kumamoto and Kagoshima.", "Between 1648 and 1742, it was banned by the Tokugawa shogunate under the name of violations of regulations.", "Then, Kanjin Sumo Tournaments were reopened, in Edo in spring, in Kyoto in summer, in Osaka in autumn, and in Edo in winter.", "The term Kanjin-Sumo remained because sumo tournaments were under the control of the Jisha-bugyō, which was a \"commissioner\" or an \"overseer\" of the Tokugawa shogunate.", "In 1925, the Japan Sumo Association was established, though the practice of \"Kanjin-moto\" remains, and expresses private local organizations which hold tournaments.", "Kanjin-Noh was originally held for the construction or repair of temples and shrines.", "The noh of Monk Yoshimori was well known for the reconstruction of Kurama temple; he produced a Kanjin-Noh with On-ami and Kanze-morimasa in 1464 in Kyoto.", "Later, Kanjin-Noh was held for the benefit of Noh players, especially in the Edo era, while the term Kanjin remained.", "In addition to Kanjin-Noh, there have been Kanjin-dengaku (celebrations) and Kanjin-sarugaku (decorations).", "The center of Tiantai at Zenkō-ji in Nagano Prefecture is called Daikanjin or \"great kanjin\".", "Simple kanjin indicates begging for materials or money.", "The Meiji government banned Kanjin and beggars as professions, but in some prefectures such as Sakai Prefecture they were allowed to exist as special exceptions.", "In the \"Itsuki Lullaby\" from Kumamoto Prefecture, \"kanjin\" means a beggar; however, this is not standard usage." ]

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[ "It generally indicates the recommendation or encouragement through chanted sutras.", "Since the medieval age, Kanjin has come to mean 'fund raising'." ]

[ "De Ruiter started to play badminton when he was seven years old at the Haarlem Badminton Club Duinwijck for which he played in different leagues until 2005.", "During this period he also joined the National Badminton Youth Team and 9 times he won a national youth championship (4 times mixed doubles, 3 times men's doubles and 2 times men's singles).", "In the season 2005/06, he played for the first time in the Premier League at the then premier league club Slotermeer in Amsterdam.", "One year later he joined the First team of BC Van Zijderveld in Amstelveen.", "In 2011, he returned to BC Duinwijck.", "As from the season 2012/13, de Ruiter played in the German premier league as club member of 1.", "BV Mülheim an der Ruhr.", "In 2016 he committed himself to BC Duinwijck again where he plays in the Dutch premier league.", "In March 2018 his team won the national championship in the premier league which is the 25th championship for the club.", "A year later de Ruiter is present again when his club also wins the final of the premier league season 2018-2019.", "\"Mixed Doubles\"", "\"Mixed Doubles\"\n BWF Grand Prix Gold tournament\n BWF Grand Prix tournament", "\"Men's doubles\"\n\"Mixed doubles\"\n BWF International Challenge tournament\n BWF International Series tournament" ]

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[ "De Ruiter was a doubles specialist.", "De Ruiter trained full-time at the Dutch National Sports Centre Papendal." ]

[ "The Mini Bulle was designed to comply with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight rules and is an evolution of the Aurore MB 02 Souricette with a more modern look as opposed to the MB 02's antique 1920s appearance.", "The Mini Bulle features a strut-braced shoulder-wing, a single-seat enclosed cockpit under a bubble canopy, fixed conventional landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration.", "The aircraft is made from wood with its flying surfaces covered in doped aircraft fabric.", "Its span wing employs single supporting struts.", "The standard recommended engine is the Hirth F23 two-stroke powerplant or the JPX 505.", "Differences with the earlier MB 02 include longer main landing gear legs to allow more propeller clearance and an aerodynamic cowling.", "In 2015 the aircraft kit was €6,000 and plans sold for €230." ]

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[ "The aircraft is supplied as a kit or as plans for amateur construction." ]

[ "\"The Flesh Alive\" peaked at No. 76 on the France Top Albums chart.", "The live DVD set debuted at No. 24 on the Dutch DVD Music Top 30 in the Netherlands.", "It entered at No. 10 on the Ultratop Belgian chart and moved up to number No.", "7 one week later.", "\"The Flesh Alive\" debuted at No. 13 on the \"Billboard\" Top DVD Music Videos chart, selling 800 copies in its first week of release in the US.", "DVD 1 / Blu-ray\nDVD 2", "- Documental: “The Way of All Flesh Inside” (62 min):" ]

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[ "The Flesh Alive is a live album by the heavy metal band Gojira." ]

[ "Rolfe was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 10, 1980.", "He was raised in south New Jersey.", "His parents bought him an audio recorder as a Christmas present sometime in the early to mid-1980s.", "Later, he got a camera and took photographs of him and his friends play fighting.", "He was inspired by \"The Legend of Zelda\" and \"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\" to create adventure stories.", "Rolfe also illustrated comic books, which he updated monthly.", "One such comic he created had a plot inspired by the video game \"The Legend of Zelda:", "A Link to the Past\".", "Rolfe started filming shorts in 1989 and continued this hobby into the early 1990s.", "He used \"Mario Paint\" for a few of his early films.", "He eventually took classes for hand-drawn animation at a university.", "His early films did not have scripts or rehearsal.", "However, once he started writing scripts, his friends gradually lost interest because of the pressure of trying to remember their lines, which left many of Rolfe's films unfinished.", "He then tried his hand at action figures and puppets.", "The plot of \"The Giant Movie Director\" (1994) involved toys coming to life.", "Rolfe attended a special education school for seven-and-a-half years during his childhood.", "He reflected on his past, \"In school, I had a rough time communicating.", "I went to special ed for seven-and-a-half years.", "I liked it, I had a good time.", "But socializing in general...", "I was a little awkward.", "Art always made me feel comfortable.", "\"\nRolfe attended the University of the Arts and has a bachelor's degree in fine arts.", "Since his early teen years, Rolfe operated and ran an annual \"haunted house\" Halloween attraction out of his parents' garage (the same garage was later used in building a graveyard for his horror comedy film \"The Deader, the Better\" and again used in his film/series pilot \"Jersey Odysseys: Legend of the Blue Hole\"), using a collection of several props and antiques that he later reused multiple times in his other films.", "In May 1996, he filmed \"A Night of Total Terror\" in his backyard, a horror film that he has called \"the turning point of my life\".", "In the late 1990s, Rolfe created several films such as the B-horror movie \"The Head Incident\" that he finished in 1999 but did not release until its tenth anniversary in 2009.", "He also made \"Cinemaphobia\" in 2001, which follows an actor who suffers from an overload of work and sees hallucinations of cameras following him.", "Two versions of the film were made, a ten-minute version and an extended, fifteen-minute version.", "Rolfe has stated his preference for the shorter ten-minute version.", "The same year, he created \"Kung Fu Werewolf from Outer Space\" which is a mainly silent movie except for narration.", "He also created an hour-long comedy film entitled \"Stoney\", which is a spoof of the 1976 film \"Rocky\".", "His eighth film of 2001 was \"It Came from the Toilet!\".", "In 2003, he created another film, \"Curse of the Cat Lover's Grave\", which was split into three parts to define three different horror genres.", "Rolfe made a pilot of a planned web series entitled \"Jersey Odysseys: Legend of the Blue Hole\", which is based on the urban legends of the state of New Jersey.", "The pilot centers around on the legend of the Jersey Devil.", "Later, in 2004, he got a job editing industrial training videos, which he quit in early 2007.", "In May 2007, he began a new web series called \"You Know What's Bullshit?\", in which he rants about everyday pet peeves; such as pennies, shoelaces, pay toilets, and printers.", "Originally just being rants by Rolfe, he instead decided to create a new character to host the series named \"The Bullshit Man\" (which is just Rolfe wearing a mask resembling cow dung).", "The Bullshit Man made several cameo appearances in AVGN content, including select videos and the video game \"AVGN Adventures\" as a secret character.", "In 2020, the show's name was abbreviated to \"You Know What's BS?\"", "due to YouTube's advertising policies.", "In 2007, Rolfe began filming \"The Deader, the Better\", a classic-style B-movie horror film that pays homage to the 1968 horror film \"Night of the Living Dead\".", "The film was shown at the Atlanta Horror Fest in October 2007.", "On May 5, 2006, Rolfe released a music video that included stock footage from a trip he had made to England and Scotland.", "The music used in his work was from the Black Sabbath single \"Heaven and Hell\".", "Rolfe also participated in the 48 Hour Film Project between 2004 and 2007.", "In the 2007 event, he was the Audience Award Winner for his film \"Spaghetti Western\".", "His other entries were a trilogy of films called \"Death Suit\" (2004), \"Death Seen\" (2005) and \"Death Secret\" (2006).", "Rolfe's career did not gain much momentum until May 2004, when he filmed a 5-minute short review of the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) game \"Castlevania II: Simon's Quest\" under the name \"Bad NES Games\".", "His character was originally named \"The Angry Nintendo Nerd\" but was changed to \"The Angry Video Game Nerd\" to avoid trademark issues and because he started reviewing games on other consoles (e.g. Sega Genesis, Atari 2600).", "Rolfe conceived the basis of his character while he was studying at the University of the Arts of Philadelphia when he attended from 1999 to 2004.", "Rolfe then made another video, which was supposed to be the last of the series, \"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde\", because it was the game he hated most.", "His beer drinking in most of the video was done on purpose as to say \"these games are so bad I'm forced to drink\".", "Both of these became generic traits of \"The Nerd\", which would appear in future videos.", "The choice of Rolling Rock was coincidental as it happened to be the only beer that Rolfe had in his refrigerator, and this eventually became an identifying trait of his character, although in more recent videos, he has also included Yuengling beer, hard-liquor and non-alcoholic hot sauce.", "Originally his videos were meant to be private.", "However, Rolfe's friend and collaborator, Mike Matei, convinced him to post the videos on a YouTube channel called \"JamesNintendoNerd\" (now called \"Cinemassacre\") on April 6, 2006, which Matei created and managed for him.", "On September 12, 2006, Rolfe's character first gained mainstream attention when his review of \"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\" became popular on YouTube.", "His videos are also posted on GameTrailers and ScrewAttack and have gained 30 million views monthly.", "He has over 3 million subscribers, as of September 2019.", "At the end of 2007, Rolfe halted the production of the series and cancelled an appearance at MAGFest after suffering from a break in his voice.", "On March 17, 2010, he made the announcement that he was suffering from burnout as a result of consistently writing, directing and starring in the videos, and that the show would be entering a brief hiatus.", "It was scheduled to return in May 2010; however, an episode was released on April 30.", "Episodes are released on either the first or second Wednesday of each month, as opposed to two episodes per month due to Rolfe's other projects.", "Episodes were at one point posted on YouTube over a year after their original release on GameTrailers.", "Rolfe formerly had affiliations with ScrewAttack before leaving in 2013.", "Rolfe's character gained further fame through a fictional feud with the \"Nostalgia Critic\" (played by Doug Walker).", "This began with the Critic launching a satirical attack in an early episode.", "The feud took place over many episodes between 2008 and 2009.", "The two characters, and real-life comedians, are now good friends.", "Walker has informed his viewers of Rolfe's projects, and Rolfe has contributed to some of the Critic's subsequent videos.", "Rolfe made a cameo appearance as the Nerd in a music video parody of Britney Spears' single \"Piece of Me\" entitled \"Piece of Meat\" on cinevore.com.", "For a period, Rolfe focused his efforts on producing \"Angry Video Game Nerd: The Movie\", which revolves around \"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\", the video game for the Atari 2600.", "The film was a collaboration between Rolfe and Kevin Finn and was entirely funded by fan donations.", "The release of the film in 2014 coincided with the 31st anniversary of the 1983 video game crash.", "The final sequence of the movie, in which The Nerd reviews \"E.T.\", was later released as a standard AVGN episode.", "Rolfe had a cameo in a Doritos and Pepsi commercial published online in November 2010.", "The ad was part of a voting contest of which the winning clip was to be shown during Super Bowl XLV.", "However, the ad was eventually withdrawn due to public backlash, because it parodied the Catholic practice of Eucharist.", "In 2007, Rolfe had a cameo in the fan film \"Return of the Ghostbusters\".", "He was featured in the 2009 documentary \"His Name Was Jason\", in which he talks about the \"Friday the 13th\" movie series and its antagonist Jason Voorhees.", "Similarly, Rolfe appeared in a bonus feature to the 2010 documentary \"Never Sleep Again: The Elm Street Legacy\", in which he discusses the \"Nightmare on Elm Street\" NES game, a title he had previously covered as the Nerd in the 13th AVGN episode.", "The bonus feature can be found on the second disc of the \"Never Sleep Again\" DVD set.", "In 2010, it was announced that Rolfe was set to feature in a low-budget remake of \"Plan 9 from Outer Space\" entitled \"Plan 9\", which was released through Video on Demand beginning February 16, 2016, and then released on physical media in stores on January 5, 2017.", "Around early to mid January 2013, Rolfe played a brief role as a news reporter in an independent short film about Sonic the Hedgehog.", "He was offered a role in \"V/H/S/2\" by Adam Wingard, but had to decline due to working on \"Angry Video Game Nerd: The Movie\".", "He was later offered a potential cameo in \"Godzilla vs. Kong\" by Wingard, but the demands of production, alongside the timing of the birth of Rolfe's second daughter, made the arrangement unfeasible.", "Rolfe also appeared in the crowdfunded 1980's horror documentary \"In Search of Darkness\".", "Commitment to the YouTube videos has slowed Rolfe's progress in making new features, but he did make a trilogy of new shorts after \"Angry Video Game Nerd: The Movie\", including \"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: The Movie\" (2015), based on the video game, \"Flying Fuckernauts vs. The Astro-Bastards\" (2016), a tribute to B-movie sci-fi, and \"Mimal the Elf\" (2017), a mockumentary.", "On May 25, 2017, in a general update video about the future of the YouTube channel, Rolfe announced he was in very early development on what he termed an \"atmospheric horror movie...", "[the film would] take place in one room... very minimal\".", "On December 29, Rolfe announced that 2018 would lean more toward his own original projects, and that he had begun writing the untitled horror film.", "It would be in the vein of past projects, such as \"Legend of the Blue Hole\" and \"Cinemaphobia\".", "On August 8, 2018, Rolfe said he was 50-75% done with the script, and that it would contain some type of 'nostalgia theming', but it would likely undergo further rewrites and had no plans to film it in the near future.", "On June 19, 2019, Rolfe said the script was completed, but commitment to video production would delay the project for the foreseeable future.", "On October 18, 2020, Rolfe announced the horror film was postponed indefinitely due to time constraints.", "Instead, he directed a sequel to his 1999 horror short, \"The Head Incident\", reuniting several members of the original cast/crew.", "On June 10, 2021, Rolfe released a video, explaining the premise of the shelved 'nostalgic' horror film: It would be about a man revisiting a childhood amusement park, only to become trapped there.", "Rolfe stated that the project could be revived in another medium, and that he was working on another small-scale screenplay.", "Cinemassacre has published a number of other reviews featuring Rolfe and associates as themselves.", "The topics include video games (under the \"James & Mike Mondays\" series), video game peripherals such as the VictorMaxx Stuntmaster headset, and films.", "One of Rolfe's other series is \"Board James\", where he and Mike Matei review old board games in a humorous way, often with recurring characters.", "This show eventually developed into a psychological horror series, while still containing board game reviews in each episode.", "The show ran for 3 seasons and 27 episodes before ending in 2015.", "Rolfe was involved in a fifteen-part series titled \"OverAnalyzers\", where he played the part of the manager of a fictional company that over analyzed various pop culture references.", "The series was edited and produced by another website called Cinevore.", "He also worked as a film reviewer on Spike.com.", "Rolfe has run \"Monster Madness\", in which he reviews one horror movie for each day in October, since 2007.", "Each year, he has adopted a different theme for \"Monster Madness\".", "2007 was the history of horror.", "2008 was \"Godzillathon\", in which he reviewed all of the Godzilla films chronologically.", "2009 was \"Monster Madness Three\", which dealt with a variety of popular and little known films of horror.", "2010 was \"Camp Cult\", which dealt with both campy horror films as well as cult classic films, such as \"Troll 2\".", "2011 was \"Sequel-A-Thon\", which dealt with horror sequels.", "And 2012 was \"80's-a-Thon\", which included only movies made in the 1980s.", "While the first five years of \"Monster Madness\" have been one film review per day for the entirety of the month of October 2012's \"80's-a-Thon\" series of \"Monster Madness\" was reduced to every other day of October due to the production of \"The Angry Video Game Nerd Movie\".", "Despite the decreased number of film reviews, the film reviews in \"80's-a-Thon\" were longer than previous reviews on \"Monster Madness\".", "With October 2013's \"Sequel-A-Thon 2\", \"Monster Madness\" has returned to one review per day.", "2013 was \"Sequel-A-Thon 2\", which dealt with more horror sequels.", "The previous 31 marathon \"Monster Madness\" series ran during October 2016.", "Rolfe expressed his desire to move onto other Halloween-themed projects and reviews in the future, but said that \"Monster Madness\" will always live on in some way.", "In 2017, \"Son of Monster Madness\" debuted, which consisted simply of five new reviews, with the rest of October bulked by reuploads of older reviews previously not available on YouTube.", "\"Monster Madness\", under the original branding despite not having videos posted everyday, returned in October 2019, now having Rolfe with a guest talk about the films.", "Rolfe brought back \"Monster Madness\" in 2021 with the aid of Screenwave Media.", "However, Rolfe redacted the first published video of the 2021 series after realizing that his writer had plagiarized contents of the episode's script.", "In 2012, Rolfe and Mike Matei created a Let's Play series called \"James and Mike Mondays\", formerly called \"James and Mike Plays\", for Cinemassacre's YouTube channel.", "The series featured guests such as Kyle Justin, who composed the \"Angry Video Game Nerd\" theme song, Brandon Castner, better known as Bad Luck Bootsy from \"Board James\", JonTron and Macaulay Culkin.", "Rolfe and Matei produced episodes for eight consecutive years until they announced the series would be on hiatus until February 2021.", "However, Matei left Cinemassacre in December 2020 to become a full-time streamer on Twitch.", "On May 16, 2016, Rolfe uploaded a video to Cinemassacre's YouTube channel in which he expressed unhappiness with the 2016 \"Ghostbusters\" reboot film and how he planned on not seeing it or releasing a review.", "Rolfe criticized the film's lack of originality but had no problem with the female cast.", "This stance was criticized by some in the entertainment industry, with many theorizing that a significant portion of fan backlash against the movie was being grounded in sexism.", "Actor Patton Oswalt, who criticized Rolfe, pulled back his accusation later, claiming to have \"picked the wrong target\".", "Rolfe had no ill feelings towards Oswalt and admitted in an interview with \"Double Toasted\" in 2021 that he did not even think what he said was intended to be bad.", "He attended the University of the Arts in Philadelphia from 1999 to 2004.", "He continued residing in Philadelphia after graduation.", "He briefly relocated to Los Angeles while filming \"Angry Video Game Nerd: The Movie\" (2014), returning to Philadelphia upon completion of the movie.", "In 2004, Rolfe was involved in a car crash when a utility trailer came loose from its truck, flung out to the other part of the highway, and hit him head-on.", "Rolfe sustained no physical injuries from the crash, while his Saturn Ion, which he had bought just nine days prior, was wrecked.", "Later that year, Rolfe discussed his experience in a short movie, \"Mechanical Losses\", which can be seen on YouTube.", "Rolfe met April Chmura in July 2004; she was a cinematographer on the early \"Nerd\" episodes.", "They began dating shortly after and got married in November 2007.", "He announced at the premiere trailer for \"Angry Video Game Nerd: The Movie\" in November 2012, that they were expecting their first child.", "In April 2013, she gave birth to a baby girl.", "Rolfe has not divulged details about his daughter except for a few photos and expressing thanks that his wife got past complications resulting during childbirth.", "In November 2013, April posted an update on Rolfe's Cinemassacre website that their daughter is continually seeking medical treatment due to unspecified complications.", "On April 13, 2016, Rolfe revealed what happened while announcing an auction of various Cinemassacre memorabilia to benefit Shriners Hospitals for Children.", "During birth, his daughter suffered nerve damage in one of her arms, and required many months of physical therapy to gain full use of it.", "Rolfe expressed gratitude to Shriners for all they did for his family during that time.", "Rolfe's second daughter was born on September 1, 2017.", "He is of Italian ancestry.", "Rolfe had a pet cat named Boo who occasionally appeared on the \"Angry Video Game Nerd\".", "Boo died of cancer on April 27, 2020." ]

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[ "He is best known for creating and starring in the retrogaming web series \"Angry Video Game Nerd\" (2004–present), a joint production between his Cinemassacre Productions, GameTrailers, and ScrewAttack.", "His spin off projects include reviews of other retro films, television series, and board games.", "He is considered a pioneer of internet gaming videos, inspiring the younger generation of gamers to make their own videos in his style, and at a point was one of the most popular content creators on YouTube.\nRolfe began creating homemade video productions in the late 1980s, and has created more than 270 videos throughout his career.", "His career as an online celebrity took off in 2004 with the beginning of \"Angry Video Game Nerd\".", "Two years later, Rolfe gained mainstream attention after one of his videos went viral upon being published on YouTube.", "Between this time, he filmed videos he created on his own and most of them have been released on his website, Cinemassacre." ]

[ "Rolfe was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 10, 1980.", "He was raised in south New Jersey.", "His parents bought him an audio recorder as a Christmas present sometime in the early to mid-1980s.", "Later, he got a camera and took photographs of him and his friends play fighting.", "He was inspired by \"The Legend of Zelda\" and \"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\" to create adventure stories.", "Rolfe also illustrated comic books, which he updated monthly.", "One such comic he created had a plot inspired by the video game \"The Legend of Zelda:", "A Link to the Past\".", "Rolfe started filming shorts in 1989 and continued this hobby into the early 1990s.", "He used \"Mario Paint\" for a few of his early films.", "He eventually took classes for hand-drawn animation at a university.", "His early films did not have scripts or rehearsal.", "However, once he started writing scripts, his friends gradually lost interest because of the pressure of trying to remember their lines, which left many of Rolfe's films unfinished.", "He then tried his hand at action figures and puppets.", "The plot of \"The Giant Movie Director\" (1994) involved toys coming to life.", "Rolfe attended a special education school for seven-and-a-half years during his childhood.", "He reflected on his past, \"In school, I had a rough time communicating.", "I went to special ed for seven-and-a-half years.", "I liked it, I had a good time.", "But socializing in general...", "I was a little awkward.", "Art always made me feel comfortable.", "\"\nRolfe attended the University of the Arts and has a bachelor's degree in fine arts.", "Since his early teen years, Rolfe operated and ran an annual \"haunted house\" Halloween attraction out of his parents' garage (the same garage was later used in building a graveyard for his horror comedy film \"The Deader, the Better\" and again used in his film/series pilot \"Jersey Odysseys: Legend of the Blue Hole\"), using a collection of several props and antiques that he later reused multiple times in his other films.", "In May 1996, he filmed \"A Night of Total Terror\" in his backyard, a horror film that he has called \"the turning point of my life\".", "In the late 1990s, Rolfe created several films such as the B-horror movie \"The Head Incident\" that he finished in 1999 but did not release until its tenth anniversary in 2009.", "He also made \"Cinemaphobia\" in 2001, which follows an actor who suffers from an overload of work and sees hallucinations of cameras following him.", "Two versions of the film were made, a ten-minute version and an extended, fifteen-minute version.", "Rolfe has stated his preference for the shorter ten-minute version.", "The same year, he created \"Kung Fu Werewolf from Outer Space\" which is a mainly silent movie except for narration.", "He also created an hour-long comedy film entitled \"Stoney\", which is a spoof of the 1976 film \"Rocky\".", "His eighth film of 2001 was \"It Came from the Toilet!\".", "In 2003, he created another film, \"Curse of the Cat Lover's Grave\", which was split into three parts to define three different horror genres.", "Rolfe made a pilot of a planned web series entitled \"Jersey Odysseys: Legend of the Blue Hole\", which is based on the urban legends of the state of New Jersey.", "The pilot centers around on the legend of the Jersey Devil.", "Later, in 2004, he got a job editing industrial training videos, which he quit in early 2007.", "In May 2007, he began a new web series called \"You Know What's Bullshit?\", in which he rants about everyday pet peeves; such as pennies, shoelaces, pay toilets, and printers.", "Originally just being rants by Rolfe, he instead decided to create a new character to host the series named \"The Bullshit Man\" (which is just Rolfe wearing a mask resembling cow dung).", "The Bullshit Man made several cameo appearances in AVGN content, including select videos and the video game \"AVGN Adventures\" as a secret character.", "In 2020, the show's name was abbreviated to \"You Know What's BS?\"", "due to YouTube's advertising policies.", "In 2007, Rolfe began filming \"The Deader, the Better\", a classic-style B-movie horror film that pays homage to the 1968 horror film \"Night of the Living Dead\".", "The film was shown at the Atlanta Horror Fest in October 2007.", "On May 5, 2006, Rolfe released a music video that included stock footage from a trip he had made to England and Scotland.", "The music used in his work was from the Black Sabbath single \"Heaven and Hell\".", "Rolfe also participated in the 48 Hour Film Project between 2004 and 2007.", "In the 2007 event, he was the Audience Award Winner for his film \"Spaghetti Western\".", "His other entries were a trilogy of films called \"Death Suit\" (2004), \"Death Seen\" (2005) and \"Death Secret\" (2006).", "Rolfe's career did not gain much momentum until May 2004, when he filmed a 5-minute short review of the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) game \"Castlevania II: Simon's Quest\" under the name \"Bad NES Games\".", "His character was originally named \"The Angry Nintendo Nerd\" but was changed to \"The Angry Video Game Nerd\" to avoid trademark issues and because he started reviewing games on other consoles (e.g. Sega Genesis, Atari 2600).", "Rolfe conceived the basis of his character while he was studying at the University of the Arts of Philadelphia when he attended from 1999 to 2004.", "Rolfe then made another video, which was supposed to be the last of the series, \"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde\", because it was the game he hated most.", "His beer drinking in most of the video was done on purpose as to say \"these games are so bad I'm forced to drink\".", "Both of these became generic traits of \"The Nerd\", which would appear in future videos.", "The choice of Rolling Rock was coincidental as it happened to be the only beer that Rolfe had in his refrigerator, and this eventually became an identifying trait of his character, although in more recent videos, he has also included Yuengling beer, hard-liquor and non-alcoholic hot sauce.", "Originally his videos were meant to be private.", "However, Rolfe's friend and collaborator, Mike Matei, convinced him to post the videos on a YouTube channel called \"JamesNintendoNerd\" (now called \"Cinemassacre\") on April 6, 2006, which Matei created and managed for him.", "On September 12, 2006, Rolfe's character first gained mainstream attention when his review of \"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\" became popular on YouTube.", "His videos are also posted on GameTrailers and ScrewAttack and have gained 30 million views monthly.", "He has over 3 million subscribers, as of September 2019.", "At the end of 2007, Rolfe halted the production of the series and cancelled an appearance at MAGFest after suffering from a break in his voice.", "On March 17, 2010, he made the announcement that he was suffering from burnout as a result of consistently writing, directing and starring in the videos, and that the show would be entering a brief hiatus.", "It was scheduled to return in May 2010; however, an episode was released on April 30.", "Episodes are released on either the first or second Wednesday of each month, as opposed to two episodes per month due to Rolfe's other projects.", "Episodes were at one point posted on YouTube over a year after their original release on GameTrailers.", "Rolfe formerly had affiliations with ScrewAttack before leaving in 2013.", "Rolfe's character gained further fame through a fictional feud with the \"Nostalgia Critic\" (played by Doug Walker).", "This began with the Critic launching a satirical attack in an early episode.", "The feud took place over many episodes between 2008 and 2009.", "The two characters, and real-life comedians, are now good friends.", "Walker has informed his viewers of Rolfe's projects, and Rolfe has contributed to some of the Critic's subsequent videos.", "Rolfe made a cameo appearance as the Nerd in a music video parody of Britney Spears' single \"Piece of Me\" entitled \"Piece of Meat\" on cinevore.com.", "For a period, Rolfe focused his efforts on producing \"Angry Video Game Nerd: The Movie\", which revolves around \"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\", the video game for the Atari 2600.", "The film was a collaboration between Rolfe and Kevin Finn and was entirely funded by fan donations.", "The release of the film in 2014 coincided with the 31st anniversary of the 1983 video game crash.", "The final sequence of the movie, in which The Nerd reviews \"E.T.\", was later released as a standard AVGN episode.", "Rolfe had a cameo in a Doritos and Pepsi commercial published online in November 2010.", "The ad was part of a voting contest of which the winning clip was to be shown during Super Bowl XLV.", "However, the ad was eventually withdrawn due to public backlash, because it parodied the Catholic practice of Eucharist.", "In 2007, Rolfe had a cameo in the fan film \"Return of the Ghostbusters\".", "He was featured in the 2009 documentary \"His Name Was Jason\", in which he talks about the \"Friday the 13th\" movie series and its antagonist Jason Voorhees.", "Similarly, Rolfe appeared in a bonus feature to the 2010 documentary \"Never Sleep Again: The Elm Street Legacy\", in which he discusses the \"Nightmare on Elm Street\" NES game, a title he had previously covered as the Nerd in the 13th AVGN episode.", "The bonus feature can be found on the second disc of the \"Never Sleep Again\" DVD set.", "In 2010, it was announced that Rolfe was set to feature in a low-budget remake of \"Plan 9 from Outer Space\" entitled \"Plan 9\", which was released through Video on Demand beginning February 16, 2016, and then released on physical media in stores on January 5, 2017.", "Around early to mid January 2013, Rolfe played a brief role as a news reporter in an independent short film about Sonic the Hedgehog.", "He was offered a role in \"V/H/S/2\" by Adam Wingard, but had to decline due to working on \"Angry Video Game Nerd: The Movie\".", "He was later offered a potential cameo in \"Godzilla vs. Kong\" by Wingard, but the demands of production, alongside the timing of the birth of Rolfe's second daughter, made the arrangement unfeasible.", "Rolfe also appeared in the crowdfunded 1980's horror documentary \"In Search of Darkness\".", "Commitment to the YouTube videos has slowed Rolfe's progress in making new features, but he did make a trilogy of new shorts after \"Angry Video Game Nerd: The Movie\", including \"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: The Movie\" (2015), based on the video game, \"Flying Fuckernauts vs. The Astro-Bastards\" (2016), a tribute to B-movie sci-fi, and \"Mimal the Elf\" (2017), a mockumentary.", "On May 25, 2017, in a general update video about the future of the YouTube channel, Rolfe announced he was in very early development on what he termed an \"atmospheric horror movie...", "[the film would] take place in one room... very minimal\".", "On December 29, Rolfe announced that 2018 would lean more toward his own original projects, and that he had begun writing the untitled horror film.", "It would be in the vein of past projects, such as \"Legend of the Blue Hole\" and \"Cinemaphobia\".", "On August 8, 2018, Rolfe said he was 50-75% done with the script, and that it would contain some type of 'nostalgia theming', but it would likely undergo further rewrites and had no plans to film it in the near future.", "On June 19, 2019, Rolfe said the script was completed, but commitment to video production would delay the project for the foreseeable future.", "On October 18, 2020, Rolfe announced the horror film was postponed indefinitely due to time constraints.", "Instead, he directed a sequel to his 1999 horror short, \"The Head Incident\", reuniting several members of the original cast/crew.", "On June 10, 2021, Rolfe released a video, explaining the premise of the shelved 'nostalgic' horror film: It would be about a man revisiting a childhood amusement park, only to become trapped there.", "Rolfe stated that the project could be revived in another medium, and that he was working on another small-scale screenplay.", "Cinemassacre has published a number of other reviews featuring Rolfe and associates as themselves.", "The topics include video games (under the \"James & Mike Mondays\" series), video game peripherals such as the VictorMaxx Stuntmaster headset, and films.", "One of Rolfe's other series is \"Board James\", where he and Mike Matei review old board games in a humorous way, often with recurring characters.", "This show eventually developed into a psychological horror series, while still containing board game reviews in each episode.", "The show ran for 3 seasons and 27 episodes before ending in 2015.", "Rolfe was involved in a fifteen-part series titled \"OverAnalyzers\", where he played the part of the manager of a fictional company that over analyzed various pop culture references.", "The series was edited and produced by another website called Cinevore.", "He also worked as a film reviewer on Spike.com.", "Rolfe has run \"Monster Madness\", in which he reviews one horror movie for each day in October, since 2007.", "Each year, he has adopted a different theme for \"Monster Madness\".", "2007 was the history of horror.", "2008 was \"Godzillathon\", in which he reviewed all of the Godzilla films chronologically.", "2009 was \"Monster Madness Three\", which dealt with a variety of popular and little known films of horror.", "2010 was \"Camp Cult\", which dealt with both campy horror films as well as cult classic films, such as \"Troll 2\".", "2011 was \"Sequel-A-Thon\", which dealt with horror sequels.", "And 2012 was \"80's-a-Thon\", which included only movies made in the 1980s.", "While the first five years of \"Monster Madness\" have been one film review per day for the entirety of the month of October 2012's \"80's-a-Thon\" series of \"Monster Madness\" was reduced to every other day of October due to the production of \"The Angry Video Game Nerd Movie\".", "Despite the decreased number of film reviews, the film reviews in \"80's-a-Thon\" were longer than previous reviews on \"Monster Madness\".", "With October 2013's \"Sequel-A-Thon 2\", \"Monster Madness\" has returned to one review per day.", "2013 was \"Sequel-A-Thon 2\", which dealt with more horror sequels.", "The previous 31 marathon \"Monster Madness\" series ran during October 2016.", "Rolfe expressed his desire to move onto other Halloween-themed projects and reviews in the future, but said that \"Monster Madness\" will always live on in some way.", "In 2017, \"Son of Monster Madness\" debuted, which consisted simply of five new reviews, with the rest of October bulked by reuploads of older reviews previously not available on YouTube.", "\"Monster Madness\", under the original branding despite not having videos posted everyday, returned in October 2019, now having Rolfe with a guest talk about the films.", "Rolfe brought back \"Monster Madness\" in 2021 with the aid of Screenwave Media.", "However, Rolfe redacted the first published video of the 2021 series after realizing that his writer had plagiarized contents of the episode's script.", "In 2012, Rolfe and Mike Matei created a Let's Play series called \"James and Mike Mondays\", formerly called \"James and Mike Plays\", for Cinemassacre's YouTube channel.", "The series featured guests such as Kyle Justin, who composed the \"Angry Video Game Nerd\" theme song, Brandon Castner, better known as Bad Luck Bootsy from \"Board James\", JonTron and Macaulay Culkin.", "Rolfe and Matei produced episodes for eight consecutive years until they announced the series would be on hiatus until February 2021.", "However, Matei left Cinemassacre in December 2020 to become a full-time streamer on Twitch.", "On May 16, 2016, Rolfe uploaded a video to Cinemassacre's YouTube channel in which he expressed unhappiness with the 2016 \"Ghostbusters\" reboot film and how he planned on not seeing it or releasing a review.", "Rolfe criticized the film's lack of originality but had no problem with the female cast.", "This stance was criticized by some in the entertainment industry, with many theorizing that a significant portion of fan backlash against the movie was being grounded in sexism.", "Actor Patton Oswalt, who criticized Rolfe, pulled back his accusation later, claiming to have \"picked the wrong target\".", "Rolfe had no ill feelings towards Oswalt and admitted in an interview with \"Double Toasted\" in 2021 that he did not even think what he said was intended to be bad.", "He attended the University of the Arts in Philadelphia from 1999 to 2004.", "He continued residing in Philadelphia after graduation.", "He briefly relocated to Los Angeles while filming \"Angry Video Game Nerd: The Movie\" (2014), returning to Philadelphia upon completion of the movie.", "In 2004, Rolfe was involved in a car crash when a utility trailer came loose from its truck, flung out to the other part of the highway, and hit him head-on.", "Rolfe sustained no physical injuries from the crash, while his Saturn Ion, which he had bought just nine days prior, was wrecked.", "Later that year, Rolfe discussed his experience in a short movie, \"Mechanical Losses\", which can be seen on YouTube.", "Rolfe met April Chmura in July 2004; she was a cinematographer on the early \"Nerd\" episodes.", "They began dating shortly after and got married in November 2007.", "He announced at the premiere trailer for \"Angry Video Game Nerd: The Movie\" in November 2012, that they were expecting their first child.", "In April 2013, she gave birth to a baby girl.", "Rolfe has not divulged details about his daughter except for a few photos and expressing thanks that his wife got past complications resulting during childbirth.", "In November 2013, April posted an update on Rolfe's Cinemassacre website that their daughter is continually seeking medical treatment due to unspecified complications.", "On April 13, 2016, Rolfe revealed what happened while announcing an auction of various Cinemassacre memorabilia to benefit Shriners Hospitals for Children.", "During birth, his daughter suffered nerve damage in one of her arms, and required many months of physical therapy to gain full use of it.", "Rolfe expressed gratitude to Shriners for all they did for his family during that time.", "Rolfe's second daughter was born on September 1, 2017.", "He is of Italian ancestry.", "Rolfe had a pet cat named Boo who occasionally appeared on the \"Angry Video Game Nerd\".", "Boo died of cancer on April 27, 2020." ]

[ 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71 ]

[ "His career as an online celebrity took off in 2004 with the beginning of \"Angry Video Game Nerd\"." ]

[ "Rolfe was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 10, 1980.", "He was raised in south New Jersey.", "His parents bought him an audio recorder as a Christmas present sometime in the early to mid-1980s.", "Later, he got a camera and took photographs of him and his friends play fighting.", "He was inspired by \"The Legend of Zelda\" and \"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\" to create adventure stories.", "Rolfe also illustrated comic books, which he updated monthly.", "One such comic he created had a plot inspired by the video game \"The Legend of Zelda:", "A Link to the Past\".", "Rolfe started filming shorts in 1989 and continued this hobby into the early 1990s.", "He used \"Mario Paint\" for a few of his early films.", "He eventually took classes for hand-drawn animation at a university.", "His early films did not have scripts or rehearsal.", "However, once he started writing scripts, his friends gradually lost interest because of the pressure of trying to remember their lines, which left many of Rolfe's films unfinished.", "He then tried his hand at action figures and puppets.", "The plot of \"The Giant Movie Director\" (1994) involved toys coming to life.", "Rolfe attended a special education school for seven-and-a-half years during his childhood.", "He reflected on his past, \"In school, I had a rough time communicating.", "I went to special ed for seven-and-a-half years.", "I liked it, I had a good time.", "But socializing in general...", "I was a little awkward.", "Art always made me feel comfortable.", "\"\nRolfe attended the University of the Arts and has a bachelor's degree in fine arts.", "Since his early teen years, Rolfe operated and ran an annual \"haunted house\" Halloween attraction out of his parents' garage (the same garage was later used in building a graveyard for his horror comedy film \"The Deader, the Better\" and again used in his film/series pilot \"Jersey Odysseys: Legend of the Blue Hole\"), using a collection of several props and antiques that he later reused multiple times in his other films.", "In May 1996, he filmed \"A Night of Total Terror\" in his backyard, a horror film that he has called \"the turning point of my life\".", "In the late 1990s, Rolfe created several films such as the B-horror movie \"The Head Incident\" that he finished in 1999 but did not release until its tenth anniversary in 2009.", "He also made \"Cinemaphobia\" in 2001, which follows an actor who suffers from an overload of work and sees hallucinations of cameras following him.", "Two versions of the film were made, a ten-minute version and an extended, fifteen-minute version.", "Rolfe has stated his preference for the shorter ten-minute version.", "The same year, he created \"Kung Fu Werewolf from Outer Space\" which is a mainly silent movie except for narration.", "He also created an hour-long comedy film entitled \"Stoney\", which is a spoof of the 1976 film \"Rocky\".", "His eighth film of 2001 was \"It Came from the Toilet!\".", "In 2003, he created another film, \"Curse of the Cat Lover's Grave\", which was split into three parts to define three different horror genres.", "Rolfe made a pilot of a planned web series entitled \"Jersey Odysseys: Legend of the Blue Hole\", which is based on the urban legends of the state of New Jersey.", "The pilot centers around on the legend of the Jersey Devil.", "Later, in 2004, he got a job editing industrial training videos, which he quit in early 2007.", "In May 2007, he began a new web series called \"You Know What's Bullshit?\", in which he rants about everyday pet peeves; such as pennies, shoelaces, pay toilets, and printers.", "Originally just being rants by Rolfe, he instead decided to create a new character to host the series named \"The Bullshit Man\" (which is just Rolfe wearing a mask resembling cow dung).", "The Bullshit Man made several cameo appearances in AVGN content, including select videos and the video game \"AVGN Adventures\" as a secret character.", "In 2020, the show's name was abbreviated to \"You Know What's BS?\"", "due to YouTube's advertising policies.", "In 2007, Rolfe began filming \"The Deader, the Better\", a classic-style B-movie horror film that pays homage to the 1968 horror film \"Night of the Living Dead\".", "The film was shown at the Atlanta Horror Fest in October 2007.", "On May 5, 2006, Rolfe released a music video that included stock footage from a trip he had made to England and Scotland.", "The music used in his work was from the Black Sabbath single \"Heaven and Hell\".", "Rolfe also participated in the 48 Hour Film Project between 2004 and 2007.", "In the 2007 event, he was the Audience Award Winner for his film \"Spaghetti Western\".", "His other entries were a trilogy of films called \"Death Suit\" (2004), \"Death Seen\" (2005) and \"Death Secret\" (2006).", "Rolfe's career did not gain much momentum until May 2004, when he filmed a 5-minute short review of the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) game \"Castlevania II: Simon's Quest\" under the name \"Bad NES Games\".", "His character was originally named \"The Angry Nintendo Nerd\" but was changed to \"The Angry Video Game Nerd\" to avoid trademark issues and because he started reviewing games on other consoles (e.g. Sega Genesis, Atari 2600).", "Rolfe conceived the basis of his character while he was studying at the University of the Arts of Philadelphia when he attended from 1999 to 2004.", "Rolfe then made another video, which was supposed to be the last of the series, \"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde\", because it was the game he hated most.", "His beer drinking in most of the video was done on purpose as to say \"these games are so bad I'm forced to drink\".", "Both of these became generic traits of \"The Nerd\", which would appear in future videos.", "The choice of Rolling Rock was coincidental as it happened to be the only beer that Rolfe had in his refrigerator, and this eventually became an identifying trait of his character, although in more recent videos, he has also included Yuengling beer, hard-liquor and non-alcoholic hot sauce.", "Originally his videos were meant to be private.", "However, Rolfe's friend and collaborator, Mike Matei, convinced him to post the videos on a YouTube channel called \"JamesNintendoNerd\" (now called \"Cinemassacre\") on April 6, 2006, which Matei created and managed for him.", "On September 12, 2006, Rolfe's character first gained mainstream attention when his review of \"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\" became popular on YouTube.", "His videos are also posted on GameTrailers and ScrewAttack and have gained 30 million views monthly.", "He has over 3 million subscribers, as of September 2019.", "At the end of 2007, Rolfe halted the production of the series and cancelled an appearance at MAGFest after suffering from a break in his voice.", "On March 17, 2010, he made the announcement that he was suffering from burnout as a result of consistently writing, directing and starring in the videos, and that the show would be entering a brief hiatus.", "It was scheduled to return in May 2010; however, an episode was released on April 30.", "Episodes are released on either the first or second Wednesday of each month, as opposed to two episodes per month due to Rolfe's other projects.", "Episodes were at one point posted on YouTube over a year after their original release on GameTrailers.", "Rolfe formerly had affiliations with ScrewAttack before leaving in 2013.", "Rolfe's character gained further fame through a fictional feud with the \"Nostalgia Critic\" (played by Doug Walker).", "This began with the Critic launching a satirical attack in an early episode.", "The feud took place over many episodes between 2008 and 2009.", "The two characters, and real-life comedians, are now good friends.", "Walker has informed his viewers of Rolfe's projects, and Rolfe has contributed to some of the Critic's subsequent videos.", "Rolfe made a cameo appearance as the Nerd in a music video parody of Britney Spears' single \"Piece of Me\" entitled \"Piece of Meat\" on cinevore.com.", "For a period, Rolfe focused his efforts on producing \"Angry Video Game Nerd: The Movie\", which revolves around \"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\", the video game for the Atari 2600.", "The film was a collaboration between Rolfe and Kevin Finn and was entirely funded by fan donations.", "The release of the film in 2014 coincided with the 31st anniversary of the 1983 video game crash.", "The final sequence of the movie, in which The Nerd reviews \"E.T.\", was later released as a standard AVGN episode.", "Rolfe had a cameo in a Doritos and Pepsi commercial published online in November 2010.", "The ad was part of a voting contest of which the winning clip was to be shown during Super Bowl XLV.", "However, the ad was eventually withdrawn due to public backlash, because it parodied the Catholic practice of Eucharist.", "In 2007, Rolfe had a cameo in the fan film \"Return of the Ghostbusters\".", "He was featured in the 2009 documentary \"His Name Was Jason\", in which he talks about the \"Friday the 13th\" movie series and its antagonist Jason Voorhees.", "Similarly, Rolfe appeared in a bonus feature to the 2010 documentary \"Never Sleep Again: The Elm Street Legacy\", in which he discusses the \"Nightmare on Elm Street\" NES game, a title he had previously covered as the Nerd in the 13th AVGN episode.", "The bonus feature can be found on the second disc of the \"Never Sleep Again\" DVD set.", "In 2010, it was announced that Rolfe was set to feature in a low-budget remake of \"Plan 9 from Outer Space\" entitled \"Plan 9\", which was released through Video on Demand beginning February 16, 2016, and then released on physical media in stores on January 5, 2017.", "Around early to mid January 2013, Rolfe played a brief role as a news reporter in an independent short film about Sonic the Hedgehog.", "He was offered a role in \"V/H/S/2\" by Adam Wingard, but had to decline due to working on \"Angry Video Game Nerd: The Movie\".", "He was later offered a potential cameo in \"Godzilla vs. Kong\" by Wingard, but the demands of production, alongside the timing of the birth of Rolfe's second daughter, made the arrangement unfeasible.", "Rolfe also appeared in the crowdfunded 1980's horror documentary \"In Search of Darkness\".", "Commitment to the YouTube videos has slowed Rolfe's progress in making new features, but he did make a trilogy of new shorts after \"Angry Video Game Nerd: The Movie\", including \"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: The Movie\" (2015), based on the video game, \"Flying Fuckernauts vs. The Astro-Bastards\" (2016), a tribute to B-movie sci-fi, and \"Mimal the Elf\" (2017), a mockumentary.", "On May 25, 2017, in a general update video about the future of the YouTube channel, Rolfe announced he was in very early development on what he termed an \"atmospheric horror movie...", "[the film would] take place in one room... very minimal\".", "On December 29, Rolfe announced that 2018 would lean more toward his own original projects, and that he had begun writing the untitled horror film.", "It would be in the vein of past projects, such as \"Legend of the Blue Hole\" and \"Cinemaphobia\".", "On August 8, 2018, Rolfe said he was 50-75% done with the script, and that it would contain some type of 'nostalgia theming', but it would likely undergo further rewrites and had no plans to film it in the near future.", "On June 19, 2019, Rolfe said the script was completed, but commitment to video production would delay the project for the foreseeable future.", "On October 18, 2020, Rolfe announced the horror film was postponed indefinitely due to time constraints.", "Instead, he directed a sequel to his 1999 horror short, \"The Head Incident\", reuniting several members of the original cast/crew.", "On June 10, 2021, Rolfe released a video, explaining the premise of the shelved 'nostalgic' horror film: It would be about a man revisiting a childhood amusement park, only to become trapped there.", "Rolfe stated that the project could be revived in another medium, and that he was working on another small-scale screenplay.", "Cinemassacre has published a number of other reviews featuring Rolfe and associates as themselves.", "The topics include video games (under the \"James & Mike Mondays\" series), video game peripherals such as the VictorMaxx Stuntmaster headset, and films.", "One of Rolfe's other series is \"Board James\", where he and Mike Matei review old board games in a humorous way, often with recurring characters.", "This show eventually developed into a psychological horror series, while still containing board game reviews in each episode.", "The show ran for 3 seasons and 27 episodes before ending in 2015.", "Rolfe was involved in a fifteen-part series titled \"OverAnalyzers\", where he played the part of the manager of a fictional company that over analyzed various pop culture references.", "The series was edited and produced by another website called Cinevore.", "He also worked as a film reviewer on Spike.com.", "Rolfe has run \"Monster Madness\", in which he reviews one horror movie for each day in October, since 2007.", "Each year, he has adopted a different theme for \"Monster Madness\".", "2007 was the history of horror.", "2008 was \"Godzillathon\", in which he reviewed all of the Godzilla films chronologically.", "2009 was \"Monster Madness Three\", which dealt with a variety of popular and little known films of horror.", "2010 was \"Camp Cult\", which dealt with both campy horror films as well as cult classic films, such as \"Troll 2\".", "2011 was \"Sequel-A-Thon\", which dealt with horror sequels.", "And 2012 was \"80's-a-Thon\", which included only movies made in the 1980s.", "While the first five years of \"Monster Madness\" have been one film review per day for the entirety of the month of October 2012's \"80's-a-Thon\" series of \"Monster Madness\" was reduced to every other day of October due to the production of \"The Angry Video Game Nerd Movie\".", "Despite the decreased number of film reviews, the film reviews in \"80's-a-Thon\" were longer than previous reviews on \"Monster Madness\".", "With October 2013's \"Sequel-A-Thon 2\", \"Monster Madness\" has returned to one review per day.", "2013 was \"Sequel-A-Thon 2\", which dealt with more horror sequels.", "The previous 31 marathon \"Monster Madness\" series ran during October 2016.", "Rolfe expressed his desire to move onto other Halloween-themed projects and reviews in the future, but said that \"Monster Madness\" will always live on in some way.", "In 2017, \"Son of Monster Madness\" debuted, which consisted simply of five new reviews, with the rest of October bulked by reuploads of older reviews previously not available on YouTube.", "\"Monster Madness\", under the original branding despite not having videos posted everyday, returned in October 2019, now having Rolfe with a guest talk about the films.", "Rolfe brought back \"Monster Madness\" in 2021 with the aid of Screenwave Media.", "However, Rolfe redacted the first published video of the 2021 series after realizing that his writer had plagiarized contents of the episode's script.", "In 2012, Rolfe and Mike Matei created a Let's Play series called \"James and Mike Mondays\", formerly called \"James and Mike Plays\", for Cinemassacre's YouTube channel.", "The series featured guests such as Kyle Justin, who composed the \"Angry Video Game Nerd\" theme song, Brandon Castner, better known as Bad Luck Bootsy from \"Board James\", JonTron and Macaulay Culkin.", "Rolfe and Matei produced episodes for eight consecutive years until they announced the series would be on hiatus until February 2021.", "However, Matei left Cinemassacre in December 2020 to become a full-time streamer on Twitch.", "On May 16, 2016, Rolfe uploaded a video to Cinemassacre's YouTube channel in which he expressed unhappiness with the 2016 \"Ghostbusters\" reboot film and how he planned on not seeing it or releasing a review.", "Rolfe criticized the film's lack of originality but had no problem with the female cast.", "This stance was criticized by some in the entertainment industry, with many theorizing that a significant portion of fan backlash against the movie was being grounded in sexism.", "Actor Patton Oswalt, who criticized Rolfe, pulled back his accusation later, claiming to have \"picked the wrong target\".", "Rolfe had no ill feelings towards Oswalt and admitted in an interview with \"Double Toasted\" in 2021 that he did not even think what he said was intended to be bad.", "He attended the University of the Arts in Philadelphia from 1999 to 2004.", "He continued residing in Philadelphia after graduation.", "He briefly relocated to Los Angeles while filming \"Angry Video Game Nerd: The Movie\" (2014), returning to Philadelphia upon completion of the movie.", "In 2004, Rolfe was involved in a car crash when a utility trailer came loose from its truck, flung out to the other part of the highway, and hit him head-on.", "Rolfe sustained no physical injuries from the crash, while his Saturn Ion, which he had bought just nine days prior, was wrecked.", "Later that year, Rolfe discussed his experience in a short movie, \"Mechanical Losses\", which can be seen on YouTube.", "Rolfe met April Chmura in July 2004; she was a cinematographer on the early \"Nerd\" episodes.", "They began dating shortly after and got married in November 2007.", "He announced at the premiere trailer for \"Angry Video Game Nerd: The Movie\" in November 2012, that they were expecting their first child.", "In April 2013, she gave birth to a baby girl.", "Rolfe has not divulged details about his daughter except for a few photos and expressing thanks that his wife got past complications resulting during childbirth.", "In November 2013, April posted an update on Rolfe's Cinemassacre website that their daughter is continually seeking medical treatment due to unspecified complications.", "On April 13, 2016, Rolfe revealed what happened while announcing an auction of various Cinemassacre memorabilia to benefit Shriners Hospitals for Children.", "During birth, his daughter suffered nerve damage in one of her arms, and required many months of physical therapy to gain full use of it.", "Rolfe expressed gratitude to Shriners for all they did for his family during that time.", "Rolfe's second daughter was born on September 1, 2017.", "He is of Italian ancestry.", "Rolfe had a pet cat named Boo who occasionally appeared on the \"Angry Video Game Nerd\".", "Boo died of cancer on April 27, 2020." ]

[ 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133 ]

[ "His spin off projects include reviews of other retro films, television series, and board games.", "Between this time, he filmed videos he created on his own and most of them have been released on his website, Cinemassacre." ]

[ "The Souricette was designed to comply with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight rules, as well as US FAR Part 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules and resembles an antique 1920s aircraft.", "The aircraft features a strut-braced shoulder-wing, a single-seat open cockpit, fixed conventional landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration.", "The aircraft is made from wood with its flying surfaces covered in doped aircraft fabric.", "Its span wing employs single supporting struts.", "The standard recommended engine is the JPX PUL 425 two-stroke powerplant or the JPX PUL 505.", "The aircraft was later developed into the more modern-looking Aurore MB 02-2 Mini Bulle.", "In 2015 the aircraft kit was €2,660 and plans sold for €150.", "The Souricette has also been flown as an all-electric aircraft.", "On Sunday, 23 December 2007, the Electravia team and the association APAME first flew its Souricette electric-powered open-cockpit airplane at Aspres sur Buech airfield, Hautes Alpes, France.", "This Souricette was a special BL1E model and called \"Electra\" for this occasion.", "Test pilot Christian Vandamme flew for 48 minutes, covering .", "This aircraft is powered by an 18-kW (24 hp) electric engine driven by a 47 kg (104 lb) KOKAM Lithium polymer battery.", "More than 200 sets of plans has been sold by 2015 and 60 aircraft were reported flying in France.", "Reviewer Marino Boric described the design in a 2015 review as \"simple to build and with attractive idiosyncratic looks, its only drawback is that the cockpit is a little small.\"" ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 ]

[ "The Aurore MB 02 Souricette () is a French ultralight aircraft, designed by Michel Barry and produced by Aurore Sarl of Sauvagnon.", "The aircraft is supplied as a kit or as plans for amateur construction." ]

[ "The film opens by a lake on Saint Patrick's Day as the story's young hero, an Irish boy named Matthew O'Brien (David Alan Bailey), is playing hooky from school and fishing with his best friend, Timothy Ryan (Ernest Vaio).", "As the time approaches to return home, the two boys go their separate ways and Matt soon finds a magic frog which he places in his pocket.", "Deciding to take a short-cut home through the woods, Matt quickly finds himself lost and soon encounters a leprechaun (Frank Delfino) whose beard is caught in a log.", "Matt, remembering the old Irish legends he's heard from his grandfather, agrees to help the little man on the condition that he give Matt his bag of gold, to which, according to legend, Matt knows the leprechaun cannot refuse.", "After freeing the little man, Matt soon learns that the seven gold coins in the bag are not ordinary coins, but magic \"wishing coins\", which only have power when used to do good for others.", "After warning Matt of the magic of the coins, the leprechaun promptly scampers off and vanishes into the woods, leaving the boy to find his own way out of the forest.", "As Matt becomes desperate to find his way home, he unintentionally spends his first coin wishing for some guidance, which, to his surprise, brings a long suffering wooden sign post to life.", "Now able to talk, the sign post advises Matt to seek the help of a Wizard and points Matt in the direction of the Wizard's cave.", "As he approaches his destination, Matt finds himself in the Wizard's enchanted forest, where the trees come alive and inform him that the frog in his pocket is really a knight who was put under a spell by the Wicked Wizard.", "Matt decides to spend his second coin to help the frog, which instantly transforms it into a medieval knight named Sir Humphrey (Clive Halliday).", "Grateful to Matt for freeing him, Sir Humphrey warns the boy to avoid the Wicked Wizard who had placed him under a spell while he was attempting to rescue a princess named Cecilia.", "Sir Humphrey decides to accompany the boy as he searches for a way out of the enchanted forest, but their plans are interrupted when the Wicked Wizard (G. Edward Brett) suddenly appears in a cloud of smoke and banishes them to a barren desert.", "In the desert, Matt and Sir Humphrey encounter the Genie of Aladdin's Lamp (Dick Reeves) and learn that he has been stripped of his magical powers and has been banished to the desert by the ruler of all Genies.", "Feeling compassion for the lonely Genie, Matt spends his third coin to restore the Genie's powers, which prompts the Genie to respond in kind, using his regained powers to transport Matt and Sir Humphrey back to the enchanted forest.", "Once back in the forest, Matt and Sir Humphrey encounter a Gypsy girl named Esmerelda (Nancy DeCarl) who attempts to help Matt find a way home by inviting him to look into her crystal ball, however, the crystal only shows Matt a vision of his worried mother before fading to darkness.", "Matt and Sir Humphrey continue on their journey and encounter a lonely old puppeteer named Professor Antonio (Lindsay Workman).", "Learning the Professor has been abandoned in the woods by a traveling carnival after growing too old to operate his puppets properly, Matt spends his fourth coin to bring the puppets to life so that they can perform on their own.", "As Matt and Sir Humphrey continue their search, they once again encounter the Wicked Wizard who uses his evil powers to turn Sir Humphrey back into a frog.", "At the same moment, Matt spends his fifth coin to wish for the Wicked Wizard to lose his magic powers and to become harmless, which instantly transforms the Wizard into a gentle and confused old man.", "Suddenly realizing the Wizard's final spell has turned Sir Humphrey back into a frog, Matt immediately spends his sixth coin to restore Sir Humphrey to his human form.", "Now harmless, the Wizard wanders off and Matt and Sir Humphrey once again encounter Esmerelda, who invites the two to once again gaze into her crystal ball which reveals that Esmerelda is in fact the Princess Cecilia who was also under the spell of the Wicked Wizard.", "Matt uses his last coin to wish for the girl to be freed from the Wizards spell", "and she is instantly transformed back into the Princess (also played by DeCarl).", "Having used all seven of his magic coins unselfishly, a beautiful rainbow appears, which guides Matthew to find his way him home.", "The screenplay was written by Irish scenarist Harold Vaughn Taylor, who had also written the screenplay for \"The Magic Christmas Tree\" the previous year.", "Veteran actor Austin Green served as both producer and director of the film, which would be the only directing or producing credit of his career.", "Selected to portray the film's young lead, Matthew O'Brien, was 12-year-old David Alan Bailey who, at the time, was best known for his various guest-starring roles on well-known television series of the time, including \"Dennis the Menace\", \"The Andy Griffith Show\" and \"Bewitched\" among others.", "British character actor Clive Halliday was reportedly cast when producer-director Green saw his performance as \"Mr. Mousely\" in the 1964 Walt Disney Pictures film \"Mary Poppins\", and immediately decided Halliday would be perfect for the role of Sir Humphrey.", "Suitable filming locations were scouted by Green, who eventually selected Northern California's Carmel-by-the-Sea to serve as the location for the \"enchanted forest\" sequences.", "Production then moved south to the desert area near Indio, California, which served as the location for the \"impossible desert\" sequences.", "Originally released as a children's weekend matinee feature, the earliest report of a screening of the film dates to October 23, 1965, when the film was released as \"At the End of the Rainbow\".", "By March 1966 (and possibly earlier), the film's title had been changed to \"The Princess and the Magic Frog\".", "As with other \"kiddie matinee\" offerings of the time, the film did not receive a simultaneous nationwide release and, consequently, continued to play in local movie theaters across the United States until as late as 1971.", "The film was largely forgotten and thought to be lost, until Something Weird Video released it on DVD in 2004.", "Upon releasing the film, Something Weird Video advertised their newfound discovery writing, \"Yes, boys and girls, here's another mind-boggling children's film, straight from the mid-Sixties, when Americans would dump their youth at the local theater's \"Kiddie Matinee\" and subject the poor tots to all manner of cinematic torture.", "Such as \"The Princess and the Magic Frog\", a long-unseen rarity that's so hilariously impoverished, it makes \"Jimmy, the Boy Wonder\" look like a multimillion-dollar work of art.", "[...]", "There's more that a whiff of \"Wizard of Oz\" wafting through \"The Princess and the Magic Frog\", from the child who can't find his way home, to the Wicked Witch, er...Wizard, to the search for the end of the rainbow.", "\"", "With the 2004 DVD release, the film began to gain something of a cult \"so bad it's good\" reputation, for everything from its no-budget sets - to its amateurish costumes and effects - to its unintentionally humorous dialogue and camp performances by the adult character actors.", "Allmovie and \"TV Guide\" both gave the film two out of five stars, while describing the film as \"charming\" and \"enchanting\" respectively.", "In a 2009 review of the film, a local film critic for \"The Seattle Times\" wrote, \"\"The Princess and the Magic Frog\" (1965) was probably made with children as the target audience, but it plays more like something you'd watch at 3 a.m. after a long night of overindulgence.\"", "The \"kiddie camp\" connoisseurs at KiddieMatinee.com described the film writing, \"\"The Princess and the Magic Frog\" (1965), produced and released originally as \"At the End of the Rainbow\", is a fascinating (albeit threadbare) U.S. fantasy film, very much in the spirit of similar mid-1960s Kiddie Matinee indie product such as \"Santa Claus Conquers the Martians\", \"The Magic Christmas Tree\" and \"Jimmy, the Boy Wonder\".", "[...] (O)ne wonders if 60's tots would have found this odd fairy tale engaging or excruciating.", "It looks more than anything like a children's theatre production restaged out in the dull woods.", "Yet even with a fantasy film told with the bare minimum of production value, the question remains; does it work?", "The answer, in this case, is yes and no.\"" ]

[ 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46 ]

[ "At the End of the Rainbow (also known as The Princess and the Magic Frog) is a 1965 American children's fantasy adventure film, originally released by Fantasy Films.", "Originally released as a weekend \"kiddie matinee\" feature, the film was rediscovered and re-released on DVD in 2004 by Something Weird Video, and has subsequently gained something of a cult following for its low budget production values, as well as for the unintentionally camp performances by the adult character actors." ]

[ "The Souris Bulle was designed to comply with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight rules.", "The aircraft features a strut-braced high-wing, a two-seats-in-tandem enclosed cockpit under a bubble canopy, fixed conventional landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration.", "The rear seat has very limited visibility.", "The aircraft is made from wood with its flying surfaces covered in doped aircraft fabric.", "Its span wing employs single supporting struts.", "The standard recommended engine is the JPX 4T two-stroke powerplant or a Volkswagen air-cooled engine.", "The Souris Bulle has a glide ratio of 18:1.", "The standard day, sea level, no wind, take off with a engine is and the landing roll is .", "In 2015 the aircraft kit was €13,300 and plans sold for €380.", "The manufacturer estimates the construction time from the supplied kit as 650 hours." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ]

[ "The aircraft is supplied as a kit or as plans for amateur construction." ]

[ "Paurević started his professional career in his native Germany with Borussia Dortmund reserves and Fortuna Düsseldorf.", "In July 2014, at the age of 23, he moved abroad, signing with Russian Premier League club Ufa.", "An ever-present figure in Ufa starting XI, Paurević helped them avoid relegation in his first season as the team had finished just above the relegation play-off zone.", "On 7 June 2016, he rejoined his former Dortmund manager David Wagner at English Championship club Huddersfield Town, signing a three-year deal.", "He made his debut for the Terriers as a substitute in their 2–1 win over Brentford on 6 August 2016.", "Having made just two substitute appearances since joining the club, Paurevic was released by mutual consent on 10 January 2017, and joined former club Ufa's training camp in Cyprus, ahead of a potential return to the Russian club.", "On 25 January 2017, he signed a new three-and-a-half-year contract with FC Ufa.", "On 2 July 2019, he signed a two-year contract with German club SV Sandhausen.", "Paurević was born in Germany and chose to represent Croatia internationally.", "He played for their U-19 and U-21 teams, earning 5 caps for the latter.", "Paurević is a hard-working defensive midfielder who possesses a powerful long shot, and he can also play as a center-back.", "Paurević also played as a striker or attacking midfielder for FC Ufa.", "In 110 games he scored 11 goals.", "Two of these were in the Europa League", "Borussia Dortmund II" ]

[ 8, 9 ]

[ "He was born in Germany and has represented Croatia at under-age level." ]

[ "Park first created his own YouTube channel on March 15, 2010, called \"jayparkaom\", posting his cover of \"Nothin' on You\" with his own rap and lyrics.", "The video went viral and garnered two million views in less than one day.", "Park continued to use YouTube to reach out to his fans, and uploaded more videos where he covered a variety of songs and played around with his friends from Art of Movement (AOM).", "Park describes himself as a \"huge YouTube freak\", and that he enjoys watching covers, comedy, battles, singing, dancing, and his friends Ryan Higa, Kevjumba, and Traphik.", "Park also collaborated with other rappers and singers famous for their YouTube following, such as Dumbfoundead and Clara Chung on the track \"Clouds\".", "Shortly after Park performed at ISA 2010 in Los Angeles alongside many YouTube celebrities, Park featured in a highly anticipated short skit with Ryan Higa and Phil Wang, titled \"Word of the Day - Bromance\", which quickly went viral and has reached nearly thirteen million views as of December 2012.", "Park continued to collaborate and perform with fellow YouTuber's, most notably at ISA LA concert in 2010 and 2011.", "Before the release of his EP, \"Take A Deeper Look\", Park's original YouTube channel was unexpectedly removed.", "Park quickly created a new channel, \"jaybumaom0425\", reassuring fans not to worry.", "Park manages his own YouTube channel and uploads all the content himself; a situation which is unheard of in the K-pop industry.", "Park has stated that he likes to upload content that comes straight from him, and how he reads the comments and replies he gets from fans.", "Park also continues to upload songs and raps, b-boy and dance practice, acrobatics, choreography, news and updates for his fans, and other humorous clips.", "While Park was in Los Angeles as a part of his 2012 APAHM tour, Park collaborated with AJ Rafael on a live remix of \"Here All Alone, Pt. 3\", an original song by AJ Rafael, and was filmed and uploaded by Knocksteady on June 4, 2012.", "Park also collaborated on a dance video of Love Faces by Trey Songz, co-starring and choreographed by Di \"Moon\" Zhang from I.aM.mE dance crew, champions of the sixth season of \"America's Best Dance Crew\".", "While in Malaysia in May, Park collaborated with Dennis Yin of Elecoldxhot on a choreographed dance video of \"Tonight\" by John Legend.", "On June 27, 2012, Park featured in YOMYOMF Network's comedy webseries with Kevjumba, in a video titled \"KevJumba Takes on Zombies w/ Jay Park\", where Kevjumba and Park go head-to-head in a series of paintball challenges against zombies and each other.", "On October 29, Park was featured in a YouTube skit by David So, titled \"The Last Resort\", along with Dumbfoundead.", "The skit is a parody of Wong Fu Productions's viral short film, \"The Last\".", "Park plays an emotional, but comedic, ex-boyfriend of the female lead, Julie Zhan.", "His scene was filmed at the last-minute due to a flying visit to Los Angeles.", "In July 2012, Park began to release regular webisodes of \"Jay Park TV\" through his YouTube channel, filmed and edited by Hep, Park's friend and fellow Art of Movement member.", "The web series shows Park's daily life with his friends, behind-the-scenes of concerts and filming, and the fun and games that he gets up to.", "Each episode starts with a series of comedic photos of Park or his friends, along with a logo and introduction music made by Cha Cha, a producer and member of AOM.", "Park has been credited by viewers for being down-to-earth and natural, and also including Korean subtitles for his fans in Korea, as the main language spoken in the episodes is English.", "The 1st episode, released on July 23, 2012, shows Park hanging out with his friends from AOM while in Korea.", "Park also included his personal footage recorded on his iPhone, which shows Park on stage at \"Highlight Festival 2012\" concert with Far East Movement.", "Park also showed his comedic nature while posing for photos outside a giant poster of his face at a Googims store.", "The episode also shows Park behind-the-scenes of filming a TV advert for Williamsburg, and the long hours involved.", "At the end of the episode, Park is shown with Dok2, The Quiett, KrNfx, AOM, and Park's b-boy friends at R-16 Korea before their performances on stage.", "Finally, Park sings in an impromptu performance of Billie Jean by Michael Jackson on the streets at night, outside a restaurant, beatboxed by KrNfx.", "In the 2nd episode, released two weeks after the first on August 5, 2012, starts by showing Park, his friends, and his dancers, on the way to Malaysia for MTV World Stage Live in Malaysia 2012.", "Park also included footage of his stage rehearsal for the concert, and him jokingly posing behind Kara when they were being interviewed.", "Park included a clip of audio problems he was having while performing at the W Hotel in Seoul, which he countered by finishing his song \"Girlfriend\" by singing a capella.", "Later, Park is shown joking around with his friends, and goes on to explain to the camera how tired he is due to lack of sleep, but has to go on to b-boy battle at R-16 Korea the same day.", "At the end of the episode, Park is seen mimicking Internet celebrity Antoine Dodson's Bed Intruder Song by The Gregory Brothers, while wearing a makeshift bandana.", "The 3rd episode, released August 26, 2012, is narrated throughout by Park.", "The episode starts with the members of Art of Movement travelling by car in the early hours of the morning, with Park passed out, much to the amusement of his friends, who take the opportunity to make sexually-suggestive jokes using Park's unconscious body.", "The episode goes on to show dance and stage rehearsals for Park's \"New Breed Asia Tour in Seoul\" concert along with Park's friends from the Prepix dance crew.", "Park also introduces Ailee, who came to watch the concert, backstage in the dressing room before the start of the concert.", "The episode goes on to show Park performing at a club, hanging out and playing games with his friends and fellow b-boys.", "After a 3-month hiatus, the 4th episode was released on December 3, 2012.", "Park gives viewers an update of the last few months, mentioning his concerts in Australia, time spent at home in Seattle, b-boy battles he attended, and gives shout-outs to Ben Baller and Steven Jo.", "Park goes on to show behind the scenes clips of his time filming Saturday Night Live Korea skits and a parody music video.", "Park becomes the cameraman for part of this episode as he films Hep, member of Art of Movement and his videographer, teasing his clothing and making reference to \"Low\" by Flo Rida, and locking him in a cupboard.", "The episode goes on to show Park rapping and singing during recording sessions, and practising b-boying, flipping, and tumbling.", "Park also continues the tradition of introducing video footage from his iPhone, including an appearance by Kyuhyun from Super Junior who lip-syncs to Park's song \"Abandoned\".", "On March 25, 2013, Park released the 5th episode, starting in Singapore where Park had a showcase in January, 2013.", "Park takes fans behind the scenes during press conferences, interviews, and the concert.", "Park's brother, Jehan, and members of dance team, Prepix, are featured heavily in this episode.", "Park is seen dancing and joking with his friends before his Singapore showcase.", "Footage of Park performing is also included, as well a Park opening and drinking a bottle of champagne given to him by fans after the show.", "Next in the episode, Park is at a photoshoot for Men's Health Korea Magazine, where Park is mostly shirtless, to the delight of fans.", "Park also makes reference to Justin Timberlake's 2013 single, \"Suit & Tie\", as Park is dressed in a suit and tie for the next park of the photoshoot.", "The next scene is at the \"Illionaire 2nd Anniversary Concert\", where Park is performing with friends Dok2, The Quiett, and Beenzino.", "Park also shows behind-the-scenes footage of filming the music video for this free 2013 song, \"Appetizer\".", "On June 18, 2013, the 6th episode of \"Jay Park TV\" was released.", "On July 30, 2013, the 7th and final episode of \"Jay Park TV\" was released." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56 ]

[ "The videography of Korean-American singer Jay Park consists of fifteen music videos, six \"Jay Park TV\" webisodes, two films and several appearances on television programs, including \"Immortal Songs 2\" and \"Saturday Night Live Korea\"." ]

[ "Park first created his own YouTube channel on March 15, 2010, called \"jayparkaom\", posting his cover of \"Nothin' on You\" with his own rap and lyrics.", "The video went viral and garnered two million views in less than one day.", "Park continued to use YouTube to reach out to his fans, and uploaded more videos where he covered a variety of songs and played around with his friends from Art of Movement (AOM).", "Park describes himself as a \"huge YouTube freak\", and that he enjoys watching covers, comedy, battles, singing, dancing, and his friends Ryan Higa, Kevjumba, and Traphik.", "Park also collaborated with other rappers and singers famous for their YouTube following, such as Dumbfoundead and Clara Chung on the track \"Clouds\".", "Shortly after Park performed at ISA 2010 in Los Angeles alongside many YouTube celebrities, Park featured in a highly anticipated short skit with Ryan Higa and Phil Wang, titled \"Word of the Day - Bromance\", which quickly went viral and has reached nearly thirteen million views as of December 2012.", "Park continued to collaborate and perform with fellow YouTuber's, most notably at ISA LA concert in 2010 and 2011.", "Before the release of his EP, \"Take A Deeper Look\", Park's original YouTube channel was unexpectedly removed.", "Park quickly created a new channel, \"jaybumaom0425\", reassuring fans not to worry.", "Park manages his own YouTube channel and uploads all the content himself; a situation which is unheard of in the K-pop industry.", "Park has stated that he likes to upload content that comes straight from him, and how he reads the comments and replies he gets from fans.", "Park also continues to upload songs and raps, b-boy and dance practice, acrobatics, choreography, news and updates for his fans, and other humorous clips.", "While Park was in Los Angeles as a part of his 2012 APAHM tour, Park collaborated with AJ Rafael on a live remix of \"Here All Alone, Pt. 3\", an original song by AJ Rafael, and was filmed and uploaded by Knocksteady on June 4, 2012.", "Park also collaborated on a dance video of Love Faces by Trey Songz, co-starring and choreographed by Di \"Moon\" Zhang from I.aM.mE dance crew, champions of the sixth season of \"America's Best Dance Crew\".", "While in Malaysia in May, Park collaborated with Dennis Yin of Elecoldxhot on a choreographed dance video of \"Tonight\" by John Legend.", "On June 27, 2012, Park featured in YOMYOMF Network's comedy webseries with Kevjumba, in a video titled \"KevJumba Takes on Zombies w/ Jay Park\", where Kevjumba and Park go head-to-head in a series of paintball challenges against zombies and each other.", "On October 29, Park was featured in a YouTube skit by David So, titled \"The Last Resort\", along with Dumbfoundead.", "The skit is a parody of Wong Fu Productions's viral short film, \"The Last\".", "Park plays an emotional, but comedic, ex-boyfriend of the female lead, Julie Zhan.", "His scene was filmed at the last-minute due to a flying visit to Los Angeles.", "In July 2012, Park began to release regular webisodes of \"Jay Park TV\" through his YouTube channel, filmed and edited by Hep, Park's friend and fellow Art of Movement member.", "The web series shows Park's daily life with his friends, behind-the-scenes of concerts and filming, and the fun and games that he gets up to.", "Each episode starts with a series of comedic photos of Park or his friends, along with a logo and introduction music made by Cha Cha, a producer and member of AOM.", "Park has been credited by viewers for being down-to-earth and natural, and also including Korean subtitles for his fans in Korea, as the main language spoken in the episodes is English.", "The 1st episode, released on July 23, 2012, shows Park hanging out with his friends from AOM while in Korea.", "Park also included his personal footage recorded on his iPhone, which shows Park on stage at \"Highlight Festival 2012\" concert with Far East Movement.", "Park also showed his comedic nature while posing for photos outside a giant poster of his face at a Googims store.", "The episode also shows Park behind-the-scenes of filming a TV advert for Williamsburg, and the long hours involved.", "At the end of the episode, Park is shown with Dok2, The Quiett, KrNfx, AOM, and Park's b-boy friends at R-16 Korea before their performances on stage.", "Finally, Park sings in an impromptu performance of Billie Jean by Michael Jackson on the streets at night, outside a restaurant, beatboxed by KrNfx.", "In the 2nd episode, released two weeks after the first on August 5, 2012, starts by showing Park, his friends, and his dancers, on the way to Malaysia for MTV World Stage Live in Malaysia 2012.", "Park also included footage of his stage rehearsal for the concert, and him jokingly posing behind Kara when they were being interviewed.", "Park included a clip of audio problems he was having while performing at the W Hotel in Seoul, which he countered by finishing his song \"Girlfriend\" by singing a capella.", "Later, Park is shown joking around with his friends, and goes on to explain to the camera how tired he is due to lack of sleep, but has to go on to b-boy battle at R-16 Korea the same day.", "At the end of the episode, Park is seen mimicking Internet celebrity Antoine Dodson's Bed Intruder Song by The Gregory Brothers, while wearing a makeshift bandana.", "The 3rd episode, released August 26, 2012, is narrated throughout by Park.", "The episode starts with the members of Art of Movement travelling by car in the early hours of the morning, with Park passed out, much to the amusement of his friends, who take the opportunity to make sexually-suggestive jokes using Park's unconscious body.", "The episode goes on to show dance and stage rehearsals for Park's \"New Breed Asia Tour in Seoul\" concert along with Park's friends from the Prepix dance crew.", "Park also introduces Ailee, who came to watch the concert, backstage in the dressing room before the start of the concert.", "The episode goes on to show Park performing at a club, hanging out and playing games with his friends and fellow b-boys.", "After a 3-month hiatus, the 4th episode was released on December 3, 2012.", "Park gives viewers an update of the last few months, mentioning his concerts in Australia, time spent at home in Seattle, b-boy battles he attended, and gives shout-outs to Ben Baller and Steven Jo.", "Park goes on to show behind the scenes clips of his time filming Saturday Night Live Korea skits and a parody music video.", "Park becomes the cameraman for part of this episode as he films Hep, member of Art of Movement and his videographer, teasing his clothing and making reference to \"Low\" by Flo Rida, and locking him in a cupboard.", "The episode goes on to show Park rapping and singing during recording sessions, and practising b-boying, flipping, and tumbling.", "Park also continues the tradition of introducing video footage from his iPhone, including an appearance by Kyuhyun from Super Junior who lip-syncs to Park's song \"Abandoned\".", "On March 25, 2013, Park released the 5th episode, starting in Singapore where Park had a showcase in January, 2013.", "Park takes fans behind the scenes during press conferences, interviews, and the concert.", "Park's brother, Jehan, and members of dance team, Prepix, are featured heavily in this episode.", "Park is seen dancing and joking with his friends before his Singapore showcase.", "Footage of Park performing is also included, as well a Park opening and drinking a bottle of champagne given to him by fans after the show.", "Next in the episode, Park is at a photoshoot for Men's Health Korea Magazine, where Park is mostly shirtless, to the delight of fans.", "Park also makes reference to Justin Timberlake's 2013 single, \"Suit & Tie\", as Park is dressed in a suit and tie for the next park of the photoshoot.", "The next scene is at the \"Illionaire 2nd Anniversary Concert\", where Park is performing with friends Dok2, The Quiett, and Beenzino.", "Park also shows behind-the-scenes footage of filming the music video for this free 2013 song, \"Appetizer\".", "On June 18, 2013, the 6th episode of \"Jay Park TV\" was released.", "On July 30, 2013, the 7th and final episode of \"Jay Park TV\" was released." ]

[ 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56 ]

[ "The videography of Korean-American singer Jay Park consists of fifteen music videos, six \"Jay Park TV\" webisodes, two films and several appearances on television programs, including \"Immortal Songs 2\" and \"Saturday Night Live Korea\"." ]

[ "Peel was born in Craigavon, Northern Ireland, on 27 August 1985.", "When she was eight years old, her family moved to Barnsley in South Yorkshire.", "Her father was an amateur folk musician, and she joined him in musical gatherings, including holidays in County Donegal, Republic of Ireland.", "She enrolled in the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts at age 18.", "There, she studied violin, trombone and piano.", "In 2018, Peel met Paul Weller through producer and co-songwriter Gawain Erland Cooper.", "She arranged strings and woodwind for his 2018 album \"True Meanings\".", "Following the release, Peel orchestrated and conducted a small orchestra for his 2019 live album \"Other Aspects: Live at the Royal Festival Hall\" which featured songs from \"True Meanings\", The Jam, Style Council and Weller's solo material.", "She has also orchestrated his record, On Sunset and the album Fat Pop.", "In 2013, Peel won a Royal Television Society Award for Best Title Music for \"Chloe\", which had been featured in the British television series \"Dates\".", "The track was individually adapted and rescored for each episode of the series.", "In February 2014, Peel released the EP \"Fabricstate\" which includes \"Chloe\".", "The artwork for the EP was created by Karborn and designed by Jonathan Barnbrook.", "In 2016, Peel composed the music for Alzheimers Research UK's television and online Christmas campaign, entitled \"Santa Forgot\", and made in collaboration with Aardman Animations.", "In 2018, Peel composed the title music to the BBC drama \"The A List\" produced by Kindle Entertainment.", "She also wrote the title music and composed additional scores for the Channel 4/Netflix series \"Kiss Me First\".", "In 2019, Peel scored her first feature-length film score to the documentary \"Game of Thrones: The Last Watch\" in which she was nominated for a Television Academy Emmy Award.", "In 2020, Peel scored the soundtrack to the BAFTA nominated BBC 2 documentary 'Lee Miller: A Life On The Frontline'.", "In 2020, Peel scored the soundtrack for the Channel 5 drama \"The Deceived\" written by Lisa McGee.", "In 2012, Peel co-composed the music for the Sadler's Wells Theatre production \"Compass\", working alongside filmmaker and visual artist Tal Rosner and collaborating with choreographers from the Sidi Larbi Cherkaoui Company, the Pina Bausch Company, and Jasmin Vardimon.", "In 2018, Peel was featured on BBC Radio 4 as part of their portrait series.", "In 2018, Peel composed a score featuring synths, live percussion and drums for a new, theatrical adaptation of Brighton Rock by the Pilot Theatre Company.", "The production toured the UK between February and May 2018.", "Also in that year, working primarily on music box, Peel created several hand-punched pieces of music for the score to \"TeZukA\" about the life of manga artist Osamu Tezuka by the choreographer and dancer Sidi Larbi Cherkaoui.", "Since 2019, Peel has been a weekly presenter on the BBC Radio 3 show Night Tracks.", "In 2018, she was a featured guest Radio presenter for five weeks on BBC 6 Music, filling in for Elbow's Guy Garvey, she has also presented specialist music series for BBC Radio Ulster.", "with Philippe Cohen Solal and Mike Lindsay (Tunng)" ]

[ 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 ]

[ "Hannah Mary Peel (born 27 August 1985) is a British artist, music producer, Emmy-nominated composer and BBC Radio 3 broadcaster.", "She has scored music for television, film, theatre and dance, including \"Game of Thrones: The Last Watch\" (a special documentary)." ]

[ "Peel was born in Craigavon, Northern Ireland, on 27 August 1985.", "When she was eight years old, her family moved to Barnsley in South Yorkshire.", "Her father was an amateur folk musician, and she joined him in musical gatherings, including holidays in County Donegal, Republic of Ireland.", "She enrolled in the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts at age 18.", "There, she studied violin, trombone and piano.", "In 2018, Peel met Paul Weller through producer and co-songwriter Gawain Erland Cooper.", "She arranged strings and woodwind for his 2018 album \"True Meanings\".", "Following the release, Peel orchestrated and conducted a small orchestra for his 2019 live album \"Other Aspects: Live at the Royal Festival Hall\" which featured songs from \"True Meanings\", The Jam, Style Council and Weller's solo material.", "She has also orchestrated his record, On Sunset and the album Fat Pop.", "In 2013, Peel won a Royal Television Society Award for Best Title Music for \"Chloe\", which had been featured in the British television series \"Dates\".", "The track was individually adapted and rescored for each episode of the series.", "In February 2014, Peel released the EP \"Fabricstate\" which includes \"Chloe\".", "The artwork for the EP was created by Karborn and designed by Jonathan Barnbrook.", "In 2016, Peel composed the music for Alzheimers Research UK's television and online Christmas campaign, entitled \"Santa Forgot\", and made in collaboration with Aardman Animations.", "In 2018, Peel composed the title music to the BBC drama \"The A List\" produced by Kindle Entertainment.", "She also wrote the title music and composed additional scores for the Channel 4/Netflix series \"Kiss Me First\".", "In 2019, Peel scored her first feature-length film score to the documentary \"Game of Thrones: The Last Watch\" in which she was nominated for a Television Academy Emmy Award.", "In 2020, Peel scored the soundtrack to the BAFTA nominated BBC 2 documentary 'Lee Miller: A Life On The Frontline'.", "In 2020, Peel scored the soundtrack for the Channel 5 drama \"The Deceived\" written by Lisa McGee.", "In 2012, Peel co-composed the music for the Sadler's Wells Theatre production \"Compass\", working alongside filmmaker and visual artist Tal Rosner and collaborating with choreographers from the Sidi Larbi Cherkaoui Company, the Pina Bausch Company, and Jasmin Vardimon.", "In 2018, Peel was featured on BBC Radio 4 as part of their portrait series.", "In 2018, Peel composed a score featuring synths, live percussion and drums for a new, theatrical adaptation of Brighton Rock by the Pilot Theatre Company.", "The production toured the UK between February and May 2018.", "Also in that year, working primarily on music box, Peel created several hand-punched pieces of music for the score to \"TeZukA\" about the life of manga artist Osamu Tezuka by the choreographer and dancer Sidi Larbi Cherkaoui.", "Since 2019, Peel has been a weekly presenter on the BBC Radio 3 show Night Tracks.", "In 2018, she was a featured guest Radio presenter for five weeks on BBC 6 Music, filling in for Elbow's Guy Garvey, she has also presented specialist music series for BBC Radio Ulster.", "with Philippe Cohen Solal and Mike Lindsay (Tunng)" ]

[ 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 ]

[ "She has scored music for television, film, theatre and dance, including \"Game of Thrones: The Last Watch\" (a special documentary)." ]

[ "Sixties Icon is a bay horse bred by the Newmarket-based Lordship Stud.", "He is exceptionally well-bred, being sired by the 2001 Epsom Derby winner Galileo out of the 2000 Epsom Oaks winner Love Divine.", "In October 2004, Sixties Icon was sent as a yearling to the Tattersalls sales at Newmarket, where he was bought for 230,000 guineas by John Warren Bloodstock.", "The colt was sent into training with Jeremy Noseda at Newmarket.", "Sixties Icon began his racing career by finishing sixth of the twelve runners in maiden race at Newmarket in April 2006.", "Three weeks late he started 6/4 favourite for a similar event at Windsor and won by three-quarters of a length from Fleeting Memory.", "Sixties Icon was then sent to Epsom to contest the Epsom Derby.", "Starting a 66/1 outsider he stayed on in the closing stages to finish seventh, five and a half lengths behind Sir Percy.", "Later in June he finished third to Papal Bull in the King Edward VII Stakes at Royal Ascot.", "In August, Sixties Icon recorded his first Group Race win in the Gordon Stakes at Goodwood.", "Ridden by Frankie Dettori he was settled in fourth place before taking the lead in the straight and winning by one and three quarter lengths from Jadalee.", "Sixties Icon started 11/8 favourite for the 2006 St Leger Stakes which was run at York as Doncaster Racecourse was being redeveloped.", "Dettori restrained the colt at the back of the eleven runner field before moving up to take the lead in the final furlong.", "He produced a \"powerful late burst\" and went clear to win by two and a half lengths from the 50/1 outsider The Last Drop with Red Rocks a length further back in third.", "Noseda was unable to attend the race as he was viewing yearlings in Kentucky, but described himself as being \"absolutely delighted, over the moon\" at the result.", "On his final start of the year, Sixties Icon finished seventh of the eight runners in the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe.", "Sixties Icon made his four-year-old debut in the Jockey Club Stakes at Newmarket on 6 May.", "Dettori took the colt into the lead two furlongs from the finish and he \"stayed on strongly\" to win by three lengths from Admiral's Cruise, with Papal Bull in fourth.", "Sixties Icon started 11/8 favourite for the Coronation Cup at Epsom in June but weakened badly in the closing stages and finished last of the seven runners behind Scorpion.", "He started favourite again in the Princess of Wales's Stakes at Newmarket in July but finished tenth of the twelve runners behind Papal Bull.", "Sixties Icon returned after a break of almost ten months to finish second to Getaway in the Jockey Club Stakes.", "Later in may, the horse was dropped in class for the Listed Festival Stakes at Goodwood and won by five lengths at odds of 8/13.", "Sixties Icon was moved back up to Group One class for the Prince of Wales's Stakes at Royal Ascot in June, but finished last of the twelve runners behind Duke of Marmalade.", "Sixties Icon won his next three races.", "On 1 August he \"stayed on well\" in the closing stages to win the Group Three Glorious Stakes at Goodwood in what was described as a \"triumphant return to form\".", "Two weeks later he justified his position as favourite for the Geoffrey Freer Stakes at Newbury, getting up in the \"last stride\" to beat Tempelstern.", "His jockey, Johnny Murtagh called Sixties Icon \"a class horse\" after his win while Noseda described him as \"a tough, honest horse\".", "In September he went clear in the closing stages of the Cumberland Lodge Stakes at Ascot and won by two and a quarter lengths from Sugar Ray.", "In October, Sixties Icon was sent to California to contest the Breeders' Cup Marathon at Santa Anita Park.", "He was made 11/8 favourite, but finished fifth, beaten two and three quarter lengths by Muhannak.", "On his final appearance, Sixties Icon finished thirteenth of the seventeen runners in the Japan Cup where he appeared to be unsuited by the hard ground.", "He was then retired to stud.", "Sixties Icon retired to stand as a breeding stallion at the Norman Court Stud at West Tytherley, near Salisbury in Wiltshire.", "His first foals began racing in 2012.", "He currently stands at a stud fee of £4,500.", "His first winner was the filly Vanessa, who won a race at Musselburgh Racecourse in April 2012, and Chilworth Icon gave his sire a first Group race win when taking the Premio Primi Passi three months later." ]

[ 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 ]

[ "In a career which lasted from April 2006 until November 2008, he ran seventeen times and won eight races.", "He recorded his most important victory when winning the Classic St. Leger Stakes as a three-year-old." ]

[ "Sixties Icon is a bay horse bred by the Newmarket-based Lordship Stud.", "He is exceptionally well-bred, being sired by the 2001 Epsom Derby winner Galileo out of the 2000 Epsom Oaks winner Love Divine.", "In October 2004, Sixties Icon was sent as a yearling to the Tattersalls sales at Newmarket, where he was bought for 230,000 guineas by John Warren Bloodstock.", "The colt was sent into training with Jeremy Noseda at Newmarket.", "Sixties Icon began his racing career by finishing sixth of the twelve runners in maiden race at Newmarket in April 2006.", "Three weeks late he started 6/4 favourite for a similar event at Windsor and won by three-quarters of a length from Fleeting Memory.", "Sixties Icon was then sent to Epsom to contest the Epsom Derby.", "Starting a 66/1 outsider he stayed on in the closing stages to finish seventh, five and a half lengths behind Sir Percy.", "Later in June he finished third to Papal Bull in the King Edward VII Stakes at Royal Ascot.", "In August, Sixties Icon recorded his first Group Race win in the Gordon Stakes at Goodwood.", "Ridden by Frankie Dettori he was settled in fourth place before taking the lead in the straight and winning by one and three quarter lengths from Jadalee.", "Sixties Icon started 11/8 favourite for the 2006 St Leger Stakes which was run at York as Doncaster Racecourse was being redeveloped.", "Dettori restrained the colt at the back of the eleven runner field before moving up to take the lead in the final furlong.", "He produced a \"powerful late burst\" and went clear to win by two and a half lengths from the 50/1 outsider The Last Drop with Red Rocks a length further back in third.", "Noseda was unable to attend the race as he was viewing yearlings in Kentucky, but described himself as being \"absolutely delighted, over the moon\" at the result.", "On his final start of the year, Sixties Icon finished seventh of the eight runners in the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe.", "Sixties Icon made his four-year-old debut in the Jockey Club Stakes at Newmarket on 6 May.", "Dettori took the colt into the lead two furlongs from the finish and he \"stayed on strongly\" to win by three lengths from Admiral's Cruise, with Papal Bull in fourth.", "Sixties Icon started 11/8 favourite for the Coronation Cup at Epsom in June but weakened badly in the closing stages and finished last of the seven runners behind Scorpion.", "He started favourite again in the Princess of Wales's Stakes at Newmarket in July but finished tenth of the twelve runners behind Papal Bull.", "Sixties Icon returned after a break of almost ten months to finish second to Getaway in the Jockey Club Stakes.", "Later in may, the horse was dropped in class for the Listed Festival Stakes at Goodwood and won by five lengths at odds of 8/13.", "Sixties Icon was moved back up to Group One class for the Prince of Wales's Stakes at Royal Ascot in June, but finished last of the twelve runners behind Duke of Marmalade.", "Sixties Icon won his next three races.", "On 1 August he \"stayed on well\" in the closing stages to win the Group Three Glorious Stakes at Goodwood in what was described as a \"triumphant return to form\".", "Two weeks later he justified his position as favourite for the Geoffrey Freer Stakes at Newbury, getting up in the \"last stride\" to beat Tempelstern.", "His jockey, Johnny Murtagh called Sixties Icon \"a class horse\" after his win while Noseda described him as \"a tough, honest horse\".", "In September he went clear in the closing stages of the Cumberland Lodge Stakes at Ascot and won by two and a quarter lengths from Sugar Ray.", "In October, Sixties Icon was sent to California to contest the Breeders' Cup Marathon at Santa Anita Park.", "He was made 11/8 favourite, but finished fifth, beaten two and three quarter lengths by Muhannak.", "On his final appearance, Sixties Icon finished thirteenth of the seventeen runners in the Japan Cup where he appeared to be unsuited by the hard ground.", "He was then retired to stud.", "Sixties Icon retired to stand as a breeding stallion at the Norman Court Stud at West Tytherley, near Salisbury in Wiltshire.", "His first foals began racing in 2012.", "He currently stands at a stud fee of £4,500.", "His first winner was the filly Vanessa, who won a race at Musselburgh Racecourse in April 2012, and Chilworth Icon gave his sire a first Group race win when taking the Premio Primi Passi three months later." ]

[ 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 ]

[ "He recorded his most important victory when winning the Classic St. Leger Stakes as a three-year-old." ]

[ "Sixties Icon is a bay horse bred by the Newmarket-based Lordship Stud.", "He is exceptionally well-bred, being sired by the 2001 Epsom Derby winner Galileo out of the 2000 Epsom Oaks winner Love Divine.", "In October 2004, Sixties Icon was sent as a yearling to the Tattersalls sales at Newmarket, where he was bought for 230,000 guineas by John Warren Bloodstock.", "The colt was sent into training with Jeremy Noseda at Newmarket.", "Sixties Icon began his racing career by finishing sixth of the twelve runners in maiden race at Newmarket in April 2006.", "Three weeks late he started 6/4 favourite for a similar event at Windsor and won by three-quarters of a length from Fleeting Memory.", "Sixties Icon was then sent to Epsom to contest the Epsom Derby.", "Starting a 66/1 outsider he stayed on in the closing stages to finish seventh, five and a half lengths behind Sir Percy.", "Later in June he finished third to Papal Bull in the King Edward VII Stakes at Royal Ascot.", "In August, Sixties Icon recorded his first Group Race win in the Gordon Stakes at Goodwood.", "Ridden by Frankie Dettori he was settled in fourth place before taking the lead in the straight and winning by one and three quarter lengths from Jadalee.", "Sixties Icon started 11/8 favourite for the 2006 St Leger Stakes which was run at York as Doncaster Racecourse was being redeveloped.", "Dettori restrained the colt at the back of the eleven runner field before moving up to take the lead in the final furlong.", "He produced a \"powerful late burst\" and went clear to win by two and a half lengths from the 50/1 outsider The Last Drop with Red Rocks a length further back in third.", "Noseda was unable to attend the race as he was viewing yearlings in Kentucky, but described himself as being \"absolutely delighted, over the moon\" at the result.", "On his final start of the year, Sixties Icon finished seventh of the eight runners in the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe.", "Sixties Icon made his four-year-old debut in the Jockey Club Stakes at Newmarket on 6 May.", "Dettori took the colt into the lead two furlongs from the finish and he \"stayed on strongly\" to win by three lengths from Admiral's Cruise, with Papal Bull in fourth.", "Sixties Icon started 11/8 favourite for the Coronation Cup at Epsom in June but weakened badly in the closing stages and finished last of the seven runners behind Scorpion.", "He started favourite again in the Princess of Wales's Stakes at Newmarket in July but finished tenth of the twelve runners behind Papal Bull.", "Sixties Icon returned after a break of almost ten months to finish second to Getaway in the Jockey Club Stakes.", "Later in may, the horse was dropped in class for the Listed Festival Stakes at Goodwood and won by five lengths at odds of 8/13.", "Sixties Icon was moved back up to Group One class for the Prince of Wales's Stakes at Royal Ascot in June, but finished last of the twelve runners behind Duke of Marmalade.", "Sixties Icon won his next three races.", "On 1 August he \"stayed on well\" in the closing stages to win the Group Three Glorious Stakes at Goodwood in what was described as a \"triumphant return to form\".", "Two weeks later he justified his position as favourite for the Geoffrey Freer Stakes at Newbury, getting up in the \"last stride\" to beat Tempelstern.", "His jockey, Johnny Murtagh called Sixties Icon \"a class horse\" after his win while Noseda described him as \"a tough, honest horse\".", "In September he went clear in the closing stages of the Cumberland Lodge Stakes at Ascot and won by two and a quarter lengths from Sugar Ray.", "In October, Sixties Icon was sent to California to contest the Breeders' Cup Marathon at Santa Anita Park.", "He was made 11/8 favourite, but finished fifth, beaten two and three quarter lengths by Muhannak.", "On his final appearance, Sixties Icon finished thirteenth of the seventeen runners in the Japan Cup where he appeared to be unsuited by the hard ground.", "He was then retired to stud.", "Sixties Icon retired to stand as a breeding stallion at the Norman Court Stud at West Tytherley, near Salisbury in Wiltshire.", "His first foals began racing in 2012.", "He currently stands at a stud fee of £4,500.", "His first winner was the filly Vanessa, who won a race at Musselburgh Racecourse in April 2012, and Chilworth Icon gave his sire a first Group race win when taking the Premio Primi Passi three months later." ]

[ 32, 33, 34, 35 ]

[ "He won five other Group Races before being retired to stud." ]

[ "Through fraud, Mrs Noreen Hussain took advantage of Ms Susan Bustard’s mental handicap by having her transfer (by transfer deed) her the house, 12 Cradley Drive, Brookfield, Middlesbrough in 2004.", "Bustard was sectioned in 2007 and put in hospital.", "Hussain obtained on the 2004 date an interest-only mortgage loan (secured against the house) approved by HSBC.", "In 2008 the fraudster replaced her mortgage loan with one from Link Lending and then defaulted, and the lender claimed possession, arguing Bustard had not been there for over a year.", "Bustard argued that she was in actual occupation (under LRA 2002 Sch 3, para 2, a virtual re-enactment of the standing law, since 1925).", "The Judge refused appeal which Carnworth LJ then granted on grounds that the case raised issues of general importance.", "The panel concurred with Mummery LJ's judgment.", "He upheld the judge's decision in law and in fact.", "Bustard was \"in actual occupation\" because of her persistent intention to return home, evidenced by regular visits to the property.", "14.", "In short, what mattered, in the view of the judge, was the combined manifestation of her occupation, her continuing intention to occupy and the reason that prevented her from living at home.", "The judge's approach was that whether someone is in actual occupation is a question of fact depending on all the circumstances.", "25.The facts are not all one way.", "Some of the primary facts point against Ms Bustard's actual occupation of the Property at the relevant date: she was not personally present in the Property on 29 February 2008; she had been in a residential care home since January 2007; she was incapable of living safely in the Property; and her visits to the Property were brief and supervised.", "26.Some of the primary facts point to Ms Bustard's continuing actual occupation of the Property: it was her furnished home and the only place to which she genuinely wanted to return; she continued to visit the Property because she still considered it her home; those who had taken responsibility for her finances regularly paid the bills, such as the community charge, from her funds; she was in the process of making an application to the Mental Health Review Tribunal in order to be allowed to return home; and no-one took a final and irrevocable decision that she would not eventually be permitted to return home.", "27.Whether Ms Bustard was in \"actual occupation\" of the Property at the relevant date was an issue on which the trial judge had to make an evaluation based on his findings of primary fact.", "As for the law he considered the relevant authorities on the concept of a \"person in actual occupation\" of land in the earlier Land Registration legislation and now found in the 2002 Act.", "The construction of the earlier equivalent provisions by the House of Lords is binding on this court.", "The trend of the cases shows that the courts are reluctant to lay down, or even suggest, a single legal test for determining whether a person is in actual occupation.", "The decisions on statutory construction identify the factors that have to be weighed by the judge on this issue.", "The degree of permanence and continuity of presence of the person concerned, the intentions and wishes of that person, the length of absence from the property and the reason for it and the nature of the property and personal circumstances of the person are among the relevant factors.", "28.This court can only interfere with the judge's decision on that issue if it is satisfied that, in the light of the law, it was wrong as a matter of statutory construction, or if it was wrong as a judgment of fact and degree.", "As for construction, the judge considered the relevant provisions and cited the relevant authorities as to what, in law, is capable of constituting actual occupation of property.", "As for his application of that law to the facts, the question for this court is whether the judge could properly and reasonably conclude that Ms Bustard was in actual occupation of the Property at the relevant date.", "29.In my judgment, this court should not disturb the decision that Ms Bustard was a person in actual occupation of the Property.", "The judge did not misconstrue the 2002 Act or the authorities.", "Nor did he misapply the law by making an insupportable evaluation of Ms Bustard's situation regarding the Property.", "The decisions of the courts on the different facts of other cases have been cited against his conclusion, but they do not demonstrate that he was wrong.", "30.", "The assistance given in the authorities is in clarifying the legal principles, exploring the range of decisions available to the court and identifying the factors to which weight should be given.", "It is clear from the citations that Ms Bustard's is not a case of a \"mere fleeting presence\", or a case, like Cann, of acts preparatory to the assumption of actual occupation.", "It is also distinguishable from Stockholm, which involved the domestic living arrangements of a Saudi princess living with her mother in Saudi Arabia and owning a house in London, where there was furniture and clothing and caretaking arrangements in place, but where she had not lived for more than a year.", "In this case the new and special feature is in the psychiatric problems of the person claiming actual occupation.", "The judge was, in my view, justified in ruling, at the conclusion of a careful and detailed judgment, that Ms Bustard was a person in actual occupation of the Property.", "His conclusion was supported by evidence of a sufficient degree of continuity and permanence of occupation, of involuntary residence elsewhere, which was satisfactorily explained by objective reasons, and of a persistent intention to return home when possible, as manifested by her regular visits to the Property.\n31.", "Finally, I agree with the accurate and helpful summary of the authorities by Lewison J in \"Thompson v Foy\".", "The judge did not mis-apply that summary of the law.", "His decision is supportable in law and in fact.", "The court could, as in other cases, have taken into consideration further errors in the lender's decision to lend to the borrower, the fraudster against the previous owner.", "These errors included constructive notice of the fraud firmly fixed to the mortgage lender, particularly that under land registration, the headline details of the transaction by the proposed borrower showed their ownership was recent and the price of £100,000 was a slight undervalue.", "The court did criticise the lender's valuation.", "\"The only inspection of the Property by Link prior to taking the charge on it was a \"drive-by\" inspection by a surveyor, who noted signs of occupation.\"", "The court suggests physical inspections (in lender's valuations) should take note of who may be deemed to be legally in occupation.", "In contrast to other fraud cases as regards secured lending, the case did not consider other means for constructive notice of the fraud \"to attach\" to the mortgage lender, for example under land registration, the summary of the purchase of the proposed borrower showed her ownership was recent and supposedly at £100,000 (an undervalue).", "Furthermore, nothing was truly paid, a fact ascertainable on further investigation.", "Neither did the court consider other textbook errors in the two successive lenders' decisions to lend to the borrower who, without short of actual notice, was the fraudster against the previous, very vulnerable, registered owner.", "The Law Commission has called the statutory term 'actual occupation' \"notorious and much-litigated\".", "The term is not defined by statute.", "The case upholds a \"hybrid objective-subjective test, perhaps more suited to the modern world\"." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]

[ "Link Lending Ltd v Bustard", "[be obliged] to pay Ms Bustard’s costs." ]

[ "Through fraud, Mrs Noreen Hussain took advantage of Ms Susan Bustard’s mental handicap by having her transfer (by transfer deed) her the house, 12 Cradley Drive, Brookfield, Middlesbrough in 2004.", "Bustard was sectioned in 2007 and put in hospital.", "Hussain obtained on the 2004 date an interest-only mortgage loan (secured against the house) approved by HSBC.", "In 2008 the fraudster replaced her mortgage loan with one from Link Lending and then defaulted, and the lender claimed possession, arguing Bustard had not been there for over a year.", "Bustard argued that she was in actual occupation (under LRA 2002 Sch 3, para 2, a virtual re-enactment of the standing law, since 1925).", "The Judge refused appeal which Carnworth LJ then granted on grounds that the case raised issues of general importance.", "The panel concurred with Mummery LJ's judgment.", "He upheld the judge's decision in law and in fact.", "Bustard was \"in actual occupation\" because of her persistent intention to return home, evidenced by regular visits to the property.", "14.", "In short, what mattered, in the view of the judge, was the combined manifestation of her occupation, her continuing intention to occupy and the reason that prevented her from living at home.", "The judge's approach was that whether someone is in actual occupation is a question of fact depending on all the circumstances.", "25.The facts are not all one way.", "Some of the primary facts point against Ms Bustard's actual occupation of the Property at the relevant date: she was not personally present in the Property on 29 February 2008; she had been in a residential care home since January 2007; she was incapable of living safely in the Property; and her visits to the Property were brief and supervised.", "26.Some of the primary facts point to Ms Bustard's continuing actual occupation of the Property: it was her furnished home and the only place to which she genuinely wanted to return; she continued to visit the Property because she still considered it her home; those who had taken responsibility for her finances regularly paid the bills, such as the community charge, from her funds; she was in the process of making an application to the Mental Health Review Tribunal in order to be allowed to return home; and no-one took a final and irrevocable decision that she would not eventually be permitted to return home.", "27.Whether Ms Bustard was in \"actual occupation\" of the Property at the relevant date was an issue on which the trial judge had to make an evaluation based on his findings of primary fact.", "As for the law he considered the relevant authorities on the concept of a \"person in actual occupation\" of land in the earlier Land Registration legislation and now found in the 2002 Act.", "The construction of the earlier equivalent provisions by the House of Lords is binding on this court.", "The trend of the cases shows that the courts are reluctant to lay down, or even suggest, a single legal test for determining whether a person is in actual occupation.", "The decisions on statutory construction identify the factors that have to be weighed by the judge on this issue.", "The degree of permanence and continuity of presence of the person concerned, the intentions and wishes of that person, the length of absence from the property and the reason for it and the nature of the property and personal circumstances of the person are among the relevant factors.", "28.This court can only interfere with the judge's decision on that issue if it is satisfied that, in the light of the law, it was wrong as a matter of statutory construction, or if it was wrong as a judgment of fact and degree.", "As for construction, the judge considered the relevant provisions and cited the relevant authorities as to what, in law, is capable of constituting actual occupation of property.", "As for his application of that law to the facts, the question for this court is whether the judge could properly and reasonably conclude that Ms Bustard was in actual occupation of the Property at the relevant date.", "29.In my judgment, this court should not disturb the decision that Ms Bustard was a person in actual occupation of the Property.", "The judge did not misconstrue the 2002 Act or the authorities.", "Nor did he misapply the law by making an insupportable evaluation of Ms Bustard's situation regarding the Property.", "The decisions of the courts on the different facts of other cases have been cited against his conclusion, but they do not demonstrate that he was wrong.", "30.", "The assistance given in the authorities is in clarifying the legal principles, exploring the range of decisions available to the court and identifying the factors to which weight should be given.", "It is clear from the citations that Ms Bustard's is not a case of a \"mere fleeting presence\", or a case, like Cann, of acts preparatory to the assumption of actual occupation.", "It is also distinguishable from Stockholm, which involved the domestic living arrangements of a Saudi princess living with her mother in Saudi Arabia and owning a house in London, where there was furniture and clothing and caretaking arrangements in place, but where she had not lived for more than a year.", "In this case the new and special feature is in the psychiatric problems of the person claiming actual occupation.", "The judge was, in my view, justified in ruling, at the conclusion of a careful and detailed judgment, that Ms Bustard was a person in actual occupation of the Property.", "His conclusion was supported by evidence of a sufficient degree of continuity and permanence of occupation, of involuntary residence elsewhere, which was satisfactorily explained by objective reasons, and of a persistent intention to return home when possible, as manifested by her regular visits to the Property.\n31.", "Finally, I agree with the accurate and helpful summary of the authorities by Lewison J in \"Thompson v Foy\".", "The judge did not mis-apply that summary of the law.", "His decision is supportable in law and in fact.", "The court could, as in other cases, have taken into consideration further errors in the lender's decision to lend to the borrower, the fraudster against the previous owner.", "These errors included constructive notice of the fraud firmly fixed to the mortgage lender, particularly that under land registration, the headline details of the transaction by the proposed borrower showed their ownership was recent and the price of £100,000 was a slight undervalue.", "The court did criticise the lender's valuation.", "\"The only inspection of the Property by Link prior to taking the charge on it was a \"drive-by\" inspection by a surveyor, who noted signs of occupation.\"", "The court suggests physical inspections (in lender's valuations) should take note of who may be deemed to be legally in occupation.", "In contrast to other fraud cases as regards secured lending, the case did not consider other means for constructive notice of the fraud \"to attach\" to the mortgage lender, for example under land registration, the summary of the purchase of the proposed borrower showed her ownership was recent and supposedly at £100,000 (an undervalue).", "Furthermore, nothing was truly paid, a fact ascertainable on further investigation.", "Neither did the court consider other textbook errors in the two successive lenders' decisions to lend to the borrower who, without short of actual notice, was the fraudster against the previous, very vulnerable, registered owner.", "The Law Commission has called the statutory term 'actual occupation' \"notorious and much-litigated\".", "The term is not defined by statute.", "The case upholds a \"hybrid objective-subjective test, perhaps more suited to the modern world\"." ]

[ 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 ]

[ "The case decided that an intention to return home, from fraud-induced absence, of the rightful owner can count as \"actual occupation\" for the purposes of overriding interests which binds new owners and lenders in domestic properties.", "The case turned on facts including that the defrauded owner's furniture and personal effects were still there; she made relatively brief, supervised visits about once a week to check out the Property and collect post; but she was incapable of living safely in the Property and at the relevant date the powers exercised under the terms of \"sectioning\" otherwise prevented her from leaving her mental health hospital." ]

[ "Lichko created his own personality typology on the basis of works by Pyotr Gannushkin and Karl Leonhard.", "He has written several psychiatry books: \"Adolescent Psychiatry\", \"Psychopathy and Accentuations of Character at Teenagers\", \"Schizophrenia in Teenagers\", and \"Adolescent Narcology\".", "He is also known as the author of a book called \"History as Viewed by a Psychiatrist:", "Ivan the Terrible, Joseph Stalin, Adolf Hitler, Nikolai Gogol, and Others\".", "He has written at length about Haltlose personality disorder.", "In the late eighties Lichko spearheaded an effort to revive the \"Bekhterev Review of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology\".", "After the journal had been reestablished, he became its deputy editor.", "His monograph entitled \"Psychopathy and Accentuations of Character of Teenagers\" (1977) has become an indispensable textbook for many generations of Russian psychiatrists and psychologists.", "For writing this book, Andrey Lichko was awarded the Honorary Certificate n.a. V.M.", "Bekhterev by USSR Academy of Medical Sciences.", "In this monograph, Andrey Lichko has enriched the theory of psychopathy (what is known today as personality disorders) by demonstrating that along with psychopathy it is necessary to distinguish the so-called accentuations of character.", "Lichko's typology has parallels with those of \nKarl Leonhard and Pyotr Gannushkin.", "Persons with accentuations of character are placed somewhere between mentally sane persons and psychopaths (those who suffer from different personality disorders).", "Referring to the famous monograph by the German psychiatrist Karl Leonhard, \"Accentuated Persons\", Andrey Lichko emphasized that it is more correct to use the term \"accentuations of character\" instead of the term \"accentuated personality\" because personality appears to be a wider notion, which includes IQ, skills, worldview, and so on.", "With his theory of accentuations of character, Andrey Lichko has contributed to the understanding of etiology of neuroses by proposing the concept of the so-called \"locus of the least resistance\" (locus resistantiae minoris) within the character structure.", "This conception emerged as the result of elaboration of the idea of the \"individual sensibility\" to psychic traumas proposed by the eminent Russian developmental psychologist, Vladimir Nikolayevich Myasishchev.", "By improving and elaborating the conception of \"situativity\" and \"individual hypersensibility\" to outside influence, Andrey Lichko has developed the theory stating that each type of accentuation of character has its own different \"Achilles' Heel\".", "On the assumption of these observations, Andrey Lichko supposed that neurosis is mostly linked with the juxtaposition of a pathogenic situation and the individual peculiarities of character." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ]

[ "Bekhterev." ]

[ "Murray acquired the nickname Psycho.", "During a match on her native Merseyside, she scored a free kick in a manner which a spectator likened to Zico.", "The comment, made in scouse, was misheard as Psycho and the name remained with Murray throughout her career.", "In April 1993 football journalist Henry Winter wrote in \"The Independent\" that Murray was \"nicknamed 'Psycho' but the possessor of skills more Finney than Vinnie.\"\nShe helped Leasowe win the 1989 WFA Cup then won two doubles with Doncaster Belles in 1992 and 1994.", "Murray returned to Merseyside with newly formed Liverpool Ladies in 1994.", "On 23 May 1989, 22-year-old Murray made a debut England appearance in a 2–0 home friendly defeat by Sweden.", "The match was held at Wembley Stadium to mark the 20th anniversary of the Women's Football Association (WFA) and was played as a curtain raiser to the male national team's Rous Cup game against Chile.", "When The Football Association (FA) took over running the national team in 1993, Murray started the first game that September, a 10–0 win over Slovenia in Ljubljana.", "Manager Ted Copeland selected Murray in the next three 1995 UEFA Women's Championship qualifiers, before she retired from international duty along with club teammate Tracey Davidson.", "Davidson remarked that: \"The management leave a lot to be desired, and if you don't enjoy it, what's the point?\"\nMurray's subsequent absence from England's 1995 FIFA Women's World Cup squad was controversial.", "Doncaster Belles manager Paul Edmunds described it as a disaster for the team: \"It's such a shame she's not going to Sweden.", "She'd go down the line, she'd pop in the cross, Kaz'd score on the end of it – she'd solve his [Copeland's] left-side problem in one go.", "But he's put her off, hasn't he?", "Disaster, that.\"\nGeneral references" ]

[ 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 ]

[ "Murray won around thirty caps for the senior England women's national football team." ]

[ "Lobos Zamora began his military career in the 1950s, and was sent to study at the United States Army Infantry School, from which he graduated in 1959, and then the Escuela Militar in Colombia, from which he graduated in 1965.", "He later rose to the command of the Mariscal Zavala base in Guatemala City.", "After the coup d'état which followed the 1982 elections, he and fellow colonels César Augusto Cáceres Rojas and Héctor Gramajo Morales — two other Guatemalan officers who had studied counter-insurgency tactics at foreign military schools — created the National Plan of Security and Development.", "In October 1983, Lobos Zamora was named Chief of Staff of the Guatemalan Army, succeeding Hector Mario Lopez Fuentes.", "Lobos Zamora had been expected to be promoted to Minister of Defence, but after Vinicio Cerezo emerged victorious in the 1985 elections, he forced Lobos Zamora to retire from the military, and named Jaime Hernández Méndez as Minister of Defence instead.", "In February 1984, Lobos Zamora was named to the newly created position of Assistant Chief of State under Óscar Humberto Mejía Victores.", "He flew to Taipei, Taiwan, that year as his country's official representative at the inauguration of Chiang Ching-kuo to his second term as president of the Republic of China (ROC), demonstrating the close ties between the two anti-communist governments.", "His opposition led to a delay of nearly five years in the ROC's plans to establish relations with Belize: in 1984, when then-ROC ambassador to Guatemala Gene Loh travelled to Belize to meet with William Quinto and Prime Minister George Price, Lobos Zamora made his displeasure known, and a CIA agent informed Loh that if the ROC went ahead with its plans, Guatemala might break off relations entirely.", "In March 1986, Lobos Zamora was named Guatemala's ambassador to Panama by the new civilian government of Vinicio Cerezo.", "The \"Grupo de Apoyo Mutuo\" accused him of human rights abuses and attempted to bring him to trial, but his diplomatic appointment made him immune from prosecution.", "During the 1988 confrontation between Manuel Noriega and the United States, Cerezo frequently recalled Lobos Zamora to Guatemala to provide updates and discuss the situation; the Guatemalan government paid close attention to the situation and sought to act as a mediator between Panama and the United States." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ]

[ "Rodolfo Lobos Zamora was a Guatemalan general and diplomat.", "He rose to the position of Chief of Staff of the Guatemalan Army before being forced into retirement in 1985, after which he served as Assistant Chief of State and Guatemala's ambassador to Panama." ]

[ "This was the 11th appearance of the event, which has been held at every Summer Olympics except 1896.", "Six of the 13 finalists from the 1948 Games returned: gold medalist Imre Németh of Hungary, silver medalist Ivan Gubijan of Yugoslavia, fourth-place finisher Samuel Felton of the United States, fifth-place finisher Lauri Tamminen of Finland, seventh-place finisher Teseo Taddia of Italy, and eleventh-place finisher Duncan Clark of Great Britain.", "Németh was among the favorites to repeat; other contenders included 1950 European champion Sverre Strandli of Norway and Karl Storch of Germany.", "Belgium, Pakistan, Puerto Rico, Romania, and the Soviet Union each made their debut in the event.", "The United States appeared for the 11th time, the only nation to have competed at each appearance of the event to that point.", "The competition used the two-round format introduced in 1936, with the qualifying round completely separate from the divided final.", "In qualifying, each athlete received three attempts; those recording a mark of at least 49.00 metres advanced to the final.", "If fewer than 12 athletes achieved that distance, the top 12 would advance.", "The results of the qualifying round were then ignored.", "Finalists received three throws each, with the top six competitors receiving an additional three attempts.", "The best distance among those six throws counted.", "Prior to the competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows.", "József Csermák set a new Olympic record with a distance of 57.20 metres in the qualifying round.", "In the final, five men beat the old Olympic record and a sixth man tied it; the three medalists all bettered Csermák's qualifying round mark.", "Csermák's first throw in the final went 58.45 metres; his third went 60.34 metres for a new world record.", "Qualification: All throwers reaching 49 metres advanced to the final, with a minimum of 12 advancing." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ]

[ "Silver went to Karl Storch of Germany." ]

[ "The act contains four parts: \n# Divorce, Nullity and Other Matrimonial Suits\n# Financial Relief for Parties to Marriage and Children of Family\n# Protection, Custody, etc., of Children\n# Miscellaneous and Supplemental\nSection 1 sets out the grounds that must be demonstrated before a divorce can be granted.", "These five grounds were adultery, behaving \"in such a way that the petitioner cannot reasonably be expected to live\", desertion for two years, two years of separation with the consent of the parties, or five years of separation.", "Following the decision of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom in \"Owens v Owens\", Parliament passed the Divorce, Dissolution and Separation Act 2020, which has removed these conditions.", "Section 13 provides for certain restrictions in regard to the possibility of annulling voidable marriages, including where the petitioner knew of the \"defect\" and of the possibility of annulment, but induced the respondent to believe that s/he would not seek an annulment; or where it would be \"unjust\" to the respondent to grant the decree of nullity.", "There is usually a time limit of three years from the date of the marriage in order to institute the proceedings.", "Under section 24(1), when granting a divorce, decree of nullity of marriage or judicial separation the court can order (subject to restrictions in ss 29(1) and (3) relating to children of the age of majority other than those still in school or in other special circumstances):\n(a) the transfer of property between the parties, or to a child, or for the benefit of a child\n(b) the settlement of property for the partner and children\n(c) the variation of any ante-nuptial or post-nuptial settlement other than a pension\n(d) the extinguishment or reduction of the interest of the parties to any settlement other than a pension\nUnder s. 24(2), the court can make an order under s. 24(1)(c) even if there are no children, and under s. 24(3) orders and settlements take effect only when the divorce or nullity of marriage is made absolute." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]

[ "The Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 (c 18) is an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom governing divorce law and marriage in England and Wales." ]

[ "Following open auditions, the Judges' auditions were held in January and February 2013, within Cardiff, London, Glasgow, Manchester and Birmingham.", "Although filming was planned to begin by 7 January, it was pushed back to 16 January due to Stephen Mulhern's schedule as host for \"Britain's Got More Talent\", he would provide feedback and present additional auditions not featured on the main programme, but filming on the original date would have clashed with his involvement for \"Catchphrase\" that month.", "Most of the auditions that took place were uneventful; although Cowell was forced to miss most of the auditions on the second day in Manchester due to illness, production staff opted to proceed with these without bringing in a guest judge to stand in for him.", "Of the participants that took part, only forty five made it past this stage and into the five live semi-finals, with nine appearing in each one, and eleven of these acts making it into the live final; the wildcard act chosen by the judges was ventriloquist Steve Hewlett, after he lost out in the Judges' vote in the fifth semi-final.", "The following below lists the results of each participant's overall performance in this series:\n | Judges' Wildcard Finalist\n\n Buzzed out | Judges' vote |", "Guest Performer, Results Show: Ellie Goulding", "Guest Performer, Results Show: Jennifer Lopez", "Guest Performer, Results Show: Demi Lovato", "Guest Performer, Results Show:", "Olly Murs", "Guest Performers, Results Show: Ashleigh and Pudsey", "Guest Performers, Results Show: Psy, and Taylor Swift & Ed Sheeran", "<onlyinclude>\n</onlyinclude>", "The seventh series faced criticism from viewers, covering two sets of complaints regarding auditions that were conducted in the 2013 contest.", "The first set concerned the nature of auditions made by Scarlet Cuffs, Keri Graham and Kelly Fox, that were deemed unsuitable for a family-orientated programme and for broadcast before the 9pm watershed - both Cuffs and Graham conducted a provocative striptease as part of their auditions, while Fox used lyrics that were considered vulgar.", "Ofcom investigated the editing of the auditions by the striptease acts, and ruled that while Graham's had been carefully censored to an acceptable level, they found in contrast that censoring of Cuffs' audition was insufficient and that the footage breached broadcasting codes in regards to protecting children from unsuitable content, with it made clear that the act should not have been shown.", "Fox refuted criticism on her performance, yet a member of the National Association of Head Teachers raised questions over the \"morality\" of allowing the audition footage to be shown.", "The second set focused on the audition of two young children, Arisxandra Libantino, and Asanda, who used songs in their performances that were deemed inappropriate for their age - Libantino's performance involved singing Jennifer Hudson's \"One Night Only\", while Asanda's involved the singing of Rihanna's \"Diamonds\" alongside a provocative dance routine.", "The release of the footage by ITV raised questions from Vivienne Pattison, director of Mediawatch UK, over the programme's portrayal of children, deeming the auditions as effectively \"sexualising children\" on television.", "Security arrangements for the programme came under questioning during the latter half of the series, after a protester managed to infiltrate the live finals and conduct a protest against both miming on live television shows and Simon Cowell's influence in the music industry.", "The programme had to make clear that the protester, Natalie Holt, was not conducting a publicity stunt, when she took to the stage during the performance of finalists Richard & Adam in order to throw eggs at Cowell.", "The investigation into the breach found that Holt managed not only to circumvent security processes by posing as a backing musician for the finalists, but was able to smuggle in the eggs due to inadequate examinations of her possessions.", "The motive for her protest was later revealed to be in part over her failure to secure a place during the 2012 contest, when she auditioned with her classical band." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 ]

[ "Because of the work schedule of Stephen Mulhern, host of \"Britain's Got More Talent\", filmed auditions had to be pushed back to mid-January that year, while no guest judge was brought in despite the absence of Simon Cowell for an audition session." ]

[ "Following open auditions, the Judges' auditions were held in January and February 2013, within Cardiff, London, Glasgow, Manchester and Birmingham.", "Although filming was planned to begin by 7 January, it was pushed back to 16 January due to Stephen Mulhern's schedule as host for \"Britain's Got More Talent\", he would provide feedback and present additional auditions not featured on the main programme, but filming on the original date would have clashed with his involvement for \"Catchphrase\" that month.", "Most of the auditions that took place were uneventful; although Cowell was forced to miss most of the auditions on the second day in Manchester due to illness, production staff opted to proceed with these without bringing in a guest judge to stand in for him.", "Of the participants that took part, only forty five made it past this stage and into the five live semi-finals, with nine appearing in each one, and eleven of these acts making it into the live final; the wildcard act chosen by the judges was ventriloquist Steve Hewlett, after he lost out in the Judges' vote in the fifth semi-final.", "The following below lists the results of each participant's overall performance in this series:\n | Judges' Wildcard Finalist\n\n Buzzed out | Judges' vote |", "Guest Performer, Results Show: Ellie Goulding", "Guest Performer, Results Show: Jennifer Lopez", "Guest Performer, Results Show: Demi Lovato", "Guest Performer, Results Show:", "Olly Murs", "Guest Performers, Results Show: Ashleigh and Pudsey", "Guest Performers, Results Show: Psy, and Taylor Swift & Ed Sheeran", "<onlyinclude>\n</onlyinclude>", "The seventh series faced criticism from viewers, covering two sets of complaints regarding auditions that were conducted in the 2013 contest.", "The first set concerned the nature of auditions made by Scarlet Cuffs, Keri Graham and Kelly Fox, that were deemed unsuitable for a family-orientated programme and for broadcast before the 9pm watershed - both Cuffs and Graham conducted a provocative striptease as part of their auditions, while Fox used lyrics that were considered vulgar.", "Ofcom investigated the editing of the auditions by the striptease acts, and ruled that while Graham's had been carefully censored to an acceptable level, they found in contrast that censoring of Cuffs' audition was insufficient and that the footage breached broadcasting codes in regards to protecting children from unsuitable content, with it made clear that the act should not have been shown.", "Fox refuted criticism on her performance, yet a member of the National Association of Head Teachers raised questions over the \"morality\" of allowing the audition footage to be shown.", "The second set focused on the audition of two young children, Arisxandra Libantino, and Asanda, who used songs in their performances that were deemed inappropriate for their age - Libantino's performance involved singing Jennifer Hudson's \"One Night Only\", while Asanda's involved the singing of Rihanna's \"Diamonds\" alongside a provocative dance routine.", "The release of the footage by ITV raised questions from Vivienne Pattison, director of Mediawatch UK, over the programme's portrayal of children, deeming the auditions as effectively \"sexualising children\" on television.", "Security arrangements for the programme came under questioning during the latter half of the series, after a protester managed to infiltrate the live finals and conduct a protest against both miming on live television shows and Simon Cowell's influence in the music industry.", "The programme had to make clear that the protester, Natalie Holt, was not conducting a publicity stunt, when she took to the stage during the performance of finalists Richard & Adam in order to throw eggs at Cowell.", "The investigation into the breach found that Holt managed not only to circumvent security processes by posing as a backing musician for the finalists, but was able to smuggle in the eggs due to inadequate examinations of her possessions.", "The motive for her protest was later revealed to be in part over her failure to secure a place during the 2012 contest, when she auditioned with her classical band." ]

[ 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 ]

[ "The programme faced severe criticism from viewers over a number of auditions that were broadcast as part of the sixth series, while production staff had to investigate a breach of security after a protester managed to pelt Cowell with eggs during a live broadcast of a finalist's performance." ]

[ "On the 5 November 2011, the proclamation \"Turnover - Serbia into Europe, Europe into Serbia\" was released to the public and was signed by the Liberal Democratic Party, Serbian Renewal Movement, and the Social Democratic Union as well as a number of intellectuals, and later joined by some regional and minority parties and non-governmental organizations.", "The proclamation states that they want to change the state policy towards Kosovo since the coalition claims that it has not been under Serbia's sovereignty since 1999.", "The proclamation also states that the goal of the signatories is to \"united all those who are for Serbia in Europe\" and criticizes the Government of Serbia and its, as stated, \"indulgence in anti-European hysteria\".", "After the presentation of the proclamation, the leader of the Liberal Democratic Party, Čedomir Jovanović, sent invitations to the patriarch, the President of Serbia, Boris Tadić and the President of SANU to sign it.", "Serbian President Boris Tadić said on the same day that he would not sign the proclamation because he \"essentially disagrees with the policy of giving up legitimate state and national interests\".", "The Liberal Democratic Party announced on 8 and 13 November 2011 that the proclamation had been signed by a large number of professors, directors, writers, musicians, and representatives of the non-governmental sector.", "At a press conference held 11 March 2012, Čedomir Jovanović announced a pre-election coalition with the SPO, SDU, ASNS, Rich Serbia and some regional parties.", "The joint electoral list will be called \"Preokret!\"", "and its ballot holder will be Čedomir Jovanović.", "The coalition was \"de facto\" dissolved in 2013." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ]

[ "Turnover!", "( / \"Preokret\") was a liberal and Pro-European political coalition in Serbia that participated in the 2012 parliamentary election.", "The coalition was headed by Čedomir Jovanović, the President of the LDP.", "Political parties that were parts of this coalition were: Liberal Democratic Party, Serbian Renewal Movement, Social Democratic Union, Rich Serbia, Vojvodina's Party, Democratic Party of Sandžak, Green Ecological Party – The Greens, and Party of Bulgarians of Serbia." ]

[ "On the 5 November 2011, the proclamation \"Turnover - Serbia into Europe, Europe into Serbia\" was released to the public and was signed by the Liberal Democratic Party, Serbian Renewal Movement, and the Social Democratic Union as well as a number of intellectuals, and later joined by some regional and minority parties and non-governmental organizations.", "The proclamation states that they want to change the state policy towards Kosovo since the coalition claims that it has not been under Serbia's sovereignty since 1999.", "The proclamation also states that the goal of the signatories is to \"united all those who are for Serbia in Europe\" and criticizes the Government of Serbia and its, as stated, \"indulgence in anti-European hysteria\".", "After the presentation of the proclamation, the leader of the Liberal Democratic Party, Čedomir Jovanović, sent invitations to the patriarch, the President of Serbia, Boris Tadić and the President of SANU to sign it.", "Serbian President Boris Tadić said on the same day that he would not sign the proclamation because he \"essentially disagrees with the policy of giving up legitimate state and national interests\".", "The Liberal Democratic Party announced on 8 and 13 November 2011 that the proclamation had been signed by a large number of professors, directors, writers, musicians, and representatives of the non-governmental sector.", "At a press conference held 11 March 2012, Čedomir Jovanović announced a pre-election coalition with the SPO, SDU, ASNS, Rich Serbia and some regional parties.", "The joint electoral list will be called \"Preokret!\"", "and its ballot holder will be Čedomir Jovanović.", "The coalition was \"de facto\" dissolved in 2013." ]

[ 0 ]

[ "Turnover!" ]

[ "On the 5 November 2011, the proclamation \"Turnover - Serbia into Europe, Europe into Serbia\" was released to the public and was signed by the Liberal Democratic Party, Serbian Renewal Movement, and the Social Democratic Union as well as a number of intellectuals, and later joined by some regional and minority parties and non-governmental organizations.", "The proclamation states that they want to change the state policy towards Kosovo since the coalition claims that it has not been under Serbia's sovereignty since 1999.", "The proclamation also states that the goal of the signatories is to \"united all those who are for Serbia in Europe\" and criticizes the Government of Serbia and its, as stated, \"indulgence in anti-European hysteria\".", "After the presentation of the proclamation, the leader of the Liberal Democratic Party, Čedomir Jovanović, sent invitations to the patriarch, the President of Serbia, Boris Tadić and the President of SANU to sign it.", "Serbian President Boris Tadić said on the same day that he would not sign the proclamation because he \"essentially disagrees with the policy of giving up legitimate state and national interests\".", "The Liberal Democratic Party announced on 8 and 13 November 2011 that the proclamation had been signed by a large number of professors, directors, writers, musicians, and representatives of the non-governmental sector.", "At a press conference held 11 March 2012, Čedomir Jovanović announced a pre-election coalition with the SPO, SDU, ASNS, Rich Serbia and some regional parties.", "The joint electoral list will be called \"Preokret!\"", "and its ballot holder will be Čedomir Jovanović.", "The coalition was \"de facto\" dissolved in 2013." ]

[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]

[ "The coalition was headed by Čedomir Jovanović, the President of the LDP." ]

[ "Mr Cooke paid £8500 at age 19 for the house the month before he was married.", "He achieved this through a mortgage loan from a bank, his own savings, and a pre-wedding gift from his parents of £1100.", "Mrs Cooke's parents paid for the wedding.", "The Cookes replaced that mortgage with one from Midland Bank plc to secure Mr Cooke's business overdraft.", "Mrs Cooke signed a consent form for her interest to be postponed to the bank's security.", "The property was put into Mr Cooke's name as sole legal owner.", "Midland Bank plc now demanded repayment of £52,000 and sought possession.", "Mrs Cooke argued her signature was obtained by undue influence.", "(Mrs Cooke admitted at trial that the married couple had never discussed any beneficial entitlement.)", "The Judge held the bank knew of Mr Cooke's undue influence and that she had an equitable interest given that the wedding gift was partly hers.", "The bank did not (cross-)appeal on this finding.", "The bank cross-appealed by alleging that Mrs Cooke had a 0% interest.", "The Judge assessed her interest as 6% of the property, and Mrs Cooke appealed arguing for a 50% interest.", "The Court of Appeal held that the gift was made to the couple jointly (50:50).", "This was proof of a common intention to have a beneficial interest.", "But in quantifying her interest the financial contribution was not the only thing which mattered: the whole course of dealing did.", "On the facts it was clear that the presumed intention was that she should have an equal share of the beneficial interest.", "Waite LJ observed that people usually will not talk about legal entitlements to property when young and embarking on a relationship, and says that should not leave them ‘beyond the pale of equity’s assistance’.", "The parties shared everything equally, including ‘the upbringing of their children.’", "He continued as follows.", "Stuart-Smith LJ and Schiemann LJ concurred." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 ]

[ "Midland Bank plc v Cooke", "First, it clarified the law as to wedding gifts." ]

[ "Air Jamaica Ltd had set up a pension trust for the benefit of its employees, funded by contributions from its employees' salaries.", "When the company was privatised, J$400 million was left over in the pension fund.", "Clause 4 of the pension deed provided that ‘No moneys which at any time have been contributed by the Company under the terms hereof shall in any circumstances be repayable to the Company’.", "Air Jamaica Ltd wished to remove clause 4, and change clause 13.3 to say that surpluses would be held on trust for the company.", "The Judge held that clause 13.3 was void, going against the rule against perpetuity, and so the surplus passed on trust as \"bona vacantia\" to the Crown.", "The Court of Appeal held that the surplus should be dealt under the rules of the scheme, by the trustees.", "The Privy Council advised that a resulting trust of the surplus funds could still arise in favour of the company, and so it would not be \"bona vacantia\".", "Clause 13.3 would usually be void for perpetuity because there was no statutory exemption in Jamaica to the common law rule.", "But with each new member, there was a new settlement, and each member was a life in being, so the termination of a new settlement could in fact be calculated, and so the scheme was in fact not void for perpetuity.", "The powers for the trustees to change the settlement’s terms were void for perpetuity, and so was the power for the widows to designate a beneficiary to receive benefits, because these were only contingent on termination of the plan itself which could occur more than 21 years after the death of any particular beneficiary.", "(The individual settlements were contingent on the death of each individual beneficiary under the scheme.)", "In any event, the scheme’s terms prohibited granting beneficial rights in the scheme to the company in clause 4.", "But a resulting trust for the company could still exist.", "Lord Millett remarked that although Mr Vandervell, in \"Re Vandervell No 2\" did not wish the share option to result to him, he did not wish to make an outright gift to the trustee company either.", "A presumption in the transferor’s favour can only be made where there is no evidence that there was an intention to create a trust, or make a gift, or make a loan of the property to the transferee.", "Lord Steyn, Lord Hope, Sir Christopher Slade and Sir Andrew Leggatt concurred." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]

[ "Air Jamaica Ltd v Charlton [1999]" ]

[ "Air Jamaica Ltd had set up a pension trust for the benefit of its employees, funded by contributions from its employees' salaries.", "When the company was privatised, J$400 million was left over in the pension fund.", "Clause 4 of the pension deed provided that ‘No moneys which at any time have been contributed by the Company under the terms hereof shall in any circumstances be repayable to the Company’.", "Air Jamaica Ltd wished to remove clause 4, and change clause 13.3 to say that surpluses would be held on trust for the company.", "The Judge held that clause 13.3 was void, going against the rule against perpetuity, and so the surplus passed on trust as \"bona vacantia\" to the Crown.", "The Court of Appeal held that the surplus should be dealt under the rules of the scheme, by the trustees.", "The Privy Council advised that a resulting trust of the surplus funds could still arise in favour of the company, and so it would not be \"bona vacantia\".", "Clause 13.3 would usually be void for perpetuity because there was no statutory exemption in Jamaica to the common law rule.", "But with each new member, there was a new settlement, and each member was a life in being, so the termination of a new settlement could in fact be calculated, and so the scheme was in fact not void for perpetuity.", "The powers for the trustees to change the settlement’s terms were void for perpetuity, and so was the power for the widows to designate a beneficiary to receive benefits, because these were only contingent on termination of the plan itself which could occur more than 21 years after the death of any particular beneficiary.", "(The individual settlements were contingent on the death of each individual beneficiary under the scheme.)", "In any event, the scheme’s terms prohibited granting beneficial rights in the scheme to the company in clause 4.", "But a resulting trust for the company could still exist.", "Lord Millett remarked that although Mr Vandervell, in \"Re Vandervell No 2\" did not wish the share option to result to him, he did not wish to make an outright gift to the trustee company either.", "A presumption in the transferor’s favour can only be made where there is no evidence that there was an intention to create a trust, or make a gift, or make a loan of the property to the transferee.", "Lord Steyn, Lord Hope, Sir Christopher Slade and Sir Andrew Leggatt concurred." ]

[ 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 ]

[ "In it Lord Millett expressed the view that a resulting trust arises because of the absence of intention to benefit a recipient of money." ]

[ "Speraw played on the UCLA Bruins men's volleyball team.", "He was a middle blocker and helped the Bruins win two NCAA National Championships.", "He was a member of the California Epsilon chapter of Phi Kappa Psi while at UCLA.", "As the UC Irvine head coach, he guided the Anteaters to three national titles in six years, the latest in 2012, defeating Southern California 3-0 (25-22, 34-32, 26-24).", "Speraw also led the Anteaters to the Final Four in 2006.", "At the 2008 Beijing Olympics, Speraw was an assistant coach to the USA team which won the Gold Medal.", "Prior to becoming the coach at UC Irvine, he was an assistant coach at UCLA.", "As of the year 2012, John Speraw has returned to UCLA as the new Men's Volleyball head coach.", "John is currently the head coach of the 2016 USA men's Olympic volleyball team." ]

[ 0, 1, 2 ]

[ "He is the head coach of the men's volleyball team at United States national team and UCLA." ]

[ "Speraw played on the UCLA Bruins men's volleyball team.", "He was a middle blocker and helped the Bruins win two NCAA National Championships.", "He was a member of the California Epsilon chapter of Phi Kappa Psi while at UCLA.", "As the UC Irvine head coach, he guided the Anteaters to three national titles in six years, the latest in 2012, defeating Southern California 3-0 (25-22, 34-32, 26-24).", "Speraw also led the Anteaters to the Final Four in 2006.", "At the 2008 Beijing Olympics, Speraw was an assistant coach to the USA team which won the Gold Medal.", "Prior to becoming the coach at UC Irvine, he was an assistant coach at UCLA.", "As of the year 2012, John Speraw has returned to UCLA as the new Men's Volleyball head coach.", "John is currently the head coach of the 2016 USA men's Olympic volleyball team." ]

[ 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ]

[ "He is the head coach of the men's volleyball team at United States national team and UCLA.", "He was the former coach of UC Irvine volleyball program where he led the team to three national titles in six years." ]

[ "Moret was born in Cherbourg, but little is known of his life until he began his military service in 1875.", "Jules La Villette, his commander in Lorient, who first noticed his artistic talents, introduced him to Ernest Corroller, a drawing teacher and marine painter.", "Corroller taught him the art of landscape painting as practiced by masters such as Corot and Courbet, enabling him to register at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris where in 1876 he studied under Rudolf Lehmann, Jean-Léon Gérôme and later, from about 1880, under the history painter Jean-Paul Laurens at the Académie Julian.", "Moret first exhibited at the Paris Salon in 1880, presenting \"La plage de Locqueltas à marée basse; côte de Bretagne\".", "He maintained contacts with Corroller, often returning to Brittany.", "In 1888, he arrived in Pont-Aven which had begun to attract a number of artists including Ernest de Chamaillard, Émile Jourdan, and Charles Laval, with Paul Gauguin playing the leading role.", "Moret was one of the first painters to move to nearby le Pouldu which soon became the new centre of attraction for the Pont-Aven artists.", "His work began to show signs of Symbolism, probably as a result of Gauguin's influence.", "After Gauguin left the area in 1891, Moret began to develop his own style.", "In 1895, he established a fruitful relationship with Paul Durand-Ruel who maintained a number of galleries in Paris, London and New York, with an emphasis on Impressionism.", "During their relationship, Moret completed over 600 paintings, many of which were exhibited in Paris and New York leading to a growing clientele for his work.", "Moret also exhibited seven of his Breton paintings at the Salon des Indépendants.", "After 1900, Moret became more immersed in Impressionism, applying small flecks of paint to his work rather than the broad strokes favoured by the Pont-Aven artists.", "Increasingly he focused on landscapes where his light effects can be seen in the sunsets and storm scenes he painted around 1909.", "In addition to his oils for Durand-Ruel, he also completed some 800 watercolours and drawings.", "He died in Paris, aged 56.", "After initially painting in a rather classical manner, Moret's style developed under the influence of Gauguin and the Pont-Aven artists.", "As time went by, his works became increasingly Impressionistic, while revealing his love of nature.", "In \"Henry Moret, aquarelles et peinture 1856–1913\", Maxime Maufra comments: \"Coasts, forests, valleys, in every season he observed them with all his senses, reproducing them with all his spirit and sincerity.\"", "A catalogue to one of his posthumous exhibitions described how he \"occupies a unique place in the evolution of art at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century, as he has been able to fuse together two fundamentally opposing styles: the Syntheticism of Pont-Aven and Impressionism.\"" ]

[ 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 ]

[ "He was one of the artists who associated with Paul Gauguin at Pont-Aven in Brittany." ]

[ "Moret was born in Cherbourg, but little is known of his life until he began his military service in 1875.", "Jules La Villette, his commander in Lorient, who first noticed his artistic talents, introduced him to Ernest Corroller, a drawing teacher and marine painter.", "Corroller taught him the art of landscape painting as practiced by masters such as Corot and Courbet, enabling him to register at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris where in 1876 he studied under Rudolf Lehmann, Jean-Léon Gérôme and later, from about 1880, under the history painter Jean-Paul Laurens at the Académie Julian.", "Moret first exhibited at the Paris Salon in 1880, presenting \"La plage de Locqueltas à marée basse; côte de Bretagne\".", "He maintained contacts with Corroller, often returning to Brittany.", "In 1888, he arrived in Pont-Aven which had begun to attract a number of artists including Ernest de Chamaillard, Émile Jourdan, and Charles Laval, with Paul Gauguin playing the leading role.", "Moret was one of the first painters to move to nearby le Pouldu which soon became the new centre of attraction for the Pont-Aven artists.", "His work began to show signs of Symbolism, probably as a result of Gauguin's influence.", "After Gauguin left the area in 1891, Moret began to develop his own style.", "In 1895, he established a fruitful relationship with Paul Durand-Ruel who maintained a number of galleries in Paris, London and New York, with an emphasis on Impressionism.", "During their relationship, Moret completed over 600 paintings, many of which were exhibited in Paris and New York leading to a growing clientele for his work.", "Moret also exhibited seven of his Breton paintings at the Salon des Indépendants.", "After 1900, Moret became more immersed in Impressionism, applying small flecks of paint to his work rather than the broad strokes favoured by the Pont-Aven artists.", "Increasingly he focused on landscapes where his light effects can be seen in the sunsets and storm scenes he painted around 1909.", "In addition to his oils for Durand-Ruel, he also completed some 800 watercolours and drawings.", "He died in Paris, aged 56.", "After initially painting in a rather classical manner, Moret's style developed under the influence of Gauguin and the Pont-Aven artists.", "As time went by, his works became increasingly Impressionistic, while revealing his love of nature.", "In \"Henry Moret, aquarelles et peinture 1856–1913\", Maxime Maufra comments: \"Coasts, forests, valleys, in every season he observed them with all his senses, reproducing them with all his spirit and sincerity.\"", "A catalogue to one of his posthumous exhibitions described how he \"occupies a unique place in the evolution of art at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century, as he has been able to fuse together two fundamentally opposing styles: the Syntheticism of Pont-Aven and Impressionism.\"" ]

[ 16, 17, 18, 19 ]

[ "Henry Moret (12 December 1856 – 5 May 1913) was a French Impressionist painter." ]

[ "In 2012, Peter Delacour (voiced by Troy Baker), a master thief and alien conspiracist, is hired to steal an ancient Egyptian artifact called the Book of Khnemu for his client: network maven Emilio Chauncey (voiced by Josh Gad).", "However, once he gives it to him, Chauncey, wanting to use the book's power to take over the world, tells his bodyguards to get rid of any evidence, including Delacour.", "Peter narrowly escapes when it looks like a street gang engages Chauncey's men in a firefight with strange weapons.", "Chauncey gets away and shortly after, the MiB show up.", "Agent C (voiced by Laura Bailey), a MiB desk clerk, and Frank the Pug takes Delacour into custody and uses an MiB car in hyper drive mode to get Peter back to MiB headquarters for questioning.", "After interrogation, Delacour tries to stealthily escape MiB headquarters, but is caught.", "With the fact that J and K went missing on the same investigation and the fact that Chauncey is apparently helping the Adorians, an alien race that is part of a war that is making its way to Earth, Agent O has no choice but to deputize Peter into helping retrieve the book.", "At a party in Chauncey's rooftop penthouse for his new program \"C-YA\", C manages to keep Chauncey occupied long enough for Peter to slip into Chauncey's study and steal the book.", "While there they find confirmation that Chauncey is indeed in some sort of partnership with the Adorians and that he somehow turned J and K into statues.", "Peter and C take the book to Professor Thurgood, a curator at the New York Museum of History who had Peter fired because of his theories.", "C tells Peter that Thurgood is actually an alien, which angers him due to the fact that he was holding information about himself out on him.", "Peter is further enraged when Thurgood pretends to know nothing about the Book of Khnemu even though evidence around his study says otherwise.", "However, before they can get any real answers out of him, the Adorians break in and steal the book back.", "The two follow them to Chauncey's New Mexico mansion where they discover a downed Adorian ship trapped in a mountain, which explains how Chauncey contacted the Adorians in the first place.", "By hacking into the ships mainframe, they discover how the war began: it came about when the Adorian prince Khnemu and Netheera, the daughter of the Nakkadan prime minister, were supposed to be married, with Earth being a neutral zone for it to happen.", "However, their ships were sabotaged and trapped in nullspace.", "The book is the only thing powerful enough to free the ship, allowing whoever finds it to tip the war in their favor.", "Chauncey and his Adorian allies quickly capture them soon thereafter.", "Chauncey explains to them that his network is embedded with Adorian coding, allowing him to take control of every person's mind on Earth once he helps the Adorians win the war.", "He then forces Peter to read a passage from the book thinking it will power the ship.", "However, it backfires against him, allowing Khnemu to possess Chauncey and setting the ship to self-destruct.", "C and Peter manage to escape the blast, but Khnemu is right on their tail.", "They manage to use the car's weaponry to kill Khnemu, but the explosion caused the Nakkadan ship to be freed as well.", "Out of leads, C and Peter return to the museum only to discover it to be crawling with Nakkadans.", "They manage to sneak around them and find Thurgood half frozen in some sort of residue.", "Peter pressures Thurgood into revealing the truth: he is actually an emissary of the Chtala Initiative sent to Earth to make sure the book and an Orb of Netheera didn't fall into the wrong hands.", "Now that the book had been captured and the Nakkadan ship exposed, Thurgood feels it's better to leave Earth and let his superiors handle the problems.", "However, Peter reminds him that his actions have been interfering with MiB's jurisdiction and forces him to reveal the Orb's hiding place.", "With his end of the deal satisfied, C prepares to neuralyze Peter back to before he stole the book of Khnemu.", "However, she is immediately possessed by Netheera's spirit.", "Thurgood's office is then swarmed by Nakkadan soldiers and Peter has to fight his way to a fountain in Central Park.", "There, he finds Netheera and two Nakkadan generals using a nullspace portal to make their way to the ship and follows them through.", "After fighting his way through the ship, he corners Netheera at a command module.", "Netheera tells Peter she plans to destroy Earth for its indirect involvement in Khnemu's death and taunts Peter's romantic feelings for C before turning into a giant scorpion like creature to deal with him.", "Peter manages to defeat her by trapping her under one of the ships machines and escaping with a barely conscious C as the ship explodes.", "Back at MiB headquarters, Peter tells C that while he cares for her, he's fully aware MiB agents aren't allowed to fraternize with each other.", "O congratulates the two for their success and tells Peter (who she calls Agent P)", "she's considering bringing him on full-time as the head of a division designated with locating alien artifacts, starting with a downed UFO in Central America.", "\"MIB: Alien Crisis\" was universally panned with critics because of its gameplay concepts specifically criticising it for its weak story, repetitive gameplay and graphics.", "GameSpot's Chris Watters opined, \"Ugly, boring, and brazenly priced, \"MIB: Alien Crisis\" is an absolute embarrassment,\" giving it a 2.5 score out of 10.", "Robert Workman of \"GameZone\" gave the game a score of 2.0, \"Everything about \"Men In Black: Alien Crisis\" has \"rush job\" written all over it.\"", "\"Official Xbox Magazine\" editor Cameron Lewis gave it a score of 3.0, commenting, \"There's just no way this charmless slapdash mess is worth anywhere near its asking price, much less your hard-earned recreation time.\"" ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37 ]

[ "Instead of Agent J or Agent K, the game features a new MIB agent named Agent P (Peter Delacour)." ]

[ "Chase Manhattan was instructed to pay $2m to the Israel-British Bank, but it paid the sum twice by mistake.", "The Israel-British Bank subsequently became insolvent and entered into liquidation after Yehoshua Ben-Zion, the managing director, was convicted of embezzling £20 million ($39.4 million) from the bank.", "Chase Manhattan wished to claim back the money which it had mistakenly paid.", "However, because the Israel-British Bank was now insolvent, rather than make a claim for a dividend in the liquidation, where it would have to compete with all of the other creditors of the insolvent bank, Chase Manhattan sought to argue that the entire sums were held on trust and so should be returned as part of a proprietary claim to the money.", "The Israel-British bank had known about the mistake on the part of Chase Manhattan before it went into liquidation.", "Goulding J held that Chase Manhattan could recover the full sum, because the money was held on trust from the moment it was received.", "He said the following.", "The decision has been subject to \"sustained, authoritative criticism.", "\"\nThe case was reviewed in \"Westdeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale v Islington LBC\" by Lord Browne-Wilkinson, and expressed doubts as to the reasoning.", "He stated \"I cannot agree with this reasoning.", "First, it is based on a concept of retaining an equitable property in money where, prior to payment to the recipient bank, there was no existing equitable interest.", "Further, I cannot understand how the recipient's conscience can be affected at a time when he is not aware of any mistake.\"", "This view, expressed by way of \"obiter dictum\", was particularly criticised by Peter Birks on the ground that the more straightforward way to establish a claim would be for unjust enrichment, should trigger a proprietary remedy in a similar circumstance, regardless of the position of one's notional conscience.", "Lord Millett, writing extrajudicially, has also criticised the decision, stating \"It is easy to agree with Lord Browne-Wilkinson that [\"Chase Manhattan v Israel-British Bank\"] was wrongy decided, but it was wrongly decided not because [the transferee] had no notice of the [transferor's] claim ... but because the [claimant] had no proprietary interest for it to have notice of.\"\nMost of this criticism relates to the views expressed that, if the proper law to determine the issues had been English law, that the proprietary claim was valid.", "But the case was contested on the basis that both parties to the proceedings accepted that the proper law to determine this issue was New York law." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ]

[ "Chase Manhattan Bank NA v Israel-British Bank (London) Ltd [1981]" ]

[ "Chase Manhattan was instructed to pay $2m to the Israel-British Bank, but it paid the sum twice by mistake.", "The Israel-British Bank subsequently became insolvent and entered into liquidation after Yehoshua Ben-Zion, the managing director, was convicted of embezzling £20 million ($39.4 million) from the bank.", "Chase Manhattan wished to claim back the money which it had mistakenly paid.", "However, because the Israel-British Bank was now insolvent, rather than make a claim for a dividend in the liquidation, where it would have to compete with all of the other creditors of the insolvent bank, Chase Manhattan sought to argue that the entire sums were held on trust and so should be returned as part of a proprietary claim to the money.", "The Israel-British bank had known about the mistake on the part of Chase Manhattan before it went into liquidation.", "Goulding J held that Chase Manhattan could recover the full sum, because the money was held on trust from the moment it was received.", "He said the following.", "The decision has been subject to \"sustained, authoritative criticism.", "\"\nThe case was reviewed in \"Westdeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale v Islington LBC\" by Lord Browne-Wilkinson, and expressed doubts as to the reasoning.", "He stated \"I cannot agree with this reasoning.", "First, it is based on a concept of retaining an equitable property in money where, prior to payment to the recipient bank, there was no existing equitable interest.", "Further, I cannot understand how the recipient's conscience can be affected at a time when he is not aware of any mistake.\"", "This view, expressed by way of \"obiter dictum\", was particularly criticised by Peter Birks on the ground that the more straightforward way to establish a claim would be for unjust enrichment, should trigger a proprietary remedy in a similar circumstance, regardless of the position of one's notional conscience.", "Lord Millett, writing extrajudicially, has also criticised the decision, stating \"It is easy to agree with Lord Browne-Wilkinson that [\"Chase Manhattan v Israel-British Bank\"] was wrongy decided, but it was wrongly decided not because [the transferee] had no notice of the [transferor's] claim ... but because the [claimant] had no proprietary interest for it to have notice of.\"\nMost of this criticism relates to the views expressed that, if the proper law to determine the issues had been English law, that the proprietary claim was valid.", "But the case was contested on the basis that both parties to the proceedings accepted that the proper law to determine this issue was New York law." ]

[ 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 ]

[ "The decision in the case has been subjected to \"sustained, authoritative criticism\", both academically and judicially." ]

[ "Located about 500 metres to the north of Northampton town centre, The Racecourse comprises around 118 acres of parkland and includes public footpaths, changing rooms and open space.", "Access to the Racecourse from main roads includes via the Barrack Road (A508), Kingsley Road (A5095) and East Park Parade / Kettering Road (A5123).", "It can also be accessed from St George's Avenue (north-west), Colwyn Road, Beaconsfield Terrace and Leicester Street via the Mounts Estate.", "From 1632, unofficial race meetings were held at Northampton Heath, the name originally given to the area including the Racecourse.", "Races continued here until 1681, when they were stopped due to the number of accidents.", "The park is believed to have been used from 1778 to 1882 as an area where freemen had grazing rights under the 1778 Act of Enclosure.", "Between these dates the Racecourse was known simply as the Freeman's Common.", "In 1882 when Commoners lost their right to graze cattle, the land was sold on by the Northampton Corporation Act.", "The park was then used by the public as a general recreation ground.", "Race meetings resumed in 1727, with the help of Lord Spencer, and in 1737 the first official race meet was held on the new course.", "The races were well-attended and frequently visited by royalty, including the Prince of Wales, later Edward VII.", "In 1844 new stands were erected on the site at a cost of more than £2000.", "The racecourse was left-handed (anti-clockwise) around the park and a hotel was erected on the north-eastern corner of the park, now on the corner of Kingsley Road and Kingsley Park Terrace.", "The hotel known then as the Kingsley Park Hotel was built in 1883.", "It served at first as a residential club for ardent racegoers,having been refused a licence until 1887.", "t was sold by the Jockey Club to a brewery in 1888 With closure of the racecourse in 1904 following a fatal accident involving spectators.the hotel was closed.", "The Jockey Club left it empty for eighteen years, Local residents started to refer to it as \"The White Elephant\" when it was initially refused a licence.", "The name White Elephant became the official name many years later.", "Gypsies camped along what was then known as Gypsy Lane (now Kingsley Road) where downhill towards Kingsthorpe the former \"Romany\" pub is situated.", "From 1715 to 1818, the park was frequently used for public executions.", "The Racecourse has been the scene of hundreds of hangings.", "Condemned convicts were taken by cart to the gallows on the Racecourse.", "These marches were said to be intimidating and unruly, with huge crowds in attendance.", "One of the most famous executions was that of four members of the Culworth Gang who operated for two decades until 1787.", "Two of the gang, William Pettifer (alias \"Peckover\") and Richard Law were caught by police at an inn in Towcester.", "It is reported the two had arrived with bags, which they said contained birds as they had been cockfighting, however the landlord discovered that the bags contained the notorious masks and smocks which the gang used to hide their identity.", "Eventually, following a robbery in Blakesley the pair were served with search warrants and police constables found stolen property.", "The gang admitted forty-seven offences and were hanged at midday on Northampton Racecourse on 4 August.", "5,000 people turned up to witness the hanging as the Culworth Gang were said to have terrorised as far as Oxford.\nAs was the fashion of the time, the condemned were supplied with drink at the last inn on the way to the Racecourse — the Bantam Cock on Abington Square.", "The last executions on the Racecourse took place on Friday, March 27th 1818 and were those of James Cobbett and George Wilkin found guilty of passing forged bank notes.", "As usual, a large crowd assembled to witness the scene.", "Before the turn of the 20th century, race meetings held were becoming increasingly dangerous leading to yet more fatal accidents with jockeys and spectators due to the Racecourse's 'pathways across the course, roving spectators and the sharpness of the bends'.", "Racing was suspended on 31 March 1904 prior to being permanently withdrawn the following September.", "By 1912, the council had turned the area into a sports recreation ground.", "During the First World War the park was used as an army base for the Welsh Division and other army divisions and units.", "The Welsh Division included 16,000 men (of whom about half were billeted in houses in the town) and 7,000 horses.", "Waggons and field guns were parked on the Racecourse and the surface churned up.", "In 1917 the park was ploughed up for wartime allotments, and in 1923 a new playground was built (on the side next to East Park Parade) as well as changing rooms and a restaurant converted from the old Racecourse stand and law houses which to this present day stands as the Jade Pavilion (circa 1930), a Grade II listed building.", "At the White Elephant junction, a tram shelter was built in 1924 which would have been used to serve the electric tram system up the Kettering Road.", "However motor buses were said to have been already used in 1923 leaving the shelter redundant.", "During the Second World War, the Racecourse was again used as a barracks.", "In 1941, a Stirling bomber crashed into Gold Street in the town centre.", "Wreckage spread to George's Row but did not affect All Saints Church.", "The bomber's crew had baled out over Northampton and a body later found on the Racecourse was said to be that of the pilot.", "The park was returned to its now green state sometime between 1942 and 1948.", "Football, bowls, cricket and rugby once again became the activities commonly played on the Racecourse.", "In 1974, the park was used as the venue for an international heat of the Eurovision contest Jeux Sans Frontiers.", "From 1990 to 2008, the Racecourse held the Northampton Balloon Festival each August.", "The festival drew tens of thousands of people and was seen as a similar event held on a larger scale in Bristol.", "Due to poor attendances due to a combination of bad weather and festival income, the council moved the festival to Billing Aquadrome in 2008.", "The Umbrella Fair based at the Pavilion building held an annual event up to 2017 boasting over 10 stages, arts and family events with over 20,000 visitors every August.", "The Northampton carnival and other events utilised the space in 2018 and 2019.", "The Racecourse remains one of the most popular places in Northampton for amateur football, cricket, rugby union, tennis, Parkrun, fitness and bowls.", "Over twenty Sunday League football teams use the park as their venue each weekend from early autumn to late spring.", "The changing rooms were redesigned to meet F.A. standards\nIn 2007 £1 million was spent on new changing room facilities adjacent to the Colwyn Road end behind the Jade Pavilion.", "Prior to that, the Pavilion was used by players as changing rooms but a series of leaks and a lack of hot water meant that by 2005, plans for the new facilities were warranted.", "Bad luck continued to hamper the building's use as in 2010, Legionella bacteria were found resulting in the changing rooms being closed three times in five years.", "The most recent of these occasions occurred in May 2012.", "By 2010 the Racecourse welcomed another development which saw the council spend £85,000 on an adventure park space including a zip wire, climbing frame complex and five-person buddy swing.", "A Parkrun takes place each week comprising two laps of the racecourse.", "It is estimated that thousands of members of public use the park each week, the Racecourse sits adjacent to a park campus by the University of Northampton locally known as Avenue Campus and is used regularly by students.", "The Umbrella Fair Cafe and The Medieval Restaurant are both in the Listed Pavilion Building.", "Car parking is situated adjacent to the building and public toilet inside.", "There are playgrounds, a basketball court and a bowling green situated nearby.", "Often blamed for its proximity to the town centre by authorities, the Racecourse has attracted a reputation as an area with high crime levels.", "On 22 June 1997 22-year-old Ryan", "McEwen King was sexually assaulted and murdered in bushes around the basketball courts on the Racecourse after walking back at night from a nearby pub.", "Her killer Raymond Ellis, unemployed was later jailed.", "In 2006, the park regularly made front-page news locally for its high levels of day and night-time robberies and assaults, leading to the Northampton Chronicle & Echo newspaper setting up The Friends of Northampton Racecourse (FONR).", "The partnership looked at reclaiming the Racecourse from the criminals, with its campaign eventually gaining respect from a national broadsheet The Guardian.", "The group continues to support the park's heritage and image." ]

[ 0, 1, 2 ]

[ "It is surrounded by the Mounts, Kingsley and Semilong estates." ]

[ "Located about 500 metres to the north of Northampton town centre, The Racecourse comprises around 118 acres of parkland and includes public footpaths, changing rooms and open space.", "Access to the Racecourse from main roads includes via the Barrack Road (A508), Kingsley Road (A5095) and East Park Parade / Kettering Road (A5123).", "It can also be accessed from St George's Avenue (north-west), Colwyn Road, Beaconsfield Terrace and Leicester Street via the Mounts Estate.", "From 1632, unofficial race meetings were held at Northampton Heath, the name originally given to the area including the Racecourse.", "Races continued here until 1681, when they were stopped due to the number of accidents.", "The park is believed to have been used from 1778 to 1882 as an area where freemen had grazing rights under the 1778 Act of Enclosure.", "Between these dates the Racecourse was known simply as the Freeman's Common.", "In 1882 when Commoners lost their right to graze cattle, the land was sold on by the Northampton Corporation Act.", "The park was then used by the public as a general recreation ground.", "Race meetings resumed in 1727, with the help of Lord Spencer, and in 1737 the first official race meet was held on the new course.", "The races were well-attended and frequently visited by royalty, including the Prince of Wales, later Edward VII.", "In 1844 new stands were erected on the site at a cost of more than £2000.", "The racecourse was left-handed (anti-clockwise) around the park and a hotel was erected on the north-eastern corner of the park, now on the corner of Kingsley Road and Kingsley Park Terrace.", "The hotel known then as the Kingsley Park Hotel was built in 1883.", "It served at first as a residential club for ardent racegoers,having been refused a licence until 1887.", "t was sold by the Jockey Club to a brewery in 1888 With closure of the racecourse in 1904 following a fatal accident involving spectators.the hotel was closed.", "The Jockey Club left it empty for eighteen years, Local residents started to refer to it as \"The White Elephant\" when it was initially refused a licence.", "The name White Elephant became the official name many years later.", "Gypsies camped along what was then known as Gypsy Lane (now Kingsley Road) where downhill towards Kingsthorpe the former \"Romany\" pub is situated.", "From 1715 to 1818, the park was frequently used for public executions.", "The Racecourse has been the scene of hundreds of hangings.", "Condemned convicts were taken by cart to the gallows on the Racecourse.", "These marches were said to be intimidating and unruly, with huge crowds in attendance.", "One of the most famous executions was that of four members of the Culworth Gang who operated for two decades until 1787.", "Two of the gang, William Pettifer (alias \"Peckover\") and Richard Law were caught by police at an inn in Towcester.", "It is reported the two had arrived with bags, which they said contained birds as they had been cockfighting, however the landlord discovered that the bags contained the notorious masks and smocks which the gang used to hide their identity.", "Eventually, following a robbery in Blakesley the pair were served with search warrants and police constables found stolen property.", "The gang admitted forty-seven offences and were hanged at midday on Northampton Racecourse on 4 August.", "5,000 people turned up to witness the hanging as the Culworth Gang were said to have terrorised as far as Oxford.\nAs was the fashion of the time, the condemned were supplied with drink at the last inn on the way to the Racecourse — the Bantam Cock on Abington Square.", "The last executions on the Racecourse took place on Friday, March 27th 1818 and were those of James Cobbett and George Wilkin found guilty of passing forged bank notes.", "As usual, a large crowd assembled to witness the scene.", "Before the turn of the 20th century, race meetings held were becoming increasingly dangerous leading to yet more fatal accidents with jockeys and spectators due to the Racecourse's 'pathways across the course, roving spectators and the sharpness of the bends'.", "Racing was suspended on 31 March 1904 prior to being permanently withdrawn the following September.", "By 1912, the council had turned the area into a sports recreation ground.", "During the First World War the park was used as an army base for the Welsh Division and other army divisions and units.", "The Welsh Division included 16,000 men (of whom about half were billeted in houses in the town) and 7,000 horses.", "Waggons and field guns were parked on the Racecourse and the surface churned up.", "In 1917 the park was ploughed up for wartime allotments, and in 1923 a new playground was built (on the side next to East Park Parade) as well as changing rooms and a restaurant converted from the old Racecourse stand and law houses which to this present day stands as the Jade Pavilion (circa 1930), a Grade II listed building.", "At the White Elephant junction, a tram shelter was built in 1924 which would have been used to serve the electric tram system up the Kettering Road.", "However motor buses were said to have been already used in 1923 leaving the shelter redundant.", "During the Second World War, the Racecourse was again used as a barracks.", "In 1941, a Stirling bomber crashed into Gold Street in the town centre.", "Wreckage spread to George's Row but did not affect All Saints Church.", "The bomber's crew had baled out over Northampton and a body later found on the Racecourse was said to be that of the pilot.", "The park was returned to its now green state sometime between 1942 and 1948.", "Football, bowls, cricket and rugby once again became the activities commonly played on the Racecourse.", "In 1974, the park was used as the venue for an international heat of the Eurovision contest Jeux Sans Frontiers.", "From 1990 to 2008, the Racecourse held the Northampton Balloon Festival each August.", "The festival drew tens of thousands of people and was seen as a similar event held on a larger scale in Bristol.", "Due to poor attendances due to a combination of bad weather and festival income, the council moved the festival to Billing Aquadrome in 2008.", "The Umbrella Fair based at the Pavilion building held an annual event up to 2017 boasting over 10 stages, arts and family events with over 20,000 visitors every August.", "The Northampton carnival and other events utilised the space in 2018 and 2019.", "The Racecourse remains one of the most popular places in Northampton for amateur football, cricket, rugby union, tennis, Parkrun, fitness and bowls.", "Over twenty Sunday League football teams use the park as their venue each weekend from early autumn to late spring.", "The changing rooms were redesigned to meet F.A. standards\nIn 2007 £1 million was spent on new changing room facilities adjacent to the Colwyn Road end behind the Jade Pavilion.", "Prior to that, the Pavilion was used by players as changing rooms but a series of leaks and a lack of hot water meant that by 2005, plans for the new facilities were warranted.", "Bad luck continued to hamper the building's use as in 2010, Legionella bacteria were found resulting in the changing rooms being closed three times in five years.", "The most recent of these occasions occurred in May 2012.", "By 2010 the Racecourse welcomed another development which saw the council spend £85,000 on an adventure park space including a zip wire, climbing frame complex and five-person buddy swing.", "A Parkrun takes place each week comprising two laps of the racecourse.", "It is estimated that thousands of members of public use the park each week, the Racecourse sits adjacent to a park campus by the University of Northampton locally known as Avenue Campus and is used regularly by students.", "The Umbrella Fair Cafe and The Medieval Restaurant are both in the Listed Pavilion Building.", "Car parking is situated adjacent to the building and public toilet inside.", "There are playgrounds, a basketball court and a bowling green situated nearby.", "Often blamed for its proximity to the town centre by authorities, the Racecourse has attracted a reputation as an area with high crime levels.", "On 22 June 1997 22-year-old Ryan", "McEwen King was sexually assaulted and murdered in bushes around the basketball courts on the Racecourse after walking back at night from a nearby pub.", "Her killer Raymond Ellis, unemployed was later jailed.", "In 2006, the park regularly made front-page news locally for its high levels of day and night-time robberies and assaults, leading to the Northampton Chronicle & Echo newspaper setting up The Friends of Northampton Racecourse (FONR).", "The partnership looked at reclaiming the Racecourse from the criminals, with its campaign eventually gaining respect from a national broadsheet The Guardian.", "The group continues to support the park's heritage and image." ]

[ 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 ]

[ "The Racecourse did hold regular horse racing meetings.", "However, these ceased in 1904." ]

[ "Located about 500 metres to the north of Northampton town centre, The Racecourse comprises around 118 acres of parkland and includes public footpaths, changing rooms and open space.", "Access to the Racecourse from main roads includes via the Barrack Road (A508), Kingsley Road (A5095) and East Park Parade / Kettering Road (A5123).", "It can also be accessed from St George's Avenue (north-west), Colwyn Road, Beaconsfield Terrace and Leicester Street via the Mounts Estate.", "From 1632, unofficial race meetings were held at Northampton Heath, the name originally given to the area including the Racecourse.", "Races continued here until 1681, when they were stopped due to the number of accidents.", "The park is believed to have been used from 1778 to 1882 as an area where freemen had grazing rights under the 1778 Act of Enclosure.", "Between these dates the Racecourse was known simply as the Freeman's Common.", "In 1882 when Commoners lost their right to graze cattle, the land was sold on by the Northampton Corporation Act.", "The park was then used by the public as a general recreation ground.", "Race meetings resumed in 1727, with the help of Lord Spencer, and in 1737 the first official race meet was held on the new course.", "The races were well-attended and frequently visited by royalty, including the Prince of Wales, later Edward VII.", "In 1844 new stands were erected on the site at a cost of more than £2000.", "The racecourse was left-handed (anti-clockwise) around the park and a hotel was erected on the north-eastern corner of the park, now on the corner of Kingsley Road and Kingsley Park Terrace.", "The hotel known then as the Kingsley Park Hotel was built in 1883.", "It served at first as a residential club for ardent racegoers,having been refused a licence until 1887.", "t was sold by the Jockey Club to a brewery in 1888 With closure of the racecourse in 1904 following a fatal accident involving spectators.the hotel was closed.", "The Jockey Club left it empty for eighteen years, Local residents started to refer to it as \"The White Elephant\" when it was initially refused a licence.", "The name White Elephant became the official name many years later.", "Gypsies camped along what was then known as Gypsy Lane (now Kingsley Road) where downhill towards Kingsthorpe the former \"Romany\" pub is situated.", "From 1715 to 1818, the park was frequently used for public executions.", "The Racecourse has been the scene of hundreds of hangings.", "Condemned convicts were taken by cart to the gallows on the Racecourse.", "These marches were said to be intimidating and unruly, with huge crowds in attendance.", "One of the most famous executions was that of four members of the Culworth Gang who operated for two decades until 1787.", "Two of the gang, William Pettifer (alias \"Peckover\") and Richard Law were caught by police at an inn in Towcester.", "It is reported the two had arrived with bags, which they said contained birds as they had been cockfighting, however the landlord discovered that the bags contained the notorious masks and smocks which the gang used to hide their identity.", "Eventually, following a robbery in Blakesley the pair were served with search warrants and police constables found stolen property.", "The gang admitted forty-seven offences and were hanged at midday on Northampton Racecourse on 4 August.", "5,000 people turned up to witness the hanging as the Culworth Gang were said to have terrorised as far as Oxford.\nAs was the fashion of the time, the condemned were supplied with drink at the last inn on the way to the Racecourse — the Bantam Cock on Abington Square.", "The last executions on the Racecourse took place on Friday, March 27th 1818 and were those of James Cobbett and George Wilkin found guilty of passing forged bank notes.", "As usual, a large crowd assembled to witness the scene.", "Before the turn of the 20th century, race meetings held were becoming increasingly dangerous leading to yet more fatal accidents with jockeys and spectators due to the Racecourse's 'pathways across the course, roving spectators and the sharpness of the bends'.", "Racing was suspended on 31 March 1904 prior to being permanently withdrawn the following September.", "By 1912, the council had turned the area into a sports recreation ground.", "During the First World War the park was used as an army base for the Welsh Division and other army divisions and units.", "The Welsh Division included 16,000 men (of whom about half were billeted in houses in the town) and 7,000 horses.", "Waggons and field guns were parked on the Racecourse and the surface churned up.", "In 1917 the park was ploughed up for wartime allotments, and in 1923 a new playground was built (on the side next to East Park Parade) as well as changing rooms and a restaurant converted from the old Racecourse stand and law houses which to this present day stands as the Jade Pavilion (circa 1930), a Grade II listed building.", "At the White Elephant junction, a tram shelter was built in 1924 which would have been used to serve the electric tram system up the Kettering Road.", "However motor buses were said to have been already used in 1923 leaving the shelter redundant.", "During the Second World War, the Racecourse was again used as a barracks.", "In 1941, a Stirling bomber crashed into Gold Street in the town centre.", "Wreckage spread to George's Row but did not affect All Saints Church.", "The bomber's crew had baled out over Northampton and a body later found on the Racecourse was said to be that of the pilot.", "The park was returned to its now green state sometime between 1942 and 1948.", "Football, bowls, cricket and rugby once again became the activities commonly played on the Racecourse.", "In 1974, the park was used as the venue for an international heat of the Eurovision contest Jeux Sans Frontiers.", "From 1990 to 2008, the Racecourse held the Northampton Balloon Festival each August.", "The festival drew tens of thousands of people and was seen as a similar event held on a larger scale in Bristol.", "Due to poor attendances due to a combination of bad weather and festival income, the council moved the festival to Billing Aquadrome in 2008.", "The Umbrella Fair based at the Pavilion building held an annual event up to 2017 boasting over 10 stages, arts and family events with over 20,000 visitors every August.", "The Northampton carnival and other events utilised the space in 2018 and 2019.", "The Racecourse remains one of the most popular places in Northampton for amateur football, cricket, rugby union, tennis, Parkrun, fitness and bowls.", "Over twenty Sunday League football teams use the park as their venue each weekend from early autumn to late spring.", "The changing rooms were redesigned to meet F.A. standards\nIn 2007 £1 million was spent on new changing room facilities adjacent to the Colwyn Road end behind the Jade Pavilion.", "Prior to that, the Pavilion was used by players as changing rooms but a series of leaks and a lack of hot water meant that by 2005, plans for the new facilities were warranted.", "Bad luck continued to hamper the building's use as in 2010, Legionella bacteria were found resulting in the changing rooms being closed three times in five years.", "The most recent of these occasions occurred in May 2012.", "By 2010 the Racecourse welcomed another development which saw the council spend £85,000 on an adventure park space including a zip wire, climbing frame complex and five-person buddy swing.", "A Parkrun takes place each week comprising two laps of the racecourse.", "It is estimated that thousands of members of public use the park each week, the Racecourse sits adjacent to a park campus by the University of Northampton locally known as Avenue Campus and is used regularly by students.", "The Umbrella Fair Cafe and The Medieval Restaurant are both in the Listed Pavilion Building.", "Car parking is situated adjacent to the building and public toilet inside.", "There are playgrounds, a basketball court and a bowling green situated nearby.", "Often blamed for its proximity to the town centre by authorities, the Racecourse has attracted a reputation as an area with high crime levels.", "On 22 June 1997 22-year-old Ryan", "McEwen King was sexually assaulted and murdered in bushes around the basketball courts on the Racecourse after walking back at night from a nearby pub.", "Her killer Raymond Ellis, unemployed was later jailed.", "In 2006, the park regularly made front-page news locally for its high levels of day and night-time robberies and assaults, leading to the Northampton Chronicle & Echo newspaper setting up The Friends of Northampton Racecourse (FONR).", "The partnership looked at reclaiming the Racecourse from the criminals, with its campaign eventually gaining respect from a national broadsheet The Guardian.", "The group continues to support the park's heritage and image." ]

[ 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59 ]

[ "It is the sports park for Northampton with football, rugby, bowls, tennis, and more." ]

[ "Note that not all teams completed their playing season on the same day.", "Birmingham were in sixth position after their last game of the season, on 24 April, but by the time the last game was played, five days later, they were seventh, having been overtaken by Rotherham United." ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "They finished in seventh position in the 22-team division." ]

[ "de la Rosa was born on June 27, 1953, in Manila where he spent his childhood.", "He completed his basic education courses at the Aquinas University in Rawis, Legazpi City, studied AB Philosophy and graduated magna cum laude from the Dominican House of Studies.", "He also graduated magna cum laude from the University of Santo Tomas with a degree in Bachelor of Sacred Theology in 1980.", "He was ordained priest in the Dominican Order on April 3, 1982.", "In 1984, Fr. de la Rosa earned his Licentiate in Sacred Theology degree, magna cum laude, and Master of Arts in higher religious studies, summa cum laude, both from UST.", "In the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in Belgium, he completed the doctoral degrees, graduating magna cum laude in two programs: higher religious studies and sacred theology, in 1988.", "He served his first two terms as rector of the University of Santo Tomas for eight years, from 1990 to 1998.", "His aims as rector and president were to develop the university's research capabilities, and expand their outreach programs for community service.", "He established the Research and Endowment Foundation Incorporated to generate funds to finance continuing research activities in the university.", "Through this foundation, he was able to generate enough funds to establish the Thomas Aquinas Research Complex that houses today the various research centers in the university as well as the Graduate School.", "To strengthen and expand the community outreach programs of the university, he established the Office for Community Development which later evolved into the UST SIMBAHAYAN, the umbrella project for all university outreach programs focused on five K's: Karunungan (Knowledge transfer), Kalusugan (Medical missions), Kabuhayan (livelihood projects), Kanlungan (housing projects for the poor and those affected by natural disasters), and Kapayapaan (peace education for communities torn by religious and other conflicts.", "As Rector, he became president of the Association of Catholic Universities of the Philippines and a two-time President of the ICUSTA International Council of Universities of Saint Thomas Aquinas.", "He was the founding president of the DOMNET (Network of Dominican Schools, Colleges and Universities in the Philippines) in 1995.", "He was chair of the Organizing Committee of the International Youth Forum for the World Youth Day in 1995.", "He held various positions in the Dominican Province of the Philippines like Master of Novices, Diffinitor of the Provincial Chapter, Provincial Councilor, as well as Rector of the Colegio de San Juan de Letran Calamba.", "In 2008, he was again appointed by the Master of the Dominican Order as Rector Magnificus of the University of Santo Tomas (2008–2012).", "He had received numerous awards for his professional and civic achievements, like the National Book Award in History, the Catholic Authors Award, the Outstanding Manilan Award (1995 and 2011), Kyung Hee University (Korea) Medal of Highest Honor, and the 2012 Outstanding CEO Award in Education.", "Fr. de la Rosa has written hundreds of articles and scholarly treatises, some of which has been translated into German and French, or anthologized in international publications.", "His book \"Beginnings of the Filipino Dominicans\" won the National Book Award in History in 1991." ]

[ 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 ]

[ "Formerly, he served as the Rector Magnificus of the University of Santo Tomas (UST), the oldest and the largest Catholic university in Asia." ]

[ "Homecoming Queen is a bay filly with a narrow white blaze and three white feet.", "She was sired by the Prix Jean-Luc Lagardère winner Holy Roman Emperor out of the mare Lagrion, making her a half-sister to the European Champions Dylan Thomas and Queen's Logic.", "Homecoming Queen was highly tried as a two-year-old, running eleven times.", "Racing in modest company, she lost her first seven races before winning a Nursery handicap race at Fairyhouse Racecourse in September.", "She then finished second in the Group Three C. L. Weld Park Stakes before winning the Listed Lanwades and Staffordstown Studs Stakes at the Curragh.", "On her final start of the season she was sent to Churchill Downs to contest the Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies in which she finished tailed off in last place behind My Miss Aurelia.", "On her three-year-old debut, Homecoming Queen finished unplaced in the Park Express Stakes at the Curragh on 25 March.", "In the Leopardstown 1000 Guineas Trial in April, Homecoming Queen led from the start and recorded her first Group Race win when beating Fire Lily by a neck.", "She was then sent to Newmarket on 6 May for the 1000 Guineas in which she started a 25/1 outsider and was regarded as a pacemaker for her better fancied stable companion Maybe, who started 13/8 favourite.", "Ridden by Ryan L. Moore, Homecoming Queen broke quickly and soon established a clear lead over the rest of the field.", "She was never seriously challenged and won very easily by nine lengths, the biggest winning margin since 1859.", "Three weeks after her win at Newmarket, Homecoming Queen started favourite for the Irish 1000 Guineas at the Curragh on much firmer ground but finished fourth of the eight runners behind the English-trained filly Samitar, having led until the final furlong.", "At Royal Ascot in June, Homecoming Queen contested the Coronation Stakes.", "Racing on soft ground started 9/4 favourite in a field of ten fillies.", "Homecoming Queen led the race until the straight but weakened in the closing stages and finished eighth behind Fallen For You.", "In July it was announced that the filly was to be retired from racing.", "O'Brien said that \"she was a brilliant filly and her performance at Newmarket was very special.", "She has a wonderful pedigree and did us all proud.", "\"", "Homecoming Queen was retired from racing to become a broodmare for the Coolmore Stus.", "Her first four foals were winners:" ]

[ 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 ]

[ "Homecoming Queen is an Irish Thoroughbred racehorse.", "She was beaten in her two subsequent races and was retired to stud in July 2012." ]

[ "Homecoming Queen is a bay filly with a narrow white blaze and three white feet.", "She was sired by the Prix Jean-Luc Lagardère winner Holy Roman Emperor out of the mare Lagrion, making her a half-sister to the European Champions Dylan Thomas and Queen's Logic.", "Homecoming Queen was highly tried as a two-year-old, running eleven times.", "Racing in modest company, she lost her first seven races before winning a Nursery handicap race at Fairyhouse Racecourse in September.", "She then finished second in the Group Three C. L. Weld Park Stakes before winning the Listed Lanwades and Staffordstown Studs Stakes at the Curragh.", "On her final start of the season she was sent to Churchill Downs to contest the Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies in which she finished tailed off in last place behind My Miss Aurelia.", "On her three-year-old debut, Homecoming Queen finished unplaced in the Park Express Stakes at the Curragh on 25 March.", "In the Leopardstown 1000 Guineas Trial in April, Homecoming Queen led from the start and recorded her first Group Race win when beating Fire Lily by a neck.", "She was then sent to Newmarket on 6 May for the 1000 Guineas in which she started a 25/1 outsider and was regarded as a pacemaker for her better fancied stable companion Maybe, who started 13/8 favourite.", "Ridden by Ryan L. Moore, Homecoming Queen broke quickly and soon established a clear lead over the rest of the field.", "She was never seriously challenged and won very easily by nine lengths, the biggest winning margin since 1859.", "Three weeks after her win at Newmarket, Homecoming Queen started favourite for the Irish 1000 Guineas at the Curragh on much firmer ground but finished fourth of the eight runners behind the English-trained filly Samitar, having led until the final furlong.", "At Royal Ascot in June, Homecoming Queen contested the Coronation Stakes.", "Racing on soft ground started 9/4 favourite in a field of ten fillies.", "Homecoming Queen led the race until the straight but weakened in the closing stages and finished eighth behind Fallen For You.", "In July it was announced that the filly was to be retired from racing.", "O'Brien said that \"she was a brilliant filly and her performance at Newmarket was very special.", "She has a wonderful pedigree and did us all proud.", "\"", "Homecoming Queen was retired from racing to become a broodmare for the Coolmore Stus.", "Her first four foals were winners:" ]

[ 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 ]

[ "Homecoming Queen is an Irish Thoroughbred racehorse." ]

[ "Grigorjeva was born in Daugavpils, Latvia.", "She started to train in wrestling from the year 2003.", "She originally trained in judo before switching to freestyle wrestling some years later.", "She studied at the University of Daugavpils from 2012 onwards.", "Grigorjeva had sporting success from a young age: she was the silver medalist at the European Championship for cadets in 2007, the winner of the European Championship for juniors in 2008 and silver medalist of the World and European Championship for juniors.", "She won European Championships 2010 (Women's freestyle – 55 kg) and won silver in 2012 (Women's freestyle – 59 kg).", "She qualified for the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.", "At these Games, she exited in the quarterfinals and achieved 9th place.", "After the 2012 Olympic Games she competed successfully in tournaments, winning 16 consecutive victories, the third longest series of victory between FILA elite wrestlers.", "In 2013 she won the title of European Champion for a second time, this time in the -63 kg weight category and she was named the sportswoman of the year in Latvia.", "By March 2014 she was number 1 ranked in the world, and in April she won her third gold medal at the European Championship.", "That year, Grigorjeva won a bronze medal at the World Championship.", "In 2014 she was again named Latvian sportswoman of the year.", "In June 2015, she competed in the inaugural European Games, for Latvia in wrestling in the women's freestyle -63 kg division.", "She earned a bronze medal.", "She qualified for the 2016 Summer Olympics, but was again knocked out in the quarterfinals.", "This time she was entered into the bronze medal repechage, but lost to eventual bronze medalist Monika Michalik.", "In 2020, she won the silver medal in the women's", "62 kg event at the 2020 Individual Wrestling World Cup held in Belgrade, Serbia.", "In March 2021, she qualified at the European Qualification Tournament to compete at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan.", "She lost her bronze medal match in the women's freestyle 62 kg event." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 ]

[ "Anastasija Grigorjeva (born 12 May 1990) is a Latvian freestyle wrestler, who won gold at the 2010, 2013 and 2016 European Championships.", "She has also won two bronze medals at World Championship level and won gold at the European Games.", "She has competed at three Olympics (2012, 2016 and 2020)." ]

[ "The following is a list of the rosters of both the East and West Division All-Star teams, announced on July 16, 2012.", "By Christian Heimall\n Four different Vermont Mountaineers combined for eight runs batted in, leading the Western Division to an 11–6 win over the East in the 2012 New England Collegiate Baseball League (NECBL)", "All-Star Game held at Vermont's Montpelier Recreation Field.", "The game began scoreless through one inning as Mountaineers pitcher Alex Haines and Newport's Daniel Wright each tossed shutout first innings for their respective teams.", "In the top of the second inning, the East jumped out to a 1–0 lead as the Gulls Yale Rosen hit a solo shot over the left center field wall off of Keene's Kevin McAvoy.", "The Western division then manufactured a run in the bottom of the frame when Danbury's Zach Shank scored on a wild pitch to tie the contest.", "It would remain tied at 1–1 until the bottom of the fourth when Holyoke's Paul McConkey hit a two out single to plate Vermont's Rob Kelly.", "From that moment the West's offense would take over scoring three runs in the fifth including a two-run home run from Kelly to make the lead 5–1 after five.", "The East looked to make a comeback plating two runs in the sixth thanks to a Jordan Betts (Sanford) homer to cut the lead to two.", "However, Vermont's Logan Pierce added to the Mountaineer RBI total with a single prior to Johnny Mishu driving in another giving Mountaineers hitters four straight runs batted in and pushing the West's lead to 7–3.", "In the seventh, Cole Peragine hit the second long ball of the night for the West on a solo shot to left field off Newport's Mitch Horacek.", "Trailing 8–3, the Eastern Division cut the margin once again with three runs on two errors.", "Laconia's Will Leathers trotted home when Sanford's Anthony Hajjar hit a single.", "Hajjar would be thrown out at the plate as his teammate Betts singled to put one runner on with two outs.", "After an error by Danbury's Matt Boulter allowed New Bedford's Zack Graczyk to reach, two runs would score on single from Newport's Brett Winger and a throwing error from Keene's Fran Whitten in right field.", "The bottom of the eighth saw the West again regain control when Mishu cleared the bases with a three-RBI triple off Sanford's Rohn Pierce to make the score 11–6.", "North Adams' Tom Bamman and Laconia's Nic Manuppelli each tossed scoreless ninths to finish the game.", "Danbury's Brett Houseal was credited with the win for the West pitching a no-hit fourth inning with one walk and striking out two while New Bedford's Jonathan Massad took the loss for the East giving up a run on a hit and two walks in the fourth.", "Vermont's Johnny Mishu was named the games Most Valuable Player going 2-for-2 with four RBI in the contest.", "It was the third award reeled in by the Mountaineers during the festivities.", "Prior to the game, Austin Green was named the winner of the catcher's throwing competition while Aaron Barbosa won the 60 yard dash with a time of 6.45 seconds.", "Danbury's Zach Shank won the outfield throwing competition while Laconia's Danny Collins was crowned 2012 Home Run Derby champion after launching seven in the first round to advance to the finals and then hit five more to take the title.", "Over 40 MLB scouts were in attendance and the league and the host Vermont Mountaineers received kudos from the Major League Baseball Scouting Bureau." ]

[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 ]

[ "The 2012 NECBL All-Star Game was the 19th exhibition game between all-stars from the New England Collegiate Baseball League's East and West Divisions.", "The game was held at Montpelier Recreation Field in Montpelier, Vermont, the home field of the West Division's Vermont Mountaineers." ]

[ "The field is within the Oxnard Plain, a rich agricultural region subject to encroachment from urban development from the cities of Oxnard, Ventura, and Camarillo.", "Oil production and storage equipment are surrounded by agricultural fields and orchards.", "Crops grown nearby include onions, broccoli, and strawberries.", "U.S. Highway 101 runs along the south edge of the oil field, and Santa Clara Avenue runs through it from southwest to northeast, ending at California State Route 118.", "The unincorporated town of El Rio is west of the field, and the unincorporated development of Nyeland Acres lies to the south, adjoining Oxnard.", "The total surface area of the productive part of the field is .", "The climate in the region is Mediterranean, with cool, rainy winters and warm, rainless summers, during which the heat is moderated by frequent morning coastal low clouds and fog.", "Annual precipitation is around , almost all in the winter, and all in the form of rain.", "The mean annual temperature is ; freezes occur rarely.", "The field is mostly flat, with the elevation averaging .", "Drainage is south to Calleguas Creek to Mugu Lagoon, and then to the Pacific Ocean.", "The Oxnard field is within the Ventura Basin Province of southern California.", "Geologically, this area is part of a structural downwarp that occurred during the late Pliocene.", "Deposition within the basin occurred fast enough to fill it with up to seven kilometers of sedimentary rock in only five million years.", "While most of the rocks filling the basin are marine sediments, some igneous rocks from the Conejo Volcanics series overlie them.", "Oil accumulations, which are common in the Ventura Basin, mainly occur in anticlinal settings modified by faulting.", "Stratigraphy is also influential in creating traps for hydrocarbons.", "Where the sedimentary rocks are sandstones with high porosity, and the structure and stratigraphy allow hydrocarbons to be trapped on their upward migration, oilfields are found.", "In the Santa Clara Avenue field, oil is trapped in numerous thin layers of oil sands within the Sespe Formation, of Oligocene age.", "Oil is trapped updip where it encounters the impermeable Conejo Volcanics.", "This igneous unit was originally thought to be a canyon fill, but more recently has been interpreted to be a quickly cooling, finely crystalline intrusion.", "Because the surface of the Oxnard Plain is flat, giving no hint of the subsurface structure potentially containing oil, the region was overlooked by early drillers.", "In spite of discoveries on all sides -- the Oxnard field to the south, the Ventura field to the northeast, and the South Mountain and Saticoy fields to the northeast -- the field was not found until 1972, by prospectors exploring the edge of the Epworth Syncline.", "Two productive pools were found, both in the Sespe Formation, separated by an igneous intrusion.", "The finds were in January 1972 and July 1973.", "Oil is found at great depth -- 9,000 feet in the first pool and 8,600 the other -- and is generally medium-grade, with API gravity of 16 to 28, with a sulfur content of about two percent by weight.", "The discovery well for the field was drilled by McCulloch Oil Corp. in 1972.", "The first oil companies on the field quickly delineated its limits, finding a second productive pool a year and a half later.", "Oil companies active on the field during its history included Tenneco Oil Co, ARCO, Chevron, and Concordia Resources.", "Peak production from the field was in 1977.", "Venoco bought the field between 1994 and 1996, with some working interest remaining to the predecessor companies.", "All drilling on the field is done from two drilling islands set back about 100 yards from Santa Clara Avenue.", "Oil is stored in tanks at the southernmost of the two drilling islands.", "As of December 31, 2011, there were 17 producing oil wells on the field.", "Another two wells were used for water disposal." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 ]

[ "The Santa Clara Avenue Oil Field is an oil field in Ventura County, California, about six miles southeast of the city of Ventura and four miles northeast of Oxnard.", "The field is within an agricultural area being encroached on several sides by urban development." ]

[ "The field is within the Oxnard Plain, a rich agricultural region subject to encroachment from urban development from the cities of Oxnard, Ventura, and Camarillo.", "Oil production and storage equipment are surrounded by agricultural fields and orchards.", "Crops grown nearby include onions, broccoli, and strawberries.", "U.S. Highway 101 runs along the south edge of the oil field, and Santa Clara Avenue runs through it from southwest to northeast, ending at California State Route 118.", "The unincorporated town of El Rio is west of the field, and the unincorporated development of Nyeland Acres lies to the south, adjoining Oxnard.", "The total surface area of the productive part of the field is .", "The climate in the region is Mediterranean, with cool, rainy winters and warm, rainless summers, during which the heat is moderated by frequent morning coastal low clouds and fog.", "Annual precipitation is around , almost all in the winter, and all in the form of rain.", "The mean annual temperature is ; freezes occur rarely.", "The field is mostly flat, with the elevation averaging .", "Drainage is south to Calleguas Creek to Mugu Lagoon, and then to the Pacific Ocean.", "The Oxnard field is within the Ventura Basin Province of southern California.", "Geologically, this area is part of a structural downwarp that occurred during the late Pliocene.", "Deposition within the basin occurred fast enough to fill it with up to seven kilometers of sedimentary rock in only five million years.", "While most of the rocks filling the basin are marine sediments, some igneous rocks from the Conejo Volcanics series overlie them.", "Oil accumulations, which are common in the Ventura Basin, mainly occur in anticlinal settings modified by faulting.", "Stratigraphy is also influential in creating traps for hydrocarbons.", "Where the sedimentary rocks are sandstones with high porosity, and the structure and stratigraphy allow hydrocarbons to be trapped on their upward migration, oilfields are found.", "In the Santa Clara Avenue field, oil is trapped in numerous thin layers of oil sands within the Sespe Formation, of Oligocene age.", "Oil is trapped updip where it encounters the impermeable Conejo Volcanics.", "This igneous unit was originally thought to be a canyon fill, but more recently has been interpreted to be a quickly cooling, finely crystalline intrusion.", "Because the surface of the Oxnard Plain is flat, giving no hint of the subsurface structure potentially containing oil, the region was overlooked by early drillers.", "In spite of discoveries on all sides -- the Oxnard field to the south, the Ventura field to the northeast, and the South Mountain and Saticoy fields to the northeast -- the field was not found until 1972, by prospectors exploring the edge of the Epworth Syncline.", "Two productive pools were found, both in the Sespe Formation, separated by an igneous intrusion.", "The finds were in January 1972 and July 1973.", "Oil is found at great depth -- 9,000 feet in the first pool and 8,600 the other -- and is generally medium-grade, with API gravity of 16 to 28, with a sulfur content of about two percent by weight.", "The discovery well for the field was drilled by McCulloch Oil Corp. in 1972.", "The first oil companies on the field quickly delineated its limits, finding a second productive pool a year and a half later.", "Oil companies active on the field during its history included Tenneco Oil Co, ARCO, Chevron, and Concordia Resources.", "Peak production from the field was in 1977.", "Venoco bought the field between 1994 and 1996, with some working interest remaining to the predecessor companies.", "All drilling on the field is done from two drilling islands set back about 100 yards from Santa Clara Avenue.", "Oil is stored in tanks at the southernmost of the two drilling islands.", "As of December 31, 2011, there were 17 producing oil wells on the field.", "Another two wells were used for water disposal." ]

[ 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 ]

[ "It is produced entirely from two walled drilling islands along Santa Clara Avenue, each containing multiple directionally drilled wells." ]

[ "Note that not all teams completed their playing season on the same day.", "Birmingham had been in the promotion positions since 22 March and were in second position after their last game of the season, on 26 April, but by the time the last game was played, on 3 May, Cardiff City had beaten Leeds United in their last game of the season to finish level on points with Birmingham with a better goal average." ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "They finished in third position in the 22-team division, missing out on promotion to Cardiff City on goal average." ]

[ "Adriaan Luteijn was born 's Heer Arendskerke, a village in the southwest of the Netherlands, in 1964.", "He trained as a dancer at Fontys Dance Academy in Tilburg.", "In 1989 he joined the Introdans Ensemble for Youth when it was created, taking a leading position due to his unusual visual appearance and his expressive dance techniques.", "He retired from dancing in 1998 at the age of 35 and began working as choreographer and teacher.", "He has worked with children, people with disabilities and the elderly.", "He has traveled widely.", "He has worked with many dancers and ensembles in the Netherlands and other countries.", "He still appears as a guest dancer with Introdans.", "He has been the choreographer for major projects such as the close of the 2006 international Dance and the Child (DACI) conference, the Grandeur procession for Sonsbeek 2008 and the Arnhem Fairy Tale Festival.", "Adriaan Luteijn is the artistic manager of Introdans Education, which runs a program called \"Introdans Interactive\".", "This involves interactive workshops that teach young people to participate creatively in dance, classes and performances of integrated and disability dance, and youth performances.", "In 2008 he was guest speaker at the Ukukhua Komdanso Youth Dance Festival in Durban, South Africa, and this led to a relationship with the Flatfoot Dance Company in which Introdans and Flatfoot visited each other, shared classes and workshops and put on a joint performance in Arnhem in 2010.", "Luteijn draws inspiration from the Romantic era ballets, with their mathematical approach to the choreography of groups and their theatrical expression.", "Some of his works are \"Giselle\", created for Studio Contemporary Dance Zagreb, \"POP!?\"", "for Coppelia, \"Cinderella\" for ArtEZ Dance Academy in Arnhem, and \"Check in/Check out\" and \"Peter en de Wolf\" for the Fontys Dance Academy.", "He was choreographer for the film \"De wonderbaarlijke mandarijn\".", "His \"Happy, Happy Birthday Baby\" celebrates the 75th birthday of Hans van Manen.", "Adriaan Luteijn won the Incentive Prize in 2003 from Dancers' Fund '79.", "He won the \"Kunstfactor Dans Oeuvre\" prize in 2008 for his original style and broad appeal." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 ]

[ "Adriaan Luteijn (born 1964) is a freelance Dutch choreographer who has worked with many dancers and ensembles in the Netherlands and in other countries." ]

[ "Each team plays their other divisional teams 8 times (4 home, 4 away) and their non-division opponents twice (1 home, 1 away).", "The NECBL's 2012 All-Star Game will be hosted by the West Division's Vermont Mountaineers at Montpelier Recreation Field in Montpelier, Vermont.", "Seedings:<br>\nEAST<br>\n(1) Newport Gulls (31-10)<br>\n(2) New Bedford Bay Sox (25-16)<br>\n(3) Laconia Muskrats (17-24)<br>\n(4) Sanford Mainers (16-25)<br>\n<br>\nWEST<br>\n(1) Keene Swamp Bats (29-13)<br>\n(2) Danbury Westerners (23-18)<br>\n(3) North Adams SteepleCats (22-20)<br>", "\"As of August 8, 2012.", "\"\nBatting Average: Jeff Melillo (Newport Gulls) .404\nRuns Scored: Zach Stone (New Bedford Bay Sox) 45\nHits: Zach Stone (New Bedford Bay Sox) 64\nHome Runs Danny Collins (Laconia Muskrats) 19\nDoubles Connor McKay (Holyoke Blue Sox) 15\nTriples Brian O'Grady (Vermont Mountaineers) 3\nRuns Batted In Rob Kelly (Vermont Mountaineers) 45\nStolen Bases Jeff Roy (North Adams SteepleCats) 24\nOn Base Percentage Jeff Melillo (Newport Gulls) .548\nSlugging Percentage Danny Collins (Laconia Muskrats) .818\nEarned Run Average Alex Haines (Vermont Mountaineers) 0.90\nWins Daniel Wright (Newport Gulls) and Brett Houseal (Danbury Westerners) 6\nStrikeouts Alex Haines (Vermont Mountaineers) 54\nSaves Nic Manuppelli (Laconia Muskrats) 8\nAppearances Matt Longfield (North Adams SteepleCats) 28\nOpponent's Batting Average Alex Haines (Vermont Mountaineers)", ".168\nWHIP Jake Stinnett (Danbury Westerners) 0.69", "WEEK 1 (week ending June 9) HITTER:", "Conor Biggio (North Adams SteepleCats) PITCHER: Nolan Snell (Vermont Mountaineers)\nWEEK 2 (week ending June 16) HITTER:", "Danny Collins (Laconia Muskrats) PITCHER: Drew Duncan (Holyoke Blue Sox)\nWEEK 3 (week ending June 23) HITTER: Jeramy Matos (Mystic Schooners) PITCHER: Kevin McAvoy, Ryan Horstman, and Tyler Gauthier (Keene Swamp Bats)\nWEEK 4 (week ending June 30) HITTER: Frank Schwindel (Keene Swamp Bats) PITCHER: Brian Derner (New Bedford Bay Sox)\nWEEK 5 (week ending July 7) HITTER: Yale Rosen (Newport Gulls) PITCHER: Alex Haines (Vermont Mountaineers)\nWEEK 6 (week ending July 14) HITTER: Danny Collins (Laconia Muskrats) PITCHER: Matt Longfield (North Adams SteepleCats)\nWEEK 7 (week ending July 21) HITTER:", "Grant Kay (Keene Swamp Bats) PITCHER: Steven Rice (Sanford Mainers)\nWEEK 8 (week ending July 28) HITTER: Anthony Hajjar (Sanford Mainers) PITCHER: Brian Derner (New Bedford Bay Sox)" ]

[ 2 ]

[ "In the quarterfinals, Newport defeated Sanford (2 games to 1), New Bedford defeated Laconia (2 games to 0), Keene defeated Vermont (2 games to 0), and Danbury defeated North Adams." ]

[ "Each team plays their other divisional teams 8 times (4 home, 4 away) and their non-division opponents twice (1 home, 1 away).", "The NECBL's 2012 All-Star Game will be hosted by the West Division's Vermont Mountaineers at Montpelier Recreation Field in Montpelier, Vermont.", "Seedings:<br>\nEAST<br>\n(1) Newport Gulls (31-10)<br>\n(2) New Bedford Bay Sox (25-16)<br>\n(3) Laconia Muskrats (17-24)<br>\n(4) Sanford Mainers (16-25)<br>\n<br>\nWEST<br>\n(1) Keene Swamp Bats (29-13)<br>\n(2) Danbury Westerners (23-18)<br>\n(3) North Adams SteepleCats (22-20)<br>", "\"As of August 8, 2012.", "\"\nBatting Average: Jeff Melillo (Newport Gulls) .404\nRuns Scored: Zach Stone (New Bedford Bay Sox) 45\nHits: Zach Stone (New Bedford Bay Sox) 64\nHome Runs Danny Collins (Laconia Muskrats) 19\nDoubles Connor McKay (Holyoke Blue Sox) 15\nTriples Brian O'Grady (Vermont Mountaineers) 3\nRuns Batted In Rob Kelly (Vermont Mountaineers) 45\nStolen Bases Jeff Roy (North Adams SteepleCats) 24\nOn Base Percentage Jeff Melillo (Newport Gulls) .548\nSlugging Percentage Danny Collins (Laconia Muskrats) .818\nEarned Run Average Alex Haines (Vermont Mountaineers) 0.90\nWins Daniel Wright (Newport Gulls) and Brett Houseal (Danbury Westerners) 6\nStrikeouts Alex Haines (Vermont Mountaineers) 54\nSaves Nic Manuppelli (Laconia Muskrats) 8\nAppearances Matt Longfield (North Adams SteepleCats) 28\nOpponent's Batting Average Alex Haines (Vermont Mountaineers)", ".168\nWHIP Jake Stinnett (Danbury Westerners) 0.69", "WEEK 1 (week ending June 9) HITTER:", "Conor Biggio (North Adams SteepleCats) PITCHER: Nolan Snell (Vermont Mountaineers)\nWEEK 2 (week ending June 16) HITTER:", "Danny Collins (Laconia Muskrats) PITCHER: Drew Duncan (Holyoke Blue Sox)\nWEEK 3 (week ending June 23) HITTER: Jeramy Matos (Mystic Schooners) PITCHER: Kevin McAvoy, Ryan Horstman, and Tyler Gauthier (Keene Swamp Bats)\nWEEK 4 (week ending June 30) HITTER: Frank Schwindel (Keene Swamp Bats) PITCHER: Brian Derner (New Bedford Bay Sox)\nWEEK 5 (week ending July 7) HITTER: Yale Rosen (Newport Gulls) PITCHER: Alex Haines (Vermont Mountaineers)\nWEEK 6 (week ending July 14) HITTER: Danny Collins (Laconia Muskrats) PITCHER: Matt Longfield (North Adams SteepleCats)\nWEEK 7 (week ending July 21) HITTER:", "Grant Kay (Keene Swamp Bats) PITCHER: Steven Rice (Sanford Mainers)\nWEEK 8 (week ending July 28) HITTER: Anthony Hajjar (Sanford Mainers) PITCHER: Brian Derner (New Bedford Bay Sox)" ]

[ 2 ]

[ "In the quarterfinals, Newport defeated Sanford (2 games to 1), New Bedford defeated Laconia (2 games to 0), Keene defeated Vermont (2 games to 0), and Danbury defeated North Adams." ]

[ "Norman was born on 14 April 1987 in Arras, France.", "His mother was a history and geography teacher and his father, Jackie Thavaud, was a culture promoter and head of a local cinema school.", "As a child, Norman played the saxophone for seven years in a conservatory.", "He also made numerous videos using his father's camera.", "Having gained his high school baccalaureate in 2005, Norman moved to Paris in order to study cinema.", "He had a succession of jobs before becoming a video montage specialist.", "Norman met Hugo Dessioux (alias Hugo tout seul) at college and they formed the \"Le Velcrou\" comedic group in March 2008.", "\"Le Velcrou\" regularly posted comical videos on the Dailymotion website.", "Four months later, Marc Jarousseau (alias Kemar), a friend from university, joined the team.", "Thanks to Le Velcrou, Norman met Cyprien Iov (alias Monsieur Dream), another video blogger, who appeared in a few of Le Velcrou's videos.", "In December of the same year, Cyprien created \"Super Mega Noël\", a short humorous film about Christmas.", "Cyprien featured other bloggers in his work, including Hugo and Norman.", "In July 2009, Norman was awarded a degree in cinematography from University Paris-1 Panthéon-Sorbonne.", "Le Velcrou broke up in October 2010.", "Since then, the group's former members have been producing solo videos.", "At the end of 2010, Norman launched a new format: short video sequences of about 4 minutes long, in which he embodied \"mister average\" and dealt with daily life subjects, as seen in his first one-man video titled \"Table tennis club\".", "His account was created on January 3, 2011.", "Two months later, he posted what became at the time his most popular video, \"The bilinguals\", marking the beginning of his notoriety.", "It was subsequently surpassed in views by the \"Now, I have Google\" video, among others.", "\"Luigi Clash Mario\" is today his most viewed video, with over 86 million views as of March, 2021.", "Norman records his videos in his Parisian flat where he lives with his flatmate and his two cats (Sergi, who often appears in his videos, and Becassine).", "His videos have been viewed billions of times, enabling him to be paid by the YouTube internet website and to attract national media attention.", "Several media outlets have called him a \"web phenomenon\", including reporter Eric Loret who described Norman and his partners, Cyprien and Hugo Dessioux (who have launched the same format as Norman), as having the advantage of being \"young artists who are really good at business and communication, able to manage all strategic decisions with the biggest candour.\"\nAs an internet star and the second biggest French YouTuber, Norman has been invited by many video makers and internet friends to be a part of their videos.", "Unsurprisingly, he participates in the one-man videos of the former members of his group, Hugo Dessioux and Marc Jarousseau, on their YouTube channels.", "Cyprien, the best known French YouTuber in terms of number of subscribers has invited Norman to participate in only one of his videos, even though they performed together as part of Le Velcrou.", "Norman has also appeared on TV, taking part in several episodes of Very Bad Plagues by the Palmashow.", "The Palmashow are a comic duo, composed of Grégoire Ludig and David Marsais, who also originated on the internet but now broadcast their sketches on the D8 TV channel.", "In December 2011, Norman was invited to the Les Arcs European Film Festival with other YouTube stars such as La Ferme Jerome, Cyprien, Maxime Musqua, Mistertel, as well as the Palmashow.", "On 12 January 2012, Norman organized Zapping Amazing, a show at the Grand Rex (a major venue in Paris) in which he gathered some web-comedy friends with whom he has performed (Palmashow, Kemar, Cyprien, PV Nova, Julfou, Mister V, Volt, Backstage Rodeo, LeGrandJD, Spicy Marguerites and La Ferme Jerome).", "The comedians re-aired some of their most famous sketches for the audience.", "The show (which attracted almost 3000 people) was so successful that a tour was scheduled in France from 5 February 2013 to 15 February 2013.", "He often works with Yvick Letexier, Cyprien Iov, and Hugo Dessioux.", "In 2018, several testimonies were made against him concerning a potential sexual harassment.", "In 2020, Maggie Desmarais filed a complaint against Norman for sexual harassment when she was only 16 and he was 30.\n\"The information in this article is based on that in its French equivalent\"." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33 ]

[ "Norman Jacky Cyril Thavaud (; born 14 April 1987) also known as the channel name (\"Norman makes videos\"), is a French comedian and blogger known for his short comic YouTube videos.", "Several of his videos have been viewed tens of millions of times." ]

[ "Norman was born on 14 April 1987 in Arras, France.", "His mother was a history and geography teacher and his father, Jackie Thavaud, was a culture promoter and head of a local cinema school.", "As a child, Norman played the saxophone for seven years in a conservatory.", "He also made numerous videos using his father's camera.", "Having gained his high school baccalaureate in 2005, Norman moved to Paris in order to study cinema.", "He had a succession of jobs before becoming a video montage specialist.", "Norman met Hugo Dessioux (alias Hugo tout seul) at college and they formed the \"Le Velcrou\" comedic group in March 2008.", "\"Le Velcrou\" regularly posted comical videos on the Dailymotion website.", "Four months later, Marc Jarousseau (alias Kemar), a friend from university, joined the team.", "Thanks to Le Velcrou, Norman met Cyprien Iov (alias Monsieur Dream), another video blogger, who appeared in a few of Le Velcrou's videos.", "In December of the same year, Cyprien created \"Super Mega Noël\", a short humorous film about Christmas.", "Cyprien featured other bloggers in his work, including Hugo and Norman.", "In July 2009, Norman was awarded a degree in cinematography from University Paris-1 Panthéon-Sorbonne.", "Le Velcrou broke up in October 2010.", "Since then, the group's former members have been producing solo videos.", "At the end of 2010, Norman launched a new format: short video sequences of about 4 minutes long, in which he embodied \"mister average\" and dealt with daily life subjects, as seen in his first one-man video titled \"Table tennis club\".", "His account was created on January 3, 2011.", "Two months later, he posted what became at the time his most popular video, \"The bilinguals\", marking the beginning of his notoriety.", "It was subsequently surpassed in views by the \"Now, I have Google\" video, among others.", "\"Luigi Clash Mario\" is today his most viewed video, with over 86 million views as of March, 2021.", "Norman records his videos in his Parisian flat where he lives with his flatmate and his two cats (Sergi, who often appears in his videos, and Becassine).", "His videos have been viewed billions of times, enabling him to be paid by the YouTube internet website and to attract national media attention.", "Several media outlets have called him a \"web phenomenon\", including reporter Eric Loret who described Norman and his partners, Cyprien and Hugo Dessioux (who have launched the same format as Norman), as having the advantage of being \"young artists who are really good at business and communication, able to manage all strategic decisions with the biggest candour.\"\nAs an internet star and the second biggest French YouTuber, Norman has been invited by many video makers and internet friends to be a part of their videos.", "Unsurprisingly, he participates in the one-man videos of the former members of his group, Hugo Dessioux and Marc Jarousseau, on their YouTube channels.", "Cyprien, the best known French YouTuber in terms of number of subscribers has invited Norman to participate in only one of his videos, even though they performed together as part of Le Velcrou.", "Norman has also appeared on TV, taking part in several episodes of Very Bad Plagues by the Palmashow.", "The Palmashow are a comic duo, composed of Grégoire Ludig and David Marsais, who also originated on the internet but now broadcast their sketches on the D8 TV channel.", "In December 2011, Norman was invited to the Les Arcs European Film Festival with other YouTube stars such as La Ferme Jerome, Cyprien, Maxime Musqua, Mistertel, as well as the Palmashow.", "On 12 January 2012, Norman organized Zapping Amazing, a show at the Grand Rex (a major venue in Paris) in which he gathered some web-comedy friends with whom he has performed (Palmashow, Kemar, Cyprien, PV Nova, Julfou, Mister V, Volt, Backstage Rodeo, LeGrandJD, Spicy Marguerites and La Ferme Jerome).", "The comedians re-aired some of their most famous sketches for the audience.", "The show (which attracted almost 3000 people) was so successful that a tour was scheduled in France from 5 February 2013 to 15 February 2013.", "He often works with Yvick Letexier, Cyprien Iov, and Hugo Dessioux.", "In 2018, several testimonies were made against him concerning a potential sexual harassment.", "In 2020, Maggie Desmarais filed a complaint against Norman for sexual harassment when she was only 16 and he was 30.\n\"The information in this article is based on that in its French equivalent\"." ]

[ 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 ]

[ "Several of his videos have been viewed tens of millions of times." ]

[ "On 28 June 1914, the heir to the Habsburg throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, was assassinated by Bosnian Serb student Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo.", "The preservation of Austria-Hungary's prestige necessitated a punishing attack on Serbia, which the Austro-Hungarian leadership deemed responsible for the murder.", "The Austro-Hungarian military leadership was determined to quash Serbia's independence, which it viewed as an unacceptable threat to the future of the empire given its sizeable South Slavic population.", "On 28 July 1914, exactly one month after Franz Ferdinand's assassination, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.", "That evening, Austro-Hungarian artillery shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade from the border town of Semlin (modern-day Zemun), effectively starting World War I. Command of the Austro-Hungarian invasion force was delegated to \"Feldzeugmeister\" Oskar Potiorek, the Governor-General of Bosnia and Herzegovina, who had been responsible for the security of Franz Ferdinand and his wife Duchess Sophie of Hohenberg in Sarajevo.", "On the morning of 12 August 1914, the Austro-Hungarian Fifth Army crossed the Drina River, effectively starting the first invasion of Serbia.", "During the first invasion of Serbia, which the Austro-Hungarian leadership euphemistically dubbed a punitive expedition (), Austro-Hungarian forces occupied parts of Serbia for thirteen days.", "Their war aims were not only to eliminate Serbia as a threat but also to punish her for fuelling South Slav irredentism in the Monarchy.", "The occupation turned into a war of annihilation, accompanied by massacres of civilians and the taking of hostages.", "Austro-Hungarian troops committed a number of war crimes against the Serbian population, especially in the area of Mačva, where according to historian Geoffrey Wawro the Austro-Hungarian army savaged the civilian population in a wave of atrocities.", "During the short occupation between 3,500 and 4,000 Serb civilians were killed in executions and acts of random violence by marauding troops.", "Mass killings took place in numerous towns in northern Serbia.", "On 17 August 1914, in the Serbian town of Šabac, 120 residents—mostly women, children and old men, who had previously been locked in a church—were shot and buried in the churchyard by Austro-Hungarian troops on the orders of \"Feldmarschall-Leutnant\" Kasimir von Lütgendorf.", "The remaining residents were beaten to death, hanged, stabbed, mutilated or burned alive.", "A pit was later discovered in the village of Lešnica containing 109 dead peasants who were \"bound together with a rope and encircled by wire\"; they had been shot and immediately buried, even with some still alive.", "Wawro writes that in Krupanj, men of the 42nd Home Guard Infantry Division, the exclusively Croat formation known as the Devil's Division, bashed a group of old men and boys to the ground using rifle buttstrokes and then hanged any who were still breathing.", "These types of attacks were planned at the highest level, the ground for the escalation of violence was ideologically prepared by the commanders' verbal radicalism, on August 13 Potiorek ordered reprisal hangings, the taking of hostages and arson by all units.", "Often bodies were left hanging on the gallows, trees or street lamps for days as a deterrent and as evidence of the Austro-Hungarian military's determination to deal with Serbian suspects.", "Many executions were photographed by Austro-Hungarian soldiers and officers; some of the images were reproduced as postcards and sold through the Austro-Hungarian army's official sales outlets.", "The Swiss criminologist and physician Archibald Reiss reported on the atrocities committed by the Austro-Hungarian army in a report that was presented at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, Reiss recorded that the number of civilians killed in the invaded Serbian territory amounted to between 3,000 and 4,000, including a large number of women and children, in the region around Šabac he counted 1,658 burned buildings.", "According to historian James Lyon, \"the Habsburg forces engaged in an orgy of looting, rape, murder, mass extermination, and other atrocities\".", "Reiss likened the Austro-Hungarian atrocities to the Rape of Belgium.", "On 24 August, after delivering a major defeat to Austria-Hungary's invading \"Balkan Armed Forces\" () at the Battle of Cer, the Royal Serbian Army liberated Šabac and reached the frontier banks of the Sava River, thereby bringing the first Austro-Hungarian invasion of Serbia to an end, and securing the first Allied victory of World War I.", "On 8 September 1914 the Austro-Hungarians launched a second invasion, a twin-pronged night attack across the Drina to secure a firm bridgehead.", "This time engaging all their forces the well-equipped Habsburg forces outnumbered the Serbs who were short of munitions two to one.", "Facing fierce resistance, the Fifth Army was pushed back into Bosnia while the Sixth Army's offensive was stopped by a strong Serbian counterattack.", "On 23 October, the flagship of the Austro-Hungarian Danube Flotilla, the SMS \"Temes\", which had shelled Belgrade on the first day of the war, was sunk by a mine on the Sava.", "Although it suffered nearly 30,000 casualties and the invasion was temporarily halted, the Austro-Hungarian army retained a foothold in Serbia.", "Convinced that Serbia was near defeat, Potiorek regrouped and launched a third offensive on 5 November 1914.", "Potiorek exploited the Austro-Hungarians' superiority in artillery, including large calibre mortar, to capture Valjevo on 15 November and with support from a monitor group of the Danube Flotilla as well as aerial reconnaissance, Belgrade on 30 November, forcing the Royal Serbian Army to retreat.", "The conquered territory was divided into five county commands ().", "The Austro-Hungarian \"Feldmarschall\" of Croatian ethnicity Stjepan Sarkotić, commander during the first invasion of the 42nd Home Guard Infantry Division, was appointed governor-general of Serbia by Emperor Franz Joseph on 24 November 1914.", "Under Sarkotić's administration, multiple concentration camps were established in which tens of thousands of Serbs were interned, in the town of Šabac alone, between 1,500 and 2,000 civilians were deported to internment camps in Hungary.", "According to the historian Bastian Matteo Scianna, the Austro-Hungarian atrocities had a planned exterminatory character.", "In early December, the Royal Serbian Army launched a sustained counterattack, decisively defeating the Austro-Hungarians at the Battle of Kolubara and recapturing Belgrade a day after General Sarkotic's new military government had been established.", "By 15 December, the Royal Serbian Army had captured Zemun, having crossed the border in pursuit of the Austro-Hungarians,\nDefeat at the hands of Serbia, a small Balkan peasant kingdom, wounded the pride of Austria-Hungary's military and civilian leadership.", "One Austrian officer was reported as saying that Potiorek would be shot if he appeared among his own troops.", "On 22 December, Potiorek was relieved of his command and replaced by Archduke Eugen of Austria.", "Although Austria-Hungary had failed to defeat Serbia, the Royal Serbian Army had exhausted its military capability, losing 100,000 men in battle, and was forced to deal with a typhoid epidemic that further decimated the army and civilian population.", "German officials urged their Austro-Hungarian counterparts to launch yet another offensive against Serbia, despite the fact that the Austro-Hungarians were engaged in a costly second front with Russia to the east.", "The Austro-Hungarian leadership would not consider invading Serbia again for almost a year, when Bulgarian participation in such an invasion was guaranteed.", "On 6 September 1915, Germany and Bulgaria entered into a secret military alliance.", "German officials promised Bulgaria all of Serbian Macedonia, parts of northeastern Serbia, as well as a new loan of 200,000,000 gold francs in return for Bulgaria's participation in an upcoming invasion of Serbia.", "The agreement was signed in the German town of Plessa.\nOn 5 October 1915, Austria-Hungary and Germany launched a joint invasion of Serbia.", "The offensive marked Austria-Hungary's fourth attempt to conquer Serbia, this time led by German General August von Mackensen.", "On that day, artillery bombardment began, a few days later three German and three Austro-Hungarian Army corps crossed the Sava, attacking from the north as part of Army Group Mackensen.", "On 14 October, with the bulk of the Serbian forces opposing combined invaders up north, two Bulgarian armies invaded southern Serbia from the east, advancing towards Niš and Skoplje.", "The Bulgarian offensive cut off the Royal Serbian Army's lines of communication to the south as well as a retreat route towards French General Maurice Sarrail's relief force, which had advanced northwards up the Vardar River valley from the Allies' new base in Salonica.", "Despite the treaty of mutual assistance with Serbia against a Bulgarian attack, King Constantine of Greece refused to let the Greek army enter the war to aid the Serbs or let the Allies use the Greek railroads devoted to supporting their mobilization.", "The Central Powers enjoyed massive superiority in numbers and equipment, especially in artillery, along the nearly front.", "Serbia and Montenegro could hardly muster half the number of soldiers as the Central Powers.", "Within six weeks, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Germany had succeeded in conquering Serbia.", "While the strategic goals set before the offensive had been achieved, the Central Powers were deprived of a decisive victory by the Royal Serbian Army's winter retreat over the mountains of Albania and Montenegro towards the Adriatic coast.", "Ultimately, around 140,000 Serbian soldiers and hundreds of thousands of civilians were evacuated to the Greek island of Corfu, among them the entire Serbian government, as well as the Serbian royal family.", "The Royal Serbian Army retrenched itself in Greece, where it was reorganised and repurposed to combating Bulgarian and German troops on the Salonica front.", "Towards the end of 1915, Serbia was divided between Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria, with both countries establishing military administrations in the territories they had occupied.", "Shortly after the retreat of the Royal Serbian Army, the country was divided into three zones.", "The Austro-Hungarian occupational zone stretched from the region west of the Morava Valley to the Macedonian frontier, and included Belgrade.", "Bulgaria gained the whole of Serbian Macedonia, as well as the areas east of the Morava, and Southern Serbia between Kosovo and the Danube River.", "A German control zone was established in the area east of the Velika Morava, the Južna Morava in Kosovo and the Vardar Valley.", "The Germans took control of all railways, mines, forestry, and agricultural resources in Serbia.", "On 1 January 1916, the Austro-Hungarian High Command (; AOK) ordered the formation of the Military General Governorate of Serbia (; MGG/S), with Belgrade as its administrative centre.", "The Austro-Hungarian occupation zone was divided into thirteen approximately equal districts (), which were then divided into sixty-four boroughs (), with the city of Belgrade as its own district.", "The occupational administration was subordinate to the AOK under General Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, and later under \"Generaloberst\" Arthur Arz von Straußenburg.", "The Military Governorate was headed by a General Governor with the rank of a corps commander.", "The first governor-general, Johann Graf Salis-Seewis, an ethnic Croat with experience fighting insurgents in Macedonia, had served as the commander of the 42nd Devil's Division after Sarkotić.", "Salis-Seewis was appointed to the position in late 1915 by Emperor Franz Joseph, officially taking office on 1 January 1916.", "The historian and Balkan specialist Lajos Thallóczy was appointed as the Military General Governorate's civilian commissioner, as well as Salis-Seewis's deputy.", "Thallóczy arrived in Belgrade on 17 January 1916.", "With the Austrians in charge of the military, the civilian administration was mostly made up of Hungarians and Croats.", "Four administrative departments were set up: military, economic, judicial, and political, with the latter, which had its own intelligence and police forces, under former Devil's Division officer and future Ustaše leader Major Slavko Kvaternik.", "Military intelligence () for the occupation zone was entrusted to Croat Lujo Šafranek-Kavić, as the Austro-Hungarian army relied considerably on South Slav officers and Bosnian Muslims knowledge of the language for intelligence purposes.", "In December 1916, Thallóczy was killed in a train crash while returning from Vienna to Belgrade.", "In January 1917, Teodor Kušević, a high-ranking functionary from Bosnia and Herzegovina, was appointed to replace him as the civilian commissioner.", "The function was given more prominence with new areas of responsibility including trade, police, religion, education, justice and finance.", "The first measure of the occupiers was to establish a new legal system to secure order, prevent guerrilla resistance and exploit the country's resources.", "MGG/S control over the population was accomplished in accordance with the \"Directives for the Political Administration in the Areas of the General Military Governorate in Serbia\" () and with the \"General Principles for the Imperial and Royal Military Administration in the Occupied Territories of Serbia\" ().", "The MGG/S intended to ignore Hungarian objections and integrate Serbia as a part of the empire, but as an area that would remain under direct military rule for decades after the end of the war and where political participation would be prohibited to prevent the emergence of a new Serbian state.", "The MGG was safeguarded by a permanent Austro-Hungarian garrison consisting, in August 1916, of 35 battalions, a \"Landsturm\" regiment, six companies of patrol troops, 12 units of railway guards, four-and-a-half squadrons, five artillery batteries and two anti-aircraft batteries, totaling around 70,000 men, of which 50,000 were reserved for military operations.", "Within the towns and villages of the twelve districts, 5,000 gendarmes were posted in groups of 20 to 30.", "If needed, patrol companies also served as mobile combat reserves.", "To help police the civilian population and to track down partisans, the Austro-Hungarian leadership decided to recruit amongst ethnic minority groups positively disposed towards the Dual Monarchy.", "With Thallóczy's encouragement, the Austro-Hungarian authorities permitted Kosovo Albanians to volunteer for service in the Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces.", "Prominent Albanians in towns such as Novi Pazar and Kosovska Mitrovica declared their support and offered to recruit volunteers for the occupying authorities.", "According to the notes of Colonel Hugo Kerchnawe, the Muslims in the Sandžak and the Albanians in Kosovo \"behaved very loyally and offered their support\" to the empire, Kerchnawe added in his report that \"our interests ran parallel with the Muslims' interests.", "\"\nA special commission to organise recruitment was set up by Thallóczy, assisted by former Ottoman officers and Bosnian militia leaders.", "Over 8,000 volunteers were recruited this way, despite the fact that the recruitment drive was a violation of the Hague Convention treaties that Austria-Hungary had signed, which forbade the use of occupied populations towards a country's war efforts.", "In March 1917, a home battalion was formed, supported by Bosnian gendarmes and led by former Ottoman officers.", "In the final phase of the Serbian Campaign, the Austro-Hungarian military had relied on paramilitaries consisting of Albanian clansmen from Kosovo and northern Albania as irregular troops, organised early in the occupied territories Albanian pursuit fighting units were set up to assist Austro-Hungarians patrols track down Serbian guerrillas.", "These counter-insurgency bands were based on their Bosnian counterparts, the \"Streifkorps\", paramilitary groups made up of Muslim volunteers with experience fighting Serb guerrillas and a reputation for heavy-handed tactics.", "District pursuit units were established in each district of the Austro-Hungarian occupied zone, each consisted of 40 men led by one officer.", "The Bulgarian occupation authorities also used Albanian gendarmes and irregular troops within their occupation zones.", "The separation of power in Serbia quickly led to clashes between the civilian and military authorities, as well as between Austrian and Hungarian occupation officials.", "The Hungarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs' envoy in Serbia, Lajos Széchényi, argued that Salis-Seewis' policies would lead to Serbia's annexation to the Dual Monarchy, which Thallóczy, following Hungarian prime minister István Tisza's directives, strongly opposed.", "In mid-February 1916, Thallóczy complained to Tisza about the number of Slavs in positions of authority, writing, \"the governor is Croat, the chief of the general staff is Czech, the deputy governor is from the former military border and the new General Staff Officer Slavko Kvaternik is the son in law of Croatian independentist Josip Frank.", "\"\nGeneral Conrad saw the military administration of Serbia as preliminary to its annexation, along with Montenegro and Albania, to a future South Slavic union under Croatian leadership.", "Conrad worried that by not annexing Serbia the monarchy would lose its Great Power status.", "Austria-Hungary's Joint Foreign Minister, Stephan Burián von Rajecz, supported the annexation of Serbia, but only if it would be allotted to Hungary.", "Tisza refused to consider the annexation of Serbia as it would lead to a substantial increase in Austria-Hungary's Slavic population, and significantly reduce the proportion of Hungarians within the Dual Monarchy.", "He demanded instead that northern Serbia be colonized by Hungarian and German farmers.", "After touring the three northwestern districts of Serbia together with Salis-Seewis and the visiting General Conrad, Tisza came to regard the Austro-Hungarian military's efforts in the occupied territory as a prelude to annexation.", "Tisza submitted a complaint to Burián asking for a thorough reorganisation of the Military Governorate, the removal of Salis-Seewis, whose administration he described as \"Serbophile and economically incompetent\", and requesting the condemnation of those demanding that Serbia be annexed.", "Burián took the complaint directly to Emperor Franz Joseph.", "On 6 July 1916, the emperor decreed that Salis-Seewis and his chief of staff, Colonel Gelinek, were to be replaced by his former corps commander, General Adolf Freiherr von Rhemen and Colonel Hugo Kerchnawe, effective 26 July 1916.", "Rhemen remained in this office until the end of the war.", "Tensions between Bulgaria and the Dual Monarchy started after Bulgaria extended its zone to western Kosovo, on the Austro-Hungarian side of the treaty border, going as far as Elbasan in Albania, a region that Austria-Hungary considered an occupied friendly state and of \"outstanding importance\" to the Dual Monarchy.", "Kaiser Wilhelm himself repeatedly told Bulgarian king Ferdinand that Germany supported \"the independence of Albania under Austrian protection\".", "Burián also reminded Ferdinand that at the \"west of the treaty border began the Austro-Hungarian sphere of interest.", "\"\nAccording to the terms of the secret alliance between Bulgaria and Germany, the greater part of Kosovo, including the areas of Priština, Prizren, Gnjilane, Uroševac, and Orahovac, were to fall under Bulgarian rule as part of the Military Region of Macedonia.", "Metohija, the southwestern area of Kosovo, was to be incorporated as part of the Austro-Hungarian zone of Montenegro, with the rest of Kosovo, including Kosovska Mitrovica, Vučitrn, and Đakovica, established as part of the Austro-Hungarian Military Governorate of Serbia.", "The Bulgarians maintained that they had the right to install a civilian administration on any territory they conquered, including outside their treaty border.", "Conrad, suspecting Bulgaria of harbouring ambitions to annex the whole region, sent troops to expel the Bulgarian civilian administrators.", "The arrival of Austro-Hungarian troops in areas already garrisoned by Bulgarian forces resulted in a military confrontation.", "On 27 February the Bulgarian military commander Racho Petrov issued an ultimatum to the Austrians to immediately evacuate Kačanik, on the frontier with Macedonia, resulting in a military standoff.", "Conrad warned the Bulgarian High Command that unless local Bulgarian commanders abstained from interfering with the Austro-Hungarian administration, a conflict with his troops would be inevitable.", "On 15 March, the Austro-Hungarians issued an order to secure Novi Pazar, and prepared to add Kosovska Mitrovica to their governorate.", "The German chief of staff, General Erich von Falkenhayn, ordered Mackensen to mediate between the two parties.", "Mackensen visited Sofia in person to meet Ferdinand and Prime Minister Vasil Radoslavov.", "The proposed German compromise was accepted and an agreement on a demarcation line was signed between the Austro-Hungarian and Bulgarian high commands on 1 April 1916.", "The Bulgarians withdrew eastwards, retaining the district containing Prizren and Priština, but leaving Albania and western Kosovo to the Austro-Hungarians.", "The agreement gave Bulgaria administrative rights over areas of Serbia that were not in the original agreement.", "In return, Bulgaria agreed to let Germany have access to the valleys east of the Velika Morava, the Južna Morava in Kosovo, as well as the Vardar Valley, effectively turning Macedonia and Kosovo into zones dedicated to German economic exploitation.", "The occupational authorities considered Serbian national consciousness an existential threat to Austria-Hungary.", "Thus, the policies of the Military Governorate were aimed at depoliticising and denationalising the Serbian population.", "Public gatherings and political parties were banned, the Cyrillic script was termed \"dangerous to the state\" () and banned from schools and public spaces, streets named after people perceived as being significant to Serbian national identity were renamed, the wearing of traditional Serbian clothing was proscribed and the Gregorian calendar replaced the Julian.", "Additionally, all Serbian students had to be educated in the German language, according to Austrian academic standards and through teachers imported from Austria.", "Significant cultural institutions such as the Royal Serbian Academy, the National Museum and the National Library were closed down and looted of their historical artifacts and art collections.", "The University of Belgrade, as well as various publishing houses and bookshops, were closed down.", "Schoolbooks and books in French, English, Russian and Italian were banned.", "Political expression was severely limited with the prohibition of newspaper publication except for the official MGG/S propaganda newspaper \"Belgrader Nachrichten\" (published in Serbian as \"Beogradske novine\"), which featured letters and photographs purporting to show how well those who stayed behind in occupied Serbia were living.", "Such propaganda was intended to convince Serbian soldiers who came across the \"Belgrader Nachrichten\" to desert.", "In 1916, both Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria announced that Serbia had ceased to exist as a political entity, and that its inhabitants could therefore not invoke the international rules of war dictating the treatment of civilians as defined by the Geneva Conventions and the Hague Conventions.", "The occupational authorities carried out numerous summary executions with little or no legal process.", "Upon being found guilty by a military court, victims were usually shot or hanged.", "Martial law, such as (the martial law of self-defense), was employed to quash dissent and severe preventive measures were undertaken against civilians.", "The occupational authorities were gripped by the fear of \"levée en masse\" and of civilians taking up arms.", "The Austro-Hungarian Army consequently employed the seizure of hostages from the general population and the burning of villages in punitive raids as a means of quelling resistance.", "These measures, as well as summary executions, were all permitted under section 61 of the (k.u.k army regulations).", "Disarming the populace was done by holding village elders responsible for handing over a certain quota of weapons that were judged to be held before the war began.", "The sentence for possession of a weapon was death by hanging.", "Military courts also tried civilians for newly defined offenses, including the crime of lèse-majesté.", "Civilians suspected of engaging in resistance activities were subjected to the harshest measures, including hanging and shooting.", "The house of an offender's family would also be destroyed.", "Victims were usually hanged on the main squares of villages and towns, in full view of the general population.", "The lifeless bodies were left to hang by the noose for several days so as to clearly show the treatment reserved for \"spies\" and \"traitors\".", "The MGG/S, as well as the High Command in Vienna, considered sending civilian prisoners to internment camps as a preventive measure to discourage insurgent activities.", "During the occupation, between 150,000 and 200,000 men, women and children were deported to various camps in Austria-Hungary, it has been estimated they represented slightly more than 10 per cent of the Serb population.", "Since Serbia did not have its own Red Cross, Serbian prisoners did not have access to the aid the Red Cross provided to other Allied prisoners.", "Moreover, Serbian prisoners were not considered \"enemy aliens\" but \"internal enemies\" by Austria-Hungary's Ministry of War.", "By defining them as \"terrorists\" or \"insurgents\", the Austro-Hungarian authorities were not obliged to disclose the number of captives they held, and which camps they were being held in, to Red Cross societies.", "Four significant waves of deportations occurred in occupied Serbia.", "The first occurred at the very start of the occupation, when Salis-Seewis rounded up 70,000 \"dissidents\", mostly able-bodied men, ex-soldiers, politically active individuals, as well as members of the political and cultural elite who had remained in the country after the retreat to Corfu.", "University professors, teachers, and priests, especially those who had participated in political, cultural or even athletic associations, were arrested and sent to internment camps.", "The second and largest deportations took place after Romania entered the war on the side of the Allies on 27 August 1916.", "From mid-August to late October 1916, an order to arrest all males between the ages of 17 and 50 was issued.", "These men were targeted because they were of fighting age.", "More than 16,500 males were sent to internment camps during this round of deportations.", "During the Toplica uprising, in the Spring of 1916 when armed resistance seemed to be spreading, more deportations took place.", "The fourth and final round of deportations occurred after the Allied breakthrough on the Salonica front in late 1918.", "In Bohemia, the camp at Braunau (modern-day Broumov, Czech Republic) held about 35,000 prisoners, almost exclusively Serbian, civilian, military prisoners, men, women and children.", "According to a 1918 press report, an epidemic of dysentery almost wiped out all the children in the camp.", "After the war, a mass grave was found behind the camp containing the remains of 2,674 people (these remains were later moved to the crypt of the Heinrichsgrün camp).", "The camp at Heinrichsgrün (modern-day Jindřichovice, Czech Republic), held mostly Serbs, both soldiers and civilians, from the Šumadija and Kolubara districts of western Serbia.", "An average of 40 people died there every day.", "In Hungary, the largest internment camps were in the Nezsider district; Nezsider (modern-day Neusiedl am See, Austria) was a concentration camp primarily used to detain civilians from Serbia and Montenegro, and the principal camp for Serbs suspected to be \"terrorists\" or \"agitators\".", "The number of detainees by May 1917 was 9,934, including children as young as nine.", "Over the course of the war, the Nezsider camp held 17,000 internees, about 4,800 people are known to have perished at the camp.", "In addition to those deported to Hungary, some 30,000 Serb civilians were sent to Austrian camps or used as forced labour.", "In Lower Austria, the camps of Drosendorf and Mittendorf held both Serbian soldiers and civilians.", "Thousand of Serbs perished during a typhus epidemic at the Mauthausen camp in Upper Austria when about 14,000 were being held; an official Austro-Hungarian army report mentioned 5,600 prisoners of war buried in the camp graveyard in the early months of the war.", "According to official figures, between 27 December 1915 and 5 July 1917, 45,791 civilians and prisoners of war from Serbia and Montenegro were held captive at the camp in Doboj, in Bosnia.", "Around 12,000 are estimated to have perished there.", "Other camps held both civilians and prisoners of war, including Boldogasszony, Nagymegyer (modern-day Veľký Meder, Slovakia), Arad (modern-day Romania), Cegléd, Kecskemét and Győr.", "By May 1917, 39,359 people from Serbia, including women and children, were interned outside the country.", "These large scale deportations caused concern around Europe quickly becoming an international scandal.", "The Spanish authorities complained then, in April 1917, the Holy See intervened through the office of the Apostolic Nunciature to Austria against the internment of Serbian women and children between the ages of 10 and 15.", "By the end of the year, Austria-Hungary's Ministry of War admitted that 526 Serb children were in fact being held at Nezsider, but that it was necessary on the grounds of military security.", "According to a Red Cross report dated 1 February 1918, by the end of 1917, there were 206,500 prisoners of war and internees from Serbia in Austro-Hungarian and German camps.", "According to the historian Alan Kramer, the Serbians in Austro-Hungarian captivity received the worst treatment of all the prisoners, and at least 30,000–40,000 had died of starvation by January 1918.", "Tensions between the Austrian and German authorities increased after Burián complained that the German military was employing a ruthless system of requisition, resulting in famine and the pauperisation of the population.", "Behind the front lines, the Germans \"\" was an area that Berlin had secured as a zone dedicated to agricultural production to feed its troops on the Salonica front.", "As the German exploitation of resources in occupied Serbia was handled by the German Oriental Society (), the exploitation of mines failed to satisfy the Dual Monarchy's need for vital raw materials because Germany took two-thirds of all production from Serbia as reparations for its military aid.", "Austro-Hungarian reports on the state of Serbia in 1915 noted famine threatening the occupation zone and a population in a desperate state after nearly four years of constant war.", "The return of refugees exacerbated the shortage of food.", "Reports from late 1915 spoke of the necessity of receiving urgent relief to avoid disaster.", "Starvation loomed after soldiers destroyed or captured much of Serbia's foodstuffs and livestock.", "Harvest yields and produced goods had to be turned over to authorities while food was rationed.", "In early 1916, Conrad ordered that Serbia's resources be \"squeezed dry\" regardless of the consequences for the population.", "As news of the famine in Serbia spread around the world, campaigns were organised asking for Relief for Agonized Serbia.", "American, Swiss and Swedish humanitarian organisations offered assistance.", "According to Red Cross reports, starvation killed more than 8,000 Serbians during the first winter under Austro-Hungarian occupation.", "By mid-May 1917, figures from the Habsburg High Command reported that 170,000 cattle, 190,000 sheep, and 50,000 pigs had been exported to Austria-Hungary.", "Immediately after the withdrawal of the Royal Serbian Army and the start of the Austro-Hungarian occupation, armed individuals and small groups of insurgents, called Chetniks, made up of former soldiers who had remained in the country, began to wage a guerrilla campaign against the occupiers.", "The Chetniks had a long tradition as guerrillas after centuries of Ottoman rule.", "Their actions were often considered heroic by the population and depicted in epic folk poetry, giving them strong local support.", "The first organised guerrilla group was formed in the Novi Pazar and Kosovska Mitrovica districts in early 1916, and was led by former army captain Kosta Vojinović.", "In March 1916, General Conrad ordered that all resistance be quashed with ruthless severity.", "Komitadjis, as the Austro-Hungarian army called the insurgents, were deemed outside international law by the MGG and were to be \"completely wiped out\".", "Jovan Avakumović, a former Prime Minister of Serbia, suggested to Salis-Seewis that he should issue a joint proclamation for the restoration of peace and order.", "Avakumović's proposal was turned down and Salis-Seewis ordered his arrest and internment.", "The Military Governorate responded to the multiplication of guerrilla groups by employing small Ottoman and Albanian counter-guerrilla units based on the \"Streifkorps\" from Bosnia instead of regular patrol troops.", "In late September 1916, the Serbian High Command flew in the experienced Chetnik guerrilla leader Kosta Pećanac from Allied Headquarters in Salonica.", "He was parachuted in by air to organize resistance in Serbia together with Vojinović.", "In early February 1917, a rebellion led by Vojinović broke out in the vicinity of Kuršumlija and Prokuplje.", "The insurgents, supported by volunteers and Chetniks from Montenegro, liberated Kuršumlija, Prokuplje, Pusta Reka, Lebane and Ribarska.", "The uprising was planned to coincide with an Allied offensive.", "Later that month, a large scale uprising broke out in the Toplica District in Bulgarian-occupied Serbia.", "A force of 4,000 armed men and women managed to liberate a significant area in the Morava Valley before the uprising was put down.", "During the summer of 1917, the Austro-Hungarian Army was forced to bring in troops from the Isonzo Front to reinforce the Bulgarian Army and Bulgarian paramilitary groups.", "Without the expected Allied support, the uprising collapsed.", "In late 1917, Vojinović was killed; Pećanac managed to escape and went into hiding.", "According to contemporary Austro-Hungarian Army reports, 20,000 Serbs were killed in the course of the rebellion, while 2,600 managed to escape into the forests.", "Despite the harsh repression, guerrilla groups managed to survive and were able to support Allied offensive operations in the summer of 1918.", "After the war, Chief of Staff Paul Kirch described the withdrawal of the German 11th Army:", "With the Vardar Offensive and the success of Allied forces at the Battle of Dobro Pole, Bulgaria capitulated and signed the Armistice of Salonica on 29 September 1918.", "New Austro-Hungarian and German troops redeployed to Serbia from Ukraine were unable to halt the northward advance of the Royal Serbian Army.", "By the third week of October, General Hermann von Kövess ordered a strategic retreat behind the Danube, Sava and Drina rivers.", "On 29 October, Governor-General von Rhemen and his staff left occupied Serbia.", "The following day, Belgrade was liberated by the Royal Serbian Army.", "By 1 November, all of pre-war Serbia had been liberated, bringing the three-year Central Powers occupation to an end." ]

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[ "The Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces occupied Serbia from late 1915 until the end of World War I. Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against Serbia on 28 July 1914 marked the beginning of the war.", "After three unsuccessful Austro-Hungarian offensives between August and December 1914, a combined Austro-Hungarian and German offensive breached the Serbian front from the north and west in October 1915, while Bulgaria attacked from the southeast.", "By January 1916, all of Serbia had been occupied by the Central Powers.", "Serbia was divided into two separate occupation zones, one Bulgarian and the other Austro-Hungarian, both governed under a military administration.", "In September 1918, Allied forces, spearheaded by the Serbian Second Army and the Yugoslav Volunteer Division, broke through the Salonica front, leading to the surrender of Bulgaria on 30 September, followed by the quick liberation of Serbia and the retreat of all remaining Austro-Hungarian troops by the end of October." ]

[ "On 28 June 1914, the heir to the Habsburg throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, was assassinated by Bosnian Serb student Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo.", "The preservation of Austria-Hungary's prestige necessitated a punishing attack on Serbia, which the Austro-Hungarian leadership deemed responsible for the murder.", "The Austro-Hungarian military leadership was determined to quash Serbia's independence, which it viewed as an unacceptable threat to the future of the empire given its sizeable South Slavic population.", "On 28 July 1914, exactly one month after Franz Ferdinand's assassination, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.", "That evening, Austro-Hungarian artillery shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade from the border town of Semlin (modern-day Zemun), effectively starting World War I. Command of the Austro-Hungarian invasion force was delegated to \"Feldzeugmeister\" Oskar Potiorek, the Governor-General of Bosnia and Herzegovina, who had been responsible for the security of Franz Ferdinand and his wife Duchess Sophie of Hohenberg in Sarajevo.", "On the morning of 12 August 1914, the Austro-Hungarian Fifth Army crossed the Drina River, effectively starting the first invasion of Serbia.", "During the first invasion of Serbia, which the Austro-Hungarian leadership euphemistically dubbed a punitive expedition (), Austro-Hungarian forces occupied parts of Serbia for thirteen days.", "Their war aims were not only to eliminate Serbia as a threat but also to punish her for fuelling South Slav irredentism in the Monarchy.", "The occupation turned into a war of annihilation, accompanied by massacres of civilians and the taking of hostages.", "Austro-Hungarian troops committed a number of war crimes against the Serbian population, especially in the area of Mačva, where according to historian Geoffrey Wawro the Austro-Hungarian army savaged the civilian population in a wave of atrocities.", "During the short occupation between 3,500 and 4,000 Serb civilians were killed in executions and acts of random violence by marauding troops.", "Mass killings took place in numerous towns in northern Serbia.", "On 17 August 1914, in the Serbian town of Šabac, 120 residents—mostly women, children and old men, who had previously been locked in a church—were shot and buried in the churchyard by Austro-Hungarian troops on the orders of \"Feldmarschall-Leutnant\" Kasimir von Lütgendorf.", "The remaining residents were beaten to death, hanged, stabbed, mutilated or burned alive.", "A pit was later discovered in the village of Lešnica containing 109 dead peasants who were \"bound together with a rope and encircled by wire\"; they had been shot and immediately buried, even with some still alive.", "Wawro writes that in Krupanj, men of the 42nd Home Guard Infantry Division, the exclusively Croat formation known as the Devil's Division, bashed a group of old men and boys to the ground using rifle buttstrokes and then hanged any who were still breathing.", "These types of attacks were planned at the highest level, the ground for the escalation of violence was ideologically prepared by the commanders' verbal radicalism, on August 13 Potiorek ordered reprisal hangings, the taking of hostages and arson by all units.", "Often bodies were left hanging on the gallows, trees or street lamps for days as a deterrent and as evidence of the Austro-Hungarian military's determination to deal with Serbian suspects.", "Many executions were photographed by Austro-Hungarian soldiers and officers; some of the images were reproduced as postcards and sold through the Austro-Hungarian army's official sales outlets.", "The Swiss criminologist and physician Archibald Reiss reported on the atrocities committed by the Austro-Hungarian army in a report that was presented at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, Reiss recorded that the number of civilians killed in the invaded Serbian territory amounted to between 3,000 and 4,000, including a large number of women and children, in the region around Šabac he counted 1,658 burned buildings.", "According to historian James Lyon, \"the Habsburg forces engaged in an orgy of looting, rape, murder, mass extermination, and other atrocities\".", "Reiss likened the Austro-Hungarian atrocities to the Rape of Belgium.", "On 24 August, after delivering a major defeat to Austria-Hungary's invading \"Balkan Armed Forces\" () at the Battle of Cer, the Royal Serbian Army liberated Šabac and reached the frontier banks of the Sava River, thereby bringing the first Austro-Hungarian invasion of Serbia to an end, and securing the first Allied victory of World War I.", "On 8 September 1914 the Austro-Hungarians launched a second invasion, a twin-pronged night attack across the Drina to secure a firm bridgehead.", "This time engaging all their forces the well-equipped Habsburg forces outnumbered the Serbs who were short of munitions two to one.", "Facing fierce resistance, the Fifth Army was pushed back into Bosnia while the Sixth Army's offensive was stopped by a strong Serbian counterattack.", "On 23 October, the flagship of the Austro-Hungarian Danube Flotilla, the SMS \"Temes\", which had shelled Belgrade on the first day of the war, was sunk by a mine on the Sava.", "Although it suffered nearly 30,000 casualties and the invasion was temporarily halted, the Austro-Hungarian army retained a foothold in Serbia.", "Convinced that Serbia was near defeat, Potiorek regrouped and launched a third offensive on 5 November 1914.", "Potiorek exploited the Austro-Hungarians' superiority in artillery, including large calibre mortar, to capture Valjevo on 15 November and with support from a monitor group of the Danube Flotilla as well as aerial reconnaissance, Belgrade on 30 November, forcing the Royal Serbian Army to retreat.", "The conquered territory was divided into five county commands ().", "The Austro-Hungarian \"Feldmarschall\" of Croatian ethnicity Stjepan Sarkotić, commander during the first invasion of the 42nd Home Guard Infantry Division, was appointed governor-general of Serbia by Emperor Franz Joseph on 24 November 1914.", "Under Sarkotić's administration, multiple concentration camps were established in which tens of thousands of Serbs were interned, in the town of Šabac alone, between 1,500 and 2,000 civilians were deported to internment camps in Hungary.", "According to the historian Bastian Matteo Scianna, the Austro-Hungarian atrocities had a planned exterminatory character.", "In early December, the Royal Serbian Army launched a sustained counterattack, decisively defeating the Austro-Hungarians at the Battle of Kolubara and recapturing Belgrade a day after General Sarkotic's new military government had been established.", "By 15 December, the Royal Serbian Army had captured Zemun, having crossed the border in pursuit of the Austro-Hungarians,\nDefeat at the hands of Serbia, a small Balkan peasant kingdom, wounded the pride of Austria-Hungary's military and civilian leadership.", "One Austrian officer was reported as saying that Potiorek would be shot if he appeared among his own troops.", "On 22 December, Potiorek was relieved of his command and replaced by Archduke Eugen of Austria.", "Although Austria-Hungary had failed to defeat Serbia, the Royal Serbian Army had exhausted its military capability, losing 100,000 men in battle, and was forced to deal with a typhoid epidemic that further decimated the army and civilian population.", "German officials urged their Austro-Hungarian counterparts to launch yet another offensive against Serbia, despite the fact that the Austro-Hungarians were engaged in a costly second front with Russia to the east.", "The Austro-Hungarian leadership would not consider invading Serbia again for almost a year, when Bulgarian participation in such an invasion was guaranteed.", "On 6 September 1915, Germany and Bulgaria entered into a secret military alliance.", "German officials promised Bulgaria all of Serbian Macedonia, parts of northeastern Serbia, as well as a new loan of 200,000,000 gold francs in return for Bulgaria's participation in an upcoming invasion of Serbia.", "The agreement was signed in the German town of Plessa.\nOn 5 October 1915, Austria-Hungary and Germany launched a joint invasion of Serbia.", "The offensive marked Austria-Hungary's fourth attempt to conquer Serbia, this time led by German General August von Mackensen.", "On that day, artillery bombardment began, a few days later three German and three Austro-Hungarian Army corps crossed the Sava, attacking from the north as part of Army Group Mackensen.", "On 14 October, with the bulk of the Serbian forces opposing combined invaders up north, two Bulgarian armies invaded southern Serbia from the east, advancing towards Niš and Skoplje.", "The Bulgarian offensive cut off the Royal Serbian Army's lines of communication to the south as well as a retreat route towards French General Maurice Sarrail's relief force, which had advanced northwards up the Vardar River valley from the Allies' new base in Salonica.", "Despite the treaty of mutual assistance with Serbia against a Bulgarian attack, King Constantine of Greece refused to let the Greek army enter the war to aid the Serbs or let the Allies use the Greek railroads devoted to supporting their mobilization.", "The Central Powers enjoyed massive superiority in numbers and equipment, especially in artillery, along the nearly front.", "Serbia and Montenegro could hardly muster half the number of soldiers as the Central Powers.", "Within six weeks, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Germany had succeeded in conquering Serbia.", "While the strategic goals set before the offensive had been achieved, the Central Powers were deprived of a decisive victory by the Royal Serbian Army's winter retreat over the mountains of Albania and Montenegro towards the Adriatic coast.", "Ultimately, around 140,000 Serbian soldiers and hundreds of thousands of civilians were evacuated to the Greek island of Corfu, among them the entire Serbian government, as well as the Serbian royal family.", "The Royal Serbian Army retrenched itself in Greece, where it was reorganised and repurposed to combating Bulgarian and German troops on the Salonica front.", "Towards the end of 1915, Serbia was divided between Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria, with both countries establishing military administrations in the territories they had occupied.", "Shortly after the retreat of the Royal Serbian Army, the country was divided into three zones.", "The Austro-Hungarian occupational zone stretched from the region west of the Morava Valley to the Macedonian frontier, and included Belgrade.", "Bulgaria gained the whole of Serbian Macedonia, as well as the areas east of the Morava, and Southern Serbia between Kosovo and the Danube River.", "A German control zone was established in the area east of the Velika Morava, the Južna Morava in Kosovo and the Vardar Valley.", "The Germans took control of all railways, mines, forestry, and agricultural resources in Serbia.", "On 1 January 1916, the Austro-Hungarian High Command (; AOK) ordered the formation of the Military General Governorate of Serbia (; MGG/S), with Belgrade as its administrative centre.", "The Austro-Hungarian occupation zone was divided into thirteen approximately equal districts (), which were then divided into sixty-four boroughs (), with the city of Belgrade as its own district.", "The occupational administration was subordinate to the AOK under General Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, and later under \"Generaloberst\" Arthur Arz von Straußenburg.", "The Military Governorate was headed by a General Governor with the rank of a corps commander.", "The first governor-general, Johann Graf Salis-Seewis, an ethnic Croat with experience fighting insurgents in Macedonia, had served as the commander of the 42nd Devil's Division after Sarkotić.", "Salis-Seewis was appointed to the position in late 1915 by Emperor Franz Joseph, officially taking office on 1 January 1916.", "The historian and Balkan specialist Lajos Thallóczy was appointed as the Military General Governorate's civilian commissioner, as well as Salis-Seewis's deputy.", "Thallóczy arrived in Belgrade on 17 January 1916.", "With the Austrians in charge of the military, the civilian administration was mostly made up of Hungarians and Croats.", "Four administrative departments were set up: military, economic, judicial, and political, with the latter, which had its own intelligence and police forces, under former Devil's Division officer and future Ustaše leader Major Slavko Kvaternik.", "Military intelligence () for the occupation zone was entrusted to Croat Lujo Šafranek-Kavić, as the Austro-Hungarian army relied considerably on South Slav officers and Bosnian Muslims knowledge of the language for intelligence purposes.", "In December 1916, Thallóczy was killed in a train crash while returning from Vienna to Belgrade.", "In January 1917, Teodor Kušević, a high-ranking functionary from Bosnia and Herzegovina, was appointed to replace him as the civilian commissioner.", "The function was given more prominence with new areas of responsibility including trade, police, religion, education, justice and finance.", "The first measure of the occupiers was to establish a new legal system to secure order, prevent guerrilla resistance and exploit the country's resources.", "MGG/S control over the population was accomplished in accordance with the \"Directives for the Political Administration in the Areas of the General Military Governorate in Serbia\" () and with the \"General Principles for the Imperial and Royal Military Administration in the Occupied Territories of Serbia\" ().", "The MGG/S intended to ignore Hungarian objections and integrate Serbia as a part of the empire, but as an area that would remain under direct military rule for decades after the end of the war and where political participation would be prohibited to prevent the emergence of a new Serbian state.", "The MGG was safeguarded by a permanent Austro-Hungarian garrison consisting, in August 1916, of 35 battalions, a \"Landsturm\" regiment, six companies of patrol troops, 12 units of railway guards, four-and-a-half squadrons, five artillery batteries and two anti-aircraft batteries, totaling around 70,000 men, of which 50,000 were reserved for military operations.", "Within the towns and villages of the twelve districts, 5,000 gendarmes were posted in groups of 20 to 30.", "If needed, patrol companies also served as mobile combat reserves.", "To help police the civilian population and to track down partisans, the Austro-Hungarian leadership decided to recruit amongst ethnic minority groups positively disposed towards the Dual Monarchy.", "With Thallóczy's encouragement, the Austro-Hungarian authorities permitted Kosovo Albanians to volunteer for service in the Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces.", "Prominent Albanians in towns such as Novi Pazar and Kosovska Mitrovica declared their support and offered to recruit volunteers for the occupying authorities.", "According to the notes of Colonel Hugo Kerchnawe, the Muslims in the Sandžak and the Albanians in Kosovo \"behaved very loyally and offered their support\" to the empire, Kerchnawe added in his report that \"our interests ran parallel with the Muslims' interests.", "\"\nA special commission to organise recruitment was set up by Thallóczy, assisted by former Ottoman officers and Bosnian militia leaders.", "Over 8,000 volunteers were recruited this way, despite the fact that the recruitment drive was a violation of the Hague Convention treaties that Austria-Hungary had signed, which forbade the use of occupied populations towards a country's war efforts.", "In March 1917, a home battalion was formed, supported by Bosnian gendarmes and led by former Ottoman officers.", "In the final phase of the Serbian Campaign, the Austro-Hungarian military had relied on paramilitaries consisting of Albanian clansmen from Kosovo and northern Albania as irregular troops, organised early in the occupied territories Albanian pursuit fighting units were set up to assist Austro-Hungarians patrols track down Serbian guerrillas.", "These counter-insurgency bands were based on their Bosnian counterparts, the \"Streifkorps\", paramilitary groups made up of Muslim volunteers with experience fighting Serb guerrillas and a reputation for heavy-handed tactics.", "District pursuit units were established in each district of the Austro-Hungarian occupied zone, each consisted of 40 men led by one officer.", "The Bulgarian occupation authorities also used Albanian gendarmes and irregular troops within their occupation zones.", "The separation of power in Serbia quickly led to clashes between the civilian and military authorities, as well as between Austrian and Hungarian occupation officials.", "The Hungarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs' envoy in Serbia, Lajos Széchényi, argued that Salis-Seewis' policies would lead to Serbia's annexation to the Dual Monarchy, which Thallóczy, following Hungarian prime minister István Tisza's directives, strongly opposed.", "In mid-February 1916, Thallóczy complained to Tisza about the number of Slavs in positions of authority, writing, \"the governor is Croat, the chief of the general staff is Czech, the deputy governor is from the former military border and the new General Staff Officer Slavko Kvaternik is the son in law of Croatian independentist Josip Frank.", "\"\nGeneral Conrad saw the military administration of Serbia as preliminary to its annexation, along with Montenegro and Albania, to a future South Slavic union under Croatian leadership.", "Conrad worried that by not annexing Serbia the monarchy would lose its Great Power status.", "Austria-Hungary's Joint Foreign Minister, Stephan Burián von Rajecz, supported the annexation of Serbia, but only if it would be allotted to Hungary.", "Tisza refused to consider the annexation of Serbia as it would lead to a substantial increase in Austria-Hungary's Slavic population, and significantly reduce the proportion of Hungarians within the Dual Monarchy.", "He demanded instead that northern Serbia be colonized by Hungarian and German farmers.", "After touring the three northwestern districts of Serbia together with Salis-Seewis and the visiting General Conrad, Tisza came to regard the Austro-Hungarian military's efforts in the occupied territory as a prelude to annexation.", "Tisza submitted a complaint to Burián asking for a thorough reorganisation of the Military Governorate, the removal of Salis-Seewis, whose administration he described as \"Serbophile and economically incompetent\", and requesting the condemnation of those demanding that Serbia be annexed.", "Burián took the complaint directly to Emperor Franz Joseph.", "On 6 July 1916, the emperor decreed that Salis-Seewis and his chief of staff, Colonel Gelinek, were to be replaced by his former corps commander, General Adolf Freiherr von Rhemen and Colonel Hugo Kerchnawe, effective 26 July 1916.", "Rhemen remained in this office until the end of the war.", "Tensions between Bulgaria and the Dual Monarchy started after Bulgaria extended its zone to western Kosovo, on the Austro-Hungarian side of the treaty border, going as far as Elbasan in Albania, a region that Austria-Hungary considered an occupied friendly state and of \"outstanding importance\" to the Dual Monarchy.", "Kaiser Wilhelm himself repeatedly told Bulgarian king Ferdinand that Germany supported \"the independence of Albania under Austrian protection\".", "Burián also reminded Ferdinand that at the \"west of the treaty border began the Austro-Hungarian sphere of interest.", "\"\nAccording to the terms of the secret alliance between Bulgaria and Germany, the greater part of Kosovo, including the areas of Priština, Prizren, Gnjilane, Uroševac, and Orahovac, were to fall under Bulgarian rule as part of the Military Region of Macedonia.", "Metohija, the southwestern area of Kosovo, was to be incorporated as part of the Austro-Hungarian zone of Montenegro, with the rest of Kosovo, including Kosovska Mitrovica, Vučitrn, and Đakovica, established as part of the Austro-Hungarian Military Governorate of Serbia.", "The Bulgarians maintained that they had the right to install a civilian administration on any territory they conquered, including outside their treaty border.", "Conrad, suspecting Bulgaria of harbouring ambitions to annex the whole region, sent troops to expel the Bulgarian civilian administrators.", "The arrival of Austro-Hungarian troops in areas already garrisoned by Bulgarian forces resulted in a military confrontation.", "On 27 February the Bulgarian military commander Racho Petrov issued an ultimatum to the Austrians to immediately evacuate Kačanik, on the frontier with Macedonia, resulting in a military standoff.", "Conrad warned the Bulgarian High Command that unless local Bulgarian commanders abstained from interfering with the Austro-Hungarian administration, a conflict with his troops would be inevitable.", "On 15 March, the Austro-Hungarians issued an order to secure Novi Pazar, and prepared to add Kosovska Mitrovica to their governorate.", "The German chief of staff, General Erich von Falkenhayn, ordered Mackensen to mediate between the two parties.", "Mackensen visited Sofia in person to meet Ferdinand and Prime Minister Vasil Radoslavov.", "The proposed German compromise was accepted and an agreement on a demarcation line was signed between the Austro-Hungarian and Bulgarian high commands on 1 April 1916.", "The Bulgarians withdrew eastwards, retaining the district containing Prizren and Priština, but leaving Albania and western Kosovo to the Austro-Hungarians.", "The agreement gave Bulgaria administrative rights over areas of Serbia that were not in the original agreement.", "In return, Bulgaria agreed to let Germany have access to the valleys east of the Velika Morava, the Južna Morava in Kosovo, as well as the Vardar Valley, effectively turning Macedonia and Kosovo into zones dedicated to German economic exploitation.", "The occupational authorities considered Serbian national consciousness an existential threat to Austria-Hungary.", "Thus, the policies of the Military Governorate were aimed at depoliticising and denationalising the Serbian population.", "Public gatherings and political parties were banned, the Cyrillic script was termed \"dangerous to the state\" () and banned from schools and public spaces, streets named after people perceived as being significant to Serbian national identity were renamed, the wearing of traditional Serbian clothing was proscribed and the Gregorian calendar replaced the Julian.", "Additionally, all Serbian students had to be educated in the German language, according to Austrian academic standards and through teachers imported from Austria.", "Significant cultural institutions such as the Royal Serbian Academy, the National Museum and the National Library were closed down and looted of their historical artifacts and art collections.", "The University of Belgrade, as well as various publishing houses and bookshops, were closed down.", "Schoolbooks and books in French, English, Russian and Italian were banned.", "Political expression was severely limited with the prohibition of newspaper publication except for the official MGG/S propaganda newspaper \"Belgrader Nachrichten\" (published in Serbian as \"Beogradske novine\"), which featured letters and photographs purporting to show how well those who stayed behind in occupied Serbia were living.", "Such propaganda was intended to convince Serbian soldiers who came across the \"Belgrader Nachrichten\" to desert.", "In 1916, both Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria announced that Serbia had ceased to exist as a political entity, and that its inhabitants could therefore not invoke the international rules of war dictating the treatment of civilians as defined by the Geneva Conventions and the Hague Conventions.", "The occupational authorities carried out numerous summary executions with little or no legal process.", "Upon being found guilty by a military court, victims were usually shot or hanged.", "Martial law, such as (the martial law of self-defense), was employed to quash dissent and severe preventive measures were undertaken against civilians.", "The occupational authorities were gripped by the fear of \"levée en masse\" and of civilians taking up arms.", "The Austro-Hungarian Army consequently employed the seizure of hostages from the general population and the burning of villages in punitive raids as a means of quelling resistance.", "These measures, as well as summary executions, were all permitted under section 61 of the (k.u.k army regulations).", "Disarming the populace was done by holding village elders responsible for handing over a certain quota of weapons that were judged to be held before the war began.", "The sentence for possession of a weapon was death by hanging.", "Military courts also tried civilians for newly defined offenses, including the crime of lèse-majesté.", "Civilians suspected of engaging in resistance activities were subjected to the harshest measures, including hanging and shooting.", "The house of an offender's family would also be destroyed.", "Victims were usually hanged on the main squares of villages and towns, in full view of the general population.", "The lifeless bodies were left to hang by the noose for several days so as to clearly show the treatment reserved for \"spies\" and \"traitors\".", "The MGG/S, as well as the High Command in Vienna, considered sending civilian prisoners to internment camps as a preventive measure to discourage insurgent activities.", "During the occupation, between 150,000 and 200,000 men, women and children were deported to various camps in Austria-Hungary, it has been estimated they represented slightly more than 10 per cent of the Serb population.", "Since Serbia did not have its own Red Cross, Serbian prisoners did not have access to the aid the Red Cross provided to other Allied prisoners.", "Moreover, Serbian prisoners were not considered \"enemy aliens\" but \"internal enemies\" by Austria-Hungary's Ministry of War.", "By defining them as \"terrorists\" or \"insurgents\", the Austro-Hungarian authorities were not obliged to disclose the number of captives they held, and which camps they were being held in, to Red Cross societies.", "Four significant waves of deportations occurred in occupied Serbia.", "The first occurred at the very start of the occupation, when Salis-Seewis rounded up 70,000 \"dissidents\", mostly able-bodied men, ex-soldiers, politically active individuals, as well as members of the political and cultural elite who had remained in the country after the retreat to Corfu.", "University professors, teachers, and priests, especially those who had participated in political, cultural or even athletic associations, were arrested and sent to internment camps.", "The second and largest deportations took place after Romania entered the war on the side of the Allies on 27 August 1916.", "From mid-August to late October 1916, an order to arrest all males between the ages of 17 and 50 was issued.", "These men were targeted because they were of fighting age.", "More than 16,500 males were sent to internment camps during this round of deportations.", "During the Toplica uprising, in the Spring of 1916 when armed resistance seemed to be spreading, more deportations took place.", "The fourth and final round of deportations occurred after the Allied breakthrough on the Salonica front in late 1918.", "In Bohemia, the camp at Braunau (modern-day Broumov, Czech Republic) held about 35,000 prisoners, almost exclusively Serbian, civilian, military prisoners, men, women and children.", "According to a 1918 press report, an epidemic of dysentery almost wiped out all the children in the camp.", "After the war, a mass grave was found behind the camp containing the remains of 2,674 people (these remains were later moved to the crypt of the Heinrichsgrün camp).", "The camp at Heinrichsgrün (modern-day Jindřichovice, Czech Republic), held mostly Serbs, both soldiers and civilians, from the Šumadija and Kolubara districts of western Serbia.", "An average of 40 people died there every day.", "In Hungary, the largest internment camps were in the Nezsider district; Nezsider (modern-day Neusiedl am See, Austria) was a concentration camp primarily used to detain civilians from Serbia and Montenegro, and the principal camp for Serbs suspected to be \"terrorists\" or \"agitators\".", "The number of detainees by May 1917 was 9,934, including children as young as nine.", "Over the course of the war, the Nezsider camp held 17,000 internees, about 4,800 people are known to have perished at the camp.", "In addition to those deported to Hungary, some 30,000 Serb civilians were sent to Austrian camps or used as forced labour.", "In Lower Austria, the camps of Drosendorf and Mittendorf held both Serbian soldiers and civilians.", "Thousand of Serbs perished during a typhus epidemic at the Mauthausen camp in Upper Austria when about 14,000 were being held; an official Austro-Hungarian army report mentioned 5,600 prisoners of war buried in the camp graveyard in the early months of the war.", "According to official figures, between 27 December 1915 and 5 July 1917, 45,791 civilians and prisoners of war from Serbia and Montenegro were held captive at the camp in Doboj, in Bosnia.", "Around 12,000 are estimated to have perished there.", "Other camps held both civilians and prisoners of war, including Boldogasszony, Nagymegyer (modern-day Veľký Meder, Slovakia), Arad (modern-day Romania), Cegléd, Kecskemét and Győr.", "By May 1917, 39,359 people from Serbia, including women and children, were interned outside the country.", "These large scale deportations caused concern around Europe quickly becoming an international scandal.", "The Spanish authorities complained then, in April 1917, the Holy See intervened through the office of the Apostolic Nunciature to Austria against the internment of Serbian women and children between the ages of 10 and 15.", "By the end of the year, Austria-Hungary's Ministry of War admitted that 526 Serb children were in fact being held at Nezsider, but that it was necessary on the grounds of military security.", "According to a Red Cross report dated 1 February 1918, by the end of 1917, there were 206,500 prisoners of war and internees from Serbia in Austro-Hungarian and German camps.", "According to the historian Alan Kramer, the Serbians in Austro-Hungarian captivity received the worst treatment of all the prisoners, and at least 30,000–40,000 had died of starvation by January 1918.", "Tensions between the Austrian and German authorities increased after Burián complained that the German military was employing a ruthless system of requisition, resulting in famine and the pauperisation of the population.", "Behind the front lines, the Germans \"\" was an area that Berlin had secured as a zone dedicated to agricultural production to feed its troops on the Salonica front.", "As the German exploitation of resources in occupied Serbia was handled by the German Oriental Society (), the exploitation of mines failed to satisfy the Dual Monarchy's need for vital raw materials because Germany took two-thirds of all production from Serbia as reparations for its military aid.", "Austro-Hungarian reports on the state of Serbia in 1915 noted famine threatening the occupation zone and a population in a desperate state after nearly four years of constant war.", "The return of refugees exacerbated the shortage of food.", "Reports from late 1915 spoke of the necessity of receiving urgent relief to avoid disaster.", "Starvation loomed after soldiers destroyed or captured much of Serbia's foodstuffs and livestock.", "Harvest yields and produced goods had to be turned over to authorities while food was rationed.", "In early 1916, Conrad ordered that Serbia's resources be \"squeezed dry\" regardless of the consequences for the population.", "As news of the famine in Serbia spread around the world, campaigns were organised asking for Relief for Agonized Serbia.", "American, Swiss and Swedish humanitarian organisations offered assistance.", "According to Red Cross reports, starvation killed more than 8,000 Serbians during the first winter under Austro-Hungarian occupation.", "By mid-May 1917, figures from the Habsburg High Command reported that 170,000 cattle, 190,000 sheep, and 50,000 pigs had been exported to Austria-Hungary.", "Immediately after the withdrawal of the Royal Serbian Army and the start of the Austro-Hungarian occupation, armed individuals and small groups of insurgents, called Chetniks, made up of former soldiers who had remained in the country, began to wage a guerrilla campaign against the occupiers.", "The Chetniks had a long tradition as guerrillas after centuries of Ottoman rule.", "Their actions were often considered heroic by the population and depicted in epic folk poetry, giving them strong local support.", "The first organised guerrilla group was formed in the Novi Pazar and Kosovska Mitrovica districts in early 1916, and was led by former army captain Kosta Vojinović.", "In March 1916, General Conrad ordered that all resistance be quashed with ruthless severity.", "Komitadjis, as the Austro-Hungarian army called the insurgents, were deemed outside international law by the MGG and were to be \"completely wiped out\".", "Jovan Avakumović, a former Prime Minister of Serbia, suggested to Salis-Seewis that he should issue a joint proclamation for the restoration of peace and order.", "Avakumović's proposal was turned down and Salis-Seewis ordered his arrest and internment.", "The Military Governorate responded to the multiplication of guerrilla groups by employing small Ottoman and Albanian counter-guerrilla units based on the \"Streifkorps\" from Bosnia instead of regular patrol troops.", "In late September 1916, the Serbian High Command flew in the experienced Chetnik guerrilla leader Kosta Pećanac from Allied Headquarters in Salonica.", "He was parachuted in by air to organize resistance in Serbia together with Vojinović.", "In early February 1917, a rebellion led by Vojinović broke out in the vicinity of Kuršumlija and Prokuplje.", "The insurgents, supported by volunteers and Chetniks from Montenegro, liberated Kuršumlija, Prokuplje, Pusta Reka, Lebane and Ribarska.", "The uprising was planned to coincide with an Allied offensive.", "Later that month, a large scale uprising broke out in the Toplica District in Bulgarian-occupied Serbia.", "A force of 4,000 armed men and women managed to liberate a significant area in the Morava Valley before the uprising was put down.", "During the summer of 1917, the Austro-Hungarian Army was forced to bring in troops from the Isonzo Front to reinforce the Bulgarian Army and Bulgarian paramilitary groups.", "Without the expected Allied support, the uprising collapsed.", "In late 1917, Vojinović was killed; Pećanac managed to escape and went into hiding.", "According to contemporary Austro-Hungarian Army reports, 20,000 Serbs were killed in the course of the rebellion, while 2,600 managed to escape into the forests.", "Despite the harsh repression, guerrilla groups managed to survive and were able to support Allied offensive operations in the summer of 1918.", "After the war, Chief of Staff Paul Kirch described the withdrawal of the German 11th Army:", "With the Vardar Offensive and the success of Allied forces at the Battle of Dobro Pole, Bulgaria capitulated and signed the Armistice of Salonica on 29 September 1918.", "New Austro-Hungarian and German troops redeployed to Serbia from Ukraine were unable to halt the northward advance of the Royal Serbian Army.", "By the third week of October, General Hermann von Kövess ordered a strategic retreat behind the Danube, Sava and Drina rivers.", "On 29 October, Governor-General von Rhemen and his staff left occupied Serbia.", "The following day, Belgrade was liberated by the Royal Serbian Army.", "By 1 November, all of pre-war Serbia had been liberated, bringing the three-year Central Powers occupation to an end." ]

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[ "Serbia was divided into two separate occupation zones, one Bulgarian and the other Austro-Hungarian, both governed under a military administration.", "In September 1918, Allied forces, spearheaded by the Serbian Second Army and the Yugoslav Volunteer Division, broke through the Salonica front, leading to the surrender of Bulgaria on 30 September, followed by the quick liberation of Serbia and the retreat of all remaining Austro-Hungarian troops by the end of October." ]

[ "On 28 June 1914, the heir to the Habsburg throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, was assassinated by Bosnian Serb student Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo.", "The preservation of Austria-Hungary's prestige necessitated a punishing attack on Serbia, which the Austro-Hungarian leadership deemed responsible for the murder.", "The Austro-Hungarian military leadership was determined to quash Serbia's independence, which it viewed as an unacceptable threat to the future of the empire given its sizeable South Slavic population.", "On 28 July 1914, exactly one month after Franz Ferdinand's assassination, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.", "That evening, Austro-Hungarian artillery shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade from the border town of Semlin (modern-day Zemun), effectively starting World War I. Command of the Austro-Hungarian invasion force was delegated to \"Feldzeugmeister\" Oskar Potiorek, the Governor-General of Bosnia and Herzegovina, who had been responsible for the security of Franz Ferdinand and his wife Duchess Sophie of Hohenberg in Sarajevo.", "On the morning of 12 August 1914, the Austro-Hungarian Fifth Army crossed the Drina River, effectively starting the first invasion of Serbia.", "During the first invasion of Serbia, which the Austro-Hungarian leadership euphemistically dubbed a punitive expedition (), Austro-Hungarian forces occupied parts of Serbia for thirteen days.", "Their war aims were not only to eliminate Serbia as a threat but also to punish her for fuelling South Slav irredentism in the Monarchy.", "The occupation turned into a war of annihilation, accompanied by massacres of civilians and the taking of hostages.", "Austro-Hungarian troops committed a number of war crimes against the Serbian population, especially in the area of Mačva, where according to historian Geoffrey Wawro the Austro-Hungarian army savaged the civilian population in a wave of atrocities.", "During the short occupation between 3,500 and 4,000 Serb civilians were killed in executions and acts of random violence by marauding troops.", "Mass killings took place in numerous towns in northern Serbia.", "On 17 August 1914, in the Serbian town of Šabac, 120 residents—mostly women, children and old men, who had previously been locked in a church—were shot and buried in the churchyard by Austro-Hungarian troops on the orders of \"Feldmarschall-Leutnant\" Kasimir von Lütgendorf.", "The remaining residents were beaten to death, hanged, stabbed, mutilated or burned alive.", "A pit was later discovered in the village of Lešnica containing 109 dead peasants who were \"bound together with a rope and encircled by wire\"; they had been shot and immediately buried, even with some still alive.", "Wawro writes that in Krupanj, men of the 42nd Home Guard Infantry Division, the exclusively Croat formation known as the Devil's Division, bashed a group of old men and boys to the ground using rifle buttstrokes and then hanged any who were still breathing.", "These types of attacks were planned at the highest level, the ground for the escalation of violence was ideologically prepared by the commanders' verbal radicalism, on August 13 Potiorek ordered reprisal hangings, the taking of hostages and arson by all units.", "Often bodies were left hanging on the gallows, trees or street lamps for days as a deterrent and as evidence of the Austro-Hungarian military's determination to deal with Serbian suspects.", "Many executions were photographed by Austro-Hungarian soldiers and officers; some of the images were reproduced as postcards and sold through the Austro-Hungarian army's official sales outlets.", "The Swiss criminologist and physician Archibald Reiss reported on the atrocities committed by the Austro-Hungarian army in a report that was presented at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, Reiss recorded that the number of civilians killed in the invaded Serbian territory amounted to between 3,000 and 4,000, including a large number of women and children, in the region around Šabac he counted 1,658 burned buildings.", "According to historian James Lyon, \"the Habsburg forces engaged in an orgy of looting, rape, murder, mass extermination, and other atrocities\".", "Reiss likened the Austro-Hungarian atrocities to the Rape of Belgium.", "On 24 August, after delivering a major defeat to Austria-Hungary's invading \"Balkan Armed Forces\" () at the Battle of Cer, the Royal Serbian Army liberated Šabac and reached the frontier banks of the Sava River, thereby bringing the first Austro-Hungarian invasion of Serbia to an end, and securing the first Allied victory of World War I.", "On 8 September 1914 the Austro-Hungarians launched a second invasion, a twin-pronged night attack across the Drina to secure a firm bridgehead.", "This time engaging all their forces the well-equipped Habsburg forces outnumbered the Serbs who were short of munitions two to one.", "Facing fierce resistance, the Fifth Army was pushed back into Bosnia while the Sixth Army's offensive was stopped by a strong Serbian counterattack.", "On 23 October, the flagship of the Austro-Hungarian Danube Flotilla, the SMS \"Temes\", which had shelled Belgrade on the first day of the war, was sunk by a mine on the Sava.", "Although it suffered nearly 30,000 casualties and the invasion was temporarily halted, the Austro-Hungarian army retained a foothold in Serbia.", "Convinced that Serbia was near defeat, Potiorek regrouped and launched a third offensive on 5 November 1914.", "Potiorek exploited the Austro-Hungarians' superiority in artillery, including large calibre mortar, to capture Valjevo on 15 November and with support from a monitor group of the Danube Flotilla as well as aerial reconnaissance, Belgrade on 30 November, forcing the Royal Serbian Army to retreat.", "The conquered territory was divided into five county commands ().", "The Austro-Hungarian \"Feldmarschall\" of Croatian ethnicity Stjepan Sarkotić, commander during the first invasion of the 42nd Home Guard Infantry Division, was appointed governor-general of Serbia by Emperor Franz Joseph on 24 November 1914.", "Under Sarkotić's administration, multiple concentration camps were established in which tens of thousands of Serbs were interned, in the town of Šabac alone, between 1,500 and 2,000 civilians were deported to internment camps in Hungary.", "According to the historian Bastian Matteo Scianna, the Austro-Hungarian atrocities had a planned exterminatory character.", "In early December, the Royal Serbian Army launched a sustained counterattack, decisively defeating the Austro-Hungarians at the Battle of Kolubara and recapturing Belgrade a day after General Sarkotic's new military government had been established.", "By 15 December, the Royal Serbian Army had captured Zemun, having crossed the border in pursuit of the Austro-Hungarians,\nDefeat at the hands of Serbia, a small Balkan peasant kingdom, wounded the pride of Austria-Hungary's military and civilian leadership.", "One Austrian officer was reported as saying that Potiorek would be shot if he appeared among his own troops.", "On 22 December, Potiorek was relieved of his command and replaced by Archduke Eugen of Austria.", "Although Austria-Hungary had failed to defeat Serbia, the Royal Serbian Army had exhausted its military capability, losing 100,000 men in battle, and was forced to deal with a typhoid epidemic that further decimated the army and civilian population.", "German officials urged their Austro-Hungarian counterparts to launch yet another offensive against Serbia, despite the fact that the Austro-Hungarians were engaged in a costly second front with Russia to the east.", "The Austro-Hungarian leadership would not consider invading Serbia again for almost a year, when Bulgarian participation in such an invasion was guaranteed.", "On 6 September 1915, Germany and Bulgaria entered into a secret military alliance.", "German officials promised Bulgaria all of Serbian Macedonia, parts of northeastern Serbia, as well as a new loan of 200,000,000 gold francs in return for Bulgaria's participation in an upcoming invasion of Serbia.", "The agreement was signed in the German town of Plessa.\nOn 5 October 1915, Austria-Hungary and Germany launched a joint invasion of Serbia.", "The offensive marked Austria-Hungary's fourth attempt to conquer Serbia, this time led by German General August von Mackensen.", "On that day, artillery bombardment began, a few days later three German and three Austro-Hungarian Army corps crossed the Sava, attacking from the north as part of Army Group Mackensen.", "On 14 October, with the bulk of the Serbian forces opposing combined invaders up north, two Bulgarian armies invaded southern Serbia from the east, advancing towards Niš and Skoplje.", "The Bulgarian offensive cut off the Royal Serbian Army's lines of communication to the south as well as a retreat route towards French General Maurice Sarrail's relief force, which had advanced northwards up the Vardar River valley from the Allies' new base in Salonica.", "Despite the treaty of mutual assistance with Serbia against a Bulgarian attack, King Constantine of Greece refused to let the Greek army enter the war to aid the Serbs or let the Allies use the Greek railroads devoted to supporting their mobilization.", "The Central Powers enjoyed massive superiority in numbers and equipment, especially in artillery, along the nearly front.", "Serbia and Montenegro could hardly muster half the number of soldiers as the Central Powers.", "Within six weeks, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Germany had succeeded in conquering Serbia.", "While the strategic goals set before the offensive had been achieved, the Central Powers were deprived of a decisive victory by the Royal Serbian Army's winter retreat over the mountains of Albania and Montenegro towards the Adriatic coast.", "Ultimately, around 140,000 Serbian soldiers and hundreds of thousands of civilians were evacuated to the Greek island of Corfu, among them the entire Serbian government, as well as the Serbian royal family.", "The Royal Serbian Army retrenched itself in Greece, where it was reorganised and repurposed to combating Bulgarian and German troops on the Salonica front.", "Towards the end of 1915, Serbia was divided between Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria, with both countries establishing military administrations in the territories they had occupied.", "Shortly after the retreat of the Royal Serbian Army, the country was divided into three zones.", "The Austro-Hungarian occupational zone stretched from the region west of the Morava Valley to the Macedonian frontier, and included Belgrade.", "Bulgaria gained the whole of Serbian Macedonia, as well as the areas east of the Morava, and Southern Serbia between Kosovo and the Danube River.", "A German control zone was established in the area east of the Velika Morava, the Južna Morava in Kosovo and the Vardar Valley.", "The Germans took control of all railways, mines, forestry, and agricultural resources in Serbia.", "On 1 January 1916, the Austro-Hungarian High Command (; AOK) ordered the formation of the Military General Governorate of Serbia (; MGG/S), with Belgrade as its administrative centre.", "The Austro-Hungarian occupation zone was divided into thirteen approximately equal districts (), which were then divided into sixty-four boroughs (), with the city of Belgrade as its own district.", "The occupational administration was subordinate to the AOK under General Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, and later under \"Generaloberst\" Arthur Arz von Straußenburg.", "The Military Governorate was headed by a General Governor with the rank of a corps commander.", "The first governor-general, Johann Graf Salis-Seewis, an ethnic Croat with experience fighting insurgents in Macedonia, had served as the commander of the 42nd Devil's Division after Sarkotić.", "Salis-Seewis was appointed to the position in late 1915 by Emperor Franz Joseph, officially taking office on 1 January 1916.", "The historian and Balkan specialist Lajos Thallóczy was appointed as the Military General Governorate's civilian commissioner, as well as Salis-Seewis's deputy.", "Thallóczy arrived in Belgrade on 17 January 1916.", "With the Austrians in charge of the military, the civilian administration was mostly made up of Hungarians and Croats.", "Four administrative departments were set up: military, economic, judicial, and political, with the latter, which had its own intelligence and police forces, under former Devil's Division officer and future Ustaše leader Major Slavko Kvaternik.", "Military intelligence () for the occupation zone was entrusted to Croat Lujo Šafranek-Kavić, as the Austro-Hungarian army relied considerably on South Slav officers and Bosnian Muslims knowledge of the language for intelligence purposes.", "In December 1916, Thallóczy was killed in a train crash while returning from Vienna to Belgrade.", "In January 1917, Teodor Kušević, a high-ranking functionary from Bosnia and Herzegovina, was appointed to replace him as the civilian commissioner.", "The function was given more prominence with new areas of responsibility including trade, police, religion, education, justice and finance.", "The first measure of the occupiers was to establish a new legal system to secure order, prevent guerrilla resistance and exploit the country's resources.", "MGG/S control over the population was accomplished in accordance with the \"Directives for the Political Administration in the Areas of the General Military Governorate in Serbia\" () and with the \"General Principles for the Imperial and Royal Military Administration in the Occupied Territories of Serbia\" ().", "The MGG/S intended to ignore Hungarian objections and integrate Serbia as a part of the empire, but as an area that would remain under direct military rule for decades after the end of the war and where political participation would be prohibited to prevent the emergence of a new Serbian state.", "The MGG was safeguarded by a permanent Austro-Hungarian garrison consisting, in August 1916, of 35 battalions, a \"Landsturm\" regiment, six companies of patrol troops, 12 units of railway guards, four-and-a-half squadrons, five artillery batteries and two anti-aircraft batteries, totaling around 70,000 men, of which 50,000 were reserved for military operations.", "Within the towns and villages of the twelve districts, 5,000 gendarmes were posted in groups of 20 to 30.", "If needed, patrol companies also served as mobile combat reserves.", "To help police the civilian population and to track down partisans, the Austro-Hungarian leadership decided to recruit amongst ethnic minority groups positively disposed towards the Dual Monarchy.", "With Thallóczy's encouragement, the Austro-Hungarian authorities permitted Kosovo Albanians to volunteer for service in the Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces.", "Prominent Albanians in towns such as Novi Pazar and Kosovska Mitrovica declared their support and offered to recruit volunteers for the occupying authorities.", "According to the notes of Colonel Hugo Kerchnawe, the Muslims in the Sandžak and the Albanians in Kosovo \"behaved very loyally and offered their support\" to the empire, Kerchnawe added in his report that \"our interests ran parallel with the Muslims' interests.", "\"\nA special commission to organise recruitment was set up by Thallóczy, assisted by former Ottoman officers and Bosnian militia leaders.", "Over 8,000 volunteers were recruited this way, despite the fact that the recruitment drive was a violation of the Hague Convention treaties that Austria-Hungary had signed, which forbade the use of occupied populations towards a country's war efforts.", "In March 1917, a home battalion was formed, supported by Bosnian gendarmes and led by former Ottoman officers.", "In the final phase of the Serbian Campaign, the Austro-Hungarian military had relied on paramilitaries consisting of Albanian clansmen from Kosovo and northern Albania as irregular troops, organised early in the occupied territories Albanian pursuit fighting units were set up to assist Austro-Hungarians patrols track down Serbian guerrillas.", "These counter-insurgency bands were based on their Bosnian counterparts, the \"Streifkorps\", paramilitary groups made up of Muslim volunteers with experience fighting Serb guerrillas and a reputation for heavy-handed tactics.", "District pursuit units were established in each district of the Austro-Hungarian occupied zone, each consisted of 40 men led by one officer.", "The Bulgarian occupation authorities also used Albanian gendarmes and irregular troops within their occupation zones.", "The separation of power in Serbia quickly led to clashes between the civilian and military authorities, as well as between Austrian and Hungarian occupation officials.", "The Hungarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs' envoy in Serbia, Lajos Széchényi, argued that Salis-Seewis' policies would lead to Serbia's annexation to the Dual Monarchy, which Thallóczy, following Hungarian prime minister István Tisza's directives, strongly opposed.", "In mid-February 1916, Thallóczy complained to Tisza about the number of Slavs in positions of authority, writing, \"the governor is Croat, the chief of the general staff is Czech, the deputy governor is from the former military border and the new General Staff Officer Slavko Kvaternik is the son in law of Croatian independentist Josip Frank.", "\"\nGeneral Conrad saw the military administration of Serbia as preliminary to its annexation, along with Montenegro and Albania, to a future South Slavic union under Croatian leadership.", "Conrad worried that by not annexing Serbia the monarchy would lose its Great Power status.", "Austria-Hungary's Joint Foreign Minister, Stephan Burián von Rajecz, supported the annexation of Serbia, but only if it would be allotted to Hungary.", "Tisza refused to consider the annexation of Serbia as it would lead to a substantial increase in Austria-Hungary's Slavic population, and significantly reduce the proportion of Hungarians within the Dual Monarchy.", "He demanded instead that northern Serbia be colonized by Hungarian and German farmers.", "After touring the three northwestern districts of Serbia together with Salis-Seewis and the visiting General Conrad, Tisza came to regard the Austro-Hungarian military's efforts in the occupied territory as a prelude to annexation.", "Tisza submitted a complaint to Burián asking for a thorough reorganisation of the Military Governorate, the removal of Salis-Seewis, whose administration he described as \"Serbophile and economically incompetent\", and requesting the condemnation of those demanding that Serbia be annexed.", "Burián took the complaint directly to Emperor Franz Joseph.", "On 6 July 1916, the emperor decreed that Salis-Seewis and his chief of staff, Colonel Gelinek, were to be replaced by his former corps commander, General Adolf Freiherr von Rhemen and Colonel Hugo Kerchnawe, effective 26 July 1916.", "Rhemen remained in this office until the end of the war.", "Tensions between Bulgaria and the Dual Monarchy started after Bulgaria extended its zone to western Kosovo, on the Austro-Hungarian side of the treaty border, going as far as Elbasan in Albania, a region that Austria-Hungary considered an occupied friendly state and of \"outstanding importance\" to the Dual Monarchy.", "Kaiser Wilhelm himself repeatedly told Bulgarian king Ferdinand that Germany supported \"the independence of Albania under Austrian protection\".", "Burián also reminded Ferdinand that at the \"west of the treaty border began the Austro-Hungarian sphere of interest.", "\"\nAccording to the terms of the secret alliance between Bulgaria and Germany, the greater part of Kosovo, including the areas of Priština, Prizren, Gnjilane, Uroševac, and Orahovac, were to fall under Bulgarian rule as part of the Military Region of Macedonia.", "Metohija, the southwestern area of Kosovo, was to be incorporated as part of the Austro-Hungarian zone of Montenegro, with the rest of Kosovo, including Kosovska Mitrovica, Vučitrn, and Đakovica, established as part of the Austro-Hungarian Military Governorate of Serbia.", "The Bulgarians maintained that they had the right to install a civilian administration on any territory they conquered, including outside their treaty border.", "Conrad, suspecting Bulgaria of harbouring ambitions to annex the whole region, sent troops to expel the Bulgarian civilian administrators.", "The arrival of Austro-Hungarian troops in areas already garrisoned by Bulgarian forces resulted in a military confrontation.", "On 27 February the Bulgarian military commander Racho Petrov issued an ultimatum to the Austrians to immediately evacuate Kačanik, on the frontier with Macedonia, resulting in a military standoff.", "Conrad warned the Bulgarian High Command that unless local Bulgarian commanders abstained from interfering with the Austro-Hungarian administration, a conflict with his troops would be inevitable.", "On 15 March, the Austro-Hungarians issued an order to secure Novi Pazar, and prepared to add Kosovska Mitrovica to their governorate.", "The German chief of staff, General Erich von Falkenhayn, ordered Mackensen to mediate between the two parties.", "Mackensen visited Sofia in person to meet Ferdinand and Prime Minister Vasil Radoslavov.", "The proposed German compromise was accepted and an agreement on a demarcation line was signed between the Austro-Hungarian and Bulgarian high commands on 1 April 1916.", "The Bulgarians withdrew eastwards, retaining the district containing Prizren and Priština, but leaving Albania and western Kosovo to the Austro-Hungarians.", "The agreement gave Bulgaria administrative rights over areas of Serbia that were not in the original agreement.", "In return, Bulgaria agreed to let Germany have access to the valleys east of the Velika Morava, the Južna Morava in Kosovo, as well as the Vardar Valley, effectively turning Macedonia and Kosovo into zones dedicated to German economic exploitation.", "The occupational authorities considered Serbian national consciousness an existential threat to Austria-Hungary.", "Thus, the policies of the Military Governorate were aimed at depoliticising and denationalising the Serbian population.", "Public gatherings and political parties were banned, the Cyrillic script was termed \"dangerous to the state\" () and banned from schools and public spaces, streets named after people perceived as being significant to Serbian national identity were renamed, the wearing of traditional Serbian clothing was proscribed and the Gregorian calendar replaced the Julian.", "Additionally, all Serbian students had to be educated in the German language, according to Austrian academic standards and through teachers imported from Austria.", "Significant cultural institutions such as the Royal Serbian Academy, the National Museum and the National Library were closed down and looted of their historical artifacts and art collections.", "The University of Belgrade, as well as various publishing houses and bookshops, were closed down.", "Schoolbooks and books in French, English, Russian and Italian were banned.", "Political expression was severely limited with the prohibition of newspaper publication except for the official MGG/S propaganda newspaper \"Belgrader Nachrichten\" (published in Serbian as \"Beogradske novine\"), which featured letters and photographs purporting to show how well those who stayed behind in occupied Serbia were living.", "Such propaganda was intended to convince Serbian soldiers who came across the \"Belgrader Nachrichten\" to desert.", "In 1916, both Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria announced that Serbia had ceased to exist as a political entity, and that its inhabitants could therefore not invoke the international rules of war dictating the treatment of civilians as defined by the Geneva Conventions and the Hague Conventions.", "The occupational authorities carried out numerous summary executions with little or no legal process.", "Upon being found guilty by a military court, victims were usually shot or hanged.", "Martial law, such as (the martial law of self-defense), was employed to quash dissent and severe preventive measures were undertaken against civilians.", "The occupational authorities were gripped by the fear of \"levée en masse\" and of civilians taking up arms.", "The Austro-Hungarian Army consequently employed the seizure of hostages from the general population and the burning of villages in punitive raids as a means of quelling resistance.", "These measures, as well as summary executions, were all permitted under section 61 of the (k.u.k army regulations).", "Disarming the populace was done by holding village elders responsible for handing over a certain quota of weapons that were judged to be held before the war began.", "The sentence for possession of a weapon was death by hanging.", "Military courts also tried civilians for newly defined offenses, including the crime of lèse-majesté.", "Civilians suspected of engaging in resistance activities were subjected to the harshest measures, including hanging and shooting.", "The house of an offender's family would also be destroyed.", "Victims were usually hanged on the main squares of villages and towns, in full view of the general population.", "The lifeless bodies were left to hang by the noose for several days so as to clearly show the treatment reserved for \"spies\" and \"traitors\".", "The MGG/S, as well as the High Command in Vienna, considered sending civilian prisoners to internment camps as a preventive measure to discourage insurgent activities.", "During the occupation, between 150,000 and 200,000 men, women and children were deported to various camps in Austria-Hungary, it has been estimated they represented slightly more than 10 per cent of the Serb population.", "Since Serbia did not have its own Red Cross, Serbian prisoners did not have access to the aid the Red Cross provided to other Allied prisoners.", "Moreover, Serbian prisoners were not considered \"enemy aliens\" but \"internal enemies\" by Austria-Hungary's Ministry of War.", "By defining them as \"terrorists\" or \"insurgents\", the Austro-Hungarian authorities were not obliged to disclose the number of captives they held, and which camps they were being held in, to Red Cross societies.", "Four significant waves of deportations occurred in occupied Serbia.", "The first occurred at the very start of the occupation, when Salis-Seewis rounded up 70,000 \"dissidents\", mostly able-bodied men, ex-soldiers, politically active individuals, as well as members of the political and cultural elite who had remained in the country after the retreat to Corfu.", "University professors, teachers, and priests, especially those who had participated in political, cultural or even athletic associations, were arrested and sent to internment camps.", "The second and largest deportations took place after Romania entered the war on the side of the Allies on 27 August 1916.", "From mid-August to late October 1916, an order to arrest all males between the ages of 17 and 50 was issued.", "These men were targeted because they were of fighting age.", "More than 16,500 males were sent to internment camps during this round of deportations.", "During the Toplica uprising, in the Spring of 1916 when armed resistance seemed to be spreading, more deportations took place.", "The fourth and final round of deportations occurred after the Allied breakthrough on the Salonica front in late 1918.", "In Bohemia, the camp at Braunau (modern-day Broumov, Czech Republic) held about 35,000 prisoners, almost exclusively Serbian, civilian, military prisoners, men, women and children.", "According to a 1918 press report, an epidemic of dysentery almost wiped out all the children in the camp.", "After the war, a mass grave was found behind the camp containing the remains of 2,674 people (these remains were later moved to the crypt of the Heinrichsgrün camp).", "The camp at Heinrichsgrün (modern-day Jindřichovice, Czech Republic), held mostly Serbs, both soldiers and civilians, from the Šumadija and Kolubara districts of western Serbia.", "An average of 40 people died there every day.", "In Hungary, the largest internment camps were in the Nezsider district; Nezsider (modern-day Neusiedl am See, Austria) was a concentration camp primarily used to detain civilians from Serbia and Montenegro, and the principal camp for Serbs suspected to be \"terrorists\" or \"agitators\".", "The number of detainees by May 1917 was 9,934, including children as young as nine.", "Over the course of the war, the Nezsider camp held 17,000 internees, about 4,800 people are known to have perished at the camp.", "In addition to those deported to Hungary, some 30,000 Serb civilians were sent to Austrian camps or used as forced labour.", "In Lower Austria, the camps of Drosendorf and Mittendorf held both Serbian soldiers and civilians.", "Thousand of Serbs perished during a typhus epidemic at the Mauthausen camp in Upper Austria when about 14,000 were being held; an official Austro-Hungarian army report mentioned 5,600 prisoners of war buried in the camp graveyard in the early months of the war.", "According to official figures, between 27 December 1915 and 5 July 1917, 45,791 civilians and prisoners of war from Serbia and Montenegro were held captive at the camp in Doboj, in Bosnia.", "Around 12,000 are estimated to have perished there.", "Other camps held both civilians and prisoners of war, including Boldogasszony, Nagymegyer (modern-day Veľký Meder, Slovakia), Arad (modern-day Romania), Cegléd, Kecskemét and Győr.", "By May 1917, 39,359 people from Serbia, including women and children, were interned outside the country.", "These large scale deportations caused concern around Europe quickly becoming an international scandal.", "The Spanish authorities complained then, in April 1917, the Holy See intervened through the office of the Apostolic Nunciature to Austria against the internment of Serbian women and children between the ages of 10 and 15.", "By the end of the year, Austria-Hungary's Ministry of War admitted that 526 Serb children were in fact being held at Nezsider, but that it was necessary on the grounds of military security.", "According to a Red Cross report dated 1 February 1918, by the end of 1917, there were 206,500 prisoners of war and internees from Serbia in Austro-Hungarian and German camps.", "According to the historian Alan Kramer, the Serbians in Austro-Hungarian captivity received the worst treatment of all the prisoners, and at least 30,000–40,000 had died of starvation by January 1918.", "Tensions between the Austrian and German authorities increased after Burián complained that the German military was employing a ruthless system of requisition, resulting in famine and the pauperisation of the population.", "Behind the front lines, the Germans \"\" was an area that Berlin had secured as a zone dedicated to agricultural production to feed its troops on the Salonica front.", "As the German exploitation of resources in occupied Serbia was handled by the German Oriental Society (), the exploitation of mines failed to satisfy the Dual Monarchy's need for vital raw materials because Germany took two-thirds of all production from Serbia as reparations for its military aid.", "Austro-Hungarian reports on the state of Serbia in 1915 noted famine threatening the occupation zone and a population in a desperate state after nearly four years of constant war.", "The return of refugees exacerbated the shortage of food.", "Reports from late 1915 spoke of the necessity of receiving urgent relief to avoid disaster.", "Starvation loomed after soldiers destroyed or captured much of Serbia's foodstuffs and livestock.", "Harvest yields and produced goods had to be turned over to authorities while food was rationed.", "In early 1916, Conrad ordered that Serbia's resources be \"squeezed dry\" regardless of the consequences for the population.", "As news of the famine in Serbia spread around the world, campaigns were organised asking for Relief for Agonized Serbia.", "American, Swiss and Swedish humanitarian organisations offered assistance.", "According to Red Cross reports, starvation killed more than 8,000 Serbians during the first winter under Austro-Hungarian occupation.", "By mid-May 1917, figures from the Habsburg High Command reported that 170,000 cattle, 190,000 sheep, and 50,000 pigs had been exported to Austria-Hungary.", "Immediately after the withdrawal of the Royal Serbian Army and the start of the Austro-Hungarian occupation, armed individuals and small groups of insurgents, called Chetniks, made up of former soldiers who had remained in the country, began to wage a guerrilla campaign against the occupiers.", "The Chetniks had a long tradition as guerrillas after centuries of Ottoman rule.", "Their actions were often considered heroic by the population and depicted in epic folk poetry, giving them strong local support.", "The first organised guerrilla group was formed in the Novi Pazar and Kosovska Mitrovica districts in early 1916, and was led by former army captain Kosta Vojinović.", "In March 1916, General Conrad ordered that all resistance be quashed with ruthless severity.", "Komitadjis, as the Austro-Hungarian army called the insurgents, were deemed outside international law by the MGG and were to be \"completely wiped out\".", "Jovan Avakumović, a former Prime Minister of Serbia, suggested to Salis-Seewis that he should issue a joint proclamation for the restoration of peace and order.", "Avakumović's proposal was turned down and Salis-Seewis ordered his arrest and internment.", "The Military Governorate responded to the multiplication of guerrilla groups by employing small Ottoman and Albanian counter-guerrilla units based on the \"Streifkorps\" from Bosnia instead of regular patrol troops.", "In late September 1916, the Serbian High Command flew in the experienced Chetnik guerrilla leader Kosta Pećanac from Allied Headquarters in Salonica.", "He was parachuted in by air to organize resistance in Serbia together with Vojinović.", "In early February 1917, a rebellion led by Vojinović broke out in the vicinity of Kuršumlija and Prokuplje.", "The insurgents, supported by volunteers and Chetniks from Montenegro, liberated Kuršumlija, Prokuplje, Pusta Reka, Lebane and Ribarska.", "The uprising was planned to coincide with an Allied offensive.", "Later that month, a large scale uprising broke out in the Toplica District in Bulgarian-occupied Serbia.", "A force of 4,000 armed men and women managed to liberate a significant area in the Morava Valley before the uprising was put down.", "During the summer of 1917, the Austro-Hungarian Army was forced to bring in troops from the Isonzo Front to reinforce the Bulgarian Army and Bulgarian paramilitary groups.", "Without the expected Allied support, the uprising collapsed.", "In late 1917, Vojinović was killed; Pećanac managed to escape and went into hiding.", "According to contemporary Austro-Hungarian Army reports, 20,000 Serbs were killed in the course of the rebellion, while 2,600 managed to escape into the forests.", "Despite the harsh repression, guerrilla groups managed to survive and were able to support Allied offensive operations in the summer of 1918.", "After the war, Chief of Staff Paul Kirch described the withdrawal of the German 11th Army:", "With the Vardar Offensive and the success of Allied forces at the Battle of Dobro Pole, Bulgaria capitulated and signed the Armistice of Salonica on 29 September 1918.", "New Austro-Hungarian and German troops redeployed to Serbia from Ukraine were unable to halt the northward advance of the Royal Serbian Army.", "By the third week of October, General Hermann von Kövess ordered a strategic retreat behind the Danube, Sava and Drina rivers.", "On 29 October, Governor-General von Rhemen and his staff left occupied Serbia.", "The following day, Belgrade was liberated by the Royal Serbian Army.", "By 1 November, all of pre-war Serbia had been liberated, bringing the three-year Central Powers occupation to an end." ]

[ 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 ]

[ "Serbia was divided into two separate occupation zones, one Bulgarian and the other Austro-Hungarian, both governed under a military administration." ]

[ "On 28 June 1914, the heir to the Habsburg throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, was assassinated by Bosnian Serb student Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo.", "The preservation of Austria-Hungary's prestige necessitated a punishing attack on Serbia, which the Austro-Hungarian leadership deemed responsible for the murder.", "The Austro-Hungarian military leadership was determined to quash Serbia's independence, which it viewed as an unacceptable threat to the future of the empire given its sizeable South Slavic population.", "On 28 July 1914, exactly one month after Franz Ferdinand's assassination, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.", "That evening, Austro-Hungarian artillery shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade from the border town of Semlin (modern-day Zemun), effectively starting World War I. Command of the Austro-Hungarian invasion force was delegated to \"Feldzeugmeister\" Oskar Potiorek, the Governor-General of Bosnia and Herzegovina, who had been responsible for the security of Franz Ferdinand and his wife Duchess Sophie of Hohenberg in Sarajevo.", "On the morning of 12 August 1914, the Austro-Hungarian Fifth Army crossed the Drina River, effectively starting the first invasion of Serbia.", "During the first invasion of Serbia, which the Austro-Hungarian leadership euphemistically dubbed a punitive expedition (), Austro-Hungarian forces occupied parts of Serbia for thirteen days.", "Their war aims were not only to eliminate Serbia as a threat but also to punish her for fuelling South Slav irredentism in the Monarchy.", "The occupation turned into a war of annihilation, accompanied by massacres of civilians and the taking of hostages.", "Austro-Hungarian troops committed a number of war crimes against the Serbian population, especially in the area of Mačva, where according to historian Geoffrey Wawro the Austro-Hungarian army savaged the civilian population in a wave of atrocities.", "During the short occupation between 3,500 and 4,000 Serb civilians were killed in executions and acts of random violence by marauding troops.", "Mass killings took place in numerous towns in northern Serbia.", "On 17 August 1914, in the Serbian town of Šabac, 120 residents—mostly women, children and old men, who had previously been locked in a church—were shot and buried in the churchyard by Austro-Hungarian troops on the orders of \"Feldmarschall-Leutnant\" Kasimir von Lütgendorf.", "The remaining residents were beaten to death, hanged, stabbed, mutilated or burned alive.", "A pit was later discovered in the village of Lešnica containing 109 dead peasants who were \"bound together with a rope and encircled by wire\"; they had been shot and immediately buried, even with some still alive.", "Wawro writes that in Krupanj, men of the 42nd Home Guard Infantry Division, the exclusively Croat formation known as the Devil's Division, bashed a group of old men and boys to the ground using rifle buttstrokes and then hanged any who were still breathing.", "These types of attacks were planned at the highest level, the ground for the escalation of violence was ideologically prepared by the commanders' verbal radicalism, on August 13 Potiorek ordered reprisal hangings, the taking of hostages and arson by all units.", "Often bodies were left hanging on the gallows, trees or street lamps for days as a deterrent and as evidence of the Austro-Hungarian military's determination to deal with Serbian suspects.", "Many executions were photographed by Austro-Hungarian soldiers and officers; some of the images were reproduced as postcards and sold through the Austro-Hungarian army's official sales outlets.", "The Swiss criminologist and physician Archibald Reiss reported on the atrocities committed by the Austro-Hungarian army in a report that was presented at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, Reiss recorded that the number of civilians killed in the invaded Serbian territory amounted to between 3,000 and 4,000, including a large number of women and children, in the region around Šabac he counted 1,658 burned buildings.", "According to historian James Lyon, \"the Habsburg forces engaged in an orgy of looting, rape, murder, mass extermination, and other atrocities\".", "Reiss likened the Austro-Hungarian atrocities to the Rape of Belgium.", "On 24 August, after delivering a major defeat to Austria-Hungary's invading \"Balkan Armed Forces\" () at the Battle of Cer, the Royal Serbian Army liberated Šabac and reached the frontier banks of the Sava River, thereby bringing the first Austro-Hungarian invasion of Serbia to an end, and securing the first Allied victory of World War I.", "On 8 September 1914 the Austro-Hungarians launched a second invasion, a twin-pronged night attack across the Drina to secure a firm bridgehead.", "This time engaging all their forces the well-equipped Habsburg forces outnumbered the Serbs who were short of munitions two to one.", "Facing fierce resistance, the Fifth Army was pushed back into Bosnia while the Sixth Army's offensive was stopped by a strong Serbian counterattack.", "On 23 October, the flagship of the Austro-Hungarian Danube Flotilla, the SMS \"Temes\", which had shelled Belgrade on the first day of the war, was sunk by a mine on the Sava.", "Although it suffered nearly 30,000 casualties and the invasion was temporarily halted, the Austro-Hungarian army retained a foothold in Serbia.", "Convinced that Serbia was near defeat, Potiorek regrouped and launched a third offensive on 5 November 1914.", "Potiorek exploited the Austro-Hungarians' superiority in artillery, including large calibre mortar, to capture Valjevo on 15 November and with support from a monitor group of the Danube Flotilla as well as aerial reconnaissance, Belgrade on 30 November, forcing the Royal Serbian Army to retreat.", "The conquered territory was divided into five county commands ().", "The Austro-Hungarian \"Feldmarschall\" of Croatian ethnicity Stjepan Sarkotić, commander during the first invasion of the 42nd Home Guard Infantry Division, was appointed governor-general of Serbia by Emperor Franz Joseph on 24 November 1914.", "Under Sarkotić's administration, multiple concentration camps were established in which tens of thousands of Serbs were interned, in the town of Šabac alone, between 1,500 and 2,000 civilians were deported to internment camps in Hungary.", "According to the historian Bastian Matteo Scianna, the Austro-Hungarian atrocities had a planned exterminatory character.", "In early December, the Royal Serbian Army launched a sustained counterattack, decisively defeating the Austro-Hungarians at the Battle of Kolubara and recapturing Belgrade a day after General Sarkotic's new military government had been established.", "By 15 December, the Royal Serbian Army had captured Zemun, having crossed the border in pursuit of the Austro-Hungarians,\nDefeat at the hands of Serbia, a small Balkan peasant kingdom, wounded the pride of Austria-Hungary's military and civilian leadership.", "One Austrian officer was reported as saying that Potiorek would be shot if he appeared among his own troops.", "On 22 December, Potiorek was relieved of his command and replaced by Archduke Eugen of Austria.", "Although Austria-Hungary had failed to defeat Serbia, the Royal Serbian Army had exhausted its military capability, losing 100,000 men in battle, and was forced to deal with a typhoid epidemic that further decimated the army and civilian population.", "German officials urged their Austro-Hungarian counterparts to launch yet another offensive against Serbia, despite the fact that the Austro-Hungarians were engaged in a costly second front with Russia to the east.", "The Austro-Hungarian leadership would not consider invading Serbia again for almost a year, when Bulgarian participation in such an invasion was guaranteed.", "On 6 September 1915, Germany and Bulgaria entered into a secret military alliance.", "German officials promised Bulgaria all of Serbian Macedonia, parts of northeastern Serbia, as well as a new loan of 200,000,000 gold francs in return for Bulgaria's participation in an upcoming invasion of Serbia.", "The agreement was signed in the German town of Plessa.\nOn 5 October 1915, Austria-Hungary and Germany launched a joint invasion of Serbia.", "The offensive marked Austria-Hungary's fourth attempt to conquer Serbia, this time led by German General August von Mackensen.", "On that day, artillery bombardment began, a few days later three German and three Austro-Hungarian Army corps crossed the Sava, attacking from the north as part of Army Group Mackensen.", "On 14 October, with the bulk of the Serbian forces opposing combined invaders up north, two Bulgarian armies invaded southern Serbia from the east, advancing towards Niš and Skoplje.", "The Bulgarian offensive cut off the Royal Serbian Army's lines of communication to the south as well as a retreat route towards French General Maurice Sarrail's relief force, which had advanced northwards up the Vardar River valley from the Allies' new base in Salonica.", "Despite the treaty of mutual assistance with Serbia against a Bulgarian attack, King Constantine of Greece refused to let the Greek army enter the war to aid the Serbs or let the Allies use the Greek railroads devoted to supporting their mobilization.", "The Central Powers enjoyed massive superiority in numbers and equipment, especially in artillery, along the nearly front.", "Serbia and Montenegro could hardly muster half the number of soldiers as the Central Powers.", "Within six weeks, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Germany had succeeded in conquering Serbia.", "While the strategic goals set before the offensive had been achieved, the Central Powers were deprived of a decisive victory by the Royal Serbian Army's winter retreat over the mountains of Albania and Montenegro towards the Adriatic coast.", "Ultimately, around 140,000 Serbian soldiers and hundreds of thousands of civilians were evacuated to the Greek island of Corfu, among them the entire Serbian government, as well as the Serbian royal family.", "The Royal Serbian Army retrenched itself in Greece, where it was reorganised and repurposed to combating Bulgarian and German troops on the Salonica front.", "Towards the end of 1915, Serbia was divided between Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria, with both countries establishing military administrations in the territories they had occupied.", "Shortly after the retreat of the Royal Serbian Army, the country was divided into three zones.", "The Austro-Hungarian occupational zone stretched from the region west of the Morava Valley to the Macedonian frontier, and included Belgrade.", "Bulgaria gained the whole of Serbian Macedonia, as well as the areas east of the Morava, and Southern Serbia between Kosovo and the Danube River.", "A German control zone was established in the area east of the Velika Morava, the Južna Morava in Kosovo and the Vardar Valley.", "The Germans took control of all railways, mines, forestry, and agricultural resources in Serbia.", "On 1 January 1916, the Austro-Hungarian High Command (; AOK) ordered the formation of the Military General Governorate of Serbia (; MGG/S), with Belgrade as its administrative centre.", "The Austro-Hungarian occupation zone was divided into thirteen approximately equal districts (), which were then divided into sixty-four boroughs (), with the city of Belgrade as its own district.", "The occupational administration was subordinate to the AOK under General Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, and later under \"Generaloberst\" Arthur Arz von Straußenburg.", "The Military Governorate was headed by a General Governor with the rank of a corps commander.", "The first governor-general, Johann Graf Salis-Seewis, an ethnic Croat with experience fighting insurgents in Macedonia, had served as the commander of the 42nd Devil's Division after Sarkotić.", "Salis-Seewis was appointed to the position in late 1915 by Emperor Franz Joseph, officially taking office on 1 January 1916.", "The historian and Balkan specialist Lajos Thallóczy was appointed as the Military General Governorate's civilian commissioner, as well as Salis-Seewis's deputy.", "Thallóczy arrived in Belgrade on 17 January 1916.", "With the Austrians in charge of the military, the civilian administration was mostly made up of Hungarians and Croats.", "Four administrative departments were set up: military, economic, judicial, and political, with the latter, which had its own intelligence and police forces, under former Devil's Division officer and future Ustaše leader Major Slavko Kvaternik.", "Military intelligence () for the occupation zone was entrusted to Croat Lujo Šafranek-Kavić, as the Austro-Hungarian army relied considerably on South Slav officers and Bosnian Muslims knowledge of the language for intelligence purposes.", "In December 1916, Thallóczy was killed in a train crash while returning from Vienna to Belgrade.", "In January 1917, Teodor Kušević, a high-ranking functionary from Bosnia and Herzegovina, was appointed to replace him as the civilian commissioner.", "The function was given more prominence with new areas of responsibility including trade, police, religion, education, justice and finance.", "The first measure of the occupiers was to establish a new legal system to secure order, prevent guerrilla resistance and exploit the country's resources.", "MGG/S control over the population was accomplished in accordance with the \"Directives for the Political Administration in the Areas of the General Military Governorate in Serbia\" () and with the \"General Principles for the Imperial and Royal Military Administration in the Occupied Territories of Serbia\" ().", "The MGG/S intended to ignore Hungarian objections and integrate Serbia as a part of the empire, but as an area that would remain under direct military rule for decades after the end of the war and where political participation would be prohibited to prevent the emergence of a new Serbian state.", "The MGG was safeguarded by a permanent Austro-Hungarian garrison consisting, in August 1916, of 35 battalions, a \"Landsturm\" regiment, six companies of patrol troops, 12 units of railway guards, four-and-a-half squadrons, five artillery batteries and two anti-aircraft batteries, totaling around 70,000 men, of which 50,000 were reserved for military operations.", "Within the towns and villages of the twelve districts, 5,000 gendarmes were posted in groups of 20 to 30.", "If needed, patrol companies also served as mobile combat reserves.", "To help police the civilian population and to track down partisans, the Austro-Hungarian leadership decided to recruit amongst ethnic minority groups positively disposed towards the Dual Monarchy.", "With Thallóczy's encouragement, the Austro-Hungarian authorities permitted Kosovo Albanians to volunteer for service in the Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces.", "Prominent Albanians in towns such as Novi Pazar and Kosovska Mitrovica declared their support and offered to recruit volunteers for the occupying authorities.", "According to the notes of Colonel Hugo Kerchnawe, the Muslims in the Sandžak and the Albanians in Kosovo \"behaved very loyally and offered their support\" to the empire, Kerchnawe added in his report that \"our interests ran parallel with the Muslims' interests.", "\"\nA special commission to organise recruitment was set up by Thallóczy, assisted by former Ottoman officers and Bosnian militia leaders.", "Over 8,000 volunteers were recruited this way, despite the fact that the recruitment drive was a violation of the Hague Convention treaties that Austria-Hungary had signed, which forbade the use of occupied populations towards a country's war efforts.", "In March 1917, a home battalion was formed, supported by Bosnian gendarmes and led by former Ottoman officers.", "In the final phase of the Serbian Campaign, the Austro-Hungarian military had relied on paramilitaries consisting of Albanian clansmen from Kosovo and northern Albania as irregular troops, organised early in the occupied territories Albanian pursuit fighting units were set up to assist Austro-Hungarians patrols track down Serbian guerrillas.", "These counter-insurgency bands were based on their Bosnian counterparts, the \"Streifkorps\", paramilitary groups made up of Muslim volunteers with experience fighting Serb guerrillas and a reputation for heavy-handed tactics.", "District pursuit units were established in each district of the Austro-Hungarian occupied zone, each consisted of 40 men led by one officer.", "The Bulgarian occupation authorities also used Albanian gendarmes and irregular troops within their occupation zones.", "The separation of power in Serbia quickly led to clashes between the civilian and military authorities, as well as between Austrian and Hungarian occupation officials.", "The Hungarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs' envoy in Serbia, Lajos Széchényi, argued that Salis-Seewis' policies would lead to Serbia's annexation to the Dual Monarchy, which Thallóczy, following Hungarian prime minister István Tisza's directives, strongly opposed.", "In mid-February 1916, Thallóczy complained to Tisza about the number of Slavs in positions of authority, writing, \"the governor is Croat, the chief of the general staff is Czech, the deputy governor is from the former military border and the new General Staff Officer Slavko Kvaternik is the son in law of Croatian independentist Josip Frank.", "\"\nGeneral Conrad saw the military administration of Serbia as preliminary to its annexation, along with Montenegro and Albania, to a future South Slavic union under Croatian leadership.", "Conrad worried that by not annexing Serbia the monarchy would lose its Great Power status.", "Austria-Hungary's Joint Foreign Minister, Stephan Burián von Rajecz, supported the annexation of Serbia, but only if it would be allotted to Hungary.", "Tisza refused to consider the annexation of Serbia as it would lead to a substantial increase in Austria-Hungary's Slavic population, and significantly reduce the proportion of Hungarians within the Dual Monarchy.", "He demanded instead that northern Serbia be colonized by Hungarian and German farmers.", "After touring the three northwestern districts of Serbia together with Salis-Seewis and the visiting General Conrad, Tisza came to regard the Austro-Hungarian military's efforts in the occupied territory as a prelude to annexation.", "Tisza submitted a complaint to Burián asking for a thorough reorganisation of the Military Governorate, the removal of Salis-Seewis, whose administration he described as \"Serbophile and economically incompetent\", and requesting the condemnation of those demanding that Serbia be annexed.", "Burián took the complaint directly to Emperor Franz Joseph.", "On 6 July 1916, the emperor decreed that Salis-Seewis and his chief of staff, Colonel Gelinek, were to be replaced by his former corps commander, General Adolf Freiherr von Rhemen and Colonel Hugo Kerchnawe, effective 26 July 1916.", "Rhemen remained in this office until the end of the war.", "Tensions between Bulgaria and the Dual Monarchy started after Bulgaria extended its zone to western Kosovo, on the Austro-Hungarian side of the treaty border, going as far as Elbasan in Albania, a region that Austria-Hungary considered an occupied friendly state and of \"outstanding importance\" to the Dual Monarchy.", "Kaiser Wilhelm himself repeatedly told Bulgarian king Ferdinand that Germany supported \"the independence of Albania under Austrian protection\".", "Burián also reminded Ferdinand that at the \"west of the treaty border began the Austro-Hungarian sphere of interest.", "\"\nAccording to the terms of the secret alliance between Bulgaria and Germany, the greater part of Kosovo, including the areas of Priština, Prizren, Gnjilane, Uroševac, and Orahovac, were to fall under Bulgarian rule as part of the Military Region of Macedonia.", "Metohija, the southwestern area of Kosovo, was to be incorporated as part of the Austro-Hungarian zone of Montenegro, with the rest of Kosovo, including Kosovska Mitrovica, Vučitrn, and Đakovica, established as part of the Austro-Hungarian Military Governorate of Serbia.", "The Bulgarians maintained that they had the right to install a civilian administration on any territory they conquered, including outside their treaty border.", "Conrad, suspecting Bulgaria of harbouring ambitions to annex the whole region, sent troops to expel the Bulgarian civilian administrators.", "The arrival of Austro-Hungarian troops in areas already garrisoned by Bulgarian forces resulted in a military confrontation.", "On 27 February the Bulgarian military commander Racho Petrov issued an ultimatum to the Austrians to immediately evacuate Kačanik, on the frontier with Macedonia, resulting in a military standoff.", "Conrad warned the Bulgarian High Command that unless local Bulgarian commanders abstained from interfering with the Austro-Hungarian administration, a conflict with his troops would be inevitable.", "On 15 March, the Austro-Hungarians issued an order to secure Novi Pazar, and prepared to add Kosovska Mitrovica to their governorate.", "The German chief of staff, General Erich von Falkenhayn, ordered Mackensen to mediate between the two parties.", "Mackensen visited Sofia in person to meet Ferdinand and Prime Minister Vasil Radoslavov.", "The proposed German compromise was accepted and an agreement on a demarcation line was signed between the Austro-Hungarian and Bulgarian high commands on 1 April 1916.", "The Bulgarians withdrew eastwards, retaining the district containing Prizren and Priština, but leaving Albania and western Kosovo to the Austro-Hungarians.", "The agreement gave Bulgaria administrative rights over areas of Serbia that were not in the original agreement.", "In return, Bulgaria agreed to let Germany have access to the valleys east of the Velika Morava, the Južna Morava in Kosovo, as well as the Vardar Valley, effectively turning Macedonia and Kosovo into zones dedicated to German economic exploitation.", "The occupational authorities considered Serbian national consciousness an existential threat to Austria-Hungary.", "Thus, the policies of the Military Governorate were aimed at depoliticising and denationalising the Serbian population.", "Public gatherings and political parties were banned, the Cyrillic script was termed \"dangerous to the state\" () and banned from schools and public spaces, streets named after people perceived as being significant to Serbian national identity were renamed, the wearing of traditional Serbian clothing was proscribed and the Gregorian calendar replaced the Julian.", "Additionally, all Serbian students had to be educated in the German language, according to Austrian academic standards and through teachers imported from Austria.", "Significant cultural institutions such as the Royal Serbian Academy, the National Museum and the National Library were closed down and looted of their historical artifacts and art collections.", "The University of Belgrade, as well as various publishing houses and bookshops, were closed down.", "Schoolbooks and books in French, English, Russian and Italian were banned.", "Political expression was severely limited with the prohibition of newspaper publication except for the official MGG/S propaganda newspaper \"Belgrader Nachrichten\" (published in Serbian as \"Beogradske novine\"), which featured letters and photographs purporting to show how well those who stayed behind in occupied Serbia were living.", "Such propaganda was intended to convince Serbian soldiers who came across the \"Belgrader Nachrichten\" to desert.", "In 1916, both Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria announced that Serbia had ceased to exist as a political entity, and that its inhabitants could therefore not invoke the international rules of war dictating the treatment of civilians as defined by the Geneva Conventions and the Hague Conventions.", "The occupational authorities carried out numerous summary executions with little or no legal process.", "Upon being found guilty by a military court, victims were usually shot or hanged.", "Martial law, such as (the martial law of self-defense), was employed to quash dissent and severe preventive measures were undertaken against civilians.", "The occupational authorities were gripped by the fear of \"levée en masse\" and of civilians taking up arms.", "The Austro-Hungarian Army consequently employed the seizure of hostages from the general population and the burning of villages in punitive raids as a means of quelling resistance.", "These measures, as well as summary executions, were all permitted under section 61 of the (k.u.k army regulations).", "Disarming the populace was done by holding village elders responsible for handing over a certain quota of weapons that were judged to be held before the war began.", "The sentence for possession of a weapon was death by hanging.", "Military courts also tried civilians for newly defined offenses, including the crime of lèse-majesté.", "Civilians suspected of engaging in resistance activities were subjected to the harshest measures, including hanging and shooting.", "The house of an offender's family would also be destroyed.", "Victims were usually hanged on the main squares of villages and towns, in full view of the general population.", "The lifeless bodies were left to hang by the noose for several days so as to clearly show the treatment reserved for \"spies\" and \"traitors\".", "The MGG/S, as well as the High Command in Vienna, considered sending civilian prisoners to internment camps as a preventive measure to discourage insurgent activities.", "During the occupation, between 150,000 and 200,000 men, women and children were deported to various camps in Austria-Hungary, it has been estimated they represented slightly more than 10 per cent of the Serb population.", "Since Serbia did not have its own Red Cross, Serbian prisoners did not have access to the aid the Red Cross provided to other Allied prisoners.", "Moreover, Serbian prisoners were not considered \"enemy aliens\" but \"internal enemies\" by Austria-Hungary's Ministry of War.", "By defining them as \"terrorists\" or \"insurgents\", the Austro-Hungarian authorities were not obliged to disclose the number of captives they held, and which camps they were being held in, to Red Cross societies.", "Four significant waves of deportations occurred in occupied Serbia.", "The first occurred at the very start of the occupation, when Salis-Seewis rounded up 70,000 \"dissidents\", mostly able-bodied men, ex-soldiers, politically active individuals, as well as members of the political and cultural elite who had remained in the country after the retreat to Corfu.", "University professors, teachers, and priests, especially those who had participated in political, cultural or even athletic associations, were arrested and sent to internment camps.", "The second and largest deportations took place after Romania entered the war on the side of the Allies on 27 August 1916.", "From mid-August to late October 1916, an order to arrest all males between the ages of 17 and 50 was issued.", "These men were targeted because they were of fighting age.", "More than 16,500 males were sent to internment camps during this round of deportations.", "During the Toplica uprising, in the Spring of 1916 when armed resistance seemed to be spreading, more deportations took place.", "The fourth and final round of deportations occurred after the Allied breakthrough on the Salonica front in late 1918.", "In Bohemia, the camp at Braunau (modern-day Broumov, Czech Republic) held about 35,000 prisoners, almost exclusively Serbian, civilian, military prisoners, men, women and children.", "According to a 1918 press report, an epidemic of dysentery almost wiped out all the children in the camp.", "After the war, a mass grave was found behind the camp containing the remains of 2,674 people (these remains were later moved to the crypt of the Heinrichsgrün camp).", "The camp at Heinrichsgrün (modern-day Jindřichovice, Czech Republic), held mostly Serbs, both soldiers and civilians, from the Šumadija and Kolubara districts of western Serbia.", "An average of 40 people died there every day.", "In Hungary, the largest internment camps were in the Nezsider district; Nezsider (modern-day Neusiedl am See, Austria) was a concentration camp primarily used to detain civilians from Serbia and Montenegro, and the principal camp for Serbs suspected to be \"terrorists\" or \"agitators\".", "The number of detainees by May 1917 was 9,934, including children as young as nine.", "Over the course of the war, the Nezsider camp held 17,000 internees, about 4,800 people are known to have perished at the camp.", "In addition to those deported to Hungary, some 30,000 Serb civilians were sent to Austrian camps or used as forced labour.", "In Lower Austria, the camps of Drosendorf and Mittendorf held both Serbian soldiers and civilians.", "Thousand of Serbs perished during a typhus epidemic at the Mauthausen camp in Upper Austria when about 14,000 were being held; an official Austro-Hungarian army report mentioned 5,600 prisoners of war buried in the camp graveyard in the early months of the war.", "According to official figures, between 27 December 1915 and 5 July 1917, 45,791 civilians and prisoners of war from Serbia and Montenegro were held captive at the camp in Doboj, in Bosnia.", "Around 12,000 are estimated to have perished there.", "Other camps held both civilians and prisoners of war, including Boldogasszony, Nagymegyer (modern-day Veľký Meder, Slovakia), Arad (modern-day Romania), Cegléd, Kecskemét and Győr.", "By May 1917, 39,359 people from Serbia, including women and children, were interned outside the country.", "These large scale deportations caused concern around Europe quickly becoming an international scandal.", "The Spanish authorities complained then, in April 1917, the Holy See intervened through the office of the Apostolic Nunciature to Austria against the internment of Serbian women and children between the ages of 10 and 15.", "By the end of the year, Austria-Hungary's Ministry of War admitted that 526 Serb children were in fact being held at Nezsider, but that it was necessary on the grounds of military security.", "According to a Red Cross report dated 1 February 1918, by the end of 1917, there were 206,500 prisoners of war and internees from Serbia in Austro-Hungarian and German camps.", "According to the historian Alan Kramer, the Serbians in Austro-Hungarian captivity received the worst treatment of all the prisoners, and at least 30,000–40,000 had died of starvation by January 1918.", "Tensions between the Austrian and German authorities increased after Burián complained that the German military was employing a ruthless system of requisition, resulting in famine and the pauperisation of the population.", "Behind the front lines, the Germans \"\" was an area that Berlin had secured as a zone dedicated to agricultural production to feed its troops on the Salonica front.", "As the German exploitation of resources in occupied Serbia was handled by the German Oriental Society (), the exploitation of mines failed to satisfy the Dual Monarchy's need for vital raw materials because Germany took two-thirds of all production from Serbia as reparations for its military aid.", "Austro-Hungarian reports on the state of Serbia in 1915 noted famine threatening the occupation zone and a population in a desperate state after nearly four years of constant war.", "The return of refugees exacerbated the shortage of food.", "Reports from late 1915 spoke of the necessity of receiving urgent relief to avoid disaster.", "Starvation loomed after soldiers destroyed or captured much of Serbia's foodstuffs and livestock.", "Harvest yields and produced goods had to be turned over to authorities while food was rationed.", "In early 1916, Conrad ordered that Serbia's resources be \"squeezed dry\" regardless of the consequences for the population.", "As news of the famine in Serbia spread around the world, campaigns were organised asking for Relief for Agonized Serbia.", "American, Swiss and Swedish humanitarian organisations offered assistance.", "According to Red Cross reports, starvation killed more than 8,000 Serbians during the first winter under Austro-Hungarian occupation.", "By mid-May 1917, figures from the Habsburg High Command reported that 170,000 cattle, 190,000 sheep, and 50,000 pigs had been exported to Austria-Hungary.", "Immediately after the withdrawal of the Royal Serbian Army and the start of the Austro-Hungarian occupation, armed individuals and small groups of insurgents, called Chetniks, made up of former soldiers who had remained in the country, began to wage a guerrilla campaign against the occupiers.", "The Chetniks had a long tradition as guerrillas after centuries of Ottoman rule.", "Their actions were often considered heroic by the population and depicted in epic folk poetry, giving them strong local support.", "The first organised guerrilla group was formed in the Novi Pazar and Kosovska Mitrovica districts in early 1916, and was led by former army captain Kosta Vojinović.", "In March 1916, General Conrad ordered that all resistance be quashed with ruthless severity.", "Komitadjis, as the Austro-Hungarian army called the insurgents, were deemed outside international law by the MGG and were to be \"completely wiped out\".", "Jovan Avakumović, a former Prime Minister of Serbia, suggested to Salis-Seewis that he should issue a joint proclamation for the restoration of peace and order.", "Avakumović's proposal was turned down and Salis-Seewis ordered his arrest and internment.", "The Military Governorate responded to the multiplication of guerrilla groups by employing small Ottoman and Albanian counter-guerrilla units based on the \"Streifkorps\" from Bosnia instead of regular patrol troops.", "In late September 1916, the Serbian High Command flew in the experienced Chetnik guerrilla leader Kosta Pećanac from Allied Headquarters in Salonica.", "He was parachuted in by air to organize resistance in Serbia together with Vojinović.", "In early February 1917, a rebellion led by Vojinović broke out in the vicinity of Kuršumlija and Prokuplje.", "The insurgents, supported by volunteers and Chetniks from Montenegro, liberated Kuršumlija, Prokuplje, Pusta Reka, Lebane and Ribarska.", "The uprising was planned to coincide with an Allied offensive.", "Later that month, a large scale uprising broke out in the Toplica District in Bulgarian-occupied Serbia.", "A force of 4,000 armed men and women managed to liberate a significant area in the Morava Valley before the uprising was put down.", "During the summer of 1917, the Austro-Hungarian Army was forced to bring in troops from the Isonzo Front to reinforce the Bulgarian Army and Bulgarian paramilitary groups.", "Without the expected Allied support, the uprising collapsed.", "In late 1917, Vojinović was killed; Pećanac managed to escape and went into hiding.", "According to contemporary Austro-Hungarian Army reports, 20,000 Serbs were killed in the course of the rebellion, while 2,600 managed to escape into the forests.", "Despite the harsh repression, guerrilla groups managed to survive and were able to support Allied offensive operations in the summer of 1918.", "After the war, Chief of Staff Paul Kirch described the withdrawal of the German 11th Army:", "With the Vardar Offensive and the success of Allied forces at the Battle of Dobro Pole, Bulgaria capitulated and signed the Armistice of Salonica on 29 September 1918.", "New Austro-Hungarian and German troops redeployed to Serbia from Ukraine were unable to halt the northward advance of the Royal Serbian Army.", "By the third week of October, General Hermann von Kövess ordered a strategic retreat behind the Danube, Sava and Drina rivers.", "On 29 October, Governor-General von Rhemen and his staff left occupied Serbia.", "The following day, Belgrade was liberated by the Royal Serbian Army.", "By 1 November, all of pre-war Serbia had been liberated, bringing the three-year Central Powers occupation to an end." ]

[ 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55 ]

[ "By January 1916, all of Serbia had been occupied by the Central Powers." ]

[ "On 28 June 1914, the heir to the Habsburg throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, was assassinated by Bosnian Serb student Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo.", "The preservation of Austria-Hungary's prestige necessitated a punishing attack on Serbia, which the Austro-Hungarian leadership deemed responsible for the murder.", "The Austro-Hungarian military leadership was determined to quash Serbia's independence, which it viewed as an unacceptable threat to the future of the empire given its sizeable South Slavic population.", "On 28 July 1914, exactly one month after Franz Ferdinand's assassination, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.", "That evening, Austro-Hungarian artillery shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade from the border town of Semlin (modern-day Zemun), effectively starting World War I. Command of the Austro-Hungarian invasion force was delegated to \"Feldzeugmeister\" Oskar Potiorek, the Governor-General of Bosnia and Herzegovina, who had been responsible for the security of Franz Ferdinand and his wife Duchess Sophie of Hohenberg in Sarajevo.", "On the morning of 12 August 1914, the Austro-Hungarian Fifth Army crossed the Drina River, effectively starting the first invasion of Serbia.", "During the first invasion of Serbia, which the Austro-Hungarian leadership euphemistically dubbed a punitive expedition (), Austro-Hungarian forces occupied parts of Serbia for thirteen days.", "Their war aims were not only to eliminate Serbia as a threat but also to punish her for fuelling South Slav irredentism in the Monarchy.", "The occupation turned into a war of annihilation, accompanied by massacres of civilians and the taking of hostages.", "Austro-Hungarian troops committed a number of war crimes against the Serbian population, especially in the area of Mačva, where according to historian Geoffrey Wawro the Austro-Hungarian army savaged the civilian population in a wave of atrocities.", "During the short occupation between 3,500 and 4,000 Serb civilians were killed in executions and acts of random violence by marauding troops.", "Mass killings took place in numerous towns in northern Serbia.", "On 17 August 1914, in the Serbian town of Šabac, 120 residents—mostly women, children and old men, who had previously been locked in a church—were shot and buried in the churchyard by Austro-Hungarian troops on the orders of \"Feldmarschall-Leutnant\" Kasimir von Lütgendorf.", "The remaining residents were beaten to death, hanged, stabbed, mutilated or burned alive.", "A pit was later discovered in the village of Lešnica containing 109 dead peasants who were \"bound together with a rope and encircled by wire\"; they had been shot and immediately buried, even with some still alive.", "Wawro writes that in Krupanj, men of the 42nd Home Guard Infantry Division, the exclusively Croat formation known as the Devil's Division, bashed a group of old men and boys to the ground using rifle buttstrokes and then hanged any who were still breathing.", "These types of attacks were planned at the highest level, the ground for the escalation of violence was ideologically prepared by the commanders' verbal radicalism, on August 13 Potiorek ordered reprisal hangings, the taking of hostages and arson by all units.", "Often bodies were left hanging on the gallows, trees or street lamps for days as a deterrent and as evidence of the Austro-Hungarian military's determination to deal with Serbian suspects.", "Many executions were photographed by Austro-Hungarian soldiers and officers; some of the images were reproduced as postcards and sold through the Austro-Hungarian army's official sales outlets.", "The Swiss criminologist and physician Archibald Reiss reported on the atrocities committed by the Austro-Hungarian army in a report that was presented at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, Reiss recorded that the number of civilians killed in the invaded Serbian territory amounted to between 3,000 and 4,000, including a large number of women and children, in the region around Šabac he counted 1,658 burned buildings.", "According to historian James Lyon, \"the Habsburg forces engaged in an orgy of looting, rape, murder, mass extermination, and other atrocities\".", "Reiss likened the Austro-Hungarian atrocities to the Rape of Belgium.", "On 24 August, after delivering a major defeat to Austria-Hungary's invading \"Balkan Armed Forces\" () at the Battle of Cer, the Royal Serbian Army liberated Šabac and reached the frontier banks of the Sava River, thereby bringing the first Austro-Hungarian invasion of Serbia to an end, and securing the first Allied victory of World War I.", "On 8 September 1914 the Austro-Hungarians launched a second invasion, a twin-pronged night attack across the Drina to secure a firm bridgehead.", "This time engaging all their forces the well-equipped Habsburg forces outnumbered the Serbs who were short of munitions two to one.", "Facing fierce resistance, the Fifth Army was pushed back into Bosnia while the Sixth Army's offensive was stopped by a strong Serbian counterattack.", "On 23 October, the flagship of the Austro-Hungarian Danube Flotilla, the SMS \"Temes\", which had shelled Belgrade on the first day of the war, was sunk by a mine on the Sava.", "Although it suffered nearly 30,000 casualties and the invasion was temporarily halted, the Austro-Hungarian army retained a foothold in Serbia.", "Convinced that Serbia was near defeat, Potiorek regrouped and launched a third offensive on 5 November 1914.", "Potiorek exploited the Austro-Hungarians' superiority in artillery, including large calibre mortar, to capture Valjevo on 15 November and with support from a monitor group of the Danube Flotilla as well as aerial reconnaissance, Belgrade on 30 November, forcing the Royal Serbian Army to retreat.", "The conquered territory was divided into five county commands ().", "The Austro-Hungarian \"Feldmarschall\" of Croatian ethnicity Stjepan Sarkotić, commander during the first invasion of the 42nd Home Guard Infantry Division, was appointed governor-general of Serbia by Emperor Franz Joseph on 24 November 1914.", "Under Sarkotić's administration, multiple concentration camps were established in which tens of thousands of Serbs were interned, in the town of Šabac alone, between 1,500 and 2,000 civilians were deported to internment camps in Hungary.", "According to the historian Bastian Matteo Scianna, the Austro-Hungarian atrocities had a planned exterminatory character.", "In early December, the Royal Serbian Army launched a sustained counterattack, decisively defeating the Austro-Hungarians at the Battle of Kolubara and recapturing Belgrade a day after General Sarkotic's new military government had been established.", "By 15 December, the Royal Serbian Army had captured Zemun, having crossed the border in pursuit of the Austro-Hungarians,\nDefeat at the hands of Serbia, a small Balkan peasant kingdom, wounded the pride of Austria-Hungary's military and civilian leadership.", "One Austrian officer was reported as saying that Potiorek would be shot if he appeared among his own troops.", "On 22 December, Potiorek was relieved of his command and replaced by Archduke Eugen of Austria.", "Although Austria-Hungary had failed to defeat Serbia, the Royal Serbian Army had exhausted its military capability, losing 100,000 men in battle, and was forced to deal with a typhoid epidemic that further decimated the army and civilian population.", "German officials urged their Austro-Hungarian counterparts to launch yet another offensive against Serbia, despite the fact that the Austro-Hungarians were engaged in a costly second front with Russia to the east.", "The Austro-Hungarian leadership would not consider invading Serbia again for almost a year, when Bulgarian participation in such an invasion was guaranteed.", "On 6 September 1915, Germany and Bulgaria entered into a secret military alliance.", "German officials promised Bulgaria all of Serbian Macedonia, parts of northeastern Serbia, as well as a new loan of 200,000,000 gold francs in return for Bulgaria's participation in an upcoming invasion of Serbia.", "The agreement was signed in the German town of Plessa.\nOn 5 October 1915, Austria-Hungary and Germany launched a joint invasion of Serbia.", "The offensive marked Austria-Hungary's fourth attempt to conquer Serbia, this time led by German General August von Mackensen.", "On that day, artillery bombardment began, a few days later three German and three Austro-Hungarian Army corps crossed the Sava, attacking from the north as part of Army Group Mackensen.", "On 14 October, with the bulk of the Serbian forces opposing combined invaders up north, two Bulgarian armies invaded southern Serbia from the east, advancing towards Niš and Skoplje.", "The Bulgarian offensive cut off the Royal Serbian Army's lines of communication to the south as well as a retreat route towards French General Maurice Sarrail's relief force, which had advanced northwards up the Vardar River valley from the Allies' new base in Salonica.", "Despite the treaty of mutual assistance with Serbia against a Bulgarian attack, King Constantine of Greece refused to let the Greek army enter the war to aid the Serbs or let the Allies use the Greek railroads devoted to supporting their mobilization.", "The Central Powers enjoyed massive superiority in numbers and equipment, especially in artillery, along the nearly front.", "Serbia and Montenegro could hardly muster half the number of soldiers as the Central Powers.", "Within six weeks, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Germany had succeeded in conquering Serbia.", "While the strategic goals set before the offensive had been achieved, the Central Powers were deprived of a decisive victory by the Royal Serbian Army's winter retreat over the mountains of Albania and Montenegro towards the Adriatic coast.", "Ultimately, around 140,000 Serbian soldiers and hundreds of thousands of civilians were evacuated to the Greek island of Corfu, among them the entire Serbian government, as well as the Serbian royal family.", "The Royal Serbian Army retrenched itself in Greece, where it was reorganised and repurposed to combating Bulgarian and German troops on the Salonica front.", "Towards the end of 1915, Serbia was divided between Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria, with both countries establishing military administrations in the territories they had occupied.", "Shortly after the retreat of the Royal Serbian Army, the country was divided into three zones.", "The Austro-Hungarian occupational zone stretched from the region west of the Morava Valley to the Macedonian frontier, and included Belgrade.", "Bulgaria gained the whole of Serbian Macedonia, as well as the areas east of the Morava, and Southern Serbia between Kosovo and the Danube River.", "A German control zone was established in the area east of the Velika Morava, the Južna Morava in Kosovo and the Vardar Valley.", "The Germans took control of all railways, mines, forestry, and agricultural resources in Serbia.", "On 1 January 1916, the Austro-Hungarian High Command (; AOK) ordered the formation of the Military General Governorate of Serbia (; MGG/S), with Belgrade as its administrative centre.", "The Austro-Hungarian occupation zone was divided into thirteen approximately equal districts (), which were then divided into sixty-four boroughs (), with the city of Belgrade as its own district.", "The occupational administration was subordinate to the AOK under General Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, and later under \"Generaloberst\" Arthur Arz von Straußenburg.", "The Military Governorate was headed by a General Governor with the rank of a corps commander.", "The first governor-general, Johann Graf Salis-Seewis, an ethnic Croat with experience fighting insurgents in Macedonia, had served as the commander of the 42nd Devil's Division after Sarkotić.", "Salis-Seewis was appointed to the position in late 1915 by Emperor Franz Joseph, officially taking office on 1 January 1916.", "The historian and Balkan specialist Lajos Thallóczy was appointed as the Military General Governorate's civilian commissioner, as well as Salis-Seewis's deputy.", "Thallóczy arrived in Belgrade on 17 January 1916.", "With the Austrians in charge of the military, the civilian administration was mostly made up of Hungarians and Croats.", "Four administrative departments were set up: military, economic, judicial, and political, with the latter, which had its own intelligence and police forces, under former Devil's Division officer and future Ustaše leader Major Slavko Kvaternik.", "Military intelligence () for the occupation zone was entrusted to Croat Lujo Šafranek-Kavić, as the Austro-Hungarian army relied considerably on South Slav officers and Bosnian Muslims knowledge of the language for intelligence purposes.", "In December 1916, Thallóczy was killed in a train crash while returning from Vienna to Belgrade.", "In January 1917, Teodor Kušević, a high-ranking functionary from Bosnia and Herzegovina, was appointed to replace him as the civilian commissioner.", "The function was given more prominence with new areas of responsibility including trade, police, religion, education, justice and finance.", "The first measure of the occupiers was to establish a new legal system to secure order, prevent guerrilla resistance and exploit the country's resources.", "MGG/S control over the population was accomplished in accordance with the \"Directives for the Political Administration in the Areas of the General Military Governorate in Serbia\" () and with the \"General Principles for the Imperial and Royal Military Administration in the Occupied Territories of Serbia\" ().", "The MGG/S intended to ignore Hungarian objections and integrate Serbia as a part of the empire, but as an area that would remain under direct military rule for decades after the end of the war and where political participation would be prohibited to prevent the emergence of a new Serbian state.", "The MGG was safeguarded by a permanent Austro-Hungarian garrison consisting, in August 1916, of 35 battalions, a \"Landsturm\" regiment, six companies of patrol troops, 12 units of railway guards, four-and-a-half squadrons, five artillery batteries and two anti-aircraft batteries, totaling around 70,000 men, of which 50,000 were reserved for military operations.", "Within the towns and villages of the twelve districts, 5,000 gendarmes were posted in groups of 20 to 30.", "If needed, patrol companies also served as mobile combat reserves.", "To help police the civilian population and to track down partisans, the Austro-Hungarian leadership decided to recruit amongst ethnic minority groups positively disposed towards the Dual Monarchy.", "With Thallóczy's encouragement, the Austro-Hungarian authorities permitted Kosovo Albanians to volunteer for service in the Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces.", "Prominent Albanians in towns such as Novi Pazar and Kosovska Mitrovica declared their support and offered to recruit volunteers for the occupying authorities.", "According to the notes of Colonel Hugo Kerchnawe, the Muslims in the Sandžak and the Albanians in Kosovo \"behaved very loyally and offered their support\" to the empire, Kerchnawe added in his report that \"our interests ran parallel with the Muslims' interests.", "\"\nA special commission to organise recruitment was set up by Thallóczy, assisted by former Ottoman officers and Bosnian militia leaders.", "Over 8,000 volunteers were recruited this way, despite the fact that the recruitment drive was a violation of the Hague Convention treaties that Austria-Hungary had signed, which forbade the use of occupied populations towards a country's war efforts.", "In March 1917, a home battalion was formed, supported by Bosnian gendarmes and led by former Ottoman officers.", "In the final phase of the Serbian Campaign, the Austro-Hungarian military had relied on paramilitaries consisting of Albanian clansmen from Kosovo and northern Albania as irregular troops, organised early in the occupied territories Albanian pursuit fighting units were set up to assist Austro-Hungarians patrols track down Serbian guerrillas.", "These counter-insurgency bands were based on their Bosnian counterparts, the \"Streifkorps\", paramilitary groups made up of Muslim volunteers with experience fighting Serb guerrillas and a reputation for heavy-handed tactics.", "District pursuit units were established in each district of the Austro-Hungarian occupied zone, each consisted of 40 men led by one officer.", "The Bulgarian occupation authorities also used Albanian gendarmes and irregular troops within their occupation zones.", "The separation of power in Serbia quickly led to clashes between the civilian and military authorities, as well as between Austrian and Hungarian occupation officials.", "The Hungarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs' envoy in Serbia, Lajos Széchényi, argued that Salis-Seewis' policies would lead to Serbia's annexation to the Dual Monarchy, which Thallóczy, following Hungarian prime minister István Tisza's directives, strongly opposed.", "In mid-February 1916, Thallóczy complained to Tisza about the number of Slavs in positions of authority, writing, \"the governor is Croat, the chief of the general staff is Czech, the deputy governor is from the former military border and the new General Staff Officer Slavko Kvaternik is the son in law of Croatian independentist Josip Frank.", "\"\nGeneral Conrad saw the military administration of Serbia as preliminary to its annexation, along with Montenegro and Albania, to a future South Slavic union under Croatian leadership.", "Conrad worried that by not annexing Serbia the monarchy would lose its Great Power status.", "Austria-Hungary's Joint Foreign Minister, Stephan Burián von Rajecz, supported the annexation of Serbia, but only if it would be allotted to Hungary.", "Tisza refused to consider the annexation of Serbia as it would lead to a substantial increase in Austria-Hungary's Slavic population, and significantly reduce the proportion of Hungarians within the Dual Monarchy.", "He demanded instead that northern Serbia be colonized by Hungarian and German farmers.", "After touring the three northwestern districts of Serbia together with Salis-Seewis and the visiting General Conrad, Tisza came to regard the Austro-Hungarian military's efforts in the occupied territory as a prelude to annexation.", "Tisza submitted a complaint to Burián asking for a thorough reorganisation of the Military Governorate, the removal of Salis-Seewis, whose administration he described as \"Serbophile and economically incompetent\", and requesting the condemnation of those demanding that Serbia be annexed.", "Burián took the complaint directly to Emperor Franz Joseph.", "On 6 July 1916, the emperor decreed that Salis-Seewis and his chief of staff, Colonel Gelinek, were to be replaced by his former corps commander, General Adolf Freiherr von Rhemen and Colonel Hugo Kerchnawe, effective 26 July 1916.", "Rhemen remained in this office until the end of the war.", "Tensions between Bulgaria and the Dual Monarchy started after Bulgaria extended its zone to western Kosovo, on the Austro-Hungarian side of the treaty border, going as far as Elbasan in Albania, a region that Austria-Hungary considered an occupied friendly state and of \"outstanding importance\" to the Dual Monarchy.", "Kaiser Wilhelm himself repeatedly told Bulgarian king Ferdinand that Germany supported \"the independence of Albania under Austrian protection\".", "Burián also reminded Ferdinand that at the \"west of the treaty border began the Austro-Hungarian sphere of interest.", "\"\nAccording to the terms of the secret alliance between Bulgaria and Germany, the greater part of Kosovo, including the areas of Priština, Prizren, Gnjilane, Uroševac, and Orahovac, were to fall under Bulgarian rule as part of the Military Region of Macedonia.", "Metohija, the southwestern area of Kosovo, was to be incorporated as part of the Austro-Hungarian zone of Montenegro, with the rest of Kosovo, including Kosovska Mitrovica, Vučitrn, and Đakovica, established as part of the Austro-Hungarian Military Governorate of Serbia.", "The Bulgarians maintained that they had the right to install a civilian administration on any territory they conquered, including outside their treaty border.", "Conrad, suspecting Bulgaria of harbouring ambitions to annex the whole region, sent troops to expel the Bulgarian civilian administrators.", "The arrival of Austro-Hungarian troops in areas already garrisoned by Bulgarian forces resulted in a military confrontation.", "On 27 February the Bulgarian military commander Racho Petrov issued an ultimatum to the Austrians to immediately evacuate Kačanik, on the frontier with Macedonia, resulting in a military standoff.", "Conrad warned the Bulgarian High Command that unless local Bulgarian commanders abstained from interfering with the Austro-Hungarian administration, a conflict with his troops would be inevitable.", "On 15 March, the Austro-Hungarians issued an order to secure Novi Pazar, and prepared to add Kosovska Mitrovica to their governorate.", "The German chief of staff, General Erich von Falkenhayn, ordered Mackensen to mediate between the two parties.", "Mackensen visited Sofia in person to meet Ferdinand and Prime Minister Vasil Radoslavov.", "The proposed German compromise was accepted and an agreement on a demarcation line was signed between the Austro-Hungarian and Bulgarian high commands on 1 April 1916.", "The Bulgarians withdrew eastwards, retaining the district containing Prizren and Priština, but leaving Albania and western Kosovo to the Austro-Hungarians.", "The agreement gave Bulgaria administrative rights over areas of Serbia that were not in the original agreement.", "In return, Bulgaria agreed to let Germany have access to the valleys east of the Velika Morava, the Južna Morava in Kosovo, as well as the Vardar Valley, effectively turning Macedonia and Kosovo into zones dedicated to German economic exploitation.", "The occupational authorities considered Serbian national consciousness an existential threat to Austria-Hungary.", "Thus, the policies of the Military Governorate were aimed at depoliticising and denationalising the Serbian population.", "Public gatherings and political parties were banned, the Cyrillic script was termed \"dangerous to the state\" () and banned from schools and public spaces, streets named after people perceived as being significant to Serbian national identity were renamed, the wearing of traditional Serbian clothing was proscribed and the Gregorian calendar replaced the Julian.", "Additionally, all Serbian students had to be educated in the German language, according to Austrian academic standards and through teachers imported from Austria.", "Significant cultural institutions such as the Royal Serbian Academy, the National Museum and the National Library were closed down and looted of their historical artifacts and art collections.", "The University of Belgrade, as well as various publishing houses and bookshops, were closed down.", "Schoolbooks and books in French, English, Russian and Italian were banned.", "Political expression was severely limited with the prohibition of newspaper publication except for the official MGG/S propaganda newspaper \"Belgrader Nachrichten\" (published in Serbian as \"Beogradske novine\"), which featured letters and photographs purporting to show how well those who stayed behind in occupied Serbia were living.", "Such propaganda was intended to convince Serbian soldiers who came across the \"Belgrader Nachrichten\" to desert.", "In 1916, both Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria announced that Serbia had ceased to exist as a political entity, and that its inhabitants could therefore not invoke the international rules of war dictating the treatment of civilians as defined by the Geneva Conventions and the Hague Conventions.", "The occupational authorities carried out numerous summary executions with little or no legal process.", "Upon being found guilty by a military court, victims were usually shot or hanged.", "Martial law, such as (the martial law of self-defense), was employed to quash dissent and severe preventive measures were undertaken against civilians.", "The occupational authorities were gripped by the fear of \"levée en masse\" and of civilians taking up arms.", "The Austro-Hungarian Army consequently employed the seizure of hostages from the general population and the burning of villages in punitive raids as a means of quelling resistance.", "These measures, as well as summary executions, were all permitted under section 61 of the (k.u.k army regulations).", "Disarming the populace was done by holding village elders responsible for handing over a certain quota of weapons that were judged to be held before the war began.", "The sentence for possession of a weapon was death by hanging.", "Military courts also tried civilians for newly defined offenses, including the crime of lèse-majesté.", "Civilians suspected of engaging in resistance activities were subjected to the harshest measures, including hanging and shooting.", "The house of an offender's family would also be destroyed.", "Victims were usually hanged on the main squares of villages and towns, in full view of the general population.", "The lifeless bodies were left to hang by the noose for several days so as to clearly show the treatment reserved for \"spies\" and \"traitors\".", "The MGG/S, as well as the High Command in Vienna, considered sending civilian prisoners to internment camps as a preventive measure to discourage insurgent activities.", "During the occupation, between 150,000 and 200,000 men, women and children were deported to various camps in Austria-Hungary, it has been estimated they represented slightly more than 10 per cent of the Serb population.", "Since Serbia did not have its own Red Cross, Serbian prisoners did not have access to the aid the Red Cross provided to other Allied prisoners.", "Moreover, Serbian prisoners were not considered \"enemy aliens\" but \"internal enemies\" by Austria-Hungary's Ministry of War.", "By defining them as \"terrorists\" or \"insurgents\", the Austro-Hungarian authorities were not obliged to disclose the number of captives they held, and which camps they were being held in, to Red Cross societies.", "Four significant waves of deportations occurred in occupied Serbia.", "The first occurred at the very start of the occupation, when Salis-Seewis rounded up 70,000 \"dissidents\", mostly able-bodied men, ex-soldiers, politically active individuals, as well as members of the political and cultural elite who had remained in the country after the retreat to Corfu.", "University professors, teachers, and priests, especially those who had participated in political, cultural or even athletic associations, were arrested and sent to internment camps.", "The second and largest deportations took place after Romania entered the war on the side of the Allies on 27 August 1916.", "From mid-August to late October 1916, an order to arrest all males between the ages of 17 and 50 was issued.", "These men were targeted because they were of fighting age.", "More than 16,500 males were sent to internment camps during this round of deportations.", "During the Toplica uprising, in the Spring of 1916 when armed resistance seemed to be spreading, more deportations took place.", "The fourth and final round of deportations occurred after the Allied breakthrough on the Salonica front in late 1918.", "In Bohemia, the camp at Braunau (modern-day Broumov, Czech Republic) held about 35,000 prisoners, almost exclusively Serbian, civilian, military prisoners, men, women and children.", "According to a 1918 press report, an epidemic of dysentery almost wiped out all the children in the camp.", "After the war, a mass grave was found behind the camp containing the remains of 2,674 people (these remains were later moved to the crypt of the Heinrichsgrün camp).", "The camp at Heinrichsgrün (modern-day Jindřichovice, Czech Republic), held mostly Serbs, both soldiers and civilians, from the Šumadija and Kolubara districts of western Serbia.", "An average of 40 people died there every day.", "In Hungary, the largest internment camps were in the Nezsider district; Nezsider (modern-day Neusiedl am See, Austria) was a concentration camp primarily used to detain civilians from Serbia and Montenegro, and the principal camp for Serbs suspected to be \"terrorists\" or \"agitators\".", "The number of detainees by May 1917 was 9,934, including children as young as nine.", "Over the course of the war, the Nezsider camp held 17,000 internees, about 4,800 people are known to have perished at the camp.", "In addition to those deported to Hungary, some 30,000 Serb civilians were sent to Austrian camps or used as forced labour.", "In Lower Austria, the camps of Drosendorf and Mittendorf held both Serbian soldiers and civilians.", "Thousand of Serbs perished during a typhus epidemic at the Mauthausen camp in Upper Austria when about 14,000 were being held; an official Austro-Hungarian army report mentioned 5,600 prisoners of war buried in the camp graveyard in the early months of the war.", "According to official figures, between 27 December 1915 and 5 July 1917, 45,791 civilians and prisoners of war from Serbia and Montenegro were held captive at the camp in Doboj, in Bosnia.", "Around 12,000 are estimated to have perished there.", "Other camps held both civilians and prisoners of war, including Boldogasszony, Nagymegyer (modern-day Veľký Meder, Slovakia), Arad (modern-day Romania), Cegléd, Kecskemét and Győr.", "By May 1917, 39,359 people from Serbia, including women and children, were interned outside the country.", "These large scale deportations caused concern around Europe quickly becoming an international scandal.", "The Spanish authorities complained then, in April 1917, the Holy See intervened through the office of the Apostolic Nunciature to Austria against the internment of Serbian women and children between the ages of 10 and 15.", "By the end of the year, Austria-Hungary's Ministry of War admitted that 526 Serb children were in fact being held at Nezsider, but that it was necessary on the grounds of military security.", "According to a Red Cross report dated 1 February 1918, by the end of 1917, there were 206,500 prisoners of war and internees from Serbia in Austro-Hungarian and German camps.", "According to the historian Alan Kramer, the Serbians in Austro-Hungarian captivity received the worst treatment of all the prisoners, and at least 30,000–40,000 had died of starvation by January 1918.", "Tensions between the Austrian and German authorities increased after Burián complained that the German military was employing a ruthless system of requisition, resulting in famine and the pauperisation of the population.", "Behind the front lines, the Germans \"\" was an area that Berlin had secured as a zone dedicated to agricultural production to feed its troops on the Salonica front.", "As the German exploitation of resources in occupied Serbia was handled by the German Oriental Society (), the exploitation of mines failed to satisfy the Dual Monarchy's need for vital raw materials because Germany took two-thirds of all production from Serbia as reparations for its military aid.", "Austro-Hungarian reports on the state of Serbia in 1915 noted famine threatening the occupation zone and a population in a desperate state after nearly four years of constant war.", "The return of refugees exacerbated the shortage of food.", "Reports from late 1915 spoke of the necessity of receiving urgent relief to avoid disaster.", "Starvation loomed after soldiers destroyed or captured much of Serbia's foodstuffs and livestock.", "Harvest yields and produced goods had to be turned over to authorities while food was rationed.", "In early 1916, Conrad ordered that Serbia's resources be \"squeezed dry\" regardless of the consequences for the population.", "As news of the famine in Serbia spread around the world, campaigns were organised asking for Relief for Agonized Serbia.", "American, Swiss and Swedish humanitarian organisations offered assistance.", "According to Red Cross reports, starvation killed more than 8,000 Serbians during the first winter under Austro-Hungarian occupation.", "By mid-May 1917, figures from the Habsburg High Command reported that 170,000 cattle, 190,000 sheep, and 50,000 pigs had been exported to Austria-Hungary.", "Immediately after the withdrawal of the Royal Serbian Army and the start of the Austro-Hungarian occupation, armed individuals and small groups of insurgents, called Chetniks, made up of former soldiers who had remained in the country, began to wage a guerrilla campaign against the occupiers.", "The Chetniks had a long tradition as guerrillas after centuries of Ottoman rule.", "Their actions were often considered heroic by the population and depicted in epic folk poetry, giving them strong local support.", "The first organised guerrilla group was formed in the Novi Pazar and Kosovska Mitrovica districts in early 1916, and was led by former army captain Kosta Vojinović.", "In March 1916, General Conrad ordered that all resistance be quashed with ruthless severity.", "Komitadjis, as the Austro-Hungarian army called the insurgents, were deemed outside international law by the MGG and were to be \"completely wiped out\".", "Jovan Avakumović, a former Prime Minister of Serbia, suggested to Salis-Seewis that he should issue a joint proclamation for the restoration of peace and order.", "Avakumović's proposal was turned down and Salis-Seewis ordered his arrest and internment.", "The Military Governorate responded to the multiplication of guerrilla groups by employing small Ottoman and Albanian counter-guerrilla units based on the \"Streifkorps\" from Bosnia instead of regular patrol troops.", "In late September 1916, the Serbian High Command flew in the experienced Chetnik guerrilla leader Kosta Pećanac from Allied Headquarters in Salonica.", "He was parachuted in by air to organize resistance in Serbia together with Vojinović.", "In early February 1917, a rebellion led by Vojinović broke out in the vicinity of Kuršumlija and Prokuplje.", "The insurgents, supported by volunteers and Chetniks from Montenegro, liberated Kuršumlija, Prokuplje, Pusta Reka, Lebane and Ribarska.", "The uprising was planned to coincide with an Allied offensive.", "Later that month, a large scale uprising broke out in the Toplica District in Bulgarian-occupied Serbia.", "A force of 4,000 armed men and women managed to liberate a significant area in the Morava Valley before the uprising was put down.", "During the summer of 1917, the Austro-Hungarian Army was forced to bring in troops from the Isonzo Front to reinforce the Bulgarian Army and Bulgarian paramilitary groups.", "Without the expected Allied support, the uprising collapsed.", "In late 1917, Vojinović was killed; Pećanac managed to escape and went into hiding.", "According to contemporary Austro-Hungarian Army reports, 20,000 Serbs were killed in the course of the rebellion, while 2,600 managed to escape into the forests.", "Despite the harsh repression, guerrilla groups managed to survive and were able to support Allied offensive operations in the summer of 1918.", "After the war, Chief of Staff Paul Kirch described the withdrawal of the German 11th Army:", "With the Vardar Offensive and the success of Allied forces at the Battle of Dobro Pole, Bulgaria capitulated and signed the Armistice of Salonica on 29 September 1918.", "New Austro-Hungarian and German troops redeployed to Serbia from Ukraine were unable to halt the northward advance of the Royal Serbian Army.", "By the third week of October, General Hermann von Kövess ordered a strategic retreat behind the Danube, Sava and Drina rivers.", "On 29 October, Governor-General von Rhemen and his staff left occupied Serbia.", "The following day, Belgrade was liberated by the Royal Serbian Army.", "By 1 November, all of pre-war Serbia had been liberated, bringing the three-year Central Powers occupation to an end." ]

[ 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74 ]

[ "By January 1916, all of Serbia had been occupied by the Central Powers.", "Serbia was divided into two separate occupation zones, one Bulgarian and the other Austro-Hungarian, both governed under a military administration.", "It was ruled by the Military General Governorate, an administration set up by the Austro-Hungarian Army with a military governor at its head, seconded by a civil commissioner." ]

[ "On 28 June 1914, the heir to the Habsburg throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, was assassinated by Bosnian Serb student Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo.", "The preservation of Austria-Hungary's prestige necessitated a punishing attack on Serbia, which the Austro-Hungarian leadership deemed responsible for the murder.", "The Austro-Hungarian military leadership was determined to quash Serbia's independence, which it viewed as an unacceptable threat to the future of the empire given its sizeable South Slavic population.", "On 28 July 1914, exactly one month after Franz Ferdinand's assassination, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.", "That evening, Austro-Hungarian artillery shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade from the border town of Semlin (modern-day Zemun), effectively starting World War I. Command of the Austro-Hungarian invasion force was delegated to \"Feldzeugmeister\" Oskar Potiorek, the Governor-General of Bosnia and Herzegovina, who had been responsible for the security of Franz Ferdinand and his wife Duchess Sophie of Hohenberg in Sarajevo.", "On the morning of 12 August 1914, the Austro-Hungarian Fifth Army crossed the Drina River, effectively starting the first invasion of Serbia.", "During the first invasion of Serbia, which the Austro-Hungarian leadership euphemistically dubbed a punitive expedition (), Austro-Hungarian forces occupied parts of Serbia for thirteen days.", "Their war aims were not only to eliminate Serbia as a threat but also to punish her for fuelling South Slav irredentism in the Monarchy.", "The occupation turned into a war of annihilation, accompanied by massacres of civilians and the taking of hostages.", "Austro-Hungarian troops committed a number of war crimes against the Serbian population, especially in the area of Mačva, where according to historian Geoffrey Wawro the Austro-Hungarian army savaged the civilian population in a wave of atrocities.", "During the short occupation between 3,500 and 4,000 Serb civilians were killed in executions and acts of random violence by marauding troops.", "Mass killings took place in numerous towns in northern Serbia.", "On 17 August 1914, in the Serbian town of Šabac, 120 residents—mostly women, children and old men, who had previously been locked in a church—were shot and buried in the churchyard by Austro-Hungarian troops on the orders of \"Feldmarschall-Leutnant\" Kasimir von Lütgendorf.", "The remaining residents were beaten to death, hanged, stabbed, mutilated or burned alive.", "A pit was later discovered in the village of Lešnica containing 109 dead peasants who were \"bound together with a rope and encircled by wire\"; they had been shot and immediately buried, even with some still alive.", "Wawro writes that in Krupanj, men of the 42nd Home Guard Infantry Division, the exclusively Croat formation known as the Devil's Division, bashed a group of old men and boys to the ground using rifle buttstrokes and then hanged any who were still breathing.", "These types of attacks were planned at the highest level, the ground for the escalation of violence was ideologically prepared by the commanders' verbal radicalism, on August 13 Potiorek ordered reprisal hangings, the taking of hostages and arson by all units.", "Often bodies were left hanging on the gallows, trees or street lamps for days as a deterrent and as evidence of the Austro-Hungarian military's determination to deal with Serbian suspects.", "Many executions were photographed by Austro-Hungarian soldiers and officers; some of the images were reproduced as postcards and sold through the Austro-Hungarian army's official sales outlets.", "The Swiss criminologist and physician Archibald Reiss reported on the atrocities committed by the Austro-Hungarian army in a report that was presented at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, Reiss recorded that the number of civilians killed in the invaded Serbian territory amounted to between 3,000 and 4,000, including a large number of women and children, in the region around Šabac he counted 1,658 burned buildings.", "According to historian James Lyon, \"the Habsburg forces engaged in an orgy of looting, rape, murder, mass extermination, and other atrocities\".", "Reiss likened the Austro-Hungarian atrocities to the Rape of Belgium.", "On 24 August, after delivering a major defeat to Austria-Hungary's invading \"Balkan Armed Forces\" () at the Battle of Cer, the Royal Serbian Army liberated Šabac and reached the frontier banks of the Sava River, thereby bringing the first Austro-Hungarian invasion of Serbia to an end, and securing the first Allied victory of World War I.", "On 8 September 1914 the Austro-Hungarians launched a second invasion, a twin-pronged night attack across the Drina to secure a firm bridgehead.", "This time engaging all their forces the well-equipped Habsburg forces outnumbered the Serbs who were short of munitions two to one.", "Facing fierce resistance, the Fifth Army was pushed back into Bosnia while the Sixth Army's offensive was stopped by a strong Serbian counterattack.", "On 23 October, the flagship of the Austro-Hungarian Danube Flotilla, the SMS \"Temes\", which had shelled Belgrade on the first day of the war, was sunk by a mine on the Sava.", "Although it suffered nearly 30,000 casualties and the invasion was temporarily halted, the Austro-Hungarian army retained a foothold in Serbia.", "Convinced that Serbia was near defeat, Potiorek regrouped and launched a third offensive on 5 November 1914.", "Potiorek exploited the Austro-Hungarians' superiority in artillery, including large calibre mortar, to capture Valjevo on 15 November and with support from a monitor group of the Danube Flotilla as well as aerial reconnaissance, Belgrade on 30 November, forcing the Royal Serbian Army to retreat.", "The conquered territory was divided into five county commands ().", "The Austro-Hungarian \"Feldmarschall\" of Croatian ethnicity Stjepan Sarkotić, commander during the first invasion of the 42nd Home Guard Infantry Division, was appointed governor-general of Serbia by Emperor Franz Joseph on 24 November 1914.", "Under Sarkotić's administration, multiple concentration camps were established in which tens of thousands of Serbs were interned, in the town of Šabac alone, between 1,500 and 2,000 civilians were deported to internment camps in Hungary.", "According to the historian Bastian Matteo Scianna, the Austro-Hungarian atrocities had a planned exterminatory character.", "In early December, the Royal Serbian Army launched a sustained counterattack, decisively defeating the Austro-Hungarians at the Battle of Kolubara and recapturing Belgrade a day after General Sarkotic's new military government had been established.", "By 15 December, the Royal Serbian Army had captured Zemun, having crossed the border in pursuit of the Austro-Hungarians,\nDefeat at the hands of Serbia, a small Balkan peasant kingdom, wounded the pride of Austria-Hungary's military and civilian leadership.", "One Austrian officer was reported as saying that Potiorek would be shot if he appeared among his own troops.", "On 22 December, Potiorek was relieved of his command and replaced by Archduke Eugen of Austria.", "Although Austria-Hungary had failed to defeat Serbia, the Royal Serbian Army had exhausted its military capability, losing 100,000 men in battle, and was forced to deal with a typhoid epidemic that further decimated the army and civilian population.", "German officials urged their Austro-Hungarian counterparts to launch yet another offensive against Serbia, despite the fact that the Austro-Hungarians were engaged in a costly second front with Russia to the east.", "The Austro-Hungarian leadership would not consider invading Serbia again for almost a year, when Bulgarian participation in such an invasion was guaranteed.", "On 6 September 1915, Germany and Bulgaria entered into a secret military alliance.", "German officials promised Bulgaria all of Serbian Macedonia, parts of northeastern Serbia, as well as a new loan of 200,000,000 gold francs in return for Bulgaria's participation in an upcoming invasion of Serbia.", "The agreement was signed in the German town of Plessa.\nOn 5 October 1915, Austria-Hungary and Germany launched a joint invasion of Serbia.", "The offensive marked Austria-Hungary's fourth attempt to conquer Serbia, this time led by German General August von Mackensen.", "On that day, artillery bombardment began, a few days later three German and three Austro-Hungarian Army corps crossed the Sava, attacking from the north as part of Army Group Mackensen.", "On 14 October, with the bulk of the Serbian forces opposing combined invaders up north, two Bulgarian armies invaded southern Serbia from the east, advancing towards Niš and Skoplje.", "The Bulgarian offensive cut off the Royal Serbian Army's lines of communication to the south as well as a retreat route towards French General Maurice Sarrail's relief force, which had advanced northwards up the Vardar River valley from the Allies' new base in Salonica.", "Despite the treaty of mutual assistance with Serbia against a Bulgarian attack, King Constantine of Greece refused to let the Greek army enter the war to aid the Serbs or let the Allies use the Greek railroads devoted to supporting their mobilization.", "The Central Powers enjoyed massive superiority in numbers and equipment, especially in artillery, along the nearly front.", "Serbia and Montenegro could hardly muster half the number of soldiers as the Central Powers.", "Within six weeks, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Germany had succeeded in conquering Serbia.", "While the strategic goals set before the offensive had been achieved, the Central Powers were deprived of a decisive victory by the Royal Serbian Army's winter retreat over the mountains of Albania and Montenegro towards the Adriatic coast.", "Ultimately, around 140,000 Serbian soldiers and hundreds of thousands of civilians were evacuated to the Greek island of Corfu, among them the entire Serbian government, as well as the Serbian royal family.", "The Royal Serbian Army retrenched itself in Greece, where it was reorganised and repurposed to combating Bulgarian and German troops on the Salonica front.", "Towards the end of 1915, Serbia was divided between Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria, with both countries establishing military administrations in the territories they had occupied.", "Shortly after the retreat of the Royal Serbian Army, the country was divided into three zones.", "The Austro-Hungarian occupational zone stretched from the region west of the Morava Valley to the Macedonian frontier, and included Belgrade.", "Bulgaria gained the whole of Serbian Macedonia, as well as the areas east of the Morava, and Southern Serbia between Kosovo and the Danube River.", "A German control zone was established in the area east of the Velika Morava, the Južna Morava in Kosovo and the Vardar Valley.", "The Germans took control of all railways, mines, forestry, and agricultural resources in Serbia.", "On 1 January 1916, the Austro-Hungarian High Command (; AOK) ordered the formation of the Military General Governorate of Serbia (; MGG/S), with Belgrade as its administrative centre.", "The Austro-Hungarian occupation zone was divided into thirteen approximately equal districts (), which were then divided into sixty-four boroughs (), with the city of Belgrade as its own district.", "The occupational administration was subordinate to the AOK under General Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, and later under \"Generaloberst\" Arthur Arz von Straußenburg.", "The Military Governorate was headed by a General Governor with the rank of a corps commander.", "The first governor-general, Johann Graf Salis-Seewis, an ethnic Croat with experience fighting insurgents in Macedonia, had served as the commander of the 42nd Devil's Division after Sarkotić.", "Salis-Seewis was appointed to the position in late 1915 by Emperor Franz Joseph, officially taking office on 1 January 1916.", "The historian and Balkan specialist Lajos Thallóczy was appointed as the Military General Governorate's civilian commissioner, as well as Salis-Seewis's deputy.", "Thallóczy arrived in Belgrade on 17 January 1916.", "With the Austrians in charge of the military, the civilian administration was mostly made up of Hungarians and Croats.", "Four administrative departments were set up: military, economic, judicial, and political, with the latter, which had its own intelligence and police forces, under former Devil's Division officer and future Ustaše leader Major Slavko Kvaternik.", "Military intelligence () for the occupation zone was entrusted to Croat Lujo Šafranek-Kavić, as the Austro-Hungarian army relied considerably on South Slav officers and Bosnian Muslims knowledge of the language for intelligence purposes.", "In December 1916, Thallóczy was killed in a train crash while returning from Vienna to Belgrade.", "In January 1917, Teodor Kušević, a high-ranking functionary from Bosnia and Herzegovina, was appointed to replace him as the civilian commissioner.", "The function was given more prominence with new areas of responsibility including trade, police, religion, education, justice and finance.", "The first measure of the occupiers was to establish a new legal system to secure order, prevent guerrilla resistance and exploit the country's resources.", "MGG/S control over the population was accomplished in accordance with the \"Directives for the Political Administration in the Areas of the General Military Governorate in Serbia\" () and with the \"General Principles for the Imperial and Royal Military Administration in the Occupied Territories of Serbia\" ().", "The MGG/S intended to ignore Hungarian objections and integrate Serbia as a part of the empire, but as an area that would remain under direct military rule for decades after the end of the war and where political participation would be prohibited to prevent the emergence of a new Serbian state.", "The MGG was safeguarded by a permanent Austro-Hungarian garrison consisting, in August 1916, of 35 battalions, a \"Landsturm\" regiment, six companies of patrol troops, 12 units of railway guards, four-and-a-half squadrons, five artillery batteries and two anti-aircraft batteries, totaling around 70,000 men, of which 50,000 were reserved for military operations.", "Within the towns and villages of the twelve districts, 5,000 gendarmes were posted in groups of 20 to 30.", "If needed, patrol companies also served as mobile combat reserves.", "To help police the civilian population and to track down partisans, the Austro-Hungarian leadership decided to recruit amongst ethnic minority groups positively disposed towards the Dual Monarchy.", "With Thallóczy's encouragement, the Austro-Hungarian authorities permitted Kosovo Albanians to volunteer for service in the Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces.", "Prominent Albanians in towns such as Novi Pazar and Kosovska Mitrovica declared their support and offered to recruit volunteers for the occupying authorities.", "According to the notes of Colonel Hugo Kerchnawe, the Muslims in the Sandžak and the Albanians in Kosovo \"behaved very loyally and offered their support\" to the empire, Kerchnawe added in his report that \"our interests ran parallel with the Muslims' interests.", "\"\nA special commission to organise recruitment was set up by Thallóczy, assisted by former Ottoman officers and Bosnian militia leaders.", "Over 8,000 volunteers were recruited this way, despite the fact that the recruitment drive was a violation of the Hague Convention treaties that Austria-Hungary had signed, which forbade the use of occupied populations towards a country's war efforts.", "In March 1917, a home battalion was formed, supported by Bosnian gendarmes and led by former Ottoman officers.", "In the final phase of the Serbian Campaign, the Austro-Hungarian military had relied on paramilitaries consisting of Albanian clansmen from Kosovo and northern Albania as irregular troops, organised early in the occupied territories Albanian pursuit fighting units were set up to assist Austro-Hungarians patrols track down Serbian guerrillas.", "These counter-insurgency bands were based on their Bosnian counterparts, the \"Streifkorps\", paramilitary groups made up of Muslim volunteers with experience fighting Serb guerrillas and a reputation for heavy-handed tactics.", "District pursuit units were established in each district of the Austro-Hungarian occupied zone, each consisted of 40 men led by one officer.", "The Bulgarian occupation authorities also used Albanian gendarmes and irregular troops within their occupation zones.", "The separation of power in Serbia quickly led to clashes between the civilian and military authorities, as well as between Austrian and Hungarian occupation officials.", "The Hungarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs' envoy in Serbia, Lajos Széchényi, argued that Salis-Seewis' policies would lead to Serbia's annexation to the Dual Monarchy, which Thallóczy, following Hungarian prime minister István Tisza's directives, strongly opposed.", "In mid-February 1916, Thallóczy complained to Tisza about the number of Slavs in positions of authority, writing, \"the governor is Croat, the chief of the general staff is Czech, the deputy governor is from the former military border and the new General Staff Officer Slavko Kvaternik is the son in law of Croatian independentist Josip Frank.", "\"\nGeneral Conrad saw the military administration of Serbia as preliminary to its annexation, along with Montenegro and Albania, to a future South Slavic union under Croatian leadership.", "Conrad worried that by not annexing Serbia the monarchy would lose its Great Power status.", "Austria-Hungary's Joint Foreign Minister, Stephan Burián von Rajecz, supported the annexation of Serbia, but only if it would be allotted to Hungary.", "Tisza refused to consider the annexation of Serbia as it would lead to a substantial increase in Austria-Hungary's Slavic population, and significantly reduce the proportion of Hungarians within the Dual Monarchy.", "He demanded instead that northern Serbia be colonized by Hungarian and German farmers.", "After touring the three northwestern districts of Serbia together with Salis-Seewis and the visiting General Conrad, Tisza came to regard the Austro-Hungarian military's efforts in the occupied territory as a prelude to annexation.", "Tisza submitted a complaint to Burián asking for a thorough reorganisation of the Military Governorate, the removal of Salis-Seewis, whose administration he described as \"Serbophile and economically incompetent\", and requesting the condemnation of those demanding that Serbia be annexed.", "Burián took the complaint directly to Emperor Franz Joseph.", "On 6 July 1916, the emperor decreed that Salis-Seewis and his chief of staff, Colonel Gelinek, were to be replaced by his former corps commander, General Adolf Freiherr von Rhemen and Colonel Hugo Kerchnawe, effective 26 July 1916.", "Rhemen remained in this office until the end of the war.", "Tensions between Bulgaria and the Dual Monarchy started after Bulgaria extended its zone to western Kosovo, on the Austro-Hungarian side of the treaty border, going as far as Elbasan in Albania, a region that Austria-Hungary considered an occupied friendly state and of \"outstanding importance\" to the Dual Monarchy.", "Kaiser Wilhelm himself repeatedly told Bulgarian king Ferdinand that Germany supported \"the independence of Albania under Austrian protection\".", "Burián also reminded Ferdinand that at the \"west of the treaty border began the Austro-Hungarian sphere of interest.", "\"\nAccording to the terms of the secret alliance between Bulgaria and Germany, the greater part of Kosovo, including the areas of Priština, Prizren, Gnjilane, Uroševac, and Orahovac, were to fall under Bulgarian rule as part of the Military Region of Macedonia.", "Metohija, the southwestern area of Kosovo, was to be incorporated as part of the Austro-Hungarian zone of Montenegro, with the rest of Kosovo, including Kosovska Mitrovica, Vučitrn, and Đakovica, established as part of the Austro-Hungarian Military Governorate of Serbia.", "The Bulgarians maintained that they had the right to install a civilian administration on any territory they conquered, including outside their treaty border.", "Conrad, suspecting Bulgaria of harbouring ambitions to annex the whole region, sent troops to expel the Bulgarian civilian administrators.", "The arrival of Austro-Hungarian troops in areas already garrisoned by Bulgarian forces resulted in a military confrontation.", "On 27 February the Bulgarian military commander Racho Petrov issued an ultimatum to the Austrians to immediately evacuate Kačanik, on the frontier with Macedonia, resulting in a military standoff.", "Conrad warned the Bulgarian High Command that unless local Bulgarian commanders abstained from interfering with the Austro-Hungarian administration, a conflict with his troops would be inevitable.", "On 15 March, the Austro-Hungarians issued an order to secure Novi Pazar, and prepared to add Kosovska Mitrovica to their governorate.", "The German chief of staff, General Erich von Falkenhayn, ordered Mackensen to mediate between the two parties.", "Mackensen visited Sofia in person to meet Ferdinand and Prime Minister Vasil Radoslavov.", "The proposed German compromise was accepted and an agreement on a demarcation line was signed between the Austro-Hungarian and Bulgarian high commands on 1 April 1916.", "The Bulgarians withdrew eastwards, retaining the district containing Prizren and Priština, but leaving Albania and western Kosovo to the Austro-Hungarians.", "The agreement gave Bulgaria administrative rights over areas of Serbia that were not in the original agreement.", "In return, Bulgaria agreed to let Germany have access to the valleys east of the Velika Morava, the Južna Morava in Kosovo, as well as the Vardar Valley, effectively turning Macedonia and Kosovo into zones dedicated to German economic exploitation.", "The occupational authorities considered Serbian national consciousness an existential threat to Austria-Hungary.", "Thus, the policies of the Military Governorate were aimed at depoliticising and denationalising the Serbian population.", "Public gatherings and political parties were banned, the Cyrillic script was termed \"dangerous to the state\" () and banned from schools and public spaces, streets named after people perceived as being significant to Serbian national identity were renamed, the wearing of traditional Serbian clothing was proscribed and the Gregorian calendar replaced the Julian.", "Additionally, all Serbian students had to be educated in the German language, according to Austrian academic standards and through teachers imported from Austria.", "Significant cultural institutions such as the Royal Serbian Academy, the National Museum and the National Library were closed down and looted of their historical artifacts and art collections.", "The University of Belgrade, as well as various publishing houses and bookshops, were closed down.", "Schoolbooks and books in French, English, Russian and Italian were banned.", "Political expression was severely limited with the prohibition of newspaper publication except for the official MGG/S propaganda newspaper \"Belgrader Nachrichten\" (published in Serbian as \"Beogradske novine\"), which featured letters and photographs purporting to show how well those who stayed behind in occupied Serbia were living.", "Such propaganda was intended to convince Serbian soldiers who came across the \"Belgrader Nachrichten\" to desert.", "In 1916, both Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria announced that Serbia had ceased to exist as a political entity, and that its inhabitants could therefore not invoke the international rules of war dictating the treatment of civilians as defined by the Geneva Conventions and the Hague Conventions.", "The occupational authorities carried out numerous summary executions with little or no legal process.", "Upon being found guilty by a military court, victims were usually shot or hanged.", "Martial law, such as (the martial law of self-defense), was employed to quash dissent and severe preventive measures were undertaken against civilians.", "The occupational authorities were gripped by the fear of \"levée en masse\" and of civilians taking up arms.", "The Austro-Hungarian Army consequently employed the seizure of hostages from the general population and the burning of villages in punitive raids as a means of quelling resistance.", "These measures, as well as summary executions, were all permitted under section 61 of the (k.u.k army regulations).", "Disarming the populace was done by holding village elders responsible for handing over a certain quota of weapons that were judged to be held before the war began.", "The sentence for possession of a weapon was death by hanging.", "Military courts also tried civilians for newly defined offenses, including the crime of lèse-majesté.", "Civilians suspected of engaging in resistance activities were subjected to the harshest measures, including hanging and shooting.", "The house of an offender's family would also be destroyed.", "Victims were usually hanged on the main squares of villages and towns, in full view of the general population.", "The lifeless bodies were left to hang by the noose for several days so as to clearly show the treatment reserved for \"spies\" and \"traitors\".", "The MGG/S, as well as the High Command in Vienna, considered sending civilian prisoners to internment camps as a preventive measure to discourage insurgent activities.", "During the occupation, between 150,000 and 200,000 men, women and children were deported to various camps in Austria-Hungary, it has been estimated they represented slightly more than 10 per cent of the Serb population.", "Since Serbia did not have its own Red Cross, Serbian prisoners did not have access to the aid the Red Cross provided to other Allied prisoners.", "Moreover, Serbian prisoners were not considered \"enemy aliens\" but \"internal enemies\" by Austria-Hungary's Ministry of War.", "By defining them as \"terrorists\" or \"insurgents\", the Austro-Hungarian authorities were not obliged to disclose the number of captives they held, and which camps they were being held in, to Red Cross societies.", "Four significant waves of deportations occurred in occupied Serbia.", "The first occurred at the very start of the occupation, when Salis-Seewis rounded up 70,000 \"dissidents\", mostly able-bodied men, ex-soldiers, politically active individuals, as well as members of the political and cultural elite who had remained in the country after the retreat to Corfu.", "University professors, teachers, and priests, especially those who had participated in political, cultural or even athletic associations, were arrested and sent to internment camps.", "The second and largest deportations took place after Romania entered the war on the side of the Allies on 27 August 1916.", "From mid-August to late October 1916, an order to arrest all males between the ages of 17 and 50 was issued.", "These men were targeted because they were of fighting age.", "More than 16,500 males were sent to internment camps during this round of deportations.", "During the Toplica uprising, in the Spring of 1916 when armed resistance seemed to be spreading, more deportations took place.", "The fourth and final round of deportations occurred after the Allied breakthrough on the Salonica front in late 1918.", "In Bohemia, the camp at Braunau (modern-day Broumov, Czech Republic) held about 35,000 prisoners, almost exclusively Serbian, civilian, military prisoners, men, women and children.", "According to a 1918 press report, an epidemic of dysentery almost wiped out all the children in the camp.", "After the war, a mass grave was found behind the camp containing the remains of 2,674 people (these remains were later moved to the crypt of the Heinrichsgrün camp).", "The camp at Heinrichsgrün (modern-day Jindřichovice, Czech Republic), held mostly Serbs, both soldiers and civilians, from the Šumadija and Kolubara districts of western Serbia.", "An average of 40 people died there every day.", "In Hungary, the largest internment camps were in the Nezsider district; Nezsider (modern-day Neusiedl am See, Austria) was a concentration camp primarily used to detain civilians from Serbia and Montenegro, and the principal camp for Serbs suspected to be \"terrorists\" or \"agitators\".", "The number of detainees by May 1917 was 9,934, including children as young as nine.", "Over the course of the war, the Nezsider camp held 17,000 internees, about 4,800 people are known to have perished at the camp.", "In addition to those deported to Hungary, some 30,000 Serb civilians were sent to Austrian camps or used as forced labour.", "In Lower Austria, the camps of Drosendorf and Mittendorf held both Serbian soldiers and civilians.", "Thousand of Serbs perished during a typhus epidemic at the Mauthausen camp in Upper Austria when about 14,000 were being held; an official Austro-Hungarian army report mentioned 5,600 prisoners of war buried in the camp graveyard in the early months of the war.", "According to official figures, between 27 December 1915 and 5 July 1917, 45,791 civilians and prisoners of war from Serbia and Montenegro were held captive at the camp in Doboj, in Bosnia.", "Around 12,000 are estimated to have perished there.", "Other camps held both civilians and prisoners of war, including Boldogasszony, Nagymegyer (modern-day Veľký Meder, Slovakia), Arad (modern-day Romania), Cegléd, Kecskemét and Győr.", "By May 1917, 39,359 people from Serbia, including women and children, were interned outside the country.", "These large scale deportations caused concern around Europe quickly becoming an international scandal.", "The Spanish authorities complained then, in April 1917, the Holy See intervened through the office of the Apostolic Nunciature to Austria against the internment of Serbian women and children between the ages of 10 and 15.", "By the end of the year, Austria-Hungary's Ministry of War admitted that 526 Serb children were in fact being held at Nezsider, but that it was necessary on the grounds of military security.", "According to a Red Cross report dated 1 February 1918, by the end of 1917, there were 206,500 prisoners of war and internees from Serbia in Austro-Hungarian and German camps.", "According to the historian Alan Kramer, the Serbians in Austro-Hungarian captivity received the worst treatment of all the prisoners, and at least 30,000–40,000 had died of starvation by January 1918.", "Tensions between the Austrian and German authorities increased after Burián complained that the German military was employing a ruthless system of requisition, resulting in famine and the pauperisation of the population.", "Behind the front lines, the Germans \"\" was an area that Berlin had secured as a zone dedicated to agricultural production to feed its troops on the Salonica front.", "As the German exploitation of resources in occupied Serbia was handled by the German Oriental Society (), the exploitation of mines failed to satisfy the Dual Monarchy's need for vital raw materials because Germany took two-thirds of all production from Serbia as reparations for its military aid.", "Austro-Hungarian reports on the state of Serbia in 1915 noted famine threatening the occupation zone and a population in a desperate state after nearly four years of constant war.", "The return of refugees exacerbated the shortage of food.", "Reports from late 1915 spoke of the necessity of receiving urgent relief to avoid disaster.", "Starvation loomed after soldiers destroyed or captured much of Serbia's foodstuffs and livestock.", "Harvest yields and produced goods had to be turned over to authorities while food was rationed.", "In early 1916, Conrad ordered that Serbia's resources be \"squeezed dry\" regardless of the consequences for the population.", "As news of the famine in Serbia spread around the world, campaigns were organised asking for Relief for Agonized Serbia.", "American, Swiss and Swedish humanitarian organisations offered assistance.", "According to Red Cross reports, starvation killed more than 8,000 Serbians during the first winter under Austro-Hungarian occupation.", "By mid-May 1917, figures from the Habsburg High Command reported that 170,000 cattle, 190,000 sheep, and 50,000 pigs had been exported to Austria-Hungary.", "Immediately after the withdrawal of the Royal Serbian Army and the start of the Austro-Hungarian occupation, armed individuals and small groups of insurgents, called Chetniks, made up of former soldiers who had remained in the country, began to wage a guerrilla campaign against the occupiers.", "The Chetniks had a long tradition as guerrillas after centuries of Ottoman rule.", "Their actions were often considered heroic by the population and depicted in epic folk poetry, giving them strong local support.", "The first organised guerrilla group was formed in the Novi Pazar and Kosovska Mitrovica districts in early 1916, and was led by former army captain Kosta Vojinović.", "In March 1916, General Conrad ordered that all resistance be quashed with ruthless severity.", "Komitadjis, as the Austro-Hungarian army called the insurgents, were deemed outside international law by the MGG and were to be \"completely wiped out\".", "Jovan Avakumović, a former Prime Minister of Serbia, suggested to Salis-Seewis that he should issue a joint proclamation for the restoration of peace and order.", "Avakumović's proposal was turned down and Salis-Seewis ordered his arrest and internment.", "The Military Governorate responded to the multiplication of guerrilla groups by employing small Ottoman and Albanian counter-guerrilla units based on the \"Streifkorps\" from Bosnia instead of regular patrol troops.", "In late September 1916, the Serbian High Command flew in the experienced Chetnik guerrilla leader Kosta Pećanac from Allied Headquarters in Salonica.", "He was parachuted in by air to organize resistance in Serbia together with Vojinović.", "In early February 1917, a rebellion led by Vojinović broke out in the vicinity of Kuršumlija and Prokuplje.", "The insurgents, supported by volunteers and Chetniks from Montenegro, liberated Kuršumlija, Prokuplje, Pusta Reka, Lebane and Ribarska.", "The uprising was planned to coincide with an Allied offensive.", "Later that month, a large scale uprising broke out in the Toplica District in Bulgarian-occupied Serbia.", "A force of 4,000 armed men and women managed to liberate a significant area in the Morava Valley before the uprising was put down.", "During the summer of 1917, the Austro-Hungarian Army was forced to bring in troops from the Isonzo Front to reinforce the Bulgarian Army and Bulgarian paramilitary groups.", "Without the expected Allied support, the uprising collapsed.", "In late 1917, Vojinović was killed; Pećanac managed to escape and went into hiding.", "According to contemporary Austro-Hungarian Army reports, 20,000 Serbs were killed in the course of the rebellion, while 2,600 managed to escape into the forests.", "Despite the harsh repression, guerrilla groups managed to survive and were able to support Allied offensive operations in the summer of 1918.", "After the war, Chief of Staff Paul Kirch described the withdrawal of the German 11th Army:", "With the Vardar Offensive and the success of Allied forces at the Battle of Dobro Pole, Bulgaria capitulated and signed the Armistice of Salonica on 29 September 1918.", "New Austro-Hungarian and German troops redeployed to Serbia from Ukraine were unable to halt the northward advance of the Royal Serbian Army.", "By the third week of October, General Hermann von Kövess ordered a strategic retreat behind the Danube, Sava and Drina rivers.", "On 29 October, Governor-General von Rhemen and his staff left occupied Serbia.", "The following day, Belgrade was liberated by the Royal Serbian Army.", "By 1 November, all of pre-war Serbia had been liberated, bringing the three-year Central Powers occupation to an end." ]

[ 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91 ]

[ "The goal of the new administration was to denationalise the Serb population and turn the country into a territory from which to draw food and exploit economic resources." ]

[ "On 28 June 1914, the heir to the Habsburg throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, was assassinated by Bosnian Serb student Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo.", "The preservation of Austria-Hungary's prestige necessitated a punishing attack on Serbia, which the Austro-Hungarian leadership deemed responsible for the murder.", "The Austro-Hungarian military leadership was determined to quash Serbia's independence, which it viewed as an unacceptable threat to the future of the empire given its sizeable South Slavic population.", "On 28 July 1914, exactly one month after Franz Ferdinand's assassination, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.", "That evening, Austro-Hungarian artillery shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade from the border town of Semlin (modern-day Zemun), effectively starting World War I. Command of the Austro-Hungarian invasion force was delegated to \"Feldzeugmeister\" Oskar Potiorek, the Governor-General of Bosnia and Herzegovina, who had been responsible for the security of Franz Ferdinand and his wife Duchess Sophie of Hohenberg in Sarajevo.", "On the morning of 12 August 1914, the Austro-Hungarian Fifth Army crossed the Drina River, effectively starting the first invasion of Serbia.", "During the first invasion of Serbia, which the Austro-Hungarian leadership euphemistically dubbed a punitive expedition (), Austro-Hungarian forces occupied parts of Serbia for thirteen days.", "Their war aims were not only to eliminate Serbia as a threat but also to punish her for fuelling South Slav irredentism in the Monarchy.", "The occupation turned into a war of annihilation, accompanied by massacres of civilians and the taking of hostages.", "Austro-Hungarian troops committed a number of war crimes against the Serbian population, especially in the area of Mačva, where according to historian Geoffrey Wawro the Austro-Hungarian army savaged the civilian population in a wave of atrocities.", "During the short occupation between 3,500 and 4,000 Serb civilians were killed in executions and acts of random violence by marauding troops.", "Mass killings took place in numerous towns in northern Serbia.", "On 17 August 1914, in the Serbian town of Šabac, 120 residents—mostly women, children and old men, who had previously been locked in a church—were shot and buried in the churchyard by Austro-Hungarian troops on the orders of \"Feldmarschall-Leutnant\" Kasimir von Lütgendorf.", "The remaining residents were beaten to death, hanged, stabbed, mutilated or burned alive.", "A pit was later discovered in the village of Lešnica containing 109 dead peasants who were \"bound together with a rope and encircled by wire\"; they had been shot and immediately buried, even with some still alive.", "Wawro writes that in Krupanj, men of the 42nd Home Guard Infantry Division, the exclusively Croat formation known as the Devil's Division, bashed a group of old men and boys to the ground using rifle buttstrokes and then hanged any who were still breathing.", "These types of attacks were planned at the highest level, the ground for the escalation of violence was ideologically prepared by the commanders' verbal radicalism, on August 13 Potiorek ordered reprisal hangings, the taking of hostages and arson by all units.", "Often bodies were left hanging on the gallows, trees or street lamps for days as a deterrent and as evidence of the Austro-Hungarian military's determination to deal with Serbian suspects.", "Many executions were photographed by Austro-Hungarian soldiers and officers; some of the images were reproduced as postcards and sold through the Austro-Hungarian army's official sales outlets.", "The Swiss criminologist and physician Archibald Reiss reported on the atrocities committed by the Austro-Hungarian army in a report that was presented at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, Reiss recorded that the number of civilians killed in the invaded Serbian territory amounted to between 3,000 and 4,000, including a large number of women and children, in the region around Šabac he counted 1,658 burned buildings.", "According to historian James Lyon, \"the Habsburg forces engaged in an orgy of looting, rape, murder, mass extermination, and other atrocities\".", "Reiss likened the Austro-Hungarian atrocities to the Rape of Belgium.", "On 24 August, after delivering a major defeat to Austria-Hungary's invading \"Balkan Armed Forces\" () at the Battle of Cer, the Royal Serbian Army liberated Šabac and reached the frontier banks of the Sava River, thereby bringing the first Austro-Hungarian invasion of Serbia to an end, and securing the first Allied victory of World War I.", "On 8 September 1914 the Austro-Hungarians launched a second invasion, a twin-pronged night attack across the Drina to secure a firm bridgehead.", "This time engaging all their forces the well-equipped Habsburg forces outnumbered the Serbs who were short of munitions two to one.", "Facing fierce resistance, the Fifth Army was pushed back into Bosnia while the Sixth Army's offensive was stopped by a strong Serbian counterattack.", "On 23 October, the flagship of the Austro-Hungarian Danube Flotilla, the SMS \"Temes\", which had shelled Belgrade on the first day of the war, was sunk by a mine on the Sava.", "Although it suffered nearly 30,000 casualties and the invasion was temporarily halted, the Austro-Hungarian army retained a foothold in Serbia.", "Convinced that Serbia was near defeat, Potiorek regrouped and launched a third offensive on 5 November 1914.", "Potiorek exploited the Austro-Hungarians' superiority in artillery, including large calibre mortar, to capture Valjevo on 15 November and with support from a monitor group of the Danube Flotilla as well as aerial reconnaissance, Belgrade on 30 November, forcing the Royal Serbian Army to retreat.", "The conquered territory was divided into five county commands ().", "The Austro-Hungarian \"Feldmarschall\" of Croatian ethnicity Stjepan Sarkotić, commander during the first invasion of the 42nd Home Guard Infantry Division, was appointed governor-general of Serbia by Emperor Franz Joseph on 24 November 1914.", "Under Sarkotić's administration, multiple concentration camps were established in which tens of thousands of Serbs were interned, in the town of Šabac alone, between 1,500 and 2,000 civilians were deported to internment camps in Hungary.", "According to the historian Bastian Matteo Scianna, the Austro-Hungarian atrocities had a planned exterminatory character.", "In early December, the Royal Serbian Army launched a sustained counterattack, decisively defeating the Austro-Hungarians at the Battle of Kolubara and recapturing Belgrade a day after General Sarkotic's new military government had been established.", "By 15 December, the Royal Serbian Army had captured Zemun, having crossed the border in pursuit of the Austro-Hungarians,\nDefeat at the hands of Serbia, a small Balkan peasant kingdom, wounded the pride of Austria-Hungary's military and civilian leadership.", "One Austrian officer was reported as saying that Potiorek would be shot if he appeared among his own troops.", "On 22 December, Potiorek was relieved of his command and replaced by Archduke Eugen of Austria.", "Although Austria-Hungary had failed to defeat Serbia, the Royal Serbian Army had exhausted its military capability, losing 100,000 men in battle, and was forced to deal with a typhoid epidemic that further decimated the army and civilian population.", "German officials urged their Austro-Hungarian counterparts to launch yet another offensive against Serbia, despite the fact that the Austro-Hungarians were engaged in a costly second front with Russia to the east.", "The Austro-Hungarian leadership would not consider invading Serbia again for almost a year, when Bulgarian participation in such an invasion was guaranteed.", "On 6 September 1915, Germany and Bulgaria entered into a secret military alliance.", "German officials promised Bulgaria all of Serbian Macedonia, parts of northeastern Serbia, as well as a new loan of 200,000,000 gold francs in return for Bulgaria's participation in an upcoming invasion of Serbia.", "The agreement was signed in the German town of Plessa.\nOn 5 October 1915, Austria-Hungary and Germany launched a joint invasion of Serbia.", "The offensive marked Austria-Hungary's fourth attempt to conquer Serbia, this time led by German General August von Mackensen.", "On that day, artillery bombardment began, a few days later three German and three Austro-Hungarian Army corps crossed the Sava, attacking from the north as part of Army Group Mackensen.", "On 14 October, with the bulk of the Serbian forces opposing combined invaders up north, two Bulgarian armies invaded southern Serbia from the east, advancing towards Niš and Skoplje.", "The Bulgarian offensive cut off the Royal Serbian Army's lines of communication to the south as well as a retreat route towards French General Maurice Sarrail's relief force, which had advanced northwards up the Vardar River valley from the Allies' new base in Salonica.", "Despite the treaty of mutual assistance with Serbia against a Bulgarian attack, King Constantine of Greece refused to let the Greek army enter the war to aid the Serbs or let the Allies use the Greek railroads devoted to supporting their mobilization.", "The Central Powers enjoyed massive superiority in numbers and equipment, especially in artillery, along the nearly front.", "Serbia and Montenegro could hardly muster half the number of soldiers as the Central Powers.", "Within six weeks, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Germany had succeeded in conquering Serbia.", "While the strategic goals set before the offensive had been achieved, the Central Powers were deprived of a decisive victory by the Royal Serbian Army's winter retreat over the mountains of Albania and Montenegro towards the Adriatic coast.", "Ultimately, around 140,000 Serbian soldiers and hundreds of thousands of civilians were evacuated to the Greek island of Corfu, among them the entire Serbian government, as well as the Serbian royal family.", "The Royal Serbian Army retrenched itself in Greece, where it was reorganised and repurposed to combating Bulgarian and German troops on the Salonica front.", "Towards the end of 1915, Serbia was divided between Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria, with both countries establishing military administrations in the territories they had occupied.", "Shortly after the retreat of the Royal Serbian Army, the country was divided into three zones.", "The Austro-Hungarian occupational zone stretched from the region west of the Morava Valley to the Macedonian frontier, and included Belgrade.", "Bulgaria gained the whole of Serbian Macedonia, as well as the areas east of the Morava, and Southern Serbia between Kosovo and the Danube River.", "A German control zone was established in the area east of the Velika Morava, the Južna Morava in Kosovo and the Vardar Valley.", "The Germans took control of all railways, mines, forestry, and agricultural resources in Serbia.", "On 1 January 1916, the Austro-Hungarian High Command (; AOK) ordered the formation of the Military General Governorate of Serbia (; MGG/S), with Belgrade as its administrative centre.", "The Austro-Hungarian occupation zone was divided into thirteen approximately equal districts (), which were then divided into sixty-four boroughs (), with the city of Belgrade as its own district.", "The occupational administration was subordinate to the AOK under General Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, and later under \"Generaloberst\" Arthur Arz von Straußenburg.", "The Military Governorate was headed by a General Governor with the rank of a corps commander.", "The first governor-general, Johann Graf Salis-Seewis, an ethnic Croat with experience fighting insurgents in Macedonia, had served as the commander of the 42nd Devil's Division after Sarkotić.", "Salis-Seewis was appointed to the position in late 1915 by Emperor Franz Joseph, officially taking office on 1 January 1916.", "The historian and Balkan specialist Lajos Thallóczy was appointed as the Military General Governorate's civilian commissioner, as well as Salis-Seewis's deputy.", "Thallóczy arrived in Belgrade on 17 January 1916.", "With the Austrians in charge of the military, the civilian administration was mostly made up of Hungarians and Croats.", "Four administrative departments were set up: military, economic, judicial, and political, with the latter, which had its own intelligence and police forces, under former Devil's Division officer and future Ustaše leader Major Slavko Kvaternik.", "Military intelligence () for the occupation zone was entrusted to Croat Lujo Šafranek-Kavić, as the Austro-Hungarian army relied considerably on South Slav officers and Bosnian Muslims knowledge of the language for intelligence purposes.", "In December 1916, Thallóczy was killed in a train crash while returning from Vienna to Belgrade.", "In January 1917, Teodor Kušević, a high-ranking functionary from Bosnia and Herzegovina, was appointed to replace him as the civilian commissioner.", "The function was given more prominence with new areas of responsibility including trade, police, religion, education, justice and finance.", "The first measure of the occupiers was to establish a new legal system to secure order, prevent guerrilla resistance and exploit the country's resources.", "MGG/S control over the population was accomplished in accordance with the \"Directives for the Political Administration in the Areas of the General Military Governorate in Serbia\" () and with the \"General Principles for the Imperial and Royal Military Administration in the Occupied Territories of Serbia\" ().", "The MGG/S intended to ignore Hungarian objections and integrate Serbia as a part of the empire, but as an area that would remain under direct military rule for decades after the end of the war and where political participation would be prohibited to prevent the emergence of a new Serbian state.", "The MGG was safeguarded by a permanent Austro-Hungarian garrison consisting, in August 1916, of 35 battalions, a \"Landsturm\" regiment, six companies of patrol troops, 12 units of railway guards, four-and-a-half squadrons, five artillery batteries and two anti-aircraft batteries, totaling around 70,000 men, of which 50,000 were reserved for military operations.", "Within the towns and villages of the twelve districts, 5,000 gendarmes were posted in groups of 20 to 30.", "If needed, patrol companies also served as mobile combat reserves.", "To help police the civilian population and to track down partisans, the Austro-Hungarian leadership decided to recruit amongst ethnic minority groups positively disposed towards the Dual Monarchy.", "With Thallóczy's encouragement, the Austro-Hungarian authorities permitted Kosovo Albanians to volunteer for service in the Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces.", "Prominent Albanians in towns such as Novi Pazar and Kosovska Mitrovica declared their support and offered to recruit volunteers for the occupying authorities.", "According to the notes of Colonel Hugo Kerchnawe, the Muslims in the Sandžak and the Albanians in Kosovo \"behaved very loyally and offered their support\" to the empire, Kerchnawe added in his report that \"our interests ran parallel with the Muslims' interests.", "\"\nA special commission to organise recruitment was set up by Thallóczy, assisted by former Ottoman officers and Bosnian militia leaders.", "Over 8,000 volunteers were recruited this way, despite the fact that the recruitment drive was a violation of the Hague Convention treaties that Austria-Hungary had signed, which forbade the use of occupied populations towards a country's war efforts.", "In March 1917, a home battalion was formed, supported by Bosnian gendarmes and led by former Ottoman officers.", "In the final phase of the Serbian Campaign, the Austro-Hungarian military had relied on paramilitaries consisting of Albanian clansmen from Kosovo and northern Albania as irregular troops, organised early in the occupied territories Albanian pursuit fighting units were set up to assist Austro-Hungarians patrols track down Serbian guerrillas.", "These counter-insurgency bands were based on their Bosnian counterparts, the \"Streifkorps\", paramilitary groups made up of Muslim volunteers with experience fighting Serb guerrillas and a reputation for heavy-handed tactics.", "District pursuit units were established in each district of the Austro-Hungarian occupied zone, each consisted of 40 men led by one officer.", "The Bulgarian occupation authorities also used Albanian gendarmes and irregular troops within their occupation zones.", "The separation of power in Serbia quickly led to clashes between the civilian and military authorities, as well as between Austrian and Hungarian occupation officials.", "The Hungarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs' envoy in Serbia, Lajos Széchényi, argued that Salis-Seewis' policies would lead to Serbia's annexation to the Dual Monarchy, which Thallóczy, following Hungarian prime minister István Tisza's directives, strongly opposed.", "In mid-February 1916, Thallóczy complained to Tisza about the number of Slavs in positions of authority, writing, \"the governor is Croat, the chief of the general staff is Czech, the deputy governor is from the former military border and the new General Staff Officer Slavko Kvaternik is the son in law of Croatian independentist Josip Frank.", "\"\nGeneral Conrad saw the military administration of Serbia as preliminary to its annexation, along with Montenegro and Albania, to a future South Slavic union under Croatian leadership.", "Conrad worried that by not annexing Serbia the monarchy would lose its Great Power status.", "Austria-Hungary's Joint Foreign Minister, Stephan Burián von Rajecz, supported the annexation of Serbia, but only if it would be allotted to Hungary.", "Tisza refused to consider the annexation of Serbia as it would lead to a substantial increase in Austria-Hungary's Slavic population, and significantly reduce the proportion of Hungarians within the Dual Monarchy.", "He demanded instead that northern Serbia be colonized by Hungarian and German farmers.", "After touring the three northwestern districts of Serbia together with Salis-Seewis and the visiting General Conrad, Tisza came to regard the Austro-Hungarian military's efforts in the occupied territory as a prelude to annexation.", "Tisza submitted a complaint to Burián asking for a thorough reorganisation of the Military Governorate, the removal of Salis-Seewis, whose administration he described as \"Serbophile and economically incompetent\", and requesting the condemnation of those demanding that Serbia be annexed.", "Burián took the complaint directly to Emperor Franz Joseph.", "On 6 July 1916, the emperor decreed that Salis-Seewis and his chief of staff, Colonel Gelinek, were to be replaced by his former corps commander, General Adolf Freiherr von Rhemen and Colonel Hugo Kerchnawe, effective 26 July 1916.", "Rhemen remained in this office until the end of the war.", "Tensions between Bulgaria and the Dual Monarchy started after Bulgaria extended its zone to western Kosovo, on the Austro-Hungarian side of the treaty border, going as far as Elbasan in Albania, a region that Austria-Hungary considered an occupied friendly state and of \"outstanding importance\" to the Dual Monarchy.", "Kaiser Wilhelm himself repeatedly told Bulgarian king Ferdinand that Germany supported \"the independence of Albania under Austrian protection\".", "Burián also reminded Ferdinand that at the \"west of the treaty border began the Austro-Hungarian sphere of interest.", "\"\nAccording to the terms of the secret alliance between Bulgaria and Germany, the greater part of Kosovo, including the areas of Priština, Prizren, Gnjilane, Uroševac, and Orahovac, were to fall under Bulgarian rule as part of the Military Region of Macedonia.", "Metohija, the southwestern area of Kosovo, was to be incorporated as part of the Austro-Hungarian zone of Montenegro, with the rest of Kosovo, including Kosovska Mitrovica, Vučitrn, and Đakovica, established as part of the Austro-Hungarian Military Governorate of Serbia.", "The Bulgarians maintained that they had the right to install a civilian administration on any territory they conquered, including outside their treaty border.", "Conrad, suspecting Bulgaria of harbouring ambitions to annex the whole region, sent troops to expel the Bulgarian civilian administrators.", "The arrival of Austro-Hungarian troops in areas already garrisoned by Bulgarian forces resulted in a military confrontation.", "On 27 February the Bulgarian military commander Racho Petrov issued an ultimatum to the Austrians to immediately evacuate Kačanik, on the frontier with Macedonia, resulting in a military standoff.", "Conrad warned the Bulgarian High Command that unless local Bulgarian commanders abstained from interfering with the Austro-Hungarian administration, a conflict with his troops would be inevitable.", "On 15 March, the Austro-Hungarians issued an order to secure Novi Pazar, and prepared to add Kosovska Mitrovica to their governorate.", "The German chief of staff, General Erich von Falkenhayn, ordered Mackensen to mediate between the two parties.", "Mackensen visited Sofia in person to meet Ferdinand and Prime Minister Vasil Radoslavov.", "The proposed German compromise was accepted and an agreement on a demarcation line was signed between the Austro-Hungarian and Bulgarian high commands on 1 April 1916.", "The Bulgarians withdrew eastwards, retaining the district containing Prizren and Priština, but leaving Albania and western Kosovo to the Austro-Hungarians.", "The agreement gave Bulgaria administrative rights over areas of Serbia that were not in the original agreement.", "In return, Bulgaria agreed to let Germany have access to the valleys east of the Velika Morava, the Južna Morava in Kosovo, as well as the Vardar Valley, effectively turning Macedonia and Kosovo into zones dedicated to German economic exploitation.", "The occupational authorities considered Serbian national consciousness an existential threat to Austria-Hungary.", "Thus, the policies of the Military Governorate were aimed at depoliticising and denationalising the Serbian population.", "Public gatherings and political parties were banned, the Cyrillic script was termed \"dangerous to the state\" () and banned from schools and public spaces, streets named after people perceived as being significant to Serbian national identity were renamed, the wearing of traditional Serbian clothing was proscribed and the Gregorian calendar replaced the Julian.", "Additionally, all Serbian students had to be educated in the German language, according to Austrian academic standards and through teachers imported from Austria.", "Significant cultural institutions such as the Royal Serbian Academy, the National Museum and the National Library were closed down and looted of their historical artifacts and art collections.", "The University of Belgrade, as well as various publishing houses and bookshops, were closed down.", "Schoolbooks and books in French, English, Russian and Italian were banned.", "Political expression was severely limited with the prohibition of newspaper publication except for the official MGG/S propaganda newspaper \"Belgrader Nachrichten\" (published in Serbian as \"Beogradske novine\"), which featured letters and photographs purporting to show how well those who stayed behind in occupied Serbia were living.", "Such propaganda was intended to convince Serbian soldiers who came across the \"Belgrader Nachrichten\" to desert.", "In 1916, both Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria announced that Serbia had ceased to exist as a political entity, and that its inhabitants could therefore not invoke the international rules of war dictating the treatment of civilians as defined by the Geneva Conventions and the Hague Conventions.", "The occupational authorities carried out numerous summary executions with little or no legal process.", "Upon being found guilty by a military court, victims were usually shot or hanged.", "Martial law, such as (the martial law of self-defense), was employed to quash dissent and severe preventive measures were undertaken against civilians.", "The occupational authorities were gripped by the fear of \"levée en masse\" and of civilians taking up arms.", "The Austro-Hungarian Army consequently employed the seizure of hostages from the general population and the burning of villages in punitive raids as a means of quelling resistance.", "These measures, as well as summary executions, were all permitted under section 61 of the (k.u.k army regulations).", "Disarming the populace was done by holding village elders responsible for handing over a certain quota of weapons that were judged to be held before the war began.", "The sentence for possession of a weapon was death by hanging.", "Military courts also tried civilians for newly defined offenses, including the crime of lèse-majesté.", "Civilians suspected of engaging in resistance activities were subjected to the harshest measures, including hanging and shooting.", "The house of an offender's family would also be destroyed.", "Victims were usually hanged on the main squares of villages and towns, in full view of the general population.", "The lifeless bodies were left to hang by the noose for several days so as to clearly show the treatment reserved for \"spies\" and \"traitors\".", "The MGG/S, as well as the High Command in Vienna, considered sending civilian prisoners to internment camps as a preventive measure to discourage insurgent activities.", "During the occupation, between 150,000 and 200,000 men, women and children were deported to various camps in Austria-Hungary, it has been estimated they represented slightly more than 10 per cent of the Serb population.", "Since Serbia did not have its own Red Cross, Serbian prisoners did not have access to the aid the Red Cross provided to other Allied prisoners.", "Moreover, Serbian prisoners were not considered \"enemy aliens\" but \"internal enemies\" by Austria-Hungary's Ministry of War.", "By defining them as \"terrorists\" or \"insurgents\", the Austro-Hungarian authorities were not obliged to disclose the number of captives they held, and which camps they were being held in, to Red Cross societies.", "Four significant waves of deportations occurred in occupied Serbia.", "The first occurred at the very start of the occupation, when Salis-Seewis rounded up 70,000 \"dissidents\", mostly able-bodied men, ex-soldiers, politically active individuals, as well as members of the political and cultural elite who had remained in the country after the retreat to Corfu.", "University professors, teachers, and priests, especially those who had participated in political, cultural or even athletic associations, were arrested and sent to internment camps.", "The second and largest deportations took place after Romania entered the war on the side of the Allies on 27 August 1916.", "From mid-August to late October 1916, an order to arrest all males between the ages of 17 and 50 was issued.", "These men were targeted because they were of fighting age.", "More than 16,500 males were sent to internment camps during this round of deportations.", "During the Toplica uprising, in the Spring of 1916 when armed resistance seemed to be spreading, more deportations took place.", "The fourth and final round of deportations occurred after the Allied breakthrough on the Salonica front in late 1918.", "In Bohemia, the camp at Braunau (modern-day Broumov, Czech Republic) held about 35,000 prisoners, almost exclusively Serbian, civilian, military prisoners, men, women and children.", "According to a 1918 press report, an epidemic of dysentery almost wiped out all the children in the camp.", "After the war, a mass grave was found behind the camp containing the remains of 2,674 people (these remains were later moved to the crypt of the Heinrichsgrün camp).", "The camp at Heinrichsgrün (modern-day Jindřichovice, Czech Republic), held mostly Serbs, both soldiers and civilians, from the Šumadija and Kolubara districts of western Serbia.", "An average of 40 people died there every day.", "In Hungary, the largest internment camps were in the Nezsider district; Nezsider (modern-day Neusiedl am See, Austria) was a concentration camp primarily used to detain civilians from Serbia and Montenegro, and the principal camp for Serbs suspected to be \"terrorists\" or \"agitators\".", "The number of detainees by May 1917 was 9,934, including children as young as nine.", "Over the course of the war, the Nezsider camp held 17,000 internees, about 4,800 people are known to have perished at the camp.", "In addition to those deported to Hungary, some 30,000 Serb civilians were sent to Austrian camps or used as forced labour.", "In Lower Austria, the camps of Drosendorf and Mittendorf held both Serbian soldiers and civilians.", "Thousand of Serbs perished during a typhus epidemic at the Mauthausen camp in Upper Austria when about 14,000 were being held; an official Austro-Hungarian army report mentioned 5,600 prisoners of war buried in the camp graveyard in the early months of the war.", "According to official figures, between 27 December 1915 and 5 July 1917, 45,791 civilians and prisoners of war from Serbia and Montenegro were held captive at the camp in Doboj, in Bosnia.", "Around 12,000 are estimated to have perished there.", "Other camps held both civilians and prisoners of war, including Boldogasszony, Nagymegyer (modern-day Veľký Meder, Slovakia), Arad (modern-day Romania), Cegléd, Kecskemét and Győr.", "By May 1917, 39,359 people from Serbia, including women and children, were interned outside the country.", "These large scale deportations caused concern around Europe quickly becoming an international scandal.", "The Spanish authorities complained then, in April 1917, the Holy See intervened through the office of the Apostolic Nunciature to Austria against the internment of Serbian women and children between the ages of 10 and 15.", "By the end of the year, Austria-Hungary's Ministry of War admitted that 526 Serb children were in fact being held at Nezsider, but that it was necessary on the grounds of military security.", "According to a Red Cross report dated 1 February 1918, by the end of 1917, there were 206,500 prisoners of war and internees from Serbia in Austro-Hungarian and German camps.", "According to the historian Alan Kramer, the Serbians in Austro-Hungarian captivity received the worst treatment of all the prisoners, and at least 30,000–40,000 had died of starvation by January 1918.", "Tensions between the Austrian and German authorities increased after Burián complained that the German military was employing a ruthless system of requisition, resulting in famine and the pauperisation of the population.", "Behind the front lines, the Germans \"\" was an area that Berlin had secured as a zone dedicated to agricultural production to feed its troops on the Salonica front.", "As the German exploitation of resources in occupied Serbia was handled by the German Oriental Society (), the exploitation of mines failed to satisfy the Dual Monarchy's need for vital raw materials because Germany took two-thirds of all production from Serbia as reparations for its military aid.", "Austro-Hungarian reports on the state of Serbia in 1915 noted famine threatening the occupation zone and a population in a desperate state after nearly four years of constant war.", "The return of refugees exacerbated the shortage of food.", "Reports from late 1915 spoke of the necessity of receiving urgent relief to avoid disaster.", "Starvation loomed after soldiers destroyed or captured much of Serbia's foodstuffs and livestock.", "Harvest yields and produced goods had to be turned over to authorities while food was rationed.", "In early 1916, Conrad ordered that Serbia's resources be \"squeezed dry\" regardless of the consequences for the population.", "As news of the famine in Serbia spread around the world, campaigns were organised asking for Relief for Agonized Serbia.", "American, Swiss and Swedish humanitarian organisations offered assistance.", "According to Red Cross reports, starvation killed more than 8,000 Serbians during the first winter under Austro-Hungarian occupation.", "By mid-May 1917, figures from the Habsburg High Command reported that 170,000 cattle, 190,000 sheep, and 50,000 pigs had been exported to Austria-Hungary.", "Immediately after the withdrawal of the Royal Serbian Army and the start of the Austro-Hungarian occupation, armed individuals and small groups of insurgents, called Chetniks, made up of former soldiers who had remained in the country, began to wage a guerrilla campaign against the occupiers.", "The Chetniks had a long tradition as guerrillas after centuries of Ottoman rule.", "Their actions were often considered heroic by the population and depicted in epic folk poetry, giving them strong local support.", "The first organised guerrilla group was formed in the Novi Pazar and Kosovska Mitrovica districts in early 1916, and was led by former army captain Kosta Vojinović.", "In March 1916, General Conrad ordered that all resistance be quashed with ruthless severity.", "Komitadjis, as the Austro-Hungarian army called the insurgents, were deemed outside international law by the MGG and were to be \"completely wiped out\".", "Jovan Avakumović, a former Prime Minister of Serbia, suggested to Salis-Seewis that he should issue a joint proclamation for the restoration of peace and order.", "Avakumović's proposal was turned down and Salis-Seewis ordered his arrest and internment.", "The Military Governorate responded to the multiplication of guerrilla groups by employing small Ottoman and Albanian counter-guerrilla units based on the \"Streifkorps\" from Bosnia instead of regular patrol troops.", "In late September 1916, the Serbian High Command flew in the experienced Chetnik guerrilla leader Kosta Pećanac from Allied Headquarters in Salonica.", "He was parachuted in by air to organize resistance in Serbia together with Vojinović.", "In early February 1917, a rebellion led by Vojinović broke out in the vicinity of Kuršumlija and Prokuplje.", "The insurgents, supported by volunteers and Chetniks from Montenegro, liberated Kuršumlija, Prokuplje, Pusta Reka, Lebane and Ribarska.", "The uprising was planned to coincide with an Allied offensive.", "Later that month, a large scale uprising broke out in the Toplica District in Bulgarian-occupied Serbia.", "A force of 4,000 armed men and women managed to liberate a significant area in the Morava Valley before the uprising was put down.", "During the summer of 1917, the Austro-Hungarian Army was forced to bring in troops from the Isonzo Front to reinforce the Bulgarian Army and Bulgarian paramilitary groups.", "Without the expected Allied support, the uprising collapsed.", "In late 1917, Vojinović was killed; Pećanac managed to escape and went into hiding.", "According to contemporary Austro-Hungarian Army reports, 20,000 Serbs were killed in the course of the rebellion, while 2,600 managed to escape into the forests.", "Despite the harsh repression, guerrilla groups managed to survive and were able to support Allied offensive operations in the summer of 1918.", "After the war, Chief of Staff Paul Kirch described the withdrawal of the German 11th Army:", "With the Vardar Offensive and the success of Allied forces at the Battle of Dobro Pole, Bulgaria capitulated and signed the Armistice of Salonica on 29 September 1918.", "New Austro-Hungarian and German troops redeployed to Serbia from Ukraine were unable to halt the northward advance of the Royal Serbian Army.", "By the third week of October, General Hermann von Kövess ordered a strategic retreat behind the Danube, Sava and Drina rivers.", "On 29 October, Governor-General von Rhemen and his staff left occupied Serbia.", "The following day, Belgrade was liberated by the Royal Serbian Army.", "By 1 November, all of pre-war Serbia had been liberated, bringing the three-year Central Powers occupation to an end." ]

[ 75, 76, 77 ]

[ "The goal of the new administration was to denationalise the Serb population and turn the country into a territory from which to draw food and exploit economic resources." ]

[ "On 28 June 1914, the heir to the Habsburg throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, was assassinated by Bosnian Serb student Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo.", "The preservation of Austria-Hungary's prestige necessitated a punishing attack on Serbia, which the Austro-Hungarian leadership deemed responsible for the murder.", "The Austro-Hungarian military leadership was determined to quash Serbia's independence, which it viewed as an unacceptable threat to the future of the empire given its sizeable South Slavic population.", "On 28 July 1914, exactly one month after Franz Ferdinand's assassination, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.", "That evening, Austro-Hungarian artillery shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade from the border town of Semlin (modern-day Zemun), effectively starting World War I. Command of the Austro-Hungarian invasion force was delegated to \"Feldzeugmeister\" Oskar Potiorek, the Governor-General of Bosnia and Herzegovina, who had been responsible for the security of Franz Ferdinand and his wife Duchess Sophie of Hohenberg in Sarajevo.", "On the morning of 12 August 1914, the Austro-Hungarian Fifth Army crossed the Drina River, effectively starting the first invasion of Serbia.", "During the first invasion of Serbia, which the Austro-Hungarian leadership euphemistically dubbed a punitive expedition (), Austro-Hungarian forces occupied parts of Serbia for thirteen days.", "Their war aims were not only to eliminate Serbia as a threat but also to punish her for fuelling South Slav irredentism in the Monarchy.", "The occupation turned into a war of annihilation, accompanied by massacres of civilians and the taking of hostages.", "Austro-Hungarian troops committed a number of war crimes against the Serbian population, especially in the area of Mačva, where according to historian Geoffrey Wawro the Austro-Hungarian army savaged the civilian population in a wave of atrocities.", "During the short occupation between 3,500 and 4,000 Serb civilians were killed in executions and acts of random violence by marauding troops.", "Mass killings took place in numerous towns in northern Serbia.", "On 17 August 1914, in the Serbian town of Šabac, 120 residents—mostly women, children and old men, who had previously been locked in a church—were shot and buried in the churchyard by Austro-Hungarian troops on the orders of \"Feldmarschall-Leutnant\" Kasimir von Lütgendorf.", "The remaining residents were beaten to death, hanged, stabbed, mutilated or burned alive.", "A pit was later discovered in the village of Lešnica containing 109 dead peasants who were \"bound together with a rope and encircled by wire\"; they had been shot and immediately buried, even with some still alive.", "Wawro writes that in Krupanj, men of the 42nd Home Guard Infantry Division, the exclusively Croat formation known as the Devil's Division, bashed a group of old men and boys to the ground using rifle buttstrokes and then hanged any who were still breathing.", "These types of attacks were planned at the highest level, the ground for the escalation of violence was ideologically prepared by the commanders' verbal radicalism, on August 13 Potiorek ordered reprisal hangings, the taking of hostages and arson by all units.", "Often bodies were left hanging on the gallows, trees or street lamps for days as a deterrent and as evidence of the Austro-Hungarian military's determination to deal with Serbian suspects.", "Many executions were photographed by Austro-Hungarian soldiers and officers; some of the images were reproduced as postcards and sold through the Austro-Hungarian army's official sales outlets.", "The Swiss criminologist and physician Archibald Reiss reported on the atrocities committed by the Austro-Hungarian army in a report that was presented at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, Reiss recorded that the number of civilians killed in the invaded Serbian territory amounted to between 3,000 and 4,000, including a large number of women and children, in the region around Šabac he counted 1,658 burned buildings.", "According to historian James Lyon, \"the Habsburg forces engaged in an orgy of looting, rape, murder, mass extermination, and other atrocities\".", "Reiss likened the Austro-Hungarian atrocities to the Rape of Belgium.", "On 24 August, after delivering a major defeat to Austria-Hungary's invading \"Balkan Armed Forces\" () at the Battle of Cer, the Royal Serbian Army liberated Šabac and reached the frontier banks of the Sava River, thereby bringing the first Austro-Hungarian invasion of Serbia to an end, and securing the first Allied victory of World War I.", "On 8 September 1914 the Austro-Hungarians launched a second invasion, a twin-pronged night attack across the Drina to secure a firm bridgehead.", "This time engaging all their forces the well-equipped Habsburg forces outnumbered the Serbs who were short of munitions two to one.", "Facing fierce resistance, the Fifth Army was pushed back into Bosnia while the Sixth Army's offensive was stopped by a strong Serbian counterattack.", "On 23 October, the flagship of the Austro-Hungarian Danube Flotilla, the SMS \"Temes\", which had shelled Belgrade on the first day of the war, was sunk by a mine on the Sava.", "Although it suffered nearly 30,000 casualties and the invasion was temporarily halted, the Austro-Hungarian army retained a foothold in Serbia.", "Convinced that Serbia was near defeat, Potiorek regrouped and launched a third offensive on 5 November 1914.", "Potiorek exploited the Austro-Hungarians' superiority in artillery, including large calibre mortar, to capture Valjevo on 15 November and with support from a monitor group of the Danube Flotilla as well as aerial reconnaissance, Belgrade on 30 November, forcing the Royal Serbian Army to retreat.", "The conquered territory was divided into five county commands ().", "The Austro-Hungarian \"Feldmarschall\" of Croatian ethnicity Stjepan Sarkotić, commander during the first invasion of the 42nd Home Guard Infantry Division, was appointed governor-general of Serbia by Emperor Franz Joseph on 24 November 1914.", "Under Sarkotić's administration, multiple concentration camps were established in which tens of thousands of Serbs were interned, in the town of Šabac alone, between 1,500 and 2,000 civilians were deported to internment camps in Hungary.", "According to the historian Bastian Matteo Scianna, the Austro-Hungarian atrocities had a planned exterminatory character.", "In early December, the Royal Serbian Army launched a sustained counterattack, decisively defeating the Austro-Hungarians at the Battle of Kolubara and recapturing Belgrade a day after General Sarkotic's new military government had been established.", "By 15 December, the Royal Serbian Army had captured Zemun, having crossed the border in pursuit of the Austro-Hungarians,\nDefeat at the hands of Serbia, a small Balkan peasant kingdom, wounded the pride of Austria-Hungary's military and civilian leadership.", "One Austrian officer was reported as saying that Potiorek would be shot if he appeared among his own troops.", "On 22 December, Potiorek was relieved of his command and replaced by Archduke Eugen of Austria.", "Although Austria-Hungary had failed to defeat Serbia, the Royal Serbian Army had exhausted its military capability, losing 100,000 men in battle, and was forced to deal with a typhoid epidemic that further decimated the army and civilian population.", "German officials urged their Austro-Hungarian counterparts to launch yet another offensive against Serbia, despite the fact that the Austro-Hungarians were engaged in a costly second front with Russia to the east.", "The Austro-Hungarian leadership would not consider invading Serbia again for almost a year, when Bulgarian participation in such an invasion was guaranteed.", "On 6 September 1915, Germany and Bulgaria entered into a secret military alliance.", "German officials promised Bulgaria all of Serbian Macedonia, parts of northeastern Serbia, as well as a new loan of 200,000,000 gold francs in return for Bulgaria's participation in an upcoming invasion of Serbia.", "The agreement was signed in the German town of Plessa.\nOn 5 October 1915, Austria-Hungary and Germany launched a joint invasion of Serbia.", "The offensive marked Austria-Hungary's fourth attempt to conquer Serbia, this time led by German General August von Mackensen.", "On that day, artillery bombardment began, a few days later three German and three Austro-Hungarian Army corps crossed the Sava, attacking from the north as part of Army Group Mackensen.", "On 14 October, with the bulk of the Serbian forces opposing combined invaders up north, two Bulgarian armies invaded southern Serbia from the east, advancing towards Niš and Skoplje.", "The Bulgarian offensive cut off the Royal Serbian Army's lines of communication to the south as well as a retreat route towards French General Maurice Sarrail's relief force, which had advanced northwards up the Vardar River valley from the Allies' new base in Salonica.", "Despite the treaty of mutual assistance with Serbia against a Bulgarian attack, King Constantine of Greece refused to let the Greek army enter the war to aid the Serbs or let the Allies use the Greek railroads devoted to supporting their mobilization.", "The Central Powers enjoyed massive superiority in numbers and equipment, especially in artillery, along the nearly front.", "Serbia and Montenegro could hardly muster half the number of soldiers as the Central Powers.", "Within six weeks, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Germany had succeeded in conquering Serbia.", "While the strategic goals set before the offensive had been achieved, the Central Powers were deprived of a decisive victory by the Royal Serbian Army's winter retreat over the mountains of Albania and Montenegro towards the Adriatic coast.", "Ultimately, around 140,000 Serbian soldiers and hundreds of thousands of civilians were evacuated to the Greek island of Corfu, among them the entire Serbian government, as well as the Serbian royal family.", "The Royal Serbian Army retrenched itself in Greece, where it was reorganised and repurposed to combating Bulgarian and German troops on the Salonica front.", "Towards the end of 1915, Serbia was divided between Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria, with both countries establishing military administrations in the territories they had occupied.", "Shortly after the retreat of the Royal Serbian Army, the country was divided into three zones.", "The Austro-Hungarian occupational zone stretched from the region west of the Morava Valley to the Macedonian frontier, and included Belgrade.", "Bulgaria gained the whole of Serbian Macedonia, as well as the areas east of the Morava, and Southern Serbia between Kosovo and the Danube River.", "A German control zone was established in the area east of the Velika Morava, the Južna Morava in Kosovo and the Vardar Valley.", "The Germans took control of all railways, mines, forestry, and agricultural resources in Serbia.", "On 1 January 1916, the Austro-Hungarian High Command (; AOK) ordered the formation of the Military General Governorate of Serbia (; MGG/S), with Belgrade as its administrative centre.", "The Austro-Hungarian occupation zone was divided into thirteen approximately equal districts (), which were then divided into sixty-four boroughs (), with the city of Belgrade as its own district.", "The occupational administration was subordinate to the AOK under General Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, and later under \"Generaloberst\" Arthur Arz von Straußenburg.", "The Military Governorate was headed by a General Governor with the rank of a corps commander.", "The first governor-general, Johann Graf Salis-Seewis, an ethnic Croat with experience fighting insurgents in Macedonia, had served as the commander of the 42nd Devil's Division after Sarkotić.", "Salis-Seewis was appointed to the position in late 1915 by Emperor Franz Joseph, officially taking office on 1 January 1916.", "The historian and Balkan specialist Lajos Thallóczy was appointed as the Military General Governorate's civilian commissioner, as well as Salis-Seewis's deputy.", "Thallóczy arrived in Belgrade on 17 January 1916.", "With the Austrians in charge of the military, the civilian administration was mostly made up of Hungarians and Croats.", "Four administrative departments were set up: military, economic, judicial, and political, with the latter, which had its own intelligence and police forces, under former Devil's Division officer and future Ustaše leader Major Slavko Kvaternik.", "Military intelligence () for the occupation zone was entrusted to Croat Lujo Šafranek-Kavić, as the Austro-Hungarian army relied considerably on South Slav officers and Bosnian Muslims knowledge of the language for intelligence purposes.", "In December 1916, Thallóczy was killed in a train crash while returning from Vienna to Belgrade.", "In January 1917, Teodor Kušević, a high-ranking functionary from Bosnia and Herzegovina, was appointed to replace him as the civilian commissioner.", "The function was given more prominence with new areas of responsibility including trade, police, religion, education, justice and finance.", "The first measure of the occupiers was to establish a new legal system to secure order, prevent guerrilla resistance and exploit the country's resources.", "MGG/S control over the population was accomplished in accordance with the \"Directives for the Political Administration in the Areas of the General Military Governorate in Serbia\" () and with the \"General Principles for the Imperial and Royal Military Administration in the Occupied Territories of Serbia\" ().", "The MGG/S intended to ignore Hungarian objections and integrate Serbia as a part of the empire, but as an area that would remain under direct military rule for decades after the end of the war and where political participation would be prohibited to prevent the emergence of a new Serbian state.", "The MGG was safeguarded by a permanent Austro-Hungarian garrison consisting, in August 1916, of 35 battalions, a \"Landsturm\" regiment, six companies of patrol troops, 12 units of railway guards, four-and-a-half squadrons, five artillery batteries and two anti-aircraft batteries, totaling around 70,000 men, of which 50,000 were reserved for military operations.", "Within the towns and villages of the twelve districts, 5,000 gendarmes were posted in groups of 20 to 30.", "If needed, patrol companies also served as mobile combat reserves.", "To help police the civilian population and to track down partisans, the Austro-Hungarian leadership decided to recruit amongst ethnic minority groups positively disposed towards the Dual Monarchy.", "With Thallóczy's encouragement, the Austro-Hungarian authorities permitted Kosovo Albanians to volunteer for service in the Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces.", "Prominent Albanians in towns such as Novi Pazar and Kosovska Mitrovica declared their support and offered to recruit volunteers for the occupying authorities.", "According to the notes of Colonel Hugo Kerchnawe, the Muslims in the Sandžak and the Albanians in Kosovo \"behaved very loyally and offered their support\" to the empire, Kerchnawe added in his report that \"our interests ran parallel with the Muslims' interests.", "\"\nA special commission to organise recruitment was set up by Thallóczy, assisted by former Ottoman officers and Bosnian militia leaders.", "Over 8,000 volunteers were recruited this way, despite the fact that the recruitment drive was a violation of the Hague Convention treaties that Austria-Hungary had signed, which forbade the use of occupied populations towards a country's war efforts.", "In March 1917, a home battalion was formed, supported by Bosnian gendarmes and led by former Ottoman officers.", "In the final phase of the Serbian Campaign, the Austro-Hungarian military had relied on paramilitaries consisting of Albanian clansmen from Kosovo and northern Albania as irregular troops, organised early in the occupied territories Albanian pursuit fighting units were set up to assist Austro-Hungarians patrols track down Serbian guerrillas.", "These counter-insurgency bands were based on their Bosnian counterparts, the \"Streifkorps\", paramilitary groups made up of Muslim volunteers with experience fighting Serb guerrillas and a reputation for heavy-handed tactics.", "District pursuit units were established in each district of the Austro-Hungarian occupied zone, each consisted of 40 men led by one officer.", "The Bulgarian occupation authorities also used Albanian gendarmes and irregular troops within their occupation zones.", "The separation of power in Serbia quickly led to clashes between the civilian and military authorities, as well as between Austrian and Hungarian occupation officials.", "The Hungarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs' envoy in Serbia, Lajos Széchényi, argued that Salis-Seewis' policies would lead to Serbia's annexation to the Dual Monarchy, which Thallóczy, following Hungarian prime minister István Tisza's directives, strongly opposed.", "In mid-February 1916, Thallóczy complained to Tisza about the number of Slavs in positions of authority, writing, \"the governor is Croat, the chief of the general staff is Czech, the deputy governor is from the former military border and the new General Staff Officer Slavko Kvaternik is the son in law of Croatian independentist Josip Frank.", "\"\nGeneral Conrad saw the military administration of Serbia as preliminary to its annexation, along with Montenegro and Albania, to a future South Slavic union under Croatian leadership.", "Conrad worried that by not annexing Serbia the monarchy would lose its Great Power status.", "Austria-Hungary's Joint Foreign Minister, Stephan Burián von Rajecz, supported the annexation of Serbia, but only if it would be allotted to Hungary.", "Tisza refused to consider the annexation of Serbia as it would lead to a substantial increase in Austria-Hungary's Slavic population, and significantly reduce the proportion of Hungarians within the Dual Monarchy.", "He demanded instead that northern Serbia be colonized by Hungarian and German farmers.", "After touring the three northwestern districts of Serbia together with Salis-Seewis and the visiting General Conrad, Tisza came to regard the Austro-Hungarian military's efforts in the occupied territory as a prelude to annexation.", "Tisza submitted a complaint to Burián asking for a thorough reorganisation of the Military Governorate, the removal of Salis-Seewis, whose administration he described as \"Serbophile and economically incompetent\", and requesting the condemnation of those demanding that Serbia be annexed.", "Burián took the complaint directly to Emperor Franz Joseph.", "On 6 July 1916, the emperor decreed that Salis-Seewis and his chief of staff, Colonel Gelinek, were to be replaced by his former corps commander, General Adolf Freiherr von Rhemen and Colonel Hugo Kerchnawe, effective 26 July 1916.", "Rhemen remained in this office until the end of the war.", "Tensions between Bulgaria and the Dual Monarchy started after Bulgaria extended its zone to western Kosovo, on the Austro-Hungarian side of the treaty border, going as far as Elbasan in Albania, a region that Austria-Hungary considered an occupied friendly state and of \"outstanding importance\" to the Dual Monarchy.", "Kaiser Wilhelm himself repeatedly told Bulgarian king Ferdinand that Germany supported \"the independence of Albania under Austrian protection\".", "Burián also reminded Ferdinand that at the \"west of the treaty border began the Austro-Hungarian sphere of interest.", "\"\nAccording to the terms of the secret alliance between Bulgaria and Germany, the greater part of Kosovo, including the areas of Priština, Prizren, Gnjilane, Uroševac, and Orahovac, were to fall under Bulgarian rule as part of the Military Region of Macedonia.", "Metohija, the southwestern area of Kosovo, was to be incorporated as part of the Austro-Hungarian zone of Montenegro, with the rest of Kosovo, including Kosovska Mitrovica, Vučitrn, and Đakovica, established as part of the Austro-Hungarian Military Governorate of Serbia.", "The Bulgarians maintained that they had the right to install a civilian administration on any territory they conquered, including outside their treaty border.", "Conrad, suspecting Bulgaria of harbouring ambitions to annex the whole region, sent troops to expel the Bulgarian civilian administrators.", "The arrival of Austro-Hungarian troops in areas already garrisoned by Bulgarian forces resulted in a military confrontation.", "On 27 February the Bulgarian military commander Racho Petrov issued an ultimatum to the Austrians to immediately evacuate Kačanik, on the frontier with Macedonia, resulting in a military standoff.", "Conrad warned the Bulgarian High Command that unless local Bulgarian commanders abstained from interfering with the Austro-Hungarian administration, a conflict with his troops would be inevitable.", "On 15 March, the Austro-Hungarians issued an order to secure Novi Pazar, and prepared to add Kosovska Mitrovica to their governorate.", "The German chief of staff, General Erich von Falkenhayn, ordered Mackensen to mediate between the two parties.", "Mackensen visited Sofia in person to meet Ferdinand and Prime Minister Vasil Radoslavov.", "The proposed German compromise was accepted and an agreement on a demarcation line was signed between the Austro-Hungarian and Bulgarian high commands on 1 April 1916.", "The Bulgarians withdrew eastwards, retaining the district containing Prizren and Priština, but leaving Albania and western Kosovo to the Austro-Hungarians.", "The agreement gave Bulgaria administrative rights over areas of Serbia that were not in the original agreement.", "In return, Bulgaria agreed to let Germany have access to the valleys east of the Velika Morava, the Južna Morava in Kosovo, as well as the Vardar Valley, effectively turning Macedonia and Kosovo into zones dedicated to German economic exploitation.", "The occupational authorities considered Serbian national consciousness an existential threat to Austria-Hungary.", "Thus, the policies of the Military Governorate were aimed at depoliticising and denationalising the Serbian population.", "Public gatherings and political parties were banned, the Cyrillic script was termed \"dangerous to the state\" () and banned from schools and public spaces, streets named after people perceived as being significant to Serbian national identity were renamed, the wearing of traditional Serbian clothing was proscribed and the Gregorian calendar replaced the Julian.", "Additionally, all Serbian students had to be educated in the German language, according to Austrian academic standards and through teachers imported from Austria.", "Significant cultural institutions such as the Royal Serbian Academy, the National Museum and the National Library were closed down and looted of their historical artifacts and art collections.", "The University of Belgrade, as well as various publishing houses and bookshops, were closed down.", "Schoolbooks and books in French, English, Russian and Italian were banned.", "Political expression was severely limited with the prohibition of newspaper publication except for the official MGG/S propaganda newspaper \"Belgrader Nachrichten\" (published in Serbian as \"Beogradske novine\"), which featured letters and photographs purporting to show how well those who stayed behind in occupied Serbia were living.", "Such propaganda was intended to convince Serbian soldiers who came across the \"Belgrader Nachrichten\" to desert.", "In 1916, both Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria announced that Serbia had ceased to exist as a political entity, and that its inhabitants could therefore not invoke the international rules of war dictating the treatment of civilians as defined by the Geneva Conventions and the Hague Conventions.", "The occupational authorities carried out numerous summary executions with little or no legal process.", "Upon being found guilty by a military court, victims were usually shot or hanged.", "Martial law, such as (the martial law of self-defense), was employed to quash dissent and severe preventive measures were undertaken against civilians.", "The occupational authorities were gripped by the fear of \"levée en masse\" and of civilians taking up arms.", "The Austro-Hungarian Army consequently employed the seizure of hostages from the general population and the burning of villages in punitive raids as a means of quelling resistance.", "These measures, as well as summary executions, were all permitted under section 61 of the (k.u.k army regulations).", "Disarming the populace was done by holding village elders responsible for handing over a certain quota of weapons that were judged to be held before the war began.", "The sentence for possession of a weapon was death by hanging.", "Military courts also tried civilians for newly defined offenses, including the crime of lèse-majesté.", "Civilians suspected of engaging in resistance activities were subjected to the harshest measures, including hanging and shooting.", "The house of an offender's family would also be destroyed.", "Victims were usually hanged on the main squares of villages and towns, in full view of the general population.", "The lifeless bodies were left to hang by the noose for several days so as to clearly show the treatment reserved for \"spies\" and \"traitors\".", "The MGG/S, as well as the High Command in Vienna, considered sending civilian prisoners to internment camps as a preventive measure to discourage insurgent activities.", "During the occupation, between 150,000 and 200,000 men, women and children were deported to various camps in Austria-Hungary, it has been estimated they represented slightly more than 10 per cent of the Serb population.", "Since Serbia did not have its own Red Cross, Serbian prisoners did not have access to the aid the Red Cross provided to other Allied prisoners.", "Moreover, Serbian prisoners were not considered \"enemy aliens\" but \"internal enemies\" by Austria-Hungary's Ministry of War.", "By defining them as \"terrorists\" or \"insurgents\", the Austro-Hungarian authorities were not obliged to disclose the number of captives they held, and which camps they were being held in, to Red Cross societies.", "Four significant waves of deportations occurred in occupied Serbia.", "The first occurred at the very start of the occupation, when Salis-Seewis rounded up 70,000 \"dissidents\", mostly able-bodied men, ex-soldiers, politically active individuals, as well as members of the political and cultural elite who had remained in the country after the retreat to Corfu.", "University professors, teachers, and priests, especially those who had participated in political, cultural or even athletic associations, were arrested and sent to internment camps.", "The second and largest deportations took place after Romania entered the war on the side of the Allies on 27 August 1916.", "From mid-August to late October 1916, an order to arrest all males between the ages of 17 and 50 was issued.", "These men were targeted because they were of fighting age.", "More than 16,500 males were sent to internment camps during this round of deportations.", "During the Toplica uprising, in the Spring of 1916 when armed resistance seemed to be spreading, more deportations took place.", "The fourth and final round of deportations occurred after the Allied breakthrough on the Salonica front in late 1918.", "In Bohemia, the camp at Braunau (modern-day Broumov, Czech Republic) held about 35,000 prisoners, almost exclusively Serbian, civilian, military prisoners, men, women and children.", "According to a 1918 press report, an epidemic of dysentery almost wiped out all the children in the camp.", "After the war, a mass grave was found behind the camp containing the remains of 2,674 people (these remains were later moved to the crypt of the Heinrichsgrün camp).", "The camp at Heinrichsgrün (modern-day Jindřichovice, Czech Republic), held mostly Serbs, both soldiers and civilians, from the Šumadija and Kolubara districts of western Serbia.", "An average of 40 people died there every day.", "In Hungary, the largest internment camps were in the Nezsider district; Nezsider (modern-day Neusiedl am See, Austria) was a concentration camp primarily used to detain civilians from Serbia and Montenegro, and the principal camp for Serbs suspected to be \"terrorists\" or \"agitators\".", "The number of detainees by May 1917 was 9,934, including children as young as nine.", "Over the course of the war, the Nezsider camp held 17,000 internees, about 4,800 people are known to have perished at the camp.", "In addition to those deported to Hungary, some 30,000 Serb civilians were sent to Austrian camps or used as forced labour.", "In Lower Austria, the camps of Drosendorf and Mittendorf held both Serbian soldiers and civilians.", "Thousand of Serbs perished during a typhus epidemic at the Mauthausen camp in Upper Austria when about 14,000 were being held; an official Austro-Hungarian army report mentioned 5,600 prisoners of war buried in the camp graveyard in the early months of the war.", "According to official figures, between 27 December 1915 and 5 July 1917, 45,791 civilians and prisoners of war from Serbia and Montenegro were held captive at the camp in Doboj, in Bosnia.", "Around 12,000 are estimated to have perished there.", "Other camps held both civilians and prisoners of war, including Boldogasszony, Nagymegyer (modern-day Veľký Meder, Slovakia), Arad (modern-day Romania), Cegléd, Kecskemét and Győr.", "By May 1917, 39,359 people from Serbia, including women and children, were interned outside the country.", "These large scale deportations caused concern around Europe quickly becoming an international scandal.", "The Spanish authorities complained then, in April 1917, the Holy See intervened through the office of the Apostolic Nunciature to Austria against the internment of Serbian women and children between the ages of 10 and 15.", "By the end of the year, Austria-Hungary's Ministry of War admitted that 526 Serb children were in fact being held at Nezsider, but that it was necessary on the grounds of military security.", "According to a Red Cross report dated 1 February 1918, by the end of 1917, there were 206,500 prisoners of war and internees from Serbia in Austro-Hungarian and German camps.", "According to the historian Alan Kramer, the Serbians in Austro-Hungarian captivity received the worst treatment of all the prisoners, and at least 30,000–40,000 had died of starvation by January 1918.", "Tensions between the Austrian and German authorities increased after Burián complained that the German military was employing a ruthless system of requisition, resulting in famine and the pauperisation of the population.", "Behind the front lines, the Germans \"\" was an area that Berlin had secured as a zone dedicated to agricultural production to feed its troops on the Salonica front.", "As the German exploitation of resources in occupied Serbia was handled by the German Oriental Society (), the exploitation of mines failed to satisfy the Dual Monarchy's need for vital raw materials because Germany took two-thirds of all production from Serbia as reparations for its military aid.", "Austro-Hungarian reports on the state of Serbia in 1915 noted famine threatening the occupation zone and a population in a desperate state after nearly four years of constant war.", "The return of refugees exacerbated the shortage of food.", "Reports from late 1915 spoke of the necessity of receiving urgent relief to avoid disaster.", "Starvation loomed after soldiers destroyed or captured much of Serbia's foodstuffs and livestock.", "Harvest yields and produced goods had to be turned over to authorities while food was rationed.", "In early 1916, Conrad ordered that Serbia's resources be \"squeezed dry\" regardless of the consequences for the population.", "As news of the famine in Serbia spread around the world, campaigns were organised asking for Relief for Agonized Serbia.", "American, Swiss and Swedish humanitarian organisations offered assistance.", "According to Red Cross reports, starvation killed more than 8,000 Serbians during the first winter under Austro-Hungarian occupation.", "By mid-May 1917, figures from the Habsburg High Command reported that 170,000 cattle, 190,000 sheep, and 50,000 pigs had been exported to Austria-Hungary.", "Immediately after the withdrawal of the Royal Serbian Army and the start of the Austro-Hungarian occupation, armed individuals and small groups of insurgents, called Chetniks, made up of former soldiers who had remained in the country, began to wage a guerrilla campaign against the occupiers.", "The Chetniks had a long tradition as guerrillas after centuries of Ottoman rule.", "Their actions were often considered heroic by the population and depicted in epic folk poetry, giving them strong local support.", "The first organised guerrilla group was formed in the Novi Pazar and Kosovska Mitrovica districts in early 1916, and was led by former army captain Kosta Vojinović.", "In March 1916, General Conrad ordered that all resistance be quashed with ruthless severity.", "Komitadjis, as the Austro-Hungarian army called the insurgents, were deemed outside international law by the MGG and were to be \"completely wiped out\".", "Jovan Avakumović, a former Prime Minister of Serbia, suggested to Salis-Seewis that he should issue a joint proclamation for the restoration of peace and order.", "Avakumović's proposal was turned down and Salis-Seewis ordered his arrest and internment.", "The Military Governorate responded to the multiplication of guerrilla groups by employing small Ottoman and Albanian counter-guerrilla units based on the \"Streifkorps\" from Bosnia instead of regular patrol troops.", "In late September 1916, the Serbian High Command flew in the experienced Chetnik guerrilla leader Kosta Pećanac from Allied Headquarters in Salonica.", "He was parachuted in by air to organize resistance in Serbia together with Vojinović.", "In early February 1917, a rebellion led by Vojinović broke out in the vicinity of Kuršumlija and Prokuplje.", "The insurgents, supported by volunteers and Chetniks from Montenegro, liberated Kuršumlija, Prokuplje, Pusta Reka, Lebane and Ribarska.", "The uprising was planned to coincide with an Allied offensive.", "Later that month, a large scale uprising broke out in the Toplica District in Bulgarian-occupied Serbia.", "A force of 4,000 armed men and women managed to liberate a significant area in the Morava Valley before the uprising was put down.", "During the summer of 1917, the Austro-Hungarian Army was forced to bring in troops from the Isonzo Front to reinforce the Bulgarian Army and Bulgarian paramilitary groups.", "Without the expected Allied support, the uprising collapsed.", "In late 1917, Vojinović was killed; Pećanac managed to escape and went into hiding.", "According to contemporary Austro-Hungarian Army reports, 20,000 Serbs were killed in the course of the rebellion, while 2,600 managed to escape into the forests.", "Despite the harsh repression, guerrilla groups managed to survive and were able to support Allied offensive operations in the summer of 1918.", "After the war, Chief of Staff Paul Kirch described the withdrawal of the German 11th Army:", "With the Vardar Offensive and the success of Allied forces at the Battle of Dobro Pole, Bulgaria capitulated and signed the Armistice of Salonica on 29 September 1918.", "New Austro-Hungarian and German troops redeployed to Serbia from Ukraine were unable to halt the northward advance of the Royal Serbian Army.", "By the third week of October, General Hermann von Kövess ordered a strategic retreat behind the Danube, Sava and Drina rivers.", "On 29 October, Governor-General von Rhemen and his staff left occupied Serbia.", "The following day, Belgrade was liberated by the Royal Serbian Army.", "By 1 November, all of pre-war Serbia had been liberated, bringing the three-year Central Powers occupation to an end." ]

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[ "The Austro-Hungarian occupation zone covered the northern three-quarters of Serbia.", "In addition to a military legal system that banned all political organizations, forbade public assembly, and brought schools under its control, the Austro-Hungarian Army was allowed to impose martial law, practice hostage-taking, burn villages in punitive raids and respond to uprisings with public hangings and summary executions.", "During the occupation, between 150,000 and 200,000 men, women and children were deported to purpose-built internment and concentration camps in Austria-Hungary, most notably Mauthausen in Austria, Doboj in Bosnia, and Nagymegyer, Arad and Kecskemét in Hungary." ]

[ "On 28 June 1914, the heir to the Habsburg throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, was assassinated by Bosnian Serb student Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo.", "The preservation of Austria-Hungary's prestige necessitated a punishing attack on Serbia, which the Austro-Hungarian leadership deemed responsible for the murder.", "The Austro-Hungarian military leadership was determined to quash Serbia's independence, which it viewed as an unacceptable threat to the future of the empire given its sizeable South Slavic population.", "On 28 July 1914, exactly one month after Franz Ferdinand's assassination, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.", "That evening, Austro-Hungarian artillery shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade from the border town of Semlin (modern-day Zemun), effectively starting World War I. Command of the Austro-Hungarian invasion force was delegated to \"Feldzeugmeister\" Oskar Potiorek, the Governor-General of Bosnia and Herzegovina, who had been responsible for the security of Franz Ferdinand and his wife Duchess Sophie of Hohenberg in Sarajevo.", "On the morning of 12 August 1914, the Austro-Hungarian Fifth Army crossed the Drina River, effectively starting the first invasion of Serbia.", "During the first invasion of Serbia, which the Austro-Hungarian leadership euphemistically dubbed a punitive expedition (), Austro-Hungarian forces occupied parts of Serbia for thirteen days.", "Their war aims were not only to eliminate Serbia as a threat but also to punish her for fuelling South Slav irredentism in the Monarchy.", "The occupation turned into a war of annihilation, accompanied by massacres of civilians and the taking of hostages.", "Austro-Hungarian troops committed a number of war crimes against the Serbian population, especially in the area of Mačva, where according to historian Geoffrey Wawro the Austro-Hungarian army savaged the civilian population in a wave of atrocities.", "During the short occupation between 3,500 and 4,000 Serb civilians were killed in executions and acts of random violence by marauding troops.", "Mass killings took place in numerous towns in northern Serbia.", "On 17 August 1914, in the Serbian town of Šabac, 120 residents—mostly women, children and old men, who had previously been locked in a church—were shot and buried in the churchyard by Austro-Hungarian troops on the orders of \"Feldmarschall-Leutnant\" Kasimir von Lütgendorf.", "The remaining residents were beaten to death, hanged, stabbed, mutilated or burned alive.", "A pit was later discovered in the village of Lešnica containing 109 dead peasants who were \"bound together with a rope and encircled by wire\"; they had been shot and immediately buried, even with some still alive.", "Wawro writes that in Krupanj, men of the 42nd Home Guard Infantry Division, the exclusively Croat formation known as the Devil's Division, bashed a group of old men and boys to the ground using rifle buttstrokes and then hanged any who were still breathing.", "These types of attacks were planned at the highest level, the ground for the escalation of violence was ideologically prepared by the commanders' verbal radicalism, on August 13 Potiorek ordered reprisal hangings, the taking of hostages and arson by all units.", "Often bodies were left hanging on the gallows, trees or street lamps for days as a deterrent and as evidence of the Austro-Hungarian military's determination to deal with Serbian suspects.", "Many executions were photographed by Austro-Hungarian soldiers and officers; some of the images were reproduced as postcards and sold through the Austro-Hungarian army's official sales outlets.", "The Swiss criminologist and physician Archibald Reiss reported on the atrocities committed by the Austro-Hungarian army in a report that was presented at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, Reiss recorded that the number of civilians killed in the invaded Serbian territory amounted to between 3,000 and 4,000, including a large number of women and children, in the region around Šabac he counted 1,658 burned buildings.", "According to historian James Lyon, \"the Habsburg forces engaged in an orgy of looting, rape, murder, mass extermination, and other atrocities\".", "Reiss likened the Austro-Hungarian atrocities to the Rape of Belgium.", "On 24 August, after delivering a major defeat to Austria-Hungary's invading \"Balkan Armed Forces\" () at the Battle of Cer, the Royal Serbian Army liberated Šabac and reached the frontier banks of the Sava River, thereby bringing the first Austro-Hungarian invasion of Serbia to an end, and securing the first Allied victory of World War I.", "On 8 September 1914 the Austro-Hungarians launched a second invasion, a twin-pronged night attack across the Drina to secure a firm bridgehead.", "This time engaging all their forces the well-equipped Habsburg forces outnumbered the Serbs who were short of munitions two to one.", "Facing fierce resistance, the Fifth Army was pushed back into Bosnia while the Sixth Army's offensive was stopped by a strong Serbian counterattack.", "On 23 October, the flagship of the Austro-Hungarian Danube Flotilla, the SMS \"Temes\", which had shelled Belgrade on the first day of the war, was sunk by a mine on the Sava.", "Although it suffered nearly 30,000 casualties and the invasion was temporarily halted, the Austro-Hungarian army retained a foothold in Serbia.", "Convinced that Serbia was near defeat, Potiorek regrouped and launched a third offensive on 5 November 1914.", "Potiorek exploited the Austro-Hungarians' superiority in artillery, including large calibre mortar, to capture Valjevo on 15 November and with support from a monitor group of the Danube Flotilla as well as aerial reconnaissance, Belgrade on 30 November, forcing the Royal Serbian Army to retreat.", "The conquered territory was divided into five county commands ().", "The Austro-Hungarian \"Feldmarschall\" of Croatian ethnicity Stjepan Sarkotić, commander during the first invasion of the 42nd Home Guard Infantry Division, was appointed governor-general of Serbia by Emperor Franz Joseph on 24 November 1914.", "Under Sarkotić's administration, multiple concentration camps were established in which tens of thousands of Serbs were interned, in the town of Šabac alone, between 1,500 and 2,000 civilians were deported to internment camps in Hungary.", "According to the historian Bastian Matteo Scianna, the Austro-Hungarian atrocities had a planned exterminatory character.", "In early December, the Royal Serbian Army launched a sustained counterattack, decisively defeating the Austro-Hungarians at the Battle of Kolubara and recapturing Belgrade a day after General Sarkotic's new military government had been established.", "By 15 December, the Royal Serbian Army had captured Zemun, having crossed the border in pursuit of the Austro-Hungarians,\nDefeat at the hands of Serbia, a small Balkan peasant kingdom, wounded the pride of Austria-Hungary's military and civilian leadership.", "One Austrian officer was reported as saying that Potiorek would be shot if he appeared among his own troops.", "On 22 December, Potiorek was relieved of his command and replaced by Archduke Eugen of Austria.", "Although Austria-Hungary had failed to defeat Serbia, the Royal Serbian Army had exhausted its military capability, losing 100,000 men in battle, and was forced to deal with a typhoid epidemic that further decimated the army and civilian population.", "German officials urged their Austro-Hungarian counterparts to launch yet another offensive against Serbia, despite the fact that the Austro-Hungarians were engaged in a costly second front with Russia to the east.", "The Austro-Hungarian leadership would not consider invading Serbia again for almost a year, when Bulgarian participation in such an invasion was guaranteed.", "On 6 September 1915, Germany and Bulgaria entered into a secret military alliance.", "German officials promised Bulgaria all of Serbian Macedonia, parts of northeastern Serbia, as well as a new loan of 200,000,000 gold francs in return for Bulgaria's participation in an upcoming invasion of Serbia.", "The agreement was signed in the German town of Plessa.\nOn 5 October 1915, Austria-Hungary and Germany launched a joint invasion of Serbia.", "The offensive marked Austria-Hungary's fourth attempt to conquer Serbia, this time led by German General August von Mackensen.", "On that day, artillery bombardment began, a few days later three German and three Austro-Hungarian Army corps crossed the Sava, attacking from the north as part of Army Group Mackensen.", "On 14 October, with the bulk of the Serbian forces opposing combined invaders up north, two Bulgarian armies invaded southern Serbia from the east, advancing towards Niš and Skoplje.", "The Bulgarian offensive cut off the Royal Serbian Army's lines of communication to the south as well as a retreat route towards French General Maurice Sarrail's relief force, which had advanced northwards up the Vardar River valley from the Allies' new base in Salonica.", "Despite the treaty of mutual assistance with Serbia against a Bulgarian attack, King Constantine of Greece refused to let the Greek army enter the war to aid the Serbs or let the Allies use the Greek railroads devoted to supporting their mobilization.", "The Central Powers enjoyed massive superiority in numbers and equipment, especially in artillery, along the nearly front.", "Serbia and Montenegro could hardly muster half the number of soldiers as the Central Powers.", "Within six weeks, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Germany had succeeded in conquering Serbia.", "While the strategic goals set before the offensive had been achieved, the Central Powers were deprived of a decisive victory by the Royal Serbian Army's winter retreat over the mountains of Albania and Montenegro towards the Adriatic coast.", "Ultimately, around 140,000 Serbian soldiers and hundreds of thousands of civilians were evacuated to the Greek island of Corfu, among them the entire Serbian government, as well as the Serbian royal family.", "The Royal Serbian Army retrenched itself in Greece, where it was reorganised and repurposed to combating Bulgarian and German troops on the Salonica front.", "Towards the end of 1915, Serbia was divided between Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria, with both countries establishing military administrations in the territories they had occupied.", "Shortly after the retreat of the Royal Serbian Army, the country was divided into three zones.", "The Austro-Hungarian occupational zone stretched from the region west of the Morava Valley to the Macedonian frontier, and included Belgrade.", "Bulgaria gained the whole of Serbian Macedonia, as well as the areas east of the Morava, and Southern Serbia between Kosovo and the Danube River.", "A German control zone was established in the area east of the Velika Morava, the Južna Morava in Kosovo and the Vardar Valley.", "The Germans took control of all railways, mines, forestry, and agricultural resources in Serbia.", "On 1 January 1916, the Austro-Hungarian High Command (; AOK) ordered the formation of the Military General Governorate of Serbia (; MGG/S), with Belgrade as its administrative centre.", "The Austro-Hungarian occupation zone was divided into thirteen approximately equal districts (), which were then divided into sixty-four boroughs (), with the city of Belgrade as its own district.", "The occupational administration was subordinate to the AOK under General Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, and later under \"Generaloberst\" Arthur Arz von Straußenburg.", "The Military Governorate was headed by a General Governor with the rank of a corps commander.", "The first governor-general, Johann Graf Salis-Seewis, an ethnic Croat with experience fighting insurgents in Macedonia, had served as the commander of the 42nd Devil's Division after Sarkotić.", "Salis-Seewis was appointed to the position in late 1915 by Emperor Franz Joseph, officially taking office on 1 January 1916.", "The historian and Balkan specialist Lajos Thallóczy was appointed as the Military General Governorate's civilian commissioner, as well as Salis-Seewis's deputy.", "Thallóczy arrived in Belgrade on 17 January 1916.", "With the Austrians in charge of the military, the civilian administration was mostly made up of Hungarians and Croats.", "Four administrative departments were set up: military, economic, judicial, and political, with the latter, which had its own intelligence and police forces, under former Devil's Division officer and future Ustaše leader Major Slavko Kvaternik.", "Military intelligence () for the occupation zone was entrusted to Croat Lujo Šafranek-Kavić, as the Austro-Hungarian army relied considerably on South Slav officers and Bosnian Muslims knowledge of the language for intelligence purposes.", "In December 1916, Thallóczy was killed in a train crash while returning from Vienna to Belgrade.", "In January 1917, Teodor Kušević, a high-ranking functionary from Bosnia and Herzegovina, was appointed to replace him as the civilian commissioner.", "The function was given more prominence with new areas of responsibility including trade, police, religion, education, justice and finance.", "The first measure of the occupiers was to establish a new legal system to secure order, prevent guerrilla resistance and exploit the country's resources.", "MGG/S control over the population was accomplished in accordance with the \"Directives for the Political Administration in the Areas of the General Military Governorate in Serbia\" () and with the \"General Principles for the Imperial and Royal Military Administration in the Occupied Territories of Serbia\" ().", "The MGG/S intended to ignore Hungarian objections and integrate Serbia as a part of the empire, but as an area that would remain under direct military rule for decades after the end of the war and where political participation would be prohibited to prevent the emergence of a new Serbian state.", "The MGG was safeguarded by a permanent Austro-Hungarian garrison consisting, in August 1916, of 35 battalions, a \"Landsturm\" regiment, six companies of patrol troops, 12 units of railway guards, four-and-a-half squadrons, five artillery batteries and two anti-aircraft batteries, totaling around 70,000 men, of which 50,000 were reserved for military operations.", "Within the towns and villages of the twelve districts, 5,000 gendarmes were posted in groups of 20 to 30.", "If needed, patrol companies also served as mobile combat reserves.", "To help police the civilian population and to track down partisans, the Austro-Hungarian leadership decided to recruit amongst ethnic minority groups positively disposed towards the Dual Monarchy.", "With Thallóczy's encouragement, the Austro-Hungarian authorities permitted Kosovo Albanians to volunteer for service in the Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces.", "Prominent Albanians in towns such as Novi Pazar and Kosovska Mitrovica declared their support and offered to recruit volunteers for the occupying authorities.", "According to the notes of Colonel Hugo Kerchnawe, the Muslims in the Sandžak and the Albanians in Kosovo \"behaved very loyally and offered their support\" to the empire, Kerchnawe added in his report that \"our interests ran parallel with the Muslims' interests.", "\"\nA special commission to organise recruitment was set up by Thallóczy, assisted by former Ottoman officers and Bosnian militia leaders.", "Over 8,000 volunteers were recruited this way, despite the fact that the recruitment drive was a violation of the Hague Convention treaties that Austria-Hungary had signed, which forbade the use of occupied populations towards a country's war efforts.", "In March 1917, a home battalion was formed, supported by Bosnian gendarmes and led by former Ottoman officers.", "In the final phase of the Serbian Campaign, the Austro-Hungarian military had relied on paramilitaries consisting of Albanian clansmen from Kosovo and northern Albania as irregular troops, organised early in the occupied territories Albanian pursuit fighting units were set up to assist Austro-Hungarians patrols track down Serbian guerrillas.", "These counter-insurgency bands were based on their Bosnian counterparts, the \"Streifkorps\", paramilitary groups made up of Muslim volunteers with experience fighting Serb guerrillas and a reputation for heavy-handed tactics.", "District pursuit units were established in each district of the Austro-Hungarian occupied zone, each consisted of 40 men led by one officer.", "The Bulgarian occupation authorities also used Albanian gendarmes and irregular troops within their occupation zones.", "The separation of power in Serbia quickly led to clashes between the civilian and military authorities, as well as between Austrian and Hungarian occupation officials.", "The Hungarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs' envoy in Serbia, Lajos Széchényi, argued that Salis-Seewis' policies would lead to Serbia's annexation to the Dual Monarchy, which Thallóczy, following Hungarian prime minister István Tisza's directives, strongly opposed.", "In mid-February 1916, Thallóczy complained to Tisza about the number of Slavs in positions of authority, writing, \"the governor is Croat, the chief of the general staff is Czech, the deputy governor is from the former military border and the new General Staff Officer Slavko Kvaternik is the son in law of Croatian independentist Josip Frank.", "\"\nGeneral Conrad saw the military administration of Serbia as preliminary to its annexation, along with Montenegro and Albania, to a future South Slavic union under Croatian leadership.", "Conrad worried that by not annexing Serbia the monarchy would lose its Great Power status.", "Austria-Hungary's Joint Foreign Minister, Stephan Burián von Rajecz, supported the annexation of Serbia, but only if it would be allotted to Hungary.", "Tisza refused to consider the annexation of Serbia as it would lead to a substantial increase in Austria-Hungary's Slavic population, and significantly reduce the proportion of Hungarians within the Dual Monarchy.", "He demanded instead that northern Serbia be colonized by Hungarian and German farmers.", "After touring the three northwestern districts of Serbia together with Salis-Seewis and the visiting General Conrad, Tisza came to regard the Austro-Hungarian military's efforts in the occupied territory as a prelude to annexation.", "Tisza submitted a complaint to Burián asking for a thorough reorganisation of the Military Governorate, the removal of Salis-Seewis, whose administration he described as \"Serbophile and economically incompetent\", and requesting the condemnation of those demanding that Serbia be annexed.", "Burián took the complaint directly to Emperor Franz Joseph.", "On 6 July 1916, the emperor decreed that Salis-Seewis and his chief of staff, Colonel Gelinek, were to be replaced by his former corps commander, General Adolf Freiherr von Rhemen and Colonel Hugo Kerchnawe, effective 26 July 1916.", "Rhemen remained in this office until the end of the war.", "Tensions between Bulgaria and the Dual Monarchy started after Bulgaria extended its zone to western Kosovo, on the Austro-Hungarian side of the treaty border, going as far as Elbasan in Albania, a region that Austria-Hungary considered an occupied friendly state and of \"outstanding importance\" to the Dual Monarchy.", "Kaiser Wilhelm himself repeatedly told Bulgarian king Ferdinand that Germany supported \"the independence of Albania under Austrian protection\".", "Burián also reminded Ferdinand that at the \"west of the treaty border began the Austro-Hungarian sphere of interest.", "\"\nAccording to the terms of the secret alliance between Bulgaria and Germany, the greater part of Kosovo, including the areas of Priština, Prizren, Gnjilane, Uroševac, and Orahovac, were to fall under Bulgarian rule as part of the Military Region of Macedonia.", "Metohija, the southwestern area of Kosovo, was to be incorporated as part of the Austro-Hungarian zone of Montenegro, with the rest of Kosovo, including Kosovska Mitrovica, Vučitrn, and Đakovica, established as part of the Austro-Hungarian Military Governorate of Serbia.", "The Bulgarians maintained that they had the right to install a civilian administration on any territory they conquered, including outside their treaty border.", "Conrad, suspecting Bulgaria of harbouring ambitions to annex the whole region, sent troops to expel the Bulgarian civilian administrators.", "The arrival of Austro-Hungarian troops in areas already garrisoned by Bulgarian forces resulted in a military confrontation.", "On 27 February the Bulgarian military commander Racho Petrov issued an ultimatum to the Austrians to immediately evacuate Kačanik, on the frontier with Macedonia, resulting in a military standoff.", "Conrad warned the Bulgarian High Command that unless local Bulgarian commanders abstained from interfering with the Austro-Hungarian administration, a conflict with his troops would be inevitable.", "On 15 March, the Austro-Hungarians issued an order to secure Novi Pazar, and prepared to add Kosovska Mitrovica to their governorate.", "The German chief of staff, General Erich von Falkenhayn, ordered Mackensen to mediate between the two parties.", "Mackensen visited Sofia in person to meet Ferdinand and Prime Minister Vasil Radoslavov.", "The proposed German compromise was accepted and an agreement on a demarcation line was signed between the Austro-Hungarian and Bulgarian high commands on 1 April 1916.", "The Bulgarians withdrew eastwards, retaining the district containing Prizren and Priština, but leaving Albania and western Kosovo to the Austro-Hungarians.", "The agreement gave Bulgaria administrative rights over areas of Serbia that were not in the original agreement.", "In return, Bulgaria agreed to let Germany have access to the valleys east of the Velika Morava, the Južna Morava in Kosovo, as well as the Vardar Valley, effectively turning Macedonia and Kosovo into zones dedicated to German economic exploitation.", "The occupational authorities considered Serbian national consciousness an existential threat to Austria-Hungary.", "Thus, the policies of the Military Governorate were aimed at depoliticising and denationalising the Serbian population.", "Public gatherings and political parties were banned, the Cyrillic script was termed \"dangerous to the state\" () and banned from schools and public spaces, streets named after people perceived as being significant to Serbian national identity were renamed, the wearing of traditional Serbian clothing was proscribed and the Gregorian calendar replaced the Julian.", "Additionally, all Serbian students had to be educated in the German language, according to Austrian academic standards and through teachers imported from Austria.", "Significant cultural institutions such as the Royal Serbian Academy, the National Museum and the National Library were closed down and looted of their historical artifacts and art collections.", "The University of Belgrade, as well as various publishing houses and bookshops, were closed down.", "Schoolbooks and books in French, English, Russian and Italian were banned.", "Political expression was severely limited with the prohibition of newspaper publication except for the official MGG/S propaganda newspaper \"Belgrader Nachrichten\" (published in Serbian as \"Beogradske novine\"), which featured letters and photographs purporting to show how well those who stayed behind in occupied Serbia were living.", "Such propaganda was intended to convince Serbian soldiers who came across the \"Belgrader Nachrichten\" to desert.", "In 1916, both Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria announced that Serbia had ceased to exist as a political entity, and that its inhabitants could therefore not invoke the international rules of war dictating the treatment of civilians as defined by the Geneva Conventions and the Hague Conventions.", "The occupational authorities carried out numerous summary executions with little or no legal process.", "Upon being found guilty by a military court, victims were usually shot or hanged.", "Martial law, such as (the martial law of self-defense), was employed to quash dissent and severe preventive measures were undertaken against civilians.", "The occupational authorities were gripped by the fear of \"levée en masse\" and of civilians taking up arms.", "The Austro-Hungarian Army consequently employed the seizure of hostages from the general population and the burning of villages in punitive raids as a means of quelling resistance.", "These measures, as well as summary executions, were all permitted under section 61 of the (k.u.k army regulations).", "Disarming the populace was done by holding village elders responsible for handing over a certain quota of weapons that were judged to be held before the war began.", "The sentence for possession of a weapon was death by hanging.", "Military courts also tried civilians for newly defined offenses, including the crime of lèse-majesté.", "Civilians suspected of engaging in resistance activities were subjected to the harshest measures, including hanging and shooting.", "The house of an offender's family would also be destroyed.", "Victims were usually hanged on the main squares of villages and towns, in full view of the general population.", "The lifeless bodies were left to hang by the noose for several days so as to clearly show the treatment reserved for \"spies\" and \"traitors\".", "The MGG/S, as well as the High Command in Vienna, considered sending civilian prisoners to internment camps as a preventive measure to discourage insurgent activities.", "During the occupation, between 150,000 and 200,000 men, women and children were deported to various camps in Austria-Hungary, it has been estimated they represented slightly more than 10 per cent of the Serb population.", "Since Serbia did not have its own Red Cross, Serbian prisoners did not have access to the aid the Red Cross provided to other Allied prisoners.", "Moreover, Serbian prisoners were not considered \"enemy aliens\" but \"internal enemies\" by Austria-Hungary's Ministry of War.", "By defining them as \"terrorists\" or \"insurgents\", the Austro-Hungarian authorities were not obliged to disclose the number of captives they held, and which camps they were being held in, to Red Cross societies.", "Four significant waves of deportations occurred in occupied Serbia.", "The first occurred at the very start of the occupation, when Salis-Seewis rounded up 70,000 \"dissidents\", mostly able-bodied men, ex-soldiers, politically active individuals, as well as members of the political and cultural elite who had remained in the country after the retreat to Corfu.", "University professors, teachers, and priests, especially those who had participated in political, cultural or even athletic associations, were arrested and sent to internment camps.", "The second and largest deportations took place after Romania entered the war on the side of the Allies on 27 August 1916.", "From mid-August to late October 1916, an order to arrest all males between the ages of 17 and 50 was issued.", "These men were targeted because they were of fighting age.", "More than 16,500 males were sent to internment camps during this round of deportations.", "During the Toplica uprising, in the Spring of 1916 when armed resistance seemed to be spreading, more deportations took place.", "The fourth and final round of deportations occurred after the Allied breakthrough on the Salonica front in late 1918.", "In Bohemia, the camp at Braunau (modern-day Broumov, Czech Republic) held about 35,000 prisoners, almost exclusively Serbian, civilian, military prisoners, men, women and children.", "According to a 1918 press report, an epidemic of dysentery almost wiped out all the children in the camp.", "After the war, a mass grave was found behind the camp containing the remains of 2,674 people (these remains were later moved to the crypt of the Heinrichsgrün camp).", "The camp at Heinrichsgrün (modern-day Jindřichovice, Czech Republic), held mostly Serbs, both soldiers and civilians, from the Šumadija and Kolubara districts of western Serbia.", "An average of 40 people died there every day.", "In Hungary, the largest internment camps were in the Nezsider district; Nezsider (modern-day Neusiedl am See, Austria) was a concentration camp primarily used to detain civilians from Serbia and Montenegro, and the principal camp for Serbs suspected to be \"terrorists\" or \"agitators\".", "The number of detainees by May 1917 was 9,934, including children as young as nine.", "Over the course of the war, the Nezsider camp held 17,000 internees, about 4,800 people are known to have perished at the camp.", "In addition to those deported to Hungary, some 30,000 Serb civilians were sent to Austrian camps or used as forced labour.", "In Lower Austria, the camps of Drosendorf and Mittendorf held both Serbian soldiers and civilians.", "Thousand of Serbs perished during a typhus epidemic at the Mauthausen camp in Upper Austria when about 14,000 were being held; an official Austro-Hungarian army report mentioned 5,600 prisoners of war buried in the camp graveyard in the early months of the war.", "According to official figures, between 27 December 1915 and 5 July 1917, 45,791 civilians and prisoners of war from Serbia and Montenegro were held captive at the camp in Doboj, in Bosnia.", "Around 12,000 are estimated to have perished there.", "Other camps held both civilians and prisoners of war, including Boldogasszony, Nagymegyer (modern-day Veľký Meder, Slovakia), Arad (modern-day Romania), Cegléd, Kecskemét and Győr.", "By May 1917, 39,359 people from Serbia, including women and children, were interned outside the country.", "These large scale deportations caused concern around Europe quickly becoming an international scandal.", "The Spanish authorities complained then, in April 1917, the Holy See intervened through the office of the Apostolic Nunciature to Austria against the internment of Serbian women and children between the ages of 10 and 15.", "By the end of the year, Austria-Hungary's Ministry of War admitted that 526 Serb children were in fact being held at Nezsider, but that it was necessary on the grounds of military security.", "According to a Red Cross report dated 1 February 1918, by the end of 1917, there were 206,500 prisoners of war and internees from Serbia in Austro-Hungarian and German camps.", "According to the historian Alan Kramer, the Serbians in Austro-Hungarian captivity received the worst treatment of all the prisoners, and at least 30,000–40,000 had died of starvation by January 1918.", "Tensions between the Austrian and German authorities increased after Burián complained that the German military was employing a ruthless system of requisition, resulting in famine and the pauperisation of the population.", "Behind the front lines, the Germans \"\" was an area that Berlin had secured as a zone dedicated to agricultural production to feed its troops on the Salonica front.", "As the German exploitation of resources in occupied Serbia was handled by the German Oriental Society (), the exploitation of mines failed to satisfy the Dual Monarchy's need for vital raw materials because Germany took two-thirds of all production from Serbia as reparations for its military aid.", "Austro-Hungarian reports on the state of Serbia in 1915 noted famine threatening the occupation zone and a population in a desperate state after nearly four years of constant war.", "The return of refugees exacerbated the shortage of food.", "Reports from late 1915 spoke of the necessity of receiving urgent relief to avoid disaster.", "Starvation loomed after soldiers destroyed or captured much of Serbia's foodstuffs and livestock.", "Harvest yields and produced goods had to be turned over to authorities while food was rationed.", "In early 1916, Conrad ordered that Serbia's resources be \"squeezed dry\" regardless of the consequences for the population.", "As news of the famine in Serbia spread around the world, campaigns were organised asking for Relief for Agonized Serbia.", "American, Swiss and Swedish humanitarian organisations offered assistance.", "According to Red Cross reports, starvation killed more than 8,000 Serbians during the first winter under Austro-Hungarian occupation.", "By mid-May 1917, figures from the Habsburg High Command reported that 170,000 cattle, 190,000 sheep, and 50,000 pigs had been exported to Austria-Hungary.", "Immediately after the withdrawal of the Royal Serbian Army and the start of the Austro-Hungarian occupation, armed individuals and small groups of insurgents, called Chetniks, made up of former soldiers who had remained in the country, began to wage a guerrilla campaign against the occupiers.", "The Chetniks had a long tradition as guerrillas after centuries of Ottoman rule.", "Their actions were often considered heroic by the population and depicted in epic folk poetry, giving them strong local support.", "The first organised guerrilla group was formed in the Novi Pazar and Kosovska Mitrovica districts in early 1916, and was led by former army captain Kosta Vojinović.", "In March 1916, General Conrad ordered that all resistance be quashed with ruthless severity.", "Komitadjis, as the Austro-Hungarian army called the insurgents, were deemed outside international law by the MGG and were to be \"completely wiped out\".", "Jovan Avakumović, a former Prime Minister of Serbia, suggested to Salis-Seewis that he should issue a joint proclamation for the restoration of peace and order.", "Avakumović's proposal was turned down and Salis-Seewis ordered his arrest and internment.", "The Military Governorate responded to the multiplication of guerrilla groups by employing small Ottoman and Albanian counter-guerrilla units based on the \"Streifkorps\" from Bosnia instead of regular patrol troops.", "In late September 1916, the Serbian High Command flew in the experienced Chetnik guerrilla leader Kosta Pećanac from Allied Headquarters in Salonica.", "He was parachuted in by air to organize resistance in Serbia together with Vojinović.", "In early February 1917, a rebellion led by Vojinović broke out in the vicinity of Kuršumlija and Prokuplje.", "The insurgents, supported by volunteers and Chetniks from Montenegro, liberated Kuršumlija, Prokuplje, Pusta Reka, Lebane and Ribarska.", "The uprising was planned to coincide with an Allied offensive.", "Later that month, a large scale uprising broke out in the Toplica District in Bulgarian-occupied Serbia.", "A force of 4,000 armed men and women managed to liberate a significant area in the Morava Valley before the uprising was put down.", "During the summer of 1917, the Austro-Hungarian Army was forced to bring in troops from the Isonzo Front to reinforce the Bulgarian Army and Bulgarian paramilitary groups.", "Without the expected Allied support, the uprising collapsed.", "In late 1917, Vojinović was killed; Pećanac managed to escape and went into hiding.", "According to contemporary Austro-Hungarian Army reports, 20,000 Serbs were killed in the course of the rebellion, while 2,600 managed to escape into the forests.", "Despite the harsh repression, guerrilla groups managed to survive and were able to support Allied offensive operations in the summer of 1918.", "After the war, Chief of Staff Paul Kirch described the withdrawal of the German 11th Army:", "With the Vardar Offensive and the success of Allied forces at the Battle of Dobro Pole, Bulgaria capitulated and signed the Armistice of Salonica on 29 September 1918.", "New Austro-Hungarian and German troops redeployed to Serbia from Ukraine were unable to halt the northward advance of the Royal Serbian Army.", "By the third week of October, General Hermann von Kövess ordered a strategic retreat behind the Danube, Sava and Drina rivers.", "On 29 October, Governor-General von Rhemen and his staff left occupied Serbia.", "The following day, Belgrade was liberated by the Royal Serbian Army.", "By 1 November, all of pre-war Serbia had been liberated, bringing the three-year Central Powers occupation to an end." ]

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[ "During the occupation, between 150,000 and 200,000 men, women and children were deported to purpose-built internment and concentration camps in Austria-Hungary, most notably Mauthausen in Austria, Doboj in Bosnia, and Nagymegyer, Arad and Kecskemét in Hungary." ]

[ "On 28 June 1914, the heir to the Habsburg throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, was assassinated by Bosnian Serb student Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo.", "The preservation of Austria-Hungary's prestige necessitated a punishing attack on Serbia, which the Austro-Hungarian leadership deemed responsible for the murder.", "The Austro-Hungarian military leadership was determined to quash Serbia's independence, which it viewed as an unacceptable threat to the future of the empire given its sizeable South Slavic population.", "On 28 July 1914, exactly one month after Franz Ferdinand's assassination, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.", "That evening, Austro-Hungarian artillery shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade from the border town of Semlin (modern-day Zemun), effectively starting World War I. Command of the Austro-Hungarian invasion force was delegated to \"Feldzeugmeister\" Oskar Potiorek, the Governor-General of Bosnia and Herzegovina, who had been responsible for the security of Franz Ferdinand and his wife Duchess Sophie of Hohenberg in Sarajevo.", "On the morning of 12 August 1914, the Austro-Hungarian Fifth Army crossed the Drina River, effectively starting the first invasion of Serbia.", "During the first invasion of Serbia, which the Austro-Hungarian leadership euphemistically dubbed a punitive expedition (), Austro-Hungarian forces occupied parts of Serbia for thirteen days.", "Their war aims were not only to eliminate Serbia as a threat but also to punish her for fuelling South Slav irredentism in the Monarchy.", "The occupation turned into a war of annihilation, accompanied by massacres of civilians and the taking of hostages.", "Austro-Hungarian troops committed a number of war crimes against the Serbian population, especially in the area of Mačva, where according to historian Geoffrey Wawro the Austro-Hungarian army savaged the civilian population in a wave of atrocities.", "During the short occupation between 3,500 and 4,000 Serb civilians were killed in executions and acts of random violence by marauding troops.", "Mass killings took place in numerous towns in northern Serbia.", "On 17 August 1914, in the Serbian town of Šabac, 120 residents—mostly women, children and old men, who had previously been locked in a church—were shot and buried in the churchyard by Austro-Hungarian troops on the orders of \"Feldmarschall-Leutnant\" Kasimir von Lütgendorf.", "The remaining residents were beaten to death, hanged, stabbed, mutilated or burned alive.", "A pit was later discovered in the village of Lešnica containing 109 dead peasants who were \"bound together with a rope and encircled by wire\"; they had been shot and immediately buried, even with some still alive.", "Wawro writes that in Krupanj, men of the 42nd Home Guard Infantry Division, the exclusively Croat formation known as the Devil's Division, bashed a group of old men and boys to the ground using rifle buttstrokes and then hanged any who were still breathing.", "These types of attacks were planned at the highest level, the ground for the escalation of violence was ideologically prepared by the commanders' verbal radicalism, on August 13 Potiorek ordered reprisal hangings, the taking of hostages and arson by all units.", "Often bodies were left hanging on the gallows, trees or street lamps for days as a deterrent and as evidence of the Austro-Hungarian military's determination to deal with Serbian suspects.", "Many executions were photographed by Austro-Hungarian soldiers and officers; some of the images were reproduced as postcards and sold through the Austro-Hungarian army's official sales outlets.", "The Swiss criminologist and physician Archibald Reiss reported on the atrocities committed by the Austro-Hungarian army in a report that was presented at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, Reiss recorded that the number of civilians killed in the invaded Serbian territory amounted to between 3,000 and 4,000, including a large number of women and children, in the region around Šabac he counted 1,658 burned buildings.", "According to historian James Lyon, \"the Habsburg forces engaged in an orgy of looting, rape, murder, mass extermination, and other atrocities\".", "Reiss likened the Austro-Hungarian atrocities to the Rape of Belgium.", "On 24 August, after delivering a major defeat to Austria-Hungary's invading \"Balkan Armed Forces\" () at the Battle of Cer, the Royal Serbian Army liberated Šabac and reached the frontier banks of the Sava River, thereby bringing the first Austro-Hungarian invasion of Serbia to an end, and securing the first Allied victory of World War I.", "On 8 September 1914 the Austro-Hungarians launched a second invasion, a twin-pronged night attack across the Drina to secure a firm bridgehead.", "This time engaging all their forces the well-equipped Habsburg forces outnumbered the Serbs who were short of munitions two to one.", "Facing fierce resistance, the Fifth Army was pushed back into Bosnia while the Sixth Army's offensive was stopped by a strong Serbian counterattack.", "On 23 October, the flagship of the Austro-Hungarian Danube Flotilla, the SMS \"Temes\", which had shelled Belgrade on the first day of the war, was sunk by a mine on the Sava.", "Although it suffered nearly 30,000 casualties and the invasion was temporarily halted, the Austro-Hungarian army retained a foothold in Serbia.", "Convinced that Serbia was near defeat, Potiorek regrouped and launched a third offensive on 5 November 1914.", "Potiorek exploited the Austro-Hungarians' superiority in artillery, including large calibre mortar, to capture Valjevo on 15 November and with support from a monitor group of the Danube Flotilla as well as aerial reconnaissance, Belgrade on 30 November, forcing the Royal Serbian Army to retreat.", "The conquered territory was divided into five county commands ().", "The Austro-Hungarian \"Feldmarschall\" of Croatian ethnicity Stjepan Sarkotić, commander during the first invasion of the 42nd Home Guard Infantry Division, was appointed governor-general of Serbia by Emperor Franz Joseph on 24 November 1914.", "Under Sarkotić's administration, multiple concentration camps were established in which tens of thousands of Serbs were interned, in the town of Šabac alone, between 1,500 and 2,000 civilians were deported to internment camps in Hungary.", "According to the historian Bastian Matteo Scianna, the Austro-Hungarian atrocities had a planned exterminatory character.", "In early December, the Royal Serbian Army launched a sustained counterattack, decisively defeating the Austro-Hungarians at the Battle of Kolubara and recapturing Belgrade a day after General Sarkotic's new military government had been established.", "By 15 December, the Royal Serbian Army had captured Zemun, having crossed the border in pursuit of the Austro-Hungarians,\nDefeat at the hands of Serbia, a small Balkan peasant kingdom, wounded the pride of Austria-Hungary's military and civilian leadership.", "One Austrian officer was reported as saying that Potiorek would be shot if he appeared among his own troops.", "On 22 December, Potiorek was relieved of his command and replaced by Archduke Eugen of Austria.", "Although Austria-Hungary had failed to defeat Serbia, the Royal Serbian Army had exhausted its military capability, losing 100,000 men in battle, and was forced to deal with a typhoid epidemic that further decimated the army and civilian population.", "German officials urged their Austro-Hungarian counterparts to launch yet another offensive against Serbia, despite the fact that the Austro-Hungarians were engaged in a costly second front with Russia to the east.", "The Austro-Hungarian leadership would not consider invading Serbia again for almost a year, when Bulgarian participation in such an invasion was guaranteed.", "On 6 September 1915, Germany and Bulgaria entered into a secret military alliance.", "German officials promised Bulgaria all of Serbian Macedonia, parts of northeastern Serbia, as well as a new loan of 200,000,000 gold francs in return for Bulgaria's participation in an upcoming invasion of Serbia.", "The agreement was signed in the German town of Plessa.\nOn 5 October 1915, Austria-Hungary and Germany launched a joint invasion of Serbia.", "The offensive marked Austria-Hungary's fourth attempt to conquer Serbia, this time led by German General August von Mackensen.", "On that day, artillery bombardment began, a few days later three German and three Austro-Hungarian Army corps crossed the Sava, attacking from the north as part of Army Group Mackensen.", "On 14 October, with the bulk of the Serbian forces opposing combined invaders up north, two Bulgarian armies invaded southern Serbia from the east, advancing towards Niš and Skoplje.", "The Bulgarian offensive cut off the Royal Serbian Army's lines of communication to the south as well as a retreat route towards French General Maurice Sarrail's relief force, which had advanced northwards up the Vardar River valley from the Allies' new base in Salonica.", "Despite the treaty of mutual assistance with Serbia against a Bulgarian attack, King Constantine of Greece refused to let the Greek army enter the war to aid the Serbs or let the Allies use the Greek railroads devoted to supporting their mobilization.", "The Central Powers enjoyed massive superiority in numbers and equipment, especially in artillery, along the nearly front.", "Serbia and Montenegro could hardly muster half the number of soldiers as the Central Powers.", "Within six weeks, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Germany had succeeded in conquering Serbia.", "While the strategic goals set before the offensive had been achieved, the Central Powers were deprived of a decisive victory by the Royal Serbian Army's winter retreat over the mountains of Albania and Montenegro towards the Adriatic coast.", "Ultimately, around 140,000 Serbian soldiers and hundreds of thousands of civilians were evacuated to the Greek island of Corfu, among them the entire Serbian government, as well as the Serbian royal family.", "The Royal Serbian Army retrenched itself in Greece, where it was reorganised and repurposed to combating Bulgarian and German troops on the Salonica front.", "Towards the end of 1915, Serbia was divided between Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria, with both countries establishing military administrations in the territories they had occupied.", "Shortly after the retreat of the Royal Serbian Army, the country was divided into three zones.", "The Austro-Hungarian occupational zone stretched from the region west of the Morava Valley to the Macedonian frontier, and included Belgrade.", "Bulgaria gained the whole of Serbian Macedonia, as well as the areas east of the Morava, and Southern Serbia between Kosovo and the Danube River.", "A German control zone was established in the area east of the Velika Morava, the Južna Morava in Kosovo and the Vardar Valley.", "The Germans took control of all railways, mines, forestry, and agricultural resources in Serbia.", "On 1 January 1916, the Austro-Hungarian High Command (; AOK) ordered the formation of the Military General Governorate of Serbia (; MGG/S), with Belgrade as its administrative centre.", "The Austro-Hungarian occupation zone was divided into thirteen approximately equal districts (), which were then divided into sixty-four boroughs (), with the city of Belgrade as its own district.", "The occupational administration was subordinate to the AOK under General Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, and later under \"Generaloberst\" Arthur Arz von Straußenburg.", "The Military Governorate was headed by a General Governor with the rank of a corps commander.", "The first governor-general, Johann Graf Salis-Seewis, an ethnic Croat with experience fighting insurgents in Macedonia, had served as the commander of the 42nd Devil's Division after Sarkotić.", "Salis-Seewis was appointed to the position in late 1915 by Emperor Franz Joseph, officially taking office on 1 January 1916.", "The historian and Balkan specialist Lajos Thallóczy was appointed as the Military General Governorate's civilian commissioner, as well as Salis-Seewis's deputy.", "Thallóczy arrived in Belgrade on 17 January 1916.", "With the Austrians in charge of the military, the civilian administration was mostly made up of Hungarians and Croats.", "Four administrative departments were set up: military, economic, judicial, and political, with the latter, which had its own intelligence and police forces, under former Devil's Division officer and future Ustaše leader Major Slavko Kvaternik.", "Military intelligence () for the occupation zone was entrusted to Croat Lujo Šafranek-Kavić, as the Austro-Hungarian army relied considerably on South Slav officers and Bosnian Muslims knowledge of the language for intelligence purposes.", "In December 1916, Thallóczy was killed in a train crash while returning from Vienna to Belgrade.", "In January 1917, Teodor Kušević, a high-ranking functionary from Bosnia and Herzegovina, was appointed to replace him as the civilian commissioner.", "The function was given more prominence with new areas of responsibility including trade, police, religion, education, justice and finance.", "The first measure of the occupiers was to establish a new legal system to secure order, prevent guerrilla resistance and exploit the country's resources.", "MGG/S control over the population was accomplished in accordance with the \"Directives for the Political Administration in the Areas of the General Military Governorate in Serbia\" () and with the \"General Principles for the Imperial and Royal Military Administration in the Occupied Territories of Serbia\" ().", "The MGG/S intended to ignore Hungarian objections and integrate Serbia as a part of the empire, but as an area that would remain under direct military rule for decades after the end of the war and where political participation would be prohibited to prevent the emergence of a new Serbian state.", "The MGG was safeguarded by a permanent Austro-Hungarian garrison consisting, in August 1916, of 35 battalions, a \"Landsturm\" regiment, six companies of patrol troops, 12 units of railway guards, four-and-a-half squadrons, five artillery batteries and two anti-aircraft batteries, totaling around 70,000 men, of which 50,000 were reserved for military operations.", "Within the towns and villages of the twelve districts, 5,000 gendarmes were posted in groups of 20 to 30.", "If needed, patrol companies also served as mobile combat reserves.", "To help police the civilian population and to track down partisans, the Austro-Hungarian leadership decided to recruit amongst ethnic minority groups positively disposed towards the Dual Monarchy.", "With Thallóczy's encouragement, the Austro-Hungarian authorities permitted Kosovo Albanians to volunteer for service in the Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces.", "Prominent Albanians in towns such as Novi Pazar and Kosovska Mitrovica declared their support and offered to recruit volunteers for the occupying authorities.", "According to the notes of Colonel Hugo Kerchnawe, the Muslims in the Sandžak and the Albanians in Kosovo \"behaved very loyally and offered their support\" to the empire, Kerchnawe added in his report that \"our interests ran parallel with the Muslims' interests.", "\"\nA special commission to organise recruitment was set up by Thallóczy, assisted by former Ottoman officers and Bosnian militia leaders.", "Over 8,000 volunteers were recruited this way, despite the fact that the recruitment drive was a violation of the Hague Convention treaties that Austria-Hungary had signed, which forbade the use of occupied populations towards a country's war efforts.", "In March 1917, a home battalion was formed, supported by Bosnian gendarmes and led by former Ottoman officers.", "In the final phase of the Serbian Campaign, the Austro-Hungarian military had relied on paramilitaries consisting of Albanian clansmen from Kosovo and northern Albania as irregular troops, organised early in the occupied territories Albanian pursuit fighting units were set up to assist Austro-Hungarians patrols track down Serbian guerrillas.", "These counter-insurgency bands were based on their Bosnian counterparts, the \"Streifkorps\", paramilitary groups made up of Muslim volunteers with experience fighting Serb guerrillas and a reputation for heavy-handed tactics.", "District pursuit units were established in each district of the Austro-Hungarian occupied zone, each consisted of 40 men led by one officer.", "The Bulgarian occupation authorities also used Albanian gendarmes and irregular troops within their occupation zones.", "The separation of power in Serbia quickly led to clashes between the civilian and military authorities, as well as between Austrian and Hungarian occupation officials.", "The Hungarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs' envoy in Serbia, Lajos Széchényi, argued that Salis-Seewis' policies would lead to Serbia's annexation to the Dual Monarchy, which Thallóczy, following Hungarian prime minister István Tisza's directives, strongly opposed.", "In mid-February 1916, Thallóczy complained to Tisza about the number of Slavs in positions of authority, writing, \"the governor is Croat, the chief of the general staff is Czech, the deputy governor is from the former military border and the new General Staff Officer Slavko Kvaternik is the son in law of Croatian independentist Josip Frank.", "\"\nGeneral Conrad saw the military administration of Serbia as preliminary to its annexation, along with Montenegro and Albania, to a future South Slavic union under Croatian leadership.", "Conrad worried that by not annexing Serbia the monarchy would lose its Great Power status.", "Austria-Hungary's Joint Foreign Minister, Stephan Burián von Rajecz, supported the annexation of Serbia, but only if it would be allotted to Hungary.", "Tisza refused to consider the annexation of Serbia as it would lead to a substantial increase in Austria-Hungary's Slavic population, and significantly reduce the proportion of Hungarians within the Dual Monarchy.", "He demanded instead that northern Serbia be colonized by Hungarian and German farmers.", "After touring the three northwestern districts of Serbia together with Salis-Seewis and the visiting General Conrad, Tisza came to regard the Austro-Hungarian military's efforts in the occupied territory as a prelude to annexation.", "Tisza submitted a complaint to Burián asking for a thorough reorganisation of the Military Governorate, the removal of Salis-Seewis, whose administration he described as \"Serbophile and economically incompetent\", and requesting the condemnation of those demanding that Serbia be annexed.", "Burián took the complaint directly to Emperor Franz Joseph.", "On 6 July 1916, the emperor decreed that Salis-Seewis and his chief of staff, Colonel Gelinek, were to be replaced by his former corps commander, General Adolf Freiherr von Rhemen and Colonel Hugo Kerchnawe, effective 26 July 1916.", "Rhemen remained in this office until the end of the war.", "Tensions between Bulgaria and the Dual Monarchy started after Bulgaria extended its zone to western Kosovo, on the Austro-Hungarian side of the treaty border, going as far as Elbasan in Albania, a region that Austria-Hungary considered an occupied friendly state and of \"outstanding importance\" to the Dual Monarchy.", "Kaiser Wilhelm himself repeatedly told Bulgarian king Ferdinand that Germany supported \"the independence of Albania under Austrian protection\".", "Burián also reminded Ferdinand that at the \"west of the treaty border began the Austro-Hungarian sphere of interest.", "\"\nAccording to the terms of the secret alliance between Bulgaria and Germany, the greater part of Kosovo, including the areas of Priština, Prizren, Gnjilane, Uroševac, and Orahovac, were to fall under Bulgarian rule as part of the Military Region of Macedonia.", "Metohija, the southwestern area of Kosovo, was to be incorporated as part of the Austro-Hungarian zone of Montenegro, with the rest of Kosovo, including Kosovska Mitrovica, Vučitrn, and Đakovica, established as part of the Austro-Hungarian Military Governorate of Serbia.", "The Bulgarians maintained that they had the right to install a civilian administration on any territory they conquered, including outside their treaty border.", "Conrad, suspecting Bulgaria of harbouring ambitions to annex the whole region, sent troops to expel the Bulgarian civilian administrators.", "The arrival of Austro-Hungarian troops in areas already garrisoned by Bulgarian forces resulted in a military confrontation.", "On 27 February the Bulgarian military commander Racho Petrov issued an ultimatum to the Austrians to immediately evacuate Kačanik, on the frontier with Macedonia, resulting in a military standoff.", "Conrad warned the Bulgarian High Command that unless local Bulgarian commanders abstained from interfering with the Austro-Hungarian administration, a conflict with his troops would be inevitable.", "On 15 March, the Austro-Hungarians issued an order to secure Novi Pazar, and prepared to add Kosovska Mitrovica to their governorate.", "The German chief of staff, General Erich von Falkenhayn, ordered Mackensen to mediate between the two parties.", "Mackensen visited Sofia in person to meet Ferdinand and Prime Minister Vasil Radoslavov.", "The proposed German compromise was accepted and an agreement on a demarcation line was signed between the Austro-Hungarian and Bulgarian high commands on 1 April 1916.", "The Bulgarians withdrew eastwards, retaining the district containing Prizren and Priština, but leaving Albania and western Kosovo to the Austro-Hungarians.", "The agreement gave Bulgaria administrative rights over areas of Serbia that were not in the original agreement.", "In return, Bulgaria agreed to let Germany have access to the valleys east of the Velika Morava, the Južna Morava in Kosovo, as well as the Vardar Valley, effectively turning Macedonia and Kosovo into zones dedicated to German economic exploitation.", "The occupational authorities considered Serbian national consciousness an existential threat to Austria-Hungary.", "Thus, the policies of the Military Governorate were aimed at depoliticising and denationalising the Serbian population.", "Public gatherings and political parties were banned, the Cyrillic script was termed \"dangerous to the state\" () and banned from schools and public spaces, streets named after people perceived as being significant to Serbian national identity were renamed, the wearing of traditional Serbian clothing was proscribed and the Gregorian calendar replaced the Julian.", "Additionally, all Serbian students had to be educated in the German language, according to Austrian academic standards and through teachers imported from Austria.", "Significant cultural institutions such as the Royal Serbian Academy, the National Museum and the National Library were closed down and looted of their historical artifacts and art collections.", "The University of Belgrade, as well as various publishing houses and bookshops, were closed down.", "Schoolbooks and books in French, English, Russian and Italian were banned.", "Political expression was severely limited with the prohibition of newspaper publication except for the official MGG/S propaganda newspaper \"Belgrader Nachrichten\" (published in Serbian as \"Beogradske novine\"), which featured letters and photographs purporting to show how well those who stayed behind in occupied Serbia were living.", "Such propaganda was intended to convince Serbian soldiers who came across the \"Belgrader Nachrichten\" to desert.", "In 1916, both Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria announced that Serbia had ceased to exist as a political entity, and that its inhabitants could therefore not invoke the international rules of war dictating the treatment of civilians as defined by the Geneva Conventions and the Hague Conventions.", "The occupational authorities carried out numerous summary executions with little or no legal process.", "Upon being found guilty by a military court, victims were usually shot or hanged.", "Martial law, such as (the martial law of self-defense), was employed to quash dissent and severe preventive measures were undertaken against civilians.", "The occupational authorities were gripped by the fear of \"levée en masse\" and of civilians taking up arms.", "The Austro-Hungarian Army consequently employed the seizure of hostages from the general population and the burning of villages in punitive raids as a means of quelling resistance.", "These measures, as well as summary executions, were all permitted under section 61 of the (k.u.k army regulations).", "Disarming the populace was done by holding village elders responsible for handing over a certain quota of weapons that were judged to be held before the war began.", "The sentence for possession of a weapon was death by hanging.", "Military courts also tried civilians for newly defined offenses, including the crime of lèse-majesté.", "Civilians suspected of engaging in resistance activities were subjected to the harshest measures, including hanging and shooting.", "The house of an offender's family would also be destroyed.", "Victims were usually hanged on the main squares of villages and towns, in full view of the general population.", "The lifeless bodies were left to hang by the noose for several days so as to clearly show the treatment reserved for \"spies\" and \"traitors\".", "The MGG/S, as well as the High Command in Vienna, considered sending civilian prisoners to internment camps as a preventive measure to discourage insurgent activities.", "During the occupation, between 150,000 and 200,000 men, women and children were deported to various camps in Austria-Hungary, it has been estimated they represented slightly more than 10 per cent of the Serb population.", "Since Serbia did not have its own Red Cross, Serbian prisoners did not have access to the aid the Red Cross provided to other Allied prisoners.", "Moreover, Serbian prisoners were not considered \"enemy aliens\" but \"internal enemies\" by Austria-Hungary's Ministry of War.", "By defining them as \"terrorists\" or \"insurgents\", the Austro-Hungarian authorities were not obliged to disclose the number of captives they held, and which camps they were being held in, to Red Cross societies.", "Four significant waves of deportations occurred in occupied Serbia.", "The first occurred at the very start of the occupation, when Salis-Seewis rounded up 70,000 \"dissidents\", mostly able-bodied men, ex-soldiers, politically active individuals, as well as members of the political and cultural elite who had remained in the country after the retreat to Corfu.", "University professors, teachers, and priests, especially those who had participated in political, cultural or even athletic associations, were arrested and sent to internment camps.", "The second and largest deportations took place after Romania entered the war on the side of the Allies on 27 August 1916.", "From mid-August to late October 1916, an order to arrest all males between the ages of 17 and 50 was issued.", "These men were targeted because they were of fighting age.", "More than 16,500 males were sent to internment camps during this round of deportations.", "During the Toplica uprising, in the Spring of 1916 when armed resistance seemed to be spreading, more deportations took place.", "The fourth and final round of deportations occurred after the Allied breakthrough on the Salonica front in late 1918.", "In Bohemia, the camp at Braunau (modern-day Broumov, Czech Republic) held about 35,000 prisoners, almost exclusively Serbian, civilian, military prisoners, men, women and children.", "According to a 1918 press report, an epidemic of dysentery almost wiped out all the children in the camp.", "After the war, a mass grave was found behind the camp containing the remains of 2,674 people (these remains were later moved to the crypt of the Heinrichsgrün camp).", "The camp at Heinrichsgrün (modern-day Jindřichovice, Czech Republic), held mostly Serbs, both soldiers and civilians, from the Šumadija and Kolubara districts of western Serbia.", "An average of 40 people died there every day.", "In Hungary, the largest internment camps were in the Nezsider district; Nezsider (modern-day Neusiedl am See, Austria) was a concentration camp primarily used to detain civilians from Serbia and Montenegro, and the principal camp for Serbs suspected to be \"terrorists\" or \"agitators\".", "The number of detainees by May 1917 was 9,934, including children as young as nine.", "Over the course of the war, the Nezsider camp held 17,000 internees, about 4,800 people are known to have perished at the camp.", "In addition to those deported to Hungary, some 30,000 Serb civilians were sent to Austrian camps or used as forced labour.", "In Lower Austria, the camps of Drosendorf and Mittendorf held both Serbian soldiers and civilians.", "Thousand of Serbs perished during a typhus epidemic at the Mauthausen camp in Upper Austria when about 14,000 were being held; an official Austro-Hungarian army report mentioned 5,600 prisoners of war buried in the camp graveyard in the early months of the war.", "According to official figures, between 27 December 1915 and 5 July 1917, 45,791 civilians and prisoners of war from Serbia and Montenegro were held captive at the camp in Doboj, in Bosnia.", "Around 12,000 are estimated to have perished there.", "Other camps held both civilians and prisoners of war, including Boldogasszony, Nagymegyer (modern-day Veľký Meder, Slovakia), Arad (modern-day Romania), Cegléd, Kecskemét and Győr.", "By May 1917, 39,359 people from Serbia, including women and children, were interned outside the country.", "These large scale deportations caused concern around Europe quickly becoming an international scandal.", "The Spanish authorities complained then, in April 1917, the Holy See intervened through the office of the Apostolic Nunciature to Austria against the internment of Serbian women and children between the ages of 10 and 15.", "By the end of the year, Austria-Hungary's Ministry of War admitted that 526 Serb children were in fact being held at Nezsider, but that it was necessary on the grounds of military security.", "According to a Red Cross report dated 1 February 1918, by the end of 1917, there were 206,500 prisoners of war and internees from Serbia in Austro-Hungarian and German camps.", "According to the historian Alan Kramer, the Serbians in Austro-Hungarian captivity received the worst treatment of all the prisoners, and at least 30,000–40,000 had died of starvation by January 1918.", "Tensions between the Austrian and German authorities increased after Burián complained that the German military was employing a ruthless system of requisition, resulting in famine and the pauperisation of the population.", "Behind the front lines, the Germans \"\" was an area that Berlin had secured as a zone dedicated to agricultural production to feed its troops on the Salonica front.", "As the German exploitation of resources in occupied Serbia was handled by the German Oriental Society (), the exploitation of mines failed to satisfy the Dual Monarchy's need for vital raw materials because Germany took two-thirds of all production from Serbia as reparations for its military aid.", "Austro-Hungarian reports on the state of Serbia in 1915 noted famine threatening the occupation zone and a population in a desperate state after nearly four years of constant war.", "The return of refugees exacerbated the shortage of food.", "Reports from late 1915 spoke of the necessity of receiving urgent relief to avoid disaster.", "Starvation loomed after soldiers destroyed or captured much of Serbia's foodstuffs and livestock.", "Harvest yields and produced goods had to be turned over to authorities while food was rationed.", "In early 1916, Conrad ordered that Serbia's resources be \"squeezed dry\" regardless of the consequences for the population.", "As news of the famine in Serbia spread around the world, campaigns were organised asking for Relief for Agonized Serbia.", "American, Swiss and Swedish humanitarian organisations offered assistance.", "According to Red Cross reports, starvation killed more than 8,000 Serbians during the first winter under Austro-Hungarian occupation.", "By mid-May 1917, figures from the Habsburg High Command reported that 170,000 cattle, 190,000 sheep, and 50,000 pigs had been exported to Austria-Hungary.", "Immediately after the withdrawal of the Royal Serbian Army and the start of the Austro-Hungarian occupation, armed individuals and small groups of insurgents, called Chetniks, made up of former soldiers who had remained in the country, began to wage a guerrilla campaign against the occupiers.", "The Chetniks had a long tradition as guerrillas after centuries of Ottoman rule.", "Their actions were often considered heroic by the population and depicted in epic folk poetry, giving them strong local support.", "The first organised guerrilla group was formed in the Novi Pazar and Kosovska Mitrovica districts in early 1916, and was led by former army captain Kosta Vojinović.", "In March 1916, General Conrad ordered that all resistance be quashed with ruthless severity.", "Komitadjis, as the Austro-Hungarian army called the insurgents, were deemed outside international law by the MGG and were to be \"completely wiped out\".", "Jovan Avakumović, a former Prime Minister of Serbia, suggested to Salis-Seewis that he should issue a joint proclamation for the restoration of peace and order.", "Avakumović's proposal was turned down and Salis-Seewis ordered his arrest and internment.", "The Military Governorate responded to the multiplication of guerrilla groups by employing small Ottoman and Albanian counter-guerrilla units based on the \"Streifkorps\" from Bosnia instead of regular patrol troops.", "In late September 1916, the Serbian High Command flew in the experienced Chetnik guerrilla leader Kosta Pećanac from Allied Headquarters in Salonica.", "He was parachuted in by air to organize resistance in Serbia together with Vojinović.", "In early February 1917, a rebellion led by Vojinović broke out in the vicinity of Kuršumlija and Prokuplje.", "The insurgents, supported by volunteers and Chetniks from Montenegro, liberated Kuršumlija, Prokuplje, Pusta Reka, Lebane and Ribarska.", "The uprising was planned to coincide with an Allied offensive.", "Later that month, a large scale uprising broke out in the Toplica District in Bulgarian-occupied Serbia.", "A force of 4,000 armed men and women managed to liberate a significant area in the Morava Valley before the uprising was put down.", "During the summer of 1917, the Austro-Hungarian Army was forced to bring in troops from the Isonzo Front to reinforce the Bulgarian Army and Bulgarian paramilitary groups.", "Without the expected Allied support, the uprising collapsed.", "In late 1917, Vojinović was killed; Pećanac managed to escape and went into hiding.", "According to contemporary Austro-Hungarian Army reports, 20,000 Serbs were killed in the course of the rebellion, while 2,600 managed to escape into the forests.", "Despite the harsh repression, guerrilla groups managed to survive and were able to support Allied offensive operations in the summer of 1918.", "After the war, Chief of Staff Paul Kirch described the withdrawal of the German 11th Army:", "With the Vardar Offensive and the success of Allied forces at the Battle of Dobro Pole, Bulgaria capitulated and signed the Armistice of Salonica on 29 September 1918.", "New Austro-Hungarian and German troops redeployed to Serbia from Ukraine were unable to halt the northward advance of the Royal Serbian Army.", "By the third week of October, General Hermann von Kövess ordered a strategic retreat behind the Danube, Sava and Drina rivers.", "On 29 October, Governor-General von Rhemen and his staff left occupied Serbia.", "The following day, Belgrade was liberated by the Royal Serbian Army.", "By 1 November, all of pre-war Serbia had been liberated, bringing the three-year Central Powers occupation to an end." ]

[ 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191 ]

[ "The Austro-Hungarian occupation zone covered the northern three-quarters of Serbia." ]

[ "On 28 June 1914, the heir to the Habsburg throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, was assassinated by Bosnian Serb student Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo.", "The preservation of Austria-Hungary's prestige necessitated a punishing attack on Serbia, which the Austro-Hungarian leadership deemed responsible for the murder.", "The Austro-Hungarian military leadership was determined to quash Serbia's independence, which it viewed as an unacceptable threat to the future of the empire given its sizeable South Slavic population.", "On 28 July 1914, exactly one month after Franz Ferdinand's assassination, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.", "That evening, Austro-Hungarian artillery shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade from the border town of Semlin (modern-day Zemun), effectively starting World War I. Command of the Austro-Hungarian invasion force was delegated to \"Feldzeugmeister\" Oskar Potiorek, the Governor-General of Bosnia and Herzegovina, who had been responsible for the security of Franz Ferdinand and his wife Duchess Sophie of Hohenberg in Sarajevo.", "On the morning of 12 August 1914, the Austro-Hungarian Fifth Army crossed the Drina River, effectively starting the first invasion of Serbia.", "During the first invasion of Serbia, which the Austro-Hungarian leadership euphemistically dubbed a punitive expedition (), Austro-Hungarian forces occupied parts of Serbia for thirteen days.", "Their war aims were not only to eliminate Serbia as a threat but also to punish her for fuelling South Slav irredentism in the Monarchy.", "The occupation turned into a war of annihilation, accompanied by massacres of civilians and the taking of hostages.", "Austro-Hungarian troops committed a number of war crimes against the Serbian population, especially in the area of Mačva, where according to historian Geoffrey Wawro the Austro-Hungarian army savaged the civilian population in a wave of atrocities.", "During the short occupation between 3,500 and 4,000 Serb civilians were killed in executions and acts of random violence by marauding troops.", "Mass killings took place in numerous towns in northern Serbia.", "On 17 August 1914, in the Serbian town of Šabac, 120 residents—mostly women, children and old men, who had previously been locked in a church—were shot and buried in the churchyard by Austro-Hungarian troops on the orders of \"Feldmarschall-Leutnant\" Kasimir von Lütgendorf.", "The remaining residents were beaten to death, hanged, stabbed, mutilated or burned alive.", "A pit was later discovered in the village of Lešnica containing 109 dead peasants who were \"bound together with a rope and encircled by wire\"; they had been shot and immediately buried, even with some still alive.", "Wawro writes that in Krupanj, men of the 42nd Home Guard Infantry Division, the exclusively Croat formation known as the Devil's Division, bashed a group of old men and boys to the ground using rifle buttstrokes and then hanged any who were still breathing.", "These types of attacks were planned at the highest level, the ground for the escalation of violence was ideologically prepared by the commanders' verbal radicalism, on August 13 Potiorek ordered reprisal hangings, the taking of hostages and arson by all units.", "Often bodies were left hanging on the gallows, trees or street lamps for days as a deterrent and as evidence of the Austro-Hungarian military's determination to deal with Serbian suspects.", "Many executions were photographed by Austro-Hungarian soldiers and officers; some of the images were reproduced as postcards and sold through the Austro-Hungarian army's official sales outlets.", "The Swiss criminologist and physician Archibald Reiss reported on the atrocities committed by the Austro-Hungarian army in a report that was presented at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, Reiss recorded that the number of civilians killed in the invaded Serbian territory amounted to between 3,000 and 4,000, including a large number of women and children, in the region around Šabac he counted 1,658 burned buildings.", "According to historian James Lyon, \"the Habsburg forces engaged in an orgy of looting, rape, murder, mass extermination, and other atrocities\".", "Reiss likened the Austro-Hungarian atrocities to the Rape of Belgium.", "On 24 August, after delivering a major defeat to Austria-Hungary's invading \"Balkan Armed Forces\" () at the Battle of Cer, the Royal Serbian Army liberated Šabac and reached the frontier banks of the Sava River, thereby bringing the first Austro-Hungarian invasion of Serbia to an end, and securing the first Allied victory of World War I.", "On 8 September 1914 the Austro-Hungarians launched a second invasion, a twin-pronged night attack across the Drina to secure a firm bridgehead.", "This time engaging all their forces the well-equipped Habsburg forces outnumbered the Serbs who were short of munitions two to one.", "Facing fierce resistance, the Fifth Army was pushed back into Bosnia while the Sixth Army's offensive was stopped by a strong Serbian counterattack.", "On 23 October, the flagship of the Austro-Hungarian Danube Flotilla, the SMS \"Temes\", which had shelled Belgrade on the first day of the war, was sunk by a mine on the Sava.", "Although it suffered nearly 30,000 casualties and the invasion was temporarily halted, the Austro-Hungarian army retained a foothold in Serbia.", "Convinced that Serbia was near defeat, Potiorek regrouped and launched a third offensive on 5 November 1914.", "Potiorek exploited the Austro-Hungarians' superiority in artillery, including large calibre mortar, to capture Valjevo on 15 November and with support from a monitor group of the Danube Flotilla as well as aerial reconnaissance, Belgrade on 30 November, forcing the Royal Serbian Army to retreat.", "The conquered territory was divided into five county commands ().", "The Austro-Hungarian \"Feldmarschall\" of Croatian ethnicity Stjepan Sarkotić, commander during the first invasion of the 42nd Home Guard Infantry Division, was appointed governor-general of Serbia by Emperor Franz Joseph on 24 November 1914.", "Under Sarkotić's administration, multiple concentration camps were established in which tens of thousands of Serbs were interned, in the town of Šabac alone, between 1,500 and 2,000 civilians were deported to internment camps in Hungary.", "According to the historian Bastian Matteo Scianna, the Austro-Hungarian atrocities had a planned exterminatory character.", "In early December, the Royal Serbian Army launched a sustained counterattack, decisively defeating the Austro-Hungarians at the Battle of Kolubara and recapturing Belgrade a day after General Sarkotic's new military government had been established.", "By 15 December, the Royal Serbian Army had captured Zemun, having crossed the border in pursuit of the Austro-Hungarians,\nDefeat at the hands of Serbia, a small Balkan peasant kingdom, wounded the pride of Austria-Hungary's military and civilian leadership.", "One Austrian officer was reported as saying that Potiorek would be shot if he appeared among his own troops.", "On 22 December, Potiorek was relieved of his command and replaced by Archduke Eugen of Austria.", "Although Austria-Hungary had failed to defeat Serbia, the Royal Serbian Army had exhausted its military capability, losing 100,000 men in battle, and was forced to deal with a typhoid epidemic that further decimated the army and civilian population.", "German officials urged their Austro-Hungarian counterparts to launch yet another offensive against Serbia, despite the fact that the Austro-Hungarians were engaged in a costly second front with Russia to the east.", "The Austro-Hungarian leadership would not consider invading Serbia again for almost a year, when Bulgarian participation in such an invasion was guaranteed.", "On 6 September 1915, Germany and Bulgaria entered into a secret military alliance.", "German officials promised Bulgaria all of Serbian Macedonia, parts of northeastern Serbia, as well as a new loan of 200,000,000 gold francs in return for Bulgaria's participation in an upcoming invasion of Serbia.", "The agreement was signed in the German town of Plessa.\nOn 5 October 1915, Austria-Hungary and Germany launched a joint invasion of Serbia.", "The offensive marked Austria-Hungary's fourth attempt to conquer Serbia, this time led by German General August von Mackensen.", "On that day, artillery bombardment began, a few days later three German and three Austro-Hungarian Army corps crossed the Sava, attacking from the north as part of Army Group Mackensen.", "On 14 October, with the bulk of the Serbian forces opposing combined invaders up north, two Bulgarian armies invaded southern Serbia from the east, advancing towards Niš and Skoplje.", "The Bulgarian offensive cut off the Royal Serbian Army's lines of communication to the south as well as a retreat route towards French General Maurice Sarrail's relief force, which had advanced northwards up the Vardar River valley from the Allies' new base in Salonica.", "Despite the treaty of mutual assistance with Serbia against a Bulgarian attack, King Constantine of Greece refused to let the Greek army enter the war to aid the Serbs or let the Allies use the Greek railroads devoted to supporting their mobilization.", "The Central Powers enjoyed massive superiority in numbers and equipment, especially in artillery, along the nearly front.", "Serbia and Montenegro could hardly muster half the number of soldiers as the Central Powers.", "Within six weeks, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Germany had succeeded in conquering Serbia.", "While the strategic goals set before the offensive had been achieved, the Central Powers were deprived of a decisive victory by the Royal Serbian Army's winter retreat over the mountains of Albania and Montenegro towards the Adriatic coast.", "Ultimately, around 140,000 Serbian soldiers and hundreds of thousands of civilians were evacuated to the Greek island of Corfu, among them the entire Serbian government, as well as the Serbian royal family.", "The Royal Serbian Army retrenched itself in Greece, where it was reorganised and repurposed to combating Bulgarian and German troops on the Salonica front.", "Towards the end of 1915, Serbia was divided between Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria, with both countries establishing military administrations in the territories they had occupied.", "Shortly after the retreat of the Royal Serbian Army, the country was divided into three zones.", "The Austro-Hungarian occupational zone stretched from the region west of the Morava Valley to the Macedonian frontier, and included Belgrade.", "Bulgaria gained the whole of Serbian Macedonia, as well as the areas east of the Morava, and Southern Serbia between Kosovo and the Danube River.", "A German control zone was established in the area east of the Velika Morava, the Južna Morava in Kosovo and the Vardar Valley.", "The Germans took control of all railways, mines, forestry, and agricultural resources in Serbia.", "On 1 January 1916, the Austro-Hungarian High Command (; AOK) ordered the formation of the Military General Governorate of Serbia (; MGG/S), with Belgrade as its administrative centre.", "The Austro-Hungarian occupation zone was divided into thirteen approximately equal districts (), which were then divided into sixty-four boroughs (), with the city of Belgrade as its own district.", "The occupational administration was subordinate to the AOK under General Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, and later under \"Generaloberst\" Arthur Arz von Straußenburg.", "The Military Governorate was headed by a General Governor with the rank of a corps commander.", "The first governor-general, Johann Graf Salis-Seewis, an ethnic Croat with experience fighting insurgents in Macedonia, had served as the commander of the 42nd Devil's Division after Sarkotić.", "Salis-Seewis was appointed to the position in late 1915 by Emperor Franz Joseph, officially taking office on 1 January 1916.", "The historian and Balkan specialist Lajos Thallóczy was appointed as the Military General Governorate's civilian commissioner, as well as Salis-Seewis's deputy.", "Thallóczy arrived in Belgrade on 17 January 1916.", "With the Austrians in charge of the military, the civilian administration was mostly made up of Hungarians and Croats.", "Four administrative departments were set up: military, economic, judicial, and political, with the latter, which had its own intelligence and police forces, under former Devil's Division officer and future Ustaše leader Major Slavko Kvaternik.", "Military intelligence () for the occupation zone was entrusted to Croat Lujo Šafranek-Kavić, as the Austro-Hungarian army relied considerably on South Slav officers and Bosnian Muslims knowledge of the language for intelligence purposes.", "In December 1916, Thallóczy was killed in a train crash while returning from Vienna to Belgrade.", "In January 1917, Teodor Kušević, a high-ranking functionary from Bosnia and Herzegovina, was appointed to replace him as the civilian commissioner.", "The function was given more prominence with new areas of responsibility including trade, police, religion, education, justice and finance.", "The first measure of the occupiers was to establish a new legal system to secure order, prevent guerrilla resistance and exploit the country's resources.", "MGG/S control over the population was accomplished in accordance with the \"Directives for the Political Administration in the Areas of the General Military Governorate in Serbia\" () and with the \"General Principles for the Imperial and Royal Military Administration in the Occupied Territories of Serbia\" ().", "The MGG/S intended to ignore Hungarian objections and integrate Serbia as a part of the empire, but as an area that would remain under direct military rule for decades after the end of the war and where political participation would be prohibited to prevent the emergence of a new Serbian state.", "The MGG was safeguarded by a permanent Austro-Hungarian garrison consisting, in August 1916, of 35 battalions, a \"Landsturm\" regiment, six companies of patrol troops, 12 units of railway guards, four-and-a-half squadrons, five artillery batteries and two anti-aircraft batteries, totaling around 70,000 men, of which 50,000 were reserved for military operations.", "Within the towns and villages of the twelve districts, 5,000 gendarmes were posted in groups of 20 to 30.", "If needed, patrol companies also served as mobile combat reserves.", "To help police the civilian population and to track down partisans, the Austro-Hungarian leadership decided to recruit amongst ethnic minority groups positively disposed towards the Dual Monarchy.", "With Thallóczy's encouragement, the Austro-Hungarian authorities permitted Kosovo Albanians to volunteer for service in the Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces.", "Prominent Albanians in towns such as Novi Pazar and Kosovska Mitrovica declared their support and offered to recruit volunteers for the occupying authorities.", "According to the notes of Colonel Hugo Kerchnawe, the Muslims in the Sandžak and the Albanians in Kosovo \"behaved very loyally and offered their support\" to the empire, Kerchnawe added in his report that \"our interests ran parallel with the Muslims' interests.", "\"\nA special commission to organise recruitment was set up by Thallóczy, assisted by former Ottoman officers and Bosnian militia leaders.", "Over 8,000 volunteers were recruited this way, despite the fact that the recruitment drive was a violation of the Hague Convention treaties that Austria-Hungary had signed, which forbade the use of occupied populations towards a country's war efforts.", "In March 1917, a home battalion was formed, supported by Bosnian gendarmes and led by former Ottoman officers.", "In the final phase of the Serbian Campaign, the Austro-Hungarian military had relied on paramilitaries consisting of Albanian clansmen from Kosovo and northern Albania as irregular troops, organised early in the occupied territories Albanian pursuit fighting units were set up to assist Austro-Hungarians patrols track down Serbian guerrillas.", "These counter-insurgency bands were based on their Bosnian counterparts, the \"Streifkorps\", paramilitary groups made up of Muslim volunteers with experience fighting Serb guerrillas and a reputation for heavy-handed tactics.", "District pursuit units were established in each district of the Austro-Hungarian occupied zone, each consisted of 40 men led by one officer.", "The Bulgarian occupation authorities also used Albanian gendarmes and irregular troops within their occupation zones.", "The separation of power in Serbia quickly led to clashes between the civilian and military authorities, as well as between Austrian and Hungarian occupation officials.", "The Hungarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs' envoy in Serbia, Lajos Széchényi, argued that Salis-Seewis' policies would lead to Serbia's annexation to the Dual Monarchy, which Thallóczy, following Hungarian prime minister István Tisza's directives, strongly opposed.", "In mid-February 1916, Thallóczy complained to Tisza about the number of Slavs in positions of authority, writing, \"the governor is Croat, the chief of the general staff is Czech, the deputy governor is from the former military border and the new General Staff Officer Slavko Kvaternik is the son in law of Croatian independentist Josip Frank.", "\"\nGeneral Conrad saw the military administration of Serbia as preliminary to its annexation, along with Montenegro and Albania, to a future South Slavic union under Croatian leadership.", "Conrad worried that by not annexing Serbia the monarchy would lose its Great Power status.", "Austria-Hungary's Joint Foreign Minister, Stephan Burián von Rajecz, supported the annexation of Serbia, but only if it would be allotted to Hungary.", "Tisza refused to consider the annexation of Serbia as it would lead to a substantial increase in Austria-Hungary's Slavic population, and significantly reduce the proportion of Hungarians within the Dual Monarchy.", "He demanded instead that northern Serbia be colonized by Hungarian and German farmers.", "After touring the three northwestern districts of Serbia together with Salis-Seewis and the visiting General Conrad, Tisza came to regard the Austro-Hungarian military's efforts in the occupied territory as a prelude to annexation.", "Tisza submitted a complaint to Burián asking for a thorough reorganisation of the Military Governorate, the removal of Salis-Seewis, whose administration he described as \"Serbophile and economically incompetent\", and requesting the condemnation of those demanding that Serbia be annexed.", "Burián took the complaint directly to Emperor Franz Joseph.", "On 6 July 1916, the emperor decreed that Salis-Seewis and his chief of staff, Colonel Gelinek, were to be replaced by his former corps commander, General Adolf Freiherr von Rhemen and Colonel Hugo Kerchnawe, effective 26 July 1916.", "Rhemen remained in this office until the end of the war.", "Tensions between Bulgaria and the Dual Monarchy started after Bulgaria extended its zone to western Kosovo, on the Austro-Hungarian side of the treaty border, going as far as Elbasan in Albania, a region that Austria-Hungary considered an occupied friendly state and of \"outstanding importance\" to the Dual Monarchy.", "Kaiser Wilhelm himself repeatedly told Bulgarian king Ferdinand that Germany supported \"the independence of Albania under Austrian protection\".", "Burián also reminded Ferdinand that at the \"west of the treaty border began the Austro-Hungarian sphere of interest.", "\"\nAccording to the terms of the secret alliance between Bulgaria and Germany, the greater part of Kosovo, including the areas of Priština, Prizren, Gnjilane, Uroševac, and Orahovac, were to fall under Bulgarian rule as part of the Military Region of Macedonia.", "Metohija, the southwestern area of Kosovo, was to be incorporated as part of the Austro-Hungarian zone of Montenegro, with the rest of Kosovo, including Kosovska Mitrovica, Vučitrn, and Đakovica, established as part of the Austro-Hungarian Military Governorate of Serbia.", "The Bulgarians maintained that they had the right to install a civilian administration on any territory they conquered, including outside their treaty border.", "Conrad, suspecting Bulgaria of harbouring ambitions to annex the whole region, sent troops to expel the Bulgarian civilian administrators.", "The arrival of Austro-Hungarian troops in areas already garrisoned by Bulgarian forces resulted in a military confrontation.", "On 27 February the Bulgarian military commander Racho Petrov issued an ultimatum to the Austrians to immediately evacuate Kačanik, on the frontier with Macedonia, resulting in a military standoff.", "Conrad warned the Bulgarian High Command that unless local Bulgarian commanders abstained from interfering with the Austro-Hungarian administration, a conflict with his troops would be inevitable.", "On 15 March, the Austro-Hungarians issued an order to secure Novi Pazar, and prepared to add Kosovska Mitrovica to their governorate.", "The German chief of staff, General Erich von Falkenhayn, ordered Mackensen to mediate between the two parties.", "Mackensen visited Sofia in person to meet Ferdinand and Prime Minister Vasil Radoslavov.", "The proposed German compromise was accepted and an agreement on a demarcation line was signed between the Austro-Hungarian and Bulgarian high commands on 1 April 1916.", "The Bulgarians withdrew eastwards, retaining the district containing Prizren and Priština, but leaving Albania and western Kosovo to the Austro-Hungarians.", "The agreement gave Bulgaria administrative rights over areas of Serbia that were not in the original agreement.", "In return, Bulgaria agreed to let Germany have access to the valleys east of the Velika Morava, the Južna Morava in Kosovo, as well as the Vardar Valley, effectively turning Macedonia and Kosovo into zones dedicated to German economic exploitation.", "The occupational authorities considered Serbian national consciousness an existential threat to Austria-Hungary.", "Thus, the policies of the Military Governorate were aimed at depoliticising and denationalising the Serbian population.", "Public gatherings and political parties were banned, the Cyrillic script was termed \"dangerous to the state\" () and banned from schools and public spaces, streets named after people perceived as being significant to Serbian national identity were renamed, the wearing of traditional Serbian clothing was proscribed and the Gregorian calendar replaced the Julian.", "Additionally, all Serbian students had to be educated in the German language, according to Austrian academic standards and through teachers imported from Austria.", "Significant cultural institutions such as the Royal Serbian Academy, the National Museum and the National Library were closed down and looted of their historical artifacts and art collections.", "The University of Belgrade, as well as various publishing houses and bookshops, were closed down.", "Schoolbooks and books in French, English, Russian and Italian were banned.", "Political expression was severely limited with the prohibition of newspaper publication except for the official MGG/S propaganda newspaper \"Belgrader Nachrichten\" (published in Serbian as \"Beogradske novine\"), which featured letters and photographs purporting to show how well those who stayed behind in occupied Serbia were living.", "Such propaganda was intended to convince Serbian soldiers who came across the \"Belgrader Nachrichten\" to desert.", "In 1916, both Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria announced that Serbia had ceased to exist as a political entity, and that its inhabitants could therefore not invoke the international rules of war dictating the treatment of civilians as defined by the Geneva Conventions and the Hague Conventions.", "The occupational authorities carried out numerous summary executions with little or no legal process.", "Upon being found guilty by a military court, victims were usually shot or hanged.", "Martial law, such as (the martial law of self-defense), was employed to quash dissent and severe preventive measures were undertaken against civilians.", "The occupational authorities were gripped by the fear of \"levée en masse\" and of civilians taking up arms.", "The Austro-Hungarian Army consequently employed the seizure of hostages from the general population and the burning of villages in punitive raids as a means of quelling resistance.", "These measures, as well as summary executions, were all permitted under section 61 of the (k.u.k army regulations).", "Disarming the populace was done by holding village elders responsible for handing over a certain quota of weapons that were judged to be held before the war began.", "The sentence for possession of a weapon was death by hanging.", "Military courts also tried civilians for newly defined offenses, including the crime of lèse-majesté.", "Civilians suspected of engaging in resistance activities were subjected to the harshest measures, including hanging and shooting.", "The house of an offender's family would also be destroyed.", "Victims were usually hanged on the main squares of villages and towns, in full view of the general population.", "The lifeless bodies were left to hang by the noose for several days so as to clearly show the treatment reserved for \"spies\" and \"traitors\".", "The MGG/S, as well as the High Command in Vienna, considered sending civilian prisoners to internment camps as a preventive measure to discourage insurgent activities.", "During the occupation, between 150,000 and 200,000 men, women and children were deported to various camps in Austria-Hungary, it has been estimated they represented slightly more than 10 per cent of the Serb population.", "Since Serbia did not have its own Red Cross, Serbian prisoners did not have access to the aid the Red Cross provided to other Allied prisoners.", "Moreover, Serbian prisoners were not considered \"enemy aliens\" but \"internal enemies\" by Austria-Hungary's Ministry of War.", "By defining them as \"terrorists\" or \"insurgents\", the Austro-Hungarian authorities were not obliged to disclose the number of captives they held, and which camps they were being held in, to Red Cross societies.", "Four significant waves of deportations occurred in occupied Serbia.", "The first occurred at the very start of the occupation, when Salis-Seewis rounded up 70,000 \"dissidents\", mostly able-bodied men, ex-soldiers, politically active individuals, as well as members of the political and cultural elite who had remained in the country after the retreat to Corfu.", "University professors, teachers, and priests, especially those who had participated in political, cultural or even athletic associations, were arrested and sent to internment camps.", "The second and largest deportations took place after Romania entered the war on the side of the Allies on 27 August 1916.", "From mid-August to late October 1916, an order to arrest all males between the ages of 17 and 50 was issued.", "These men were targeted because they were of fighting age.", "More than 16,500 males were sent to internment camps during this round of deportations.", "During the Toplica uprising, in the Spring of 1916 when armed resistance seemed to be spreading, more deportations took place.", "The fourth and final round of deportations occurred after the Allied breakthrough on the Salonica front in late 1918.", "In Bohemia, the camp at Braunau (modern-day Broumov, Czech Republic) held about 35,000 prisoners, almost exclusively Serbian, civilian, military prisoners, men, women and children.", "According to a 1918 press report, an epidemic of dysentery almost wiped out all the children in the camp.", "After the war, a mass grave was found behind the camp containing the remains of 2,674 people (these remains were later moved to the crypt of the Heinrichsgrün camp).", "The camp at Heinrichsgrün (modern-day Jindřichovice, Czech Republic), held mostly Serbs, both soldiers and civilians, from the Šumadija and Kolubara districts of western Serbia.", "An average of 40 people died there every day.", "In Hungary, the largest internment camps were in the Nezsider district; Nezsider (modern-day Neusiedl am See, Austria) was a concentration camp primarily used to detain civilians from Serbia and Montenegro, and the principal camp for Serbs suspected to be \"terrorists\" or \"agitators\".", "The number of detainees by May 1917 was 9,934, including children as young as nine.", "Over the course of the war, the Nezsider camp held 17,000 internees, about 4,800 people are known to have perished at the camp.", "In addition to those deported to Hungary, some 30,000 Serb civilians were sent to Austrian camps or used as forced labour.", "In Lower Austria, the camps of Drosendorf and Mittendorf held both Serbian soldiers and civilians.", "Thousand of Serbs perished during a typhus epidemic at the Mauthausen camp in Upper Austria when about 14,000 were being held; an official Austro-Hungarian army report mentioned 5,600 prisoners of war buried in the camp graveyard in the early months of the war.", "According to official figures, between 27 December 1915 and 5 July 1917, 45,791 civilians and prisoners of war from Serbia and Montenegro were held captive at the camp in Doboj, in Bosnia.", "Around 12,000 are estimated to have perished there.", "Other camps held both civilians and prisoners of war, including Boldogasszony, Nagymegyer (modern-day Veľký Meder, Slovakia), Arad (modern-day Romania), Cegléd, Kecskemét and Győr.", "By May 1917, 39,359 people from Serbia, including women and children, were interned outside the country.", "These large scale deportations caused concern around Europe quickly becoming an international scandal.", "The Spanish authorities complained then, in April 1917, the Holy See intervened through the office of the Apostolic Nunciature to Austria against the internment of Serbian women and children between the ages of 10 and 15.", "By the end of the year, Austria-Hungary's Ministry of War admitted that 526 Serb children were in fact being held at Nezsider, but that it was necessary on the grounds of military security.", "According to a Red Cross report dated 1 February 1918, by the end of 1917, there were 206,500 prisoners of war and internees from Serbia in Austro-Hungarian and German camps.", "According to the historian Alan Kramer, the Serbians in Austro-Hungarian captivity received the worst treatment of all the prisoners, and at least 30,000–40,000 had died of starvation by January 1918.", "Tensions between the Austrian and German authorities increased after Burián complained that the German military was employing a ruthless system of requisition, resulting in famine and the pauperisation of the population.", "Behind the front lines, the Germans \"\" was an area that Berlin had secured as a zone dedicated to agricultural production to feed its troops on the Salonica front.", "As the German exploitation of resources in occupied Serbia was handled by the German Oriental Society (), the exploitation of mines failed to satisfy the Dual Monarchy's need for vital raw materials because Germany took two-thirds of all production from Serbia as reparations for its military aid.", "Austro-Hungarian reports on the state of Serbia in 1915 noted famine threatening the occupation zone and a population in a desperate state after nearly four years of constant war.", "The return of refugees exacerbated the shortage of food.", "Reports from late 1915 spoke of the necessity of receiving urgent relief to avoid disaster.", "Starvation loomed after soldiers destroyed or captured much of Serbia's foodstuffs and livestock.", "Harvest yields and produced goods had to be turned over to authorities while food was rationed.", "In early 1916, Conrad ordered that Serbia's resources be \"squeezed dry\" regardless of the consequences for the population.", "As news of the famine in Serbia spread around the world, campaigns were organised asking for Relief for Agonized Serbia.", "American, Swiss and Swedish humanitarian organisations offered assistance.", "According to Red Cross reports, starvation killed more than 8,000 Serbians during the first winter under Austro-Hungarian occupation.", "By mid-May 1917, figures from the Habsburg High Command reported that 170,000 cattle, 190,000 sheep, and 50,000 pigs had been exported to Austria-Hungary.", "Immediately after the withdrawal of the Royal Serbian Army and the start of the Austro-Hungarian occupation, armed individuals and small groups of insurgents, called Chetniks, made up of former soldiers who had remained in the country, began to wage a guerrilla campaign against the occupiers.", "The Chetniks had a long tradition as guerrillas after centuries of Ottoman rule.", "Their actions were often considered heroic by the population and depicted in epic folk poetry, giving them strong local support.", "The first organised guerrilla group was formed in the Novi Pazar and Kosovska Mitrovica districts in early 1916, and was led by former army captain Kosta Vojinović.", "In March 1916, General Conrad ordered that all resistance be quashed with ruthless severity.", "Komitadjis, as the Austro-Hungarian army called the insurgents, were deemed outside international law by the MGG and were to be \"completely wiped out\".", "Jovan Avakumović, a former Prime Minister of Serbia, suggested to Salis-Seewis that he should issue a joint proclamation for the restoration of peace and order.", "Avakumović's proposal was turned down and Salis-Seewis ordered his arrest and internment.", "The Military Governorate responded to the multiplication of guerrilla groups by employing small Ottoman and Albanian counter-guerrilla units based on the \"Streifkorps\" from Bosnia instead of regular patrol troops.", "In late September 1916, the Serbian High Command flew in the experienced Chetnik guerrilla leader Kosta Pećanac from Allied Headquarters in Salonica.", "He was parachuted in by air to organize resistance in Serbia together with Vojinović.", "In early February 1917, a rebellion led by Vojinović broke out in the vicinity of Kuršumlija and Prokuplje.", "The insurgents, supported by volunteers and Chetniks from Montenegro, liberated Kuršumlija, Prokuplje, Pusta Reka, Lebane and Ribarska.", "The uprising was planned to coincide with an Allied offensive.", "Later that month, a large scale uprising broke out in the Toplica District in Bulgarian-occupied Serbia.", "A force of 4,000 armed men and women managed to liberate a significant area in the Morava Valley before the uprising was put down.", "During the summer of 1917, the Austro-Hungarian Army was forced to bring in troops from the Isonzo Front to reinforce the Bulgarian Army and Bulgarian paramilitary groups.", "Without the expected Allied support, the uprising collapsed.", "In late 1917, Vojinović was killed; Pećanac managed to escape and went into hiding.", "According to contemporary Austro-Hungarian Army reports, 20,000 Serbs were killed in the course of the rebellion, while 2,600 managed to escape into the forests.", "Despite the harsh repression, guerrilla groups managed to survive and were able to support Allied offensive operations in the summer of 1918.", "After the war, Chief of Staff Paul Kirch described the withdrawal of the German 11th Army:", "With the Vardar Offensive and the success of Allied forces at the Battle of Dobro Pole, Bulgaria capitulated and signed the Armistice of Salonica on 29 September 1918.", "New Austro-Hungarian and German troops redeployed to Serbia from Ukraine were unable to halt the northward advance of the Royal Serbian Army.", "By the third week of October, General Hermann von Kövess ordered a strategic retreat behind the Danube, Sava and Drina rivers.", "On 29 October, Governor-General von Rhemen and his staff left occupied Serbia.", "The following day, Belgrade was liberated by the Royal Serbian Army.", "By 1 November, all of pre-war Serbia had been liberated, bringing the three-year Central Powers occupation to an end." ]

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[ "By 1 November 1918, all of pre-war Serbia had been liberated, bringing the occupation to an end." ]

[ "Enerkem's technology was developed by Dr. Esteban Chornet (Lehigh University and Professor Emeritus at the University of Sherbrooke).", "Professor Chornet has been in Quebec since 1970 and has had a distinguished career as a professor at the University of Sherbrooke while continuing his work on biomass.", "He has also conducted highly successful research projects in catalysis and thermochemistry with Canadian and American partners.", "Over the years, Esteban Chornet's research has allowed him to explore the potential of biomass as an alternative energy source.", "This led to the revolutionary technology that allows Enerkem to produce biofuels and renewable chemicals from biomass and non-recyclable waste.", "In 2000, in order to take full advantage of this technology, Esteban Chornet founded Enerkem with his son Vincent Chornet.", "The new company focused on refining its technology and seeking financing.", "In 2004, Enerkem completed the construction of a pilot plant in Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, to further develop its technology and adapt it to market requirements.", "In 2009, the company commissioned an industrial demonstration plant in Westbury, in the Eastern Townships, Quebec.", "This plant will work on the production of ethanol and methanol from forestry waste and biomass.", "It will also have a mandate to develop new products and act as a training centre.", "In 2014, Enerkem inaugurated its first full-scale facility in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, for the conversion of household waste into biofuels and renewable chemicals.", "In 2016, it became the first ISCC-certified plant in the world to convert waste materials into biomethanol.", "In 2018, Enerkem joined a partnership consisting of AkzoNobel, Van Gansewinkel, Air Liquide, AVR and Enerkem to build a waste treatment plant in Rotterdam in collaboration with the Port of Rotterdam, the City of Rotterdam, the Province of South Holland and Innovation Quarter.", "On July 12, 2019, Dominique Boies was appointed chief executive officer and Chief Financial Officer to replace Vincent Chornet, who died prematurely a few weeks earlier.", "Mr. Boies had served as the company's CFO since 2017.", "On December 8, 2020, Enerkem announced the construction of an $875 million biofuel plant in Varennes, Quebec.", "In April 2021, Spain's Repsol announced that it had partnered with Enerkem and Agbar (Suez) to build a waste-to-renewable chemicals plant in Tarragona, Spain.", "In June 2021, to meet growing demand from airlines, Shell, Enerkem, and the Port of Rotterdam announced a shift in focus for the Rotterdam (Netherlands) projected plant to the production of sustainable aviation fuel." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 ]

[ "Enerkem is a clean technology company based in Montreal.", "Founded in 2000, Enerkem uses its patented technology to convert residual biomass and non-recyclable municipal solid waste (MSW) into biofuels and renewable chemicals.", "In Quebec, Canada, Enerkem has an innovation centre in Westbury.", "The company's first commercial-scale demonstration plant was inaugurated in Edmonton in 2014.", "Other commercial plants are under development in Canada and Europe, such as in Tarragona (Spain), Rotterdam (Netherlands) and Varennes (Quebec), with the latter under construction in September 2021.", "Enerkem is a private company.", "Since 2000, Enerkem has grown remarkably and become a world-class company with projects in Canada and abroad.", "The management team consists of ten managers and is chaired by Dominique Boies, CEO and CFO since 2019." ]

[ "The series began in early 1956 as a ten-minute time slot in which federal political parties could address television viewers.", "Initially, it aired on opposite weeks to \"The Rhythm Pals\".", "The schedule was established in consultation with the elected political parties, based on the practice of a similar existing free-time CBC Radio series.", "In late 1956, episodes were increased to a 15-minute length and alternated with a regional free time political broadcast (\"Provincial Affairs\") which provided similar access programming for the provincial parties.", "During its initial years, French broadcasts (\"Les affaires de l'etat\") were presented in rotation with English while the expansion of separate English and French CBC networks continued.", "Eventually the program was reduced to a 5-7-minute time slot.", "Early episodes in late 1956 were broadcast certain Mondays at 7:30 p.m. Through the 1950s and 1960s, the series appeared in early evening timeslots, moving to late Sunday nights from October 1969." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]

[ "The Nation's Business is a Canadian free-time political television series which began on CBC Television in 1956.", "The show, which was established with the consultation of the Canadian political parties, initially was 10 minutes long but was increased to 15 by the end of the year." ]

[ "He was born in Pottstown, Pennsylvania in 1890, and graduated from the University of Chicago.", "In 1933, while on furlough, he did his PhD in rural social organisation at Cornell University.", "He was married to Charlotte Melina Viall in December, 1916, at Allahabad, India.", "They had three sons.", "He was sent as a rural-missionary by Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church, US, in 1915.", "He began missionary work by initially teaching at Allahabad Agricultural Institute, later joined by his wife Charlotte Viall, who arrived in India in 1916.", "He then served as a professor of rural sociology at the North India Theological College, Sahranpur, between 1933 and 1941, after he finished his doctorate from Cornell University.", "During their first term, his wife did teaching, social work, and worked at industrial cooperatives in Kanpur and Allahabad.", "He also directed the students in practical work in nearby villages.", "Between 1925 and 1930, they lived in the village as members of the North India mission of the Presbyterian Church of the United States of America.", "Thereafter they maintained close connections with the villagers from their mission headquarters in a nearby town.", "Their first account of life in Karimpur was published in 1930 as \"Behind Mud Walls\".", "He later became a resident scholar at Cornell University where, with the assistance of the rural sociology department, he prepared \"The Hindu Jajmani System: A Socio-Economic System Interrelating Members of a Hindu Village Community in Services\" in 1936.", "In 1925, after six years of teaching at the Allahabad Agriculture College in India, they surveyed the farming community to better understand the agriculture conditions and life situations facing his students.", "The survey turned into a detailed study of Indian village life, that ultimately extended till 1930 leading to several books to be published, including his doctoral dissertation \"Social Institutions of a Hindu Village in North India\", that he submitted to Cornell University in 1933.", "During their second term, they worked at Mainpuri , Uttar Pradesh.", "They lived in a village Karimganj, which falls under Mainpuri district, to get to know the village people and village life.", "Most of his works reflects life in Karimpur between 1925 and 1930.", "Both he and his wife began serving rural societies, conducting surveys, and performing extensive studies of social, economical, and religious life of rural peasants.", "Their intensive research and experience led to pioneering work in Indian Anthropology and publishing of books, namely, \"Behind Mud Walls\" in collaboration with Charlotte Wiser, \"The Hindu Jajmani System\", and \"Social institutions of a Hindu village in North India\", and more.", "These books have become a standard text that is still taught in colleges and universities throughout United States, particularly in Iowa state.", "From 1945 to 1960, both Wisers were instrumental in the development of \"India Village Service\", a demonstration project for the improvement of village life.", "It later became India's Block Development Program at Marehra, Etah district, Uttar Pradesh.", "He also collected Indian folklore stories and songs.", "These stories and songs were translated from Hindi to English.", "He was a co-opted member of the Tambaram meeting of the International Missionary Council in 1938, and his research is quoted extensively in \"The Economic Basis of the Church\".", "He died in 1961 in Uniontown, Pennsylvania, having retired in 1959." ]

[ 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 ]

[ "He authored several books, notably, \" Behind Mud Walls\", \"The Hindu Jajmani System\", and many more." ]

[ "If the probability of an event A is P(A) = \"a\" = 0.7, and the probability of the event B is P(B) =", "\"b\" = 0.8, then the probability of the conjunction, i.e., the joint event A & B, is surely in the interval\nformula_11\nLikewise, the probability of the disjunction A ∨ B is surely in the interval\nformula_12\nThese intervals are contrasted with the results obtained from the rules of probability assuming independence, where the probability of the conjunction is P(A & B) = \"a\" × \"b\" = 0.7 × 0.8 = 0.56, and the probability of the disjunction is P(A ∨ B) = \"a\" + \"b\" − \"a\" × \"b\" = 0.94.", "When the marginal probabilities are very small (or large), the \nFréchet intervals are strongly asymmetric about the analogous results under independence.", "For example, suppose P(A) = 0.000002 = 2×10−6 and P(B) =", "0.000003 = 3×10−6.", "Then the Fréchet inequalities say P(A & B) is in the interval [0, 2×10−6], and P(A ∨ B) is in the interval [3×10−6, 5×10−6].", "If A and B are independent, however, the probability of A & B is 6×10−12 which is, comparatively, very close to the lower limit (zero) of the Fréchet interval.", "Similarly, the probability of A ∨ B is 4.999994×10−6, which is very close to the upper limit of the Fréchet interval.", "This is what justifies the rare-event approximation often used in reliability theory.", "The proofs are elementary.", "Recall that P(\"A\" ∨ \"B\") = P(\"A\") + P(\"B\") − P(\"A\" & \"B\"), which implies P(\"A\") + P(\"B\")", "− P(\"A\" ∨ \"B\") = P(\"A\" & \"B\").", "Because all probabilities are no bigger than 1, we know P(\"A\" ∨ \"B\") ≤ 1, which implies that P(\"A\") + P(\"B\") − 1 ≤ P(\"A\" & \"B\").", "Because all probabilities are also positive we can similarly say 0 ≤ P(\"A\" & \"B\"), so max(0, P(\"A\") + P(\"B\") − 1) ≤ P(\"A\" & \"B\").", "This gives the lower bound on the conjunction.", "To get the upper bound, recall that P(\"A\" & \"B\") = P(\"A\"|\"B\") P(\"B\") = P(\"B\"|\"A\") P(\"A\").", "Because P(\"A\"|\"B\") ≤ 1 and P(\"B\"|\"A\") ≤ 1, we know P(\"A\" & \"B\") ≤ P(\"A\") and P(\"A\" & \"B\") ≤ P(\"B\").", "Therefore, P(\"A\" & \"B\") ≤ min(P(\"A\"), P(\"B\")), which is the upper bound.", "The best-possible nature of these bounds follows from observing that they are realized by some dependency between the events A and B. Comparable bounds on the disjunction are similarly derived.", "When the input probabilities are themselves interval ranges, the Fréchet formulas still work as a probability bounds analysis.", "Hailperin considered the problem of evaluating probabilistic Boolean expressions involving many events in complex conjunctions and disjunctions.", "Some have suggested using the inequalities in various applications of artificial intelligence and have extended the rules to account for various assumptions about the dependence among the events.", "The inequalities can also be generalized to other logical operations, including even modus ponens.", "When the input probabilities are characterized by probability distributions, analogous operations that generalize logical and arithmetic convolutions without assumptions about the dependence between the inputs can be defined based on the related notion of Fréchet bounds.", "Similar bounds hold also in quantum mechanics in the case of separable quantum systems and that entangled states violate these bounds.", "Consider a composite quantum system.", "In particular, we focus on a composite quantum system \"AB\" made by two finite subsystems denoted as \"A\" and \"B\".", "Assume that we know the density matrix of the subsystem \"A\", i.e., formula_13 that is a trace-one positive definite matrix in formula_14 (the space of Hermitian matrices of dimension formula_15), and the density matrix of subsystem \"B\" denoted as formula_16 We can think of formula_13 and formula_18 as the \"marginals\" of the subsystems \"A\" and \"B\".", "From the knowledge of these marginals, we want to infer something about the \"joint\" formula_19 in formula_20 We restrict our attention to \"joint\" formula_19 that are separable.", "A density matrix on a composite system is separable if there exist formula_22 and formula_23 which are mixed states of the respective subsystems such that\nformula_24\nwhere\nformula_25\nOtherwise formula_19 is called an entangled state.", "For separable density matrices formula_27 in formula_28 the following Fréchet like bounds hold:\nformula_29\nThe inequalities are matrix inequalities, formula_30 denotes the tensor product and formula_31 the identity matrix of dimension formula_32.", "It is evident that structurally the above inequalities are analogues of the classical Fréchet bounds for the logical conjunction.", "It is also worth to notice that when the matrices formula_33 and formula_19 are restricted to be diagonal, we obtain the classical Fréchet bounds.", "The upper bound is known in Quantum Mechanics as reduction criterion for density matrices; it was first proven by and independently formulated by.", "The lower bound has been obtained in that provides a Bayesian interpretation of these bounds.", "We have observed when the matrices formula_33 and formula_19 are all diagonal, we obtain the classical Fréchet bounds.", "To show that, consider again the previous numerical example:\nformula_37\nthen we have:\nformula_38\nwhich means:\nformula_39\nIt is worth to point out that entangled states violate the above Fréchet bounds.", "Consider for instance the entangled density matrix (which is not separable):\nformula_40\nwhich has marginal\nformula_41\nEntangled states are not separable and it can easily be verified that\nformula_42\nsince the resulting matrices have one negative eigenvalue.", "Another example of violation of probabilistic bounds is provided by the famous Bell's inequality: entangled states exhibit a form of \"stochastic\" dependence stronger than the strongest classical dependence: and in fact they violate Fréchet like bounds." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ]

[ "If \"A\"\"i\" are logical propositions or events, the Fréchet inequalities are\nProbability of a logical conjunction (formula_1)\nformula_2\nProbability of a logical disjunction (formula_3)\nformula_4\nwhere P( ) denotes the probability of an event or proposition.", "In the case where there are only two events, say \"A\" and \"B\", the inequalities reduce to\nProbability of a logical conjunction (formula_1)\nformula_6\nProbability of a logical disjunction (formula_3)\nformula_8\nThe inequalities bound the probabilities of the two kinds of joint events given the probabilities of the individual events." ]

[ "The passenger station at Warren was located at the junction of South Street (U.S. Route 422 / State Route 169) and Main Avenue in the downtown of the city of Warren, Ohio.", "The depot, which ran alongside Main Avenue, was an Erie Railroad Type IV (types were determined in a 1918–1920 report to the Interstate Commerce Commission), with dimensions of wide, long, high.", "The station depot was built out of wood, similar to a nearby watchman's shanty.", "The station location was home to a Railway Express Agency building constructed just to the west of the passenger station.", "The freight station was constructed several blocks to the east, constructed out of full brick.", "The station boasted two passenger tracks, along with a gauntlet track, which served from mileposts 53.12 to 53.67 (which ran alongside the depot, with track miles from the station at Cleveland, Ohio, which served as the western terminus of the Cleveland and Mahoning Valley Railroad).", "The alignment that the Warren station was situated at was first started in July 1853, constructing the Franklin and Warren Railroad.", "This railroad changed names to the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad (A&GW) two months later.", "After connecting to the Cleveland and Mahoning Valley Railroad in 1856, the railroads soon became part of the same system.", "The new A&GW opened complete passenger service in 1864, after being connected to the rest of the New York, Lake Erie and Western Railroad.", "After becoming the New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio Railroad (NYPANO), the railroad soon changed hands again to the Erie Railroad, which took over in 1896, and after being bought out by the railroad.", "During this time, a new Type IV station depot was opened in Warren, twenty years after the inaugural service.", "In the early 1900s, a new brick freight station was constructed at Pine Street, further down the line.", "This was due to the growth of freight throughout Trumbull County, necessitating a new depot being constructed.", "In the 1950s, traffic within Warren was beginning to because more congested, and a study was conducted in 1951 by a professor at Kent State University in Kent, Ohio.", "The study concluded that were two types of problems in the city, geographic and mixture of different kinds of traffic.", "Warren suffered from factors of problematic locations for the commercial core, schools, churches, industries, along with various classes of people.", "However, a main problem stemmed from the lack of roadways.", "Warren boasted an insufficient number of alternate routes through the city.", "South Street (US 422 / OH 169) had considerable problems in terms of traffic due to the fact that between Main Avenue and Pine Avenue, the Erie Railroad ran down the center of the street.", "The north side of the street was for moving traffic, but the southern side was purely for parking.", "The trains running down the track was a hazard to the pedestrians and automobiles, but otherwise posed no serious threat.", "In 1947, South Street recorded 12.5% of the accidents within the city of Warren, and by 1948, this had been reduced by 24%.", "This was due to reduction of speed limits and a city campaign to slow down.", "The professor proposed nine solutions to solving the issues of congestion within the city of Warren.", "The first proposed rerouting trucks out of the city's downtown, however it was dismissed due to the fact that the time lost in bypassing would equal time lost in congestion.", "Other proposals included turning Warren's downtown into a maze of one-way streets, upgrading South Street with traffic-based green lights, police supervision, radio campaigns and razing a \"slum\" neighborhood for parking.", "Two options however, called for the widening of streets, including South Street, which would require the upgrade along the stretch that the railroad shares between Main and Pine.", "In the later months of 1965, widening of South Street through the center of Warren began.", "As a result, the Railway Express Agency building next to the depot was demolished for construction of a new right-of-way on the parking side of South Street.", "The new right-of-way would leave South Street just east of the current depot site, which required the demolition.", "The first rails were placed in December 1965, and by January 1966, the new two track-main had been installed and put into use.", "At that time, the old gauntlet track through Warren was being dismantled along South Street, which would be required to allow widening of South Street.", "It was at that point that the old station depot was closed by the Erie Lackawanna.", "The railroad did not put up proper signage for the change, deciding it was easier to scratch the notice of the station depot closing in the wood of the door.", "The freight depot located at the Pine Avenue crossing near South Street was renovated to allow a passenger depot area to be constructed within the building.", "The station depot back on South Street at Main Avenue was dismantled.", "During the later years of the Erie Railroad, Warren station had been served by twelve trains daily, including the \"Lake Cities\" which ran between Dearborn Station in Chicago and Hoboken Terminal in Hoboken, New Jersey, and local commuter runs from Youngstown to Cleveland Union Terminal on the Mahoning first-subdivision.", "In the late 1960s, the Erie Lackawanna was cutting several long distance trains from its schedule, including the \"Phoebe Snow\" in November 1966.", "By June 1969, the Erie Lackawanna had applied to the Interstate Commerce Commission to discontinue service of the \"Lake Cities\", citing that is not worth the money being expedited combined with the railroad's financial status.", "On December 25, 1969 (Christmas Day), the ICC approved it, and the Erie Lackawanna promised to keep it running through the holiday season, with the last trains to run on January 4, 1970 out of Hoboken Terminal.", "On the evening of January 4, 1970, the last \"Lake Cities\" left Hoboken Terminal, guided by locomotive No. 826, marking the final through passenger train passing through Warren.", "After the discontinuing of the \"Lake Cities\", the Erie Lackawanna maintained one passenger service west of the New York Division, and that was the commuter rail line from Youngstown to Cleveland.", "After Hurricane Agnes destroyed a lot of the right-of-way in 1972, and a Marion Yard in Marion, Ohio rebuild did not get the approved permits in 1975, the Erie Lackawanna agreed to merge with several other companies, including Penn Central to join a new government run railroad.", "On April 1, 1976, the merger went into effect and became the Consolidated Rail Corporation (Conrail).", "Conrail agreed to maintain the commuter line, but after six month test run by Conrail, the agency officially ended service from Cleveland Union Terminal to Youngstown, due to loss of money.", "On a snow-covered January 14, 1977, numerous passengers, including railfans, historians and people interested in seeing or riding the train.", "People crammed themselves into the three cars attached with Engine 4014, playing games, talking and having refreshments as Train 28 left the Union Terminal at 5:24.", "The train made stops along the line to Youngstown including East 55th Street, Lee Road, North Randall, Solon, Geauga Lake, Aurora, Mantua, Jeddoe, Garrettsville–Hiram, Warren, Niles and into Youngstown.", "At the end of the ride in Youngstown, the train stayed for twenty minutes while the train got photographed by the railfans of the Railroad Enthusiasts.", "After that, the train deadheaded into Brier Hill Yard for the passenger cars to be detached, while the locomotive, 4014, was converted for use to freight service." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]

[ "Warren station consisted of a one-platform structure at the junction of South Street (U.S. Route 422 / State Route 169) at Main Avenue in the center of town.", "The site also included a watchman's shanty along Main Avenue and a Railway Express Agency building to the west of the station depot.", "The station also boasted a gauntlet track, that ran from milepost 53.12 to 53.67 (track miles from Cleveland), which ran trains at a maximum of ." ]

[ "The passenger station at Warren was located at the junction of South Street (U.S. Route 422 / State Route 169) and Main Avenue in the downtown of the city of Warren, Ohio.", "The depot, which ran alongside Main Avenue, was an Erie Railroad Type IV (types were determined in a 1918–1920 report to the Interstate Commerce Commission), with dimensions of wide, long, high.", "The station depot was built out of wood, similar to a nearby watchman's shanty.", "The station location was home to a Railway Express Agency building constructed just to the west of the passenger station.", "The freight station was constructed several blocks to the east, constructed out of full brick.", "The station boasted two passenger tracks, along with a gauntlet track, which served from mileposts 53.12 to 53.67 (which ran alongside the depot, with track miles from the station at Cleveland, Ohio, which served as the western terminus of the Cleveland and Mahoning Valley Railroad).", "The alignment that the Warren station was situated at was first started in July 1853, constructing the Franklin and Warren Railroad.", "This railroad changed names to the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad (A&GW) two months later.", "After connecting to the Cleveland and Mahoning Valley Railroad in 1856, the railroads soon became part of the same system.", "The new A&GW opened complete passenger service in 1864, after being connected to the rest of the New York, Lake Erie and Western Railroad.", "After becoming the New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio Railroad (NYPANO), the railroad soon changed hands again to the Erie Railroad, which took over in 1896, and after being bought out by the railroad.", "During this time, a new Type IV station depot was opened in Warren, twenty years after the inaugural service.", "In the early 1900s, a new brick freight station was constructed at Pine Street, further down the line.", "This was due to the growth of freight throughout Trumbull County, necessitating a new depot being constructed.", "In the 1950s, traffic within Warren was beginning to because more congested, and a study was conducted in 1951 by a professor at Kent State University in Kent, Ohio.", "The study concluded that were two types of problems in the city, geographic and mixture of different kinds of traffic.", "Warren suffered from factors of problematic locations for the commercial core, schools, churches, industries, along with various classes of people.", "However, a main problem stemmed from the lack of roadways.", "Warren boasted an insufficient number of alternate routes through the city.", "South Street (US 422 / OH 169) had considerable problems in terms of traffic due to the fact that between Main Avenue and Pine Avenue, the Erie Railroad ran down the center of the street.", "The north side of the street was for moving traffic, but the southern side was purely for parking.", "The trains running down the track was a hazard to the pedestrians and automobiles, but otherwise posed no serious threat.", "In 1947, South Street recorded 12.5% of the accidents within the city of Warren, and by 1948, this had been reduced by 24%.", "This was due to reduction of speed limits and a city campaign to slow down.", "The professor proposed nine solutions to solving the issues of congestion within the city of Warren.", "The first proposed rerouting trucks out of the city's downtown, however it was dismissed due to the fact that the time lost in bypassing would equal time lost in congestion.", "Other proposals included turning Warren's downtown into a maze of one-way streets, upgrading South Street with traffic-based green lights, police supervision, radio campaigns and razing a \"slum\" neighborhood for parking.", "Two options however, called for the widening of streets, including South Street, which would require the upgrade along the stretch that the railroad shares between Main and Pine.", "In the later months of 1965, widening of South Street through the center of Warren began.", "As a result, the Railway Express Agency building next to the depot was demolished for construction of a new right-of-way on the parking side of South Street.", "The new right-of-way would leave South Street just east of the current depot site, which required the demolition.", "The first rails were placed in December 1965, and by January 1966, the new two track-main had been installed and put into use.", "At that time, the old gauntlet track through Warren was being dismantled along South Street, which would be required to allow widening of South Street.", "It was at that point that the old station depot was closed by the Erie Lackawanna.", "The railroad did not put up proper signage for the change, deciding it was easier to scratch the notice of the station depot closing in the wood of the door.", "The freight depot located at the Pine Avenue crossing near South Street was renovated to allow a passenger depot area to be constructed within the building.", "The station depot back on South Street at Main Avenue was dismantled.", "During the later years of the Erie Railroad, Warren station had been served by twelve trains daily, including the \"Lake Cities\" which ran between Dearborn Station in Chicago and Hoboken Terminal in Hoboken, New Jersey, and local commuter runs from Youngstown to Cleveland Union Terminal on the Mahoning first-subdivision.", "In the late 1960s, the Erie Lackawanna was cutting several long distance trains from its schedule, including the \"Phoebe Snow\" in November 1966.", "By June 1969, the Erie Lackawanna had applied to the Interstate Commerce Commission to discontinue service of the \"Lake Cities\", citing that is not worth the money being expedited combined with the railroad's financial status.", "On December 25, 1969 (Christmas Day), the ICC approved it, and the Erie Lackawanna promised to keep it running through the holiday season, with the last trains to run on January 4, 1970 out of Hoboken Terminal.", "On the evening of January 4, 1970, the last \"Lake Cities\" left Hoboken Terminal, guided by locomotive No. 826, marking the final through passenger train passing through Warren.", "After the discontinuing of the \"Lake Cities\", the Erie Lackawanna maintained one passenger service west of the New York Division, and that was the commuter rail line from Youngstown to Cleveland.", "After Hurricane Agnes destroyed a lot of the right-of-way in 1972, and a Marion Yard in Marion, Ohio rebuild did not get the approved permits in 1975, the Erie Lackawanna agreed to merge with several other companies, including Penn Central to join a new government run railroad.", "On April 1, 1976, the merger went into effect and became the Consolidated Rail Corporation (Conrail).", "Conrail agreed to maintain the commuter line, but after six month test run by Conrail, the agency officially ended service from Cleveland Union Terminal to Youngstown, due to loss of money.", "On a snow-covered January 14, 1977, numerous passengers, including railfans, historians and people interested in seeing or riding the train.", "People crammed themselves into the three cars attached with Engine 4014, playing games, talking and having refreshments as Train 28 left the Union Terminal at 5:24.", "The train made stops along the line to Youngstown including East 55th Street, Lee Road, North Randall, Solon, Geauga Lake, Aurora, Mantua, Jeddoe, Garrettsville–Hiram, Warren, Niles and into Youngstown.", "At the end of the ride in Youngstown, the train stayed for twenty minutes while the train got photographed by the railfans of the Railroad Enthusiasts.", "After that, the train deadheaded into Brier Hill Yard for the passenger cars to be detached, while the locomotive, 4014, was converted for use to freight service." ]

[ 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 ]

[ "Warren was a former station for the Erie Railroad on its main line (Mahoning Division) and on the Mahoning Division's first subdivision between Cleveland and Pymatuning station.", "Along the main line, the next station west towards Dearborn Station was Leavittsburg, while east towards Pavonia Terminal was Niles.", "The station was located from Pavonia Terminal and from Dearborn Station.", "However, during the 1950s, congestion on South Street began, due to the short, two-lane length of the roadway, along with the disruption of freight and passenger trains along the street.", "Of nine proposals studied, the eighth of which proposed widening South Street along the railroad side, was put into effect in 1965.", "The Railway Express Agency building was demolished, and new rails were installed on the opposite side of the station depot.", "By 1966, the new two-track main line was in place, and the gauntlet track was being torn up.", "The station depot, constructed in 1884, was closed and demolished by the Erie Lackawanna Railroad, while remaining passenger service was redirected to the freight depot on Pine Avenue, which was reformatted into a combined passenger/freight station.", "Passenger service to Warren on the main line was terminated on January 4, 1970, with the final passing of the \"Lake Cities\", while service on the subdivision was terminated on January 14, 1977, by the Consolidated Rail Corporation (Conrail)." ]

[ "The passenger station at Warren was located at the junction of South Street (U.S. Route 422 / State Route 169) and Main Avenue in the downtown of the city of Warren, Ohio.", "The depot, which ran alongside Main Avenue, was an Erie Railroad Type IV (types were determined in a 1918–1920 report to the Interstate Commerce Commission), with dimensions of wide, long, high.", "The station depot was built out of wood, similar to a nearby watchman's shanty.", "The station location was home to a Railway Express Agency building constructed just to the west of the passenger station.", "The freight station was constructed several blocks to the east, constructed out of full brick.", "The station boasted two passenger tracks, along with a gauntlet track, which served from mileposts 53.12 to 53.67 (which ran alongside the depot, with track miles from the station at Cleveland, Ohio, which served as the western terminus of the Cleveland and Mahoning Valley Railroad).", "The alignment that the Warren station was situated at was first started in July 1853, constructing the Franklin and Warren Railroad.", "This railroad changed names to the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad (A&GW) two months later.", "After connecting to the Cleveland and Mahoning Valley Railroad in 1856, the railroads soon became part of the same system.", "The new A&GW opened complete passenger service in 1864, after being connected to the rest of the New York, Lake Erie and Western Railroad.", "After becoming the New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio Railroad (NYPANO), the railroad soon changed hands again to the Erie Railroad, which took over in 1896, and after being bought out by the railroad.", "During this time, a new Type IV station depot was opened in Warren, twenty years after the inaugural service.", "In the early 1900s, a new brick freight station was constructed at Pine Street, further down the line.", "This was due to the growth of freight throughout Trumbull County, necessitating a new depot being constructed.", "In the 1950s, traffic within Warren was beginning to because more congested, and a study was conducted in 1951 by a professor at Kent State University in Kent, Ohio.", "The study concluded that were two types of problems in the city, geographic and mixture of different kinds of traffic.", "Warren suffered from factors of problematic locations for the commercial core, schools, churches, industries, along with various classes of people.", "However, a main problem stemmed from the lack of roadways.", "Warren boasted an insufficient number of alternate routes through the city.", "South Street (US 422 / OH 169) had considerable problems in terms of traffic due to the fact that between Main Avenue and Pine Avenue, the Erie Railroad ran down the center of the street.", "The north side of the street was for moving traffic, but the southern side was purely for parking.", "The trains running down the track was a hazard to the pedestrians and automobiles, but otherwise posed no serious threat.", "In 1947, South Street recorded 12.5% of the accidents within the city of Warren, and by 1948, this had been reduced by 24%.", "This was due to reduction of speed limits and a city campaign to slow down.", "The professor proposed nine solutions to solving the issues of congestion within the city of Warren.", "The first proposed rerouting trucks out of the city's downtown, however it was dismissed due to the fact that the time lost in bypassing would equal time lost in congestion.", "Other proposals included turning Warren's downtown into a maze of one-way streets, upgrading South Street with traffic-based green lights, police supervision, radio campaigns and razing a \"slum\" neighborhood for parking.", "Two options however, called for the widening of streets, including South Street, which would require the upgrade along the stretch that the railroad shares between Main and Pine.", "In the later months of 1965, widening of South Street through the center of Warren began.", "As a result, the Railway Express Agency building next to the depot was demolished for construction of a new right-of-way on the parking side of South Street.", "The new right-of-way would leave South Street just east of the current depot site, which required the demolition.", "The first rails were placed in December 1965, and by January 1966, the new two track-main had been installed and put into use.", "At that time, the old gauntlet track through Warren was being dismantled along South Street, which would be required to allow widening of South Street.", "It was at that point that the old station depot was closed by the Erie Lackawanna.", "The railroad did not put up proper signage for the change, deciding it was easier to scratch the notice of the station depot closing in the wood of the door.", "The freight depot located at the Pine Avenue crossing near South Street was renovated to allow a passenger depot area to be constructed within the building.", "The station depot back on South Street at Main Avenue was dismantled.", "During the later years of the Erie Railroad, Warren station had been served by twelve trains daily, including the \"Lake Cities\" which ran between Dearborn Station in Chicago and Hoboken Terminal in Hoboken, New Jersey, and local commuter runs from Youngstown to Cleveland Union Terminal on the Mahoning first-subdivision.", "In the late 1960s, the Erie Lackawanna was cutting several long distance trains from its schedule, including the \"Phoebe Snow\" in November 1966.", "By June 1969, the Erie Lackawanna had applied to the Interstate Commerce Commission to discontinue service of the \"Lake Cities\", citing that is not worth the money being expedited combined with the railroad's financial status.", "On December 25, 1969 (Christmas Day), the ICC approved it, and the Erie Lackawanna promised to keep it running through the holiday season, with the last trains to run on January 4, 1970 out of Hoboken Terminal.", "On the evening of January 4, 1970, the last \"Lake Cities\" left Hoboken Terminal, guided by locomotive No. 826, marking the final through passenger train passing through Warren.", "After the discontinuing of the \"Lake Cities\", the Erie Lackawanna maintained one passenger service west of the New York Division, and that was the commuter rail line from Youngstown to Cleveland.", "After Hurricane Agnes destroyed a lot of the right-of-way in 1972, and a Marion Yard in Marion, Ohio rebuild did not get the approved permits in 1975, the Erie Lackawanna agreed to merge with several other companies, including Penn Central to join a new government run railroad.", "On April 1, 1976, the merger went into effect and became the Consolidated Rail Corporation (Conrail).", "Conrail agreed to maintain the commuter line, but after six month test run by Conrail, the agency officially ended service from Cleveland Union Terminal to Youngstown, due to loss of money.", "On a snow-covered January 14, 1977, numerous passengers, including railfans, historians and people interested in seeing or riding the train.", "People crammed themselves into the three cars attached with Engine 4014, playing games, talking and having refreshments as Train 28 left the Union Terminal at 5:24.", "The train made stops along the line to Youngstown including East 55th Street, Lee Road, North Randall, Solon, Geauga Lake, Aurora, Mantua, Jeddoe, Garrettsville–Hiram, Warren, Niles and into Youngstown.", "At the end of the ride in Youngstown, the train stayed for twenty minutes while the train got photographed by the railfans of the Railroad Enthusiasts.", "After that, the train deadheaded into Brier Hill Yard for the passenger cars to be detached, while the locomotive, 4014, was converted for use to freight service." ]

[ 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 ]

[ "However, during the 1950s, congestion on South Street began, due to the short, two-lane length of the roadway, along with the disruption of freight and passenger trains along the street.", "Of nine proposals studied, the eighth of which proposed widening South Street along the railroad side, was put into effect in 1965.", "The Railway Express Agency building was demolished, and new rails were installed on the opposite side of the station depot.", "By 1966, the new two-track main line was in place, and the gauntlet track was being torn up.", "The station depot, constructed in 1884, was closed and demolished by the Erie Lackawanna Railroad, while remaining passenger service was redirected to the freight depot on Pine Avenue, which was reformatted into a combined passenger/freight station." ]

[ "The passenger station at Warren was located at the junction of South Street (U.S. Route 422 / State Route 169) and Main Avenue in the downtown of the city of Warren, Ohio.", "The depot, which ran alongside Main Avenue, was an Erie Railroad Type IV (types were determined in a 1918–1920 report to the Interstate Commerce Commission), with dimensions of wide, long, high.", "The station depot was built out of wood, similar to a nearby watchman's shanty.", "The station location was home to a Railway Express Agency building constructed just to the west of the passenger station.", "The freight station was constructed several blocks to the east, constructed out of full brick.", "The station boasted two passenger tracks, along with a gauntlet track, which served from mileposts 53.12 to 53.67 (which ran alongside the depot, with track miles from the station at Cleveland, Ohio, which served as the western terminus of the Cleveland and Mahoning Valley Railroad).", "The alignment that the Warren station was situated at was first started in July 1853, constructing the Franklin and Warren Railroad.", "This railroad changed names to the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad (A&GW) two months later.", "After connecting to the Cleveland and Mahoning Valley Railroad in 1856, the railroads soon became part of the same system.", "The new A&GW opened complete passenger service in 1864, after being connected to the rest of the New York, Lake Erie and Western Railroad.", "After becoming the New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio Railroad (NYPANO), the railroad soon changed hands again to the Erie Railroad, which took over in 1896, and after being bought out by the railroad.", "During this time, a new Type IV station depot was opened in Warren, twenty years after the inaugural service.", "In the early 1900s, a new brick freight station was constructed at Pine Street, further down the line.", "This was due to the growth of freight throughout Trumbull County, necessitating a new depot being constructed.", "In the 1950s, traffic within Warren was beginning to because more congested, and a study was conducted in 1951 by a professor at Kent State University in Kent, Ohio.", "The study concluded that were two types of problems in the city, geographic and mixture of different kinds of traffic.", "Warren suffered from factors of problematic locations for the commercial core, schools, churches, industries, along with various classes of people.", "However, a main problem stemmed from the lack of roadways.", "Warren boasted an insufficient number of alternate routes through the city.", "South Street (US 422 / OH 169) had considerable problems in terms of traffic due to the fact that between Main Avenue and Pine Avenue, the Erie Railroad ran down the center of the street.", "The north side of the street was for moving traffic, but the southern side was purely for parking.", "The trains running down the track was a hazard to the pedestrians and automobiles, but otherwise posed no serious threat.", "In 1947, South Street recorded 12.5% of the accidents within the city of Warren, and by 1948, this had been reduced by 24%.", "This was due to reduction of speed limits and a city campaign to slow down.", "The professor proposed nine solutions to solving the issues of congestion within the city of Warren.", "The first proposed rerouting trucks out of the city's downtown, however it was dismissed due to the fact that the time lost in bypassing would equal time lost in congestion.", "Other proposals included turning Warren's downtown into a maze of one-way streets, upgrading South Street with traffic-based green lights, police supervision, radio campaigns and razing a \"slum\" neighborhood for parking.", "Two options however, called for the widening of streets, including South Street, which would require the upgrade along the stretch that the railroad shares between Main and Pine.", "In the later months of 1965, widening of South Street through the center of Warren began.", "As a result, the Railway Express Agency building next to the depot was demolished for construction of a new right-of-way on the parking side of South Street.", "The new right-of-way would leave South Street just east of the current depot site, which required the demolition.", "The first rails were placed in December 1965, and by January 1966, the new two track-main had been installed and put into use.", "At that time, the old gauntlet track through Warren was being dismantled along South Street, which would be required to allow widening of South Street.", "It was at that point that the old station depot was closed by the Erie Lackawanna.", "The railroad did not put up proper signage for the change, deciding it was easier to scratch the notice of the station depot closing in the wood of the door.", "The freight depot located at the Pine Avenue crossing near South Street was renovated to allow a passenger depot area to be constructed within the building.", "The station depot back on South Street at Main Avenue was dismantled.", "During the later years of the Erie Railroad, Warren station had been served by twelve trains daily, including the \"Lake Cities\" which ran between Dearborn Station in Chicago and Hoboken Terminal in Hoboken, New Jersey, and local commuter runs from Youngstown to Cleveland Union Terminal on the Mahoning first-subdivision.", "In the late 1960s, the Erie Lackawanna was cutting several long distance trains from its schedule, including the \"Phoebe Snow\" in November 1966.", "By June 1969, the Erie Lackawanna had applied to the Interstate Commerce Commission to discontinue service of the \"Lake Cities\", citing that is not worth the money being expedited combined with the railroad's financial status.", "On December 25, 1969 (Christmas Day), the ICC approved it, and the Erie Lackawanna promised to keep it running through the holiday season, with the last trains to run on January 4, 1970 out of Hoboken Terminal.", "On the evening of January 4, 1970, the last \"Lake Cities\" left Hoboken Terminal, guided by locomotive No. 826, marking the final through passenger train passing through Warren.", "After the discontinuing of the \"Lake Cities\", the Erie Lackawanna maintained one passenger service west of the New York Division, and that was the commuter rail line from Youngstown to Cleveland.", "After Hurricane Agnes destroyed a lot of the right-of-way in 1972, and a Marion Yard in Marion, Ohio rebuild did not get the approved permits in 1975, the Erie Lackawanna agreed to merge with several other companies, including Penn Central to join a new government run railroad.", "On April 1, 1976, the merger went into effect and became the Consolidated Rail Corporation (Conrail).", "Conrail agreed to maintain the commuter line, but after six month test run by Conrail, the agency officially ended service from Cleveland Union Terminal to Youngstown, due to loss of money.", "On a snow-covered January 14, 1977, numerous passengers, including railfans, historians and people interested in seeing or riding the train.", "People crammed themselves into the three cars attached with Engine 4014, playing games, talking and having refreshments as Train 28 left the Union Terminal at 5:24.", "The train made stops along the line to Youngstown including East 55th Street, Lee Road, North Randall, Solon, Geauga Lake, Aurora, Mantua, Jeddoe, Garrettsville–Hiram, Warren, Niles and into Youngstown.", "At the end of the ride in Youngstown, the train stayed for twenty minutes while the train got photographed by the railfans of the Railroad Enthusiasts.", "After that, the train deadheaded into Brier Hill Yard for the passenger cars to be detached, while the locomotive, 4014, was converted for use to freight service." ]

[ 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 ]

[ "Warren was a former station for the Erie Railroad on its main line (Mahoning Division) and on the Mahoning Division's first subdivision between Cleveland and Pymatuning station.", "Along the main line, the next station west towards Dearborn Station was Leavittsburg, while east towards Pavonia Terminal was Niles.", "The station was located from Pavonia Terminal and from Dearborn Station.", "Passenger service to Warren on the main line was terminated on January 4, 1970, with the final passing of the \"Lake Cities\", while service on the subdivision was terminated on January 14, 1977, by the Consolidated Rail Corporation (Conrail)." ]

[ "Prior her election as a member of the London Assembly, Twycross worked for Diabetes UK, as Head of Governance having previously worked as the charity's Head of Campaigns and Volunteer Development.", "She has also worked for the Labour Party as Regional Director in Yorkshire and the Humber and the North East, and was Agent for the Sedgefield by-election in which Phil Wilson MP replaced Tony Blair after his resignation from parliament.", "Twycross was placed third on Labour's Assembly list for the 2012 London Assembly election and was elected as a Londonwide Assembly Member in May 2012.", "She was re-elected as a Londonwide member in 2016.", "Twycross most recently sat on the Assembly's Education Panel, and the Economy Committee.", "Twycross was a member of the London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority (LFEPA) from 2012 until its abolition in 2018.", "She served as Labour Group Leader on the Authority from July 2013, and as Chair from 2016 until LFEPA's 2018 abolition and her appointment as Sadiq Khan's Deputy Mayor for Fire and Resilience.", "In February 2019, Twycross announced that she did not intend to seek re-election to the Assembly at the 2020 London Assembly election in order to concentrate on her Deputy Mayoral role.", "Following the extension of the Assembly's term to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Twycross resigned as a member of the Assembly and was replaced by the next member on Labour's 2016 Londonwide list by former Assembly Member Murad Qureshi.", "As well as the Labour Party, Twycross is also a member of the Co-operative Party, the Fabian Society and the Socialist Health Association.", "Twycross has led a number of campaigns since being elected to the Assembly, notably leading a London Assembly investigation into the rise in food poverty in London which called for London to be a Zero Hunger City.", "Boris Johnson subsequently adopted the goal as part of his 2020 vision making London one of just two cities worldwide to sign up to the UN's Zero Hunger Challenge.", "Twycross has led the Labour 999SOS campaign, fighting cuts to emergency services since its launch in October 2012.", "In her former role as the London Assembly Labour Group's Economy spokesperson, Twycross challenged former Mayor of London Boris Johnson over low pay and poverty in London and over the use of zero hours contracts at City Hall.", "In September 2013, Twycross co-founded the Labour Campaign for Universal Free School Meals with the GMB Union and Richard Watts, Leader of Islington Council.", "In November 2018, London joined the 100 Resilient Cities project and Twycross was appointed to the role of City Hall's Chief Resilience Officer by Sadiq Khan." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ]

[ "She has lived and worked in the East Midlands, Yorkshire and the Humber and the North East." ]

[ "Marsaxlokk were relegated to the First Division after finishing in last place of the relegation pool last season.", "This ended a three-year stay in the Premier League for them.", "Promoted to the top flight were Rabat Ajax, who returned to the Premier League after an eleven-season absence, and Melita, who became the first amateur club to reach the Premier League as well as being the only amateur club in the world taking part in the top tier of a professional league.", "Only a few stadia have the infrastructure needed to host Premier League matches.", "These are Ta' Qali National Stadium and Centenary Stadium at Ta' Qali, Victor Tedesco Stadium at Ħamrun and Hibernians Ground at Paola.", "Additional to that, each team has been assigned to a dedicated training ground.", "On a few occasions, Hibernians and Hamrun Spartans play at their home ground, but otherwise all games are played on neutral ground, rendering \"home\" and \"away\" games purely symbolic.", "Birkirkara and Hibernians finished the season level on points.", "A play-off decided the title." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ]

[ "The 2012–13 Maltese Premier League was the 98th season of the Maltese Premier League, the top-tier football league in Malta.", "The Premier League consisted of two rounds.", "In the First Round, every team played each opponent twice, once \"home\" and once \"away\" (in actuality, the designation of home and away were purely arbitrary as most of the clubs did not have their own grounds), for a total of 22 games.", "The league was then split into two pools." ]

[ "Copley studied at Bishop Wordsworth's School in Salisbury, before going on to study Politics at the University of Nottingham.", "Copley is gay.", "Prior to his election as a London Assembly Member, Copley worked for Searchlight, the anti-racist and anti-fascist organisation.", "He has also worked as the local organiser and agent for the Labour Party in Camden and on Ken Livingstone's successful campaign to be selected as Labour's candidate for the 2012 London mayoral election.", "Copley was Chair of London Young Labour from 2008 to 2009 and sat as London representative on the Young Labour National Committee from 2008 to 2011.", "In 2010, he stood for election to Camden Council in the Haverstock ward.", "He was placed fourth on Labour's assembly list for the 2012 London Assembly election and was elected as a London-wide assembly member in May 2012 after Labour received 41.1% of the vote.", "He remains the youngest person ever to be elected to the London Assembly.", "He was re-elected as a Londonwide member in 2016 as the second-placed candidate on Labour's Londonwide list.", "Copley was reselected as one of Labour's Londonwide list candidates for the 2020 London Assembly election, though he was appointed to his Deputy Mayoral role and thus dropped out of the race before the order of candidates was determined.", "Following his appointment as Deputy Mayor for Housing and Residential Development, Copley resigned as a member of the Assembly and was replaced by the fifth member on Labour's 2016 Londonwide list, Alison Moore.", "Copley most recently served as Chair of the Assembly's Housing Committee, and also sat on the Transport, Confirmation Hearings, GLA Oversight and Planning committees.", "He has been strongly critical of the failed Garden Bridge project, campaigned for greater transparency on the issue and served as Chair of the Assembly's Garden Bridge Working Group.", "Following his election to the London Assembly, he was made a patron of LGBT Labour.", "He is on the boards of the New Diorama Theatre in Camden and the humanist charity Humanists UK, formerly the British Humanist Association.", "As well as the Labour party, Copley is also a member of the Co-operative party, the Fabian Society, and both Unite the Union and the GMB.", "He is a republican and a member of Republic, the campaign for an elected head of state.", "Copley repeatedly challenged previous Mayor of London Boris Johnson over housing issues in London.", "He has called for the introduction of a German model of rent regulation to be introduced to regulate rents in the private rented sector.", "In January 2013 he called for an investigation into allegations of blacklisting on the Crossrail project, claiming the practice was \"almost endemic\" in the construction industry.", "In July 2013 Copley undertook a rapporteurship into the challenges facing small theatres in London.", "This resulted in the \"Centre Stage\" report.", "In 2016, he led a successful motion for the London Assembly to oppose the Prime Minister's plans to reinstate 100% religiously selective schools, citing evidence that this would harm London's community cohesion and discriminate against poorer families.", "Copley has campaigned extensively on housing issues including homelessness, and the Right to Buy policy, on which he has produced two reports.", "The first of these, 'From Right to Buy to Buy to Let', highlighted the large proportion of London council homes sold under the right to buy which end up in the private rented sector and called for sweeping reforms of the scheme.", "The 2019 follow up report, 'Right to Buy: Wrong for London', focused on the money being spent by London Boroughs renting back their former properties and calledfor the scheme to be abolished entirely in London.", "In May 2019, he released a report – 'Slums of the Future: Permitted Development conversions in London' on the impact of the extension of permitted development rights whereby developers are able to convert office space to homes without planning oversight.", "In this report Copley highlighted the poor quality and affordability of these homes and called for an end to Permitted Development rights for any conversions to residential homes." ]

[ 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 ]

[ "Tom Copley (born 11 May 1985) is a British Labour Party and Co-operative Party politician, serving as the Deputy Mayor of London for Housing and Residential Development.", "He served as a London wide member of the London Assembly from 2012 to 2020 and is a former councillor on Lewisham Council." ]

[ "Marcos, an important businessman working in Madrid, is wealthy, ambitious and has political aspirations.", "On top of it, he has a beautiful wife, Diana.", "Their married life, however, is marred by the fact that the couple has no children after years of trying.", "At the last minute Diana backs down from adopting a Vietnamese orphan.", "She is determined to have a biological child.", "However, Marcos is sterile and has kept this a secret from his wife.", "When he tells her the truth, Diana reveals that she already knew it having recently consulted a gynecologist who told her that she can conceive.", "Unfulfilled in her desire to have a child, Diana begins to pay attention to Juan, an attractive gas station attendant.", "Juan is a working class man who has been saving money to move to a comfortable apartment with his girlfriend, Charo.", "They are a month away from getting married.", "Diana's car has an oil leak and Juan helps her with this mechanical problem.", "A strong sexual attraction grows between them.", "Eduardo, one of Marco's wealthy friends, has always lust after the beautiful Diana, who has discourage his attentions.", "When Marcos travels on a business trip abroad, Eduardo invites Diana to go to a night club, where they coincide with Juan and his girlfriend Charo.", "That night Diana has an erotic dream about Juan.", "The next day, Diana visits Juan at the gas station where he works and they begin to go out.", "They soon embark on a passionate sexual affair.", "Juan opens up to Diana and tells her about his life, but she keeps hers a mystery from him.", "Differences of experiences and social class quickly become apparent between the lovers.", "Marcos takes some time off from work and makes a trip with Diana to ski on the mountain.", "Diana cannot keep Juan out of her mind.", "Charo works as a secretary in a travel agency, her boss Baena lust after her, but she puts him in place.", "As his relationship with Diana becomes evident, Juan is teased by Sebas, his young coworker.", "When Diana comes back from her trip to the mountains, she calls Juan again.", "They are reunited in the hotel room.", "By then, Juan is deeply in love and would like to have a more committed relationship with Diana, but she remains aloof.", "Baena, coincides with his mistress in the same hotel that Diana and Juan use for their clandestine encounters.", "He tells Charo that her boyfriend is having an affair.", "Juan and Charo have a confrontation as a result and he breaks their engagement.", "Diana finds out that she is pregnant.", "She is very happy of having her long-held desire fulfilled.", "She comes clean with Juan telling him that she is in fact married and that she is carrying his baby, but breaks their relationship.", "Diana was not really in love with him, but used him to conceive the child that she wanted.", "Juan is heartbroken and angry.", "Diana confesses the truth to her bewildered husband.", "Marcos is worried about a scandal and he does not want to lose his wife.", "He coldly accepts the situation and arranges\nan encounter with his wife and her former lover.", "He offers money to Juan in exchange for his silence.", "Angry with them, Juan refuses and the two men end up in a fist fight.", "When things seem to have settled in her favor, Diana suffers a miscarriage.", "Meanwhile, Juan comes back with Charo.", "She is still very much in love with him and forgives his infidelity.", "The couple rekindle their wedding plans.", "Men sent by Marcos give Juan a good beating to make clear to him that he has to forget the past.", "Diana, coming out from her depression, set her eyes on a new man, a young athlete who has just won a swimming contest.", "Marcos observes in agreement from the distance.", "The scrip was written by Eloy de la Iglesia and Rafael Sánchez Campoy based on a story written by novelist, poet and screenwriter Sánchez Campoy.", "Simón Andreu, who was Eloy de la Iglesia's favorite actor in this period of his career and starred in many of his films, has the role of the wealthy husband.", "The leads are played by Amparo Muñoz and Patxi Andión.", "Muñoz was very famous at that time having been Miss Spain and Miss Universe.", "Andión, a singer and actor, was also in charge of the music, singing the opening and closing songs of the film.", "Patxi Andión and Amparo Muñoz met while making this film and became a real life couple.", "They got married in 1976 and divorced two years later.", "The film was shot in Madrid and Navacerrada.", "It was successful at the box office.", "\"La otra alcoba\" is a typical film of the period known is Spain as el destape." ]

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[ "The plot follows the beautiful wife of a prosperous business man who starts an affair with a man of a humble background in order to have the child that she cannot have with her sterile husband." ]

[ "Marcos, an important businessman working in Madrid, is wealthy, ambitious and has political aspirations.", "On top of it, he has a beautiful wife, Diana.", "Their married life, however, is marred by the fact that the couple has no children after years of trying.", "At the last minute Diana backs down from adopting a Vietnamese orphan.", "She is determined to have a biological child.", "However, Marcos is sterile and has kept this a secret from his wife.", "When he tells her the truth, Diana reveals that she already knew it having recently consulted a gynecologist who told her that she can conceive.", "Unfulfilled in her desire to have a child, Diana begins to pay attention to Juan, an attractive gas station attendant.", "Juan is a working class man who has been saving money to move to a comfortable apartment with his girlfriend, Charo.", "They are a month away from getting married.", "Diana's car has an oil leak and Juan helps her with this mechanical problem.", "A strong sexual attraction grows between them.", "Eduardo, one of Marco's wealthy friends, has always lust after the beautiful Diana, who has discourage his attentions.", "When Marcos travels on a business trip abroad, Eduardo invites Diana to go to a night club, where they coincide with Juan and his girlfriend Charo.", "That night Diana has an erotic dream about Juan.", "The next day, Diana visits Juan at the gas station where he works and they begin to go out.", "They soon embark on a passionate sexual affair.", "Juan opens up to Diana and tells her about his life, but she keeps hers a mystery from him.", "Differences of experiences and social class quickly become apparent between the lovers.", "Marcos takes some time off from work and makes a trip with Diana to ski on the mountain.", "Diana cannot keep Juan out of her mind.", "Charo works as a secretary in a travel agency, her boss Baena lust after her, but she puts him in place.", "As his relationship with Diana becomes evident, Juan is teased by Sebas, his young coworker.", "When Diana comes back from her trip to the mountains, she calls Juan again.", "They are reunited in the hotel room.", "By then, Juan is deeply in love and would like to have a more committed relationship with Diana, but she remains aloof.", "Baena, coincides with his mistress in the same hotel that Diana and Juan use for their clandestine encounters.", "He tells Charo that her boyfriend is having an affair.", "Juan and Charo have a confrontation as a result and he breaks their engagement.", "Diana finds out that she is pregnant.", "She is very happy of having her long-held desire fulfilled.", "She comes clean with Juan telling him that she is in fact married and that she is carrying his baby, but breaks their relationship.", "Diana was not really in love with him, but used him to conceive the child that she wanted.", "Juan is heartbroken and angry.", "Diana confesses the truth to her bewildered husband.", "Marcos is worried about a scandal and he does not want to lose his wife.", "He coldly accepts the situation and arranges\nan encounter with his wife and her former lover.", "He offers money to Juan in exchange for his silence.", "Angry with them, Juan refuses and the two men end up in a fist fight.", "When things seem to have settled in her favor, Diana suffers a miscarriage.", "Meanwhile, Juan comes back with Charo.", "She is still very much in love with him and forgives his infidelity.", "The couple rekindle their wedding plans.", "Men sent by Marcos give Juan a good beating to make clear to him that he has to forget the past.", "Diana, coming out from her depression, set her eyes on a new man, a young athlete who has just won a swimming contest.", "Marcos observes in agreement from the distance.", "The scrip was written by Eloy de la Iglesia and Rafael Sánchez Campoy based on a story written by novelist, poet and screenwriter Sánchez Campoy.", "Simón Andreu, who was Eloy de la Iglesia's favorite actor in this period of his career and starred in many of his films, has the role of the wealthy husband.", "The leads are played by Amparo Muñoz and Patxi Andión.", "Muñoz was very famous at that time having been Miss Spain and Miss Universe.", "Andión, a singer and actor, was also in charge of the music, singing the opening and closing songs of the film.", "Patxi Andión and Amparo Muñoz met while making this film and became a real life couple.", "They got married in 1976 and divorced two years later.", "The film was shot in Madrid and Navacerrada.", "It was successful at the box office.", "\"La otra alcoba\" is a typical film of the period known is Spain as el destape." ]

[ 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55 ]

[ "La otra alcoba () is a 1976 Spanish film written and directed by Eloy de la Iglesia.", "It stars Patxi Andión, Amparo Muñoz and Simón Andreu.", "The film was shot in Madrid and Navacerrada." ]

[ "Kitadai was born in São Paulo, Brazil, and is a member of the athletic club Barueri in São Paulo and the club Sogipa.", "He is coached on the Brazil national team by Luis Shinohara and Mario Tsutsui.", "In 2009, Kitadai, who is Jewish, won a bronze medal in the 2009 Maccabiah Games in Tel Aviv, Israel, at U60, beating American Lindsey Durlacher along the way.", "In 2010, he came in second in the Pan American Judo Championships in San Salvador, and won the World Cup Rome, both at U60.", "In 2011, Kitadai won the Pan American Judo Championships in Guadalajara, the 5th International Military Sports Council (CISM) World Military Games Teams in Rio de Janeiro, and the Pan American Games in Guadalajara, all at U60.", "In 2012, he won the Pan American Judo Championships in Montreal at U60.\nOn July 28, 2012, his 23rd birthday, Kitadai won a bronze medal in the under 60 kg category at the London 2012 Olympic Games.", "He won by beating Davaadorjiin Tömörkhüleg and Eisa Majrashi before losing to Rishod Sobirov.", "Because Sobirov reached the semifinals, Kitadai was entered into the repechage.", "In the repechage, he beat Choi Gwang-Hyeon and then Elio Verde to win the bronze medal.", "He carried the medal everywhere.", "On July 30, he damaged the ribbon and dented the medal when he dropped it in the shower.", "The IOC issued him a new medal at the request of the Brazilian Olympic Committee.", "The medal reportedly contains only $4.71 worth of metal.", "In 2013, Kitadai won the Pan American Judo Championships in San Jose, and the World Military Championships in Astana, both at U60.", "He participated at the 2016 Olympics, beating Walide Khyar and Tobias Englmaier before losing to Orkhan Safarov.", "Because Safarov reached the semifinals, Kitadai was entered into the repechage where he lost to Diyorbek Urozboev in his first match." ]

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[ "Felipe Kitadai (born July 28, 1989) is a judoka from Brazil.", "He won a bronze medal at the 2012 Olympics and a gold at the 2011 Pan American Games.", "He also won gold medals six consecutive times in the Pan American Games Judo Championships: at 2011 Guadalaraja, 2012 Montreal, 2013 San José, 2014 Guayaquil, 2015 Edmonton and 2016 Havana." ]

[ "Mr and Mrs Dennis were joint tenants.", "He failed to comply with a bankruptcy notice, an act of bankruptcy.", "Then his wife died.", "Then he was declared bankrupt.", "There was no secured lending affecting their house (mortgage) to which the wife had assented.", "The question in law was whether the act of bankruptcy terminated (severed) the joint tenancy between the couple; if so then the husband's trustees would not receive automatically the wife's share, instead her Will would be free to allocate the property as she saw fit (or if she had died intestate, the Intestacy Rules would prevail).", "Held, under the Bankruptcy Act 1914, severance occurred at the date of the act of bankruptcy, so on her death the wife was a tenant in common with a half share and that passed to their children.", "Had a joint tenancy continued then the bankrupt's trustees would have acquired her share to consider in accordance with the bankruptcy rules." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]

[ "Re Dennis" ]

[ "He was the fifth and youngest son of John King, the bishop of London.", "He matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford in 1616, at age 13, and graduated B.A. in 1618.", "In 1623 he was M.A, and became Fellow of Exeter College.", "Having been public orator, he resigned his fellowship in 1629.", "King became rector of St Botolph, Billingsgate by 1636.", "At the outbreak of the First English Civil War his living was sequestered, and he went to Oxford.", "There he graduated D.D. in 1645.", "He spent much of his time at Langley, Buckinghamshire, where one of his sisters was married to Sir Richard Hobart.", "After the Restoration in 1660, he was made treasurer of the diocese of Chichester, and became a prebendary in St Paul's Cathedral.", "He was made archdeacon of Lewes on 11 October 1660, and held he post until his death on 4 March 1667, at Langley." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ]

[ "Philip King (1603–1667) was an English academic and churchman, Archdeacon of Lewes from 1660 until 1667." ]

[ "Mr Honick and Mrs Rawnsley were joint tenants, but Mr Honick occupied the property alone.", "They bought it thinking they would both live there.", "Mr Honick was thinking of marriage, but Mrs Rawnsley intended to live alone in the upstairs flat, as they found out after.", "Mrs Rawnsley did not move in and they agreed orally she would sell her share for £750.", "But then she changed her mind and wanted more.", "Later on, Mr Honick died.", "The house was sold and his administratrix, Mrs Burgess, wanted to establish severance to get half the sale proceeds which would be more than £750.", "Lord Denning MR held that there was a sufficient common intention for severance at £750.", "The subsequent repudiation made no difference.", "He remarked Walton J was wrong on s 36(2) in Nielson-Jones v Feddon, and that severance also occurred through a course of dealings.", "Browne LJ noted that simply because LPA 1925 section 40 is not fulfilled (now LPMPA 1989 section 2) did not mean an oral agreement would not bind because that section merely made it unenforceable, not void, in absence of writing.", "This was based on mutual agreement, not a course of dealings, but expressed no final opinion.", "Pennycuick LJ said that a course of dealings is a distinct head, not a subheading of mutual agreement.", "As the three judges found there was severance, at £750, this was the amount declared to be payable in law to the executrix of Rawnsley, less than the half of the sale proceeds she sought." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ]

[ "Burgess v Rawnsley [1975]" ]

[ "Eliot Crawshay-Williams was elected at the January 1910 general election as MP for Leicester, serving as parliamentary private secretary to David Lloyd George.", "He resigned from Parliament in 1913 following his being named as co-respondent in a divorce case brought by fellow Liberal Hubert Carr-Gomm the MP for Rotherhithe.", "This was a dual member seat where the Liberal party and the Labour party co-operated since 1906 by only putting up one candidate each against the Unionists.", "At the last election only one Unionist candidate stood.", "The sitting Labour MP was Ramsay MacDonald, who had been a leading figure in the party nationally and had been responsible for the Gladstone–MacDonald pact of national electoral co-operation between the Labour and Liberal parties.", "Ald.", "George Banton was adopted as the Independent Labour Party candidate but was forced to withdraw by the refusal of Ramsay MacDonald and the Independent Labour Party national leadership to endorse his candidacy.", "This vacancy caused much personal embarrassment to the Labour party Leader, Ramsay MacDonald.", "Almost all the current Labour MPs owed their seat in Parliament either to individuals winning the endorsement of the dominant local trade union or to co-operation with the local Liberals.", "Those who owed their seats to Liberal/Labour co-operation were mostly in dual member seats like Leicester, where one Liberal and one Labour candidate ran in harness.", "MacDonald had recently been outspoken about the prospect of Labour candidates standing against Liberals at the next election, but he had no intention of arranging for two Labour candidates to stand in any dual member seat as this was likely to result in Labour losing many of its existing MPs.", "The wish of MacDonald's own local Labour party to run a candidate at the by-election seriously undermined his strategy.", "Without an official Labour candidate running, the field was open for a Socialist to run.", "The Yorkshireman Edward Hartley stood as a candidate for the British Socialist Party (BSP).", "He had previously stood for the Social Democratic Federation (SDF) in Bradford East at the 1906 general election.", "He next stood for the SDF in the 1908 Newcastle by-election, then back in Bradford East in the January 1910 general election.", "The Liberal and Labour parties in Leicester had become used to fighting each other (and the Unionists) in local elections.", "By 1913, the balance on the Town Council was: Liberal 18, Unionist 16, Labour 14.", "Hartley sought support from the local branch of the Independent Labour Party with some success.", "Banton sent a telegram of support to Hartley.", "In addition the Chairman and Vice-Chairman of the local branch of the Independent Labour Party supported Hartley.", "A General Election was due to take place by the end of 1915.", "By the summer of 1914, the following candidates had been adopted to contest that election.", "Due to the outbreak of war, the election never took place.", "Boundary changes replaced the dual member seat of Leicester with three single member seats for the 1918 general election.", "The Liberal by-election victor Gordon Hewart was elected for Leicester East, defeating Labour's George Banton who had not been allowed to contest the by-election.", "A Unionist beat a Labour candidate in Leicester South.", "Ramsay Macdonald was defeated in Leicester West by a Unionist standing under a National Democratic and Labour Party label.", "As for the defeated by-election candidates, the Unionist Wilshere did not stand again and the Socialist Hartley joined the pro-war British Workers League the fore-runner to the National Democratic and Labour Party, whose candidate defeated Macdonald in 1918." ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "The Leicester by-election was a Parliamentary by-election." ]

[ "Domenico and Carmine Citro went bankrupt and he had a solvent ex-wife.", "The remaining assets were a half share in their two family homes — Domenico had separated from his ex-wife and had his own house, co-owned with his new wife with three children, youngest 12 years old in Dryfield Road, Burnt Oak, Edgware of mid-to-high price in outer north-west London, being typical of private housing in London Borough of Barnet.", "Carmine continued to live with three children, youngest 10 at Bell Lane, Hendon, a similar value house in the same Borough.", "The debts owed exceeded the value of the bankrupts' interests (equity) in the homes.", "The trustees in bankruptcy applied for declarations and for orders for sale under the Law of Property Act 1925, section 30 (now replaced by the Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996, section 14).", "Hoffmann J made orders for possession and sale but considering the circumstances of the two (successive) wives and their children, and because a half share left for the wives would not be enough to buy accommodation in his view reasonably nearby, and his assessment of finding equally good education in the area, he ordered the sales be postponed until each of the youngest children became 16.", "Nourse LJ allowed the lenders’ appeal, whose interests would usually prevail.", "Financial hardship is not an exceptional circumstance.", "‘Exceptional’ means beyond the normal ‘melancholy consequences’ of bankruptcy so hardship, eviction, relocation do not qualify as exceptional circumstances.", "The circumstances must be special, not just unusual.", "Bingham LJ concurred, regretfully, because he said prior cases pointed this way and it was important to avoid arbitrariness.", "Still, he said submissions on a moratorium were to be invited.", "Waller LJ dissented." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ]

[ "Re Citro [1991]" ]

[ "In April 1896, the Chilean government ordered an armoured cruiser, to be called \"OHiggins\", from Armstrong, Whitworth & Co to the design of Sir Philip Watts at a cost of £700,000.", "The ship was laid down at Armstrong's Elswick, Newcastle-on-Tyne shipyard on 4 April 1896, launched on 17 May 1897 and completed on 2 April 1898.", "\"OHiggins\" main armament consisted of four EOC 8 inch 40 caliber 40 calibre guns in single turrets, with two on the ship's centreline fore and aft and two port and starboard in line with the forward funnel.", "Ten QF 6 inch /40 naval gun 40 calibre guns were fitted, with six in casemates and the remaining four in single turrets.", "Four QF 4.7 inch Mk V naval gun guns, ten 12-pounder guns and ten 6-pounder guns completed \"OHiggins\"s gun armament.", "All guns were designed and built by Armstrongs.", "Three torpedo tubes were fitted, with two submerged tubes on the ship's beam and one above the waterline right aft.", "The main protection was a belt of armour along the side of the ship, long and deep, which was thick around the ship's machinery, reducing to fore and aft.", "An armoured deck protected the whole length and beam of the ship, with between and thick armour.", "The ship's hull was clad in copper and wood to reduce fouling.", "The ship was powered by two vertical triple-expansion steam engines, supplied by 30 Belleville water-tube boilers, driving two shafts.", "These engines generated and propelled the ship to .", "Up to of coal could be carried, giving a range of at .", "While \"OHiggins\" was nearing completion at Elswick in the winter of 1897, tensions were growing between Spain and the United States of America over the ongoing rebellion in Cuba.", "Rumours circulated that Spain was trying to strengthen its navy in case of war with the United States by purchasing warships from other countries.", "The rumoured targets for Spain included \"OHiggins\", the newly completed Chilean armoured cruiser and the protected cruiser also nearing completion for Chile at Elswicks.", "As the outbreak of the Spanish–American War became more likely, the United States also attempted to supplement its fleet by purchasing, amongst other ships, \"OHiggins\", but the negotiations did not result in the sale of the Chilean warship, and \"OHiggins\" arrived at Valparaiso on 25 July 1898.", "The ship hosted a meeting between the President of Chile, Federico Errázuriz Echaurren and the Argentine President Julio Argentino Roca at Punta Arenas on 15 February 1899, to normalise relations between the two countries.", "This meeting became known as the \"Embrace of the Straits\" (\"El Abrazo del Estrecho\").", "The ship was sent to Panama in 1903 as a result of the confrontation between the United States and Columbia that was ended by the separation of Panama from Colombia.", "In 1919, \"OHiggins\" was fitted with a floatplane that could be lowered to and from the sea for operations by crane.", "On 12 March 1920, \"OHiggins\" collided with the Chilean cargo ship SS \"Llai Llai\" at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; \"Llai Llai\" sank.", "An aircraft crashed into \"OHiggins\" on 24 August 1920, killing the pilot.", "The ship was refitted twice, in 1919–1920 and 1928–29.", "In 1931, \"OHiggins\" was involved in the large scale mutiny that swept the Chilean fleet, being seized by its crew on 1 September 1931.", "\"OHiggins\" was decommissioned in 1933 and scrapped in 1958." ]

[ 0, 1 ]

[ "OHiggins was a Chilean armoured cruiser.", "\"OHiggins\" was built by the British shipbuilder Armstrong to the design of Philip Watts, and served with the Chilean Navy between 1898 and 1933." ]

[ "Vlambeer was founded in 2010 by Rami Ismail and Jan Willem Nijman after both dropped out from a game design course at the Utrecht School of the Arts.", "According to Ismail, they had been developing a game outside of the school but when the school found out, the school demanded the rights to the game, which they refused, leading to their decision to drop out.", "Ismail and Nijman began by working together to develop a prototype, initially created by Nijman, called \"Crates from Hell\".", "It was released on 11 May 2010 as \"Super Crate Box\" and earned the studio recognition in the form of an Independent Games Festival finalist position in the Excellence in Design category.", "During the development of \"Super Crate Box\", Vlambeer developed \"Radical Fishing\".", "It was released in November 2010.", "\"Radical Fishing\" was the first of many games released by the studio under a \"Not Vlambeer\" label, which encompasses the studio's games that are developed for money or as an experiment.", "Vlambeer was approached by publisher Devolver Digital to develop a game in the \"Serious Sam\" franchise.", "The studio and Devolver Digital agreed to develop and publish a turn-based role-playing game.", "The result, \"Serious Sam: The Random Encounter\", was released on 24 October 2011.", "During the development of \"Serious Sam: The Random Encounter\", Vlambeer released many small games, most notably \"Luftrauser\".", "Vlambeer started development on an iOS version of \"Radical Fishing\" called \"Ridiculous Fishing\".", "Development was halted after a San Francisco–based studio released a clone of \"Radical Fishing\" on iOS.", "This generated discussion about the cloning of video games and led Vlambeer to be somewhat of an icon on the topic.", "The term \"Vlambeer'd\" was introduced by several media outlets.", "In November 2013, the browser game \"Vlambeer Clone Tycoon\" was launched to provide a satirical comment on the issue of Vlambeer's cloning ordeals.", "In February 2012, Vlambeer released \"Gun Godz\", a first-person shooter inspired by hip-hop, in collaboration with Brandon Boyer's Venus Patrol.", "\"Ridiculous Fishing\" was nominated for the 2012 Independent Games Festival \"Best Mobile\" award.", "At the conference where the award ceremony was held, Vlambeer released \"Yeti Hunter\".", "On 2 December 2012, Vlambeer announced a sequel to \"Luftrauser\" called \"Luftrausers\".", "On 19 December 2012, Vlambeer released the iOS version of \"Super Crate Box\".", "Its success prevented the studio from going out of business due to the financial ramifications of the decreased motivation caused by the cloning incident.", "On 14 March 2013, Vlambeer released \"Ridiculous Fishing\" on iOS, after resuming its development.", "In 2015, they experimented with live streaming their development process and had at one point over 12,000 paid subscriptions to their Twitch channel.", "On 5 December 2015, Vlambeer released \"Nuclear Throne\", a top-down shooter roguelike which had been in Steam's early access program since 2013.", "The game was released for Microsoft Windows, OS X, Linux, PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita, receiving positive reviews from users.", "On 8 August 2016, Vlambeer announced \"120 Years Of Vlambeer And Friends.", "Bringing back arcade games since 1896\", an art and history book of the company written by Arjan Terpstra and published by Cook & Becker.", "Ismail received the Ambassador Award at the March 2018 Game Developers Choice Awards for his support of independent video game development through both Vlambeer and other activities.", "On September 1 2020, the tenth anniversary of the studio's formation, Vlambeer announced that the studio would come to a close.", "Ismail and Nijman had made the decision a few weeks prior, having come to recognize they were moving in separate directions within the video game industry since 2016.", "They had plans to release a final game, \"Ultrabugs,\" which as of December 2021 has yet to be released.", "Ismail plans to continue to work on supporting advocacy for diversity within the video game industry while Nijman expects to continue to help develop smaller games similar to \"Minit\" with other teams." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32 ]

[ "Vlambeer was a Dutch independent video game developer based in Utrecht.", "Founded in 2010, the studio was composed of Rami Ismail and Jan Willem Nijman, and closed down on its tenth anniversary after the two recognized they were moving in different directions.", "The studio was known for the games \"Super Crate Box\" (2010), \"Serious Sam: The Random Encounter\" (2011), \"Ridiculous Fishing\" (2013), \"Luftrausers\" (2014), and \"Nuclear Throne\" (2015), as well as for their stand against video game cloning." ]

[ "Episodes were geared towards introducing young and little-known performers.", "The series was recorded before audiences in various Canadian cities (Edmonton, Halifax, Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, Vancouver, Winnipeg).", "This half-hour series was broadcast on Saturdays at 10:00 p.m. from 22 May to 2 October 1971.", "Due to a technicians strike in 1972, CBC rebroadcast the series in the same time slot from 22 April to 1 July 1972 then aired episodes on Fridays at 8:00 p.m. from 7 July to 25 August 1972." ]

[ 2, 3 ]

[ "The Performers is a Canadian variety television series which aired on CBC Television from 1971 to 1972." ]

[ "The series was adapted from the Hervé Biron novel \"Nuages sur les brûlés\" concerning the 1930s settlement of Quebec's Abitibi district and the workers who toiled to develop the area during the Great Depression.", "Episodes included music and appearances by folk musician Félix Leclerc.", "It was broadcast on Radio-Canada as an eight-part series for the network's \"Panoramique\" anthology.", "The $144,000 production was also released as a 114-minute feature film in 1959 as a condensed version of the television footage.", "\"Les brûlés\" was first broadcast on Radio-Canada on Fridays at 9 p.m. starting 15 November 1957.", "\"The Promised Land\" adaptation was broadcast as half-hour episodes Sundays at 10:30 p.m. (Eastern) from 16 September to 7 October 1962 on CBC Television." ]

[ 4, 5 ]

[ "It was first broadcast in 1957 on Radio-Canada, then dubbed into English and adapted for broadcast by CBC Television as a four-part series in 1962." ]

[ "Robbie and Cherrill Rae, a husband-and-wife singing duo, hosted this entertainment series featuring the Tommy Banks orchestra, Jeff Hyslop's choreography and the James Hibbard Dancers.", "The series featured international musical guests combined with Canadian musicians and also included comedy segments starring Lally Cadeau as a wardrobe director and Jackson Davies portraying a television director.", "The series was recorded with a studio audience at CBC-TV Studios in Vancouver, British Columbia.", "The show's initial run was an hour-long mid-season series titled The Raes Variety Hour on Fridays at 9:00 p.m. from 30 June to 25 August 1978.", "The following year, it ran for a regular season as half-hour episodes under the shortened title \"The Raes\" on Tuesdays at 8:30 p.m. from 11 September 1979 to 1 April 1980." ]

[ 3, 4 ]

[ "The Raes was a Canadian variety television series which aired on CBC Television from 30 June 1978 to 1 April 1980." ]

[ "At the Winter Garden Theatre (now the Gillian Lynne Theatre on Drury Lane) the owner promised Millennium Productions Ltd that it could use the theatre for six months, with an option to renew for another six months, and after that it could continue for a flat weekly price of £300.", "Millennium would have to give a month's notice if it wished to terminate, but Winter Garden's obligations were not stated.", "The licence continued for over a year, to September 1945.", "Then Millennium made a contract with artists to show \"Young Mrs Barrington\", from 5 September till January 1946, but on 13 September Winter Garden decided to revoke the licence, giving a month's notice, and demanding it leave on 13 October.", "Millennium argued that there was a breach of contract and that Winter Garden could only revoke if Millennium was in breach of contract, or that there had to be a (revised) reasonable notice period, one month no longer being reasonable.", "The House of Lords held that Winter Garden could revoke the licence.", "Viscount Simon said that someone who gives a licence, revoking it mid-use, to cross land would not make the licensee a trespasser until they were off the premises, but then future crossing rights would cease.", "Lord Porter said the following.", "Lord Uthwatt said the following.", "Lord Macdermott said the following.", "Part II of a statute which continues to this day was made to provide business tenants with the guarantee of a new lease unless they expressly contracted out of its guarantees.", "The statute is the Landlord and Tenant Act 1954." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ]

[ "Winter Garden Theatre (London) Ltd v Millennium Productions Ltd" ]

[ "Mr and Mrs Ainsworth lived in Milward Road, Hastings, Sussex and had four children.", "Mr Ainsworth was the registered owner, but moved out in 1957, borrowed £1,000 in 1958 from the bank, and gave the bank a charge (security by mortgage) over it.", "The money was used for his small business, Hastings Car Mart Ltd, incorporated at the end of 1959.", "He had left his wife living in the home, deserting their relationship.", "In 1962 he (as borrower) fell behind in the payments to the bank who soon sought possession of the house and sued, bringing this action.", "However, Mrs Ainsworth refused to leave because she contended that she had an interest in the home that bound the bank.", "The Court of Appeal held Mrs Ainsworth had a right to occupy that bound the bank.", "Lord Denning MR held that the ‘deserted wife’s equity’ was capable of binding a third party like a bank.", "The reasons for his judgment were as follows.", "Donovan LJ concurred.", "Russell LJ dissented.", "The House of Lords reversed the decision of the Court of Appeal, finding that Mrs Ainsworth’s right did not count as a property right and was not capable of binding the bank.", "Lord Upjohn said the following.", "Lord Wilberforce noted that a deserted wife’s equity has been there partly because of a persistent post war housing shortage, and has been variously described as an equity, clog, licence or status of irremovability, and said this is all about whether despite Mrs Ainsworth’s rights against her husband, she had any against the bank.", "The wife, he continued," ]

[ 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 ]

[ "The House of Lords, the court of final appeal, held that someone living in a home, who was deserted, did not by that fact alone have an interest in equity.", "More widely approved has been its principles of the overturned decision in the court below: the judgment of Denning LJ (noting the concurrence by Donovan LJ) some of which were cited with approval in the House of Lords in this case also." ]

[ "Buck Rankin (Jack Holt) is a shady carnival promoter.", "After meeting and quickly falling in love with Helen (Lila Lee), he decides to go straight and sell the carnival.", "However, a fight over a con game causes a melee at the carnival, during which Rankin accidentally kills a man.", "He is convicted of manslaughter and sentenced to twenty years behind bars.", "Eight months later, Helen reveals to him in prison that she is about to have his child and refuses his request that she divorce him.", "For the good of his wife and child, Rankin decides to fake his own death.", "After seeing fellow prisoner Farley (Ward Bond) leap to his death in the roiling waters and deadly whirlpool surrounding the prison, Rankin, who works in the Warden's office, forges a letter to Helen saying that he has died trying to escape and that his body was never found.", "Many years later, Rankin is released from prison.", "He adopts the alias, Duke Sheldon, and he and his carnival partner Mac (Allen Jenkins) quickly become wealthy via the illicit skills that Rankin learned while incarcerated—including owning a nightclub.", "In the meantime, Helen has married Judge Jim Morrison (Willard Robertson).", "Her and Rankin's daughter, Sandra (Jean Arthur) has become a newspaper reporter who is engaged to marry fellow reporter Bob Andrews {Donald Cook).", "Of course, she knows nothing of her father's existence.", "Sandra is assigned to do a story on Duke and recognizes him as her father from an old photograph her mother has kept.", "She reveals herself to him as his daughter and he is overjoyed to see her.", "He has kept a low profile all these years, but his intention to testify on behalf of a fellow gangster threatens to bring him unwanted publicity.", "He realizes that this publicity will result in the humiliation of Helen, who is unintentionally guilty of bigamy, because they were never truly divorced.", "In the end, he kills the gangster's lawyer, who had been pressuring him to testify and was going to tell reporters of his sordid past.", "He then turns the gun on himself and commits suicide as Duke Sheldon while reporters are clamoring at his door.", "The secret of his past life is thus hidden forever." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 ]

[ "The screenplay concerns Buck Rankin (Holt), a carnival owner who is convicted of manslaughter for the death of a man killed in a fight." ]

[ "Mr. Thompson, the school's headmaster, wanted an injunction for Mr. Park to leave his school, after Mr. Park had forced his way back into the premises which they had amalgamated as a joint venture together at Broughton Hall, Eccleshall, Staffordshire.", "Park had a class of 25 pupils before relations broke down, and Thompson had revoked the license.", "Park countered that he had been denied of his investment.", "Goddard LJ granted the injunction because of the behavior Park demonstrated." ]

[ 0, 1, 2 ]

[ "Thompson v Park" ]

[ "Mr Hurst bought a ticket for 17 March 1913's screening of \"Lake Garda\" in a London cinema of Picture Theatres Ltd.", "The manager honestly believed he had not paid for his seat.", "He was forced to leave, and then he claimed trespass to the person.", "The theatre argued that even though it revoked (breached) the licence, a contract relating to a person's right to be somewhere, its mistaken belief could render Hurst a trespasser (if so reasonable force could be used to remove him).", "The issue was whether the claimant was entitled to damages under trespass to the person.", "Channell J held, with a jury, Hurst could get damages.", "Buckley LJ confirmed the award." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]

[ "Hurst v Picture Theatres Ltd" ]

[ "A second runway was being built and trees had to go on National Trust land.", "The National Trust gave Manchester Airport plc authority to let subcontractors enter.", "Mr Dutton and environmental protestors tried to stop the work in protest, and occupied the land.", "Manchester Airport plc had not put any people on site yet, but still claimed an injunction under Order 113 of the Rules of the Supreme Court for their removal.", "Laws LJ held that although the licensee could remove the protestors, ejectment (court bailiffs to assist) under settled law could only be claimed by someone with title or an estate in land.", "Also, the licensee (the Airport) was not in occupation, and did not have title, so the court could not grant any of the other possessory remedies (in trespass and nuisance).", "But given that the licensee had brought a claim in possession, the court would first consider the extent of licensee's actual or right to occupation arising out of any term of the licence contract.", "Then the court would consider any element of control arising out of the licence contract.", "Then the court would give such remedies as would vindicate the licensee's rights under the licence contract.", "But the licensee must first bring its claim under CPR 55 (then Ord 113) possession proceedings.", "That is the first step.", "The court does not then give possession back to the licensee (as licensee had no possession that was disturbed in the first place).", "The licensee was never entitled to possession only mere occupation.", "Indeed, the licensee could never obtain possession as National Trust was prohibited from alienating any of its land in possession.", "The court gave relief as would vindicate the construction contract.", "Such relief in this case included an injunction to remove the trespassers from the trees, possibly a (costs) award for the actual removal and other (mainly their legal advocates') costs (to be determined later) and an injunction that would prevent the protesters return.", "Relief is given not to put licensee in possession but to vindicate (uphold) such rights of occupation as are given by the contract.", "The court uses the contract to determine the control that arises from the contract.", "It then couples that with the right of occupation and then proceeds to grant relief as would vindicate licensee's rights of occupation arising out of the contract.", "Kennedy LJ concurred.", "Chadwick LJ dissented.", "‘In the latter case (which is this case) the plaintiff must succeed by the strength of his title, not on the weakness (or lack) of any title in the defendant.’" ]

[ 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 ]

[ "is an English land law case, concerning licences in land.", "This means those third parties, in this case protestors, who interfered with such rights must be removed." ]

[ "Born in Russia, Hélène Gordon-Lazareff fled to France from the Bolshevik Revolution.", "She studied ethnography at the Sorbonne.", "She began her career as a journalist in the 1930s, writing the children's page for \"France-Soir\" under the name \"Tante Juliette\".", "She later married the owner of the newspaper, Pierre Lazareff in 1938.", "The couple left Paris for New York after the outbreak of World War II.", "Gordon-Lazareff was easily integrated into journalist circles in New York because of her perfect English.", "She became an editor of the women's page of the \"New York Times\" after working for \"Harper's Bazaar\" and.", "She returned to Paris in 1944 a couple of weeks after the city was liberated.", "She decided to start her own fashion magazine and used the experience she had after having worked for several American magazines.", "A year later the first issue of \"Elle\" magazine was published in October \"on paper so course that it reminded her of French bread\".", "After a year journalist Françoise Giroud was hired to take over as editor-in-chief of the magazine when Gordon-Lazareff became seriously ill.", "In \"Profession Journaliste\" Françoise Giroud describes Gordon-Lazareff as \"a brilliant, young woman\"." ]

[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 ]

[ "She was married to Pierre Lazareff, founder of the newspaper \"France-Soir\"." ]